National Strategic Action Plan for the Conservation and Sustainable Use of Crop Wild Relatives (CWR) in Zambia

Republic of Zambia Ministry of Agriculture NATIONAL STRATEGIC ACTION PLAN FOR THE CONSERVATION AND SUSTAINABLE USE OF CROP WILD RELATIVES IN ZAMBIA 2017-2020 Ministry of Agriculture, 2016 Republic of Zambia Ministry of Agriculture NATIONAL STRATEGIC ACTION PLAN FOR THE CONSERVATION AND SUSTAINABLE USE OF CROP WILD RELATIVES IN ZAMBIA Ministry of Aarlculture, 2016 TABLE OF CONTENTS FOREWORD ........................... ....... ........................................................................................................... 4 Acknowledgements ................................................................................................................................. 5 List of figures ...................................... .. .... ............................................................................................... 6 List of tables ............................................................................................................................................ 6 List of boxes . . .. ..... . ...... ... .. . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .......... ... . . . .. . ..... .... .. . ......... .... .. .. .. . .. . .... ... ... ...... . ... .... ... .......... .... ... . .. 6 List of acronyms .................................................... .................................................................................. 7 Executive summary ............................ ................... ......... ......................................................................... 9 1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................... : .. 11 2 Goals and objectives of the National Strategic Action Plan .......................................................... 13 3 Const itutional, legal and institutional framework ........................................................................ 13 3.1 National policy framework ....................................................................... ... .......................... 13 3.2 Regional policy framework ................................................................................................... 15 3.3 Global policy framework ............................................... ........................................................ 15 4 Overview of national agricultural and floristic diversity ............................................................... 17 4.1 Overview of national agriculture ....................................................................................... ... 17 4.2 Overview of the national floristic diversity ........................................................................... 18 4.3 Overview of the protected area system in the country ........................................................ 18 5 Conservation status and needs of CWR diversity ......................................................................... 20 5.1 National CWR diversity ......................................................................................................... 20 5.2 Threat assessment ....... ...... ................................................................................................... 27 5.3 Current status of in situ conservation of CWR ...................................................................... 27 5.4 In situ conservation needs .................................................................................................... 30 5.5 Current status of ex situ conservation of CWR ..................................................................... 32 5.6 Ex situ conservation needs ........ .. .......................................................................................... 34 6 CWR utlization potential .................................................................... ......................... .................. 34 6.1 Actual and potential uses of priority CWR ............................................................................ 34 6.2 Current users' demands ........................................................................................................ 35 6.3 Access and benefit sharing ................................................................................................... 36 7 Strategic actions for conservation and sustainable use of CWR .................................................. 36 8 Concrete actions for conservation and sustainable use of CWR .................................................. 39 9 Collaborative partnership for implementing NSAP ...................................................................... 43 TABLE OF CONTENTS FOREWORD ................................................................................. ................... .................. ....................... 4 Acknowledgements ................................................................................................................................. 5 List of figures ........................................................................................................................................... 6 List of tables ............................................................................................................................................ 6 List of boxes .. ... .. .......... ... .. ... .. ..... .......... ... ... .. ... .. ... ... .. ... . ... ... .. . ... . ... .......... .. . ... ... .... .. . ... .... .... .. . ...... .... ... . ... 6 List of acronyms ...................................... .................. .............................................................................. 7 Executive summary ................................................................................................................................. 9 1 Introduction .................................................................................................................................. 11 2 Goals and objectives of the National Strategic Action Plan .......................................................... 13 3 Constitutional, legal and institutional framework ........................................................................ 13 3.1 National policy framework .................................................................................................... 13 3.2 Regional policy framework ................................................................................................... 15 3.3 Global policy framework ....................................................................................................... 15 4 Overview of national agricultural and floristic diversity ............................................................... 17 4.1 Overview of national agriculture .................................................... ...................................... 17 4.2 Overview of the national floristic diversity ........................................................................... 18 4.3 Overview of the protected area system in the country ........................................................ 18 5 Conservation status and needs of CWR diversity ......................................................................... 20 5.1 National CWR diversity ......................................................................................................... 20 5.2 Threat assessment .............................................................................. .. : ... ............................ 27 5.3 Current status of in situ conservation of CWR ...................................................................... 27 5.4 In situ conservation needs .................................................................................................... 30 5.5 Current status of ex situ conservation of CWR ..................................................................... 32 5.6 Ex situ conservation needs .................................................................................................... 34 6 CWR utlization potential ............................................................................................................... 34 6.1 Actual and potential uses of priority CWR ............................................................................ 34 6.2 Current users' demands ................................................ ............................ .................... ........ 35 6.3 Access and benefit sharing ................................................................................................... 36 7 Strategic actions for conservation and sustainable use of CWR .................................................. 36 8 Concrete actions for conservation and sustainable use of CWR .................................................. 39 9 Collaborative partnership for implementing NSAP ...................................................................... 43 10 Resource mobilization ................................................................................................................... 45 11 Monitoring the National Strategic Action Plan ............................................................................. 45 12 References .................................................................................................................................... 48 Appendices ............................................................................................................................................ 49 FOREWORD Crop wild relatives (CWR) are plant species that are related to cultivated crops and include crop progenitors closely related to cultivated crops. In Zambia, these species include but not limited to wild relatives of rice (Oryza sativa L), which are Oryza barthii A. Chev, Oryza brachyantha A. Chev. & Roehr and Oryza langistaminata A. Chev. & Roehr; cowpea, Vigna unguiculata L. (Vigna unguicu/ata (L.) Walp. var. spantanea (Schweinf.) Pasquet, Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. subsp. dekindtiana (Harms) Verde.); and sorghum, Sorghum bicolor L. ( Sorghum verticilliflarum (Steud.) Stapf, Sorghum arundinaceum (Desv.) Stapf). CWR constitute a potential source of basic genetic material for adapting crops to changing climatic conditions, improving crop productivity and developing the quality of the products. In the light of changing climate, genetic diversity represent a critical resource for crop variety improvement in our efforts towards food security for the ever growing population and dwindling natural resources. CWR occur in wild habitats and often times they are not included in national conservation programmes despite being under threat of erosion. To minimize loss and maximize the availability of plant genetic resources for crop improvement efforts in the future, there is an urgent need to ensure appropriate conservation and management of PGRFA at global, regional, national and local levels. This need has been recognized by international conventions and agreements, including the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture (ITPGRFA) and the Second Global Plan of Action for Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture (Second GPA) to which Zambia is a Party. Through the ACP-EU supported SADC CWR Project, Zambia has developed the National Strategic Action Plan (NSAP) for the conservation and sustainable use of nationally identified priority CWR. The NSAP outlines concrete strategic actions for the conservation and sustainable use of CWR, defines specific national collaborative partnerships and suggests the means of resources mobilization for its effective implementation and monitoring of its implementation. Dora Siliya, MP MINISTER OF AGRICULTURE ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The SADC CWR project entitled "In situ Conservation and Use of Crop Wild Relatives in three countries of the SADC region" (funded by the European Union (EU) Secretariat of the African, Caribbean and Pacific (ACP) Group of States through its ACP-EU Co-operation Programme in Science and Technology (S& T Ill), which aims to enhance scientific capacities within the partner countries of the SADC region (including Zambia) to conserve CWR and ident ify useful potential traits for use to adapt to climate change as well as to develop exemplar National Strategic Action Plans for the conservation and use of CWR in the face of the challenges of climate change is acknowledged for being the precursor initiative for this effort. The national and regional institutions that were involved in the process leading to development of the NSAP, led by the Zambia Agriculture Research Institute (ZARI), are the University of Zambia (UNZA), Community Technology Development Trust (CTDT), Department of National Parks and Wildlife formerly Zambia Wildlife Authority (ZAWA), Biodiversity Community Network (BCN), The Department of Forestry, Zambia Environment Management Agency (ZEMA), SADC Plant Genetic Resources Centre (SPGRC). We would like to thank and recognise all the individuals from these and other institutions that contributed to the development of the NSAP. We would like to thank the following persons for the provision of their valuable technical assistance, tools for enabling this work and for their advice throughout the process of NSAP development: Ehsan Dulloo, lmke Thormann and Hannes Gaisberger (from Bioversity International); Nigel Maxted, Joana Magos and Shelagh Kell (University of Birmingham). Julius J. Shawa Permanent Secretary MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE iv LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1 Protected areas in Zambia (Source: GRZ Forest Department, 2014) .............. .... ... .. ..... ... ... .... 18 Figure 2. Number of occurrences and rarefaction accounting for sampling bias ................... .............. 22 Figure 3 National distribution of priority Oryza species ................. .............. ........................................ 24 Figure 4 National distribution of priority Vigna species ......... .. ..................................................... ....... 25 Figure 5 National distribution of priority Eleusine species ......................... ...... .................................... 25 Figure 6 National distribution of priority Dioscorea species ............................................. ................... 26 Figure 7 National distribution of Cucumis, Pennisetum, Solunum and Sorghum priority species ........ 27 Figure 8. Indication of levels of species richness for priority CWRs Red areas are possible areas of the highest number of CWR species . ........................ ... .......... ................................... ............. ...... ............... 30 Figure 9. Complementarity sites for the priority CWR at cell level 10 x 10 km .............. ...................... 31 Figure 10. Complementarity of the Priority CW Rs in the protected area network .............................. 32 LIST OF TABLES Table 1 Approximate area coverage of vegetation types in national parks and forest reserves ... ..... 18 Table 2 Summary of vegetation types and their distribution in Zambia .... ...... ................................. ... 19 Table 3 List of priority CWR genera, associated crops and number of CWR taxa for each genus ........ 21 Table 4 list of priority CWRs with associated crops ............ ........................................ .. ....................... 23 Table 5 Number of different priority CWRs in protected areas ........................ ................................... 29 Table 6 Number of populations of each priority CWR covered by existing protected areas ............... 29 Table 7 Ex situ collections of priority CWRs in national and international genebanks ............... .......... 33 Table 8 Strategic actions required for conservation and use of CWRs ............. .................................... 37 Table 9 Concrete actions for conservation and utilization of CWRs ..... ................... ............................. 40 Table 10 Stakeholders involved in CWRs programmes and their roles ................................................ 43 Table 11 Monitoring plan of the NSAP .............................................. ............. ... ... .... ... ......................... 46 LIST OF BOXES Box 1 Occurence of wild sorghum adjacent to cultivated sorghum fields ........................................... 24 V LIST OF ACRONYMS ACP African, Caribbean and Pacific Group of States AMCEN African Ministerial Conference on Environment and Natural Resources BCN Biodiversity Community Network CBD Convention on Biological Diversity CGIAR Consultative Group on International Agriculture Research CIAT International Centre for Tropical Agriculture CIP International Potato Centre cso Central Statistics Office CTDT Community Technology Development Trust CWR Crop Wild Relative CYMMIT International Centre for Research in Maize and Wheat EU European Union FAO Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations FR Forest Reserve GDP Gross Domestic Product GMA Game Management Area GPA FAO Global Plan of Action for the Conservation and Sustainable Utilization of Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture GSPC Global Strategic Plan for Conservation GRZ Government of the Republic of Zambia ICRISAT International Centre for Research in Semi-Arid Tropics IITA International Institute for Tropical Agriculture IRRI International Rice Research Institute ITPGRFA International Treaty for Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture IUCN International Union for the Conservation of Nature MAFF Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Fisheries MLS Multilateral System of plant genetic resources exchange MTENR Ministry of Tourism, Environment and Natural Resources MU Mulungushi University NAIS National Agricultural Information Services NBSAP National Biodiversity Strategy Action Plan NEPAD New Economic Plan for African Development NP National Park NPGRC National Plant Genetic Resources Centre NSAP National Strategic Action Plan PA Protect ed Area PGRFA Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture SABONET Southern Africa Botanical Network SADC Southern Africa Development Community of States SNDP Sixth National Development Plan SPGRC SADC Plant Genetic Resources Centre UNZA University of Zambia ZANIS Zambia National Information Services ZARI Zambia Agriculture Research Institute ZAWA Zambia Wildlife Authority ZEMA Zambia Environment Management Agency ZNBC Zambia National Broadcasting Corporation EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Crop wild relatives (CWR) are wild species that are closely re lated to crops and are recognized as a vital component of agricultural biodiversity. They are genetically diverse, locally adapted and represent a potentia l source of genes and alleles for adapting crops to changing environmental conditions and human needs and is thus be an important resource for crop improvement. Most crop species have through natural processes receive genes from one or more CWR species conferring resistance to pests and diseases or tolerance to extreme climatic conditions. There is a need for a National Strategic Action Plan (NSAP) in order to guarantee CWR conservation and sustainable use and to prevent diversity loss and to maximize availability for crop improvement. This NSAP was prepared within the context of the SADC CWR project entitled "In situ Conservation and Use of Crop Wild Relatives in three countries of the SAOC region# co-funded by European Union and implemented through the ACP-EU Co-operation Programme in Science and Technology (S&T II) by the ACP Group of States. Grant agreement no. FED/2013/330-210. The NSAP was prepared in a participatory manner involving all stakeholders who participated in developing the initial checklist and inventory list of CWR and to prioritise them. Its goal is to conserve and sustainably ut ilize all priority CWR in the country. The preparation of the NSAP was led by The Nat ional Plant Genetic Resource Centre (NPGRC) which has the mandate of conserving plant genetic resources (PGR) (including CWR) in the country. The NSAP derived significant input from the technical background document that was developed before formulation of the NSAP. The technical background document forms the scientific basis of the NSAP and outlines in detail the process through which the CWR l ists were derived and prioritized. It therefore complements this NSAP document. Zambia is signatory to various agreements that contribute to strengthening the conservation and use of PGR including CWR. These include the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) whose updated strategic plan for biodiversity conservation addresses CWRs and is specifically referred to in Target 13: "By 2020, the genetic diversity of cultivated plants and farmed and domesticated animals and of wild relatives, including other sacio-economically as well as culturally valuable species, is maintained, and strategies have been developed and implemented for minimizing genetic erosion and safeguarding their genetic diversity'' . Zambia has also endorsed FAQ's Second Global Plan of Action for Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture (GPA) whose priority activities make special reference to CWR, highlighting the need to strengthen their conservation and sustainable use. viii Out of 459 CWR from 59 national priority crops identified in Zambia, 30 were prioritised and plans for their conservation and use have been formulated in the NSAP. The best available option in the country for establishing active in situ conservation of CWR is to rely on existing protected areas (PA) and to develop CWR management plans that feed into the broader PA management plans. Out of the total of 30 priority CWRs, 21 are covered in the existing protected area network. The key strategic actions required for conservation of CWR genetic resources are: (i) Including CWR conservation in the NBSAP. (ii) Making clearer and specific statements on CWRs in the various policy documents and development plans. (iii) Integrating CWRs in natural resources management plans and conservation programmes. (iv) Increasing financial resources to CWRs programmes. (v) Including CWR' value in school curricula at all levels of learning. (vi) Creation offunctional and effective partnerships for conservation and sustainable use of CWR. (vii) Developing national capacity for characterization and use of CWR in breeding in the country. Further the NSAP has identified the concrete actions for the conservation and utilization of CWRs that need to be done and also identified the key stakeholders and the roles they will play in the implementation of the NSAP. Implementation of the NSAP will require resources and capacities that are spread out in different stakeholder organizations. Government will provide the core funding especially to cover personnel and basic infrastructure while other stakeholders will contribute in the form of specialist personnel and equipment cost. Major funding to carry out specialist activities for implementing the NSAP will also come from collaborative programmes from the SADC programme as well as various international on going initiatives. Various donors will also support specific aspects of CWR conservation and use guided by the NSAP. Monitoring the implementation of the NSAP will be an integral component of the NSAP from the beginning of the implementation onwards. Monitoring will track changes in actual and potential uses of priority CWRs and changes in the user demand as a result of availability of more information and germ plasm of CWR. Monitoring will also track if t here is increase in the availability of CWR germ plasm at national, regional and global levels and especially any increase of utilization at national level. ix 1 INTRODUCTION Crop wild relatives (CWR) are wild species that are closely related to crops. They are recognized as an important component of agricultural biodiversity. In general, CWR are genetically diverse, locally adapted and represent a potential source of genes and alleles for adapting crops to changing environmental conditions and human needs and is thus an important resource for crop improvement. Most crop species have through naturally processes received genes from one or more CWR species. CWRs harbor and confer genes for resistance to pests and diseases or for improved tolerance to extreme temperatures, drought and flooding. CWR are also components of natural and semilnatural ecosystems and they also play a role in environmental sustainability and ecosystem functioning. A decrease in the availability of CWR genes and alleles will also restrict the options of farmers and breeders and have a negative impact on future food security. loss of populations of CWR can lead to a decline in the viability of plant communities, as well as a reduction in the evolutionary potential of the CWR species themselves, which can in turn eventually lead to species extinction and cause unforeseen changes in ecosystems. CWR are increasingly used for crop development and improvement, offering unique potential and opportunity to enhancing food security and livelihoods of farmers. In Zambia these include wild relatives of asparagus ( Asparagus), melon and cucumber ( Cucumis), yams ( Dioscorea), millets (Echinochloa, Eleusine, Pennisetum), sweet potato ( lpomoea), rice ( Oryza), sesame ( Sesamum), eggplant (Solanum), sorghum (Sorghum), cowpea and Bambara groundnuts (Vigna). The world community at large has awakened to the important contributions that CWR have to make to global food and nutrition security, especially with the challenges of faod production in the wake of climate change. In 2015, a notification1 was jointly issued by the Secretariats of the Convention of Biological Diversity (CBD), the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture (ITPGRFA), the FAQ Commission on Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture, and Bioversity International, whereby countries were encouraged to Nreview, develop or strengthen their national strategies for the in situ conservatian af crop wild relatives through protected area networks and other area-based conservation measures and the development of integrated approaches that link their canservation to their sustainable use". Such actions have the potential to make significant 1 https://www.cbd.int/ doc/notifications/2015/ntf 2015 092 gspc en.pdf contribution to the synergistic achievement of Aichi Biodiversity Targets 7, 11, 12 and 13, as well as to the Global Strategy for Plant Conservation Targets S, 6, 7 and 5l2. As per GSPC target 9, 70 per cent of the genet ic diversity of crops including their wild relatives and other socio economically valuable plant species conserved, while respecting, preserving and maintaining associated indigenous and local knowledge. Aichi target 133 stated that by 2020, the genetic diversity of cultivated plants and formed and domesticated animals and of wild relatives, including other socio economically as well as culturally valuable species, is maintained, and strategies have been developed and implemented far minimizing genetic erosion and safeguarding their genetic diversity. The priority activity number 4 of the FAQ Global Plan of Action for the Conservation and Sustainable Utilization of Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture (GPA) targets the promotion of in situ conservation of CWR and wild plants for food production. There is a need for national CWR conservation and use planning in order to guarantee the conservation and sustainable use of CWR and to prevent diversity loss and to maximize their availability for crop improvement. CWR are increasingly suffering from genetic erosion thus a coordinated, systematic and integrated approach to CWR conservation is essential and should include both in situ and ex situ strategies. This can be best implemented via well articulated national conservation plans. This NSAP was prepared in a participatorymanner involving all major stakeholders. In the initial stages of the project ZARI worked closely with Department of National Parks and Wildlife formerly Zambia Wildlife Authority (ZAWA), the University of Zambia (UNZA), Community Technology Development Trust (CTDT) and Biodiversity Community Network (BCN) to develop the initial checklist and inventory list of CWR in Zambia and there after to prioritise the CWR species according to set criteria (see section 6.1). Under the technical guidance from University of Birmingham and Bioversity International, diversity analysis of the priority CWR were carried out to determine the potential areas for in situ conservation of the priority CWR in Zambia. An initial stakeholder workshop was organised in October 2014 involving 12 participants to initiate the preparation of the NSAP. A roadmap was prepared that included the validation of the developed checklist by a wider national stakeholder participation. Key results of the diversity analysis was presented to participants indicating how the checklist was derived 2https://www.cbd.int/qspc/tarqets.shtml 3https://www.cbd.int/dac/strategic plan/2011 2020/Alchi Targets EN.pd( 2 by matching a crop priority list of 29 crop genera with the digitized 6,305 checklist of Zambian vascular plants. At this workshop a final list of priority crops was reached upon by consensus and this process generated 59 cultivated crop species belonging to 29 genera. This process is articulated in detail in the technical background document that complements the NSAP Scope of the NSAP While the development of the NSAP considers the full range of CWR that are found in Zambia as identified In Flora of Zambia which has 3,605 species of vascular plants (Phiri, 2005), this NBSAP however covers the identified list of priority wild relatives of priority crops which include cereal, food legumes, vegetable, root and tuber, oi l, fibre, pasture and forage and green manure crops. This list of priority crops includes both those that are native to Zambia and those that are introduced. Some of the crops on the priority crop list such as maize (Zea mays L.), rice ( Oryza sativa L.) and sorghum (Sorghum bicolor l.) for cereals, cowpea (Vigna unguiculoto (L) Walp], and common bean (Phaseolus vu/goris L.) for food legumes, and cassava (Manihot esculanta L.) and sweet potato (lpomoea batatos) are among the global food security crops as reflected in Annex 1 of the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture (ITPGRFA) from FAO (2001) and among regional important crops as out lined In the Southern African Development Community Regional Agricultural Policy (SADC, 2013) and Southern African Development Community Agricultural Development Plans. 