National Adaptation Plan for Zambia

Untitled-9 OCTOBER 2023 FOREWORD - Climate change is one of the major challenges of this century. Projections by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) indicate that if emissions of greenhouse gasses continue to rise, the global temperature is expected to increase beyond l .5°C. As a result, the world will be faced with a disastrous future in rising sea levels, shifts in agriculture growing seasons, biodiversity loss, as well as increased frequency and intensity of extreme weather events such as heat waves, storms, floods and droughts. If the rise in global temperatures is not addressed, Zambia will not be spared from these climate events. The economy of Zambia is highly vulnerable to the impacts of climate change due to its geographical location, low adaptive capacity and a multitude of other socio-economic challenges. Subsequently, climate-sensitive sectors such as energy, agriculture, infrastructure, water, health, fisheries, wildlife and forestry are highly impacted by climate change. These impacts are already manifesting in extreme weather events such as frequent and prolonged droughts, flash floods and extreme temperatures which are expected to have far-reaching consequences. This phenomenon threatens the realization of Vision 2030 in which Zambia aspires to become "A Prosperous Middle-Income Nation by 2030". The Government of the Republic of Zambia is implementing measures to address the adverse impacts to ensure that the country attains climate resilience. Among these measures is the development of the National Adaptation Programme of Action (NAPA, 2007), the National Climate Change Response Strategy (NCCRS, 2010), the National Policy on Climate Change (NPCC, 2016), and the Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC, 2016). The country also developed its Initial, Second and Third National Communications on climate change. Zambia remains committed to protecting the climate system for the benefit of the present and future generations. In this regard, the government has developed the National Adaptation Plan (NAP) to address the country's vulnerability and resilience to climate change. The NAP has identified medium to long-term adaptation actions which will enable government to systematically implement priority adaptation actions that contribute to the implementation Vision 2030, National Development Plans and the NDC. To implement this NAP, active engagement, coordination and partnership with various stakeholders, including development partners, the private sector, civil society organisations (CSOs), media, academic and research institutions, local communities, youths, persons with disabilities and children will be essential. Hon. Eng. Collins Nzovu, MP MINISTER OF GREEN ECONOMY AND ENVIRONMENT ii I P age ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The development of the National Adaptation Plan (NAP) was achieved through a broad-based consultative process involving key stakeholders at the national, and provincial levels. We wish to thank various stakeholders including traditional leaders, civil society organizations, academia, the private sector, local communities, government line ministries and departments and cooperating partners for their contribution to the development of this NAP. The Zambian Government also wishes to sincerely thank the Green Climate Fund (GCF) and the Global Water Partnership (GWP) for providing financial and technical support for the formulation of the NAP. The Government is greatly indebted to this support. Further, Government acknowledges the technical inputs by the consultants, the Least Developed Countries Expert Group (LEG), Zambia Climate Change Network (ZCCN), International Institute for Sustainable Development (IISD), United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA), Alliance Biodiversity International (CIAT) and NAP Global Network during the formulation of the NAP. The Government would also like to thank the drafting team, which included Prof. Felix Kalaba, Dr. Mubanga Kabwe, Dr. Charles Chisanga, and Ms. Monica Chundama. Dr. Douty Chibamba PERMANENT SECRETARY, MINISTRY OF GREEN ECONOMY AND ENVIRONMENT iii I Page TABLE OF CONTENTS FOREWORD ................................................................................................................................. ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ........................................................................................................ iii TABLE OF CONTENTS ............................................................................................................ iv LIST OF TABLES ....................................................................................................................... vi ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS ................................................................................... vii GLOSSARY ................................................................................................................................... 1 1. INTRODUCTION TO THE NAP FOR ZAMBIA ............................................................. 5 1. 1 Objectives of the NAP for Zambia ................. . .............................................. 5 1.2 Scope of the NAP for Zambia .. . ...................................... . ................. . .......... 6 1.3 The NAP formulation process ...................................................................... 6 2. POLICIES AND PROGRAMMES ON ADAPTATION ................................................... 9 3. CLIMATE CHANGE, HISTORICAL EVENTS, TRENDS AND FUTURE PROJECTIONS ......................................................................................................................... 11 3.1 Climatic conditions in agro-ecological regions ...... ...... ....................... .......................... 12 3.2 Projected changes in selected climate indices over Zambia ............................................ .15 4. ADAPTATION ACTIONS FOR CLIMATE HAZARDS ............................................... 18 4.1 Adaptation actions to droughts .................................................................................... ........ 18 4.2 Adaptation actions to floods ...................................................................... ........................ . 32 4.3 Adaptation actions to high temperatures .. ......... ....... ..... ... ......... .......... ...... ........ ...... .... ...... .. 40 4.4 Adaptation actions to wind storms ....... ................... ..... ..................................................... .46 5. SYNERGIES BETWEEN ADAPTATION OPTIONS AND DISASTER RISK REDUCTION .......................................................................................................................... .. . 55 6. INTEGRATION OF CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION AND GENDER IN ANNUAL BUDGETING ............................................................................................................ 56 7. STRATEGIES FOR IMPLEMENTING ZAMBIA NAP .............................................. .. . 57 7.1 Implementation Plan ............................ .. ............................................................................ 57 7 .2 How to implement the NAP ........... ...... ........................ ....................... ........................ ...... .. 59 7 .3 Resource mobilization strategy ............ ........ ....... ........ .. ............ .................................. ........ 60 7.4 Institutional Arrangements for coordinating NAP implementation ............................ ....... 60 7 .5 Capacity building ......................................................... ........................ ....................... ...... .. 62 8. MONITORING AND REVIEW NAP IMPLEMENTATION ........................................... 65 iv I Page 9. COMMUNICATING AND REPORTING ON THE NAP ................................................ 66 9.1 Communicating the NAP ................................ . .. .......................................... 66 9.2 Reporting on the NAP ..................... ............................................................ 66 REFERENCES ............................................................................................................................ 68 Appendix 1: Roles and responsibilities of key stakeholders ........................................ 70 Appendix 2: Capacity gaps and actions* .................. . .. . ................. ............... . ..... . .. 72 vl Page LIST OF TABLES Table 1: Summary of projected climate changes across AERs of Zambia for key climate variables by 2050 ........... ....................................... ............................................. 14 Table 2: Computed Expert Team on Sector Specific Indices during 2021-2050 relative to 1971- 2000 scenarios at annual basis ............. . .. . ................. . .. . .. . .............. ..................... . .. 1 7 Table 3: Vulnerabilities and adaptation actions to droughts (periodic and seasonal, dry spells, intra-seasonal drought [Onset and cessation]) ................................. .................. . ........ 19 Table 4: Vulnerabilities and adaptation actions to floods (periodic and seasonal, water logging) ............ . ...................................... . .. .................................... ... ........................ 33 Table 5: Vulnerabilities and adaptation actions to high temperatures (heat waves and heat stress) in geographical regions and sectors ............. ............... . .. . .............. . .. . .............. . .. . ..... 41 Table 6: Vulnerabilities and adaptation actions to windstorms in geographical regions and sectors ......................................................... ................................. . .......................... 47 vi I Page ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS 7NDP 8NDP AER AfDB AFOLU ANR AWARE CAF CAGs CCA CCB CDD CDM CGIAR CIAT CIF C02 COMESA COP21 CSA CWD DDCC DEM DIPs DMMU DTR EbA ECZ ERB EU FAO GDP GEF GHGs GMA GMPs GRZ GWP HEP 1PM Irish-AID IUCN IWRM Seventh National Development Plan Eighth National Development Plan Agro-Ecological Region Africa Development Bank Agriculture Forestry and Other Land Use Assisted Natural Regeneration Accelerated Water and Agricultural Resources Efficiency Cancun Adaptation Framework Cluster Advisory Groups Climate Change Acton Climate Change Bill Consecutive Dry Days Clean Development Mechanism Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research Alliance Biodiversity International Climate Investment Funds Carbon dioxide Common Markets for Eastern and Southern Africa Conference of the Parties Climate Smart Agriculture Consecutive Wet Days District Development Coordination Committees Digital Elevation Model Integrated Development Plans Disaster Management and Mitigation Unit Diurnal Temperature Range Ecosystem-based Adaptation Environmental Council of Zambia Energy Regulation Board European Union Food and Agriculture Organization Gross Domestic Product Green Environment Fund Greenhouse gases Game Management Area General Management Plans Government Republic of Zambia Global Water Partnership Hydroelectric Power Integrated Pest Management Irish Agency for International Development International Union for Conservation of Nature Integrated Water Resources Management vii LCMS LDC LKSC Local LPG MCA MGEE MLNREP MLGRD MNDP MODIS MoFNP MoH MRV MoT NAP NAPA NCCRS NDC NDCC NEP NGO NPCC PBCRG PDCCs PPCR PPH RCPs SADC SCF SCRiKA SDGs TAZARA TRALARD UNDP UNFCCC USAID WDC WMO WWF ZCCN ZDHS ZEMA ZIFLP ZMD Living Conditions Monitoring Survey Least Developed Countries Lower Kafue Sub-Catchment Local Climate Adaptive Living Facility Liquid Petroleum Gas Multi-Criteria Analysis Ministry of Green Economy and Environment Ministry of Land, Natural Resources & Environmental Protection Ministry of Local Government and Rural Development Ministry of National Development and Planning Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer Ministry of Finance and National Planning Ministry of Health Monitoring, Reporting and Verification Ministry of Tourism National Adaptation Plan National Adaptation Programmes of Action National Climate Change Response Strategy Nationally Determined Contribution National Development Coordinating Committee National Energy Policy Non-governmental Organization National Policy on Climate Change Performance-based Climate Resilience Grants Provincial Development Coordination Committees Pilot Programme for Climate Resilience People per hectare Representative Concentration Pathways Southern Africa Development Community Special Climate Fund Strengthening Climate Resilience in the Kafue sub-Basin Sustainable Development Goals Tanzania Zambia Railway line Transforming Landscapes for Resilience and Development United Nation Development Programme United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change United States Agency for International Development Ward Development Committees World Meteorological Organization Wild Wide Fund for Nature Zambia Climate Change Network Zambia Demographic Health Survey Zambia Environmental Management Agency Zambia Integrated Forest Landscape Project Zambia Meteorological Department viii GLOSSARY Adaptation: In human systems, the process of adjustment to actual or expected climate and its effects, in order to moderate harm or exploit beneficial opportunities. In natural systems, the process of adjustment to actual climate and its effects; human intervention may facilitate adjustment to expected climate. Adaptive capacity: The combination of the strengths, attributes, and resources available to an individual, community, society, or organization that can be used to prepare for and undertake actions to reduce adverse impacts, moderate harm, or exploit beneficial opportunities. Anthropogenic: Resulting from or produced by human beings. Anthropogenic emissions: Emissions of greenhouse gases, greenhouse gas precursors, and aerosols associated with human activities. These activities include the burning of fossil fuels, deforestation, land use changes, livestock, fertilization, etc., that result in a net increase in em1ss10ns. Baseline/reference: The baseline ( or reference) is any datum against which change is measured. It might be a 'current baseline,' in which case it represents observable, present-day conditions. It might also be a 'future baseline,' which is a projected future set of conditions excluding the driving factor of interest. Alternative interpretations of the reference conditions can give rise to multiple baselines. Capacity: The combination of all the strengths, attributes, and resources available to an individual, community, society, or organization, which can be used to achieve established goals. Catchment: An area that collects and drains precipitation. Climate: Climate in a narrow sense is usually defined as the average weather, or more rigorously, as the statistical description in terms of the mean and variability of relevant quantities over a period of time ranging from months to thousands or millions of years. The classical period for averaging these variables is 30 years, as defined by the World Meteorological Organization. The relevant quantities are most often surface variables such as temperature, precipitation, and wind. Climate in a wider sense is the state, including a statistical description, of the climate system. In various chapters in this report different averaging periods, such as a period of 20 years, are also used. Climate change: A change in the state of the climate that can be identified ( e.g., by using statistical tests) by changes in the mean and/or the variability of its properties and that persists for an extended period, typically decades or longer. Climate change may be due to natural internal processes or external forces, or to persistent anthropogenic changes in the composition of the atmosphere or in ]and use. Climate extreme (extreme weather or climate event): The occurrence of a value of a weather or c1imate variable above (or below) a threshold value near the upper (or lower) ends of the range of observed values of the variable. For simplicity, both extreme weather events and extreme climate events are referred to collectively as 'c1imate extremes.' Climate pro jection: A projection of the response of the c1imate system to emissions or concentration scenarios of greenhouse gases and aerosols, or radiative forcing scenarios, often based upon simulations by climate models. Climate projections are distinguished from climate predictions in order to emphasize that c1imate projections depend upon the emission/ concentration/radiative-forcing scenario used, which are based 011 assumptions concerning, 1 e.g., future socioeconomic and technological developments that may or may not be realized and are therefore subject to substantial uncertainty. Climate scenario: A plausible and often simplified representation of the future climate, based on an internally consistent set of climatological relationships that has been constructed for explicit use in investigating the potential consequences of anthropogenic climate change, often serving as input to impact models. Climate projections often serve as the raw material for constructing climate scenarios, but climate scenarios usually require additional information such as about the observed current climate. Climate variability: Climate variability refers to variations in the mean state and other statistics (such as standard deviations, the occurrence of extremes, etc.) of the climate at all spatial and temporal scales beyond that of individual weather events. Variability may be due to natural internal processes within the climate system (internal variability), or to variations in natural or anthropogenic external forcing ( external variability). Cold days/cold nights: Days where maximum temperature, or nights where minimum temperature, falls below the 10th percentile, where the respective temperature distributions are generally defined with respect to the 1971-2000 reference period. Disaster management: Social processes for designing, implementing, and evaluating strategies, policies, and measures that promote and improve disaster preparedness, response, and recovery practices at different organizational and societal levels. Disaster risk: The likelihood over a specified time period of severe alterations in the normal functioning of a community or a society due to hazardous physical events interacting with vulnerable social conditions, leading to widespread adverse human, material, economic, or environmental effects that require immediate emergency response to satisfy critical human needs and that may require external support for recovery. Disaster risk management (DRM): Processes for designing, implementing, and evaluating strategies, policies, and measures to improve the understanding of disaster risk, foster disaster risk reduction and transfer, and promote continuous improvement in disaster preparedness, response, and recovery practices, with the explicit purpose of increasing human security, well­ being, quality of life, and sustainable development. Disaster risk reduction (DRR): Denotes both a policy goal or objective, and the strategic and instrumental measures employed for anticipating future disaster risk; reducing existing exposure, hazard, or vulnerability; and improving resilience. Diurnal temperature range: The difference between the maximum and minimum temperature during a 24-hour period. Downscaling: Downscaling is a method that derives local- to regional-scale (up to 100 km) information from larger-scale models or data analyses. The full definition is provided in Section 3.2.3. Drought: A period of abnormally dry weather long enough to cause a serious hydrological imbalance. Drought is a relative term, therefore any discussion in terms of precipitation deficit must refer to the precipitation-related activity that is under discussion. For example, shortage of precipitation during the growing season impinges on crop production or ecosystem function in general ( due to soil moisture drought, also termed agricultural drought), and during the runoff and percolation season primarily aflects water supplies (hydrological drought). Storage changes in soil moisture and groundwater are also affected by increases