Sudan

Foreign-exchange regulator under the Currency Dealing Regulation Act 1981 and art.20 of the Regulation 2013; sets gold purchase and export rules by Policies Department circulars (2/2025, 17/2025, 11/2026, 12/2026, 13/2026, 18/2026); publishes the daily gold export price (XAR system); buys the 30% share of concession and small-mining gold and gold for reserves (17/2025 خامساً-5); was sole buyer and exporter of free and tailings gold 14 Sep - 5 Nov 2025 and bought all tailings gold 13 May - 21 Sep 2026.

Website

https://cbos.gov.sd

Export clearance at Port Sudan airport and seaport and land borders; releases gold returned after manufacture only against the IM form and monitors the limit on worked gold carried by travellers under the Customs Disclosure Regulation (Circulars 14/2025, 17/2025); receives border declarations of currency (AML/CFT Act 2014 s.31).

Receives suspicious transaction reports from financial and non-financial institutions, including dealers in metals and precious stones above the Minister's cash threshold (AML/CFT Act 2014 ss.3, 6), and copies of customs declarations (s.31(3)).

Approves changes to fees and rents (MMDA s.20(2)-(3)); receives the cash value of government shares collected by the competent authority (s.27أ); sets the distribution of mining revenues between federal, state and locality (Decision 90/2021); approves the state/national royalty split (Traditional Gold Mining Regulation art.8).

Exporters' register and export e-contract (Baladna platform, Circular 1/2026 for goods other than gold); may set the minimum gold export contract (17/2025 خامساً-2) and the limit for gold sent for manufacture; approves gold sent abroad for manufacture and return (17/2025 رابعاً-1); receives the CBOS daily gold price; import and export approvals for worked and refined gold (Currency Dealing Regulation 2013 arts.7-8, "Ministry of Trade").

Minister issues search and exploration licences on the Technical Committee's recommendation (MMDA s.13(1)); licences and mining contracts are signed by the Director of the Geological Research Authority with the Minister's approval (s.14(2)); traditional gold mining contracts issued by the Ministry on SMRC recommendation (Traditional Gold Mining Regulation art.4); sets royalty rates by mineral and location (Exploitation Regulation art.15); Ministry export-approval certificate for concession and small-mining gold (Circular 2/2025) and ore export certificates (Exploitation Regulation art.34).

Wartime committee; its recommendations were approved by Transitional Council of Ministers Decision No. 132 of 2025 (2 Sep 2025, not held), which Circular 14/2025 implemented (single buyer and exporter).

State-owned refinery (Khartoum, completed 2012); executes CBOS gold purchases (Circular 2/2025 رابعاً; 14/2025 ثانياً-4); exporters must comply with its controls (17/2025 خامساً-1). Looted by the RSF in May 2023.

State-owned company holding all delegable powers of the "competent authority" under MMDA 2015 (MoM Decision 45/2024): supervision and inspection, in-kind and cash collection of royalties, rents and profit shares, sale of the state's in-kind gold; determines, collects and distributes mining revenues and manages government gold including zakat gold (MoF Decision 90/2021); recommends traditional mining contracts and keeps the miners' register (Traditional Gold Mining Regulation arts.4, 6); weighs concession gold bought by CBOS and certifies in-kind deductions (Circular 2/2025); runs Minerals Gate. Head office moved to Port Sudan during the war.

Website

https://smrc.sd

Its Hallmarking and Precious Metals Control Department hallmarks precious metals before export and approves imports (Precious Metals and Gemstones Act 2008 ss.3, 20), keeps the register of assayers and goldsmiths (s.23); issues the certificate required for concession gold exports (Circular 2/2025) and weight and assay documents for free gold (17/2025 ثالثاً-6); sets fineness for CBOS purchases (2/2025 رابعاً-1).

Licensing of gold assay laboratories on the recommendation of a joint committee (SSMO involved); applicant must be Sudanese with capital of at least SDG 500,000; provisional approval 6 months, final licence 1 year; assay certificate within +/-1% with prescribed contents (art.6(4)).

Citation

Approved by the National Assembly in sitting No. 29 of its third session, 22 Ramadan 1437 / 27 June 2016, with amendments in its Decision No. 15

Kind

Regulation

In force from

2016-06-27

Concession companies may export up to 70% of output and must sell 30% to CBOS; artisanal output 85% to CBOS / 15% export (Sudan Events).