2 GOALS AND OBJECTIVES OF THE NATIONAL STRATEGIC ACTION PLAN The goal of the NSAP is to conserve and sustainably utilize CWR in the country. The objectives are: I. To establish a network of active in situ conservation sites to conserve the priority CWR in the country. II. Formulation and implementation of complementary ex situ conservation of CWR; and Ill. Promotion of the sustainable use of CWR in crop improvement . The NSAP will establish better communication and coordinat ion between various institutes and organizations engaged in in situ and ex situ conservation and land use management, at national, regional, and global levels. 3 CONSTITUTIONAL, LEGAL AND INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK 3.1 National policy framework Agriculture remains the priority sector in achieving sustainable economic growth and reducing poverty in Zambia. This is because the country has immense natural resources such as land, water and arable land to support agricultural activities. In addition, over 80 percent of the rural population depends on 3 agriculture-related activities for their livelihood. The growth of this sector is, therefore, important for t he attainment of the long term vision for Zambia which is to become "a prosperous middle income nation by 2030" (Vision 2030}. Agriculture and economic policies Zambia is endowed with vast and diverse natural resources that form the basis for economic activity. These include land, wildlife, forest, minerals, natural heritage and wetlands. Effective and efficient management of these natural resources can significantly contribute to national development t hrough foreign exchange earnings and employment creation. In addition, various natural resource products and ecosystem services are important sources of livelihood and energy. The focus for the Revised Sixth National Development Plan (R-SNDP} is to reverse deforestation, wildlife depletion, heritage sites degradation, and land degradation, and to enhance collaboration among stakeholders in natural resources management in order to ensure sustainable exploitation of natural resources. SNDP does not however specifically refer to CWR. The Second National Agricultural Policy (SNAP) was formulated in order to address the challenges and short comings identified during implementation of the National Agricultural Policy (NAP}2004 - 2015. The SNAP also addresses sustainable food security and nutrition contributing to profitability of agricultural enterprises, job creation, increased income generation, poverty reduction, as well as increased contribution of t he agriculture sector to Gross Domestic Product (SNAP 2016}. Although the SNAP does not specifically mentions the crop CWR, one of its objectives is to promote R&D in agriculture. Further, the Policy contains a policy measure aimed at promoting the cultivation and consumption of indigenous crop varieties. National Plant Genetic Resources Programme The National Plant Genetic Resource Centre (NPGRC} shoulders the responsibility of conserving locally available plant genetic resources for food and agriculture (including crop wild relatives) in the country. The NPGRC falls under the Zambia Agriculture Research Institute (ZARI} which is one of the departments under the Ministry of Agriculture. The mandate of t he NPGRC includes both in situ and ex situ conservation. The latter includes field collections, characterization and evaluation, seed regeneration, multiplication and documentation of collected and stored germplasm. The in situ conservation of CWR and on farm management of crop genetic diversity involving the farming communities remain an important strategy complimentary to the ex situ conservation strategy under the national programme. The multisectoral National Plant Genetic Resources Committee (NPGRCom) provides policy guidance to the national PGR programme. Membershipofthe NPGRCom is drawn from 4 stakeholder institutions that include the Forestry Department, Department of Wild life (formerly ZAWA), the University of Zambia, National Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Mundawanga Botanic Gardens and local and international NGOs and farmer organizations. One of the major challenges to the contribution of PGRFA to food security is the inadequate appreciation, at all levels, of its value which has been leading to an increased erosion of the diversity of local PGRFA. At policy level, this lack of appreciation means PGRFA are not adequately integrated into the various sectoral policies and legal inst ruments. 3.2 Regional policy framework Zambia participates in a number of PGRFA and crop networks that exist at subrdegional and regional levels. The country continues to participate in the regional PGR network under the AEGIS of the SADC Plant Genetic Resources Centre (SPGRC) which includes CWR in addition to cultivated PGR. The highest level collaboration on PGR related issues within the Africa region has been realized through the intergovernmental fora such as the African Ministerial Conference on Environment (AMCEN) and the relevant scientific committees of the African Union (AU) and the New Partnership for Africa's Development (NEPAD). The NPGRC carries out these activit ies in close collaborat ion with the SPGRC and crop working groups within ZARI and continues to participate in the regional PGR network coordinated by SPGRC. 3.3 Global policy framework Zambia is a party to agreements that contribute to strengthening the conservation and use of PGR including CWRs. International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture The International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture (ITPGRFA) was adopted by FAO's member countries in 2001 and came into force in 2004. Zambia ratified the Treaty in 2006. Its objectives are the conservation and sustainable use of PGRFA and the fair and equitable sharing of the benefits derived from their use. The Treaty refers to CWR in Article 5: Conservotion, Exploration, Collection, Characterization, Evaluation and Documentation of Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture. Articles S, 6 and 7 of the International Treaty contain clauses that mandate contracting parties not only to conserve and use PGRFA sustainably but also to develop policy instruments to underpin such activities. Convention on Biological Diversity The Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) was agreed in 1992 and entered into force in 1993 as a global and legally binding framework on biodiversity conservation and use. Zambia ratified the CBD in 5 1993. In 2010, the CBO adopted a revised and updated Strategic Plan for Biodiversity for the 2011- 2020 period, Including 20 targets known as t he Aichi Biodiversity Targets. The maintenance of CWR Is specifically referred to In Target 13: "By 2020, the genetic diversity of cultivated plants and farmed and domesticated animals and of wild relatives, including other socio economically as well as culturally valuable species, is maintained, and strategies hove been developed and implemented for minimizing genetic erosion and safeguarding their genetic diversity". A Global Strategy for Plant Conservation (GSPC) with 16 global targets set for 2020 was also endorsed by CBO at its tenth Conference of parties in Nagoya, Japan. Target 9 refers to the conservation of CWR: "70 per cent of the genetic diversity of crops including their wild relatives and other socio economically valuable plant species conserved, while respecting, preserving and maintaining associated indigenous and local knowledge". The CBO requires that each party "shall develop national strategies, plans or programmes for the conservation and sustainable use of biological diversity", explicitly Including its agrobiodiversity. Nagoya Protocol on Access and Benefit Sharing In 2010, the CB0 adopted the Nagoya Protocol on Access to Genetic Resources and the Fair and Equitable Sharing of Benefits Arising from their Utilization, a legal framework for the effective implementation of fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising out of the utilization of genetic resources. Global Plan of Act ion for Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture Zambia has also endorsed FAQ's Second Global Plan of Action for Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture (GPA) ) as adopted by FAQ member countries in 2011. T,he second GPA is an agreed set of 18 priority activities that directly address the new developments, opportunities and challenges facing plant conservation and use in the 21 st century. It provides a framework of action with these priority activities guiding action and progress at the community, national, regional and international levels, and is a supporting component to the ITPGRFA. Almost half of t he priority activities of the second GPA make special reference to CWR, highlighting the need to strengthen their conservation and sustainable use in situ; improve documentation and assess gaps in the conservation of CWR in protected areas and ex situ collections; create a better understanding of the value and contributions of CWR; test and refine methodologies for location, establishment and management of CWR genetic reserves; assess genetic erosion and threats to all priority CWR populat ions; develop novel techniques to promote CWR utilizat ion by breeders, farmers and other users; and develop CWR management strategies, well integrated into the existing conservation strategies. 6 Thus, the second GPA called for a development of a prioritized plan, particularly for those ecosystems in which high levels of diversity related to plant genetic resources for food and agriculture are found, and conduct national reviews to identify those management practices needed to protect the desired level of genetic diversity for CWR and wild plants for food production and to assist local communities in their efforts to identify, catalogue and manage CWR and wild foods. It also called for need to monitor the holdings, the distribution and diversity CWR and wild plants for food production, integrate and link data and information from in situ conservation programmes with that of ex situ programmes and encourage private and nongovernmental organizations to do likewise. 4 OVERVIEW OF NATIONAL AGRICULTURAL AND FLORISTIC DIVERSITY 4.1 Overview of national agriculture Zambia lies in south-central Africa covering an area of 752,629 km2 and lying on a plateau between altitudes 900 to 1,500 metres above sea level. Rainfall is the dominating factor influencing the climate pattern in the country. In general terms, the northern part ofthe country receives more annual rainfall than the south. The contribution of the agricultural sector to the national economy has been variable over the past decade and is currently estimated to contribute 22% to the GDP. Food crop production is mainly in the hands of small-scale farmers who constitute more than 60% of the farming community, and is still largely based on traditional practices. Zambia has vast agricultural potential. Yet despite a favourable climate, abundant arable land and a share of 40% of the water resources in the entire southern African region, that potential has not yet been fully realised. Of the 58% of land suitable for agricultural production, only 14% is currently under cultivation. The main crops being produced include maize, rice, sorghum and millets, sunflower, groundnut, soybean, wheat, cotton and tobacco. Others include beans, cassava and sweet potato. For these main crops the country is generally self sufficient and often has surplus for exports. These are also the crops that have active breeding programmes, that are in most cases implemented in collaboration with the CGIAR centres that often make available elite lines for use in the breeding programmes for maize (CYMMIT), sorghum and millet and groundnut (ICRISAT), and beans (CIAT). Maize is the main staple and the most supported in terms of subsidy and markets but despite bumper maize harvests experienced in recent years, agriculture makes up only 22% of GDP while employing roughly 85% of the population. 7 4.2 Overview of the national floristic diversity As part of Flora Zambesiaca, there is an estimated 6,575 flowering plants and ferns in Zambia (http:ljzambiaflora.com/l. The digitized checklist derived from the national checklist of Zambian vascular plants (Phiri, 2005) has a total of 6305 taxa. This is the list that has been used to derive the CWR of Zambia. 