in actual evapotranspiration in addition to reductions in precipitation. A period with an abnormal 2 precipitation deficit is defined as a meteorological drought. A megadrought is a very lengthy and pervasive drought, lasting much longer than normal, usually a decade or more. Early warning system: The set of capacities needed to generate and disseminate timely and meaningful warning information to enable individuals, communities, and organizations threatened by a hazard to prepare and to act appropriately and in sufficient time to reduce the possibility of harm or loss. Exposure: The presence of people; livelihoods; environmental services and resources; infrastructure; or economic, social, or cultural assets in places that could be adversely affected. Extreme weather or climate event: See Climate extreme. Flood: The overflowing of the normal confines of a stream or other body of water, or the accumulation of water over areas that are not normally submerged. Floods include river (fluvial) floods, flash floods, urban floods, pluvial floods, sewer floods, coastal floods, and glacial lake outburst floods. Governance: The way government is understood has changed in response to social, economic, and technological changes over recent decades. There is a corresponding shift from government defined strictly by the nation-state to a more inclusive concept of governance, recognizing the contributions of various levels of government (global, international, regional, local) and the roles of the private sector, of nongovernmental actors, and of civil society. Greenhouse gas: Greenhouse gases are those gaseous constituents of the atmosphere, both natural and anthropogenic, which absorb and emit radiation at specific wavelengths within the spectrum of thermal infrared radiation emitted by the Earth's surface, by the atmosphere itself, and by clouds. This property causes the greenhouse effect. Water vapor (H20), carbon dioxide (C02), nitrous oxide (N20), methane (CH4), and ozone (03) are the primary greenhouse gases in the Earth's atmosphere. Moreover, there are a number of entirely human-made greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, such as the halocarbons and other chlorine- and bromine containing substances, dealt with under the Montreal Protocol. Besides C02, N20, and CH4, the Kyoto Protocol deals with the greenhouse gases sulphur hexafluoride (SF6), hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs ), and perfluorocarbons (PFCs ). Hazard: The potential occurrence of a natural or human-induced physical event that may cause loss of life, injury, or other health impacts, as well as damage and loss to property, infrastructure, livelihoods, service provision, and environmental resources. Heat wave (also referred to as extreme heat event): A period of abnormally hot weather. Heat waves and warm spells have various and in some cases overlapping definitions. See also Warm spell. Impacts: Effects on natural and human systems. In this report, the term 'impacts' is used to refer to the effects on natural and human systems of physical events, of disasters, and of climate change. Insurance/reinsurance: A family of financial instruments for sharing and transferring risk among a pool of at-risk households, businesses, and/or governments. See Risk transfer. Land use and land use change: Land use refers to the total of arrangements, activities, and inputs undertaken in a certain land cover type (a set of human actions). The term land use is also used in the sense of the social and economic purposes for which land is managed (e.g., grazing, timber extraction, and conservation). Land use change refers to a change in the use or management of land by humans, whicb may lead to a change in land cover. Land cover and land use change may have an impact on the surface albedo, evapotranspiration, sources and 3 sinks of greenhouse gases, or other properties of the climate system and may thus have radiative forcing and/or other impacts on climate, locally or globally. Percentile: A percentile is a value on a scale of 100 that indicates the percentage of the data set values that is equal to or below it. The percentile is often used to estimate the extremes of a distribution. For example, the 90th (10 th) percentile may be used to refer to the threshold for the upper (lower) extremes. Projection: A projection is a potential future evolution of a quantity or set of quantities, often computed with the aid of a model. Projections are distinguished from predictions in order to emphasize that projections involve assumptions concerning, for example, future socioeconomic and technological developments that may or may not be realized and are therefore subject to substantial uncertainty. Resilience: The ability of a system and its component parts to anticipate, absorb, accommodate, or recover from the effects of a hazardous event in a timely and efficient manner, including through ensuring the preservation, restoration, or improvement of its essential basic structures and functions. Runoff: That part of precipitation that does not evaporate and is not transpired but flows through the ground or over the ground surface and returns to bodies of water. See Hydrological cycle. Scenario: A plausible and often simplified description of how the future may develop based on a coherent and internally consistent set of assumptions about driving forces and key relationships. Scenarios may be derived from projections but are often based on additional information from other sources, sometimes combined with a narrative storyline. Streamflow: Water flow within a river channel, for example, expressed in m3 s-1. A synonym for river discharge. Sustainable development: Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Vulnerability: The propensity or predisposition to be adversely affected. Warm days/warm nights: Days where maximum temperature, or nights where minimum temperature, exceeds the 90th percentile, where the respective temperature distributions are generally defined with respect to the 1971-2000 reference period. Warm spell: A period of abnormally warm weather. Heat waves and warm spells have various and, in some cases, overlapping definitions. Water demand management: Water demand management is the strategies and practices aimed at efficiently managing and conserving water resources to meet current and future water needs. It involves implementing measures to reduce water consumption, increase water use efficiency and promote sustainable water use bchaviors. 4 1.0 INTRODUCTION TO THE NAP FOR ZAMBIA The National Adaptation Plan {NAP) for Zambia is a medium to long-term strategic framework developed by the Government of the Republic of Zambia. It was formulated to address identified risks and vulnerabilities in various sectors to enhance the country's resilience to the impacts of climate change. It also identifies primary hazards and recognises that climate change poses significant risks to the country's natural resources, socio-economic development, and livelihoods. This is particularly for vulnerable communities and sectors namely: agriculture {crop, livestock, and fisheries), forestry, water, transport, tourism, infrastructure, mining, wildlife and health. The formulation of the NAP was a participatory and iterative approach involving analysis of climate risks, assessment of climate vulnerabilities, review of adaptation options, compilation and review of adaptation plans, integration of adaptation into national planning, and the establishment of implementation strategies, in line with the UNFCCC NAP guidelines. It involved participation of various stakeholders, which included government agencies, civil society organizations and academia. The NAP is aligned to national development frameworks such as the Vision 2030, National Development Plan and the Nationally Determined Contribution {NDC). Further, it also aligns to international frameworks such as the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change {UNFCCC) and the Sustainable Development Goals {SDGs) to ensure coherence and synergy with global climate and development agendas. By implementing the NAP, Zambia is contributing to the achievement of the global goal on adaptation as outlined in the Paris Agreement, which are to enhance adaptive capacity, reduce vulnerability, and increasing resilience of systems and communities. 1.1 Objectives of the NAP The following are the objectives: i) To identify the country's vulnerabilities to climate change and develop medium and long-term adaptation actions to minimise the impacts. ii) To integrate climate change adaptation into the national, sectoral and sub-national planning and budgeting processes. iii) To strengthen institutional and technical capacities for the implementation of identified priority adaptation actions. iv) To strengthen institutional coordination mechanisms for climate change adaptation actions at national, sectoral, and sub-national levels; and 5 v) To leverage emerging opportunities for resource mobilization for the implementation of the prioritised adaptation actions to address current and projected climate risks. 1.2 Scope of the NAP for Zambia The NAP sets clear goals and objectives for adaptation, which include reducing vulnerability, enhancing adaptive capacity, building resilience, and ensuring sustainable development in the face of climate change. The scope of the Zambia NAP includes: Vulnerability Assessment: This involves assessing the current and future risks and vulnerabilities associated with climate change in different agro-ecological regions (AERs), geographical regions and sectors namely: agriculture (crop, livestock, and fisheries), forestry, water, transport, tourism, infrastructure, mining, wildlife, and health. Adaptation Priorities: The identified climate change adaptation priorities will be utilized to enhance adaptive capacity. Based on the vulnerability assessment, the NAP identifies priority areas where adaptation efforts should be focused. These priorities vary depending on AERs, geographical regions and sector-specific environmental, social, human, financial, institutional, and physical vulnerabilities. Implementation Strategies: The NAP outlines strategies and measures to achieve the adaptation goals and objectives. This involves policy changes, capacity building, technological advancements, financial mechanisms, and institutional arrangements. Resource mobilization: The NAP articulates resource mobilization and financing strategies for the implementation of identified adaptation actions and strategies. Monitoring, Evaluation, Leaming and Reporting (MELR): The NAP provides mechanisms for monitoring and evaluating the effectiveness of adaptation actions. This includes indicators for MELR and allows for adjustments and improvements as needed. 1.3 The NAP formulation process The Zambia NAP formulation process was first launched in 2014 and re­ launched in 2021 following readiness grant support from the Green Climate Fund (GCF). This process builds on earlier national processes to address climate change such as the National Adaptation Programme of Action (GRZ, 2007), National Climate Change Response Strategy (GRZ, 2010), National Policy on Climate Change (GRZ, 2016), Climate Change Gender Action Plan (GRZ 2018), Green Growth Strategy for Zambia (currently under development) and the Revised Nationally Determined Contributions (GRZ, 2021) and it is aligned with the Eighth National Development Plan (8NDP) (GRZ 2022). The NAP process commenced with a Stocktaking exercise in 2021. The 6 Stocktaking Report benchmarked the status of the climate change adaptation activities in the country and identified gaps. This was followed by development and consensus building on the roadmap for the formulation of the Zambia NAP. The next step involved synthesizing data on vulnerabilities of sectors, geographical regions, and marginalized social groups (women, youths, elderly, persons with disabilities, people living with HIV/ AIDS), and current and future impacts of climate change. This also involved documentation oflessons and best practices from past and ongoing projects on adaptation. This was followed by the prioritization of gender-sensitive adaptation actions in different sectors and geographical regions. The prioritized climate change actions identified by stakeholders were screened and appraised using a Multi­ Criteria Analysis (MCA) tool, which enabled decision-makers to create a structured framework for comparing a set of defined options across several diverse criteria to evaluate adaptation options across a range of priorities. The MCA provided a structured approach to determine the feasibility of proposed adaptation actions against identified criteria. The tool helped decision makers to evaluate alternatives and make trade-offs while considering multiple factors. Adaptation options were evaluated across 10 criteria including institutional governance, social, environmental, gender, technical, cost­ effectiveness, and inclusiveness among others. Capacity building in the systems and tools for integration of adaptation plans and budgets; coordination mechanisms, climate finance, climate data analysis, monitoring, reviewing, and reporting at national and sub-national levels was included in the whole NAP formulation process. It also included training of the National Technical Committee on Climate Change on how to use the Multi-Criteria Analysis (MCA) Tool in prioritizing adaptation options at national and provincial levels. The principal NAP formulation process enabled medium- and long-term strategic planning and coordination of adaptation in line with National Development Planning processes. Gender was an integral dimension in the NAP process, guided by Zambia's 2018 Climate Change Gender Action Plan. The NAP formulation process recognized gender differences in adaptation needs, opportunities, and capacities. In addition, the participation of youths, women and men in adaptation decision-making processes and their knowledge, concerns and experiences were taken into consideration. The NAP formulation process in Zambia was a multi-sectorial and participatory process that required strong coordination and collaboration. The NAP provides a framework for Zambia to ensure that medium and long-term development planning and budget processes integrate climate change adaptation in order to effectively identify climate change adaptation actions. 7 The NAP formulation process was participatory, engaging a diverse array of stakeholders following bottom-up and top-down approaches to ensure that the formulation process is country-driven. Sectorial and regional engagements were held at national and provincial levels with the various sector players which included government, civil society organizations, academia, and development agencies among others. The last step involved drafting and validation of the NAP document by stakeholders at national and sub-national levels. The following are the NAP key result areas for the formulation phase: I. Strengthened institutional coordination and collaboration for adaptation planning in Zambia. II. Established a system for integrating climate change adaptation into plans and budgets. Ill. Prioritized adaptation actions for sectors and geographic areas. IV. Strengthened capacity of planning authorities, sectors, and civil society in: o Systems and tools for integrating adaptations into plans and budgets. o Climate finance. o Climate data analysis. o Gender transformative approaches for climate change. o Monitoring, reviewing, and reporting at national and sub-national levels; and o Use of the Multi-Criteria Analysis (MCA) Tool in prioritizing adaptation options at National and Province levels. V. Developed a Monitoring, Evaluation, Learning and Reporting Framework for the NAP. VI. Developed a resource mobilization strategy for the implementation of the NAP; and VII. Developed a NAP communication strategy. 2.0 POLICIES AND PROGRAMMES ON ADAPTATION Globally, there are several policies and strategies developed to address climate change impacts. In Zambia, the NAP process was informed by national policies and strategies among them, the NPCC that was promulgated in 2016, the NAPA, NDC, and the NCCRS among others. This is to enhance adaptation actions in the country. Zambia's legislation and policy frameworks, prioritises the climate change agenda that promote the unlocking of bilateral and multilateral funding potential. Strong political commitment and comprehensive overarching institutional and policy coordination frameworks are key triggers of international financing for Climate Change Action (CCA). Creating an enabling environment that provides this level of support is an important first step in accessing climate finance. Over the years, Zambia has received funding from bilateral and multilateral partners to implement various project related climate adaptation actions in different sectors and geographical areas to address climate change impacts. Some of the implemented projects include the Accelerate Water and Agricultural Resources Efficiency in Zambia (AWARE), Pilot Programme for Climate Resilience (PPCR) Phase II, Strengthening Climate Resilience in the Kafue Sub Basin (Scrika) and Transforming Landscapes for Resilience and Development (TRALARD). Others are Strengthening Climate Resilience of Agricultural Livelihoods in Agro-ecological Regions I and II (SCRALA), Ecosystems-Based Adaptation (EbA} project as well as the Local Climate Adaptive Living (LoCAL) mechanism. Civil Society Organisations are also implementing adaptation projects, such as the Voices for Climate Action (VCA) project implemented by a consortium of Civil Society Organisations, which include Wild Wide Fund (WWF), Zambia Climate Change Network (ZCCN), Action Aid Zambia, HIVOS, and Civil Society for Poverty Reduction (CSPR). Key Lessons learnt from Implemented Projects: • Policies and leadership: strong leadership and consistent policies are critical for mainstreaming climate change and implementation of adaptation efforts in development planning. • Stakeholder participation: this is key in participatory processes for adaptation planning to foster ownership and enhance livelihoods as well as community values. • Indigenous knowledge and science: blending of indigenous knowledge and science contributes to building adaptive capacities in communities. • Benefits and trade-offs: Unequal distribution of benefits and environmental trade-offs threaten the successful implementation of adaptation actions where common resources have multiple uses and beneficiaries such as farmers versus gatherers in forest ecosystems. Acknowledging and understanding the multiple uses and beneficiaries is 9 key to the successful implementation of Ecosystem Based Adaptation (EbA) approaches. • Planning: Integrated Planning at district level has been central in delivering technical solutions at implementation level. • Inclusivity: Inclusion of vulnerable groups, women and youths in project implementation increases their access to the available natural resources for improved livelihoods at household level. • Financing: Bilateral and multilateral partners as well as private sector are important in providing supplementary technical and financial assistance. • Institutional arrangements: the use of existing government and project implementation structures is key in the integration of adaptation activities in development planning. • Adaptation and resilience: Climate change adaptation and resilience building require partnerships beyond the primary sector focus areas to include local communities, civil society as well as private sector in order to address felt needs. • Governance and infrastructure management: In addition to providing communities with physical assets that help to build resilience, there is also a need to focus on local governance capacities and socio-cultural values. This enhances accountability in project implementation and promotes community participation; and • Capacity building: Adaptation initiatives require continuous learning and feedback loops. These elements need to be incorporated in the project design and implementation. 