Kind

Circular

In force from

2020-01-01

Purchase of free (artisanal) and tailings gold inside Sudan reserved to CBOS or its delegate; export reserved to CBOS alone, banned for any natural or legal person; purchases at international prices and the prevailing market price, executed by Sudan Gold Refinery per 2/2025. Manufacture-and-return exports kept, against MoIT approval, SSMO certificate, a bank cheque or guarantee for the gold's value and return within one month. Exception for advance-payment exports whose proceeds arrived on or before the Cabinet decision.

Citation

Policies Department Circular (2025/14) of 14 Sep 2025, implementing Transitional Council of Ministers Decision No. 132 of 2025 (2 Sep 2025, not held); repeals 2025/3; repealed by 2025/17

Kind

Circular

In force from

2025-09-14

Repealed on

2025-11-05

General export rules (electronic export contract from MoIT on the Baladna platform, EX form on IMEX, repatriation periods by payment method). Gold is carved out: "gold is dealt with under its own controls" (ثالثاً-14). Circular 14/2026 (10 Jun 2026) makes bank executive management personally liable for following up export proceeds under its item ثانياً-5.

Citation

Policies Department Circular (2026/01) of 6 Jan 2026; repeals 2025/01

Kind

Circular

In force from

2026-01-06

Banks may not complete gold export procedures for concession or small-mining companies without CBOS written approval, an SSMO certificate and a Ministry of Minerals export-approval certificate (ثانياً). Concession companies export 70% of output remaining after in-kind deduction of zakat, royalties and profit shares, keeping proceeds inside or outside Sudan as their agreements allow; the other 30% is sold to CBOS or its delegate (ثالثاً-1). Small-mining companies: same 70/30 split, international prices, advance payment transferred from abroad or confirmed sight L/C without overseas-assay conditions, proceeds within 30 days of shipment, gold export account up to 21 working days (ثالثاً-2). CBOS purchases are executed by Sudan Gold Refinery: fineness by SSMO, weights by an SMRC committee, SMRC document that government shares were deducted in kind (رابعاً).

Citation

Policies Department Circular (2025/2) of 21 Jan 2025, under ss.7-8 of the Currency Dealing Regulation Act 1981 and art.20 of the Regulation 2013; repeals Circulars 2022/24, the circular of 11 Jun 2023, 2024/4 and 2024/5

Kind

Circular

In force from

2025-01-21

Any legal person could export free and tailings gold against advance payment transferred from abroad or a confirmed sight L/C (proceeds within 30 days); gold export account 21 working days; minimum 10 kg; no exports by government bodies or foreigners except concession companies.

Citation

Policies Department Circular (2025/3) of 21 Jan 2025; repealed by Circular 2025/14

Kind

Circular

In force from

2025-01-21

Repealed on

2025-09-14

Banks may not complete export banking procedures for gold by mining or tailings companies without CBOS prior written approval. Issued under art.20 of the Foreign Currency Dealing Regulations 2013.

Kind

Circular

In force from

2014-09-09

(1) Free-gold proceeds may be used for the holder's imports or sold to the exporter's bank, any other bank or CBOS. (2) CBOS buys 100% of tailings companies' gold at its announced price after in-kind deduction of profits and royalties from total production - cancelled 21 Sep 2026. (3) Minimum free-gold export contract 1 kg.

Citation

Policies Department Circular (2026/11) of 13 May 2026, amending 2025/17; item 2 cancelled and replaced by 2026/18 of 21 Sep 2026

Kind

Circular

In force from

2026-05-13

Free-gold proceeds, other export proceeds and banks' other resources may pay for any goods MoIT allows to be imported; all imports run through an intermediate import account; amounts may stay there at most 21 working days, then are bought for CBOS at the bank's buying rate; the item allowing 100% of free and tailings gold proceeds for strategic imports is deleted.

Citation

Policies Department Circular (2026/12) of 13 May 2026, amending the import circular 2026/02 of 6 Jan 2026 (not held)

Kind

Circular

In force from

2026-05-13

CBOS prices gold for export daily at the international 24-carat price per ounce less USD 10, converted to USD per gram, announced on the XAR system to MoIT and the unified gold export window; the exporter is settled at this price and no shipment passes if proceeds fall below the value at the announced price; banks send monthly electronic returns.