4.3 Overview of the protected area system in the country The network of Zambia's statutory protected areas (Figure 1) is composed of over 63,580 km2 in 20 National Parks {NPs), about 167,557 km2 in 36 Game Management Areas (GMAs) and about 74,361 km2 in 490 Forest Reserves (FRs). Although more than 18% of the country is within PAs, little is known and documented about the state of ecosystems in these PAS. Table 1 shows area coverage of different vegetation types in the PAs in Zambia. Legend D t1atiooa1 11oun>oy • O\"" - Ma)(ll' roods PrOl.ected f'orl!Sts - l.oClll Forest • - National f'orl!St Nat,onal P.an<s lnl•nd Watt'< • Gam•~- RM<1 0 100 200 300 400 km Figure 1 Protected areas in Zambia (Source: GRZ Forest Department, 2014) Table 1 Approximate area coverage of vegetation types in national parks and forest reserves Vegetation based ecosystem Forest Woodland Woodland/Grassland Transition Grassland Total area (square km) 45690 576587 25698 93720 Area (square km) in Protected Areas National Parks 9610 (21.0%) 43734 (7.6%) 3330 (13.0%) 6854 (7.3%) Forest Reserves 6783 (9.5%) 47970 (8.3%) 921 (3.6%) 3633 (3.9%) 8 Aquatic Total 10905 752600 52 (0.5%) 63580 (8.4%) 0(0.0%) 59307 (7.9%) There are two main categories of forest reserves in the country consisting of 306 Local Forests and 184 National Forests. The management objective in Local Forests is to meet the needs for forest products for present and future generations of local people. The objective for establishing National Forests is to protect and conserve major water catchments and their biodiversity. For these reasons, both Local and Nat ional Forests fall in the IUCN conservation area category VIII (Multiple use management area or Managed resource area). Regardless of the type of forest reserve, no permanent settlements are allowed in a forest reserve. Within each category of forest reserves, two functional sub@ategories are recognized: production (107) and protection (383) forests. Licensed exploitation of forest products is allowed in production forests while protection forests are intended for the protection of water catchments, biodiversity and cultural values. In addition to forest reserves, there are also 59 Botanical Reserves which are located either within or outside forest reserves. Botanical Reserves were established to preserve relic vegetation types and/or promote the in-situ conservation of important plant genetic resources. The national parks and other protected areas, however, were established with little specific concern for the conservation of CWRs. Management plans for protected areas are not usually broad enough to conserve genetic diversity for these species to complement other conservation approaches. It will thus be necessary to include CWR conservation in new and revised management plans for all protected areas where CWRs occur. It is also necessary to complement the conservation in protected areas with measures aimed at conserving genetic diversity which lies outside such areas. Table 2 presents the national coverage of vegetation types and the percentage of each vegetation type, protected within National Parks. Many of these vegetation types are known to harbour populat ions of CWRs. Table 2 Summary of vegetation types and their distribution in Zambia Veget at ion Type National Coverage Occurring in National (%) Parks, (%) Dry Evergreen Forest 5.0% 4.6% Kalahari Woodland 13.2% 5.6% M iombo Woodland 47.2% 6% Grassland 20.6% 7.7% Munga Woodland 5.6% 7.7% Terminataria Vegetation 2.0% 13% 9 Ory Deciduous Forest 1.4% 15% Mopane Woodland 3.4% 28" Moist Evergreen Forest 0.1% 45% Source: REMNPAS, 2010. 5 CONSERVATION STATUS AND NEEDS OF CWR DIVERSITY 5.1 National CWR diversity In Zambia there are 107 different crops that are cultivated in the country (MAFF, 1995; NPGRC, CSO) and a total of 3671 wild relatives of these crops have been identified (ref to Tech background document). Most of these species are wide spread in terms of their distribution while others are confined to few areas. Of the priority CWRs, 0ryza barthii, 0. punctata 0 . brachyantha, Vigna haumaniana, V. multinervis and Cucumis zeyheri all have restricted distribution while 0ryza longistaminata and Eleusine indico are widespread. In addition, there are many CWR of globally important crops which are located within the territory of Zambia. Examples are 0ryza, Lactuca and Solanum spp. In preparation of this NSAP, 59 crops were prioritized based on a set of criteria related to national socioCeconomic importance, food security and industrial use, occurrence of wild relatives in the country and local cultural and use value of the crop and included cereals, food legumes, vegetables, root and tuber, oil, fibre, pasture and forage and green manure crops. This reduced the list from 107 to a more manageable list of S9. From this crop list 464 CWR species were then derived.This partial list of CWR was further prioritized using four criteria; geographical distribution of CWR, utilization potential for crop improvement, Red list status and economic value of the associated crop species, resulting in a set of 30 priority CWR. For additional informat ion on how t he CWR checklist and the list of priority CWR were created see the accompanying technical background document. The generated priority list included wild relatives of rice, cowpea, sorghum, cucurbits, kenaf and sesame. However, the extent to which these CWRs have been used in crop improvement programmes in t he country is limited. Priority CWRs that have received relatively more prominence in terms of collection and conservation in Zambia are those that are related to cowpea (Vigna unguiculata), rice (Oryza sativa), finger millet (Eleusine coracana), pearl millet ( Pennisetum glaucum) and sorghum (Sorghum bicolor). This has mostly been due to the fact t hat past collection missions where conducted by the CGIAR targeting their mandate crops. That is IRRI for wild rice, ICRISAT for wild sorghum and millet and IITA for wild cowpeas. In addit ion there are many more CWRs of crops that are not cultivated in Zambia or little 10 cultivated. These include pasture grass and legumes, medicinal and spices as well as plants for aesthetic purposes. Most are wide spread in terms of their distribution while others are confined to few areas. On the basis of the nationally prioritized 29 genera consisting of 59 cultivated crops , out of 6305 flora, 459 taxa are CWR (Appendix 1). The summary of the list of priority CWR genera and number of taxa generated for each genus and the associated common crop is provided in Table 3. Out of the total CWR generated and according to Phiri (2005), 27 CWR taxa including mainly Crotalaria spp. were endemic to Zambia representing about 6% of the total CWR taxa. A total of 139 CWR taxa, representing 30% of the CWR taxa, have a distribution restricted to the southern Africa and are native to Zambia. Table 3 List of priority CWR genera, associated crops and number of CWR taxa for each genus CWR ...... c:emmonaop Number of CWR Amoronthus Amaranths 8 Chloris Rhodes grass 2 t Cleome Cats wiskers 5 Corchorus Jute mallow 9 Crotoloria Sunnhemp 159 Cucumis Melon, Cucumber,West Indian Gherkin 9 Dioscorea Yam 16 Eleusine Finger millet 2 Hibiscus False Roselle, Kenaf 34 lpomoea Sweet potato 67 =l Lactuca Lettuce 12 Lagenario Bitter gourd 3 Momordica Momordica 8 Mucuna Velvet beans 5 f Oryza Rice 5 Pennisetum Pearl millet 10 ~ Plectranthus Livingstone Potato 29 Sesamum Sesame 6 Sesbania 5esbania 11 Solanum African eggplant, Eggplant, Potato 14 Sorghastrum Sorghum 6 [ Sorghum Sorghum 4 -=1 Vigna Cowpea, Bambara groundnuts 35 Total 459 11 Of the generated 30 prioritized CWR 9taxa belong to genus Vigna, 5 each belong to genera Dioscorea and Cucumis, 4 taxa belong to genus Oryzo, 2 CWR taxa each belong to genera Sorghum and So/onum and a single CWR taxon each belong to genera lpomoea and Pennisetum. On the overall, most of the generated priority CWR taxa, 75%, were classified as primary or secondary relatives of the selected crop based on the level of affinity measured in terms of crossability between the CWR and crop species as defined by the genepool concept of Harlan and de Wet outlined in the technical background document. The diversity analysis done on priority CWR described in the technical background document showed that the cells in Northwestern and Copperbelt Provinces had the highest species richness {Figure 2). The cells in Eastern, Luapula and Western Provinces had the lowest species richness. lCIO lncr•------- ..,..i,or1<...,.(.-•leG! 2 •U 2 <4 •21 21 • U Jf•>• U · •O Figure 2. Number of occurrences and rarefaction accounting for sampling bias Table 4 shows the 30 priority CWR and the crops that t hey are related to. The NSAP outlines the strategic plans and specific actions directed at conserving these CWR and to promote their use in crop improvement programmes. These are listed in alphabetical order and do not reflect any priority within this priority list. 12 Table 4 List of priority CWRs with associated crops CWR Cucumis africanus L.f. Cucumis ficifolius A. Rich C~ mis humifructus Stent Cucumis myriocarpus Naudin Cucumis zeyheri Sand. Dioscorea bu/bi/era L. Dioscorea dumetorum (Kunth) Pax Dioscoreo praehensilis Benth. Dioscorea schimperiono Hochst. ex Kunth Eleusine coracana (L.) Gaertn. subsp. africana Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn. lpomoea richardsiae Verde Oryza barthii A. Chev. Oryza brochyantha Chev. & Roehr. Oryza longistaminata A. Chev. & Roehr. Oryza punctata Steud Pennisetum purpureum Schumach. Salanum aureitamentosum Bitter Solanum incanum L. Sorghum arundinaceum (Desv.) Stapf Sorghum vertici/liflorum (Steud.) Stapf Vigna haumaniana R. Wilczek Vignajuncea Milne-Re~ Vigna multinervis Hutch. & Dalziel Vigna phoenix Brummitt Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek. var. sublobata I Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. subsp. dekindtiana (Harms) Verde. Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. subsp. pawekiae Pasquet ........ crops Cucumber Cucumber Cucumber Cucumber Cucumber Yam Yam Yam Yam Finger millet Finger millet Sweet potato Rice Rice Rice Rice Pearl millet Egg plant Egg plant Sorghum Sorghum Cowpea Cowpea Cowpea Cowpea Mung bean Cowpea Cowpea Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. subsp. tenuis (E.Mey.) Marechal et al. Cowpea Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. var. spontanea (Schweinf.) Pasquet Cowpea J 13 Table 4 Ust of priority CWRs with associated crops CWR Cucumis africanus L.f. I Cucumis ficifolius A. Rich I Cucumis humifructus Stent Cucumis myriocarpus Naudin Cucumis zeyheri Sond. Dioscorea bu/bi/era L. Dioscorea dumetarum (Kunth) Pax Dioscarea praehensilis Benth. Dioscorea schimperlana Hochst. ex Kunth Eleusine coracana (L.) Gaertn. subsp. africana Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn. lpomoea richardsiae Verde Oryza barthii A. Chev. Oryza brachyantha Chev. & Roehr. Oryza /angistam~ . Chev. & Roehr. Oryza punctata Steud Pennisetum purpureum Schumach. Solanum aureitomentosum Bitter Solanum incanum L. Sorghum arundinaceum (Desv.) Stapf Sorghum verticil/iflorum (Steud.) Stapf Vigna haumaniana R. Wilczek Vignajuncea Milne- Redh Vigna multinervis Hutch. & Dalziel Vigna phoenix Brummitt Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek. var. sublobata r Vigna unguiculato (L.) Walp. subsp. dekindtiano (Harms) Verde. Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. subsp. pawekiae Pasquet Vigna unguiculata (L.) Wa.!e:2ubsp. tenuis (E.Mey.) Marechal et al. Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. var. spontanea (Schweinf.) Pasquet Rellteclcrops Cucumber Cucumber Cucumber Cucumber Cucumber Yam Yam Yam Yam Finger millet Finger millet Sweet potato Rice Rice Rice Rice Pearl millet Egg plant Egg plan.! Sorghum Sorghum Cowpea Cowpea Cowpea Cowpea Mung bean Cowpea Cowpea Cowpea Cowpea 13 Box 1 Occurence of wild sorghum adjacent to cultivated sorghum fields The cultivation of sorghum among small scale farmers is still largely based on local varieties, although there are a number of improved varieties available, whose cultivation is being adopted by some farmers. A wild form occurs in the sorghum growing areas, probably Sorghum verticilliform. A lot of interactions between the cultivated and wild forms are suspected to occur as the wild types frequently occur as weeds in the crops. Sorghum verticil/iform is said to cross freely with the cultivated species. This situation may also be the case for other indigenous crops like pearl and finger millets as well as cowpeas. Hence the priority CWR list is composed mostly of those species related to indigenous species. 0ryza langistaminata is widely distributed across the country while 0 . barthii and 0 . punctata have restricted distribution in the South Luangwa National Park and 0 . brachyantha in the northern part of the country {Figure 3). JOO Figure 3 National distribution of priority Oryza species 14 For wild relatives of cowpeas, Vigna juncea is widely distributed across the whole country while V. haumaniana and V. multinervis are restricted to South Luangwa and V. unguicu/ata subsp. dekindtiana is in the northern and northwestern part of the country (Figure 4). Figure 4 National distribution of priority Vigna species The wild relatives of fingermillet, Eleusine coracana subsp. africana and £. indica are found in the northern half of the country (Figure 5). Eletlslne spe<ieS "'51nbu1JOO • Eleusinot coracan.a alricarla • Ettusm inatea ln<ka )00 kJlometers Figure 5 National distribution of priority Eleusine species 15 The distribution of wild yam, Dioscorea bu/bifera and D. dumetorum is restricted to the Northern, Central, Lusaka, Southern and parts of Eastern Zambia {Figure 6). Figure 6 National distribution of priority Dioscorea species Figure 7 shows the distribution of the rest of the priority CWRs. Pennisetum purpureum is found in the northern region of the country while Sorghum bicolor subsp. verticiflorum is in the southern. Solanum incanum is evenly distributed between the Southern and Central regions of the country whereas 5. aureitomentosum is in the northern part. The distribution of Cucumis zeyheri is restricted to the southern part. 16 -----~-- !Im Figure 7 National distribution of Cucumis, Pennisetum, Solunum and Sorghum priority species 5.2 Threat assessment Like other wild plant species, CWR are increasingly subject to a wide range of threats, some of which are anthropogenic, i.e. are linked to human activit ies. Overall, some of the key factors threatening the existence and diversity of CWR include: (i) Unsustainable use of natural resources, including over-exploitation and excessive use or extraction of wild plants for timber, fuel, feed etc. (ii) Habitat conversion for agricultural production, industrial development or urban expansion, Habitat destruction, degradation, homogenisation and fragmentation, (iii) Climate change, (iv) Changes in agricultural practices and land use, (v) Introduct ion of exotic species (other plants, animals, or microbes) that compete with, hybridise with, cause physical or biological damage to, or kill native species, (vi) Natural calamities, such as, floods, landslides, and soil erosion. 