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Gold

Brazil

Checked 2026-09-29 · Version r2 · Replaces version r1 · Reviewed

Public law and official guidance, published as research. Not legal, tax or financial advice.

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Small-scale mining originIndustrial mining origin

Large industrial and garimpo (ASM) gold origin with no export permit, no FX repatriation rule and, for gold as a financial asset, no tax other than IOF (CF art. 153 §5). Garimpo route: PLG holder carries the gold within the gold-producing region, with a copy of the PLG title (or the title holder's transport authorisation), to a BCB-authorised institution (Lei 12.844 art. 38), which registers the seller and files the receipt and declaration of origin (art. 39), may no longer presume legality or good faith (IN BCB 406/2023; STF ADI 7.273), issues the NF-e Ouro Ativo Financeiro (mandatory since 1 Aug 2023, IN RFB 2.138 as amended by IN 2.150) and pays IOF-ouro 1% and CFEM 1.5%. Export of financial-asset gold is cleared on an e-DMOV (IN RFB 1.082/2010) with the FX contract, NF-e Ouro, air waybill and packing list; doré exported as merchandise goes on a DU-E (IN RFB 1.702/2017). PL 3.025/2023 (Casa da Moeda traceability, transport guide, Touro fee) passed the Câmara on 22 Apr 2026 and has been awaiting dispatch in the Senate since 5 May 2026. PLG laundering of illegal gold, including from Indigenous lands, remains widespread.

How sure this page is

  • Primary law 84
  • Official guidance 5
  • Secondary 6
  • Industry practice 5
  • Unverified 2
  • No confidence level recorded 9
  • Researcher's note 30
  • Blocked 2
  • Not recorded 50
  • Text 27
  • Not stated 25

Regulators

  • Agência Nacional de Mineração (ANM)

    Manages mining rights and titles, grants PLGs, regulates and collects CFEM, supervises mining (Lei 13.575/2017 art. 2 V, XII, XVII); receives annual production reports and RAL.

    Website
    https://www.gov.br/anm
    No confidence level recordedNot recorded

  • Banco Central do Brasil (BCB)

    Authorises the financial institutions that may buy and trade gold as a financial asset or exchange instrument (Lei 7.766 art. 1) and operate in the FX market (Lei 14.286 arts 3, 5); regulates gold as exchange instrument (Resolução BCB 277 art. 66); AML supervisor of those institutions (Circular 3.978; IN BCB 406/2023).

    Website
    https://www.bcb.gov.br
    No confidence level recordedNot recorded

  • Casa da Moeda do Brasil (CMB)

    Ordered by the STF to take measures on gold origin; would run gold marking and traceability under PL 3.025/2023 if enacted.

    No confidence level recordedNot recorded

  • Conselho de Controle de Atividades Financeiras (COAF)

    Financial intelligence unit; receives suspicious-transaction reports; supervises obliged persons without their own regulator (e.g. precious-metals dealers).

    No confidence level recordedNot recorded

  • State environmental agencies / IBAMA

    Environmental licensing required before a PLG and a concession.

    No confidence level recordedNot recorded

  • Ministério de Minas e Energia (MME)

    Grants concessão de lavra by ministerial portaria.

    No confidence level recordedNot recorded

  • Polícia Federal (PF)

    Authorises the domestic transporters of gold as financial asset used in e-DMOV operations (IN RFB 1.082/2010 art. 2 III, art. 9 IV).

    No confidence level recordedNot recorded

  • Receita Federal do Brasil (RFB)

    Administers IOF (Decreto 6.306 art. 59); NF-e Ouro Ativo Financeiro (IN RFB 2.138/2023); customs: e-DMOV for gold as financial asset (IN RFB 1.082/2010), DU-E for goods (IN RFB 1.702/2017), habilitação of declarants (IN RFB 1.984/2020); seizes gold with irregular fiscal documents (Lei 7.766 art. 3 §2).

    Website
    https://www.gov.br/receitafederal
    No confidence level recordedNot recorded

  • Supremo Tribunal Federal (STF)

    Constitutional court; in ADI 7.345 (interim order, 2023) and ADI 7.273 it suspended and then declared unconstitutional the good-faith presumption of Lei 12.844 art. 39 §4.

    No confidence level recordedNot recorded

Laws

  • Constituição Federal de 1988

    Mineral resources belong to the Union (art. 20 IX, art. 176); mining only by Brazilians or companies under Brazilian law with head office and administration in Brazil (art. 176 §1); gold as financial asset taxed only by IOF, minimum 1%, 30% to the state and 70% to the municipality of origin (art. 153 §5); no ICMS on exports or on financial-asset gold (art. 155 §2 X a, c); mining in Indigenous lands only with Congress authorisation, and the garimpeiro-cooperative priority does not apply there (art. 231 §§3, 7).

    Citation
    arts 20 IX, 22 XII, 153 §5, 155 §2 X (a, c), 174 §§3-4, 176, 225, 231 §§3, 7
    Kind
    Act
    In force from
    1988-10-05
    Primary lawNot recorded

  • Decreto 6.306/2007 (Regulamento do IOF)

    IOF regulation: gold as financial asset subject only to IOF (art. 36), 1% (art. 39), taxpayer the first acquiring institution (art. 37), payment by the third business day after the ten-day period of the taxable events (art. 40 §1); imported gold taxed on customs clearance (art. 36 §4 II); seizure procedure (arts 56-58); IOF on FX for inflow of export receipts at zero (art. 15-B I).

    Kind
    Decree
    In force from
    2007-12-14
    Primary lawNot recorded

  • Instrução Normativa BCB 406/2023 (compra de ouro)

    Banks, brokers and DTVMs buying gold must observe that there is no presumption of legality of the gold nor of good faith of the acquirer (art. 2) and must fully apply the risk-management, compliance, PRSAC and AML rules listed in art. 3.

    Citation
    arts 1-4
    Kind
    Guideline
    In force from
    2023-08-01
    Official guidanceNot recorded

  • IN RFB 1.082/2010 (e-DMOV)

    Customs control of the entry and exit of gold as financial asset by the BCB or authorised institutions, with PF-authorised domestic transporters, through the e-DMOV (art. 1); documents to attach (art. 4 II); clearance on RVES/RVFV (art. 19); seizure of gold with irregular documents (art. 21 III); carrier reports boarding within 2 days (art. 23).

    Citation
    arts 1-4, 9-11, 19-23, 28
    Kind
    Regulation
    In force from
    2010-12-09
    Primary lawNot recorded

    Researcher's note: [inferred] inForceFrom: 30 days after publication in the DOU of 9 Nov 2010 (art. 33).

  • Instrução Normativa SRF 49/2001 (nota fiscal for gold financial asset)

    Paper-era invoice models for gold as financial asset; revoked by IN RFB 2.138/2023 art. 7 from 3 Jul 2023 (art. 8 I) but restored until 31 Jul 2023 by IN RFB 2.150/2023 art. 3.

    Kind
    Regulation
    Repealed on
    2023-08-01
    Primary lawNot recorded

    Researcher's note: [inferred] repealedOn is the day after the restoration period of IN RFB 2.150 art. 3 ("até 31 de julho de 2023") ended.

  • Lei Complementar 214/2025 (IBS/CBS)

    Gold defined in law as financial asset or exchange instrument is immune from IBS and CBS (art. 9 VII); exports immune (art. 8); 2026 test rates IBS 0.1% and CBS 0.9% (arts 343, 346); gold (HS 7108) is not among the "bens minerais" subject to the Imposto Seletivo (Anexo XVII lists 2601, 2709.00.10, 2711.11.00, 2711.21.00).

    Kind
    Act
    In force from
    2025-01-16
    Primary lawNot recorded

  • Lei Complementar 87/1996 (ICMS), art. 3

    ICMS does not apply to exports (art. 3 II) or to gold defined in law as financial asset (art. 3 IV).