Citation

Policies Department Circular (2026/13) of 13 May 2026

Kind

Circular

In force from

2026-05-13

Free gold = gold from traditional (artisanal) mining (ثانياً). Any legal person may export free and tailings gold after all export procedures (ثالثاً-1), at international prices, by advance payment or confirmed sight L/C without overseas-assay conditions, proceeds on acceptance of documents and at most 30 days from shipment (ثالثاً-2); gold export account up to 21 working days, then bought for CBOS (ثالثاً-3); tailings gold needs CBOS written approval (ثالثاً-5); free gold needs SSMO weight and assay documents (ثالثاً-6). Manufacture and return within one month with MoIT approval, SSMO certificate and IM form on return (رابعاً). Exporters follow MoIT, Ministry of Minerals, SSMO, Customs and Sudan Gold Refinery controls (خامساً-1); minimum contract 10 kg or as MoIT decides (خامساً-2, replaced by 1 kg in 2026/11); no exports by government bodies or foreigners except concession companies (خامساً-4); CBOS buys gold only to build reserves (خامساً-5).

Citation

Policies Department Circular (2025/17) of 5 Nov 2025; repeals 2025/14; amended by 2026/11 (13 May 2026) and, for tailings gold, by 2026/18 (21 Sep 2026)

Kind

Circular

In force from

2025-11-05

Tailings companies may sell all their gold to CBOS, its delegate or exporters (1); banks may complete tailings-gold exports by advance payment, with daily CBOS pricing (2), or confirmed sight L/C without goods conditions, proceeds within 30 days of shipment (3); gold export account up to 21 working days (4); proceeds used for imports of activity needs after SMRC approval, or sold to banks or CBOS (5); CBOS written approval required (6).

Citation

Policies Department Circular (2026/18) of 21 Sep 2026; cancels paragraph (2) of 2026/11

Kind

Circular

In force from

2026-09-21

Export contract endorsed by a commercial bank, valid «شهرين» (dual of «شهر», month) from endorsement, advance-payment contracts excepted; exporters must repatriate export proceeds in foreign currency within the periods set per payment method. Gold rules of the booklet: artisanal gold is exported only by the Central Bank of Sudan; licensed gold companies with agreements with the Government export their production after refining at the Khartoum refinery; export of raw gold is prohibited; free-gold exports are paid by advance payment transferred from abroad; gold exported for repair and return needs an export licence and a guarantee cheque for its value (pages in refs).

Kind

Guideline

Lists activities banks may not finance, including "purchase of gold and its tailings" (شراء الذهب ومخلفاته).

Kind

Guideline

In force from

2026-01-01

Import and export of gold in all forms is subject to what the regulations provide (s.7); exporters must recover the value of exported goods in foreign currency; offences up to three years' imprisonment or fine, with confiscation (s.9). Legal basis cited by every 2025-2026 CBOS gold circular, with art.20 of the Currency Dealing Regulation 2013.

Citation

Act of 1981, amended 2011 (s.5 replaced); printed in the CBOS 2014 booklet

Kind

Act

Import of worked or refined (bar) gold only with a Ministry of Trade import approval and CBOS consent; anyone may bring in up to ten ounces of worked gold for adornment (art.7). Export of worked or refined gold only with a Ministry of Trade approval and CBOS consent; a resident may take out up to ten ounces of worked gold for adornment registered in the passport; worked gold declared on arrival may be taken out again (art.8). Art.20 is the Governor's power under which the CBOS circulars are issued.

Citation

Signed 2 Jan 2013; repeals the Foreign Exchange Dealing Regulation 1999; printed in the CBOS 2014 booklet

Kind

Regulation

In force from

2013-01-02

Art.1a: ban on purchase, import or transfer of Sudan-origin gold (CN 7108, 7112 91, ex 7118 90) exported from Sudan after 15 Jul 2026; Art.1b: ban on mercury and sodium cyanide exports to Sudan. Entry into force the day after publication (OJ 14 Jul 2026).

Kind

Regulation

In force from

2026-07-15

SMRC holds all delegable powers of the "competent authority" under MMDA 2015: supervision and inspection; in-kind and cash collection of royalties, rents and profit shares; sale of the state's in-kind gold with proceeds paid as MoF Decision 90/2021 provides.

