بيرو

Criminal prosecution of illegal mining (Código Penal art 307-A), trafficking in illegally mined minerals (art 307-F, DL 1695) and laundering of illegal gold

Regional mining authorities for small and artisanal producers: formalisation files and supervision of artisanal producers (Ley 27651 art 17); must transfer their formalisation files to MINEM within 60 days under Ley 32537 4th DCF

Grants and registers mining concessions (cadastre); co-runs the 2026 national MAPE census

Certificates of origin for preferential trade agreements (EU EUR.1 via VUCE; US TPA)

Governing body for small-scale and artisanal mining (Ley 32213 art 2); REINFO (DGFM); RECPO (created in the DGM by RM 249-2012, administered by the DGFM since DS 018-2018-EM); monthly purchase reports; SIPMMA traceability system; Padrón of third persons in Puno; PPM/PMA status (DGM, TUO art 91)

Customs (export declaration, DESPA-PG.02), taxes (IGV, income tax, royalty, IEM), detracciones (SPOT), control of chemical inputs (Ley 32412) and of mineral product/machinery (DL 1107)

AML/CFT supervision of non-financial sujetos obligados including mining companies that trade gold and dealers in precious metals; receives ROS and RO

VI.A.2 exporter needs a RUC and must not be "no habido"; VI.D channel by risk management; VI.F.1 shipment within 30 calendar days (+15 with a RCE); VII.A.1 num 3 documents (declaration, transport document, invoice, control document only for restricted goods); VII.A.7 regularisation; VII.B.10 gold swap operations.

المرجع

DESPA-PG.02 version 7 (RS 024-2020/SUNAT, 29 Jan 2020), SUNAT consolidated text through RS 000101-2026/SUNAT (29 May 2026)

النوع

لائحة

سارٍ من

2020-01-30

Art 2 defines minería ilegal and informal (replacing DL 1100 art 3); art 4 the six formalisation steps (Declaración de Compromisos; title or exploitation contract; surface land; water; corrective environmental instrument; start/restart authorisation); art 5 Declaración de Compromisos before the regional government; 7th DCF lets the Executive issue rules on gold commercialisation by PPM/PMA (basis of DS 012-2012-EM and DS 027-2012-EM).

المرجع

DL 1105 (dated 18 Apr 2012; El Peruano 19 Apr 2012)

النوع

مرسوم

سارٍ من

2012-04-20

Art 3: SUNAT controls entry, stay, transport and exit of machinery, equipment and productos mineros. Art 9: SUNAT may apply special controls to the commercialisation of mineral products; 3rd DCF: gold and gold alloys "cualquiera sea su denominación, forma o presentación" fall under art 9. Art 10: processing plants must verify the origin documents of what they process. Art 11: every buyer must verify origin, collecting at least the seller's RUC, name, ID and domicile, the Código Único de Concesión (vigente, or extinct only if in a validated REINFO formalisation), the Autorización de Explotación and, where applicable, the vigente REINFO entry, the comprobante de pago and the guía de remisión/transporter; "La adquisición de productos mineros ilegales no genera ningún derecho ni beneficio tributario". 1st DCF: Madre de Dios fiscal routes.

المرجع

DL 1107 (dated 19 Apr 2012; published 20 Apr 2012); art 11(a) amended by Ley 31746 (18 May 2023) and Ley 32537 DCM Única (26 Dec 2025)

النوع

مرسوم

سارٍ من

2012-04-21

Legal basis for free internal and external trade in gold (no state monopoly).

المرجع

Decreto Supremo N. 005-91-EM/VMM (given force of law by TUO LGM art 5)

النوع

مرسوم

Art 5 (text of DS 009-2025-EM): plants and traders keep an electronic register of every purchase of gold and other minerals (seller RUC and name, vigente REINFO inscription where in formalisation; nature, origin (name and code of the mining right), quantity/weight, grade, price) and report it monthly through MINEM's extranet form. Art 6: liquidaciones de compra as payment vouchers during formalisation. Art 7: everyone who buys, sells and/or refines gold must register in MINEM's special register (RECPO) and keep a detailed register of suppliers and destination of the gold.