    Citation
    art. 3 II, IV
    Kind
    Act
    Primary lawNot recorded

  • Lei 11.196/2005, art. 70 (prazos de recolhimento do IOF)

    IOF on the acquisition of gold as financial asset is paid "até o terceiro dia útil subsequente ao decêndio de ocorrência dos fatos geradores".

    Citation
    art. 70 II a (redação da Lei 12.599/2012)
    Kind
    Act
    In force from
    2006-01-01
    Primary lawNot recorded

  • Lei 12.844/2013, arts 37-42 (regime of proof of legality, transport and purchase of garimpo gold)

    Arts 37-42: gold from authorised garimpo areas may be bought, sold and transported (art. 37); transport within the gold-producing region to an authorised buyer with a copy of the mining title, or with the title holder's transport authorisation (art. 38); proof of regularity of the first acquisition by the cooperative's invoice or, for individuals, the sale receipt and declaration of origin, plus the buyer's acquisition invoice (art. 39 I-II); seller registration and 10-year filing (art. 39 §§1-2); the good-faith presumption of §4 was declared unconstitutional (ADI 7.273). After first acquisition, the fiscal note (art. 40). PL 3.025/2023 would revoke arts 37-42.

    Kind
    Act
    In force from
    2013-07-19
    Primary lawNot recorded

  • Lei 13.540/2017 (CFEM)

    Rewrote CFEM (Lei 8.001 art. 2 and Anexo): gold 1.5%; the Anexo of rates in force from 1 Nov 2017 (art. 4 I a).

    Citation
    arts 2-5, Anexo
    Kind
    Act
    In force from
    2017-08-01
    Primary lawNot recorded

  • Lei 7.766/1989 (ouro ativo financeiro)

    Gold is a financial asset from extraction when destined for the financial market via BCB-authorised institutions (art. 1); garimpeiro cooperatives may buy at origin and sell only to the BCB or authorised institutions (art. 2); operations proved by fiscal notes, transport covered exclusively by the fiscal note, irregular gold seized by the Receita Federal (art. 3); IOF 1% the only tax (art. 4); first acquisition by an authorised institution is the taxable event (art. 8). Art. 11 payment deadline superseded by Lei 11.196/2005 art. 70 II a (see br.div-iof-deadline-conflict).

    Kind
    Act
    In force from
    1989-05-11
    Primary lawNot recorded

  • Lei 8.001/1990, art. 2 (CFEM), as amended by Lei 13.540/2017

    CFEM gold 1.5% of gross revenue less taxes; first acquirer of PLG gold liable.

    Kind
    Act
    In force from
    1990-03-13
    Primary lawNot recorded

  • Lei 9.613/1998 (lavagem de dinheiro)

    Precious metals dealers and financial institutions are obliged persons; KYC, records, 24-hour reporting to COAF.

    Kind
    Act
    In force from
    1998-03-04
    Primary lawNot recorded

  • PL 3.025/2023 (novo marco legal do comércio de ouro) - bill, not in force

    Bill. Câmara text of 22 Apr 2026 (PL 3.025-A/2023): PLG gold is a financial asset until its first sale, which only BCB-authorised institutions may make (art. 2); payment in national currency by credit to a deposit or payment account (art. 2 §3); electronic invoice mandatory in all gold operations (art. 3); Guia de Transporte e Custódia de Ouro for all transport and custody, valid up to 30 days (art. 4); Sistema de Rastreabilidade do Ouro with physical and digital marking run by the Casa da Moeda (art. 7); Touro fee R$2.00 per guide and R$5.00 per gram marked (art. 6); risk management and 10-year records for institutions (art. 8); bans on PLG holders, their agents, relatives and persons convicted of listed crimes controlling first-acquisition institutions (art. 9); revokes Lei 7.766 art. 2 and art. 3 §1 and Lei 12.844 arts 37-42 on publication, Lei 11.685 art. 9 after 90 days (art. 14). The Executive text (2023) had no Touro fee and no Casa da Moeda system.

    Kind
    Other
    Official guidanceNot recorded

    Researcher's note: [time-limited] Not law. Senate status read 2026-09-29: "aguardando despacho" since 4 May 2026, no committee or rapporteur; [summary] status pages read through WebFetch.

  • Resolução BCB 277/2022 (mercado de câmbio)

    Export receipts may be received in reais or foreign currency, before or after shipment, including by credit to an account abroad of the authorised institution (art. 46); gold as exchange instrument sits in the institution's FX position and may be traded only with other authorised institutions, supervised foreign institutions or the BCB (art. 66).

    Citation
    arts 46, 66
    Kind
    Regulation
    Primary lawNot recorded

  • Circular BCB 3.978/2020 (PLD/FT)

    AML/CFT programme of BCB-authorised institutions: cash records above R$2,000 (art. 33), COAF reports of suspicious operations by the next business day after the decision (art. 48 §2) and of cash operations of R$50,000 or more (art. 49), records kept 10 years (art. 67). Art. 49 extended by Resolução BCB 588/2026 from 1 Oct 2026.

    Citation
    arts 33-36, 48-49, 67
    Kind
    Circular
    In force from
    2020-10-01
    Primary lawNot recorded

  • Decreto 11.659/2023 (distribuição da CFEM a Municípios afetados)

    Distributes the 15% CFEM share (Lei 8.001 art. 2 §2 VII): 55% railway, 3% pipeline, 7% port, 35% mining-structure municipalities (art. 3); revokes Decreto 9.407/2018.

    Citation
    arts 2-4, 7
    Kind
    Decree
    In force from
    2023-08-24
    Primary lawNot recorded

  • Decreto 6.759/2009 (Regulamento Aduaneiro)

    Imposto de Exportação applies only to goods listed by CAMEX (art. 212 §2), base rate 30% (art. 215).

    Citation
    arts 212-217, 779
    Kind
    Decree
    Primary lawNot recorded

  • Decreto 9.406/2018 (regulamento do Código de Mineração)

    Regimes (art. 13), concession requirements, RAL deadline 15 March.

    Kind
    Decree
    In force from
    2018-06-12
    Primary lawNot recorded

  • Decreto 9.407/2018 (distribuição da parcela de 15% da CFEM) - revogado

    Distributed the 15% CFEM share for affected municipalities; revoked by Decreto 11.659/2023 art. 7.

    Citation
    arts 1-13
    Kind
    Decree
    In force from
    2018-06-13
    Repealed on
    2023-08-24
    Primary lawNot recorded

  • Decreto-Lei 227/1967 (Código de Mineração)

    Mining Code: five regimes (art. 2), sanctions incl. fines of R$ 2,000 to R$ 1 billion (art. 64) and caducidade (art. 65); implemented by Decreto 9.406/2018.

    Kind
    Decree
    In force from
    1967-02-28
    Primary lawNot recorded

  • IN RFB 1.702/2017 (DU-E)

    Export clearance of goods on the Declaração Única de Exportação in the Portal Siscomex; every good sent abroad is subject to export clearance (art. 3).

    Citation
    arts 1-9
    Kind
    Regulation
    Primary lawNot recorded

  • IN RFB 1.984/2020 (habilitação no comércio exterior)

    Importers and exporters (declarantes de mercadorias) must be habilitados before acting in the foreign-trade systems (arts 3-4), with the exemptions of art. 19.

    Citation
    arts 3-4, 19
    Kind
    Regulation
    Primary lawNot recorded

  • Instrução Normativa RFB 2.138/2023 (NF-e Ouro Ativo Financeiro)

    Institutes the NF-e Ouro Ativo Financeiro for institutions authorised by the BCB (art. 3: first acquisition, import, export, internal operations, remittances); mandatory from 1 Aug 2023 and optional from 3 Jul 2023 (art. 1 §§1-2 as amended by IN RFB 2.150/2023); an invoice with inaccurate data is inidônea (art. 6).