Citation

Ministerial Decision No. 45 of 2024, 29 Aug 2024; read with Council of Ministers Decision No. 98 of 2024 (not held); repeals Decision No. 44 of 2021

Kind

Decree

In force from

2024-08-29

Posted on Minerals Gate as the royalty decision; it covers only gypsum, salt and cement raw materials. No Minister's decision setting a gold royalty rate under art.15 of the 2016 Exploitation Regulation was found.

Kind

Decree

In force from

2024-08-20

Administered by the Hallmarking and Precious Metals Control Department of the Sudanese Standards and Metrology Organisation (s.3). No trading in or possession for sale of unhallmarked gold or silver articles (s.4). Legal gold standards: 23.5 kt (979.16), 21 kt (875), 18 kt (750), 14 kt (583.33), 12 kt (500), 9 kt (375) parts per thousand (s.7). No export, including for manufacture and return, of precious metals or gemstones as bars or jewellery without hallmarking by the Department as regulations provide (s.20(1)); imports need the Department's approval, assay and hallmark unless there is a mutual-recognition agreement (s.20(2)). Register of assayers and goldsmiths (s.23); goldsmiths need a registration certificate (s.24). Offences s.25.

Citation

Act No. 10 of 2008; s.2 repeals the Gold and Silver Hallmarking Act 1972

Kind

Act

Shares of the producing state and locality: royalties 7.5% each; government profit share 12.5% each; traditional mining revenues 20% each; community-responsibility money 80% to the locality; mineral zakat 30% state / 70% locality. Social responsibility: 4% in kind of tailings companies' gold output and 1% in cash of concession companies' gold production value. SMRC determines, collects and distributes the shares and manages the government's gold, including zakat gold.

Citation

Ministerial Decision No. 90 of 2021, signed 4 Rabi' al-Thani 1443 / 9 Nov 2021, under s.22 of the Financial and Accounting Procedures Act 2007

Kind

Decree

In force from

2021-11-09

No traditional gold mining without a contract from the Ministry on SMRC recommendation (art.4); annual renewal (art.5); conditions: Sudanese, entered in the SMRC register, aged 18+, contract, miner card, sale of gold as Ministry and SMRC policy provides, payment of fees and royalties (art.6); royalty per the Schedule, 50% national / 50% state, payable in kind or cash as the Ministry decides (art.8); coordination councils down to market councils that collect royalties and fees (arts.9-16); tailings not to be moved between states or stored within 25 km of housing (art.18); contract suspension or cancellation for breaches (art.19); Schedule: royalty 10% of product (gold or cash) or 20% of ore; fees.

Citation

Made by the Minister of Minerals with National Assembly approval under MMDA 2015 s.34(ج); in force from signature (art.1); signature page undated

Kind

Regulation

Authority for designation of Al Junaid (2023) and AZ Gold, Capital Tap and Hemedti (2025).

Kind

Other

NOT IN FORCE. Historical: covered "trade of minerals and valuable gems" (CDD s.6(1), STR s.6(3)) and required declaration of money, bearer instruments, metals and valuable gems at the border (s.36). Superseded by sd.law-aml-2014.

Kind

Act

Dealers in metals or precious stones are "non-financial institutions" when they conclude cash transactions above a threshold the Minister sets by decision (s.3); CDD (s.5); record keeping and suspicious-transaction reporting (s.6); border declaration of currency and bearer negotiable instruments at amounts set by regulations (s.31) - metals and gems are not included; seizure by customs (s.32); breach of s.31: fine equal to twice the amount (s.38(4)).

Citation

Act of 2014; s.2 repeals the Money Laundering and Terrorist Financing Act 2010

Kind

Act

EU Sudan regime; amended by 2026/1724.

Kind

Regulation

Mining contract area up to 2 km2 (art.13(2)); rent EUR 10,000 per km2 (art.13(5)); royalty on gross production at the percentage the Minister sets by mineral and mine location (arts.13(6), 14(6), 15); community development contributions (art.33); no export of mineral ores, salt, gypsum or gemstones without a Ministry export certificate (art.34(1)), certificates issued after payment of fees (art.34(2)); fee schedule (ore export certificate EUR 500; sample export EUR 100 per 20 kg; tailings-processing contract signing bonus and renewal SDG 5,000,000 each); settlement schedule (dealing in mercury without a Ministry permit EUR 100,000).