3.0 CLIMATE CHANGE, HISTORICAL EVENTS, TRENDS AND FUTURE PROJECTIONS Zambia is faced with extreme climatic conditions such as droughts, seasonal and flash floods, extreme temperatures, wet spells and dry spells characterized by increased intensity, frequency and magnitude. Changes in rainfall patterns threatens productivity of livestock, fisheries, aquaculture and rainfed agriculture in Zambia (FAO, 2015; Rojas-Downing et al., 2017; Ngoma et al., 2021). Climate variability continues to be a major threat to sustainable development in the agricultural sector leading to threatened food security, disruption of livelihoods, destruction of natural and agriculture resource base, poor adaptive capacity among farmers, inadequate research and development, reduced productivity, inability to measure, and report greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions from Agriculture Forestry and Other Land Use (AFOLU), livestock and crop disease outbreak. Increasing trends in temperature and variability in rainfall of about 0.34oC per decade and 1. 9 mm per month, respectively, threaten livelihoods of 60% of the population that depend on agriculture (Mubanga et al. 2020). At agricultural field level, the consequences of this new scenario have led to waterlogged fields, water shortages, destruction of crops and higher incidences of crop and livestock diseases. Crop simulation models indicates an increase in maize yield by more than 25% in parts of Agro-Ecological Region (AER) III but likely to decrease by the same magnitude in parts of AER Ila (World Bank Group, 2019). Further, the simulation studies suggested that while overall production may increase, net exports of most of the agricultural commodities are declining including net trade (World Bank Group, 2019) . Agriculture is a key sector for Zambia's economy which is however sensitive to climate change and climate related impacts. The agriculture production output is projected to decline by 30% by 2080 under the current climate change scenarios unless adaptation actions are applied and the Agriculture Policy is climate proofed (ZaAS, 2013). Much of the agricultural land will be lost due to climate change (UNFCCC, 2006) to other Land Use/Land Cover Changes (LULCC) (Chisanga et al., 2022c). There are many factors that compound the impacts of the current climate change and variability in Zambia, and these have negative effects on the ability for the country to cope. These include poverty, limited infrastructure, illiteracy, weak institutions, lack of technology and information, low level of primary health care and low management (UNFCCC, 2006). Heavy rainfall, dry spells and droughts are extreme rainfall patterns that impacts sectors, agro-ecological regions, provinces, and the communities. Flash floods and floods generally occur in the rainy season, particularly from December to February (DJF) where high intensity precipitation events are most prominent (Hachigonta and Reason, 2006). Zambia is vulnerable to and has experienced high intensity of floods in 2006/2007, 2007 /2008, 2008/2009, 2009/2010 and 2011/2012 (Sichingabula, 1998; ZVAC, 2009, 2010, 2012). In 2009-2010, flash floods and riverine floods due to heavy rainfall events over Zambia caused water logging and affected over 238,258 11 people (Mubanga and Chisanga, 2020; Mubanga et al., 2020). In other seasons, floods have damaged crops, livestock, and infrastructure and contributed to pest epidemics (MTENR et al., 2007; MTENR, 2010). The flooding events during 2006/2007 rainy season saw nearly 1.5 million people (Neubert et al., 2011) affected in 41 out of 72 districts in Zambia (GRZ­ Government of Republic of Zambia, 2007). According to the Zambian Vulnerability Assessment Committee (ZVAC) report, some 1.4 million people depended on food relief following the floods in 2006 / 07. The magnitude and timing of the floods also caused problems, as the regions that are used to the floods were caught unprepared by earlier occurrences and higher magnitudes (Kalantary, 2010). Droughts and dry spells occur even more frequently than floods (Thurlow et al., 2012; Libanda et al., 2019) and notably, AERl is the country's most drought-prone region (Mubanga et al., 2020). These can span multiple years and have intense effects on livelihoods and food security. Cattle, which are crucial to livelihoods of many Zambians, are stressed during times of extreme drought, a result of reduced plant growth and a shortage of pasture (Gannon et al., 2006). Smaller scale droughts also occurred in 1986-2018, 1994-1995, 2004-2005, and 2017-2018 (Thurlow et al., 2012; Libanda et al., 2015; Libanda and Ngonga, 2018). It is important to understand broad-scale changes in the climate (WMO, 2020, 2021). However, the most acute impacts of weather and climate are often felt during extreme meteorological events such as heavy rain, droughts, heat waves and windstorms, including tropical storms (WMO, 2020, 2021). Climate trends in Zambia have shown that many climate-induced hazards such as droughts, floods and extreme temperatures have increased in frequency and intensity over the past few decades. Projections show that by 2030, Zambia will experience a notable rise in compound heat, drought and flood events compared to current baseline conditions. This implies that the existing climate risks observed on the ground will be exacerbated even further in the future. 3.1 Climatic conditions in agro-ecological regions Zambia is divided into three major AERs (AER I, AER Ila, AER Ilb and AER 111) (Figure 1), which are largely based on annual rainfall amounts but also integrate soils and other climatic characteristics (Chabala et aL, 2013). Zambia's AERs are experiencing warmer winters and hotter summers and annual rainfall has decreased by 1.9 mm per month (2.3% per decade) since 1960 particularly in the months of December, January and February (MTENR, 2010; UN, 2012). Temperature-based climate indices have had statistically significant impacts on AERs and ecosystems (Mubanga et al., 2020; Chisanga et al., 2022b). The projected future changes in rainfall due to climate change indicates that AERI will receive more rainfall in January to March and October to December by 2050 (Chisanga et al., 2020a; Mubanga et al., 2020). In contrast, AERII will experience minimal decreases of rainfall in these periods and AERIII is projected likely to receive less rainfall (Table 1). The projected changes in rainfall are statistically non-significant. 12 2o·o·o·e 2o·o·o·e N A 25"0'0"E 30"0"0"E 25'0'0'E 30"0'0"E 720 - ==--==----====----Kilomete~ 90 180 360 540 Figure 1: Agro-ecological Regions of Zambia 13 35"0'0"E 35'0'0"E Legend LJ AER lla LJ AERllb LJ AER III LJ AER I Table 1: Summary of projected climate changes across AERs of Zambia for key climate variables by 2050 Region Average temperature Total annual rainfall Number of heavy rainfall Rainy days (Days/year) (OC) (mm/year) (Days/year) Increasing + 2 °C to + 3 Normal to increasing, no Normal to increasing, Normal to decreasing, ranging °C by 2050s but change by 2015, but change ranging from no change to from no change to decreasing of changes evident in next ranging from no change to clear increasing by 2050, but up to 10% by 2100. Change may decades increase of up to 15% could generally increasing by up become evident from 2060s AERIII become evident after 2070s to 50% by 2100 Increasing+ 1.5 °C to Normal to decreasing, no Normal to increasing, Normal to decreasing, ranging + 3 °C by 2050s but change by 2015, but change ranging from no change to from no change to decreasing by changes evident in next ranging from no change to clear increasing by 2050, but 2050, and generally decreasing by decades decrease ofup to 20% could generally increasing by up up to 15% by 2100 become evident after 2070s to 50% by 2100 Increasing + 2 °C to + 3 Normal to decreasing, ranging No consistent signal in Normal to decreasing, ranging °C by 2050s but from no change to a clear projections from no change to decreasing by AERII changes evident in next decrease ofup to 35% by 2100. 2050, and generally decreasing by decades Change may become evident up to 35% by 2100 from 2040s Increasing+ 1.5 °C to Normal to decreasing, ranging No consistent signal in Normal to decreasing, ranging + 3 °C by 2050s but from no change to a clear projections from no change to decreasing by AERI changes evident in next decrease ofup to 35% by 2100. 2050, and generally decreasing by decades Change may become evident up to 35% by 2100 from 2020s Adapted from: AfDB Group (2022) 14 3.2 Projected changes in selected climate indices over Zambia The Summer days (SU; daily temperature > 25 oC), Monthly maximum of daily maximum temperature (TXx), Cool Nights (TNl0p), Warm Nights (TN90p), Cool Days (TXl0p), Warm Days (TX90p), Diurnal Temperature Range (DTR), Maximum 1-day precipitation (Rxlday), Maximum 5-day precipitation (Rx5day), Annual total wet-day precipitation (Total rainfall; PRCPTOT), Consecutive Dry Days (CDDs) and Consecutive Wet Days (CWDs) under Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP4.5, RCP8.5) are shown in Table 2. These climate indices exert impacts on sectors. Climate indices such as annual precipitation total, diurnal temperature range, simple daily intensity index, and annual contribution from very wet days are societal impact indices. Changes in frequency and magnitude of extreme weather events have an important impact on mortality rates, especially among elderly people. The summer days exhibits an increase in daily temperature > 25oC during 2021- 2050 relative to the baseline (1971-2000) under RCP4.5 and RCP8.5. The summer days show an increase in days of 0.03-170 and 0.03-162 days under RCP4.5 and RCP8.5, respectively. The summer days shows an increase in the northern part of Zambia. However, monthly maximum of daily maximum temperature under RCP8.5 shows an increase in monthly maximum of daily maximum temperature from l.56oC to 2.39oC. The number of cool nights and warm nights exhibits both an increase and decrease in cool and warm nights in selected parts of the country. There are both increase and decrease in the number of cool days under RCP4.5. The number of cool days and warm days shows an increasing trend from 2021-2050 relative to 1971-2000 under RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 (Table 2). The occurrence of larger number of cool days (-0.09 to 0.50 days) and warm days (-0.08 to 0.50 days) will occur under RCP4.5. Diurnal temperature range during 2021-2050 relative to 1971-2000 under RCP4.5 (0.03-1.25 oC) and RCP8.5 (-0.21 to 1.00 oC). Diurnal temperature range is an important indicator for climate change (Braganza et al., 2004; Qu et al., 2014) and has significant impacts on agricultural production and productivity. The factors influencing diurnal temperature range includes; land use/land cover changes (LULCC), urbanization, irrigation, station moves, desertification, and other climatic effects (Qu et al., 2014). Diurnal temperature range is an important meteorological indicator of global climate change with higher values inducing stroke morbidity (Lei et al., 2020). The maximum 1-day precipitation, maximum 5-day precipitation and annual total wet-day precipitation exhibit an increase and decrease in the amount of rainfall under RCP4.5 and RCP8.5. Table 2 shows higher reduction compared to increase in Rx5day under RCP4.5. However, the Total rainfall shows a decrease trend in selected northern, central, and southern parts of Zambia. The Consecutive Dry Days and Consecutive Wet Days exhibit both an increase and 15 decrease in consecutive dry and wet days under RCP4.5 and RCP8.5. The Consecutive Wet Days will increase/decrease under RCP4.5 (-24.27 to 29.63 days) and RCP8.5 (-17.40 to 13.90 days). The trend in Consecutive Wet Days is statistically significant in selected parts of Western, North-western, Southern, Northern, Muchinga and Lusaka provinces. Consecutive Wet Days for most of the country were statistically non-significant. The Consecutive Wet Days for the period 2021-2050 under RCP8.5 shows a decreasing trend of 0.6 days in Eastern and selected parts of Muchinga, Northern, Luapula, Central, Copperbelt and Southern provinces. However, all the trends observed under RCP8.5 are statistically non-significant. There is a higher reduction in Consecutive Wet Days under RCP4.5 (-100.37 to -5.43 days) compared to RCP8.5 (-83.37 to -4.50 days). The Consecutive Wet Days and Consecutive Wet Days has implication on agriculture productivity and production. Table 2: Computed Expert Team on Sector Specific Indices during 2021-2050 relative to 1971-2000 scenarios at annual basis Indices CDD CWD SU DTR PRCPTOT Rxlday Rx5day TNIOp TN90p TXI0p TX90p TXx Description Consecutive dry days (PR<l.0 mm) Consecutive wet days (PR>l.0 mm) Summer days ( daily temp >25°C) Diurnal temperature range Sum of daily PR>= 1.00 mm Maximum I-day PR total Maximum 5-day PR total Percentage of cold nights (%) Percentage of warm nights (%) Sector Water, Agriculture, Health, Transport, Energy, Forestry Water, Agriculture, Health, Transport, Tourism, Wildlife Health, Tourism, Wildlife, Agriculture Agriculture Water, Agriculture Water, Agriculture, Infrastructure, Energy, Forestry, Tourism, Wildlife Water, Agriculture, Infrastructure, Mining, Energy, Forestry, Tourism, Wildlife, Transport Agriculture, Health Agriculture, Health Percentage of cool days Agriculture Percentage of hot days(%) Agriculture, Health, Water, Transport Warmest daily maximum Agriculture, Health, Water, Mining, Water, TX (0 C) Wildlife, Infrastructure, Transport 2021-2050/1971-2000 2021-2050/1971-2000 Change (RCP4.5) Change (RCP8.5) -24.27 to 29.63 -17.40 to 13.90 -100.37 to -5.43 -83.37 to -4.50 0.03 to 170.73 0.03 to 162.37 0.03 to 1.25 -0.21 to 0.100 -342.64 to 116.68 -294.12 to 221.15 -8.84 to 10.42 -08.79 to 7.48 -21.19 to 24.97 -19.64 to 17.49 -0.48 to 0.30 -0.36 to 0.33 -0.32 to 0.37 -0.22 to 0.35 -0.09 to 0.50 -0.18 to 0.34 -0.08 to 0.50 -0.02 to 0.48 1.44 to 2.44 1.56 to 2.39 *Summer days (SU; daily temperature> 25 °C), Monthly maximum of daily maximum temperature (TXx), Cool Nights (TNIOp), Warm Nights (TN90p), Cool Days (TXIOp), Warm Days (TX90p), Diurnal Temperature Range (DTR), Maximum I-day precipitation (Rxlday), Maximum 5-day precipitation (Rx5day), Annual total wet-day precipitation (PRCPTOT), Consecutive Dry Days (CDDs) and Consecutive Wet Days (CWDs) under Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP4.5, RCP8.5) ** Agriculture: Crop, Fisheries, Livestock 17 4.0 ADAPTATION ACTIONS FOR CLIMATE HAZARDS Droughts, floods, high temperatures and windstorms were identified as the main hazards affecting the sectors, geographical regions and social groups. In assessing the vulnerability of sectors and geographical regions as well as the adaptation options, five (5) vulnerability elements were considered, namely environmental, social, human, financial, physical and institutional vulnerabilities. The tables in the sections below for each hazard are in two parts. The first part focusses on vulnerability (Exposure by Hazards, Sensitivity, Adaptive capacity, Climate Risk level). The second, focusses on adaptation actions, Target groups to respond to vulnerability and affected area (Sectors, Provinces and AERs). 4.1 Adaptation actions to droughts Droughts are a major climate hazard that exacerbates vulnerabilities among different groups and societies in Zambia (Table 3). Drought as used under this section refers to seasonal droughts, intra-seasonal droughts and dry spells. With over 60% of the Zambian population dependent on farming for their livelihood, droughts are a major climatic vulnerability that impacts nearly all sectors of the Zambian economy. The assessment involved a description of how droughts have constituted these elements vulnerable, the variants of the elements exposed to hazards, the adaptive capacity of the communities which are susceptible to these vulnerabilities as well as the ranking of the climate risk which droughts pose on the identified vulnerability elements. Further, adaptation options for managing the vulnerabilities as a result of droughts were identified while the susceptible regions in Zambia to these vulnerabilities were also identified. 18 Table 3: Vulnerabilities and adaptation actions to droughts (periodic and seasonal, dry spells, intra-seasonal drought [Onset and cessation]) Description of Exposures by Adaptive capacity Sensitivity Climate Adaptation actions Target Groups Affected areas .€,, vulnerabilities hazards Risk Level Sectors Provinces AER ~d {l " ~ § ..s ~ ;:i .ii > Loss of the natural High - Regeneration High - The Low High • Sustainable forestry Natural Resource Agriculture All Provinces AllAERs resource base (land, of miombo natural resource's management Managers and Livestock ecosystems, pasture, woodlands takes ability to • Rangeland management communities Fisheries water sources, forests) very long once regenerate and • Assisted natural regeneration Wildlife due to droughts degraded, water bounce back from • Water catchment protection Forestry resources easily dry a perturbation is and conservation Water up in drought-prone high • Tree planting to increase tree areas, and pastures cover dry up in drought • Reduce deforestation and periods forest degradation Increased • Creation of awareness on the desertification importance of forest conservation • Promote utilization of alternative non-wood fuel ';;I sources of energy "El • Promote agroforestry " ~ • Promotion of the use of J locally adapted livestock (indigenous) strains/breeds • Promotion of the consumption of livestock and livestock products from locally adapted livestock strains/breeds Declining fish stock in Medium - Drying up Medium- Most of Medium Medium • Water catchment protection Water Resource Water Southern, AERl&II natural water bodies of water bodies due the fish is in and conservation managers, Water Fisheries Western, due to droughts to droughts could perennial water • Protection and restoration of users associations Central, reduce fish stock bodies which do critical habitats (Fish Luapula, not dry as a result breeding areas) Northern, of droughts • Sensitize communities Lusaka towards sustainable fish farming practices • Rehabilitate aquatic environments around river mouths 19 Description of Exposures by Adaptive capacity Sensitivity Climate Adaptation actions Target Groups Affected areas &2 vulnerabilities hazards Risk Level Sectors Provinces AER -~ A -;l" ~ 5 ..s ~ ;:i .ii > Increased fish diseases Low - Quality of Medium - Most of Medium Medium • Water catchment protection Fishing Fisheries Southern, AERI&II and outbreaks water reduces due to the fish is in and conservation Communities, Water Western, droughts which perennial water • Control the spread of fish Water Eastern makes fish bodies which do disease to other natural water management susceptible to not dry as a result bodies agencies, Fishery disease outbreaks of droughts • Strengthen aquaculture Resource e.g. epizootic regulations Managers ulcerative syndrome Reduced water High - Game areas High - Existence High High • Provision of water points Wildlife managers, Wildlife, Southern, AERI&II availability for wildlife that do not have of water stress in water-stressed national Water Western, due to droughts perennial rivers are zones in national parks and GMAs (weirs, Community Eastern, highly susceptible to parks dams, reservoirs) Resource Boards Central reduced water from • Promote artificial (CRBs) droughts groundwater rechar:e Increased mortality of High - Animals Medium Medium Medium • Establish a mechanism for Wildlife managers, Forest, Southern, AERI&II wildlife due to become susceptible surveillance of the well- Wildlife and Western, droughts to drought induced being of wildlife Community Tourism Eastern, stress due to reduced • Restock depleted national Resource Boards Central water points and parks (CRBs) food • Improve planning and management of wildlife estates • Supplementary feeding and water provision for wildlife • Creating community wildlife ranches and reserves as an additional conservation effort for the conservation of endangered species as well as biodiversity enhancement. • Establish community game ranches/ community parks for the conservation of wildlife species • Strengthen the operational capacity of Community Resource Boards (CRB) 20 Description of Exposures by Adaptive capacity Sensitivity Climate Adaptation actions Target Groups Affected areas &2 vulnerabilities hazards Risk Level Sectors Provinces AER -~ A -;l" ~ 5 ..s ~ ;:i .ii > including knowledge of climate Increased wildlife