Реmbаa District Integrated Development Plan 2021-2031

1.0 INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND ................................................................... 1

2.1 DEMOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS.................................................................................... 10

2.2 Population and Population Growth .................................................................................. 11

2.4 Population Characteristics............................................................................................ 13

2.8 Projected Population and Likely Characteristics ......................................................... 19

2.9 The Impact of the Continuation of Existing Trends on Land Use and Population Distribution Patterns ..................................................................................................................... 22

3.1. Agriculture .................................................................................................................... 25

3.2 Key Government Priorities Being and to be Implemented ........................................... 25

3.3 Description Existing State of Development ..................................................................... 27

3.4. Agricultural Conditions .............................................................................................................. 29

3.4.1 Weather ................................................................................................................................ 29

3.4.2 Rainfall and Temperatures ................................................................................................... 29

3.5.1 Horticultural Production ...................................................................................................... 35

3.3 Issues Arising from the Public Participation Process .................................................. 38

3.6 The Impact of the Continuation of Existing Trends on Land Use and Population Distribution Patterns ..................................................................................................................... 53 3.6.3 THE IMPACT OF THE CONTINUATION OF EXISTING TRENDS ON LAND USE AND POPULATION DISTRIBUTION PATTERNS ......................................................... 57

3.6.5 ENVIRONMENTAL AND CLIMATE CHANGE ANALYSIS ................................. 58 3.7 Issues Arising Related to Gender Groups and Vulnerable Groups ............................... 62 3.8 Consideration of the Underlying Factors Contributing to the Issues Identified........... 62

3.9 LIVESTOCK AND FISHERIES SECTOR .................................................................. 64

3.10 ISSUES ARISING FROM THE PUBLIC PARTICIPATION PROCESS .................. 69 3.10.2 Impact of Changes Anticipated Over the Next Ten Years ............................................ 70

3.10.3 Environment and Climate Change ................................................................................ 70

3.10.4 Issues Relating to Gender and Vulnerable Groups ....................................................... 72 3.10.5 Consideration of the Underlying Factors Contributing to the Issues Identified............ 72

3.10.6 Summary ...................................................................................................................... 73

3.11 ENVIRONMENT AND FORESTRY ........................................................................................... 75 3.11.5 Effects of The Continuation of Existing Trends with the Anticipated Population Growth 80

3.11.8 Summary ....................................................................................................................... 81 3.11.9 Consideration of the Underlying Factors Contributing to The Issues Identified .......... 81

3.12 TOURISM AND ARTS ................................................................................................ 82 3.12.1 Consideration of The Underlying Factors Contributing to The Issues Identified ......... 82

3.13 TRADE AND INDUSTRY ........................................................................................................ 84

3.13.1 Commerce ..................................................................................................................... 84 viii

3.14.1 MINING SECTOR ....................................................................................................... 86

4.0 SOCIAL SERVICES SECTOR .................................................................................................... 87

4.2 Description of Existing State of Development................................................................. 87 Urban water supply and sanitation............................................................................................... 87

4.3 ISSUES ARISING FROM THE PUBLIC PARTICIPATION PROCESS .................. 92

4.4 Environment and Climate Change Analysis ..................................................................... 94

4.5 Summary ........................................................................................................................... 94 4.6 Consideration of the Underlying Factors Contributing to the Issues Identified ............... 95

4.7 ROADS AND TRANSPORT ....................................................................................... 95

4.7.1 Description of the Existing State of Development ........................................................ 95

4.7.3 Road Maintenance....................................................................................................... 103 ❖ Road Transport................................................................................................................ 104

4.7.5 Environment and Climate Change ............................................................................. 105 4.7.6 Consideration of the Underlying Factors Contributing to the Issues Identified......... 106

4.8 POWER AND COMMUNICATION ......................................................................... 107

5.0 SOCIAL SERVICE DELIVERY................................................................................................. 108

5.1.1 Description of existing state of health services ........................................................... 108

5.1.2 Availability of health services..................................................................................... 110

5.1.5 Quality of service ........................................................................................................ 128

5.1.8 Impact of Changes Anticipated Over the Next 10 Years ............................................ 145 5.1.9 The Effect of the Continuation of the Existing Trends with Anticipated Population Growth. 146

5.1.10 Environment and Climate Change Analysis. ............................................................. 146

5.1.11 SUMMARY ................................................................................................................ 148

5.2 EDUCATION ............................................................................................................. 149

5.2.2 EXISTING STATE OF DEVELOPMENT ................................................................ 151

5.2.4 Impact of Changes Anticipated Over the Next Ten Years ......................................... 160

5.2.5 The Effects Of The Continuation Of Existing Trends In The Service Your Sector Provides With Anticipated Population Growth. ............................................................................. 161

5.2.6 Environment and Climate Change Analysis ............................................................... 161

5.4 COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT AND SOCIAL WELFARE ................................ 168

5.4.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................. 168 5.4.2 Key Government Priorities Being and To Be Implemented in The District. ............. 169

5.4.3 Description of Existing State of Development............................................................ 171

5.4.4 Impact of Changes Anticipated Over the Next 10 Years ............................................ 174 ix 5.4.5 The Effect of the Continuation of the Existing Trends with Anticipated Population Growth. 174