Citation

Made by the Minister of Minerals under MMDA 2015; art.2 repeals the 2012 Regulation; signed 13 Rabi' al-Awwal 1438 (handwritten; probably 12 Dec 2016)

Kind

Regulation

Repealed by the 2015 Act (commencement date not read); permits and contracts issued under it stay valid.

Kind

Act

Licence and contract types s.14(1)(أ)-(ز): general search licence, exclusive exploration licence, mining contract, small mining contract, traditional mining contract (هـ), industrial minerals contract, tailings licence (ز, added 2019); signed by the Director of the Geological Research Authority with the Minister's approval (s.14(2)). Licence conditions s.12(1); traditional mining contract only for Sudanese aged 18+ registered with the Authority who have paid the fees (s.12(2)). Minister issues search/exploration licences on the Technical Committee's recommendation (s.13(1)). Fees per the Schedule (s.20(1)); rents set by regulations (s.20(2)); the Act sets no royalty rate. Competent authority collects fees and government shares, may sell in-kind shares and remit to the Ministry of Finance (s.27أ, 2023). Offences s.32(1)(أ)-(ز), mandatory confiscation s.32(2), General Criminal Court s.33, regulations with National Assembly approval s.34.

Citation

Act No. 8 of 2015 (footnote to the title); s.2 repeals the Mineral Resources and Mining Development Act 2007; amended by the Miscellaneous Amendments (Anti-Smuggling) Act 2019 and the Miscellaneous Amendments (Public Funds) Act 2023

Kind

Act

UK asset freezes under the Sudan regime, including the 16 Jul 2026 designations of Omdurman Mining, Ariab Mining Company and Sudamin (FCDO press release) and the four designations in the OFSI notice of 12 Dec 2025. The GOV.UK notice page was withdrawn on 30 Jan 2026 (notices moved to a new page); the Regulations continue.

Citation

S.I. 2020/753

Kind

Regulation

Held by

CBOS appointed purchase agent

Issued by

Central Bank of Sudan

Held by

Gold exporter (Sudanese legal person)

Issued by

Central Bank of Sudan

Held by

Gold trader in a traditional mining market

Issued by

SSMO (registrar appointed by the Director-General)

Traditional mining contract

Held by

Traditional (artisanal) miner

Issued by

Ministry of Minerals on SMRC recommendation (Traditional Gold Mining Regulation art.4); signed by the Director of the Geological Research Authority with the Minister's approval (MMDA s.14(2))

Valid for

One year, renewable on SMRC recommendation after paying fees (Regulation art.5)

Fee

MMDA Schedule: application SDG 3,000; issue SDG 7,000; regularisation SDG 40,000; new contract SDG 15,000. Regulation Schedule: licence SDG 3,000; contract SDG 7,000 (well) to 250,000 (large pit). [conflict] the two schedules differ; see sd.tax-licence-fees.

Held by

Traditional (artisanal) miner

Issued by

SMRC

Fee

Miner card SDG 100

Held by

Commercial bank (authorised FX dealer)

Issued by

Central Bank of Sudan

Certificate of incorporation

Held by

Gold exporter (Sudanese legal person)

Issued by

Commercial Registrar

Held by

Gold exporter (Sudanese legal person)

Issued by

Ministry of Industry and Trade (the booklet names the Ministry of Commerce, وزارة التجارة)

Portal account; tracking of stockpiles, CIL plants, smelting and ingot export preparation

Held by

Concession (mining contract) company

Issued by

SMRC

Held by

Concession (mining contract) company

Issued by

Minister of Minerals

Fee

Mining contract: application SDG 3,000; issue 15,000; transfer or assignment 50,000. Small mining contract: 3,000; 10,000; 50,000. Rent EUR 10,000 per km2 a year (Exploitation Regulation art.13(5)).