Medium - Droughts Medium - The Low Medium • Develop and implement Wildlife managers, Forestry Southern, AERI&II habitat loss due to and high country is a fire management plans Western, increased incidences of temperatures combination of for national parks and Community Wildlife Eastern, fire exacerbate miombo and game management areas Resource Boards Central incidences of forest savannah • Promote the (CRBs) fires rangelands. While development and Community Forest much of the implementation of forest Management miombo habitat is fire management (plans) Groups (CFMGs) resilient, the in PF As and open forests grasslands are less so Reduced stream flow High - Hydrological Low - Human High in AER High • Strengthen compliance Water Resource Water Southern, AER A. II due to droughts droughts and dry environmental I, II and low in with environmental managers Western, &III spells which degradation AERIII water flows Central, commonly occur reduces the • Monitoring and Luapula, contribute to reduced capacity for management of water Water users Northern, stream flow stream flow resources associations Lusaka • Water catchment protection and conservation Increased forest Medium - The local Medium - Local High High • Afforestation Community Agriculture All provinces AllAERs loss/tree mortality due forests are largely forests are not • Reforestation Resource Boards, Forests to droughts miombo woodlands adapted to long- • Protection of water Community Forest which are quite term water stress catchments located in Groups resilient to droughts as a result of forests Forest users droughts • Assisted natural re!eneration Reduced Non-Wood High - Increased Low - Non-wood High High • Promote participatory Community Forestry All provinces AllAERs Forest Products e.g. frequency and forestry products forestry management Forestry mushrooms due to intensity of droughts are not adapted to (CFMGs) Management droughts have contributed to long-term • Promote forest Groups, reduced non-wood droughts and dry management anchored Community Forest forestry products spells on ecosystem and /or Groups landsca•e a••roaches 21 Description of Exposures by Adaptive capacity Sensitivity Climate Adaptation actions Target Groups Affected areas &2 vulnerabilities hazards Risk Level Sectors Provinces AER -~ A -;l" ~ 5 ..s ~ ;:i .ii > Forest users Moisture stress/ High - Late onset of Medium - Most Medium Medium • Promote Assisted Community Forestry Southern, AERI&II changes in phenology rains entail intra- woodlands in Natural Regeneration Forestry Western, at the start and end of seasonal droughts Zambia can still (ANR) in indigenous Management Eastern, the growing season which makes it a grow with forests /or Restoration of Groups, Central challenge for plants reduced rainfall degraded areas to grow. Further, the and dry spells Community Forest early offset of rain Groups also contributes to moisture stress on Forest users olants Shift in forest species Medium -Droughts Medium - The Medium Medium • Undertake regular or Community Forestry Southern, AERI&II distribution /loss or and increased duration of periodic forest Forestry Western, reduced forest temperatures affect droughts and inventories to assess Management Eastern, biodiversity due to the diversity of temperatures in species composition, Groups Central droughts species and Zambia do not stocking levels and introduce new one enhance species distribution Forest users diversity chan!e Increased temperatures Medium - Droughts Medium - The Low Medium • Establishing fire Wildlife managers, Forestry Southern, AERI&II and drought conditions and high country is a management Wildlife Western, contribute to frequent temperatures combination of infrastructure in and Community Eastern, risks of forest fires exacerbate miombo and around protected forest Resource Boards Central incidences of forest savannah areas (PF As) (CRBs) fires rangelands. While • Establishment of forest much of the fire early warning and miombo habitat is rapid response system resilient, the • Development of fire risk grasslands are less maps which specifies so hi!h and low risks Reduced water quality High - Droughts can Low - Most rural High High • Promote rainwater Rural Water All provinces AERA I, II and quantity as a result induce water scarcity communities have harvesting Communities Agriculture &III of droughts and often reduced only one source of • Construction of new and Energy .; water in water bodies water e.g. a river, rehabilitation of existing Water Resource Transport ·n compromise the or a stream and dams in accordance with managers 0 r:/) water quality which when water climate-smart codes and affects populations quantity and standards Water utility utilising the resource quality are • Development of well companies affected they fields 22 Description of Exposures by Adaptive capacity Sensitivity Climate Adaptation actions Target Groups Affected areas &2 vulnerabilities hazards Risk Level Sectors Provinces AER -~ A -;l" ~ 5 ..s ~ ;:i .ii > become • Promote recycling and vulnerable use for domestic, agricultural and industrial use • Water quality monitoring and control • Improve resource management around water points and boreholes • Mapping and assessment of available groundwater resources • Strengthen Water Catchment Management and Protection Reduced groundwater High - Droughts can Medium - High High High • Strengthen regulations Water Resource Water Southern, AERI levels due to droughts enhance the rainfall areas have for borehole drilling Managers, Disaster Eastern reduction of a high adaptive • Improve domestic water Risks Managers, Agriculture groundwater due to capacity as there supply by utility Insurance limited water is reduced companies Companies seepage in the incidences of • Protection of ground droughts while groundwater recharge low rainfall areas zones have low adaptive • Construction of artificial capacity due to ground recharge frequent drought infrastructure occurrences • Expansion of climate- resilient water supply infrastructure • Protection of wetlands and wetland resources based on the EbA a·nroach Reduced availability of High - Especially for Low - Especially High High • Enhance water demand Small-scale Water Southern AERI&II § water supply and communities whose for communities management farmers that are Western I sanitation water sources are dependent on a • Improved water exposed to drought Agriculture Eastern affected by droughts single natural harvesting techniques hazards Central and those without source of water • Promote ecological + health posts sanitation which uses Communities with less water water challenges, 23 Description of Exposures by Adaptive capacity Sensitivity Climate Adaptation actions Target Groups Affected areas &2 vulnerabilities hazards Risk Level Sectors Provinces AER -~ A -;l" ~ 5 ..s ~ ;:i .ii > • Enhance water resource Disaster Risks management Managers, Insurance Com•anies Reduced interest in Low - Agriculture is High - Low Low • Promote water Small-scale Agriculture Southern AERI&II agriculture due to still the mainstay for Availability of harvesting farmers Western droughts affecting most households in alternative • Incentivizing the Eastern crops Zambia even in livelihoods to agriculture sector Communities with Central drought-prone areas agriculture (policy and incentives) financial water challenges • Agro-processing & value addition Increased human- High - This is due to Low due to High High • Development of Communities Wildlife Western, AERI$11 wildlife conflicts drought induced increased participatory village living in GMA, Southern, movement of frequency and land use plans Wildlife Resource Eastern, wildlife into human severity of • Provision of water Managers Central, settlements droughts points in national parks Lusaka • Enforce equitable benefit sharing arrangements among government, communities and the private sector in the management of wildlife resources. • Relocating humans from wildlife corridors • Awareness of animal behaviour and how to interact with wildlife. • Training community members as blasters aimed at scaring animals from human settlements • Promote public private community partnerships in the sustainable management of wildlife resources 24 Description vulnerabilities of Exposures by Crop failure and food insecurity due to droughts Increased incidence of climate-sensitive diseases, water-borne diseases (diarrhoeas: cholera, dysentery and typhoid); vector-borne (Malaria) and airborne respiratory conditions hazards High - Intra- seasonal droughts and dry spells severely contribute to crop failures and food insecurity High - This is due to high prevalence of water challenges (both quality and quantity) and a lack of health posts in most communities Adaptive capacity Low - Drought prone areas and small-scale farmers have minimal capacity to deal with food insecurities due to droughts Low - Especially for rural communities due to reduced access to healthcare Sensitivity High High Climate Risk Level High High 25 Adaptation actions • • • • • • • • • crop to Encouraging diversification drought-tolerant crops and varieties Promoting use of indigenous food and crop varieties which are tolerant to droughts; Enhancing alternative livelihoods in low­ rainfall regions Improved grain storage facilities for produce at national level Promote conservation indigenous varieties seed of crop Promotion use of indigenous and local knowledge in food oroduction svstems Strengthening public health emergency preparedness and response to climate­ sensitive diseases Strengthening of surveillance activities (Tracking of diseases and trends related to climate change) Integrate health services and protection measures into climate vulnerability assessments • Strengthen surveillance for water quality at the sources Target Groups Small scale farmers, Disaster Risks Managers, Insurance Companies Health care managers Rural and Urban Communities affected by water quality issues Affected areas Sectors Provinces Agriculture Agriculture Health Southern Western Eastern Central Southern Western Central Lusaka Eastern AER AERI&II AERI&II Description of Exposures by Adaptive capacity Sensitivity Climate Adaptation actions Target Groups Affected areas &2 vulnerabilities hazards Risk Level Sectors Provinces AER -~ A -;l" ~ 5 ..s ~ ;:i .ii > • Domestic (household) water purification in hotspots • Research in climate- sensitive diseases • Malaria control activities (vector control (i.e., IRS, ITN etc.) • Surveillance of malaria incidence • Surveillance of non- pneumonia disease incidence • Implement health promotion activities Poor nutrition levels High - Failure to Medium - High High • Promote health Small scale Health Southern AERI&II due to reduced food grow healthy foods Concentration is education on how to farmers Central productivity and by communities in on a maize diet prepare and use Agriculture Western production. drought-prone areas which reduces on available foods Eastern due to water the diet richness • Promote cultivation of Lusaka challenges and encourages fortified food crops stunting in ( orange-fleshed sweet children potatoes and maize) • Promoting the preparation and preservation of foods • Enhance food production and post- harvest and preservation techni•1Ues. Reduced income from High - Droughts Low - Inadequate High High • Agriculture insurance . Small scale Agriculture Southern AERsI& II agriculture, livestock contributing to financial capacity • Income diversification farmers, Disaster Western and fisheries due to reduced productivity to take adaptation • Promotion of the use of Risks Managers, Eastern ';;! reduced productivity have severely actions or drought locally adapted livestock Insurance Central ·n and yield as a result of affected small-scale mitigation (indigenous) Companies § .s droughts farmers' income measures strains/breeds ~ from selling crops, • Promotion of the livestock and fish consumption of livestock and livestock products from locally 26 Description of Exposures by Adaptive capacity Sensitivity Climate Adaptation actions Target Groups Affected areas &2 vulnerabilities hazards Risk Level Sectors Provinces AER -~ A -;l" ~ 5 ..s ~ ;:i .ii > adapted livestock strains/breeds Effect on input High - Increased Low - High prices High High • Promote alternative Small scale Agriculture All provinces AllAERs supplies by affecting prices due to reduced coupled with low livelihoods such as rice farmers Fisheries product prices, availability of supply financial capacity farming, beekeeping, fishmeal, and fish oil as a result of etc. costs, and other goods droughts and services needed by fishers and aquaculture producers. Reduced income from High - Most of Medium - There Medium Medium • Enhancing tourism in Community- Tourism, All provinces AERs I, II tourism and wildlife- Zambia's tourist is potential for high-rainfall areas Resource Boards Wildlife &III based activities due to activities are eco- alternative tourist (CRBs) reduced tourist visits to based which are sites in high Tour Operators, the water-based susceptible to rainfall regions Communities tourism sites droughts and non-nature- benefiting from based tourism tourist activities Costs to the health High - Increased High - Low High High • Promotion of health Small scale Health Southern AERI&II sector increase during disease and health financial capacity insurance farmers Western droughts because of conditions related to to deal with health • Promotion of production Eastern outbreaks of diseases. droughts resulting in complications of crops enhancing Communities Central high costs of health related to disease balanced diets without health Lusaka access outbreaks oosts 27 Description of Exposures by Adaptive capacity Sensitivity Climate Adaptation actions Target Groups Affected areas &2 vulnerabilities hazards Risk Level Sectors Provinces AER -~ A -;l" ~ 5 ..s ~ ;:i .ii > Droughts in some Low - Most mines in High - Most Low Low • Promotion of efficient Institutions Water, Copperbelt AER I & III cases cause a reduction drought-prone areas mines have utilisation of hydro- operating in the Mining in available water have alternative alternative schemes upstream water mining sector Southern needed for mineral sources of water to enhance or ensure processing resulting in availability of water North- reduced income from downstream for hydro- Western mines power production. • Recycle water in mining Luapula and mineral processes • Practice water recycling to minimize the pumping of water • Use water-efficient mining and mineral processes Reduced income/ loss Medium - Increased Low - Most Medium Medium • Promote alternative Fishers in various Fisheries Luapula AERI, II& of livelihood for local frequency of fishers lack viable livelihoods such as rice communities, Southern III fishers droughts contributes alternative farming, beekeeping, Disaster Risks Lusaka to loss of household livelihoods etc. Managers, Western incomes from Insurance Central affected fisheries Com1tanies Droughts causes a High - Reduced Medium - Mines Medium Medium • Use of clean power Institutions Energy, Copperbelt AER I & III reduction in power water in water bodies have the financial alternatives that are operating in the Water Southern supply generated from such as the Zambezi capacity to utilise locally accessible, e.g. mining sector Mining North- hydroelectric power affecting power alternative power creating hydro-electric Western (HEP) that is generation to the sources even power from water that is distributed to the mines mines and though this may pumped from the pit, Luapula and manufacturing manufacturing increase the cost setting up a solar power industries industries of production plant. • Investment in exploring alternative energy sources such as solar energy, thermal energy, and nuclear energy. 28 Description of Exposures by Adaptive capacity Sensitivity Climate Adaptation actions Target Groups Affected areas &2 vulnerabilities hazards Risk Level Sectors Provinces AER -~ A -;l" ~ 5 ..s ~ ;:i .ii > Loss of soil nutrients High - Top fertile Medium - High High • Irrigation schemes Organisations and Agriculture Southern AERI&II and damage to soil soils in drought- Conventional operationalized projects supporting Water Western structure due to prone areas are farmers have a • New irrigation farming agriculture Eastern droughts exposed to objects of low adaptive developed Lusaka erosion such as capacity but • Promotion of Climate- Small scale Central wind, and water farmers practising Smart Agriculture farmers climate-smart • Irrigation infrastructure agriculture face constructed and fewer such rehabilitated challenges • Promotion of irrigation and efficient use of water resources. • Strengthen soil and water conservation technolo!ies Loss of water-based High - Most water- Low - Most of High High • Promote non-water Tourism managers Wildlife, Southern AERI&II "@ tourism sites as sites based tourism sites Zambia's tourism based tourism products Tourism Western u dry up due to in drought-prone is water- and packages Community-based Water Central ·;;i E prolonged droughts areas are susceptible dependent and • Intensive Management tourism groups Agriculture Eastern p., to droughts there is generally such Wildlife programs as poor natural drilling water points for Wildlife Managers Forestry resource wildlife management • Promote techniques supplementation of feed employed at for wildlife during tourism sites drought periods • Encouraging participatory approach to range land management involving communities living in or around wildlife- protected areas, and who depend on rangeland resources for their livelihoods 29 Description of Exposures by Adaptive capacity Sensitivity Climate Adaptation actions Target Groups Affected areas &2 vulnerabilities hazards Risk Level Sectors Provinces AER -~ A -;l" ~ 5 ..s ~ ;:i .ii > Reduced hydropower High - Increased Low - Few but High High • Promote installation and Managers in Energy All Provinces AERI, II& supply to the incidences of expensive utilization of alternative energy-providing III households due to droughts affect alternatives power sources institutions (Public droughts hydropower available such as • Promote and Private sctors) generation which solar which implementation of off- affects supply to hinders uptake of grid power supply for Households households alternative households so that there sources of power is more energy diverted to mineral production • Augment processes for transitioning to Renewable Energy Technologies (RETs) • Promote increased use of alternative energy • Conduct research and produce an atlas of Zambia's renewable energy hot spots Reduced power supply High - High Medium - Most High High • Install and utilize Electricity Energy All Provinces AERI, II& from hydro, resulting incidences of small-scale alternative power producers III in low production by droughts industries may not sources industries contributing to load- have the financial • Increased use of Industries shedding to capacity to utilize alternative energy industries alternative sources of •ower Increased dust levels in Medium - Droughts High - Mining Medium Medium • Undertake regular dust Institutions Mining Copperbelt AER I & III mining areas tend to contribute to companies have suppression measures operating in the Southern increased dust the capacity to mining sector North among mining sites manage the dust • Plant trees and allow Western and surrounding around mining vegetation to regenerate areas activities in areas that are not utilized § Weak community Medium - Increased Low - The lack of Medium Medium • Strengthening Farmer Agriculture All provinces AllAERs :~ '@ structures to cope with incidences of technical skills community structures cooperatives, Water drought-induced droughts affecting and structures that for managing droughts Water User Financial t;l hazards communities in make Associations, ..s drouvit-prone areas communities Women Grou•s 30 Description vulnerabilities of Exposures by Weak or inexistent infrastructure meant to improve diversification tourism from ecosystem-based tourism Inadequate early warning systems for predicting droughts hazards High - Ecosystem­ based tourism is highly susceptible to droughts which are prevalent in the southern part of Zambia High - There are increased frequencies and intensity of droughts Adaptive capacity manage drought­ induced impacts Low - Generally, there is low capacity to absorb the latest technology, poor capacity to generate and disseminate tourism information, as well as inadequate financial capacity to develop and manage tourism infrastructure Medium - Poor capacity of weather makers to predict incidences, frequency intensity and of and dry droughts spells Sensitivity Medium High Climate Risk Level Medium High 31 Adaptation actions • • • • • • • Providing early warning information Develop infrastructure in tourism sites Diversify tourism from an ecosystem-based Developing emergency response mechanisms Application of drones, GIS/remote sensing in mapping of drought­ prone areas Integrated Indigenous Knowledge Systems (IKS) with modernized early warning systems Increase the installation of automatic weather stations • Enhance early warning systems • Up-scaling on dissemination of climate services Target Groups Agriculture Extension Officers, Disaster Risks Managers, Insurance Com•anies Tourism managers Community-based tourism groups § Small-scale farmers that are exposed to droughts, Disaster Risks Managers, Insurance Companies Affected areas Sectors Provinces Tourism All sectors Southern Western Northern Eastern Luapula AER AllAERs 4.2 Adaptation actions to floods With climate change certain areas in the country are at higher risk of flooding than others but anywhere that receives prolonged and heavy rainfall can also be at risk. Table 4 below details the climate vulnerabilities and adaptation action associated with floods. Floods affect all provinces, AERs and sectors. The increased frequency and intensity of floods leads to poor crop yields, compromising food security and exacerbating poverty among the rural and peri-urban population.