المرجع

DS 012-2012-EM (dated 8 May 2012); art 5 substituted by DS 009-2025-EM (El Peruano 18 May 2025)

النوع

مرسوم

سارٍ من

2012-05-10

Current text (DS 018-2018-EM): third persons working on concessions in the named Puno zones may sell gold to RECPO traders if registered in the Padrón de Terceras Personas Naturales y Seleccionadores Manuales de Oro (DGFM), up to 66 g a month (art 2.2); only RECPO-registered traders and processors may buy from them (art 4.1); traders and processors must report their transactions monthly to MINEM (art 4.2-4.3); failure cancels the RECPO inscription with a 90-business-day bar (art 4.4). Original 2012 text relied on a register and constancia de origen kept by the operator (art 2).

المرجع

DS 027-2012-EM (dated 16 Jul 2012; El Peruano 17 Jul 2012); arts 1-5 substituted by DS 018-2018-EM

النوع

مرسوم

Art 3: to comply with TUO LGM art 4, processing plants buying unprocessed product, concentrate, refogado, tailings or any state before refining, and persons dedicated exclusively to buying and selling gold and/or raw minerals, must verify origin and keep an updated electronic or physical register of each purchase: (a) seller name and DNI, or company name and RUC; (b) name and código único of the concession(s) of origin; (c) nature of the product, quantity/weight, grade and price; plants where illegal origin is verified are shut down.

المرجع

DS 055-2010-EM (2010), art 3

النوع

مرسوم

Apéndice I literal A exempts the domestic sale and import of 7108.11.00.00 (non-monetary gold powder) and 7108.12.00.00 (non-monetary unwrought gold); other gold (7108.13, 7108.20) and gold ores are taxed. Art 7: exemptions valid to 31 Dec 2028; sellers may renounce the Apéndice I exemption. Art 33: "La exportación de bienes o servicios ... no están afectos al Impuesto General a las Ventas"; a sale to a non-domiciled buyer counts as export if the goods go through definitive export (where title passes in Peru before shipment, shipment within 60 calendar days of the invoice); num 2 swap operations by mining producers (bank constancia; finished product exported within 60 business days). Art 34: IGV on inputs gives a saldo a favor del exportador.

المرجع

TUO approved by DS 055-99-EF; art 7 as amended by Ley 32542 (in force 1 Jan 2026)

النوع

مرسوم

Art 3.2 obliges to report suspicious and threshold operations, among others, (d) dealers in jewellery, metals and precious stones and (q) "las empresas mineras". UIF-Perú itself was created by Ley 27693 (2002).

المرجع

Ley N. 29038 (El Peruano 12 Jun 2007), as amended

النوع

قانون

Art 1 creates the RECPO in the DGM (administered by the DGFM since DS 018-2018-EM 1st DCF); art 2 approves the registration form. Considerandos: registration obligatory for all natural or legal persons dealing in the purchase/sale and/or refining of gold, who must keep a detailed register of suppliers and destination.

المرجع

RM 249-2012-MEM/DM (dated 25 May 2012; published 26 May 2012 per the datosabiertos record)

النوع

لائحة

سارٍ من

2012-05-26

Approves the form the concessionaire or operator gives each third person under DS 027-2012-EM arts 1 and 3 (grams of gold, reference to the Declaración de Compromisos); copies kept to prove origin and destination. Used under the 2012 regime; DS 018-2018-EM replaced it with the Padrón, keeping the constancia only during the registration period (5th DCF).

المرجع

RM 410-2014-MEM/DM (dated 9 Sep 2014; El Peruano 15 Sep 2014; in force the day after publication)

النوع

لائحة

سارٍ من

2014-09-16

Art 3: Anexo 2 numeral 16 "Oro gravado con el IGV" (10%) now covers only 7108.13.00.00 and 7108.20.00.00. Art 4: Anexo 1 numeral 3 gold ores and concentrates 2616.90.10.00 at 10% and numeral 4 non-auriferous metal ores at 10% (deposit before transport); Anexo 3 numeral 11 metal-ore processing (beneficio) service at 12%; Anexo 4 codes 044 and 045. Art 5 repeals Anexo 2 numeral 19. In force 1 Apr 2025 (DCF Única).

المرجع

RS 000086-2025/SUNAT (28 Mar 2025)

النوع

لائحة

سارٍ من

2025-04-01

Art 2.1 num 3 (jewellery, precious metals and stones) and num 4 (Empresas Mineras); art 3 num 19: Empresas Mineras = concession-system miners that also trade gold (purchase, import for consumption and/or definitive export of raw or semi-worked gold). Art 38 special rules for these sectors (RO threshold US$15,000).