    Kind
    Regulation
    In force from
    2023-03-30
    Primary lawNot recorded

  • IN RFB 2.150/2023 (prorrogação da NF-e Ouro)

    Moved the mandatory start of the NF-e Ouro to 1 Aug 2023 (optional from 3 Jul 2023) and restored IN SRF 49/2001 until 31 Jul 2023.

    Citation
    arts 2-3
    Kind
    Regulation
    In force from
    2023-07-10
    Primary lawNot recorded

  • Leis 10.637/2002 (PIS) art. 5 and 10.833/2003 (COFINS) art. 6

    PIS/Pasep and COFINS do not apply to revenue from exports of goods.

    Citation
    Lei 10.637 art. 5 I; Lei 10.833 art. 6 I
    Kind
    Act
    Primary lawNot recorded

  • Lei 11.685/2008 (Estatuto do Garimpeiro)

    Title indispensable for mining and first sale of garimpo minerals (art. 3).

    Kind
    Act
    In force from
    2008-06-02
    Primary lawNot recorded

  • Lei 13.575/2017 (Agência Nacional de Mineração)

    Creates ANM (art. 1) and lists its powers: titles, CFEM, inspection, seizure of minerals from illegal activity (art. 2 V, XI, XII, XVII, XXVII).

    Citation
    arts 1-2
    Kind
    Act
    Primary lawNot recorded

  • Lei 14.286/2021 (marco cambial)

    FX operations only through BCB-authorised institutions (art. 3), free of value limits (art. 2); exporters may keep export proceeds abroad (Lei 11.371/2006 art. 1 as reworded by art. 26); cross-border carriage of cash above US$10,000 only through authorised institutions (art. 14).

    Kind
    Act
    In force from
    2022-12-30
    Primary lawNot recorded

    Researcher's note: [inferred] inForceFrom computed from art. 29 ("após decorrido 1 (um) ano de sua publicação oficial") and publication in the DOU of 30.12.2021.

  • Lei 7.805/1989 (Permissão de Lavra Garimpeira)

    PLG: holders, 50 ha, up to 5 years, prior environmental licence, annual report, crime of unlicensed extraction.

    Kind
    Act
    In force from
    1989-07-18
    Primary lawNot recorded

  • Lei 8.176/1991, art. 2 (usurpação de bens da União)

    Producing or exploiting raw material belonging to the Union without authorisation is usurpation, 1-5 years; the same penalty for whoever acquires, transports, holds or sells such products (art. 2 §1).

    Citation
    art. 2
    Kind
    Act
    In force from
    1991-02-18
    Primary lawNot recorded

    Researcher's note: [inferred] inForceFrom: five days after publication in the DOU of 13.2.1991 (art. 5).

  • Lei 9.605/1998, art. 55 (lavra sem autorização)

    Mining or extraction without authorisation, permit, concession or licence: detention of 6 months to 1 year and fine.

    Citation
    art. 55
    Kind
    Act
    Primary lawNot recorded

  • Resolução ANM 208/2025 (PLG: limites de área, substâncias garimpáveis)

    Amends the ANM Consolidação Normativa (Portaria DNPM 155/2016) arts 44 and 207: 50 ha global limit for individual PLG holders, 1,000 ha per title for cooperatives; transition and 150-day adjustment for existing permits and pending requests.

    Citation
    arts 1-8 (amending Consolidação Normativa arts 44, 207)
    Kind
    Regulation
    In force from
    2025-06-13
    Official guidanceNot recorded

    Researcher's note: [summary] read only through summarising fetches of the ANMlegis text and the ANM news item; [blocked] the text itself is behind a bot challenge (see br.gap-anm-resolutions).

Laws concerning gold in Brazil

From the law library: the laws tagged with this commodity, with their sources. They are not research findings; the sections above are.

Decree No. 25.780 providing for environmental licensing of gold mining activities in water bodies within the state of Rondônia

Regulation · Made 2021-01-29 · Rondônia

Decreto nº 6.306, de 14 de dezembro de 2007 (Regulamento do IOF)

Decree · Decreto 6.306/2007; DOU 17.12.2007, retificado 8.1.2008 · Presidência da República

Instrução Normativa BCB nº 406, de 31 de julho de 2023 (procedimentos das instituições autorizadas quando da compra de ouro)

Order · IN BCB 406/2023; DOU 1º/8/2023, Seção 1, p. 112 · Banco Central do Brasil (Decon, Desuc, Desup, Denor, Dereg)

Instrução Normativa RFB nº 2.138, de 29 de março de 2023 (NF-e Ouro Ativo Financeiro)

Order · IN RFB 2.138/2023; DOU 30/03/2023, seção 1, página 67 · Secretaria Especial da Receita Federal do Brasil

Instrução Normativa RFB nº 2.150, de 7 de julho de 2023 (prorrogação do prazo da NF-e Ouro Ativo Financeiro)

Order · IN RFB 2.150/2023; DOU 10/07/2023, seção 1, página 38 · Secretaria Especial da Receita Federal do Brasil

Lei nº 12.844, de 19 de julho de 2013 (omnibus law; arts 37-42: compra, venda e transporte de ouro)

Act · Lei 12.844/2013; DOU 19.7.2013 edição extra · Presidência da República / Congresso Nacional

Lei nº 7.766, de 11 de maio de 1989 (ouro, ativo financeiro, e seu tratamento tributário)

Act · Lei 7.766/1989; DOU 12.5.1989 · Presidência da República / Congresso Nacional

Order No. 435 regulating the registration of equipment to be used for the control of metallic mercury

Regulation · Made 1989-08-09

e-DMOV (saída do País de moeda e ouro ativo financeiro ou instrumento cambial) - Receita Federal, manual de exportação (Portal Único), situações especiais

Act · gov.br page; "Publicado em 12/01/2018 10h26 Atualizado em 30/03/2026 12h49" · Receita Federal do Brasil

Nota Fiscal Eletrônica do Ouro Ativo Financeiro (NF-e Ouro Ativo Financeiro) - Manual Técnico de Orientação, Versão 1.0, Junho 2023

Guidance · Manual under IN RFB 2.138/2023 art. 5 · Secretaria Especial da Receita Federal do Brasil

Procedures

Institution moves gold to refining and trades it domestically

Applies when: after first acquisition, before export or domestic sale

  1. Transport

    Send the gold from the PCO to head office or the refinery with an NF-e Ouro remittance note, by secure carrier

    Who
    BCB-authorised financial institution buying gold (DTVM) and its purchase post (PCO)
    With
    Valuables carrier (PF-authorised domestic transporter) and international air carrier
    Issues
    NF-e Ouro - remittance note (PCO to head office/refinery)
    Primary lawNot recorded

    Legal basis: IN RFB 2.138/2023; Lei 7.766/1989, IN art. 3 V b-c; Lei 7.766 art. 3 §1

  2. Refining

    Refine buttons or doré into 999.9 bars and issue a bar list; the refiner covers the return of the gold with an NF-e Ouro (IN RFB 2.138 art. 3 §2).

    Who
    Domestic gold refinery
    With
    BCB-authorised financial institution buying gold (DTVM) and its purchase post (PCO)
    Needs
    NF-e Ouro - remittance note (PCO to head office/refinery)
    Issues
    Domestic refiner's bar list / certificate
    Industry practiceNot recorded

    Researcher's note: Refining to 999.9 is practice; only the return invoice (IN art. 3 §2) is law.