-Food insecurity is associated with poor nutrition especially among children. Floods obliterate food resources, leading to food insecurity and inadequate dietary diversity which in turn lead to prevalence of malnutrition cases in Zambia (NAPA, 2007; GRZ-TNC, 2020). Floods compromise the quality of water, sanitation, and hygiene (Mwitwa, 2018). This raises health concerns and increases women's vulnerabilities to risks of attack as they look for water, compromised menstrual hygiene, physical stress, and loss of time in other productive areas (GRZ & IUCN, 2018). The mining sector has also not been spared. Extreme climate events such as floods can adversely impact mining operations. The vulnerability of the wildlife sector to climate change is linked to the vulnerability of tourism. High rainfall presents both vulnerabilities and opportunities for tourism. However, there is little information on climate change vulnerabilities of tourism in high rainfall areas in Zambia. Floods have implications on the health sector (NAPA, 2007; GRZ-TNC, 2020). Further, costs to the health sector increase have increased with floods because of outbreaks of diseases. The diseases associated with floods include water borne diseases. Climate change has increased the geographic coverage and survival of mosquito populations thereby increasing the vulnerability of Zambians that previously may not have been exposed to Malaria (USAID, 2012; Ngarakana-Gwasira et al., 2016). In recent years, infrastructure in Zambia has suffered the onslaught of high rainfall. High rainfall and floods compromise the structural integrity of such infrastructure, leading to deterioration and eventual total collapse. Table 4: Vulnerabilities and adaptation actions to floods (periodic and seasonal, water logging) Description of Exposures by Adaptive capacity Sensitivity Climate Adaptation actions Target Groups Affected areas e. vulnerabilities hazards Risk Level Sectors Provinces AER j~ .. "' ... 8 "'"' =--li,a ~ Loss of terrestrial High- removal of Medium - slow flood Medium Medium • Promote sustainable Natural resource Agriculture, All provinces AERI, II vegetation from trees /vegetation waters recession and forestry; managers; Water, Wildilife &III extreme flooding poor survival of dry out of soils delays • Rangeland/pasture Community Forestry; Civil trees and plants regrowth of vegetation management; groups (in water, socitey from by high • Mapping and zoning of forests, wildlife velocity waters Poor adoption of flood prone areas and agriculture) and inundation resource conservation • Sustainable floods ';;I methods/ technologies management; 1:l <1) • Water catchment ~ conservation and J management • Promotion of climate- smart agriculture • Up-scaling on dissemination of climate services • Promoting agroforestry • Promote conservation amculture (CA) Increased wildlife Medium- wildlife Medium -mobility and Medium Medium • Sustainable floods Wildlife Tourism and All provinces AERI, II mortality due to drowning and ability of wildlife to management; Management Wildlife, Water &III floods disease move out of the way of • Protection of wildlife Officer; proliferation and rising waters to higher habitats and corridors Ecologists; Water habitat ground • Protection of wildlife resource destruction; breeding grounds managers; Break down of • Conservation of habitats to Community predator-prey support wildlife in Resource Boards relationships protected and open areas Increase in erosion Medium-erosion Medium-erosion and Low Medium • Mapping, zoning and Land use Lands; All provinces AERI,11 and sedimentation and collapse of sedimentation have less protection of ecologically Planners; Agriculture; &III in dams, lakes and riverbanks negative impact on sensitive areas; Foresters; Forests rivers obstruction of more less degraded and • Maintenance of vegetated Agriculture river beds and intact buffer strips along extension officers streams, watercourses suffocating • De-siltin!. of dams 33 aquatic organisms, and destroying habitats Decline in High-seasonal Medium-ecosystem Medium Medium • Water catchment Water Resources Water, Forestry, All AERsl, ecosystems services inundation of recovery following protection and Managers; Land Agriculture and II, & III due to extreme low-lying areas; extreme floods highly conservation; use planners; local floods river bank erosion variable; small floods • Promote sustainable flood Disaster government; and deposition; increase in primary management; managers; Disaster sanitation production, water • Manage species and Civil Society management breakdown regulation; ground habitats to protect Organisation water recharging, ecosystem functions; recreation and tourism • Increase knowledge and information on impacts and responses of fish, wildlife, and vegetation to floods; • Improve pond site selection and design processes Decline in fish Low-periodic High-fish stock Low Medium • Sustainable fisheries Fisheries Officers; Fisheries and Southern; Agro- stocks due to flooding in recovery quick Management Fish management Forestry sectors Central; Ecologic flooding aquatic provided that instream • Strengthening of the early and conservation Luapula; al ecosystems habitat is not floods warning systems groups; Northern Regions (rivers and dramatically affected; and preparedness; (AER) II wetlands) Small seasonal floods • Sensitize communities &III can be beneficial to towards sustainable fish native fish stocks farming practices • Rehabilitate aquatic environments around river mouths • Strengthen community sensitization and enforcement of fisheries regulations including fish bans • Conservation of habitats to su1t1tort healthy fish stocks Disruption of the High-Direct High-poor livelihood High High • Sustainable flood Disaster Disaster All Agro- socio-economic effect on conditions of Management; mitigation mitigation and Ecologic ol status of urban, production assets, communities in flood • Emergency humanitarian managers; District management; al ·o peri-urban and rural displacement of prone locations response ( food, water, planners; Health, Fisheries; Regions Q CF!. people. people and sanitation and protection, Community Forestry, (AER) I, livestock; damage especially to women and Development Community II & III to infrastructure children) Officers; Development; 34 ( roads dwellings • Relocating communities agriculture Local etc.). affected to higher ground extension staff; government; • Adoption of alternative Health staff; agriculture and livelihoods such as rice Vulnerable groups Civil society farming, beekeeping, etc.; (Small scale rural • Enhanced social farmers, women protection programs with and girls; OVCs, improved targeting of the elderly; PWD beneficiaries (social cash and transfer, FSP, FISP PLWHIV/AIDS) Increased personal Medium- Medium - Lack of Medium Medium • Awareness and Institutions Water supply All Agro- risk for women and Decreased access to clean and safe sensitization in climate responsible for sector; Health, Ecologic adolescent girls in household water water; Dangerous, change climate change water resource Infrastructure al search for clean sources of time-consuming and issues and their development, Regions water household water physically demanding implications water supply and (AER) I, supply sources water fetching • Improving access to clean sanitation, civil II & III water and sanitary society, facilities VWASHE, • Developing local DWASHE rainwater harvesting measures Reduced crop High - damage to High - poor adoption of High High • Promote flood protection Agriculture Agriculture, All AERI,11 production due to cultivated crop CSA technologies; Poor structures on crop lands, Planners; Water sectors &III flooding land due to agriculture floods water sources and Agriculture flooding and control ecosystems; extension Workers water logging • Introduction of climate resilient and drought tolerant crop types and varieties; • Investment in community- based floods early warning system g Increased under High - Reduced High - Limited food High High • Promote health education Health planners; Health, All provinces AERI,11 ~ nutrition or nutritional status intake and poor access and on how to prepare and nutrition and Agriculture; &III malnutrition from especially for low to sufficiently nutritious use available foods agriculture Community food shortages income foods • Promoting the extension staff. Development; caused by floods communities preservation of indigenous Community Civil Society foods; groups, civil organisations • Diversifying foods and society enhanced diet supplement • Diversifying growing of indigenous plants, roots, tubers and fruits • Food fortification • Infant and child feeding at under-five clinics and 35 School Health Nutrition in schools Increased human- High - This is Low due to increased High High • Relocating humans Communities Wildlife Western, AERI$ wildlife conflicts due to flood frequency of floods from wildlife corridors living in GMA, Southern, II induced • Awareness of animal Wildlife Resource Eastern, movement of behaviour and how to Managers Central, wildlife into interact with wildlife. Lusaka human • Training community settlements members as blasters aimed at scaring animals from human settlements Pollution of water High- High-Inadequate water High High • Mapping and zoning of District planners; Water, Forestry, All Agro- sources from flood communities at resources management flood prone areas water resource Health, Ecologic waters risk of • Integrate landscape managers; Forests Infrastructure al contaminated of approaches in land use managers; urban Regions surface and plans and rural (AER) I, groundwater • Protection of ground and communities (and II & III surfaces water sources small-scale from pollution farmers flood • Water quality monitoring areas) and control • Enhanced water catchment management and protection Increase in High-exposure to High- Poor surveillance High High • Strengthening public Public health and Health, Water All AERI, waterborne, high risk diseases and early warning of health emergency water resources II, & III (zoonotic-vector from and stagnant flood induced water preparedness and response managers borne) diseases waters borne, diseases. for climate sensitive diseases • Strengthening disease surveillance and control activities • Strengthening research in climate sensitive diseases; • Promoting sustainable medical facilities and practices Increased flooding Medium- Medium -Inadequate Medium Medium • Designing and Mining operations Mining All provinces Agro- of mining pits damage to mining dewatering of mining implementing flood regulators; Mining Ecologic infrastructure and pits and damage to responsive mine establishment; al disruption of equipment dewatering plans small scale miners Regions minin: o•eration 36 • Installation of adequate (AER) II mining pits water pumping &III equipment during flood events Flooding of mines Medium-damage Medium Inadequate Medium Medium • Improve pollution control Mining operations Mining Copperbelt; AERIII tailings storage to the local management of tailings around tailings storage regulators; Mining North-western facilities causing environment from storage facilities facilities establishment; provinces local environmental acidic tailings • Design of climate resilient small scale miners degradation such as tailings dumps (flood bleaching responsive dewatering) • Design of tailings dumps that respond to the threats of floods • Location of tailings storage facilities away from human settlements/ activity • Neutralising tailings in all tailings storage facilities to avoid bleaching/breaching in case of floods Flooding of hydro- Medium- Low-Inadequate Low Low • Catchment protection and HEP power Energy, Water Southern, AERI, II electric generation Damage to power emergency flood conservation supply companies, Central; &III power stations generation management for hydro • Promote alternative use of Insurance Northern equipment and power generation power locally available companies reduced power stations e.g., solar or geothermal supply • Promote insurance of hydro-electric power plants and stations Reduced agriculture Medium-reduced High- financial High High • Engaging communities in Rural based small- Finance, Fish All provinces AERI, II (crops and income from capacity to take alternative income scale farmers, and livestock &III livestock) crop, fish and adaptation actions or generating activities Insurance productivity, fish as livestock sales flood mitigation outside of crop farming companies a result flooding measures • Providing financial and water logging incentives to the .; agriculture sector ·n § • Encouraging precision .s agriculture/ use of ICTs ~ • Adoption of alternative livelihoods such as rice farming, beekeeping, etc. • Promote insurance of hydro-electric power plants and stations 37 Disruption of Medium-reduced Medium-inadequate Medium Medium • Formulate a disaster Large and small; Mining Southern, AER mining operations income from climate risk measures management for flooding Small scale Copperbelt, I&II mining to the for mining activities events to mitigate losses miners Central; economy (life or damage to equipment) • Promote insurance of mines Reduced incomes Medium-reduced Low-Inadequate risk Low Medium • Diversification of tourism Tourism planners Tourism, All provinces AERI, II resulting from incomes from reduction climate risk product to more indoor Tourist operators; Wildlife, &III disruption of tourist activities measures in tourist activities Community Tourism tourism activities areas grou•s Loss of agricultural Medium- Medium - Poor floods Medium Medium • Construction of climate Small-scale Agriculture All Agro- fields, soil fertility Degradation of risk management smart infrastructure farmers that are Ecologic farm lands, soils measures in agricultural • Promote CSA exposed to flood al and conservation fields hazard Regions structures (AER) I, II & III Increased damage High - collapse of High - Lack of climate High High • Increase funding for Government All sectors Southern, Agro- to infrastructure infrastructure resilience guidance for regular maintenance of departments, local Lusaka; Ecologic (roads, water, such as roads, infrastructure existing road authorities Central, al building bridges culverts with development infrastructure and Road and building Copperbelt Regions and tourist roads) secondary buildings contractors, and Eastern (AER) I, impacts on health • Enhance climate proofing Insurance II & III and education of water infrastructure companies from extreme • Promote application of flooding climate smart resilient codes in for roads ";;! development (including -~ roads in National Parks E and Game Management ~ Areas and in high potential agricultural areas) • Construction, rehabilitation and maintenance ofloop roads in National Parks and Game Management Areas in tourist sites in accordance with climate smart building codes and standards • Periodic dredging of water canals • Development of climate resilient building codes and standards 38 • Undertake training for climate proofing of infrastructure • Promote insurance of infrastructure and buildings Preparedness and Medium- Medium - gaps in Low Medium • Strengthen and Sector focal All sectors All provinces Agro- response by centralisation of stakeholder community decentralise national flood points; Disaster Ecologic institutions preparedness for participation management manager; district al (national, and response • Implement multi-sectorial planners Regions subnational) for (planning to response to ensure Community (AER) I, floods management respond) recovery, rehabilitation institutions II & III ";;J and restoration; g • Strengthen coordination · p among institutions for E timely assistance to · p "' severely affected people . ..s • Investments to enhance emergency preparedness and response • Strengthen gender and indigenous knowledge systems mainstreaming in flood risk mana!:ement 39 4.3 Adaptation actions to high temperatures Temperature in Zambia is projected to increase by 1.9°C and 2.3°C by 2050 and 2100, respectively (Hamududu and Ngoma, 2020). Climate change has already led to a rise in global temperatures, causing more frequent and intense heat waves. Zambia, like many other countries, has experienced the impacts of these extreme weather events. In recent years, the country has witnessed prolonged periods of high temperatures, with consequences on the agriculture, infrastructure, livestock and human health among others. The impacts of high temperatures and heat waves are felt across Zambia, but some sectors and regions are particularly vulnerable. Agriculture, which is a key sector for the country's economy, is particularly susceptible to the effects of climate change. Prolonged dry spells and high temperatures have led to crop failures, reduced yields, and livestock deaths, resulting in food insecurity and loss of income for many farmers. In addition, vulnerable regions such as the Southern and Western provinces, which are already prone to drought, are facing an increased risk of water scarcity due to reduced rainfall and increased evaporation. Poor communities, particularly those in rural areas, are also at risk of health problems such as heat stroke and dehydration, which can be fatal without proper medical attention. The prolonged dry spells and high temperatures will contribute to food insecurity and water scarcity in the country. Table 5 shows high temperature hazards, vulnerabilities and proposed adaptation measures. Table 5: Vulnerabilities and adaptation actions to high temperatures (heat waves and heat stress) in geographical regions and sectors Description of Exposures by hazards Adaptive capacity Sensitivity Climate Risk Level Adaptation actions Target Groups Affected areas .t,, vulnerabilities Sectors Provinces AER ~d .g " ~ 5 ..a-;:, .ii :> Increased Medium - high Medium - Rangelands, Low Medium • Establishing fire Community Forestry, All 1,11, incidences of temperatures will grasslands have medium management forest groups, agriculture, provinces III forest fires increase incidences and adaptive capacity while infrastructure in and Forest, tourism, wildlife intensity of forest fires woodlands have a high around protected forest department, and livestock adaptive capacity to areas Department of forest fires • Development of fire risk Wildlife and maps which specifies National Parks high and low risks Small-scale • Early burning of fires in farmers, forests, cultivated fields livestock and rangelands farmers • Establishment of forest fire early warning and rapid response systems. • Installation of fire control measures .; infrastructure in tourism i:l sites " ~ • Develop and implement J fire management plans for national parks and game mana:ement areas Changes in fish Medium - high Medium- fish species Medium Medium • Adoption of alternative Fishing Fisheries Luapula, 1,11,III species temperatures will have temperature ranges livelihoods by communities Lusiaka, distribution negatively affect the which if exceeded will households in fish Western, functioning of aquatic lead to changes in their dependent communities. Southern, ecosystems and affect distribution Northern, fish growth and Central reproduction thereby changing distribution of fish s11ecies Increased Medium - high Low adaptive capacity Medium High • Promotion of the use of Livestock Agriculture, All I, II, exposure to pests temperature will increase due to inadequate locally adapted farmers, fishers Forestry, provinces III and diseases pests and diseases for surveillance of pests and livestock (indigenous) and smallholder fisheries, including heat crops, livestock, fish and diseases ( crops, strains/breeds. farmers. livestock, stress, stroke and wildlife. livestock, wildlife, • Promote Integrated Pest Wildlife, Health heat waves. fisheries). Management (1PM) 41 Description of Exposures by hazards Adaptive capacity Sensitivity Climate Risk Level Adaptation actions Target Groups Affected areas .t,, vulnerabilities Sectors Provinces AER ~d .g " ~ 5 ..s-;:s .I.l ;;.. • Characterisation and promotion of indigenous livestock strains/breeds • Promotion of animal health delivery. . Strengthen monitoring among fishers and fish farmers Reduced water High-high Medium due to degraded Medium High • Investing in climate Livestock Water, livestock, Southern, I, II availability for evapotranspiration and water catchment areas. resilient water farmers, water forestry Western, various social limited ground water infrastructure utility Central, activities recharge. . Develop groundwater companies, Lusaka resource utilization and efficient use for different sectors Reduced High exposure of native Medium adaptive Medium High • Rehabilitate aquatic Fishers, forest Fisheries, All 1,11, productivity (land, biodiversity in capacity of ecosystems environments around dependent Forestry and provinces III ecosystem, ecosystems to high river mouths. communities Agriculture. fisheries). temperatures. • Promote afforestation and smallholder and reforestation of farmers. catchment area. • Promote Assisted Natural Regeneration Reduction in High exposure of Low adaptive capacity Medium High • Provision of water Livestock Livestock, Western, I, II animal growth wildlife and domestic due to reduced access to points in water stressed farmers and wildlife Southern, and productivity. animals and insufficient water areas including national Department of Central, water to support growth parks (weirs, dams and National Parks Lusaka and and development of reservoirs. and Wildlife Eastern domestic and wildlife provinces • Drying of High exposure of Low adaptive capacity High High • Promote sustainable Small scale Agriculture, Western, I, II, streams streams which is of streams coupled with land management farmers, livestock, Southern, III exacerbated by degraded catchments • Integrate landscape livestock wildlife, Forestry, Central, unsustainable land use approaches in land use farmers, Water Water Eastern, practices. planning in river User Lusaka catchments Associations, Copperbelt Traditional leaders 42 Description of Exposures by hazards Adaptive capacity Sensitivity Climate Risk Level Adaptation actions Target Groups Affected areas .t,, vulnerabilities Sectors Provinces AER ~d .g " ~ 5 ..s-;:s .I.l ;;.. • Migration of fish High-high Medium due to inability Medium Medium • Promote aquaculture Fisher at Fisheries Western, I, II, to better micro- temperatures affecting of fish to grow and development and other various stages Southern, III climates due to aquatic ecosystems reproduce under forms of alternative of the value Central, rising resulting to unfavorable changing climatic livelihood in fishing chain, Luapula temperatures conditions for native conditions. communities (utilization Traditional Eastern, species. of fish cages and leaders Lusaka pens )Promote utilization Copperbelt of fishponds and fish cages • Integrate landscape approaches in land use planning in river catchments • Reforestation along river channels . Disruption of High exposure of Low -Poor capacity High High • Diversification in Smallholder Agriculture, All 1,11, livelihoods of people due to high (technology, agriculture farmers and Water provinces III smallholder reliance on climate information, finance, • Characterization and 3 farmer economic sensitive natural knowledge) of adoption of indigenous Cl sources of resources based individuals and rural livestock strains/breeds 0 ell income and loss livelihood strategies. communities to adapt oflivestock. and limited livelihood options. • Increased High exposure to Low due to - low Medium Medium Implement health Communities in Health All I, II, proliferation of increase incidences of disease surveillance, promotion activities. areas prone to provinces III ~ pathogens climate sensitive Inadequate health heat stress and . Spatial and diseases. promotion activities and heat waves ~ temporal limited access to health widening of the services. vector oo»ulations Increased heat Medium exposure as • No tourism heat - Low Low • Provision of climate Tourist Tourism, Western, I, II stress for tourists tourism sites lack heat - relieving amnesties to smart cooling facilities operators, Wildlife, Lusaka, relieving amenities respond to heat stress. • Reforestation around wildlife Forestry, Southern& tourist camps and managers, Infrastructure Eastern facilities CRBs • Planting of trees around tourist camps and facilities 43 Description of Exposures by hazards Adaptive capacity Sensitivity Climate Risk Level Adaptation actions Target Groups Affected areas .t,, vulnerabilities Sectors Provinces AER ~d .g " ~ 5 ..s-;:s .I.l ;;.. Reduced income High exposure Income Low adaptive capacity High High • Adoption of alternative Smallholder Agriculture, All I,II, arising from low from selling crops, due to lack of financial livelihoods by farmers fisheries, provinces III productivity and livestock, fish, wildlife, capacity to take households in fish including livestock, yield and revenue from water adaptation actions or dependent communities youths and forestry, wildlife ( agriculture, high temperature • Promotion of efficient females, fisheries, mitigation measures reproduction capacity eg households livestock, and use of artificial livings in wildlife). insemination aroundGMAs • Promotion of improved and forest area grasses and legumes for ruminant feeding ] • Adoption of alternative u livelihoods by § .s households that are µ., dependent on natural resources • Install adequate and energy efficient cooling facilities underground to protect the health and safety of workers Reduced or disruption of economic activities n the in mining and ourism sectors 44 Description of Exposures by hazards Adaptive capacity Sensitivity Climate Risk Level Adaptation actions Target Groups Affected areas .t,, vulnerabilities Sectors Provinces AER ~d .g " ~ 5 ..s-;:s .I.l ;;.. Increased threat Medium exposure of Medium- Low Medium • Increased investments in Entire All 1,11 ofloss of infrastructure to high . Lack of risk mitigation the development of new populations, provinces III infrastructure to temperature resulting in measures climate resilient Insurance Infrastructure, fires compromised structural . Lack of building codes infrastructure i.e. roads, companies transport, health integrity of for green buildings bridges, etc. Increased cost of infrastructure (roads, • Inadequate enforcement • Design and construct maintenance of buildings) of building regulations climate proofed infrastructure infrastructure for health services Increased fires in • Medium • Revision of building rangeland and codes and standards .; forest Medium • Promote Insurance of -~ Medium Medium property against loss to z fires and other climatic 11., hazards • Revision of building codes and standards to include provision for fire resistant material • Enforcement of building codes • Building capacity by training stakeholders on the principles for green building designs 45 4.4 Adaptation actions to windstorms The windstorm or wind gust intensity and frequency is projected not to increase significantly with climate change. However, the absolute damages caused by windstorms will ultimately increase under future climate scenarios due to rising asset values as the economy grows and expands. Severe windstorms/or wind gust can cause widespread flying debris, damage to forests, properties, buildings, and transport and energy (power lines) infrastructure. Further, windstorms, wind gust and/or hailstones can damage roofs and tiles, dent vehicles, properties (buildings, agricultural structures, etc.), glasshouse and bring down vegetation. Strong winds can cause mechanical damage to crops which reduces income by affecting its growth and yield whist increasing pest and disease incidences. On the other hand, falling trees can block roads, damage fences and hedges and bring down utility lines as well as damage nearby buildings or vehicles. The windstorm, wind gust and hailstones affect all target groups, sectors, AERs and provinces. The impacts of extreme winds could be reduced by implementing a range of adaptation actions, such as the development and implementation of enhanced windstorm-resilient standards and building codes as presented in Table 6. The Table 6 shows vulnerability elements, vulnerabilities, and exposure by hazards, adaptive capacity, action actions, target groups and affected sectors, AERs and provinces. Table 6: Vulnerabilities and adaptation actions to windstorms in geographical regions and sectors Description of Exposures by Adaptive capacity Climate Risk Sensitivity Adaptation actions Target Groups Affected areas ~ vulnerabilities hazards Level Sectors Provinces AER -~ "' :-=A ~ s ]~ ;:s ~ ;:;. . Severe windstorms • Medium - • Medium - lack of • Medium- • Medium • Promote tree k-\.ll groups Agricultural (Crops, All AllAERs cause widespread Increased exposure climate resilient planting Livestock, provinces flying debris, to windstorms that infrastructure • Plant trees and Fisheries, and .l damage to damages forests allow vegetation Aquaculture sub- <=I vegetation and and trees (grass included) to sectors), Energy, s livestock regenerate in areas Health, A infrastructure that are not utilised Infrastructure, 8 e.g., ] trees, forests, • Plant trees and Mining, Tourism, livestock structures, allow vegetation to Wildlife, Forest, etc. regenerate in areas Transport, Water that are not utilized . . . . . • Neutralise tailings in all tailings storage facilities to avoid bleaching in case ofwindstorms . Sprinkle work areas with water in order to settle dust • Install sprinklers in areas where dust is generated • Undertake regular dust suppression measures . . . . . • Design mine pits that are responsive to the threat of windstorms • Design of tailings storage facilities should be changed to response to the threats of windstorms • Tailings storage facilities should be located far from anv human activitv 47 Description of Exposures by Adaptive capacity Climate Risk Sensitivity Adaptation actions Target Groups Affected areas .€., vulnerabilities hazards Level Sectors Provinces AER ~A ~ <l.l ~ 5 ..s~ ;:l µ:i > . Severe windstorms • Medium - Blocked • Medium - lack of • Medium - lack of • Medium • Promote use of lAll groups Agricultural (Crops, All • AllAERs cause widespread roads, damaged financial capacity capacity to alternative energy Livestock, provinces flying debris, fences, utility lines, integrated • Promote provision Fisheries, and damage energy, & buildings and alternative of alternative Aquaculture sub- infrastructure, vehicles energy sources sources of energy sectors), Energy, vehicles and causes and climate . Strengthen early Health, personal injury & resilient warning system Infrastructure, ] death, e.g. construction . Lobby govermnent Mining, Tourism, u 0 transport, livestock, codes to implement off- Wildlife, Forest, r:/1 energy, dwellings, grid power supply Transport, Water etc. • Medium- • Medium - lack of • Medium - lack for households • Compromised climate resilient of climate • Medium • Revision of quality and strength construction codes resilient building codes and of buildings construction standards codes . Strong winds can • Medium - • Medium - low • Low - lack of • low • Promote planting k-\ll groups Agricultural (Crops, All • AllAERs cause mechanical Increased adaptive capacity finances of hedges and wind Livestock, provinces damage to crops, & susceptibility to to prevent breaks Fisheries, and livestock pasture disease affects mechanical . Strengthen early Aquaculture sub- which will affect harvest quality, and damage to crops warning system sectors), Health growth, yields and crop may not meet due to strong • Enhancing market pest and disease the requirements of winds linkages for the incidence its intended market produce . Severe windstorms • Low - Damage • Medium - low • Medium - • Medium • Promotion of lAll groups Energy, Health, All AllAERs can cause infrastructure and adaptive capacity Increase climate resilient Infrastructure, provinces widespread damage buildings maintenance infrastructures Livestock, to buildings, and costs • Designing climate Mining, Tourism, transport and proof infrastructure Wildlife, energy (power • Enhance surveys Transport, Water lines) and water and trimming of infrastructure problem trees • Planting of grass, & trees as hedges and wind breaks • Crop failure and . Medium - Reduced • Medium - Medium - • Medium • Weather-based lAll groups Agricultural (Crops, All • AllAERs food insecurity crop and pasture Formulate a damage to crops, crop, aquaculture, Livestock, provinces yield disaster equipment and and livestock Fisheries, and § management plan property insurance Aquaculture sub- ~ to be used during • Promotion of sectors), Health windstorm events Climate Smart to mitigate loss of Agriculture life or damage to • Promoting ae;roforestrv or 48 Description of Exposures by Adaptive capacity Climate Risk Sensitivity Adaptation actions Target Groups Affected areas .€., vulnerabilities hazards Level Sectors Provinces AER ~A ~ <l.l ~ 5 ..s~ ;:l µ:i > equipment and • Promote property conservation agriculture (CA) . Strengthen early warnin!; system • Power outages, • Medium - Blocked • Medium - lack of • Medium - power • Medium • Promote use of IAll groups Energy, All • AllAERs damage to buildings roads, damaged resources to outages alternative power Infrastructure, provinces and vehicles, and fences, utility lines, maintain buildings that is locally Transport, Health personal injury and buildings and and infrastructure accessible death vehicles • Provision of alternative sources of energy • Lobby government to implement off- grid power supply for households . Strengthen early warning system • Maintain wind breaks and hedges • Revision of building codes and • Compromised • Medium - • Medium - lack of standards quality and strength damaged resources to • Medium - • Medium • Access to of buildings infrastructure & maintain buildings Designing mechanization building climate proof infrastructure • Damage to • Medium - Flying • Low - insufficient • Low - • Low • Carry out tree IAll groups Agriculture, All • AllAERs infrastructure & debris and falling climate insufficient tree assessment surveys Energy, Tourism, provinces buildings such as trees are the information assessment on a regular basis to Water, Health, health, residential, primary cause of • Medium - lack of surveys identify and prune Forest, etc. damage during a research in wind- or remove problem Infrastructure windstorm based climate trees prior to indices storms occurring. • Falling trees can . Strengthen early block roads, warning system damage fences and hedges and bring down utility lines as well as damage nearby buildings or vehicles 49 Description of Exposures by Adaptive capacity Climate Risk Sensitivity Adaptation actions Target Groups Affected areas .€., vulnerabilities hazards Level Sectors Provinces AER ~A ~ <l.l ~ 5 ..s~ ;:l µ:i > • High winds and • Low - Lack of • Low - Lack of• Low - Weak • Low • Enforcement of lAll groups Agricultural (Crops, All • AllAERs hailstones can research in climate climate resilience enforcement of construction codes ~ncluding farmers Livestock, provinces damage buildings, change and wind- infrastructure construction . Strengthen Fisheries, and utilities, roads, based climate codes research in climate Aquaculture sub- water & livestock indices change and sectors), Energy, infrastructure and windstorm-based Health, other farm climate indices Infrastructure, structures. • Improved Mining, Tourism, accessibility to Wildlife, Forest, weather and Transport, Water climate information . Strengthen early warnin!: svstem • Reduced • Medium - Soil • Medium - Poverty, • Medium - • Medium • Increase extension lAll groups Agricultural (Crops, All • AllAERs agricultural erosion limited Increased services ~ncluding farmers Livestock, provinces productivity • Medium - Reduced infrastructure, poverty and • Up-scaling on Fisheries, and soil fertility and illiteracy, weak reduced dissemination of Aquaculture sub- productivity institutions, lack of household food climate services sectors), Energy, . Medium - High technology and security . Promote insurance Health • Increased livestock winds reduces crop climate of property against mortality quality & yields information loss to fires and due to increased other climate stem, and tissue hazards damage and • Promote crop- disease incidence livestock integration • Promotion of the use of improved grasses and legumes • Low- • Up-scaling on dissemination of • Increased incidence • Low adaptive climate services of eye and capacity Medium • Medium • Promote improved respiratory diseases manure management • Planting of trees and vegetation to minimize dust . Sprinkle work areas with water in order to settle dust 50 Description of Exposures by Adaptive capacity Climate Risk Sensitivity Adaptation actions Target Groups Affected areas .€., vulnerabilities hazards Level Sectors Provinces AER ~A ~ <l.l ~ 5 ..s~ ;:l µ:i > • Install sprinklers in areas where dust is generated • Undertake regular dust suppression measures • Disruption of• Medium - lack of • Medium - lack of • Medium - lack of • Medium - • Build the capacity ~11 groups, Agricultural (Crops, All • AllAERs hydroelectric power alternative energy financial capacity capacity to lack of by .. trammg [Insurance Livestock, provinces supply to the mines sources integrated climate stakeholders on the K;ompanies, Fisheries, and alternative resilient principles for green Contractors, Aquaculture sub- energy sources construction and climate K,ovemment sectors), Energy, and climate codes resilient building ~nstitutions Health, resilient . designs tresponsible to Infrastructure, construction ~nfrastructure Mining, Tourism, codes Wildlife, Forest, • Medium - lack • Develop Transport, Water • Increased demand • Medium - Lack of of climate maintenance for green and • Medium - Reduced financial capacity resilient schedule for every climate resilient income from to implement construction infrastructure buildings damaged crops, climate change codes rental houses and adaptation actions businesses, etc. • Medium - Limited • Enhance increased ] • Increased • Medium - Reduced financial & access investment in the u infrastructure income from to climate development of § maintenance costs business due to information and new climate .s µ., e.g. Livestock, etc. power outage early warning resilient . . Reduced income system infrastructure i.e., from rentals and • Medium - roads, residential agricultural land • Medium - Reduced inadequate house, water, due to reduced income from infrastructure and lodges, etc. livestock and crop business due to weak governance • Development of productivity and power outage systems alternative yield transport infrastructure i.e., airports and railways based on climate resilient infrastructure codes and standards • Promote insurance for auiculture, 51 Description of Exposures by Adaptive capacity Climate Risk Sensitivity Adaptation actions Target Groups Affected areas .