المرجع

Res. SBS 789-2018 (28 Feb 2018; Norma applies from 15 Mar 2018), consolidated to Res. SBS 00650-2024

النوع

لائحة

Art 3: commercialisation of mineral products is free, internally and externally, and needs no concession. Art 4: products bought from authorised persons are not reivindicables; buying from an unauthorised person makes the buyer liable; "El comprador está obligado a verificar el origen de las sustancias minerales". Art 5 gives force of law to DS 005-91-EM/VMM on free commercialisation of gold. Art 72(i)-(j): free remittance, free disposal of foreign currency and free commercialisation of production. Art 91 (as substituted by DL 1040, 2008): PPM up to 2,000 ha and 350 t/day (placer 3,000 m3/day); PMA up to 1,000 ha (or agreements with titleholders) and 25 t/day (placer 200 m3/day); status accredited before the DGM by biennial sworn declaration. Arts 38-40 minimum production, Derecho de Vigencia and penalty.

المرجع

Decreto Supremo N. 014-92-EM (dated 2 Jun 1992; published 3 Jun 1992 without the TUO text annexed, per the SPIJ note)

النوع

مرسوم

Art 307-F: whoever moves, collects, stores, transports, conceals, markets, acquires, ships or exports mineral resources from activities outside the formalisation process or without the required authorisations, whose illicit origin he knew or should have presumed: 6-9 years. Art 307-G adds disqualification from concessions and mineral commercialisation. Art 272(4)-(5): evading fiscal control or using non-fiscal routes for controlled goods.

المرجع

Código Penal (DL 635): art 272 as rewritten by DL 1103; arts 307-A, 307-E, 307-F as amended and 307-G as added by DL 1695 (El Peruano 20 Jan 2026)

النوع

قانون

Declares interdiction of illegal mining; art 5 bans dredges and similar equipment in small-scale mining; art 7 interdiction actions (seizure, destruction); definition of minería ilegal in art 3 replaced by DL 1105 art 2.

المرجع

DL 1100 (dated 18 Feb 2012; El Peruano extraordinary edition 18 Feb 2012)

النوع

مرسوم

Replaced by Ley 32412 (DCD Única), except its 3rd DCF, which rewrote Código Penal art 272 (clandestine commerce, incl. evading fiscal control of controlled goods and using routes other than the fiscal routes).

المرجع

DL 1103 (dated 3 Mar 2012; El Peruano 4 Mar 2012)

النوع

مرسوم

أُلغي في

2025-07-13

Creates the Proceso de Formalización Minera Integral and the REINFO (run by MINEM DGFM); REINFO information is a sworn declaration (art 4.4); art 6 sets the validity of the process (text now given by Ley 32537).

المرجع

DL 1293 (dated 29 Dec 2016; El Peruano 30 Dec 2016)

النوع

مرسوم

سارٍ من

2016-12-31

Reglamento of Ley 32213 (SIPMMA content incl. RECPO, register of authorised plants, Padrón of third persons and export queries). 2nd DCM: new DS 012-2012-EM art 5 (purchase register contents; monthly report through MINEM's extranet). 3rd DCT: REINFO registrants suspended since DS 009-2021-EM had 45 calendar days to file a requirement, or their inscription is revoked.

المرجع

DS 009-2025-EM (dated 17 May 2025; El Peruano 18 May 2025)

النوع

مرسوم

Substitutes DS 027-2012-EM arts 1-5. 1st DCF: DGFM administers the RECPO. 2nd DCF: Activos Mineros, plants and other traders and processors may issue liquidaciones de compra recording seller data, nature, origin (name and code of the mining right), quantity/weight, grade and price.

المرجع

DS 018-2018-EM (dated 21 Jul 2018; El Peruano 23 Jul 2018; in force 30 calendar days counted from the day after publication, art 3)

النوع

مرسوم

62 articles: SUNAT control and inspection; Registro para el Control de los Bienes Fiscalizados (arts 14-24); authorisations to move controlled inputs into and out of the country (arts 25-37); fiscal routes (art 43); sanctions. 1st DCF: special hydrocarbon controls in Madre de Dios. Operation-register rules by SUNAT RS 000135-2026 (from 1 Sep 2026; hydrocarbons from 1 Feb 2027 under RS 000170-2026).