  3. Custody

    Sell gold to another institution or client and issue an NF-e Ouro (negotiation); no further IOF-ouro (it falls only on first acquisition)

    Who
    BCB-authorised financial institution buying gold (DTVM) and its purchase post (PCO)
    Issues
    NF-e Ouro - negotiation between institutions
    Primary lawNot recorded

    Legal basis: IN RFB 2.138/2023; Lei 7.766/1989, IN art. 3; Lei 7.766 art. 8

Export of doré by an industrial miner (gold as merchandise)

Applies when: country is the origin; industrial doré exported to a foreign refiner

Channel: merchandise gold (concession holder)

  1. Tax

    Issue the export NF-e and commercial invoice for the doré lot (export exempt from indirect taxes)

    Who
    Mining company holding a concessão de lavra
    Needs
    Mine laboratory assay of doré
    Issues
    Export NF-e for doré (merchandise)
    Unverified

    Researcher's note: [not-read] export NF-e rules for merchandise not obtained; ICMS, PIS and COFINS do not apply to exports (LC 87 art. 3 II; Lei 10.637 art. 5 I; Lei 10.833 art. 6 I).

    No source recorded
  2. Customs

    Register the DU-E in the Portal Siscomex and obtain export clearance (the exporter must be habilitado, IN RFB 1.984/2020).

    Who
    Customs broker (despachante aduaneiro)
    With
    Receita Federal (customs and tax)
    Needs
    Export NF-e for doré (merchandise)
    Primary lawNot recorded

    Legal basis: IN RFB 1.702/2017; IN RFB 1.984/2020, IN 1.702 arts 1, 3, 7; IN 1.984 arts 3-4

    Researcher's note: [inferred] applied to doré as merchandise; IN 1.702 has no gold-specific rule.

  3. Transport

    Secure air shipment of the doré to the foreign refiner

    Who
    Valuables carrier (PF-authorised domestic transporter) and international air carrier
    Industry practice
    No source recorded

Export of gold as a financial asset / exchange instrument by an authorised institution

Applies when: country is the origin; gold bought from garimpos or mines by an institution

Channel: financial-asset gold (BCB-authorised institution)

  1. Payment

    Contract the export sale and close the FX contract with an FX-authorised institution; the gold as exchange instrument is traded only with authorised institutions, supervised foreign institutions or the BCB; the FX contract is a required attachment of the e-DMOV. Proceeds may be received before or after shipment and may be kept abroad.

    Who
    Authorised institution exporting gold as a financial asset / exchange instrument
    With
    FX-authorised bank
    Issues
    Contrato de câmbio (FX contract)
    Primary lawNot recorded

    Legal basis: Lei 14.286/2021; Resolução BCB 277/2022; IN RFB 1.082/2010, Lei 14.286 art. 3; Res. 277 arts 46, 66 §2; IN 1.082 art. 4 II c

  2. Customs

    Issue the NF-e Ouro Ativo Financeiro for the export (DAO operation 5), recording the e-DMOV number and the domestic transporters.

    Who
    Authorised institution exporting gold as a financial asset / exchange instrument
    Issues
    NF-e Ouro - export of gold (financial asset / exchange instrument)
    Primary lawNot recorded

    Legal basis: IN RFB 2.138/2023, art. 3 III

  3. Transport

    Book the shipment with the airline, which issues the air waybill for the valuable cargo (the e-DMOV must attach the international transport document, IN RFB 1.082 art. 4 II a); after boarding, the carrier records the boarding data in the e-DMOV within 2 days (art. 23).

    Who
    Valuables carrier (PF-authorised domestic transporter) and international air carrier
    Primary lawNot recorded

    Legal basis: IN RFB 1.082/2010, arts 4 II a, 23

    Researcher's note: Acceptance as valuable cargo and the consignment security declaration are industry practice.

  4. Customs

    File the e-DMOV de saída with a digital certificate, attaching the international transport document, packing list, FX contract and the sales invoice, with the sealed volumes at the declared verification place; on registration (active CNPJ, PF-authorised domestic transporter, authorised international carrier) the Receita Federal selects a channel and schedules physical verification; clearance follows an RVES or RVFV without blocking discrepancies; gold with irregular fiscal documents is seized.

    Who
    Authorised institution exporting gold as a financial asset / exchange instrument
    With
    Receita Federal (customs and tax)
    Needs
    Contrato de câmbio (FX contract); NF-e Ouro - export of gold (financial asset / exchange instrument)
    Issues
    e-DMOV de saída (gold as financial asset)
    Primary lawNot recorded

    Legal basis: IN RFB 1.082/2010; Lei 7.766/1989, IN arts 1, 3 §2, 4 II, 9, 10, 11 §2, 19, 21 III; Lei 7.766 art. 3 §2

    Researcher's note: [conflict] br.div-edmov-invoice-conflict: IN 1.082 art. 4 II e and the RFB e-DMOV page still name the "Modelo VI" invoice of IN SRF 49/2001, which IN RFB 2.138 revoked (effective 1 Aug 2023); the model takes the NF-e Ouro (export) as the invoice attached.

  5. Transport

    Send the pre-shipment notice (weights, fineness, AWB) to the foreign refiner or buyer

    Who
    Authorised institution exporting gold as a financial asset / exchange instrument
    Issues
    Pre-shipment notification to refiner/buyer
    Industry practice
    No source recorded

Garimpo under a PLG to first acquisition by a BCB-authorised institution

Applies when: country is the origin (ASM gold)

Channel: garimpo gold as financial asset (PLG -> DTVM)

  1. Extraction

    Extract alluvial, eluvial or colluvial ore within the PLG area, concentrate by gravity and, commonly, amalgamate with mercury; burn off the mercury to sponge gold. A PLG cannot be granted in Indigenous lands (Lei 7.805 art. 23 a).

    Who
    Garimpeiro holding a Permissão de Lavra Garimpeira (PLG)
    Needs
    Environmental licence (garimpo or mine)
    Primary lawNot recorded

    Legal basis: Lei 7.805/1989, arts 1, 3, 5, 10, 23

  2. Processing

    Melt sponge/nuggets into a small bar or button at the garimpo or in town

    Who
    Garimpeiro holding a Permissão de Lavra Garimpeira (PLG)
    Industry practiceNot recorded

    Researcher's note: NF-e typology list (bars, ingots, sponge, amalgam, nuggets) shows the forms in which garimpo gold is bought; no source describes the melting step.

  3. Transport

    Carry the gold, within the gold-producing region only, to an institution authorised to buy it: the PLG holder with a copy of the mining title; a garimpeiro, partner, chain member or agent with the transport authorisation issued by the title holder (bearer, title number, location, validity).

    Who
    Garimpeiro holding a Permissão de Lavra Garimpeira (PLG)
    Primary lawNot recorded

    Legal basis: Lei 12.844/2013, art. 38 caput, §§1-2, 5

  4. Due diligence

    Register the seller (name, CPF or CNPJ, commercial-registry number) and file the cooperative's invoice or the individual's sale receipt and declaration of origin (mining area, state and municipality, ANM process number, title number) with a copy of the RG; apply the AML customer-identification rules; there is no presumption of legality of the gold or of the buyer's good faith (IN BCB 406 art. 2), so the documents alone do not protect the buyer.

    Who
    BCB-authorised financial institution buying gold (DTVM) and its purchase post (PCO)
    Needs
    Environmental licence (garimpo or mine)
    Issues
    Seller's sale receipt and declaration of origin of the gold (individual seller) / cooperative invoice; DTVM customer file on the garimpeiro (identity, PLG, licence, screening)
    Primary lawNot recorded

    Legal basis: Lei 12.844/2013; Lei 9.613/1998; IN BCB 406/2023, Lei 12.844 art. 39 I, §§1-3; Lei 9.613 art. 10; IN BCB 406 arts 2-3

    Researcher's note: [inferred] checking PLG status against ANM data is implied by the NF-e fields (phase, situation, expiry); no rule held requires an online check.