5.3 Current status of in situ conservation of CWR In situ conservation involves the location, designation, active management and monitoring of target plant populations within their natural habitats or where they have developed their distinctive characteristics•. In situ conservation of wild plant populations often takes place in formally designated or informal Protected Areas (PA), and the conservation can target either the populations themselves or the full ecosystems in which they occur. The institutions responsible for conducting inventories and surveys of PGR include the NPGRC, Department of Biological Resources of the University of Zambia, Zambia Forestry Division and Zambia Wildlife Authority. Nonetheless, t here has been no systematic and coordinated inventories and surveys especially that each institute works within its mandates, needs and priorities. In situ conservation of wild plant genetic resources for food and agriculture has never been undertaken in the national parks and national forest reserves. The management plans for these areas have not specifically targeted conservation of plant genetic resources. However, the country formu lated the National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan (NBSAP) for implementing the Convention on Biological Diversity. The first NBSAP, adopted in 1999, was formulated to ensure that biodiversity activities meet national interests as well as priority actions required for achieving the objectives of the conservation in the years to come but even the NBSAP only mentions CWRs in passing, with no specific plans directly formulated for their conservation. Following formulation of the NBSAP, an assessment of status of biodiversity was undertaken. The assessment amongst other things identified major problem areas that included the fact that wild relatives of crops were insufficiently surveyed and conserved. Out of the total of 30 priority CWR, 21 are covered by the protected area network. Priority CWR species covered in the protected areas is shown in Table 5. However, these CWRs may not necessarily be under active in situ conservation and therefore their actual status on site may not be known. Table 6 provides more detail about the number of populations of priority CWR, those that are in PAs as well as the percentage of these populations. 4Moxted N, Ford-Lloyd BV and Hawkes JG (1997) Plant Genetic Conservation: The In Situ Approach. Chapmon & Holl, London. 18 Table 5 Number of different priority CWRs in protected areas Mosi Oa Tunya National Park Copperbelt Forest Reserve Kafue National Park Nsumbu National Park South Luangwa National I Park f Miengwe Forest Reserve Kasanka National Park West lunga National Park Cucumis zeyheri Vigna phoenix Eleusine indica subsp. indica, Oryza barthii, 0. /angistaminata, Pennisetum purpureum, Sorghum bicalar subsp. verticif/orum, Vigna unguicu/ata subsp. dekindtiana, V. unguiculata subsp. spontanea Dioscorea bu/bu/era, D. dumetorum, Eleusine coracana subsp. africana, Oryza longistaminata, Solanum aureitomentosum, Vigno haumaniana, V. juncea, V. unguicu/ata subsp. dekindtiana, V. unguiculata subsp. pawekiae, Oryza punctata Vigna unguiculata subsp. tenius Oryza longistaminata, So/anum incanum Eleusine indica subsp. indica, Oryza longistaminata, Vigna juncea, V. multinervis Table 6 Number of populations of each priority CWR covered by existing protected areas Cucumis zeyheri 1 0 0 Dioscorea bu/bu/era 4 2 so Diascorea dumetorum 13 3 23 Eleusine coracana subsp. africana 145 34 23 Eleusine indica subsp. indica 11 4 36 Oryza barthii 17 17 100 Oryza brachyantha 18 8 44 Oryza Jongistaminata 201 102 51 Oryza punctata 1 0 0 Pennisetum purpureum 8 4 so t Solanum aureitomentasum 4 1 25 So/anum incanum 4 1 25 Sorghum bicolar subsp. verticiflorum 5 1 20 Vigna haumaniana 6 2 33 Vigna juncea 31 6 19 Vigna multinervis 6 3 so Vigna phoenix 1 0 0 Vigna unguiculata subsp. dekindtiana 95 30 32 Vigna unguicu/ata subsp. pawekiae 2 1 so Vigna unguiculata subsp. spantanea 3 1 33 ~ Vigna unguiculata subsp. tenius 14 2 14 19 5.4 In situ conservation needs Challenges affecting the conservation of CW Rs include the following: (i) Inadequate capacity in manpower and financial resources, (ii) Inadequate information on what the occurrence, conservation status and genetic characterist ics of CWR, (iii) Inadequate awareness about CWRs and therefore limited appreciation about their value and importance. Initial data to help determine areas of need for in situ conservation was derived from the diversity and complementarity analysis in the technical background document. The species richness analysis of data of all priority CWR taxa revealed six possible areas as the richest in number of species (Figure 8). Comparatively, four of these locations numbered 1-4 located in Northern, Eastern, Lusaka and Copperbelt seemed to areas of highest species richness. 6 Figure 8. Indication of levels of species richness for priority CWRs Red areas are possible areas of the highest number of CWR species. 20 Complementarity analysis at 10 x 10 km has established a total number of 13 cells in the PAs as shown in (Figure 9). lCIO Figure 9. Complementarity sites for the priority CWR at cell level 10 x 10 km Out of the total of 31 priority CWR taxa generated, twenty one (21) of these CWR taxa are covered in the protected area network of the country (Figure 10). ~iQrtOM Ii N lOO Figure 10. Complementarity of the Priority CWRs in the protected area network From the complementarity analysis as indicated in Figure 10, national protected areas were genetic reserves are feasible include Nsumbu National Park in Mbala, South Luangwa National Park, Kasanka National Park and Mosi-Oa-Tunya National Park. However, there are proposed sites outside protected areas that could be recommended for establishment of genetic reserve for conservation of priority CWR taxa. These include sites in Northwestern part of the country at the source of Zambezi River and Mbala district of the Northern Province. The three priority CWR taxa that do not occur within any of the existing protected areas are Cucumis zeyheri, Vigna unguiculata subsp. pawekiae and Vigna unguiculata subsp. spontanea. It will be necessary to undertake field surveys targeting the indicated sites to ascertain the feasility of setting up these proposed conservation sites. 5.5 Current st atus of ex situ conservation of CWR Ex situ conservation involves the location, sampling, transfer and storage of plants away from where they grow naturally5. A range of ex situ conservation techniques are available, but seed storage in genebanks predominates as the most practical ex situ conservation technique for many plant species. 5 See footnote 1 22 Other means of maintaining samples of plant species ex situ are as living plants or explants in vitro or cryopreserved. The NPGRC is responsible for most ex situ conservat ion activities. Currently it is holding about 7,300 accessions of different crop species in form of seed samples in sealed aluminium foil bags, maintained as an active collection under long term storage conditions of t emperature -20"C . The priority CWRs that have not been collected and conserved ex situ in the gene bank as revealed in the gap analysis and shown in Table 7 include Dioscorea dumetorum, Dioscorea bulbifera, Cuwmis zeyheri, Oryza punctata, Solanum aureitomentosum, Vigna unguiculata subsp. pawekiae and Vigna phoenix. However, some of the CWRs with less than five accessions conserved in the genebank are underrepresented and therefore should also be targeted for collection. These include Eleusine indica subsp. lndica, Salanum incanum, Sorghum bicolor subsp. Verticil/iflorum, Vigna haumaniana and Vigna unguiculata subsp. spontanea. Table 7 Ex situ collections of priority CWRs In national and International genebanks Tuon Accelslit."llln Nlltlonala Geneb■nll lntematlonal Genebanlc Cucumis zeyheri Cucumber 0 0 Dioscorea bulbifera Yam 0 0 Diascorea dumetorum Yam 0 0 Eleusine coracana subsp. africana Finger millet 0 137 Eleusine indica subsp. indica Finger millet 3 3 Oryzo barthii Rice 1 13 Oryza brachyantha Rice 1 8 Oryza Jongistaminata Rice 56 112 Oryza punctato Rice 0 0 Pennisetum purpureum Pearl millet 0 5 So/anum aureitomentosum Eggplant 0 0 Solanum incanum Eggplant 0 1 Sorghum bico/or subsp. verticilliflorum Sorghum 0 2 Vigna haumaniana Cowpea 0 3 Vigna juncea Cowpea 0 13 Vigna multinervis Cowpea 0 6 Vigna phoenix Cowpea 0 0 Vigna radiato Mung bean 1 1 Vigna unguiculato subsp. dekindtiana Cowpea 20 86 Other means of maintaining samples of plant species ex situ are as living plants or explants in vitro or cryopreserved. The NPGRC is responsible for most ex situ conservation activities. Currently it is holding about 7,300 accessions of different crop species in form of seed samples in sealed aluminium foil bags, maintained as an active collection under long term storage conditions of temperature -20"C • The priority CWRs that have not been collected and conserved ex situ in the gene bank as revealed in the gap analysis and shown in Table 7 include Oioscorea dumetorum, Dioscorea bu/bi/era, CucumL zeyheri, Oryza punctota, Solanum aureitomentosum, Vigno unguiculato subsp. powekiae and Vigna phoenix. However, some of the CWRs with less than five accessions conserved in the genebank are underrepresented and therefore should also be targeted for collection. These include Eleusine indico subsp. lndica, Solanum incanum, Sorghum bicolor subsp. Verticillif/orum, Vigna haumoniano and Vigna unguicu/oto subsp. spontaneo. Table 7 EJt situ collections of prioritY CWfls in national and international genebanks T.-n eammonnane ,. !Kin "" la.cs In .......... ......... ........... ..., 11:nl .. II rt Cucumis zeyheri Cucumber 0 0 Oioscoreo bu/bi/era Yam 0 0 Dioscorea dumetorum Yam 0 0 E/eusine coracona subsp. africano Finger millet 0 137 Eleusine indica subsp. indica Finger millet 3 3 Oryza borthii Rice l 13 Oryza brachyantha Rice l 8 Oryza /ongis taminata Rice 56 112 Oryza punctato Rice 0 0 Pennisetum purpureum Pearl millet 0 5 Solanum aureitomentosum Eggplant 0 0 Solanum inconum Eggplant 0 l Sorghum bicolor subsp. verticillif/orum Sorghum 0 2 Vigna houmaniona Cowpea 0 3 Vigna juncea Cowpea 0 13 Vigna multinervis Cowpea 0 6 Vigna phoenix Cowpea 0 0 Vigna radiata Mung bean l l Vigna unguiculato subsp. dekindtiona eowpea 20 86 23 Other means of maintaining samples of plant species ex situ are as living plants or explants in vitro or cryopreserved. The NPGRC is responsible for most ex situ conservation activities. Currently it is holding about 7,300 accessions of different crop species in form of seed samples in sealed aluminium foil bags, maintained as an active collection under long term storage conditions of temperature -2o•c . The priority CWRs that have not been collected and conserved ex situ in the gene bank as revealed in the gap analysis and shown in Table 7 include Oioscorea dumetorum, Dioscorea bulbifera, Cucumi:. zeyheri, Oryza punctata, Solanum aureitamentosum, Vigna unguiculata subsp. pawekiae and Vigna phoenix. However, some of the CWRs with less than five accessions conserved in the genebank are underrepresented and therefore should also be targeted for collection. These include Eleusine indica subsp. lndico, Solon um incanum, Sorghum bico/or subsp. Verticilliflorum, Vigna houmaniana ond Vigna unguiculata subsp. spontoneo. Table 7 Ex situ collections of priority CWRs in national and international genebanks Taxon Common name Accessions In Accessions In National National a Genebank International Genebank Cucumis zeyheri Cucumber 0 0 Oioscoreo bulbifera Yam 0 0 Dioscorea dumetorum Yam 0 0 Eleusine corocono subsp. africana Finger millet 0 137 Eleusine indica subsp. indica Finger millet 3 3 Oryza barthii Rice 1 13 Oryzo brachyantha Rice 1 8 Oryza longistaminata Rice 56 112 Oryza punctata Rice 0 0 Pennisetum purpureum Pearl millet 0 5 I Solanum aureitomentosum Eggplant 0 0 Salanum incanum Eggplant 0 1 --- Sorghum bicolor subsp. verticilliflorum Sorghum 0 2 Vigna haumaniana Cowpea 0 3 Vigna juncea Cowpea 0 13 Vigna multinervis Cowpea 0 6 Vigna phoenix Cowpea 0 0 Vigna radiata Mung bean 1 1 --- Vigna unguiculata subsp. dekindtiana Cowpea 20 86 23 I Taxon Common name A£n11lons In Accessions In National National a Genebanlc International Genebanlc Vigna unguiculata subsp pawekiae Cowpea 0 0 Vigna unguiculata subsp. spantanea Cowpea 0 3 --- Vigna unguiculata subsp. tenuis Cowpea 0 5 Grand Total 82 398 S.6 Ex situ conservation needs According to the gap analysis of the ex situ collection, there is an urgent requirement to consider germplasm collection of populations of a number of priority CWR taxa. These CWR taxa include Dioscarea dumetorum, Dioscorea bulbifera, Vigna unguicu/ata subsp. spontanea, Eleusine indica subsp. indica, Sorghum bicolor subsp. verticiflorum, Vigna haumaniana and Solanum incanum. One of the compelling reason is that even if some of t hese priority CWR taxa may have been collected and conserved ex situ, they have fewer number of populations in the ex situ collection. This is apparent for CWR taxa such as Vigna unguiculata subsp. spontanea, Eleusine indica subsp. indica, Sorghum bicolor subsp. verticiflorum, Vigna unguiculata subsp. tenius, Pennisetum purpureum and So/anum lncanum. 6 CWR UTLIZATION POTENTIAL 6.1 Actual and potential uses of priority CWR Using CWR in breeding is a long and laborious process that is typically much more difficult than breeding with cultivated crop varieties. Many plant breeders avoid the use of CWR for this reason. The first step towards using CWR in breeding is pre-breeding, consisting of activities that aim to identify desirable traits (e.g., disease resistance) and introgress them into breeding lines and adapted variet ies. Challenges regarding the use of CW Rs identified by stakeholders during the stakeholder workshop held on 6 August 2015 on the preparation of the NSAP included: (i) Slow process of conventional breeding especially when it involves CWRs; (ii) Lack of information on desirable traits related to lack of characterization data. 24 Consequently there is currently no breeding programme in the country that utilizes any of the priority CWRs. The capacity for breeding is inadequate to low numbers of qualified breeders, who in most cases are mostly utilizing elite lines from the CGIAR centres to develop crop varieties, as well as inadequate access to modern technological tools that facilitate easy crossibility between CWRs and crop species. 