المرجع

DS 117-2026-EF (dated 25 Jun 2026; El Peruano 26 Jun 2026)

النوع

لائحة

Applies only to miners with vigente Contratos de Garantías y Medidas de Promoción a la Inversión (stability contracts under the TUO) that sign a convenio with the State (art 2.1); quarterly on operating profit at the Anexo II effective rate (marginal 4.00%-13.12%, 17 brackets); royalty paid is deducted (art 3(b)); deductible for income tax (art 3(c)).

المرجع

Ley N. 29790 (El Peruano 28 Sep 2011; in force the first day of the following month); reglamento DS 173-2011-EF

النوع

قانون

Quarterly tax on operating profit from sales of metallic mineral resources at the effective rate from the Anexo (marginal 2.00%-8.40%, 17 brackets); PPM and PMA 0% (art 5.3); administered by SUNAT.

المرجع

Ley N. 29789 (El Peruano 28 Sep 2011; in force the first day of the following month under its 3rd DCF); reglamento DS 181-2011-EF

النوع

قانون

Original PPM/PMA law: substituted TUO arts 38-40 (minimum production, Derecho de Vigencia US$1/ha for PPM and US$0.50/ha for PMA, penalties) and art 91 (strata); art 5 lets PMA process minerals on a simple request with a DIA. The current art 91 is the DL 1040 (2008) text (see pe.law-tuo-lgm).

المرجع

Ley N. 27651 (El Peruano 24 Jan 2002)

النوع

قانون

Adds to the data a buyer must check under DL 1107 art 11(a) "y, de ser el caso, el Registro Integral de Formalización Minera (REINFO) o de otros registros similares, en estado vigente". Art 11(a) was rewritten again by Ley 32537.

المرجع

Ley N. 31746 (El Peruano 18 May 2023)

النوع

قانون

Art 2: MINEM is the governing body (DGFM acts). Art 3: creates the SIPMMA to supervise operational traceability of minerals, explosives and chemical inputs; processing plants must register in the traceability register and are subject to operational control with GPS. 3rd DCM: DL 1293 art 6 process to 30 Jun 2025, extendable once by 6 months by DS (since replaced by Ley 32537).

المرجع

Ley N. 32213 (El Peruano 27 Dec 2024; in force the day after publication, 1st DCF)

النوع

قانون

سارٍ من

2024-12-28

SUNAT is the competent authority (art 4.1); users keep an operations register (art 8.1) and report losses, spills or thefts within one calendar day (art 9.1). Reglamento DS 117-2026-EF; SUNAT RS 000135-2026 sets the operation-register rules, applying from 1 Sep 2026 for mercury and cyanide users and from 1 Feb 2027 for hydrocarbon users (RS 000170-2026).

المرجع

Ley N. 32412 (published 12 Jul 2025)

النوع

قانون

سارٍ من

2025-07-13

Artículo único: formalisation process (REINFO) valid until 31 Dec 2026 or entry into force of the MAPE law and its reglamento, whichever first. DCFs: national MAPE census (start within 6 months, finish within 12); sinceramiento of the real location within 120 calendar days only through the Ventanilla Única; REINFO reglamento adapted within 60 days; regional governments transfer files to MINEM within 60 days; SUNAFIL rules within 60 days. DCM Única rewrites DL 1107 art 11(a).

المرجع

Ley N. 32537 (El Peruano 26 Dec 2025, pp 4-5; approved by the Comisión Permanente 19 Dec 2025; promulgated 25 Dec 2025)

النوع

قانون

سارٍ من

2025-12-27

Art 60: definitive export regime "no está afecta a ningún tributo". Art 61 (original text): shipment within 30 calendar days of numbering; regularisation within 30 calendar days of the end of shipment. Art 62: no definitive export of cultural heritage, prohibited goods, or restricted goods without the sector authorisation at shipment.

المرجع

Decreto Legislativo N. 1053 (dated 26 Jun 2008; El Peruano 27 Jun 2008)

النوع

مرسوم

Mercury trade and ASGM obligations.