Held by

Mining-waste (tailings, 'karta') processing company

Issued by

Ministry of Minerals / SMRC

Fee

Signing bonus SDG 5,000,000; renewal SDG 5,000,000; transfer EUR 1,000,000 (Exploitation Regulation schedule)

Traditional (artisanal) gold mining under a traditional mining contract

Rate

10% of the product (in gold or cash); alternatively 20% of the ore produced

Base

Gold produced (or ore, for the 20% rate)

Paid by

Traditional miner

Collected by

SMRC and the market councils (arts.14, 16); paid in kind or cash as the Ministry decides (art.8(ب))

Rate

18% (reduced from 28%, 2024); USGS 2019 reported 15%

Base

Profits

Paid by

Gold mining companies

Collected by

Taxation Chamber

Rate

5-7% of mineral value (2019 policy)

Base

Gross production, regardless of costs, profit or loss (art.15(2))

Paid by

Concession company

Collected by

SMRC as delegated competent authority (MoM Decision 45/2024), in kind or cash

Rate

4% in kind of tailings companies' gold output; 1% in cash of concession companies' gold production value (based on the previous year's output)

Paid by

Tailings-processing and concession companies

Collected by

SMRC, paid into the locality's community-responsibility account

Rate

Waived (2024)

Paid by

Trader

Collected by

SMRC / state authorities

Rate

MMDA Schedule (SDG): mining contract application 3,000, issue 15,000, transfer/assignment 50,000; small mining contract 3,000 / 10,000 / 50,000; traditional mining contract application 3,000, issue 7,000, regularisation 40,000, new contract 15,000; certificates 100 (samples up to 20 kg), 500 (ore export), 200 (other). Traditional Gold Mining Regulation Schedule (SDG): traditional mining licence 3,000; contract fee 7,000 (well), 50,000 / 150,000 / 250,000 (small / medium / large pit); sieve licences 10,000 / 50,000 / 100,000; miner card 100. Exploitation Regulation 2016 (EUR): ore export certificate 500; sample export 100 per 20 kg; tailings-processing contract signing bonus and renewal SDG 5,000,000 each.

Paid by

Applicant

Collected by

Ministry of Minerals / SMRC

Rate

USD 10 per troy ounce

Base

International 24-carat price

Paid by

Sellers to CBOS / exporters at the floor

Collected by

CBOS

Rate

30% of concessions (reported); plus a reported '40% tax on any gold sold' (unexplained)

Paid by

Concession company

Collected by

Ministry of Minerals / Ministry of Finance

Kind

Other

Valid from

2026-01-01

Kind

Conflict-area due diligence

Kind

Other

Valid from

2014-09-09

Kind

State monopoly

Valid from

2025-09-14

Kind

State monopoly

Threshold

30% of net output (after in-kind government shares)

Valid from

2025-01-21

Kind

Cross-border declaration

Kind

Sanctions

Valid from

2026-07-15

Kind

Other

Valid from

2025-01-21

Kind

Other

Valid from

2025-11-05

Kind

Bar standard

Kind

Local refining requirement

Kind

Export quota

Threshold

1 kg per free-gold contract since 13 May 2026 (10 kg, 5 Nov 2025 - 12 May 2026)

Valid from

2026-05-13

Kind

Currency control

Valid from

2025-11-05

Kind

Price control

Valid from

2026-05-13

Kind

Currency control

Threshold

30 days from shipment; 21 working days in the gold export account; 21 working days in the import account

Valid from

2025-11-05

Kind

Export ban

Kind

State monopoly

Valid from

2026-05-13

Kind

Currency control

Valid from

2026-09-21

Kind

Import restriction

Valid from

2025-08-01

Kind

Sanctions

Valid from

2026-07-16

Kind

Other

Valid from

2025-08-21

Kind

Sanctions

Valid from

2023-06-01

Kind

Anti-money laundering

Threshold

Cash transactions above the Minister's threshold (not found)

Kind

Sanctions

Valid from

2026-07-15

Pre-war: 2022 exports worth USD 2.29bn to the UAE, small amounts to Italy, Egypt and Turkey.

Figures: UAE USD 2.29bn (2022)

Official exports: 27.96 t / ~USD 1.6bn in 2024; 14.7 t / USD 1.536bn in 2025; gold is over 58% of export value. About 88% went to the UAE in Q1 2025 before the UAE suspension.

