瑞士
核查于 2026-09-28 · 版本 r1 · 已迁移,尚未审核
以研究形式发布的公开法律与官方指引,不构成法律、税务或金融建议。
研究内容本身以英文撰写。标题和标签已翻译,调查结果和引文未翻译。
向研究提问
World's main refining hub. Import needs a formal (electronic) declaration; gold of the forms listed in MWSTG Art. 23(2) Ziff. 12 (incl. investment bars of 995+ with a recognised assayer-melter stamp and raw gold for refining) is VAT-exempt on import since 1 Jan 2025 (Art. 53(1)(m)); refiners hold a four-year melt licence (EMKG Art. 24-26), a trade-assayer licence and, for bank precious metals, an EMKG Art. 42bis licence, with EMKV 168a-c origin duties; LBMA Good Delivery refining; bank sale under CDB 20 and the AMLA.
本页的可信程度
- 法律原文 31
- 官方指引 7
- 标准 8
- 二手资料 3
- 未经核实 2
- 未记录可信度等级 7
- 研究备注 29
- 未记录 19
- 文本 6
- 转录本 3
- 未说明 10
监管机构
The purchasing Swiss bank
CDB 20 identification, AMLA KYC/source-of-funds, bar acceptance policy
未记录可信度等级未记录来源Central Office for Precious Metals Control (BAZG)
Melter's licence, trade-assayer licence, responsibility-mark registration, purchaser registration (PMCA/PMCO)
未记录可信度等级未记录来源Federal Tax Administration (ESTV/FTA-CH)
Import VAT, investment-gold exemption
未记录可信度等级未记录来源FINMA / SRO (e.g. VQF)
AMLA supervision of financial intermediaries and precious-metal dealers
未记录可信度等级未记录来源LBMA (London Bullion Market Association)
Good Delivery List accreditation, Responsible Gold Guidance (private industry standard, not Swiss law)
未记录可信度等级未记录来源
法律
AS 2015 4917 - ZV amendment incl. Annex 2 (sensitive goods: ex 71 precious metals)
- 类型
- 规章
- 生效日期
- 2016-01-01
法律原文未记录AMLA/GwG (Anti-Money Laundering Act): record keeping (Dokumentationspflicht; article in refs)
- 类型
- 法案
法律原文研究备注: The official fedlex consolidation of the GwG is now held on the server and the article was read there; this replaces the earlier reading on droit-bilingue.ch and fedlex by WebFetch.
未记录来源BAZG-Vollzugsaufgabengesetz (BAZG-VG) of 20 June 2025 — adopted, not in force
Will replace the customs procedure law of the Zollgesetz (ZG) together with the Zollabgabengesetz (ZoG) and amend the MWSTG and EMKG; in force on a date the Federal Council sets.
- 引用
- BBl 2025 2035
- 类型
- 法案
法律原文Ordinance on Due Diligence and Transparency (DDTrO)
- 引用
- SR 221.433
- 类型
- 规章
- 生效日期
- 2022-01-01
法律原文AS 2024 438 - VAT Act amendment (Art. 23 para 2 no. 12, Art. 53 para 1 let. m), in force 1 Jan 2025
- 类型
- 法案
- 生效日期
- 2025-01-01
法律原文VAT Ordinance (MWSTV) consolidated 1 Jan 2025 - Art. 44 repealed
- 类型
- 条例
法律原文EMKG/PMCA (Precious Metals Control Act, SR 941.31) Art. 20 (import)
- 引用
- SR 941.31
- 类型
- 法案
法律原文研究备注: Held as an official fedlex consolidation; the later consolidation does not change this article (law header).
未记录来源EMKG/PMCA (SR 941.31) Art. 31a
- 引用
- SR 941.31
- 类型
- 法案
法律原文EMKG/PMCA (SR 941.31) Art. 42bis
- 引用
- SR 941.31
- 类型
- 法案
法律原文PMCO/EMKV (Precious Metals Control Ordinance): acceptance of melt material (article in refs)
- 类型
- 规章
法律原文研究备注: Read in the official fedlex consolidation of the EMKV held on the server. In the EMKV record on the server these articles are parsed into the section labelled Anhang (section id in the refs), not into their own sections; the quotes are from that section.
未记录来源PMCO Art. 168b (read on droit-bilingue.ch; official text not yet held)
- 类型
- 规章
法律原文未记录PMCO Art. 168c (read on droit-bilingue.ch; official text not yet held)
- 类型
- 规章
法律原文PMCO Art. 178 (read on droit-bilingue.ch; official text not yet held)
- 类型
- 规章
法律原文未记录Swiss Customs Act (ZG): open customs warehouses (articles in refs)
- 类型
- 法案
法律原文研究备注: Read in the official fedlex consolidation of the ZG held on the server.