  5. Assay

    Weigh the gold and test its fineness at the PCO; record method and grams

    Who
    BCB-authorised financial institution buying gold (DTVM) and its purchase post (PCO)
    Issues
    Weighing at the purchase post (PCO); Fineness test at the PCO (method recorded on the NF-e)
    Official guidanceNot recorded
  6. Custody

    Buy the gold and issue the NF-e Ouro Ativo Financeiro for "primeira aquisição do ouro produzido sob o regime de PLG", recording the PLG title and ANM process, municipality of extraction, area, environmental licence, typology, fineness, method and grams; the acquirer states the state and municipality of origin (Lei 7.766 art. 7); title passes to the institution.

    Who
    BCB-authorised financial institution buying gold (DTVM) and its purchase post (PCO)
    With
    Garimpeiro holding a Permissão de Lavra Garimpeira (PLG)
    Needs
    Seller's sale receipt and declaration of origin of the gold (individual seller) / cooperative invoice; DTVM customer file on the garimpeiro (identity, PLG, licence, screening); Weighing at the purchase post (PCO); Fineness test at the PCO (method recorded on the NF-e)
    Primary lawNot recorded

    Legal basis: IN RFB 2.138/2023; Lei 7.766/1989; Lei 12.844/2013, IN arts 1 §1, 3 I; Lei 7.766 arts 3, 7; Lei 12.844 art. 39 II

  7. Payment

    Pay the garimpeiro; the NF-e layout records a bank-account payment where used. No rule in force bans cash, but cash operations of R$50,000 or more must be reported to COAF by the next business day (Circular BCB 3.978 art. 49) and cash above R$2,000 must be recorded with the bearer's CPF (art. 33). PL 3.025/2023 would require payment by account credit.

    Who
    BCB-authorised financial institution buying gold (DTVM) and its purchase post (PCO)
    With
    Garimpeiro holding a Permissão de Lavra Garimpeira (PLG)
    Issues
    Payment to the garimpeiro
    Official guidanceNot recorded

    Legal basis: Circular BCB 3.978/2020, arts 33, 49

    Researcher's note: [inferred] absence of a cash ban is inferred from the texts held.

  8. Tax

    Pay IOF-ouro at 1% of the first-acquisition price by the third business day after the ten-day period (decêndio) of the acquisition; the revenue goes 30% to the state and 70% to the municipality of origin, the collecting entity passing it on within 30 days.

    Who
    BCB-authorised financial institution buying gold (DTVM) and its purchase post (PCO)
    Primary lawNot recorded

    Legal basis: Lei 7.766/1989; Lei 11.196/2005; Decreto 6.306/2007; CF art. 153 §5, Lei 7.766 arts 4, 8, 10, 11 parágrafo único; Lei 11.196 art. 70 II a; Decreto 6.306 arts 39-40

    Researcher's note: [conflict] br.div-iof-deadline-conflict: Lei 7.766 art. 11 says "até o último dia útil da primeira quinzena do mês subseqüente"; the model follows the later Lei 11.196 art. 70 II a, applied by Decreto 6.306 art. 40 §1.

  9. Tax

    Pay CFEM at 1.5% on the value of the first acquisition, as the party liable for gold mined under a PLG.

    Who
    BCB-authorised financial institution buying gold (DTVM) and its purchase post (PCO)
    Issues
    CFEM paid by the first acquirer of PLG gold
    Primary lawNot recorded

    Legal basis: Lei 8.001/1990 as amended by Lei 13.540/2017, art. 2 V, §4; art. 2-A II; Anexo

    Researcher's note: [not-read] the payment deadline and slip are set by ANM rules not obtained.

Industrial mine under a concessão de lavra to doré and first sale

Applies when: country is the origin (industrial gold)

Channel: concession holder (gold as merchandise, or first sale to an authorised institution)

  1. Extraction

    Mine and process ore under the concession (plant recovery, smelting) into doré bars

    Who
    Mining company holding a concessão de lavra
    Needs
    Environmental licence (garimpo or mine)
    Primary lawNot recorded

    Legal basis: Decreto 9.406/2018, art. 13 I

    Researcher's note: The processing route is practice; the texts govern the title only.

  2. Assay

    Number, weigh and assay each doré bar at the mine laboratory

    Who
    Mining company holding a concessão de lavra
    Issues
    Doré bar number (mine); Mine laboratory assay of doré
    Industry practice
    No source recorded
  3. Custody

    Sell doré domestically: either to a BCB-authorised institution as a financial asset (the mining company remits it on an NF-e Ouro, IN 2.138 art. 3 V a, and the buyer records the first sale, DAO operation 2) or to a refiner or industry as merchandise on an ordinary NF-e.

    Who
    Mining company holding a concessão de lavra
    With
    BCB-authorised financial institution buying gold (DTVM) and its purchase post (PCO)
    Needs
    Mine laboratory assay of doré
    Issues
    NF-e Ouro - first sale of gold from other mining regimes (to an authorised institution); NF-e for doré sold as merchandise
    Primary lawNot recorded

    Legal basis: IN RFB 2.138/2023, art. 3 I, V a

    Researcher's note: [not-read] rules for the ordinary NF-e on merchandise gold not obtained.

  4. Tax

    Pay CFEM at 1.5% on gross sales revenue less taxes on the sale; for exports, on a base of at least the Receita Federal parameter price (or the ANM reference value).

    Who
    Mining company holding a concessão de lavra
    Issues
    CFEM paid by the concession holder
    Primary lawNot recorded

    Legal basis: Lei 8.001/1990 as amended by Lei 13.540/2017, art. 2 I, III; art. 2-A I; Anexo

Annual mining reports, record keeping and AML reporting

Applies when: continuing obligations of miners and buying institutions

  1. Reporting

    File the annual production data with ANM by 15 March

    Who
    Garimpeiro holding a Permissão de Lavra Garimpeira (PLG)
    Issues
    PLG holder's annual production report
    Primary lawNot recorded

    Legal basis: Lei 7.805/1989, art. 9

  2. Reporting

    File the Relatório Anual de Lavra with ANM by 15 March

    Who
    Mining company holding a concessão de lavra
    Issues
    Relatório Anual de Lavra (RAL)
    Primary lawNot recorded

    Legal basis: Decreto 9.406/2018, art. 34 XVII

  3. Reporting

    Keep the seller registration, declaration of origin and RG copy for 10 years (Lei 12.844 art. 39 §2); keep KYC data, operation records and dossiers for 10 years (Circular 3.978 art. 67); Lei 9.613 sets a minimum of 5 years (art. 10 §2).

    Who
    BCB-authorised financial institution buying gold (DTVM) and its purchase post (PCO)
    Issues
    Archive of seller documents and transaction records (10 years)
    Primary lawNot recorded

    Legal basis: Lei 12.844/2013; Circular BCB 3.978/2020; Lei 9.613/1998, Lei 12.844 art. 39 §2; Circular 3.978 art. 67; Lei 9.613 art. 10 §2

  4. Reporting

    Report suspicious gold purchases to COAF without tipping off (Lei 9.613 art. 11 II: within 24 hours; Circular 3.978 art. 48 §2: by the business day after the decision to report, after an analysis of up to 45 days) and report cash operations of R$50,000 or more by the next business day (art. 49).

    Who
    BCB-authorised financial institution buying gold (DTVM) and its purchase post (PCO)
    With
    COAF (financial intelligence unit)
    Issues
    Suspicious-transaction communication to COAF
    Primary lawNot recorded

    Legal basis: Lei 9.613/1998; Circular BCB 3.978/2020, Lei 9.613 art. 11 II; Circular 3.978 arts 43 §1, 48-50

Receipt of export proceeds

Applies when: after export

  1. Payment

    Receive the foreign buyer's payment; the exporter may keep the foreign currency abroad or convert it through an FX contract

    Who
    Authorised institution exporting gold as a financial asset / exchange instrument
    Issues
    Foreign buyer's payment of export proceeds
    Primary lawNot recorded

    Legal basis: Lei 11.371/2006 art. 1 as reworded by Lei 14.286/2021 art. 26; Resolução BCB 277/2022, Lei 14.286 art. 26; Res. 277 art. 46

Licences and registrations

  • BCB authorisation to operate as a financial institution dealing in gold (financial asset / exchange instrument)

    BCB authorisation act; entry in BCB register

    Held by
    BCB-authorised financial institution buying gold (DTVM) and its purchase post (PCO)
    Issued by
    Banco Central do Brasil
    Primary lawNot recorded

    Legal basis: Lei 7.766/1989; Resolução BCB 277/2022, Lei 7.766 art. 1; Res. BCB 277 art. 66

    Researcher's note: [not-read] the CMN/BCB rules on authorising an institution to operate with gold were not obtained (br.gap-bcb-rules). IN BCB 406 art. 1 names banks, investment banks, CTVMs and DTVMs as the institutions that buy gold.