Figures: 2024: 27.96 t / USD 1.59bn (SMRC; CBOS figure 22.92 t / USD 1.57bn); 2025: 14.7 t

Declared production: 64.36 t in 2024 (artisanal 53.71 t / 83%; tailings 4.95 t; industrial 5.70 t); 53 t in the first nine months of 2025 in government-held areas; about 70 t for 2025 per exporters. RSF areas add perhaps 10 t (UN Panel estimate for 2024).

Figures: 2024: 64.36 t; 2025 (9m): 53 t

[conflict] Sharing of the artisanal royalty: the Traditional Gold Mining Regulation 2016 art.8 gives 50% to the national government and 50% to the producing state; MoF Decision 90/2021 gives the producing state and the locality 20% each of "traditional mining revenues" (federal column illegible). The later decision is presumably applied in practice [inferred].

[conflict] Border declaration: the r1 model applied s.36 of the 2009 AML text (money, bearer instruments, metals and valuable gems). The 2014 Act in force (s.31) covers currency and bearer negotiable instruments only; traveller gold is governed by the Currency Dealing Regulation 2013 (ten ounces of worked gold) and the Customs Disclosure Regulation 2015 (not held).

[conflict] Traditional mining contract fees: the MMDA 2015 Schedule sets issue at SDG 7,000 (plus 3,000 application, 40,000 regularisation, 15,000 new contract); the Traditional Gold Mining Regulation 2016 Schedule sets a licence of SDG 3,000 and contract fees from 7,000 (well) to 250,000 (large pit). The Minister may amend Act fees with the Finance Minister's approval (s.20(3)); no amending decision was found.

[conflict] Concession royalty rate: the 2016 Exploitation Regulation (art.15) leaves the rate to the Minister by mineral and location and no gold decision was found, while secondary sources give 5-7% (USGS 2019) or "28.5% as royalties" (Sudan Transparency 2024). The model shows the USGS rate at secondary level.

[conflict] Press dated the single-buyer directive 16 Sep 2025 and reported 100% advance payment, a 21-day deposit and local refining for concession exports; Circular 14/2025 is dated 14 Sep 2025, covers only free and tailings gold and leaves concession and small-mining gold to Circular 2/2025, which allows advance payment or confirmed L/C and says nothing on refining.

[conflict] Press (Actum, June 2026) described "June 2026" measures under which CBOS buys 100% of tailings output; the rule is Circular 11/2026 of 13 May 2026 (item 2), and it was cancelled by Circular 18/2026 on 21 Sep 2026.

About 60% of production from SAF-held Northern, River Nile and Red Sea states goes informally to Egypt (100-280 kg a day reported), paid in Egyptian pounds and converted via the Bankak app, while official exports to Egypt were USD 16m (1%) in 2024. Driven by price gaps (Oct 2024: 21-carat USD 85/g in Egypt vs USD 55-60/g in Sudan).

Figures: >60 t to Egypt since April 2023 (estimate)

The legal channel changed repeatedly: 21 Jan 2025 Circulars 2/2025 and 3/2025 (private exports of free and tailings gold); 14 Sep 2025 Circular 14/2025 (CBOS sole buyer and exporter, after Cabinet Decision 132/2025); 5 Nov 2025 Circular 17/2025 (reopening, 10 kg minimum); 13 May 2026 Circulars 11-13/2026 (1 kg minimum, CBOS daily price, 100% CBOS purchase of tailings gold, freer use of proceeds); 21 Sep 2026 Circular 18/2026 (tailings gold may again be sold to exporters and exported). Smuggling historically rises whenever the official price falls below neighbouring markets (press).

RSF-area gold (Jebel Amer, Darfur, West Kordofan) leaves via Chad, the Central African Republic, Libya and South Sudan (Raja - Entebbe) to the UAE; RSF looted about 1.3 t of unrefined gold from the Sudan Gold Refinery in May 2023.

Most gold leaves outside the official channel: SMRC's director put 2024 smuggling at about 48%; exporters estimate 48-60%; 2025 official exports were 14.7 t against ~70 t produced. Pre-war estimates were 50-80% (Sudan Democracy First Group: 95-100 t produced a year, no more than 30 t reaching the treasury).

Figures: 48-60% (2024-2025)

Both sides use state and military companies: the UK designated three state-owned miners (Omdurman Mining, Ariab, Sudamin) in July 2026 for financing the war; pre-war, senior officials used the Khartoum airport VIP lounge to fly gold out.