未记录来源Swiss Customs Act Arts. 62-66 (free ports)
- 类型
- 法案
法律原文未记录Swiss Customs Ordinance (ZV) Art. 178a (customs declaration for sensitive goods), as inserted by the amendment of 18 November 2015
- 类型
- 条例
法律原文研究备注: [unconfirmed] Read in the amending act; the current consolidated Customs Ordinance is not held on the server, so later amendments to this article are not ruled out.
未记录来源Swiss Customs Ordinance (ZV) Art. 182
- 类型
- 条例
法律原文未记录Swiss Customs Ordinance (ZV) Art. 184
- 类型
- 条例
法律原文未记录
瑞士涉及黄金的法律
来自法律库:标注了该商品的法律及其来源。它们不是研究结论;以上各部分才是。
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程序
Bank onboarding, title transfer and settlement
适用情形: country is where the bars are sold to a bank
- 申报
Identify contracting party and beneficial owner; assess source of wealth/funds for the specific bullion; sanctions/PEP screening
- 执行方
- Swiss bank (bullion buyer)
- 出具
- Bank KYC file (CDB 20): name, date of birth, nationality, domicile and ID for natural persons; company name, registered office and proof for entities
标准未记录法律依据: AMLA; SBA Agreement on due diligence (CDB 20), CDB 20 Art. 4 (identification; precious-metals trading and cash transactions over CHF 15,000 are separate cases), Art. 7 (data recorded), Art. 20-21 (controlling persons 25%+, Form K), Art. 27-28 (beneficial owner, Form A)
研究备注: Downgraded 2026-09-28 from primary-law: the provisions cited are CDB 20 (a self-regulatory agreement of the SBA, held and read for Arts. 4, 7, 20-21, 27-28); the AMLA itself was not read for this step. The SBA says the revised CDB will not be available until 1 Jan 2027 at the earliest. [unconfirmed] Source-of-wealth assessment and sanctions/PEP screening were not found in the CDB 20 text read. [time-limited] The GwG consolidation of 1 Oct 2026 amends the AMLA widely; effects not assessed.
- 保管
Seller presents bar list, refiner's assay certificate, chain-of-custody documentation, commercial invoice, proof of title
- 执行方
- Swiss bank (bullion buyer)
- 所需
- Refiner outturn/assay report (Switzerland); Bank KYC file (CDB 20): name, date of birth, nationality, domicile and ID for natural persons; company name, registered office and proof for entities
- 出具
- Commercial invoice from the seller to the bank (VAT law requires one only if the buyer asks for it: MWSTG Art. 26(1); contents Art. 26(2); the sale of investment gold is VAT-exempt: Art. 23(2) Ziff. 12)
二手资料未记录转录本研究备注: A bar not from an LBMA Good-Delivery-listed refiner generally cannot be sold to a major bank without re-refining - this is market practice, not itself a statute Commercial invoice and delivery receipt are practice (no primary source); "proof of title" for allocated bars is the weight list plus the custody contract - no statutory title document found.
- 付款
Verify bars against the bank's accepted-refiner list / Good Delivery List; settle loco Zurich or loco London, allocated or unallocated
- 执行方
- Swiss bank (bullion buyer)
- 出具
- Allocated account weight list (specific bars = ownership) or unallocated account statement (contractual claim only)
二手资料未记录来源
Free-port storage (optional)
适用情形: country stores under customs control
Export of refined bars (or re-export of stored bars)
适用情形: gold leaves Switzerland after refining or storage
- 尽职调查
Screen the bars, buyer and destination against Swiss sanctions before release: no purchase, import, transit or related services (including brokerage and financing) for gold of Russian origin exported after 4 Aug 2022 or gold processed from it in third countries
- 执行方
- Swiss refiner (melter/trade-assayer licence, LBMA Good Delivery-listed)
法律原文法律依据: Ordinance of 4 March 2022 on measures in connection with the situation in Ukraine (SR 946.231.176.72), Art. 14d
研究备注: [transcription] Art. 14d paras 1-4 read in an unofficial third-party English translation (as at 22 Mar 2024, held in laws/); Annex 26 covers 7108, 7112 91 and ex 7118 90 gold coins; Annex 27 ex 7113 and ex 7114. [unconfirmed] The official consolidation is now Stand 21 Sep 2026 and was not read (the fetch tool truncates before Art. 14d); changes after March 2024 are not ruled out. The ordinance contains no explicit ban on selling gold to Russia; the export-side effect is through the services ban.
- 保管
Release the bars from the refinery vault or free port against the owner's instruction and prepare the weight list (bar list), commercial invoice and packing list for the shipment
- 执行方
- Swiss refiner (melter/trade-assayer licence, LBMA Good Delivery-listed)
- 出具
- Outbound weight list / bar list; Commercial invoice to the foreign buyer; Packing list
标准未记录转录本法律依据: LBMA Good Delivery Rules, Annex C (weight lists); Customs Act Arts. 62-66 (free ports)
研究备注: The weight list is sourced to LBMA Annex C; commercial invoice and packing list are standard export practice, not read in a Swiss source.