6.2 Current users' demands At international level there has been a steady increase in the use of CWR in variety development. While there continues to be a strong emphasis on using pest and disease resistance genes, a wide range of characteristics are being introduced than in the past. Those crops whose wild relatives hav traditionally been used as sources of useful traits (e.g., wheat, tomato) continue to be most likely to include new genes from their wild relatives. CWR are continually gaining in importance an prevalence, but their contributions to the development of new cultivars remain less than might hav been expected given improved procedures for intercrossing species from different gene pools advances in molecular methods for managing backcrossing programes, increased numbers of wil species accessions in gene banks, and the substantial literature on beneficial traits associated wit wild relatives6). Over the next decades, the world is expected to experience climate change that will likely bring abo more extreme weather such as higher average temperatures and more variable rainfall. This wi impact most food crops in tangible ways and in many cases agricultural yields are predicted to fa significantly. Adapting agriculture to climate change is therefore an urgent challenge of our time. A critical step t prepare for a changing climate is to ensure that the crops feeding humanity are more resilient to t vagaries of the weather, by developing new crop variet ies that can be productive in changing climat conditions. For agriculture to meet this challenge, plant breeders will need genetic diversity. T greatest source of untapped diversity, especially for the adaptive characteristics needed to confro the challenges of a changing climate, are the wild relatives of our domesticated food crops. These er wild relatives are however threatened in their natural environment; most of them are also missing crop collections and therefore not yet available for use 7• 6 Hajjar and Hodjkin (2007) http://link.springer.com/article/l0.1007%2Fsl0681 007 9363 0 7 https:/fwww.croptrust.org/what we do/supporting the global system/crop wild relatives/ Most plant breeding programmes in Zambia involve selections and crosses from elite lines provided through collaborations with the CGIAR centres. Therefore any current use of CWR germplasm in breeding in Zambia is indirectly through use of this elite germplasm whose development may have included use of CWR. However there is a recognized need for CWR germ plasm now especially due to climate change when there is increased need for adaptive germ plasm. The changing patterns of pests and diseases due to climate change also means that useful germplasm may only be available in CWR. 6.3 Access and benefit sharing Germplasm introductions from external sources outside the country continue to be a major feature of the crop development and improvement programmes for all crops in the country with the exception of Bambara groundnuts which has wholly depended on local germplasm. The major sources of Introduced germplasm are the International Agriculture Research Centres, such as ICRISAT, CIMMYT, CIAT, CIP and IRRI. Therefore the country has benefited by having this access to germplasm for crop improvement. On the other hand the country has also made available to the international community information about the germplasm that can be accessed from Zambia. Consequently Zambia has notified the Secretary of the ITPGRFA on the inclusion of a total of 4,340 accessions of Annex 1 crops onto the MLS of the Treaty. 7 STRATEGIC ACTIONS FOR CONSERVATION AND SUSTAINABLE USE OF CWR The key strategic actions required for conservation of CWR genetic resources are outlined below and the baseline, target and indicators in Table 8: (i) Government take decision to include conservation of CWRs in the National Biodiversity and Strategic Action Plan. (ii) Ensuring the inclusion of clearer and more specific policy statements on CWRs in the various policy documents and development plans. (iii) Take steps to integrate CWRs in management plans and conservation programmes. (iv) Increase the allocation of financial and other necessary resources to CW Rs programmes. (v) Inclusion of CWRs in school curricula at all levels of learning. (vi) Creation of functional and effective partnerships for systematic and coordinated conservation and sustainable use of CWR. (vii) Develop national capacity for CWR characterization and breeding in the national agriculture research system. 26 Table 8 Strategic actions required for conservation and use of CWRs - ™ Government take decision Current NBSAP does not Country reports the 2017·2018 Number of NBSAP Relevant departments of to include the conservation include conservation of status of CWR meetings/committees the Ministries of of CWR in their National CWR conservation in the next in which issues Environment, Natural Biodiversity and Strategic NBSAP to the CBD relating to CWR hos Resources ond Agriculture Action Plan been mentioned in collaboration with the National Environmental Agency to lead implementation Increase awareness and Little understanding of Policy briefs ond 2017·2019 Number of policy ZARI importance of CWR among the CWR among Policy awareness compoign briefs ond meetings. policy makers and makers and researchers meeting, proposed Number of policy researchers. specific policy briefs on CWR statements far inclusion in the national policy Integration af CWRs in Current plans do not DevelapCWR 2017·2019 Number of CWR ZARI with agriculture and management plans far specifyCWR management plans and management plans environment ministries protected areas and include them in national developed conservation programmes conservation Number of PAs whose programmes mgt plans include CWR conservation Allocate more resources to No resources specifically Introduce budget line on 2017·2019 Number of program ZARI with agriculture and CWRs programmes forCWR CWR in agriculture and budgets with CWR environment ministries environment budgets line items. Amounts of resources allocated Include CWRs in school Current school curricula CWR in primary, 2017·2019 Number of primary, Ministry of agric, Ministry of curricula at all levels of has no CWR secondary and tertiary secondary and education, UNZA School of learning Agriculture colleges and school curricula tertiary school Agric, UNZA biology Dept UNZA have no CWR in curricula curricula ---- Create f unctional and Current partnerships on Partnerships between effective partnerships CWRore weak government and other stakeholders formed De11elop national capacity There is limited capacity Increased numbers of for CWR characterization due to very low numbers trained and specialised and breeding In the of plant breeders in the breeders national agriculture country research system 2017-2019 Number of meetings of stakeholders. Report of stakeholder meetings. Stakeholder work programs on CWR 2017-2019 Number of trained breeders j oining NARS. Number of breeders working on CWRs ZARI and CWR stakeholders UNZA School of Agriculture. UNZA Dept of Biology. Ministry of Agriculture. ZARI • Timeline in which each concrete action is to be carried out. • • It should include lead agency(ies) responsible for implementation 28 Table 9 summarizes the concrete actions for the conservation and utilization of CW Rs. Table 9 Concrete actions for conservation and utilization of CWRs [@J] In situ conservation actions To review management plans for Management Plans of Management plans for 2017-2020 Number of Protected Area Agencies protected areas for the protected areas in the Nsumbu, South Luongwo management plans conservation of CWR country do not include any and Kosonko NPs ore reviewed. CWR reviewed and provisions for conservation of CWR ore included, by 2020 Compile lists of CWRs in all The CWR lists ore not Consolidated CWR lists 2017-2020 Number of protected Protected Area Agencies and protected areas under ZA WA consolidated ond ore ore compiled for notional oreos with complete ZARI and forest reserves under incomplete porks by 2020 and lists ofCWRs Forestry Department - forestry by 2018 Verifications and ground Hotspots not verified on At leost 5 actual and 2017-2020 Number of hotspots ZARI with Protected Area proofing of hotspots ground potential hotspots ore verified Agencies verified by ground proofing by 2020 - Compile occurrence data Incomplete occurrence data Occurrence doto 2017-2020 Complete doto ond ZARI with Protected Area including herbaria and other compiled and used to diversity analysis Agencies sources for CWRs that have data identify more hotspots done gaps needed to identify hotspots Develop management plans for No management plans exist Management plans 2017-2020 Number of ZARI with Protected Area the hotspots for hotspots developed for at least 2 management plans Agencies hotspots by 2020 develof!!!! Expand the Potected Area Some of the priority CWRs Develop proposals for 2017-2020 Number of new sites Universities, ZARI ond network to include CWR rich occur outside protected establishing at least 2 designated as Protected Area Agencies areas as identified by the areas protected areas where protected areas complementarity analysis priority CWRs occur Initiate with farmers No farmer led conservation Identify potential sites 2017-2020 Number of target ZARI and NGOs conservation of priority CWR programmes exist for CWR and CWR populations sites for former led populations around cultivated populations adjacent to around former fields conservation cultivated fields . - 30 hi!ld§,i@ffi@I cropssuch as rice, sorghum and millets - Development af man/taring No monitoring programme Monitoring and 2017-2020 Monitoring tools ZARI and Protected Areo tools and programmes far in place evaluation tools Number of Agencies priority CWRs developed by 2020 monitoring activities Monitor CWR populations in PAs No monitoring is done Initiate monitoring In 2017-2020 Lists and ZARI and Protected Area and identified hotspots outside Nsumbu, South Luagwa conservation status Agencies PAs and Kasanka by 2020 ofCWR Ex situ conservation actions To /ill gaps of CWR CWR diversity (genetic and At least 7096 of genetic 2017-2020 Number of new National Genebank authority representations in ex situ species) are not well diversity of prlalrty CWRs accessions of priority In collaboration with collections represented in the national are conserved in the CWR in genebanks Protected Areas and forestry genebank national genebank and authorities SPGRC by 2020 ~~ Develop five year collection There are no collection Collection strategy plan 2017-2020 Strategy plan for ZARI strategy plans for CWRs strategy plans for CWRs developed by 2018 CWR collection Integrate CWRs in crop CWRs have lagged behind All crop germplasm 2017-2020 Number of CWR ZARI germplasm collection activities cultivoted crops in collection missions accessions in collections include CWRs by 2017 collections Utilization of CWR diversity Identification of potential No chacterization and At leost 1096 of CWRs in 2017-2020 Number of CWR University and ZARI breeding materials through evaluation have been done the collection are accessions characterization and evaluation on CWRs characterized by 2020 characterised of CWR diversity Use predictive characterization No predictive Priority populations or 2017-2020 Number of accessions ZARI and University of priority CWRs to Identify characterization data accessions that are and populations with populations or access/ans available to identify useful predicted to contain predictive potential/ containing useful trait traits useful traits identified in characterization data diversity at least 5 species by 2020 ------ ------ -- Public awareness (Gill#§,\@t\lm) [GT.-■111¥111& ~3i;IU.J .., Develop awareness programmes Currently no awareness At least one newspaper 2017-2020 Number of radio and ZARI through the media and also programmes exist for CWRs article every year, one TV TV progrmmes and directly with communities. documentary by 2020, at newspaper articles. least one meeting with Number of meetings communities in each and workshops with target area by 2020, one formers and onn.!!ol workshop stakeholders =1 Capacity building Initiate manpower training Limited trained manpower Training programs 2017· 2020 Number of trained ZARI and University based on a needs assessment designed in of/ the personnel in CWRs done in the SADC project identified needs conservation and use including MSc and PhD research onCWR Train protected area staff on Limited knowledge on CWR Stoff in of/ protected 2017-2020 Number of trained ZARI, University ond Protected CWR Identification and by protected oreo staff oreos wi th CWRs ore personnel in Area Agencies conservation t rained protected areas Improve genebank and Limited herborium and Genebonk with facilities 2017· 2020 Number and types of ZARI, University, Protected herbarium facilities in the genebonk space and to handle CWRs by 2020 equipment procured Area Agencies country facilit ies Herborio with adequate for genebonks and space and f acilities for herborio processing and storing specimens • Timeline where each concrete action is to be carried out. •• It should include lead agency(ies) to champion implementation. 