المرجع

In force for Peru 2017 (SUNAT lists publication 13 Jul 2017)

النوع

معاهدة

Art 4.1: quarterly royalty on operating profit at the effective rate from the Anexo scale (marginal rates 1.00%-12.00% in 16 brackets by operating margin); 4.3: pay the greater of that amount and 1% of quarterly sales; 4.4: PPM and PMA pay 0%. Art 6.1: declare and pay within the last 12 business days of the second month after the quarter. Art 7: SUNAT authorised to collect.

المرجع

Ley N. 28258 (2004) as amended by Ley N. 29788 (El Peruano 28 Sep 2011; in force 1 Oct 2011 under its 2nd DCF)

النوع

قانون

Adds a 2nd DCF to RS 000086-2025: transfers of Anexo 1 numeral 3 and 4 goods (unprocessed Chapter 26 ores) out of the production centre to the plant that will process them, not arising from a sale, are outside SPOT.

المرجع

RS 000121-2025/SUNAT (14 Apr 2025)

النوع

لائحة

Buyer withholds and deposits a percentage of the price in the seller's Banco de la Nación account. Anexo 1 goods: sale, retiro and transfer out of the production centre above ½ UIT, deposit before transport (arts 2, 6). Anexo 2 goods: excepted if the amount is S/700 or less or a liquidación de compra is issued (art 8); deposit by the earlier of payment or the 5th business day of the month after recording the voucher (art 11.1). SPOT does not apply to Anexo 1 sales documented by liquidación de compra (art 3(b)).

المرجع

RS 183-2004/SUNAT as amended (incl. RS 246-2017, RS 000086-2025, RS 000121-2025)

النوع

لائحة

RECPO listing

يحمله

Gold exporter (direct miner-exporter or export trading company)

تصدره

MINEM

UIF registration; compliance officer

يحمله

Medium/large mining company

تصدره

UIF-Perú (SBS)

Registro BF inscription; operation register

يحمله

Processing plant (planta de beneficio) that buys ore or concentrate

تصدره

SUNAT

Concession title; Código Único de Concesión

يحمله

Formalised small producer (PPM) or artisanal producer (PMA)

تصدره

INGEMMET (concessions); regional authority for PPM/PMA

مدة الصلاحية

Indefinite while the annual Derecho de Vigencia is paid (US$3/ha; PPM US$1, PMA US$0.50, art 39) and minimum production is met or the penalty paid (arts 38, 40)

Concession titles

يحمله

Medium/large mining company

تصدره

INGEMMET / MINEM

Customs agent code / credentials for electronic transmission

يحمله

Customs agent (agente de aduanas)

تصدره

SUNAT

PPM/PMA constancia (declaración jurada bienal)

يحمله

Formalised small producer (PPM) or artisanal producer (PMA)

تصدره

MINEM - Dirección General de Minería, on the producer's biennial sworn declaration

RECPO listing

يحمله

Processing plant (planta de beneficio) that buys ore or concentrate

تصدره

MINEM

RECPO listing

يحمله

Gold trader (comercializador) registered in RECPO

تصدره

MINEM

REINFO constancia / listing (vigente or suspendido)

يحمله

Informal small/artisanal miner registered in REINFO (in formalisation)

تصدره

MINEM (DGFM)

مدة الصلاحية

Until 31 Dec 2026 or entry into force of a MAPE law, whichever first

يحمله

Informal small/artisanal miner registered in REINFO (in formalisation)

تصدره

MINEM (DGFM)

مدة الصلاحية

To 30 Jun 2025, extendable once by 6 months by DS

Validated location record

يحمله

Informal small/artisanal miner registered in REINFO (in formalisation)

تصدره

MINEM (validation)

مدة الصلاحية

One-off, within 120 calendar days of the law

Ficha RUC

يحمله

Gold exporter (direct miner-exporter or export trading company)

تصدره

SUNAT

Ficha RUC

يحمله

Gold trader (comercializador) registered in RECPO

تصدره

SUNAT

Account number quoted on sales invoices

يحمله

Gold trader (comercializador) registered in RECPO

تصدره

Banco de la Nación / SUNAT

UIF registration

يحمله

Gold exporter (direct miner-exporter or export trading company)

تصدره

UIF-Perú (SBS)

UIF registration; compliance officer designation

يحمله

Gold trader (comercializador) registered in RECPO

تصدره

UIF-Perú (SBS)

Definitive exports

المعدل

0% - exports are not subject to any tax

الوعاء

n/a

المعدل

Effective rate from Anexo II: marginal 4.00%-13.12% (17 brackets by operating margin)