€., vulnerabilities hazards Level Sectors Provinces AER ~A ~ <l.l ~ 5 ..s~ ;:l µ:i > infrastructure and buildings • Disruption of Medium - lack of . Medium - lack of • Medium- • Medium- • Promote use of IAH groups Energy, Mining AU • AHAERs hydroelectric power ~ower supply financial capacity alternative power provinces supply to the mines that is loca11y accessible e.g., mini hydro power stations, setting up . a solar power plant and geothermal utilization • Revision of building codes and standards • Damage to • Medium - • Medium - Limited • Medium - lack of • Medium • Enhance designing k-\11 groups, Agricultural AH • AHAERs infrastructure and Increased damage infrastructure climate proof and construction of rrraditional (Crops, Livestock, provinces buildings such as to property, • Medium - Weak infrastructure climate proofed leaders, Fisheries, & residential, schools, buildings, utilities, institutions design plans infrastructure K}ovemment Aquaculture sub- health centres, etc. roads and other • Promotion of !institutions sectors), Energy, structures climate resilient !responsible for Health, .; • Reduced • Medium - Increase infrastructures !infrastructure Infrastructure, -~ agricultural soil erosion & . Medium - lack of . Maintain wind Mining, Tourism, E productivity reduced soil technology and breaks and hedges Wildlife, Forest, i:,., fertility and climate Transport, Water . productivity information • High winds can • Increased dust cause soil erosion • Promotion tree levels in mining leading to loss of . Medium - Poor grass & planting areas soil nutrients windstorm . Strengthen early ada1ttation actions wamin:; system • Increased • Medium - • Medium - lack of • Medium - • Medium • Regular k-\11 groups Agricultural (Crops, AH • AHAERs deterioration of Increased exposure climate resilient deterioration of maintenance of Livestock, provinces road infrastructure to windstorms infrastructure infrastructure existing road Fisheries, • Increased dust damage property infrastructure Aquaculture sub- levels in mining . Promotion of sectors), Energy, . areas climate resilient Health, • Increased damage infrastructures Infrastructure, to water • Designing climate Mining, Tourism, infrastructure oroof infrastructure 52 Description of Exposures by Adaptive capacity Climate Risk Sensitivity Adaptation actions Target Groups Affected areas .€., vulnerabilities hazards Level Sectors Provinces AER ~A ~ <l.l ~ 5 ..s~ ;:l µ:i > . Enhance .. Wildlife, Transport, rev1s10n of building codes Water and standards • Windstorms bring • Medium - Blocked • Medium - limited • Medium - • Medium • Enhanced !All groups Infrastructure, All • AllAERs severe damage to roads, damaged availability of data increased verification and Agriculture, provinces properties, fences, utility lines, from observations damage to enforcement of Livestock, Tourism, hailstones can buildings and & high degree of property revised road codes Energy, Mining damage roofs and vehicles uncertainty and standards tiles, dent vehicles, associated with • Increase damage glasshouse model projections investment in the . and bring down of extreme wind construction of vegetation. speed climate-smart buildings • Conduct research and produce an atlas of Zambia's windstorms • Loss of access to . Low - lack of • Medium - • High - lack of • Medium • Develop access !An groups, Agricultural (Crops, All AllAERs social amenities social amenities Communities have technology and roads to social rrraditional Livestock, provinces weak structures to climate amenities such as leaders, Fisheries, and respond to information clinics and schools ~overnment Aquaculture sub- windstorms based on climate !institutions sectors), Energy, resilient tresponsible for Health, infrastructure !infrastructure Infrastructure, codes and Mining, Tourism, standards Wildlife, Forest, .l • Medium - • Medium - Limited • Utilization of Transport, Water " :j . Difficulty in damaged road infrastructure alternative forms of transporting goods infrastructure • Medium - transport such as ..s and services to illiteracy, technical rail and air in . different parts of and institutional accordance with Zambia capacity climate smart codes • Development and . Weak community • Low - Weak implementation of structures to cope institutional enhanced with windstorms structures windstorm- resilient standards and buildin! codes 53 Description of Exposures by Adaptive capacity Climate Risk Sensitivity Adaptation actions Target Groups Affected areas .€., vulnerabilities hazards Level Sectors Provinces AER ~A ~ <l.l ~ 5 ..s~ ;:l µ:i > . Strengthen early warning system 54 5.0 SYNERGIES BETWEEN ADAPTATION OPTIONS AND DISASTER RISK REDUCTION The Government of the Republic of Zambia is strongly committed to the implementation of the transformative 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. The country's first Voluntary National Review (VNR) underscores this commitment. Integrating the SDGs into the National Planning Framework and putting in place strong coordination and reporting mechanisms, further demonstrates the country's resolve to anchoring its development trajectory on the 2030 Agenda. Presently, the Government of Zambia is seeking partnerships to accelerate synergy between climate change adaptation and SDGs. Addressing the climate emergency requires effective adaptation and Disaster Risk-Reducing (DRR) actions. It is critical to guard against risk-blind planning, particularly to avoid maladaptation and creating new risks. A comprehensive approach to risk management is required. There are several factors to wittingly strengthen synergies between climate change adaptation and DRR, identifying mutually beneficial opportunities across policies, projects and programmes. Synergy is achieved if the outcome from interactions between the two interventions is greater than that gained from having the interventions act independent of each other. The synergies between adaptation actions and DRR are crucial for building resilience to climate change and reducing the impact of disasters. Adaptation actions identified in this NAP focus on reducing vulnerability and enhancing the ability of sectors, geographical regions, and communities to cope with climate change impacts, such as extreme weather events, floods, droughts, higher temperatures, heat waves and heat stress. Meanwhile, DRR strategies aim to identify, assess, and manage the risks associated with climate hazards. By combining the two approaches, sectors, geographical regions, and communities can implement effective measures to mitigate the impact of disasters and enhance their adaptive capacity. Synergies between the climate adaptation action and DRR can include the generation, analysis, and interpretation of climate science information (at different temporal and spatial scales), implementing early warning systems, improving infrastructure, strengthening social networks, and promoting ecosystem-based adaptation approaches that help protect against climate hazards. 55 6.0 INTEGRATION OF CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION AND GENDER IN ANNUAL BUDGETING For annual budgeting Ministries, Provinces, and Spending Agencies (MPSAs) prepare and implement annual budgets in accordance with policy and ceilings from the MoFNP which capture their key sectoral objectives and activities for the budget year. The MPSAs then develop their budget priorities as well as the total amount of budgets for the prioritized programmes. This identification of annual priorities and budget preparation should serve as an entry point for the alignment of NAP priorities into the sectoral plans and programmes. Consequently, the MPSAs may: • Adapt and screen identified sectoral/ district priorities against climate vulnerabilities described in the NAP. • Incorporate short- and medium-term adaptation priorities described in the NAP that are relevant to the sector/ district's priorities. • Reference the sector-specific indicators and targets included in the NAP Monitoring, Evaluation and Learning framework; and • Invest in human capacities to review climate-change adaptation considerations in budgetary review processes. As part of the NAP development process tools have been identified for use in screening against climate vulnerabilities and adaptation priorities identified in the NAP. MPSAs may adapt these templates to achieve alignment with climate targets and national priorities of key climate change policy documents and frameworks. Since the budget process is the gateway for resource allocation for the government, it is important to ensure that gender is integrated in the planning and budgeting processes. The gender responsive budgeting takes into consideration gender concerns and ensures that the different needs and priorities of men and women are incorporated in the process. The Gender Division under the office of the President in Zambia is finalizing the guidelines and checklist for gender responsive planning and budgeting which will guide government ministries and agencies in mainstreaming gender perspectives in the budgeting process. This means that in the process of preparing and implementing the budgets, Ministries, Provinces and Spending Agencies (MPSAs) would commit resources to identified gender priorities at various levels including implementation, analysing, monitoring and evaluation. Further, this includes budgets allocated for adaptation. 56 7 .0 STRATEGIES FOR IMPLEMENTING ZAMBIA NAP 7 .1 Implementation Plan The implementation of identified adaptation priorities in the NAP, will be achieved through stakeholder participation at national and subnational levels, civil society organizations (CSOs), Non-Governmental Organisations (NGOs), Faith Based Organisations (FBOs), cooperating partners, media, private sector, research and academic institutions among others. Government line ministries will coordinate actions within their sectors but will leverage on the capacities and experience of stakeholders to ensure effective implementation. The adaptation actions will be implemented in the medium and long-term. Appendix 1 shows detailed implementation plans using the Monitoring, Evaluation and Learning (MEL) approach. The implementation of adaptation actions will require funding, technical support, and regular monitoring and review to ensure effectiveness of actions. 7 .1.1 Integration of adaptation actions at all levels Integration of adaptation actions entails their incorporation in policies, projects and programmes across sectors. This approach ensures that adaptation strategies and actions are consistent, mutually supportive, synergised, and coherent across all levels of government, promoting more effective and efficient responses to climate change impacts. Integration is done both horizontally and vertically. Horizontal I Sectoral integration Horizontal/ sectoral integration is key for smooth implementation of adaptation actions. The process requires inclusion of climate change adaptation priorities in national and sectoral policies, strategies, plans, budgets, projects and programmes. This helps to leverage resources and catalyse actions to minimise unnecessary expenditure and avoid duplication of efforts. Vertical integration Vertical integration require the involvement of various stakeholders at sub­ national level among them public sector, communities, civil society organizations (CSOs), Non-Governmental Organisations (NGOs), Faith Based Organisations (FBOs), cooperating partners, media and private sector. By bringing these actors together, it allows for the exchange of information, good practices, sharing of resources, and collaborative decision-making, enabling a holistic and comprehensive approach to adaptation planning and implementation. To promote and strengthen adaptation planning and implementation in Zambia, the Local Climate Adaptive Living (LoCAL) mechanism was designed to increase climate change resilience in communities and economies. This increases 57 investments in Climate Change Adaptation (CCA) at the local level through implementation of performance-based climate resilience grants (PBCRG). Ultimately, this contributes to the achievement of the Paris Agreement, the NAP process and the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), particularly the specific goals of poverty eradication (SDG 1) and climate action (SDG 13). In order to effectively undertake horizontal and vertical integration, Zambia will leverage on relevant tools including the integrative framework for NAPs and SDGs (NAP-SDG iFrame) developed by the LEG, to better explore interlinkages within sectors to optimise the implementation of adaptation activities. The NAP­ SDG iFrame makes it easy to build and manage the synergies between development and adaptation goals, allowing for more integrated and cost­ effective planning, implementation, monitoring and evaluation (Figure 2). Settors Sustainable Development Goals Strategic food ----. ---- --· ..... , •. , I, I "" o ' I, •. " Ill " . ' • : .1• ' I I • , • 1° I Spatial Units National Development Themes Figure 2. Integrative framework for NAPs and SDGs - example on selected systems. Source: UNFCCC Least Developed Countries Expert Group (2022} 58 7 .2 How to implement the NAP Implementing the NAP involves translating the national-level strategies and actions into specific measures that address the unique vulnerabilities and adaptation needs at different levels (provinces, districts, wards). This will entail aligning the adaptation actions proposed in the NAP with the Integrated Development Plans (IDPs) at district level and the provincial plans that would have been developed from the National Development Plan. In order to optimize the implementation of the NAP at district and sub-district level, there is need to take into consideration the following context: • Understand the district's context as provided in the IDPs: Conduct a thorough assessment of the district's climate risks, vulnerabilities, and adaptation needs. Consider factors such as geographic location, topography, socio-economic characteristics, natural resources, and existing development plans and priorities. These aspects may have been identified in other strategic documents developed by the local authorities such as the IDPs. • Align local plans with the NAP and NDP: stakeholders at local level, should be familiar with the NAP and NDP as the identified adaptation priorities in the NAP will relate to the abridged activities identified in the NDP at local level. Further, the district-level adaptation efforts should align with the overall goals, objectives, and strategies outlined in the national and local plans (NDP and IDPs). Using these, documents the relevant priorities and actions in the NAP that relate to the local needs, can then be implemented at the district level. • Adaptation planning: The district-level adaptation plan can be integrated in the IDPs and develop a local plan that outlines the specific strategies, actions, and targets for building resilience to climate change. The plan should consider the unique characteristics, adaptation priorities and needs, and resources of the district and should address sectors such as agriculture, water, infrastructure, health, and livelihoods, among others. It should also integrate with existing district-level development plans, policies, and programmes. • Mainstream adaptation into district planning processes: mainstream adaptation considerations in the NAP into district development planning processes, policies, and programmes to ensure it becomes a crosscutting issue. Some of the plans in which adaptation should be mainstream include land-use planning, infrastructure development, disaster risk reduction, and other relevant policies and programmes. • Implement adaptation actions: Implementation of the identified adaptation actions at district-level include infrastructure upgrades, ecosystem-based approaches, awareness campaigns, early warning systems, livelihood 59 diversification, and capacity-building initiatives. Engage local communities and stakeholders in the implementation process to ensure their ownership and participation. 7 .3 Resource mobilization strategy To successfully implement the NAP, Zambia requires substantial local and international support in form of finance, investments, technical, and technology development and transfer. Resource mobilisation will therefore be imperative in securing the requisite resources to enable its effective implementation. The process will involve identifying, securing and allocation of financial, technical and other resources to implement the identified adaptation actions. Resource mobilisation will require collaboration among stakeholders including government, civil society, private sector and development partners. Other funding sources will include bilateral and multilateral climate funds. Additionally, as one of the 46 LDCs, Zambia will use its resources under the Least Developed Countries Fund to implement relevant priorities from the NAP. The GCF National Designated Authority and the GEF Operational Focal Points and related entities will be critical in this regard to ensure success. Zambia will also use the NAP to inform the GCF country programme, which prioritises climate investment areas. To effectively mobilise resources, the NAP resource mobilisation strategy will be formulated. The Strategy will guide financing of identified adaptation priorities from various innovative sources such as green bonds, Public-Private Partnerships (PPP), blended financing, nature debt swaps and credit enhancement. To ensure transparency, accountability and performance measurement, a tracking and reporting mechanism on resources mobilised and utilised will be developed. 