- 海关
Lodge the electronic export declaration in Passar (HS 7108; e-dec Export was usable only to end-2025); the declarant must make it binding and physically export the goods within 120 days of its acceptance in the IT system
- 执行方
- Swiss refiner (melter/trade-assayer licence, LBMA Good Delivery-listed)
- 出具
- Passar export declaration (HS 7108)
官方指引未记录法律依据: Customs Act (ZG, SR 631.0); BAZG R-10-10, ZG Arts. 25-29 (as cited in R-10-10)
研究备注: R-10-10 (valid 1 Jan 2026) cites Art. 25-29 ZG and Art. 79-83 ZV for the declaration duty, says declarations are electronic in principle, and sets the 120-day limit from acceptance in the IT system. R-10-10 held and read in full on 2026-09-28; the Customs Act and Ordinance texts themselves were not read. R-10-10 has no gold-specific rule.
- 海关
Receive the export assessment notice (Veranlagungsverfuegung Ausfuhr), the evidence that the goods were properly cleared for export
- 执行方
- Swiss refiner (melter/trade-assayer licence, LBMA Good Delivery-listed)
官方指引未记录法律依据: Customs Act (ZG); BAZG R-10-10, ZG Arts. 38 and 69; ZV Art. 92 (as cited in R-10-10)
研究备注: R-10-10 cites Art. 38 and 69 ZG and Art. 92 ZV for the export assessment notice and says it is evidence of proper assessment and of export for VAT. R-10-10 held and read in full on 2026-09-28.
- 税费
Treat the sale as a VAT-exempt export (supply of goods directly transported abroad) and keep the export assessment notice as evidence
- 执行方
- Swiss refiner (melter/trade-assayer licence, LBMA Good Delivery-listed)
法律原文未记录法律依据: Federal VAT Act (MWSTG, SR 641.20), Art. 23(2) no. 1
研究备注: Art. 23(2) no. 1 read in the held MWSTG (Stand 1 Jan 2025, German wording current). Art. 23(3): direct export includes export into an open customs warehouse or a free port. Investment gold of at least 995 fineness is separately exempt with credit under Art. 23(2) no. 12 (see ch.tax-import-vat).
- 运输
Hand the sealed consignment to a secure valuables carrier and fly it out (Zurich or Geneva) under an air waybill
- 执行方
- Swiss refiner (melter/trade-assayer licence, LBMA Good Delivery-listed)
- 出具
- Air waybill (outbound)
未经核实未记录研究备注: Carrier practice. Cantonal licensing: in the Canton of Zurich "Sicherheitstransporte von Personen, Gütern und Wertsachen" require a licence under the Polizeigesetz, 9. Abschnitt (cantonal page, read by WebFetch 2026-09-28; PolG text not read). Geneva and other cantons not checked. No Swiss source read describes the outbound air leg for gold.
Supplier onboarding and customs import
适用情形: country receives bars or doré
Assay, pay, re-refine and stamp
适用情形: country refines to LBMA Good Delivery
- 化验
Weigh-in, seal-check, drill/dip-sample, fire-assay (ASTM E1335/ISO 11426) the incoming 995 bar
- 执行方
- Swiss refiner (melter/trade-assayer licence, LBMA Good Delivery-listed)
- 所需
- Refining/re-refining agreement, Swiss refiner
- 出具
- Refiner outturn/assay report (Switzerland); Purchase book: customer, ID proof, acceptance date, description and marking, weight on acceptance, weight after melting, completion
标准未记录法律依据: Fire assay standard practice
研究备注: [unconfirmed] Weigh-in, seal check and ISO 11426 are not in the sources read; ASTM E1335-24 covers fire assay of bullion, and Valcambi describes fire assay of drillings from samples taken from the melt of the received material.
- 付款
Pay the Dubai counterparty for the imported bar once the Swiss refiner's own assay confirms fine content
- 执行方
- Swiss refiner (melter/trade-assayer licence, LBMA Good Delivery-listed)
- 所需
- Refiner outturn/assay report (Switzerland)
- 出具
- Final invoice from the Dubai seller (against Swiss outturn assay); Settlement wire, Swiss refiner -> Dubai counterparty
二手资料法律依据: Refining/sale contract; SWIFT MT103
未记录来源 - 精炼
Wohlwill electrolytic re-refine to 999.9, or cast directly to LBMA Good Delivery 400oz spec (995 min) if already qualifying
- 执行方
- Swiss refiner (melter/trade-assayer licence, LBMA Good Delivery-listed)
- 所需
- Refiner outturn/assay report (Switzerland)
标准未记录转录本法律依据: LBMA Good Delivery Rules (bar spec, marking)
研究备注: [unconfirmed] Wohlwill electrolytic refining to 999.9 is industry practice not described in the Good Delivery Rules, which set only the bar specification (350-430 fine troy ounces, minimum fineness 995.0).