  • BCB authorisation to operate in FX or to import and export gold as financial asset

    Held by
    Authorised institution exporting gold as a financial asset / exchange instrument
    Issued by
    Banco Central do Brasil
    Primary lawNot recorded

    Legal basis: IN RFB 1.082/2010; IN RFB 2.138/2023, IN 1.082 art. 1 §1; IN 2.138 art. 3 III

  • AML/CFT programme, customer identification and records

    Held by
    BCB-authorised financial institution buying gold (DTVM) and its purchase post (PCO)
    Issued by
    BCB (supervisor); COAF (FIU)
    Primary lawNot recorded

    Legal basis: Lei 9.613/1998; Circular BCB 3.978/2020, Lei 9.613 arts 9-11; Circular 3.978 arts 2-3

  • Concessão de lavra

    Portaria de lavra

    Held by
    Mining company holding a concessão de lavra
    Issued by
    Ministério de Minas e Energia (portaria) on ANM instruction
    Valid for
    life of the deposit (per plan)
    Primary lawNot recorded

    Legal basis: Decreto 9.406/2018, arts 13 I, 31-33

  • Cooperative constitution and registration

    Held by
    Garimpeiro cooperative
    Issued by
    Junta Comercial / OCB
    Primary lawNot recorded

    Legal basis: Lei 7.766/1989, art. 2 ('regularmente constituídas')

    Researcher's note: [not-read] the registration body is not stated in the texts held.

  • CPF (individual taxpayer number)

    Held by
    Garimpeiro holding a Permissão de Lavra Garimpeira (PLG)
    Issued by
    Receita Federal
    Primary lawNot recorded

    Legal basis: Lei 12.844/2013, art. 39 (seller registration data)

  • Access to the e-DMOV system (digital certificate; registration of external users)

    Held by
    Authorised institution exporting gold as a financial asset / exchange instrument
    Issued by
    Receita Federal
    Primary lawNot recorded

    Legal basis: IN RFB 1.082/2010, art. 1 §3

    Researcher's note: Registration of external users follows Ato Declaratório Executivo Cotec nº 1/2011 per the RFB page; that act was not obtained.

  • Environmental licence for the garimpo

    Licence number (recorded in the NF-e Ouro first-acquisition group)

    Held by
    Garimpeiro holding a Permissão de Lavra Garimpeira (PLG)
    Issued by
    State environmental agency (or IBAMA)
    Primary lawNot recorded

    Legal basis: Lei 7.805/1989, art. 3

  • Environmental licences (LP/LI/LO) for the mine

    Held by
    Mining company holding a concessão de lavra
    Issued by
    State environmental agency / IBAMA
    Primary lawNot recorded

    Legal basis: Decreto 9.406/2018, art. 31

    Researcher's note: Licence stages (LP/LI/LO) are standard Brazilian licensing, not read in the decree.

  • Enablement to issue NF-e Ouro Ativo Financeiro

    Held by
    BCB-authorised financial institution buying gold (DTVM) and its purchase post (PCO)
    Issued by
    Receita Federal
    Primary lawNot recorded

    Legal basis: IN RFB 2.138/2023, art. 3

  • Polícia Federal authorisation as transporter of valuables (domestic leg)

    Held by
    Valuables carrier (PF-authorised domestic transporter) and international air carrier
    Issued by
    Polícia Federal
    Primary lawNot recorded

    Legal basis: IN RFB 1.082/2010, art. 2 III; art. 9 IV

  • Permissão de Lavra Garimpeira (PLG)

    PLG title (ANM process number)

    Held by
    Garimpeiro holding a Permissão de Lavra Garimpeira (PLG)
    Issued by
    ANM
    Valid for
    up to 5 years, renewable
    Primary lawNot recorded

    Legal basis: Lei 7.805/1989, arts 1, 4, 5

  • PLG held by a cooperative

    PLG title

    Held by
    Garimpeiro cooperative
    Issued by
    ANM
    Valid for
    up to 5 years, renewable
    Primary lawNot recorded

    Legal basis: Lei 7.805/1989, art. 5

  • Habilitação to act in foreign trade (Siscomex)

    Held by
    Mining company holding a concessão de lavra
    Issued by
    Receita Federal
    Primary lawNot recorded

    Legal basis: IN RFB 1.984/2020, arts 3-4

Taxes and fees

  • CFEM (Compensação Financeira pela Exploração de Recursos Minerais) on gold

    Gold ore, doré, garimpo gold

    Rate
    1.5%
    Base
    Gross sales revenue less taxes on the sale; for exports at least the Receita Federal parameter price; for PLG gold, the first-acquisition value (Lei 8.001 art. 2 I, III, V)
    Paid by
    Concession holder; for PLG gold, the first acquirer
    Collected by
    ANM (Lei 8.001 art. 2-F); distributed 7% ANM, 1% FNDCT, 1.8% CETEM, 0.2% IBAMA, 15% producing states, 60% producing municipalities, 15% affected municipalities (art. 2 §2; Decreto 11.659/2023)
    Primary lawNot recorded

    Legal basis: Lei 8.001/1990 as amended by Lei 13.540/2017, art. 2, 2-A, Anexo

  • Export duty (Imposto de Exportação) on gold

    Rate
    None on gold as financial asset (only IOF applies, CF art. 153 §5); on gold as merchandise, only if CAMEX lists it (not confirmed)
    Primary lawNot recorded

    Legal basis: CF art. 153 §5; Decreto 6.759/2009, Decreto 6.759 arts 212 §2, 215

    Researcher's note: [unconfirmed] the CAMEX list of goods subject to the Imposto de Exportação was not obtained, so the treatment of doré exported as merchandise is not confirmed (br.gap-customs).

  • IBS/CBS (dual VAT from the 2023 tax reform)

    Gold defined in law as financial asset or exchange instrument; gold as merchandise falls under the general regime

    Rate
    Immune (0%) for gold as financial asset or exchange instrument
    Base
    n/a
    Paid by
    n/a
    Collected by
    n/a
    Primary lawNot recorded

    Legal basis: Lei Complementar 214/2025, art. 9 VII

  • Income tax on gains from gold operations

    Capital gains on gold financial-asset operations, taxed as financial-market income

    Primary lawNot recorded

    Legal basis: Lei 7.766/1989, art. 13

  • IOF-ouro (tax on gold as financial asset)

    Gold as financial asset or exchange instrument, on first acquisition only; the sole tax on such gold

    Rate
    1%
    Base
    First-acquisition price, within market limits
    Paid by
    Acquiring BCB-authorised institution
    Collected by
    Receita Federal (Decreto 6.306 art. 59); revenue transferred 30% to the state and 70% to the municipality of origin (CF art. 153 §5)
    Primary lawNot recorded

    Legal basis: Lei 7.766/1989; Decreto 6.306/2007; Lei 11.196/2005; CF art. 153 §5, Lei 7.766 arts 4, 8-10; Decreto 6.306 arts 36-40; Lei 11.196 art. 70 II a

    Researcher's note: [conflict] br.div-iof-deadline-conflict (payment deadline).