7 .4 Institutional Arrangements for Coordinating NAP Implementation Climate change affects all sectors of the economy, demanding a multi-sectoral, well-coordinated mechanism in order to achieve adaptation and mitigation targets. The Ministry responsible for climate change, being the focal point for the UNFCCC, will provide overall coordination of implementation of the NAP. Coordination of the implementation of the NAP will be undertaken at national and sub-national levels and will make use of the existing mechanisms outlined in the National Policy on Climate Change. At national level, focal point ministries/ departments will coordinate the implementation of the NAP within their respective sectors and will feed into the Technical Committee of Permanent Secretaries and the Council of Ministers on climate change through the ministry responsible for climate change. Below is the description of the roles of Council of 60 Ministers and Technical Committee in the coordination of the implementation of the NAP. The Council of Ministers The Council of Ministers, chaired by the Vice President of the Republic of Zambia, will i) provide overall policy direction on adaptation in the country; ii) the mainstreaming and integration of adaptation activities in national and sector plans and policies; iii) mobilize resources for adaptation programmes and projects; iv) promote adaptation programmes that positively impact the economy and the livelihoods of people; and v) monitor the implementation of climate change adaptation programmes and projects. The Technical Committee on Climate Change The Technical Committee of Permanent Secretaries is the main advisory body that feeds in the Council of Ministers on all matters relating to climate change programmes. Some of the key roles of the Technical Committee include; i) approve climate change adaptation programmes and projects; ii) oversee the development, revision and implementation of appropriate policies, legislation, programmes and projects, plans and strategies on adaptation; iii) oversee the monitoring and evaluation of the implementation of climate change adaptation programmes and projects; iv) facilitate the implementation of international adaptation obligations under the Convention; and v) provide technical direction on adaptation and means of implementation to the various sectors. The Ministry responsible for climate change is the secretariat of the Technical Committee and the Council of Ministers. In this regard, it will receive M&E reports from sectors, and will compile and submit reports to the Technical Committee of Permanent Secretaries and Council of Ministers. Additionally, it will coordinate the preparation and submission of country reports on adaptation to the UNFCCC. Coordination at sub-national level will be undertaken by WDCs at community level, DDCCs at district level and PDCCs at provincial level. Below is the description of the roles ofWDCs, DDCCs and PDCCs. Ward Development Committees Coordination of implementation adaptation actions at community level will be undertaken by the WDCs. This will involve mainstreaming of adaptation in the ward and constituency development plans and budgets and will report to the DDCCs. District Development Coordinating Committees 61 The DDCCs will coordinate implementation of adaptation actions at district level and will ensure that state and non-state actors operating in the district collaborate on the implementation of adaptation actions. They will mainstream adaptation in the Integrated Development Plans (IDPs) and will report to the PDCCs. Additionally, the DDCCs will provide oversight to the WDCs regarding the execution of adaptation actions at that level. Provincial Development Coordinating Committees The PDCCs will facilitate the participation of state and non-state actors in the implementation, monitoring and reporting on progress made in the implementation of the NAP at provincial level. They will mainstream adaptation in provincial level plans. The PDCCs will also provide oversight to the DDCCs regarding the execution of NAP. In addition, the PDCCs will feed into the Cluster Advisory Groups (CAGs) at sectoral level as well as the NDCC at national level. Table 7 below provides a list of stakeholders and their responsibilities in the implementation of the NAP. 7.5 Capacity building The capacity gaps for planning, coordination and implementation of adaptation actions were identified at national and sub-national levels. The assessment of capacity gaps for adaptations was undertaken at three levels, namely (a) individual level- skills/ expertise and/ or (b) institutions and organizations level, (c) system level. The capacity gaps identified were categorised according to the following main themes; Leadership; Information, Data and Analysis; Resource Mobilization; Knowledge Management; Implementation and management; Monitoring, Learning and Accountability; Research and Technical Capacities; Social and Cultural; and Multi-Stakeholder Dialogue Processes. Refer to Table 10 presenting capacity gaps identified and proposed capacity­ building actions. Table 7. Capacity gaps and actions* Capacity Gaps • Capacity building action Knowledge • Training in data collection, analysis and information dissemination Management • Training in the generation and interpretation of climate information services and products including climate data rescue and archives • Expansion of the hydro-met network for collection and timely disseminating weather and climate information • Training of sector leads, WDC, PDCC, DDCC and civil society on climate change, NAPs and Nature-based Solution (NBS) • Strengthen disease control in crops production, livestock and fisheries • Training of Extension staff in climate smart agriculture, climate finance, small scale organic fertilizer production, postharvest handling, preservation, utilization, value addition, food processing and marketing 62 Capacity Gaps Leadership Information, Data and Analysis Resource mobilization Implementation and management Monitoring, Learning and Accountability Research and Technical Capacities • Capacity building action • Training of Extension staff in integrated water resource management, water harvesting technics and irrigation technologies • Exchange visits to appreciate best practices in different AERs • Development and disseminate of guidelines for NBS activities (e.g., beehives, small ruminants, seedlings for agro-forestry, development of infrastructure for disease control, purchase of fisheries materials) • Training media houses and other relevant stakeholders in documenting and communicating (in an understandable manner) the climate science in the NAP • Information exchange between producers (climate science experts) and users of climate information • Orientation of civil society, NAIS and media houses on capturing and dissemination NAP implementation progress and impacts • Enhance in -service trainings • Strengthen coordination for the implementation NAP for HQ, WDC, PDCC, DDCC and civil society • Training planners in resources mobilization and tracking • Recruit a NAP Champion to help with dissemination of the NAP actions • Orienting key stakeholders to the platform for information sharing system for monitoring NAP implementation • Training planners and stakeholders in accessing climate finance and resource mobilization and project development for NAP implementation • Develop systems and tools and undertake training of stakeholders in tracking and reporting climate finance for adaptation • Training of planners in strategic planning and policy reviews • Training the DDCC in project management • Develop and train stakeholders in the application of climate smart construction codes for infrastructure and roads • Enhanced provision of early warning systems, surveillance, climate services • Strengthen the institutional and human resource capacity in order to effectively and efficiently address all aspects of climate change at national, provincial, district and local levels • Mainstream climate change issues, including finance, into national and sub-national budgets and plans • Support capacity strengthening of SMEs to adopt green technologies along various value chains • Support mechanization and irrigation with increased access to financing • Training of stakeholders in data capturing, monitoring and reporting on MEL and MRV systems at national and sub-national levels • Re-characterization of AERs • Organize a national symposium for disseminating evidence-based research from pilots for upscaling • Strengthen capacity in development climate resilient crop, fish and livestock varieties/breeds • Strengthen the technical capacity of relevant Government personnel in Carbon Markets 63 Capacity Gaps • Capacity building action • Strengthen the capacity oflocal technological innovation centers to help strengthen institutional technology generation and transfer through a learning-by-doing approach Gender, Social • Organize training for the implementation of the climate change and Cultural Gender Action Plan (ccGAP, 2018) • NAP orientation workshop for Gender Focal Points (GFP) in ministries and leaders in non -state actors • Training workshop of GFP in setting monitoring gender and social inclusion NAP indictors and gender budgeting • Training of planners in gender transformative methodologies and approaches Multi-stakeholder • Strengthen coordination for multi-stakeholder engagement at all levels Dialogue using existing structure; i.e., WDC, PDCC, DDCC, and NDCC Processes • Strengthen the participation of women, children, youth and persons with disability in the negotiation process • Encourage/Promote stakeholder's participation and partnerships in climate actions; *Details of the capacity gaps and actions are in the NAP Capacity Needs Assessment Report, 2023 8 MONITORING AND REVIEW OF THE NAP IMPLEMENTATION Monitoring and reviewing of the NAP implementation at national and sub­ national levels will involve tracking and reporting progress of adaptation actions using key performance indicators derived from the NAP MEL framework1 in Appendix 1. This framework contains adaptation actions, key performance indicators, baseline, targets, frequency of monitoring and reporting, and responsible institutions. At national level, the lead institutions will be responsible for monitoring progress on the implementation of the NAP within their respective sectors. At sub-national level, implementation of the NAP will be monitored through the PDCCs, DDCCs and WDCs structures. These monitoring reports will be submitted to the ministry responsible for climate change for consolidation and submission to the Technical Committee of Permanent Secretaries and the Council of Ministers on Climate Change. The approved reports from the Council of Ministers will be shared with state and non-state actors at national and international levels. 1 For more details, please refer to the NAP MEL framework, 2023 65 9.0 COMMUNICATING AND REPORTING ON THE NAP 9.1 Communicating the NAP Communicating the NAP is guided by the already existing communication strategy for NAP (2022) which augments the National Climate Change Communication Strategy. Successful implementation of the National Adaptation Plan requires a proactive communications strategy, aimed at promoting ownership of the National Adaptation Plan among the public and development partners. The NAP Communication Strategy is based on a development communications approach, with key principles geared toward creating awareness; Inspiring behaviour change; encouraging practice; disseminating information and knowledge and ensuring inclusiveness and involvement (specific emphasis on gender equity, equality, and parity); and promoting transparency and accountability. 9.2 Reporting on the NAP This NAP communicates identified adaptation priorities, implementation, and support needs, plans and actions, key performance indicators and their reporting systems established through a robust MEL framework. It serves as the first Adaptation Communication for Zambia pursuant to Article 7 .10 of the Paris Agreement. Reporting on adaptation actions for Zambia will follow a two-tier-reporting system at national and international levels and follow existing mechanisms and guidelines. At national level, reporting will be through the NAP Monitoring and Evaluation framework from the WDCs, DDCCs and PDCCs. The PDCCs will in turn submit reports to the Ministry responsible for climate change. Theinistry responsible for climate change will receive and consolidate sectoral reports on the implementation of the NAP for submission to the Technical Committee of Permanent Secretaries and the Council of Ministers on Climate Change. Reports on the NAP will be shared with stakeholders including civil society organizations and the private sector to ensure transparency and accountability. At international level, reporting on adaptation actions will be in accordance with the reporting obligations as outlined in the Convention and the Paris Agreement. This will be through the Biennial Transparency Report (BTR), the NDC reporting mechanisms and the National Communication. The subsequent reporting of the NAP will be at two indicator levels, the first based on the outputs in the NAP MEL framework while the second based on outcome aggregate indicators listed below as provided for in the NDC (2021): • The level of resilience of natural or physical systems achieved. 66 • The level of adaptive capacity of human system attained. • The level of knowledge base for adaptation planning and response; and • The level of capacity of human resource-base for addressing climate change. Full version of the NAP can be found here: REFERENCES AfDB Group (2022). Climate Change in Africa I African Development Bank - Building today, a better Africa tomorrow. Clim. Chang. Africa. Braganza, K., Karoly, D. J., and Arblaster, J.M. (2004). Diurnal temperature range as an index of global climate change during the twentieth century. Geophys. Res. Lett. 31, 4. doi: 10.1029/2004GL019998. Chabala, L. M., Kuntashula, E., and Kaluba, P. (2013). 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Lusaka, Zambia. 69 Appendix 1: Roles and responsibilities of key stakeholders Stakeholder Role Public Finance and National Planning Responsible for resource mobilization Agriculture Collaborate in the implementation climate smart agriculture and provision of training for farmers in climate smart agriculture. Justice Drafting of legislation related to green economy and climate change Infrastructure, Housing and Urban Promote green and climate resilient infrastructure Development Enern:v Responsible for the development and promotion of green and climate resilient energy sources Technology and Science Develop affordable and appropriate green growth, adaptation and mitigation technologies. Health Mainstreaming and strengthening of the climate resilience of the healthy systems Education Promote the mainstreaming and training of the public in green growth and climate change Gender Engendering implementation of the NAP Green Economy and Environment Provision of climate and early warning information and services The Minister also hosts the National Designated Authority to the GCF, serving as the interface between the Government of Zambia and the GCF Disaster Management and Mitigation Unit Disaster risk reduction (DRR) and management Local Government and Rural Promote green and climate resilient practices and interventions in all local development sectors of the district Development Tourism Promote green and climate resilient tourism Fisheries and Livestock facilitate and support the development and implementation of climate smart fisheries and livestock practices Mines and Mineral Development Promote green and climate resilient mining and mineral explorations practices Water Development and Sanitation Responsible for management and provision water to enhance climate change adaptation and mitigation Commerce, Trade and Industry Enhance the coordination of public and private sectors to facilitate their participation in green and climate resilient trade Lands and Natural Resources Promote conservation of natural resources and ecosystems Small and Medium Enterprises Responsible for creating and promotion of green and climate resilient business opportunities Community and Social Services Mobilization oflocal communities in green and climate resilient programmes Youth, Sports and Arts Mobilization of youths in green and climate resilient programmes Non-state actors Academia and Research Institutions Conduct Research and development to inform green growth, adaptation and mitigation interventions Private sector Promote and enhance private sector participation in green and climate resilient business practices; Provision and mobilization of financial and other resources, technical assistance as well as capacity building for green and climate change interventions; Promote the accessibility and provision of climate finance and insurance to stakeholders for green and climate change interventions 70 Stakeholder Role Private Media Facilitate disseminating of the policy to the general public. Civil society Promote awareness, campaigns, advocacy and adoption of green and climate change interventions; Implementation of adaptation actions, monitoring, evaluation and reporting Traditional and Indigenous Leadership Enhance community participation including traditional, local and indigenous, and preservation of indigenous technical knowledge to facilitate the implementation of green growth and climate resilient interventions Faith-based organizations Awareness creation, lobbying and advocacy; Implementation of adaptation actions, monitoring, evaluation and reporting Cooperating partners Donors, multilateral and bilateral partners Providing technical, technology and financial sunnort 71 Appendix 2: Capacity gaps and actions* Capacity Gaps Capacity building action Knowledge • Training in data collection, analysis and information dissemination Management • Training in the generation and interpretation of climate information services and products including climate data rescue and archives • Expansion of the hydro-met network for collection and timely disseminating weather and climate information • Training of sector leads, PDCC, DDCC and civil society on climate change, NAPs and Nature-based Solution (NBS) • Strengthen disease control in crops production, livestock and fisheries • Training of Extension staff in climate smart agriculture, climate finance, small scale organic fertilizer production, postharvest handling, preservation, utilization, value addition, food processing and marketing • Training of Extension staff in integrated water resource management, water harvesting technics and irrigation technologies • Exchange visits to appreciate best practices in different AERs • Development and disseminate of guidelines for NBS activities ( e.g., beehives, small ruminants, seedlings for agro-forestry, development of infrastructure for disease control, purchase of fisheries materials) • Training media houses and other relevant stakeholders in documenting and communicating (in an understandable manner) the climate science in the NAP • Information exchange between producers ( climate science experts) and users of climate information • Orientation of civil society, NAIS and media houses on capturing and dissemination NAP implementation progress and impacts • Enhance in-service trainings Leadership • Strengthen coordination for the implementation NAP for HQ and PDCC • Training planners in resources mobilization and tracking • Recruit a NAP Champion to help with dissemination of the NAP actions Information, Data • Orienting key stakeholders to the platform for information sharing system for and Analysis monitoring NAP implementation Resource • Training planners and stakeholders in accessing climate finance and resource mobilization mobilization and project development for NAP implementation • Develop systems and tools and undertake training of stakeholders in tracking and reporting climate finance for adaptation Implementation and • Training of planners in strategic planning and policy reviews management • Training the DDCC in project management • Develop and train stakeholders in the application of climate smart construction codes for infrastructure and roads • Enhanced provision of early warning systems, surveillance, climate services • Strengthen the institutional and human resource capacity in order to effectively and efficiently address all aspects of climate change at national, provincial, district and local levels • Mainstream climate change issues, including finance, into national and sub- national budgets and plans • Support capacity strengthening of SMEs to adopt green technologies along various value chains • Support mechanization and irrigation with increased access to financinp Monitoring, • 'T'raining of stakeholders in data capturing, monitoring and reporting on MEL Learning and and MRV systems at national and sub-national levels Acco untabi Ii tv Research and • Re-characterization ofAE·:Rs Technical Capacities 72 • Organize a national symposium for disseminating evidence-based research from pilots for upscaling • Strengthen capacity in development climate resilient crop, fish and livestock varieties/breeds • Strengthen the technical capacity of relevant Government personnel in Carbon Markets • Strengthen the capacity of local technological innovation centers to help strengthen institutional technology generation and transfer through a learning- by-doing approach Gender, Social and • Organize training for the implementation of the climate change Gender Cultural Action Plan ( ccGAP) • NAP orientation workshop for Gender Focal Points (GFP) in ministries and leaders in non-state actors • Training workshop of GFP in setting monitoring gender and social inclusion NAP indictors and gender budgeting • Training of planners in gender transformative methodologies and approaches Multi-stakeholder • Strengthen coordination for multi-stakeholder engagement at all levels using Dialogue Processes existing structure; i.e., PDCC, DDCC, and NDCC • Strengthen the participation of women, children, youth and persons with disability in the negotiation process • Encourage/Promote stakeholder's participation and partnerships in climate actions; *Details of the capacity gaps and actions are in the NAP Capacity Needs Assessment Report, 2023 Page 1 Page 2 Page 3 Page 4 Page 5 Page 6 Page 7 Page 8 Page 9 Page 10 Page 11 Page 12 Page 13 Page 14 Page 15 Page 16 Page 17 Page 18 Page 19 Page 20 Page 21 Page 22 Page 23 Page 24 Page 25 Page 26 Page 27 Page 28 Page 29 Page 30 Page 31 Page 32 Page 33 Page 34 Page 35 Page 36 Page 37 Page 38 Page 39 Page 40 Page 41 Page 42 Page 43 Page 44 Page 45 Page 46 Page 47 Page 48 Page 49 Page 50 Page 51 Page 52 Page 53 Page 54 Page 55 Page 56 Page 57 Page 58 Page 59 Page 60 Page 61 Page 62 Page 63 Page 64 Page 65 Page 66 Page 67 Page 68 Page 69 Page 70 Page 71 Page 72 Page 73 Page 74 Page 75 Page 76 Page 77 Page 78 Page 79 Page 80 Page 81 Page 82