- 精炼
Stamp each bar with the melting-licence holder's stamp (Stempelzeichen); bars for resale are assayed by a control office or sworn trade assayer and marked with fineness and the assayer's mark; for LBMA Good Delivery bars also serial number, fineness to four figures and year
- 执行方
- Swiss refiner (melter/trade-assayer licence, LBMA Good Delivery-listed)
法律原文未记录法律依据: PMCA (EMKG, SR 941.31); BAZG R-247; LBMA Good Delivery Rules, EMKG Art. 31(1); R-247 s.3.4.1; LBMA GD Rules s.2.1.7
研究备注: Serial number and year are LBMA requirements, not Swiss law. The earlier wording "registered responsibility mark" was wrong for bars (that mark, EMKG Art. 9, applies to finished wares). EMKV marking articles (Arts. 169, 173) were read only as restated by the BAZG (Vorschriften Dec 2023, held); the EMKV text is not yet held.
- 申报
File annual LBMA RGG independent assurance report; and (if volume threshold met) CO 964j-l conflict-minerals public report
- 执行方
- Swiss refiner (melter/trade-assayer licence, LBMA Good Delivery-listed)
- 出具
- LBMA Responsible Gold Guidance annual assurance report; CO 964j-l conflict-minerals due-diligence public report
标准未记录转录本法律依据: LBMA RGG v9; CO Art. 964j-964l
研究备注: [time-limited] RGG v9 applies until RGG v10 takes effect: implementation 1 Jan-31 Dec 2027, first v10 audits for the reporting year ending 31 Dec 2027 (consultation closed 10 Jul 2026).
许可与登记
Licence to trade commercially in banking precious metals (makes the refiner an AMLA financial intermediary supervised by the Central Office)
Central Office licence
- 持有人
- Swiss refiner (melter/trade-assayer licence, LBMA Good Delivery-listed)
- 签发机构
- Central Office for Precious Metals Control
法律原文法律依据: PMCA (SR 941.31); AMLA, PMCA Art. 42bis(1); AMLA Art. 2(2)(g), Art. 12 let. bter
研究备注: [unconfirmed] Art. 42bis was inserted by the Financial Institutions Act of 15 June 2018 (AS 2018 5247, 2019 4631); the current wording is in force since 1 Jan 2023 (EMKG footnote 60). The date the original insertion took effect is not printed, so validFrom gives the current wording's date. Supervision: EMKG Art. 42ter(1) refers to GwG Art. 12 Bst. bter; GwG Art. 2 Abs. 2 Bst. g and Art. 12 Bst. bter read verbatim in the official fedlex GwG (Stand 1 Oct 2026) by WebFetch on 2026-09-28 (text not yet held).
Trade assayer licence (Handelsprüfer) - needed to import unmarked doré
Licence; reportable material changes
- 持有人
- Swiss refiner (melter/trade-assayer licence, LBMA Good Delivery-listed)
- 签发机构
- Central Office for Precious Metals Control
- 有效期
- ongoing
官方指引未记录法律依据: PMCA (SR 941.31), Art. 41 (trade assayer: federal assayer diploma, Swiss residence, good repute)
研究备注: The licence and its conditions are EMKG Art. 41 (federal assayer diploma, residence in Switzerland, good repute). The rule that only trade assayers may import unmarked melt products is BAZG practice since 1 Jan 2020 (BAZG letter of 4 Dec 2019; R-247 s.3.4.2; BAZG Vorschriften Dec 2023 s.7), not in Art. 41 itself.
LBMA Good Delivery List membership
Good Delivery List listing
- 持有人
- Swiss refiner (melter/trade-assayer licence, LBMA Good Delivery-listed)
- 签发机构
- LBMA
- 有效期
- subject to proactive monitoring, referee assessment
标准未记录转录本法律依据: LBMA Good Delivery List Rules (private industry standard, not Swiss law)
LBMA Responsible Gold Guidance compliance (mandatory for GD-listed refiners)
Annual assurance report filed with LBMA
- 持有人
- Swiss refiner (melter/trade-assayer licence, LBMA Good Delivery-listed)
- 签发机构
- LBMA, independent assurance provider
- 有效期
- annual independent assurance report
标准未记录转录本法律依据: LBMA RGG v9 (v10 in consultation, June 2026)
研究备注: [time-limited] RGG v9 applies from 1 Jan 2022 (full implementation by 31 Dec 2022) until RGG v10 takes effect: the v10 consultation ran 10 Jun-10 Jul 2026, implementation runs 1 Jan-31 Dec 2027, and the first v10 audits cover the reporting year ending 31 Dec 2027.