الوعاء

Quarterly operating profit; royalty paid is deducted (art 3(b))

يدفعه

Miners with vigente Contratos de Garantías y Medidas de Promoción a la Inversión that signed a GEM convenio with the State (art 2.1)

تحصّله

SUNAT

المعدل

Effective rate from the Anexo scale: marginal 2.00%-8.40% (17 brackets by operating margin)

الوعاء

Quarterly operating profit from sales of metallic mineral resources

يدفعه

Holders of mining concessions (PPM and PMA 0%, art 5.3)

تحصّله

SUNAT

Semi-manufactured (7108.13) and monetary (7108.20) gold and gold ores (2616.90.10) are IGV-taxed; unwrought/doré and powder exempt (seller may renounce the exemption, art 7)

المعدل

18% general (per PwC); exempt on the domestic sale and import of non-monetary gold powder 7108.11.00.00 and unwrought 7108.12.00.00 (Apéndice I, literal A); exports not taxed

الوعاء

Sale value

يدفعه

Seller (domestic taxed sales)

تحصّله

SUNAT

Holders of mining concessions exploiting metallic minerals incl. gold; pequeños productores mineros and productores mineros artesanales pay 0% (art 4.4)

المعدل

Effective rate from the Anexo scale (marginal 1.00%-12.00%, 16 brackets by operating margin) on quarterly operating profit; pay the greater of that and 1% of quarterly sales

الوعاء

Operating profit (margin-based scale); floor on sales

يدفعه

Concession holder / producer

تحصّله

SUNAT (authorised under art 7)

Domestic sales of IGV-exempt gold 7108.11/7108.12 where the seller issues the invoice; not applied if the amount is S/700 or less (art 8 num 1) or the buyer issues a liquidación de compra (art 8 num 4)

المعدل

1.5%

الوعاء

Sale price

يدفعه

Buyer deposits (withheld from the price)

تحصّله

Banco de la Nación (seller's account), for SUNAT

Anexo 1 numeral 3: gold ores and concentrates 2616.90.10.00 taxed with IGV - sale, retiro, and transfer out of the production centre above ½ UIT, deposit before transport (transfers to the processing plant not arising from a sale excluded by RS 000121-2025; sales documented by liquidación de compra excluded, art 3(b)). Anexo 2 numeral 16: IGV-taxed gold 7108.13.00.00 and 7108.20.00.00.

المعدل

10%

الوعاء

Sale price

يدفعه

Buyer

تحصّله

Banco de la Nación / SUNAT

2616.90.10.00 together with 7108.13 and 7108.20 under Anexo 2 "Oro gravado con el IGV"; deposit by payment or the 5th business day of the following month

المعدل

10%

الوعاء

Sale price

يدفعه

Buyer

تحصّله

Banco de la Nación / SUNAT

المعدل

0.005%

الوعاء

Debits and credits on bank accounts

يدفعه

Account holder

تحصّله

Banks for SUNAT

"Servicio de beneficio de minerales metálicos gravado con el IGV" (toll processing), Anexo 3 numeral 11

المعدل

12%

الوعاء

Service fee

يدفعه

User of the service (miner paying a plant for toll processing)

تحصّله

Banco de la Nación / SUNAT

النوع

مكافحة غسل الأموال

الحد

RO: US$15,000 per operation (art 38 num 10.2); ROS: within 24 hours of qualification (art 23.1)

النوع

العناية الواجبة في مناطق النزاع

النوع

أخرى

النوع

أخرى

النوع

أخرى

الحد

66 g of gold per registered person per month

النوع

أخرى

النوع

أخرى

سارٍ من

2012-05-26

النوع

حد النقد

الحد

S/2,000 or US$500 (TUO Ley 28194 art 4 as amended by DL 1529, from 1 Apr 2022)

سارٍ من

2022-04-01

النوع

قيود الاستيراد

سارٍ من

2025-07-13

النوع

أخرى

سارٍ من

2026-01-21

النوع

أخرى

النوع

ضوابط العملة

النوع

أخرى

سارٍ من

2025-12-27

النوع

أخرى

سارٍ من

2025-12-27

Gold leaves Peru as doré or refined bars by air from Lima (Jorge Chávez) and also through Callao; in 2026 shipments of illegally sourced gold are reported to go mainly to refiners in India and the UAE.