  • ICMS, PIS/COFINS on gold traded as merchandise

    Doré or gold not destined for the financial market; ICMS does not apply to exports or to financial-asset gold (LC 87 art. 3 II, IV); PIS and COFINS do not apply to export revenue (Lei 10.637 art. 5 I; Lei 10.833 art. 6 I)

    UnverifiedNot recorded

    Researcher's note: [unconfirmed] ICMS rates (state law) and PIS/COFINS rates on domestic sales of merchandise gold were not read; only the export non-incidence is confirmed; being replaced by IBS/CBS over 2026-2033.

  • IOF on the FX operation bringing in export receipts

    Export proceeds converted into reais

    Rate
    0%
    Base
    FX operation for the inflow of export receipts
    Paid by
    n/a
    Primary lawNot recorded

    Legal basis: Decreto 6.306/2007, art. 15-B I

    Researcher's note: Art. 15-B caput was rewritten by Decreto 12.499/2025 (Planalto notes "Vide Decreto Legislativo nº 176, de 2025" and "Vide ADC nº 96"); inciso I (zero) has read the same since Decreto 8.325/2014.

Controls

  • Persons buying and selling gold as financial asset (Lei 9.613 art. 9 II) and dealers in precious metals (art. 9 parágrafo único XI) must identify clients, keep records (at least 5 years), register with their regulator or COAF and report to COAF (arts 10-11); BCB-authorised institutions follow Circular 3.978/2020 and, when buying gold, IN BCB 406/2023. ANM Resolução 129/2023 is reported to impose AML/CFT duties on the mining sector ([not-read]).

    Kind
    Anti-money laundering
    Primary lawNot recordedBlocked

    Legal basis: Lei 9.613/1998; Circular BCB 3.978/2020, Lei 9.613 arts 9-11

    Researcher's note: [not-read] Resolução ANM 129/2023 blocked by a bot challenge (br.gap-anm-resolutions).

  • No ban on paying for gold in cash was found in the law in force. BCB-authorised institutions record cash operations above R$2,000 with the bearer's CPF (Circular 3.978 art. 33) and report to COAF, by the next business day, cash deposits, withdrawals and payments of R$50,000 or more (art. 49). PL 3.025/2023 would require payment by account credit.

    Kind
    Cash limit
    Threshold
    R$2,000 (record); R$50,000 (COAF report)
    Primary lawNot recorded

    Legal basis: Circular BCB 3.978/2020, arts 33, 49

    Researcher's note: [inferred] absence of a cash ban; [time-limited] art. 49 extended from 1 Oct 2026 by Resolução BCB 588/2026 (FX cash US$10,000; virtual assets).

  • Every exit and entry of gold as financial asset is made by the BCB or an authorised institution, with a PF-authorised domestic transporter, under an e-DMOV; exit always gets a scheduled physical verification (IN RFB 1.082 art. 11 §2); gold with irregular fiscal documents is seized (art. 21 III).

    Kind
    Cross-border declaration
    Primary lawNot recorded

    Legal basis: IN RFB 1.082/2010, arts 1, 11 §2, 19, 21

  • Gold as financial asset may be bought at first acquisition only by BCB-authorised institutions (Lei 7.766 art. 1; IN RFB 2.138 art. 3 I), whose acquisition invoice proves the purchase (Lei 12.844 art. 39 II); regularly constituted garimpeiro cooperatives may buy at origin and must resell to the BCB or an authorised institution (Lei 7.766 art. 2). A garimpeiro may also sell his production directly to the final consumer if he proves title to the area of origin (Lei 11.685 art. 9) - PL 3.025/2023 would revoke this.

    Kind
    Other
    Primary lawNot recorded

    Legal basis: Lei 7.766/1989; Lei 12.844/2013; Lei 11.685/2008, Lei 7.766 arts 1-2; Lei 12.844 art. 39 II; Lei 11.685 art. 9

  • All gold financial-asset operations and their transport must be covered by fiscal documents; irregular gold is seized by the Receita Federal (Lei 7.766 art. 3; Decreto 6.306 arts 46, 56). Since 1 Aug 2023 the document is the NF-e Ouro Ativo Financeiro; an invoice with inaccurate data is inidônea (IN RFB 2.138 arts 1 §1, 6).

    Kind
    Other
    Valid from
    2023-08-01
    Primary lawNot recorded

    Legal basis: Lei 7.766/1989; IN RFB 2.138/2023, Lei 7.766 art. 3; IN arts 1 §1, 3, 6

  • Before its first acquisition, garimpo gold may be transported only within the gold-producing region (the geological province of the same gold mineralisation where the workings are) up to an authorised buyer.

    Kind
    Other
    Primary lawNot recorded

    Legal basis: Lei 12.844/2013, art. 38 §§2, 5

  • The presumption of legality of the gold and of the buyer's good faith once the seller's documents were filed (Lei 12.844 art. 39 §4) was suspended by the STF in ADI 7.345 (interim order quoted in the EMI of PL 3.025/2023, which also ordered the Executive to adopt within 90 days a new framework for verifying the legal origin of gold bought by DTVMs) and declared unconstitutional in ADI 7.273 (Planalto annotation on art. 39 §4). Since 1 Aug 2023 BCB instructs banks, brokers and DTVMs that there is no presumption of legality or good faith when they buy gold (IN BCB 406 art. 2).

    Kind
    Conflict-area due diligence
    Primary lawNot recordedBlocked

    Legal basis: STF ADI 7.345 and 7.273; IN BCB 406/2023, IN BCB 406 art. 2

    Researcher's note: [unconfirmed] the final judgment date (24 Mar 2025) and the orders to ANM, BCB, ICMBio and Casa da Moeda come from a legal commentary; the STF judgment was not obtained (br.gap-stf-text).

  • Mining in Indigenous lands requires Congress authorisation (CF art. 231 §3), the garimpeiro-cooperative priority of art. 174 §§3-4 does not apply there (art. 231 §7), and a PLG does not apply to Indigenous lands (Lei 7.805 art. 23 a). Gold from garimpo in Indigenous lands cannot be lawfully produced.

    Kind
    Conflict-area due diligence
    Primary lawNot recorded

    Legal basis: Constituição Federal; Lei 7.805/1989, CF art. 231 §§3, 7; Lei 7.805 art. 23 a

  • No repatriation or surrender requirement: exporters may keep foreign-currency export proceeds abroad (Lei 11.371 art. 1); receipts may arrive before or after shipment, including by credit to an account abroad of the authorised institution (Res. BCB 277 art. 46).

    Kind
    Currency control
    Valid from
    2022-12-30
    Primary lawNot recorded

    Legal basis: Lei 11.371/2006 art. 1, as reworded by Lei 14.286/2021 art. 26

    Researcher's note: [inferred] validFrom computed from Lei 14.286 art. 29.

  • PLGs only for Brazilian citizens or garimpeiro cooperatives (Lei 7.805 art. 5); research authorisations and mining concessions only for Brazilians, companies under Brazilian law with head office and administration in Brazil, or cooperatives (CF art. 176 §1; Decreto 9.406 arts 16, 30).

    Kind
    Other
    Primary lawNot recorded

    Legal basis: Lei 7.805/1989; CF art. 176 §1, Lei 7.805 art. 5

  • Extracting Union minerals without a title is a crime: usurpation, 1-5 years, with the same penalty for whoever acquires, transports, holds or sells the product (Lei 8.176 art. 2 §1); mining without authorisation also carries 6 months-1 year (Lei 9.605 art. 55) and seizure of the product (Lei 7.805 art. 21 parágrafo único).

    Kind
    Other
    Primary lawNot recorded

    Legal basis: Lei 8.176/1991; Lei 9.605/1998; Lei 7.805/1989, Lei 8.176 art. 2; Lei 9.605 art. 55; Lei 7.805 art. 21

Trade flows

  • Top destinations of Brazilian gold exports in 2024 were Canada, Switzerland and the United Kingdom.