AMLA financial-intermediary status, full KYC programme
Internal AML organisation, CDB 20 compliance
- 持有人
- Swiss bank (bullion buyer)
- 签发机构
- FINMA
- 有效期
- ongoing
官方指引法律依据: Anti-Money Laundering Act (AMLA/GwG, SR 955.0), Art. 2
研究备注: [unconfirmed] AMLA Art. 2 and the 1998 in-force date are not in the source cited (SBA client information page, which names the AMLA only). GwG Art. 12 Bst. a (FINMA supervises intermediaries under Art. 2 Abs. 2 Bst. a-dquater) was read verbatim in the official fedlex GwG Stand 1 Oct 2026 by WebFetch on 2026-09-28; Art. 2 Abs. 2 Bst. a was not read. [time-limited] The GwG consolidation of 1 Oct 2026 amends many articles (Arts. 2, 4-6, 8a-8d, 9, 12, 14, 17, 18 and others); effects on bank duties not assessed.
FINMA banking licence
Banking licence
- 持有人
- Swiss bank (bullion buyer)
- 签发机构
- FINMA
- 有效期
- ongoing
未经核实法律依据: Banking Act
研究备注: [not-read] The Banking Act (SR 952.0) was not obtained or read; no source is cited. The earlier validFrom 1934-01-01 had no source and was removed.
未记录来源CO Art. 964j-l conflict-minerals due-diligence duty (if volume threshold met)
Public report, retained accessible >=10 years
- 持有人
- Swiss refiner (melter/trade-assayer licence, LBMA Good Delivery-listed)
- 签发机构
- Self-reporting, independent expert audit
- 有效期
- annual
法律原文法律依据: Swiss Code of Obligations Arts. 964j-964l (as referenced in the DDTrO); Ordinance on Due Diligence and Transparency (DDTrO/VSoTr, SR 221.433), DDTrO Arts. 3-4 (check and exemption quantities), Arts. 10, 12, 14-16 (supply chain policy, traceability, reporting procedure, risk management, annual audit), Annex 1 (gold ex 7108: 100 kg/year)
研究备注: Threshold read in the held DDTrO (English, Status 1 Jan 2022); the official German consolidation Stand 1 Jan 2024 keeps 100 kg/year for gold (checked 2026-09-28). [not-read] The Code of Obligations Arts. 964j-964l were not read; [unconfirmed] the report publication and 10-year retention come from CO Art. 964l, not read in this session.
Melter's stamp (Stempelzeichen / Schmelzerzeichen) deposited with the Central Office
Stamp on every melt product; the die is deposited with the Central Office and the deposit published in the Swiss Official Gazette of Commerce (EMKG Art. 31(1)); form: name of the holder with the word 'SCHMELZER' (BAZG)
- 持有人
- Swiss refiner (melter/trade-assayer licence, LBMA Good Delivery-listed)
- 签发机构
- Central Office for Precious Metals Control
- 有效期
- Same duration as the melt licence (BAZG Vorschriften Dec 2023 s.4.1.2)
法律原文未记录法律依据: EMKG/PMCA (SR 941.31); EMKV (SR 941.311), EMKG Art. 31(1); EMKV Art. 169 (as cited by BAZG)
研究备注: Corrected 2026-09-28: this credential was a "registered responsibility mark (Verantwortlichkeitsmarke)". Under the EMKG the responsibility mark (Arts. 9-12, registration for 20 years) is borne by precious-metal wares; melt products (bars) carry the melter's stamp (Art. 31). EMKV Art. 169 was read only as cited by the BAZG; the EMKV text is not yet held.
Melter's licence (Schmelzbewilligung)
Melt licence; grant and withdrawal published in the Swiss Official Gazette of Commerce (EMKG Art. 26(3))
- 持有人
- Swiss refiner (melter/trade-assayer licence, LBMA Good Delivery-listed)
- 签发机构
- Central Office for Precious Metals Control (BAZG)
- 有效期
- Four years, renewable (EMKG Art. 26(1)); withdrawn if conditions lapse or duties are repeatedly breached (Art. 26(2))
法律原文未记录法律依据: Precious Metals Control Act (EMKG/PMCA, SR 941.31) of 20 June 1933, Art. 24 (licence), Art. 25 (conditions), Art. 26(1) (granted for four years, renewable)
研究备注: validFrom is the in-force date of the EMKG (1 July 1934); Art. 24 has its current wording since 1 June 2008 (EMKG footnote 38).
Licence to operate a free port (or open customs warehouse)
BAZG licence (may carry conditions)
- 持有人
- Bonded warehouse / freeport operator (Geneva/Embrach)
- 签发机构
- Federal Office for Customs and Border Security (BAZG)
- 有效期
- Licence issued for 10 years (BAZG free-port directive); the directive also sets fees for the first issue and for renewal (see note)
法律原文法律依据: Swiss Customs Act (ZG) (articles in refs)
研究备注: The official fedlex consolidation of the ZG is now held and read: a licence of the BAZG is needed to operate a free port and to operate an open customs warehouse, and it may carry conditions. The licence term is read in the BAZG free-port directive (official guidance). The same directive sets a fee for the first issue and a lower fee for renewal, written in francs as Fr.; the verifier does not read Fr. as CHF and part of the fee table is not matched in the held text, so the fee figures are not stated here and must be read in the directive. [time-limited] The BAZG-VG (adopted, not yet in force; date not set) makes free ports one kind of customs warehouse licensed by the BAZG and will replace these provisions when in force.