32 The Ministry of Agriculture will be responsible for leading the implementation and monitoring of NSAP through ZARI. The focal point at ZARI will be the national genebank which has the natio mandate for the conservation of all PGR in the country. Implementation of the NSAP including management and coordination will be led by the national genebank under the guidance of the natio plant genetic resources committee. All major stakeholders in the conservation utilization of CWR genetic resources will be represented on this committee. Local communities should participate in identifying CWRs that have both a direct use at commun level and potential in crop improvement through breeding. They will participate in identi • populations of CWRs and provide first hand information about the changes occurring in a partic area. This information will contribute to decision making with regards to choices of in situ and ex s conservation activities. The local knowledge of history of CWRs, pouplations and use will be import in carrying out monitoring and evaluation. The local communities will also play a major role in guarding against the destruction of conservat areas and of specific CWR populations if they are involved as key stakeholders in the conservation use of these resources. Therefore they will be part of the process of developing management p and will develop the initial landuse maps at community level. Table 10 Stakeholders involved In CWRs programmes and their roles Policy makers Department of National I Parks and Wildlife (formerly, ZAWA} Forestry Department Provide policy support on the CW~ and influence resource allocation towards the conservation and utilization of CWR To compile lists of species of CWR in protected areas and identify hotspots To compile lists of species of CWR in forest reserves and identify hotspots Media {NAIS, ZNBC, ZANIS, Information disseminat ion Private media) Universities {UNZA, MU, CBU) ZARI Manpower training and data analysis Overall coordination and maintaining the momentum Extension Services (Department of Agrculture) NGOs (CTDT, BCN) Donors Local communities and farmer associations Traditional leadership ... ~~~-:'-'"f' . ; ~~' -.. -. ,~ '~· ' . . Linkages with communities Awareness creation and popularization Resource provision Integrating programmes with their livelihoods Internalizing and legitimizing programmes in t he communities The specific focal units and persons for all st akeholders will be identified in order t o strengthen and guarantee stakeholders play their roles. Specific media will also be targeted for specific roles. Creation of public awareness on the value of CWRs and the need for their conservation and sustainable use will be preceded by increasing awareness even at technical level targeting personnel at public and private research institutions including universities and the government extension system by involving them in planning meetings and other forums addressing CWRs. This will result in expanding the base from which public awareness can be better achieved. Awareness will also be targeted at the communities themselves who may not have the full information about these resources which often constitute parts of their livelihoods directly and indirectly. Policy makers will also be targeted so that policy statements can then be used for wider dissemination of information to the wider public. Awareness creation will also be target ed at NGOs and other stakeholders before reaching the general public. There is currently an increase in the interest and efforts to integrate CWRs in mainstream crop development by initiating conservation and utilization programmes at regional and international levels. The NSAP should buy into these efforts. The development of the NSAP is itself part of the SADC CWR programme which is also part of the global programme covering the ACP group of countries. The Crop Trust with its international security genebank (Svalbard Global Seed Vault) has recently increased focus on CWRs and the NSAP would benefit by linking with the CWR programme of the Crop Trust. The NSAP should lead to an increase of ex situ collections of CWRs from Zambia to the Global seed Vault. The ' In situ conservat ion and use of crop wild relatives in three ACP countries of the SADC region' projecct, whose initiative has led to the development of t his NSAP will be a major source of information, expertise and guidance throughout the implementation of the NSAP. 34 Implementation of the NSAP will require reources and capacities that are spread out in differen stakeholder organizations. While the secretariat for the implementation of the NSAP will be th national genebank within ZARI under the Minist ry of Agriculture, actual implementation of specifi activities will be by stakeholders falling under different line Ministries including that of Environmen and Natural Resources. Therefore while the core funding will be administered through ZARI, oth resources for specific activities will come directly from other stakeholders. For this arrangement t function effectively, the membership to the steering committee should be appointed by Permane Secretaries in the different Minist ries and at Chief Executive levels for non government st akeholder This team should be responsible for approving the CWR budget with authority from their respecti institutions and departments. This committee will also draw the core implementation team compos of staff from the different stakeholders. Government will provide the core funding especially to cover personnel and basic infrastructure whi other stakeholders will contribute in the form of specialist personnel and equipment cost. Maj funding to carry out specialist activities for implementing the NSAP will also come from collaborati programmes from the SADC programme as well as various international ongoing initiatives • conservation and sustainable use of CWR genetic resources. Various donors will also support speci aspects of CWR conservation and use based on well articulated proposals guided by the NSAP. Monitoring the implementation of the NSAP will be an integral component of the NSAP from t beginning of the implementation onwards. The proposed monitoring plan for the NSAP is intended keep track of the implementation arrangement and the strategic actions that have been develop Ample consideration should be given to implementing conservation plans for priority CWR ta occurring both within protected area conservation and outside of protected areas. It is necessary th for threatened CWR taxa, a regular monitoring schedule will be required t o monitor population le and assess the need for rescue collection missions targeting those species. Monitoring will track changes in actual and potential uses of priority CWRs and changes in the u demand as a result of availability of more information and germplasm of CWR. Monitoring will al track if there is increase in the availability of CWR germplasm at national, regional and global lev and especially any increase of utilization at national level. Increase in genebank requests f information and germplasm will be another feature to monitor. A major factor to monitor is any change in the number of act ive in situ conservat ion sites both in and outside protected areas. Table 11 outlines how the different implementation activities, t he methodology, the timelines, the responsible entities, the resources and the expected outputs will be monitored. Table 11 Monitoring plan of the NSAP Activity Establishment of national committee Approval of first annual work plan and budget Review management plans for PAs for the conservation of CWR Compile lists of CWRs in all protected areas Verify and ground proof hotspots of CWR Develop management plans for the hotspots Expand PA network to include CWR rich areas outside PAs Development of monitoring tools for prlority CW Rs Fill gaps of CWR In eK situ collections Develop five year collection straten plans Integrate CWRs In crop germplasm collections Identification of potential breeding materials Use predictive characterization of priority CWRs to ldenti useful traits Develop awareness programmes Manpower training based on a needs assessment. Letters of invitation by PS Agriculture Draft work plan and budget presented to committee by ZARI Engagement of consultants Establish task group Engagement of consultants Engagement of consultants Gazeting new areas for protection Engagement of expert Carrying out collection missions Draft developed by NPGRC Include CWR in crop collecting missions Carry out characterization ofCWR Carry out predictive characterization Workshops, media Training workshops, scholarships t4,i4, June 2017 December 2017 March 2018 June 2018 December 2018 December 2018 2020 March 2018 August 2019 June 2018 June 2018 December 2019 December 2018 March 2017 December 2017 ZARI National committee ZARI and PA Agencies National committee National committee National committee PA Agencies National committee ZARI ZARI ZARI ZARI and UNZA ZARI and UNZA ZARI ZARI MAL ZARI PA Agencies Donorfunds Donor funds Donorfunds Ministry of Environment ZARI ZARI and donors ZARI ZARI Donor funds Donorfunds ZARI and donors ZARI and donors Output Broad stakeholder committee on CWR Approved annual work plan and budget Revised PA management plans Complete lists of CWRs Hotspots verified and confirmed Management plans for hotspots New protected areas created Monitoring tools for priority CWR EK situ samples secured in gene banks Collection strategy document Collection strategy that is integrated withCWR Characterization and evaluation data for CWR Predictive characterization data for priority CWR Awareness program in place Trained personnel 36 Improve genebank and herbarium facilities In the country Expand infrastructure and equipment December 2020 National committee Government and donors Improved gene bank and herbarium facilit 12 REFERENCES Chidumayo, E.N., 2015. Flowering Plants Biodiversity Stocktaking Assessment. Report for t he review of the Zambia NBSAP, NIRAS, Zambia. FAO, 2001. International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. www.fao.org/AG/cgrfa/itpgr.htm. FAO Commission on Genetic Resources for Food And Agriculture, 2014. National level conservation of crop wild relatives -draft technical guidelines. MAFF, 1995. Zambia Seed Technology Handbook, Muliokela S.W. (ed). ISBN 9982-08-000-8. Ministry of Tourism Environment and Natural Resources. 2010. Reclassification and conservation plan for the national system of protected areas in Zambia (REMNPAS). Mwila , G., 2015. An assessment and Stocktaking of Agro-biodiversity: Contributing Towards the Revision and Updating of the National Biodiversity Strat egy Action Plan (NBSAP) for Zambia, NIRAS, Zambia. Phiri, P.S.M., 2005. A checklist of Zambian vascu lar plants. Southern African Botanical Diversity Network Report No. 32 SABONET, Pretoria. Rudebjer P., Thormann I., Feltman N., Mwila G., Jaufeerally-Fakim Y., Magos Brehm J., 2015. Capacity of SADC member states in in situ conservation and use of crop wild relatives in breeding programmes: Baseline report Zambia Fifth National Report, 2015. Towards a revisedNational Biodiversity Strategic Action Plan (NBSAP) 38 1. CWR partial checklist Amaranthus dubius Mart.ex Thell Amaranthus graecizons L. subsp. syvestris Amaranthus hybridus L. subsp. cruentus Amaranthus hybridus L. subsp. hybridus Amoronthus lividus L. subsp. po/ygonaides Amaronthus spinosus L. Amaranthus thunberg Moq. Amaronthus viridis L. Chloris pycnathrix Trin. Chloris virgata Sw. Cleame hirta (Klotzsch) Oliv. C/eame macraphylla Klotzsch) Briq. subsp. macraphyllo var. macraphylla C/eame monaphylla L. Cleame rubella Burch. Cleame rutidaspermum DC. Carcharus aestuans L. Carcharus asplenifalius Burch. Corchorus /asciculoris Lam. Carcharus olitarius L. Carcharus pseudacapsu/aris Schweinf. Corcharus saxatilis Wild Carcharus schimperi Cufod. Carcharus tridens L. Carcharus trilaculoris L. Crotolorio obbreviata Baker f. Cratalaria abscandita Welw. ex Baker Cratalaria acu/eato De Wild. Crata/oria adamsanli Baker f. Cratalaria adenacorpaides Taub. Crotolaria olemanniana Torre Cratalaria alexandri Bakerf. Cratalaria amaena Welw. ex Baker Cratalaria anisaphylla (Hiern) Welw. ex Baker Amaranthus Amaranthus Amaranthus Amaranthus Amaranthus Amaranthus Amaranthus Am a ran thus Rhodes grass Rhodes grass Cats whisker Cats whisker Cats whisker Cats whisker Cats whisker Jute mallow Jute mallow Jute mallow Jute mallow Jute mallow Jute mallow Jute mallow Jute mallow Jute mallow Sunnhemp Sunnhemp Sunnhemp Sunnhemp Sunnhemp Sunnhemp Sunnhemp Sunnhemp Sunnhemp CWR Crotalaria onnuo Milne-Redh. r Crota/aria anthyllapsis Welw. ex Baker Cratalaria arcuata Polhill Crotaloria argenteatamentasa R.Wilczek Cratafaria orgyrolobioides Baker Crotalorio axil/aris Aiton Crotafaria axillifforo Baker f. Crotalaria axillifforoides Baker f. ex R. Wilczek Crotafaria borkae Schweinf. Crata/aria bornabassii Dinter ex Baker f . Crotalaria basipeta R. Wilczek Crotalaria baumii Harms Crotalorio becquetii Baker f. ex R. Wilczek Crotalario bembo R.Wilczek Crota/ario bequaertii Baker f. Crotalaria blando Polhill Croto/orio bongensis Baker f . Crato/oria bredoi R.Wilczek Crotalaria brevidens Benth. Cratalario calycino Schrank Crotaloria campestris Polhill Crotalaria carsonii Baker f. Crotaloria caudata Welw. ex Baker Crotolaria cephalotes Steud. ex A.Rich. Crotolaria chirindae Baker f. Crotaloria chrysoch/oo Baker f. ex Harms Crota/aria chrysotricha Polhill Crotalario cistoides Welw. ex Baker Crotolario cleomifolio Welw. ex Baker Crotolorio comoso Baker Crotolorio confertiflaro Polhill Crotaloria cornetii Taub. & Dewevre Crota/aria crebra Polhill Crotolaria criniramea Baker f. ex Polhill ! Crorolorio cuspidato Taub. Crotalaria cylindrocorpo DC. Crotalaria cylindrastochys Welw. ex Baker Croto/aria debi/is Polhill Crotolaria decoro Polhill Crotaloria densicepha/a Welw. ex Baker Crotalario desertico/o Taub. ex Baker f. Crop related to Sunnhemp Sunnhemp Sunnhemp Sunnhemp Sunnhemp Sunnhemp Sunnhemp Sunnhemp Sunnhemp Sunnhemp Sunnhemp Sunnhemp Sunnhemp Sunnhemp Sunnhemp Sunnhemp Sunnhemp Sunnhemp Sunnhemp Sunnhemp Sunnhemp Sunnhemp Sunnhemp Sunnhemp Sunnhemp Sunnhemp Sunnhemp Sunnhemp Sunnhemp Sunnhemp Sunnhemp Sunnhemp Sunnhemp Sunnhemp Sunnhemp Sunnhemp Sunnhemp Sunnhemp Sunnhemp Sunnhemp Sunnhemp 40 CWR Croraforia distons Benth. Crorafaria duboisii R.Wilczek Crotalaria egregia Polhill Crotafor/a elisabethoe Baker!. Crota/aria ephemera Polhill Crotalaria euryca/yx Polhill Croralaria fllicaufis Welw. ex Baker Crota/aria flavicarinata Baker!. Crotafaria f/arida Welw. ex Baker Crorafaria fries/I I.Verd. Crotafaria gamwel/iae Baker f. Crotalaria germainil R. Wilczek Crotalaria gfauca Willd. Crotafaria glaucifalia Baker Crotalaria goetzei Harms Cratalaria gareensls Guill. & Perr. Cratalaria graminico/o Taub. ex Baker Crotafaria grandist/pulatp Harms Crotalaria huillensis Taub. Crotalaria incana L Craralaria lnvofutifolia Polhill Crotalaria lonoptera Polhill Crotafaria johnstonii Baker!. Crota/aria funcea L. Crotaforia kambofensis Baker f. Crotalario kopiri~nsis De Wild. Crotoforia kerkvoardel R.Wllczek Crotolario kipondensis Baker f. Croto/oria kipifaensis R.Wilczek Crota/aria kuiririensis Baker f. Crotolaria kwengeensis R. Wilczek Crotalaria faburnifolia L Crotaloria /ochnacarpoides Engl. Crotafaria lachnophora Hochst. ex A.Rich. Crotafaria /anceolata E. Mey. Crotalaria /oslocarpa Polhill Crotafaria laxiflora Baker Crotalaria fepidissima Baker r. Crotalaria /eptoc/ada Harms Crata/aria fimasa Polhill Crotalaria fukafuensis De Wild. Qoprlllladto Sunnhemp Sunnhemp Sunnhemp Sunnhemp Sunnhemp Sunnhemp Sunnhemp Sunnhemp Sunnhemp Sunnhemp Sunnhemp Sunnhemp Sunnhemp Sunnhemp Sunnhemp Sunnhemp Sunnhemp Sunnhemp Sunnhemp Sunnhemp Sunnhemp Sunnhemp Sunnhemp Sunnhemp Sunnhemp Sunnhe!"P Sunnhemp Sunnhemp Sunnhemp Sunnhemp Sunnhemp Sunnhemp Sunnhemp Sunnhemp Sunnhemp Sunnhemp Sunnhemp Sunnhemp Sunnhemp Sunnhemp Sunnhemp CWI Crotolorio microcorpo Hochst. ex Benth. Crotolario micrathamnus Robyns ex R.Wilczek Crotalaria minutissima Baker f . Crotalario miranda Milne-Redh. Crotalario madesta Polhill Crotolaria morumbensis Baker f. Crotalario natolitio Meisn. Crotolaria nigricans Baker Cratalario nuda Polhill Crotalario nudijlora Polhill , Crotalario nyikensis Baker Crotolaria occidentalis Hepper Croto/orio ochroleuca G. Don. Crotalarla anonaides Benth. Cratalaria anusta Polhill Crotalaria orthoclada Welw. ex Baker Crotalario pa/Iida Aiton Crotalario poJ/idicau/is Harms Crotalaria parvula Welw. ex Baker Cratalaria passerinaides