Until 2018 Swiss (Metalor) and US (NTR Metals/Elemetal, Kaloti, Republic Metals) refiners were major buyers of Peruvian ASM gold; Metalor took about US$3.5bn from Minersur between 2010 and 2018.

الأرقام: US$3.5bn (Metalor-Minersur 2010-2018); US$350m (Elemetal from four Peruvian companies)

Refined gold and doré are both declared under HS 7108.12, so customs values mix products of very different gold content; NRGI found apparent under-pricing to Switzerland was explained by doré's silver content.

Over 75 t of gold jewellery was exported between Jan 2014 and Jun 2023, mainly to the US; jewellery exporters buy ASM gold with weak origin checks.

الأرقام: 75 t (2014-2023)

Jewellery exporters can work gold under a SWAP arrangement: a bank delivers fine troy ounces against a delivery record, the jewellery is exported within 60 business days declaring only the value added (labour), with a list of the local gold producers; several shipments may be made under one swap certificate.

In July 2026 the Andean Court of Justice admitted a case against Peru over repeated REINFO extensions; MINEM announced (7 Aug 2026) a strategy centred on traceability and inspection of processing plants with SUNAT.

[conflict] SUNAT's page for the TUO of Ley 28194 still shows the means-of-payment threshold as S/3,500 or US$1,000 (art 4, DL 975 text), while DL 1529 (El Peruano 3 Mar 2022, in force 1 Apr 2022) substituted it with S/2,000 or US$500. The decree prevails. Affects pe.ctl-cash, pe.st-07.

Registered exporters have been used as fronts to legitimise illegal gold with paper (purchase settlements naming formal sellers): the Minersur case (prosecutors: set up 'to collect gold of illicit origin, legitimizing it using the name of a company authorized to export'), 91 kg seized in 2018 bound for Switzerland; in the US, Elemetal pleaded guilty to AML failures and three NTR Metals employees were convicted.

[conflict] SUNAT's TUO IGV chapter II page shows art 7 with the Apéndice I and II exemptions valid "hasta el 31 de diciembre de 2018", while Ley 31651 (to 31 Dec 2025) and Ley 32542 (to 31 Dec 2028, in force 1 Jan 2026) later substituted that paragraph. The laws prevail. Affects pe.tax-igv.

The Instituto Peruano de Economía estimates that illegally sourced gold will reach 52-55% of Peru's gold exports in 2026 (54% in H1 2026), laundered into formal export channels via processing plants; the Inter-American Dialogue put illegal gold exports at US$6.8bn in 2024.

الأرقام: US$16-18bn, 110-120 t in 2026; US$11.5bn in 2025; US$6.8bn in 2024 (+41% y/y)

The RECPO has no entry filter or reglamento; with 12,418 registrants (Feb 2025) against an estimated real population of about 2,000 traders, registration signals nothing about capacity or legitimacy, and jewellery traders ignore it.

الأرقام: 12,418 registrants (Feb 2025)

REINFO operates as a de facto shield: it is not a title, yet registration protects holders while ore of unverifiable origin is sold through them; only about 2.4% of some 84,000 initial registrants achieved formalisation (in 2025, five in La Libertad and eleven in Madre de Dios).

الأرقام: 31,632 active and 8,070 suspended (Feb 2026); 2.4% formalised

Gold from Madre de Dios and Puno is smuggled overland to Bolivia (around Lake Titicaca) and flown on from there, bypassing Peruvian customs.

[conflict] SUNAT's orientation page "Apéndices del Sistema de Detracciones" still lists gold ores 2616.90.10.00 under Anexo 2 "Oro gravado con el IGV" (numbered 8 there), while RS 000086-2025 (in force 1 Apr 2025) removed that subheading from Anexo 2 numeral 16 and placed it in Anexo 1 numeral 3 (deposit before transport). The resolution prevails; the page's numbering also differs from the resolution's. Affects pe.tax-spot-ore, pe.tax-spot-exempt-gold, pe.st-06.

UIF-Perú attributes 55% of the value flagged in its financial-intelligence reports (Jan 2015-Jul 2025) to illegal mining; a 5.31 kg bar bound for India was seized in Puno on 31 Jul 2026 in a laundering probe.

الأرقام: 55% of flagged value