    Figures: Canada US$1.84bn; Switzerland US$948m; UK US$579m (2024)

    SecondaryNot recorded

  • The Tapajós basin (Pará) accounts for most gold declared under PLGs: 540 PLGs reported US$2.04bn of gold in 2022-2026, nearly 60% of Brazil's legalised garimpo gold.

    Figures: US$2.04bn; ~60%

    SecondaryNot recorded

Where practice departs from the law

What credible sources show happening that the law does not provide for.

  • After the 2023 federal operations, illegal mining fell in Yanomami (-7%), Munduruku (-57%) and Kayapó (-31%) lands in 2023-2024 but rose 93% in Sararé: displacement rather than elimination; 4,219 ha destroyed in the four territories in two years.

    SecondaryNot recorded

  • [conflict] Invoice attached to the e-DMOV for gold exports. IN RFB 1.082/2010 art. 4 II e (text in force, amended 2022) and the Receita Federal e-DMOV page (updated 30 Mar 2026) still require "a Nota Fiscal de Venda de Ouro Ativo Financeiro ... Modelo VI anexo à Instrução Normativa SRF nº 49, de 2001"; IN SRF 49/2001 was revoked by IN RFB 2.138/2023 art. 7 (restored only until 31 Jul 2023 by IN RFB 2.150 art. 3), and the NF-e Ouro covers exports (IN 2.138 art. 3 III; manual DAO operation 5 with the e-DMOV number). The model takes the NF-e Ouro as the invoice. Affects br.st-18, br.st-19.

    Primary lawNot recorded

  • More than half of Brazil's roughly US$5bn of gold exports in 2021 was estimated to have illegal origins.

    Figures: >50% of ~US$5bn (2021)

    SecondaryNot recorded

  • [conflict] IOF-ouro payment deadline. Lei 7.766/1989 art. 11 (Planalto text, not marked as amended): "O imposto será pago até o último dia útil da primeira quinzena do mês subseqüente ao da ocorrência do fato gerador". Lei 11.196/2005 art. 70 II a (as amended by Lei 12.599/2012): "até o terceiro dia útil subsequente ao decêndio de ocorrência dos fatos geradores, no caso de aquisição de ouro e ativo financeiro", applied by Decreto 6.306/2007 art. 40 §1. The model follows the later law and the regulation. Affects br.st-08, br.tax-iof-ouro.

    Primary lawNot recorded

  • Swiss imports of gold from Brazil exceeded Brazil's reported exports by 67% (2022) and 62% (2023), a mirror-statistics gap pointing to unrecorded outflows.

    Figures: +67% (2022), +62% (2023)

    SecondaryNot recorded

  • PLGs are used to launder gold mined elsewhere (including Indigenous lands): InfoAmazonia found that 263 of 540 Tapajós PLGs (49%) reported gold sales inconsistent with their mining activity in 2022-2026, and declared volumes about ten times scientific extraction estimates.

    Figures: 263/540 PLGs; ~10x

    SecondaryNot recorded

What we could not obtain

Documents the research needed and could not get, where they might be, and why.

  • ANM rules on the PLG regime (Resolução ANM 208/2025 amending the Consolidação Normativa arts 44 and 207) and the ANM act on receipts and seller registration required by Lei 12.844 art. 40 §1.

    Missing document
    Resolução ANM 208/2025 (text); ANM Consolidação Normativa (Portaria DNPM 155/2016) as amended; the portaria under Lei 12.844 art. 40 §1
    Where it might be
    https://anmlegis.datalegis.net/action/ActionDatalegis.php?acao=abrirTextoAto&link=S&tipo=RES&numeroAto=00000208&seqAto=000&valorAno=2025&orgao=DC/ANM/MME&cod_modulo=566&cod_menu=8303
    Why not obtained
    Bot challenge (HTTP 403) on ANMlegis from the Mac worker (queues br-1, br-8); only a summarising WebFetch read of Res. 208; the DOU copies could not be located (DOU search failed in the worker; web-search budget exhausted).
    Affects
    br.law-res-anm-208br.cr-plgbr.cr-plg-coopbr.st-09

  • CMN/BCB rules authorising an institution to operate with gold as financial asset (the licensing side; the AML, FX and gold-purchase rules are now held).

    Missing document
    CMN/BCB resolution(s) on authorisation of institutions to operate with gold as financial asset or exchange instrument
    Where it might be
    https://www.bcb.gov.br/estabilidadefinanceira/buscanormas
    Why not obtained
    The instrument number is not named in any text held (Lei 7.766 art. 1 refers to "forma e condições autorizadas pelo Banco Central"); BCB search is a JavaScript application; web-search budget of this session exhausted.
    Affects
    br.cr-bcb-auth

  • AML rules for the mining sector and for dealers in precious metals outside the BCB perimeter (ANM Resolução 129/2023; any COAF resolution for dealers).

    Missing document
    Resolução ANM 129/2023 (and Resolução ANM 138/2023, deadline extension); COAF resolution for dealers in precious metals
    Where it might be
    https://anmlegis.datalegis.net (ANMlegis); DOU (in.gov.br); gov.br/coaf
    Why not obtained
    ANMlegis returns a bot challenge (HTTP 403) to the Mac download worker (queues br-1, br-8); the DOU search page failed in the worker (queues br-3, br-9); COAF resolution number not found (search budget exhausted).
    Affects
    br.ctl-aml

  • Imposto de Exportação on gold as merchandise (CAMEX list), e-DMOV annexes, export NF-e rules for merchandise gold.

    Missing document
    CAMEX/GECEX resolution listing goods subject to the Imposto de Exportação; IN RFB 1.082/2010 Anexos I-II (binary attachments); Ato Declaratório Executivo Cotec 1/2011
    Where it might be
    gov.br/mdic (CAMEX resolutions); normasinternet2.receita.fazenda.gov.br (IN 1.082 attachments)
    Why not obtained
    Resolution number not identified (web-search budget of this session exhausted); IN 1.082 annexes are served as binary attachments not yet downloaded.
    Affects
    br.tax-export-dutybr.dk-e-dmovbr.cr-edmov-accessbr.st-22

  • EFTA-MERCOSUR FTA legal text (signed 16 Sep 2025, entry into force pending) - pair br-ch.

    Missing document
    EFTA-MERCOSUR Free Trade Agreement, Main Agreement
    Where it might be
    https://www.efta.int/sites/default/files/documents/legal-texts/free-trade-relations/MERCOSUR/EFTA-MERCOSUR%20-%20Main%20Agreement.pdf
    Why not obtained
    Bot challenge (HTTP 403) from the Mac worker (dl2); an official Brazilian copy was not located.

  • ICMS (state) and PIS/COFINS rates on domestic sales of gold as merchandise; export non-incidence is now confirmed (LC 87 art. 3 II; Leis 10.637 art. 5, 10.833 art. 6).

    Missing document
    State ICMS regulations (e.g. Pará, Mato Grosso, Minas Gerais) and the PIS/COFINS rate provisions for gold sales
    Why not obtained
    Not in scope of this pass beyond the federal non-incidence rules; state laws not identified.
    Affects
    br.tax-merchandise

  • STF judgment text in ADI 7.273/7.345 (orders, deadlines).

    Missing document
    Acórdão ADI 7.273
    Where it might be
    https://portal.stf.jus.br/processos/listarProcessos.asp?classe=ADI&numeroProcesso=7273 (and ADI 7345)
    Why not obtained
    portal.stf.jus.br returns HTTP 403 to the Mac download worker (queue br-3, 2026-09-28); r1: 429 then robots.txt error.
    Affects
    br.ctl-good-faith-ended

Routes through Brazil

Country pairs

Sources

Every source this country's research cites, with how much of it was read and how.