未记录来源
税费
Customs duty on gold
HS 7108
- 税率
- 0%
官方指引Import VAT on gold
Gold and gold alloys under MWSTG Art. 23(2) Ziff. 12: (a) state-minted gold coins of tariff nos. 7118.9010, 9705.3100, 9705.3900; (b) investment gold of at least 995 fineness as cast bars bearing the fineness and the stamp of a recognised assayer-melter, or stamped plates; (c) granules of at least 995 packed and sealed by a recognised assayer-melter; (d) gold in raw form or semi-finished for refining or recovery, and gold waste and scrap; (e) alloys under (d) with 2% or more gold
- 税率
- Exempt
法律原文未记录法律依据: VAT Act (MWSTG, SR 641.20), Art. 53(1)(m) (import) with Art. 23(2) Ziff. 12
管制
A dealer who accepts cash above the threshold in a trade in gold must identify the contracting party, establish the beneficial owner and keep records; instalments that together exceed the threshold count. For precious metals and precious stones the threshold is lower than for other goods.
- 类型
- 反洗钱
未记录可信度等级未记录来源Commercial production of melt products (bars, plates, rods, granules made by melting precious metal or melt material) requires a melt licence; acting without it is punishable by a fine (EMKG Art. 48). Every melt product must bear the licence holder's stamp; melt products for resale must be assayed by a control office or a trade assayer and marked with the fineness and the assayer's stamp; putting melt products on the market without fineness or melter/assayer mark is an offence (Art. 47).
- 类型
- 其他
- 生效日期
- 1934-07-01
法律原文未记录法律依据: EMKG/PMCA (SR 941.31), Arts. 1(2), 24, 31(1), 32-33, 47, 48
Holders of a melter licence may accept melt material only from persons who can prove lawful acquisition, and must verify the customer's identity by a probative document such as a passport or identity card. Where origin is doubtful or the offer comes from unknown persons, origin must be clarified with particular care, and the goods kept unaltered until the case is clarified. They must take organisational measures against melting material of unlawful origin, keep a purchase book of melt material and melt products, and keep the business documents for the period the EMKV sets (zehn Jahren). Articles in refs.
- 类型
- 冲突地区尽职调查
法律原文法律依据: PMCO/EMKV (articles in refs)
研究备注: Read in the official fedlex consolidation of the EMKV held on the server; the same duties are restated in the BAZG documentation on melting and assaying and in the BAZG melter due-diligence directive (official guidance). In the EMKV record on the server these articles are parsed into the section labelled Anhang (section id in the refs), not into their own sections; the quotes are from that section.
未记录来源Purchase, import, transit and transport of gold (Annex 26) originating in Russia and exported from Russia after 4 Aug 2022, and of gold processed from it in third countries, are prohibited, as are related services (all kinds, including financial services, brokerage and technical assistance) and the granting of financial resources. Gold-containing products (Annex 27) exported from Russia to Switzerland after 4 Aug 2022 are covered too.
- 类型
- 制裁
- 生效日期
- 2022-08-04
法律原文法律依据: Ordinance of 4 March 2022 on measures in connection with the situation in Ukraine (SR 946.231.176.72), Art. 14d
研究备注: [transcription] Art. 14d paras 1-4 re-read in the held unofficial English translation (as at 22 Mar 2024); dates and verbs confirmed. [unconfirmed] The official consolidation is Stand 21 Sep 2026 (about ninety consolidations since March 2024); Art. 14d there was not read (fetch tool truncates), so amendments after March 2024 are not ruled out. Official text listed in laws/_work/ch-fetch.tsv.
Precious metals are 'sensitive goods' in free ports (Customs Ordinance Annex 2, as amended on 18 November 2015): the declarant must declare them electronically on entry into storage, and an electronic inventory record of them is kept per depositor and submitted by the warehouse keeper to customs on request.
- 类型
- 其他
法律原文法律依据: Customs Ordinance (ZV) as amended on 18 November 2015 (articles in refs)
研究备注: The Annex 2 entry for pearls, diamonds, precious stones, precious metals and precious-metal plating and articles thereof (ex tariff chapter 71) is read in the amending act of 18 November 2015 (held), in force 1 January 2016. [unconfirmed] The current consolidated Customs Ordinance is not held on the server, so later amendments to Annex 2 or to the free-port articles are not ruled out. [unconfirmed] Whether the same rules apply in open customs warehouses: the articles read speak only of free ports. The BAZG free-port directive adds that export goods count as sensitive goods.