Taub. Cratalaria peregrina Polhill Crotalario pisicarpo Welw. ex Baker Crotolaria p/atysepa/a Harv. Crota/aria podocarpa DC. Crotolario polysperma Kotschy e~ Schwein!. Crotalario polytricho Polhill Croto/oria praetexta Polhill Cratalaria prittwitzii Baker f. Crotolario prolongata Baker Crotalaria pseudodilo/oensis R.Wilczek Crotalaria pseudatenuirama Torre Crota/oria pygmoea Polhill Crotolorio quongensis Taub. Crotolorio quarrei Baker f. Crotalario recto Steud. ex A.Rich. Crotolorio reptons Taub. Crotoloria rhodesiae Baker f. Crotolorio ringoetii Baker f. Cratalaria rogersii Baker f . Crotolaria senega/ensis (Pers.) Bade ex DC. Cratalaria sertulifera Taub. Cnlp ....... tD Sunnhemp Sunnhemp Sunnhemp Sunnhemp Sunnhemp Sunnhemp Sunnhemp Sunnhemp Sunnhemp Sunnhemp Sunnhemp Sunnhemp Sunnhemp Sunnhemp Sunnhemp Sunnhemp Sunnhemp Sunnhemp Sunnhemp Sunnhemp Sunnhemp Sunnhemp Sunnhemp Sunnhemp Sunnhemp Sunnhemp Sunnhemp Sunnhemp Sunnhemp Sunnhemp Sunnhemp Sunnhemp Sunnhemp Sunnhemp Sunnhemp Sunnhemp Sunnhemp Sunnhemp Sunnhemp Sunnhemp Sunnhemp 42 twit Crotolorio shirensis (Baker f .) Milne-Redh. Crotalario simomo Polhill Crotolario spars/folio Baker Crotolario sporteo Baker Crotolario sphoeracarpa Perr. ex DC. Crotolaria spinosa Hochst. ex Benth. Crotolario stenoptera Welw. ex Baker Crotolorio steudneri Schwein!. Croto/aria streptorryncho Mllne-Redh. Cratoloria subcoespitosa Polhill Crotolario subcopitoto De Wild. Crotolorio subtilis Polhill Croto/oria sylvicola Baker Cratalaria tabu/aris Baker f. Crotalaria tenuipedicellata Baker f. Cratalaria tenuiramo Welw. ex Baker Crotolaria teretifolia Milne-Redh. Cratalaria trinervia Polhill Crata/aria tristis Polhill Crotalaria ulbrichlano Harms Cratalaria umbellifera R.E.Fr. Crotalaria unicaulis Bullock Crotalaria valida Baker Crotalaria vandenbrandtii R.Wilczek Crotalorio vonmee/ii R. Wilczek Crotalaria variegata Welw. ex Baker Crotalaria virgulata Klotzsch Cucumis africanus L.f. Cucumis anguria L. Cucumis ficifolius A. Rich Cucumis hirsutus Send. Cucumis humifructus Stent Cucumis metuliferus E.Mey. ex Naudin Cucumis myriocarpus Naud. subsp. myriocarpus Cucumis sacleuxii Paill. & Bois Cucumis zeyheri Send. Diascorea asteriscus Burkill Dioscoreo boyo De Wild. Dioscoreo bulbifero L. Dioscoreo cochlear/ opiculoto De Wild Dioscoreo dumetorum (Kunth) Pax CiaprlllladtD Sunnhemp Sunnhemp Sunnhemp Sunnhemp Sunnhemp Sunnhemp Sunnhemp Sunnhemp Sunnhemp Sunnhemp Sunnhemp Sunnhemp Sunnhemp Sunnhemp Sunnhemp Sunnhemp Sunnhemp Sunnhemp Sunnhemp Sunnhemp Sunnhemp Sunnhemp Sunnhemp Sunnhemp Sunnhemp Sunnhemp Sunnhemp Cucumber Cucumber Cucumber Cucumber Cucumber Cucumber Cucumber Cucumber Cucumber Yam Yam Yam Yam Yam CWR Dioscorea hirtif/ora Benth. Dioscoreo hyfophila Harms ex Engl. Dioscorea liebrechtsiano De Wild. & T.Ourand Dioscoreo mundii Baker Dioscorea odorotissima Pax Dioscoreo praehensilis Benth. Dioscorea preussii Pax Dioscorea quartiniana A.Rich. Dioscorea sansibarensis Pax Dioscoreo schimperiono Hochst. ex Kunth Dioscoreo sy/votico Eckl. Eleusine corocono (L) Gaertn. subsp. africano Eleusine indico (L.) Gaertn. Hibiscus ocetose/fa Welw. ex Hiern Hibiscus a/fenii Sprang & Hutch. Hibiscus articulatus Hoschst. ex A. Rich Hibiscus caesius Garcke Hibiscus cannabinus L. Hibiscus debeerstii De Wild Hibiscus divers/folius Jacq. subsp. rivufaris Hibiscus dongolensis Caill. ex Oelile Hibiscus hiernionus Exetl & Mendonca Hibiscus lobotus (Murr.) Kunl2e Hibiscus ludwigii Eckl. & Zeyh. Hibiscus mostersionus Hiern Hibiscus mechawii Garcke Hibiscus meeusei Exell Hibiscus micronthus L f. Hibiscus migeodii Exell Hibiscus nigricau/is Baker f. Hibiscus noldeoe Ba kerf. Hibiscus nyikensis Sprague Hibiscus ovolifolius (Forssk.) Vahl Hibiscus pandur/formis Burm f. Hibiscus physoloides Guill. & Perr. Hibiscus p/atycalyx Mast. Hibiscus praeteritus R.A. Oyer Hibiscus rhobdotospermus Garcke Hibiscus rhodanthus Gurke apudSchinz Hibiscus richordsiae Exell Hibiscus rostelfatus Guill. & Perr. Crop related IO Yam Yam Yam Yam Yam Yam Yam Yam Yam Yam Yam Finger millet Finger millet Kenaf, Roselle Kenai, Roselle ------< Kenaf, Roselle Kenai, Roselle Kenaf, Roselle Kenaf, Roselle Kenaf, Roselle Kenai, Roselle Kenai, Roselle Kenaf, Roselle Kenaf, Roselle Kenaf, Roselle Kenaf, Roselle Kenaf, Roselle Kenaf, Roselle Kenaf, Roselle Kenaf, Roselle Kenaf, Roselle Kenaf, Roselle Kenaf, Roselle Kenaf, Roselle Kenaf, Roselle Kenai, Roselle Kenai, Roselle Kenaf, Roselle Kenaf, Roselle Kenai, Roselle Kenai, Roselle 44 CWR Hibiscus schinzii Gurke Hibiscus shirensis Sprague & Hutch Hibiscus sidiformis Bail!. Hibiscus surettensis L Hibiscus tr/onum L. Hibiscus vitifo/ius L. /pomoea aquatica Forssk. lpomaea asarifolia (Desr.) Roem. & Schult. lpamoea barteri Baker lpamaea blepharophyl/a Hallier f. lpamoea ba/usiana S<:hinz lpomaea cairica (L.) Sweet fpomaea chloroneura Hallier f. fpomaea chrysoch Hallier f. /pomoea chrysochaetia Hallier f. lpomoea coptica (L.) Rothe• Roem. & Schult. Var. coptico lpomoea coscinosperma Hochst. e• Choisy lpomaeo crassipes Hook. /pomaea crepidiformis Hallier f . var. microcepha/a /pomoeo crepidiformis Hallier f. var minor ! /pomoea decoro Hochst. ex Choisy /pomoeo dichroo Hochst. ex Cholsy /pomoea eriocorpo R.Br. lpomaeo fanshowei Verde. lpomoea fulvicoulis (Hochst. e• Choisy) Boiss. ex Halli er f. var. fuvicoulis lpomaea fulvicou/is (Hochst. ex Choisy) Boiss. ex Halller f. var. heterocolyx lpomoeo fulvicaulis (Hochst. ex Choisy) Boiss. e• Hallier f. var. osperifolio /pomoea hederifo/io L. fpomoea heterotricho Didr. /pomoea hochsteteri House lpomoea ho/ubii Baker lpomaea humidico/a Verde. lpomaeo involucrato P.Beauv. subsp. var. invo/ucroto lpomaea kituiensis Vatke lpomoeo /opathifolia Hallier f. var. /apothifo/ia lpomoeo leucanthemum (Klotzsch) Hallier f . /pomoeo linosepola Hallier f . /pomoeo linosepa/o Hallier f. subsp. olpino lpomoeo mauritiona Jacq. lpomoea milnel Verde. /pomoeo obscuro (L.) Ker Gawl. Crop related to Kenaf, Roselle Kenai, Roselle Kenaf, Roselle Kenaf, Roselle Kenaf, Roselle Kenaf, Roselle Sweet potato Sweet potato Sweet potato Sweet potato Sweet potato Sweet potato Sweet potato Sweet potato Sweet potato Sweet potato Sweet potato Sweet potato Sweet potato Sweet potato Sweet potato Sweet potato Sweet potato Sweet potato Sweet potato s weet potato Sweet potato Sweet potato S w e-et potato Sweet potato Sweet potato Sweet potato Sweet potato Sweet potato Sweet potato Sweet potato Sweet potato Sweet potato Sweet potato Sweet potato Sweet potato CWR 0., ...... 11D -----------------lpomoeo ochraceo (Lindi.) Sweet lpomoeo oenotherae (vatke) Hallier f. lpomoeo papilio Hallier f. lpomoeo porosltico (Kunth) G.Don lpomoeo pes coproe (L.) Sweet subsp. brosiliensis lpomoeo pes coproe (L.) Sweet lpomoeo pes tigridis L. var. pes tigridis lpomoea pes tigridis L var. strigoso lpomoeo pileoto Roxb. /pamoeo plebeio R.Br. subsp. Africono lpomoeo polymorpho Roem. & Schult lpomoeo primotosyphon Welw. lpomoeo protea Britten & Rendle lpomoeo purpureo (L.) Roth lpomoeo recto De Wild. lpomoeo richordsioe Verde lpomoeo rubens Choisy /pomoea shirambensis Baker /pomoea shupongensis Baker /pomoeo sinensis (Desr.) Choisy subsp. b/ephorosepo/o lpomoeo sinensis (Desr.) Choisy subsp. sinensis lpomoea stenasiphon Hallie, f. lpomoeo tenuipes Verde. lpomoeo tenuirostris Steud. & Chosy subsp. tenuirostris lpomoea tuberculota Ker Gawl. var. odontosepola lpamoeo turbinata Lag. lpomoeo venosa (Desr.) Roem. & Schult subsp. stellaris lpomoea venasa (Desr.) Roem. & Schult subsp. venasa lpomoea verboscoideo Choisy /pomoeo vernalis R.E.Fr. /pomoea we/witschii Vatke ex Hallier f. lpomoeo wight/I (Wall.) Choisy subsp. var. wlghtii Lactuco co/ophylla (Jeffrey Lactuca homb/e/ De Wild. Lactuca imbricota Hiern Loctuco inermis Forssk. Lactuca /osiorhlzo (O.Hoffm.) C.Jeffrey Loctuco longispicoto De Wild. Loctuca mwinllungensis G.V.Pope Loctuca proecox R.E.Fr. Loctuco schulzeona 8Uttner Sweet potato Sweet potato Sweet potato Sweet potato Sweet potato Sweet potato Sweet potato Sweet potato Sweet potato Sweet potato Sweet potato Sweet potato Sweet potato Sweet potato Sweet potato Sweet potato Sweet potato Sweet potato Sweet potato Sweet potato Sweet potato Sweet potato Sweet potato Sweet potato Sweet potato Sweet potato Sweet potato Sweet potato Sweet potato Sweet potato Sweet potato Sweet potato Lettuce Lettuce Lettuce Lettuce Lettuce Lettuce Lettuce Lettuce Lettuce 46 CWR Loctuco schweinfurthii Oliv. & Hiern Loctuco setoso Stebbins ex C.Jeffrey Loctuca zambezioco C.Jeffrey Lagenoria breviflara (Berth.) Roberty Lagenaria siceraria (Molina) Stand!. Lagenario sphaerica (Sond.) Naudin Mamardica balsamina L Momardica boivinii Baill. Momordico cardiospermoides Kfotzsch Momordica charontia L Momordica corymbifera Hook f. Momordico foetido Schumach. Momordico kirkii (Hook.I.) C.Jeffrey Momordico peteri Zimmermann Mucuna cor/aceo Baker Mucuno deeringiono (Sort) Merr. Mucuno gfobrio/ota (Hauman) Verde. Mucuno poggeiTaub. Mucuna stans Welw. ex Baker Oryza borthii A. Chev. Oryza brachyantha Chev. & Roehr. Oryza longistaminota A. Chev. & Roehr. Oryzo punctata Steud Oryza schweinfurthiana Prodoehl Pennisetum macrourum Trin. Pennisetum pedidllatum Trin. Pennisetum polystachion (L.) Schult. subsp. atrichum Pennisetum polystochion (LI Schult. subsp. polystochion Pennisetum purpureum Schumach. Pennisetum setaceum (Forssk.l Chiov. Pennisetum thunbergii Kunth Pennisetum trachyphyllum Pilg. Pennisetum typhodes (Burm f.) Stapf & C.E.Hubb. Pennisetum unisetum (Nees) Benth. Plectranthus acoulis Brummitt & Seyani Plectronthus o/bovio/oceus Gurke Plectranthus beton/coefolius Baker I P/ectranthus buchanonii Baker Plectranthus conde/obriformis Launer! Plectronthus caninus Roth Plectronthus comosus Sims CNlpNlatadto Lettuce Lettuce Lettuce Gourd Gourd Gourd Momordica Momordica Momordica Momordica Momordica Momordica Momordica Momordica Velvet bean Velvet bean Velvet bean Velvet bean Velvet bean Rice Rice Rice Rice Rice Pearl millet Pearl millet Pearl millet Pearl millet Pearl millet Pearl millet Pearl millet Pearl millet Pearl millet Pearl millet Livingstone potato Livingstone potato Livingstone potato Livingstone potato Livingstone potato Livingstone potato Livingstone potato CWR Plectranthus cylindroceus Hochst. ex Benth Plectronthus equisetiformis (E.A.Bruce) Launert Plectronthus escu/entus N.E.Br. Plectronthus floccidus (Vatke) Gurke Plectronthus goetzei Gurke Plectranthus grodllimus (T.C.E fr.) Hutch. & Dandy Plectronthus hjolmorii (T.C.E fr.) Hutch. & Dandy Plectronthus kopotensis (R.E.Fr.) J.K. Morton Plectronthus /oxif/orus Benth. Plectranthus /uteus Gurke P/ectranthus masukensis Baker Plectronthus mirabilis (Briq.) Launert Plectronthus modestus Baker Plectronthus neochilus Schltr Plectronthus nyikensis Baker Plectronthus primulinus Baker P/ectronthus stenophyllus Baker Plectronthus tetensis (Baker) Agnew Plectronthus tetragonus Gurke Pleccronthus thyrsoideus (Baker) B. Mathew Plectranthus viphyensis Brummitt & Seyani P/ectronthus zebrarum Brummitt & Seyani Sesomum alatum Thonn. Sesomum ongolense Welw. Sesomum ongusti[olium (Oliv.) Engl. Sesamum colycinum Welw. subsp. baumii Sesomum colycinum Welw. subsp. colycinum Sesbania bispinosa (Jacq.) W.Wight Sesbania cinerascens Welw. ex Baker Sesbonio coeru/escens Harms Sesbonia gaetzei Harms Sesbonia greenwayii J.B. Gillett Sesbonia mocrontho Welw. ex E. Phillips & Hutch. Sesbonio microphylla Harms ex E. Phillips & Hutch. Sesbania mossambicensis Klotzsch Sesbanio ragersii E. Phillips & Hutch Sesbonia sesban (L.) Merr. Sesbania tetraptera Hochst. ex Baker Solonum oculeotissimum Jacq. So/anum anguivi lam. Solanum aureitomentosum Bitter Crap---• Livingstone potato Livingstone potato Livingstone potato Livingstone potato Livingstone potato Livingstone potato Livingstone potato Livingstone potato Livingstone potato Livingstone potato Livingstone potato Livingstone potato Livingstone potato Livingstone potato Livingstone potato Livingstone potato Livingstone potato Livingstone potato Livingstone potato Livingstone potato Livingstone potato Livingstone potato Sesame Sesame Sesame Sesame Sesame Sesbania Sesbania Sesbania Sesbania Sesbanla Sesbanla Sesbania Sesbanla Sesbania Sesbania Sesbania Eggplant, potato Eggplant, potato Eggplant, potato 48 CWR Solanum dasyphyl/um Schumach. Solanum goetzei Oammer Solanum incanum L Solanum lagascae Roem. & Schult. So/anum macrocarpon L Solanum nigrum L So/anum rlchardii Dunal Salanum rothii C.H. Wright Solanum to/tense Vatke Solanum termina/e Forssk. Solonum tettense Klotzsch var. renschii Sorghostrum friesii (Pilg.) Pilg. Sorghostrum fuscescens (Pilg.) Clayton Sorghostrum incompletum (J. Prest) Nash var. bipennotum Sorghostrum nudipes Nash Sorghastrum pogonostachyum (Stapf) Clayton Sorghostrum stipoides (Kunth) Nash Sorghum orundinaceum (Desv.) Stapf Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench subsp. verticif/orum Sorghum purpureosericeum (Hochst. ex A. Rich.) Asch. & Schweinf. Sorghum versicolor Andersson Vigna antunesii Harms Vigna comosa Baker Vigna fischeri Harms Vigna frutescens A. Rich. Vigna grocilis (Guill. & Perr.) Hook.f Vigna houmaniano R. Wilczek Vigna heterophyllo A. Rich. Vigna junceo Milne-Redh Vigna kirkil (Baker) J.B. Gillett Vigna longissima Hutch. Vigna luteolo (Jacq.) Benth Vigna mocrorhyncha (Harms) Mllne-Redh Vigna monophy//a Taub. Vigna multinervis Hutch. & Dalziel Vigna nudo N.E.Br. Vigna oblongifolio A. Rich. var. obllngifolia Vigna oblongifolia A. Rich. var. Parvifolio Vigna porker/ Baker Vigna porkeri Baker subsp. moronguensls Vigna phoenix Brummitt OwpNlllldllD Eggplant, potato Eggplant, potato Eggplant, potato Eggplant, potato Eggplant, potato Eggplant, potato Eggplant, potato Eggplant, potato Eggplant, potato Eggplant, potato Eggplant, potato Sorghum Sorghum Sorghum Sorghum Sorghum Sorghum Sorghum Sorghum Sorghum Sorghum Cowpea Cowpea Cowpea Cowpea Cowpea Cowpea Cowpea Cowpea Cowpea Cowpea Cowpea Cowpea Cowpea Cowpea Cowpea Cowpea Cowpea Cowpea Cowpea Cowpea 4 CWR Vigna platy/oba Hierm Vigna procera Welw. ex Hiern Vigna pygmaea R.E.Fr. Vigna racemosa (G.Don) Hutch Vigna radiata (L) Wilczek var. sublobata Vigna rad/cans Welw. ex Baker Vigna reticu/ata Hook. f. Vigna richardsiae Verde. Vigna trlphylla (R. Wilczek) Verde. Vigna unguicu/ata (L.) Walp. var. spontanea Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. subsp. dekindtiana Vigna unguiculata (L) Walp. subsp. paweklae Vigna unguiculata (L) Walp. subsp. tenuis Vigna vexillata (L.) A. Rich. Vigna wittei Bakerf. Crap ........ Cowpea Cowpea Cowpea Cowpea Cowpea Cowpea Mung bean Cowpea Cowpea Cowpea Cowpea Cowpea Cowpea Cowpea C'>wpea --------; MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE MOUNT MAKULU RESEARCH STATION PRIVATE BAG 7 CHILANGA