未记录来源Banks identify the contracting party and beneficial owner for precious-metals trading and for cash transactions over CHF 15,000 (CDB 20; Form A, Form K).
- 类型
- 反洗钱
- 门槛
- CHF 15,000 cash
标准法律依据: CDB 20 (SBA), CDB Art. 4(2)(f)-(g), 7, 20-21, 27-28
A dealer who accepts cash above the threshold in a trade in goods must identify the contracting party, establish the beneficial owner and keep records; instalments that together exceed the threshold count. Precious metals and precious stones have a lower threshold (commodity facts).
- 类型
- 反洗钱
未记录可信度等级未记录来源Melt material imported from abroad for sale in Switzerland needs a formal import declaration; simplified and oral declarations are excluded in principle. A buyer or licensee who accepts melt material that has not been through customs breaches due diligence under the PMCA: fine up to CHF 2,000 per case and possible licence withdrawal.
- 类型
- 进口限制
官方指引法律依据: BAZG Merkblatt 'Annahme von Schmelzgut aus dem Ausland' (Jan 2024)
实践与法律不符之处
可靠来源显示的、法律未作规定的实际情况。
The Federal Council (2018) acknowledged that for large imports from the UAE the dispatch country is sometimes declared instead of the actual origin.
官方指引
我们未能获取的内容
研究所需但未能获得的文件、它们可能所在的位置,以及原因。
Current consolidated Customs Ordinance Anhang 2 (sensitive goods) — the "ex 71 precious metals" entry was read only in the 2015 amending act.
- 缺失文件
- Zollverordnung (ZV, SR 631.01), Stand 1 October 2024 (current fedlex consolidation)
- 可能所在
- https://fedlex.data.admin.ch/filestore/fedlex.data.admin.ch/eli/cc/2007/250/20241001/de/pdf-a/fedlex-data-admin-ch-eli-cc-2007-250-20241001-de-pdf-a.pdf
- 未获取原因
- Identified 2026-09-28 on the fedlex linked-data endpoint; the fetch tool truncates the PDF/HTML at Art. 99-112e and the download run saved only a JavaScript shell. Listed in laws/_work/ch-fetch.tsv for download on the Mac host.
Official EMKV text (SR 941.311) for Arts. 164-178 (melt licence duties, purchase book, marking, recognition of foreign assays, bank precious metals).
- 缺失文件
- Edelmetallkontrollverordnung (EMKV, SR 941.311), Stand 1 January 2024 (current fedlex consolidation)
- 可能所在
- https://fedlex.data.admin.ch/filestore/fedlex.data.admin.ch/eli/cc/50/363_375_420/20240101/de/pdf-a/fedlex-data-admin-ch-eli-cc-50-363_375_420-20240101-de-pdf-a.pdf
- 未获取原因
- The download run saved a fedlex JavaScript shell; the fetch tool truncates the official text before Art. 168a. Listed in laws/_work/ch-fetch.tsv (2026-09-28).
Official AMLA/GwG text (SR 955.0): current Stand 1 March 2024 and the consolidation Stand 1 October 2026 (wide amendments in force from 1 Oct 2026).
- 缺失文件
- Geldwäschereigesetz (GwG, SR 955.0), Stand 1 March 2024 and Stand 1 October 2026
- 可能所在
- https://fedlex.data.admin.ch/filestore/fedlex.data.admin.ch/eli/cc/1998/892_892_892/20261001/de/pdf-a/fedlex-data-admin-ch-eli-cc-1998-892_892_892-20261001-de-pdf-a.pdf
- 未获取原因
- The download run saved a fedlex JavaScript shell (the listed droit-bilingue page failed). Listed in laws/_work/ch-fetch.tsv (2026-09-28).
Licensing of secure-transport carriers (cantonal). Zurich: licence under the Polizeigesetz, 9. Abschnitt (cantonal page read); the PolG text and the Geneva/Romandie rules (Concordat on private security companies) not read.
- 缺失文件
- Polizeigesetz des Kantons Zürich (PolG), 9. Abschnitt; Geneva Concordat sur les entreprises de sécurité
- 可能所在
- https://www.zh.ch/de/wirtschaft-arbeit/gewerbe-betriebsbewilligungen/private-sicherheitsunternehmen.html ; https://www.lexfind.ch
- 未获取原因
- Attempted 2026-09-28: the Zurich page was read (licence required for "Sicherheitstransporte ... Wertsachen"); the cantonal statute texts were not fetched in this session (cantonal law is outside the federal library built here).
- 影响
- ch.st-49
Official current text of the Ukraine sanctions ordinance (SR 946.231.176.72), Art. 14d and Annexes 26-27; only an unofficial English translation as at 22 Mar 2024 is held.
- 缺失文件
- Verordnung über Massnahmen im Zusammenhang mit der Situation in der Ukraine, Stand 21 September 2026
- 可能所在
- https://fedlex.data.admin.ch/filestore/fedlex.data.admin.ch/eli/cc/2022/151/20260921/de/pdf-a/fedlex-data-admin-ch-eli-cc-2022-151-20260921-de-pdf-a-1.pdf
- 未获取原因
- The fetch tool truncates the official PDF/HTML before Art. 14d. Listed in laws/_work/ch-fetch.tsv (2026-09-28).
Official Customs Act text (ZG, SR 631.0) for Arts. 25-29, 38, 53-54, 62-66, 69 (declaration, assessment notice, customs warehouses, free ports).
- 缺失文件
- Zollgesetz (ZG, SR 631.0), Stand 1 September 2023 (current fedlex consolidation)
- 可能所在
- https://fedlex.data.admin.ch/filestore/fedlex.data.admin.ch/eli/cc/2007/249/20230901/de/pdf-a/fedlex-data-admin-ch-eli-cc-2007-249-20230901-de-pdf-a-4.pdf
- 未获取原因
- The download run saved a fedlex JavaScript shell. Listed in laws/_work/ch-fetch.tsv (2026-09-28).
经过瑞士的路线
国家对
来源
该国研究引用的每一个来源,以及阅读了多少、如何阅读。
- Vorschriften über Schmelzen und Prüfen von Edelmetallen打开来源未记录文本Bundesamt für Zoll und Grenzsicherheit BAZG, Zentralamt für Edelmetallkontrolle · 阅读于 2026-09-28
- Zollverordnung (ZV) — Änderung vom 18. November 2015打开来源未记录文本Schweizerischer Bundesrat · 阅读于 2026-09-28
- Good Delivery List Rules — Conditions for Listing for Good Delivery Refiners (© The London Bullion Market Association, January 2021)打开来源未记录转录本London Bullion Market Association (LBMA) · 阅读于 2026-09-28
Missing from this copy: Line drawings on pp. 33–35 are images (labels transcribed below the page marker; the dimension figures of the silver end-stamp drawing on p. 35 are not transcribed); logos in Annex H are images
- Responsible Gold Guidance Version 10 (June 2026) — public consultation draft (file "RGGv10-Public-Consultation-1-FINAL")打开来源未记录转录本London Bullion Market Association (LBMA) · 阅读于 2026-09-28
Missing from this copy: Nothing else missing; the draft itself contains placeholders such as "[xx]" and "[one year]"
- Good Delivery List Rules — Conditions for Listing for Good Delivery Refiners (© The London Bullion Market Association, January 2026)打开来源未记录转录本London Bullion Market Association (LBMA) · 阅读于 2026-09-28
Missing from this copy: Line drawings on pp. 36–40 are images (labels transcribed below the page marker; drawn dimensions listed); logos in the brand guidelines are images
- Bundesgesetz über die Mehrwertsteuer (Mehrwertsteuergesetz, MWSTG) vom 12. Juni 2009打开来源未记录文本Bundesversammlung der Schweizerischen Eidgenossenschaft · 阅读于 2026-09-28
- Richtlinie 10-10 Ausfuhrzollveranlagungsverfahren打开来源未记录文本Bundesamt für Zoll und Grenzsicherheit BAZG, Warenverkehr · 阅读于 2026-09-28
- Valcambi - Assaying / Analysis Process打开来源未记录未说明
- LBMA Good Delivery Rules: Technical Specifications (gold, s.2.1.7 Marks)打开来源未记录未说明LBMA
- Swiss Bankers Association - fight against money laundering (CDB revision status)打开来源未记录未说明
- Swiss Customs Ordinance (ZV) Art. 182打开来源未记录未说明
- Swiss Customs Ordinance (ZV) Art. 184打开来源未记录未说明
- Swiss Customs Act Arts. 62-66 (free ports)打开来源未记录未说明
- LBMA RGG v9 Step 2 (KYC, ASM, intermediate refiners, site visits)打开来源未记录未说明
- LBMA Due Diligence Checklist — Mined Material ("Updated April 2024")打开来源未记录文本London Bullion Market Association (LBMA) — Refiners' Toolkit · 阅读于 2026-09-28
Missing from this copy: Nothing missing (tick boxes shown as ☐)
- LBMA Responsible Sourcing Programme — MSM/LSM Site Visit Report, V3, 27.09.2021 (cover "Updated Feb 2024"; inner pages "Updated April 2024")打开来源未记录文本London Bullion Market Association (LBMA) — Refiners' Toolkit · 阅读于 2026-09-28
Missing from this copy: Nothing missing; form fields shown as dotted lines
- PMCO Art. 168b (droit-bilingue reproduction)打开来源未记录未说明
- PMCO Art. 178 (droit-bilingue reproduction)打开来源未记录未说明
- Kanton Zürich — Private Sicherheitsunternehmen (licensing page)打开来源未记录未说明Kanton Zürich, Sicherheitsdirektion