6.0 DEVELOPMENT FRAMEWORK .......................................................................... 185

10.0 DEFINING PRIORITY STRATEGIES ..................................................................... 197

11.0 SPATIAL DEVELOPMENT FRAMEWORK ........................................................... 207

11.1 Alternative Spatial Development Scenarios that Might be Able to Address the Identified Issues and Deliver the Local Authority’s Objectives. .................................................... 207

4.3.0 Chosen Spatial Development Scenario ....................................................................... 214 5.1.4 Land Use Planning Policies and Proposals to Improve, Maintain or Protect the Environmental, Social and Economic Aspects of Development..................................................... 220

13.0 Land Use Planning Policies and Proposals for Informal Settlements ......................... 231 Current situation analysis........................................................................................................... 231

14.0 PART FOUR – IMPLEMENTATION PROGRAMME ............................................................. 233

14.1 CAPITAL INVESTMENT PROGRAM................................................................... 233

15.0 LOCAL AUTHORITY’S FINANCIAL PLAN.......................................................... 254 15.6 PREPARATION OF LOCAL AREA PLANS AND OTHER DETAILED ACTIVITIES............................................................................................................................... 265

15.7 MONITORING AND EVALUATION, INCLUDING KEY PERFORMANCE INDICATORS ............................................................................................................................ 268 x LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1: Location of Pemba District .................................................................................................. 3 Figure 2: Pemba district wards............................................................................................................ 4 Figure 3: Population Growth, 2010 - 2035 ....................................................................................... 12 Figure 4 Pemba district wards........................................................................................................... 14 Figure 5: Population composition by age, 2020. Source: CSO, 2010............................................... 16 Figure 6: Special Population ............................................................................................................. 18 Figure 7: Population growth rate by ward; 2000-2010 Table 2: Population growth rate by ward; 2000-2010 ......................................................................................................................................... 20 Figure 8:Cheelo Primary School Automated Weather Station – Muzoka Camp .............................. 29 Figure 9: Trends of Rainfall distribution in the past Six Seasons ..................................................... 30 Figure 10: Graphical Analysis of Annual Mean Temperatures ........................................................ 31 Figure 11: Major crop production trends in Pemba district in metric tonnes ................................... 32 Figure 12: Maize Production Trends from 2016/2017 to 2020/2021 ............................................... 33 Figure 13: Doctor to population ratio ............................................................................................. 144 Figure 14: Existing settlements in the IDP area. Source: Pemba DPU, 2022. ................................ 208 Figure 15: Muzoka Development Area ........................................................................................... 210 Figure 16: kasiya Growth Centre..................................................................................................... 211 Figure 17: Mokamoonga Growth Centre ........................................................................................ 212 Figure 18: Bamp Growth Centre ..................................................................................................... 213 Figure 19: Proposed Mokamoonga Smart City ............................................................................... 218 Figure 20: Agricultural (small holdings) Development Area ........................................................... 219 Figure 21: Pemba Township Development Area ............................................................................ 231 Figure 22: Mayuni Development Area ........................................................................................... 232 xi LIST OF TABLES Table 1 District population characteristics and distribution by ward................................................ 10 Figure 7: Population growth rate by ward; 2000-2010 Table 2: Population growth rate by ward; 2000-2010 ......................................................................................................................................... 20 Table 3: Projected population (2010-2030) ...................................................................................... 21 Table 3.4: District agricultural profile .............................................................................................. 28 Table 3.5.4: Pests and diseases table................................................................................................. 37 Table 6: Farmers' needs by camp ...................................................................................................... 52 Table 3.7: Impact of changes anticipated in agricultural sector over the next ten years................... 53 Table 8: Livestock population in the district .................................................................................... 64 Table 9: Main livestock diseases, causes and treatment ................................................................... 66 Table 10: Sector transport and equipment ........................................................................................ 79 Table 11: Staffing levels ................................................................................................................... 79 Table 12: Major tourism attractions in the district ............................................................................ 82 Table 13: Types and number of enterprises in Pemba ..................................................................... 84 Table 14: Missing supportive infrastructure, water and electricity sources .................................... 119 Table 15:Top ten causes of Morbidity ............................................................................................ 125 Table 16: Labor distribution by sector ............................................................................................ 164 Table 17: Employment distribution by sector, Source: MoLa, 2022 .............................................. 165 Table 18: Minimum Wages ............................................................................................................ 167 Table 19: Poverty levels by ward (MSPZ, 2015)............................................................................ 176 Table 20: Staffing levels in the district ........................................................................................... 177 Table 21: Policies to direct development ........................................................................................ 194 Table 22: Development Classes ...................................................................................................... 223 Table 23: Estate Layout Regulations .............................................................................................. 225 Table 24: Distance Required for Septic Tanks and Soak Away ..................................................... 226 xii PART ONE

1.0 INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND The Integrated Development Plan (IDP) is the principal strategic planning instrument which gives an overall framework for development within the IDP area and will guide and inform planning, budgeting, management, and decision-making in the IDP area by all levels of government and by all actors. The plan has taken into consideration all the strategic issues in order to promote sustainability in the growth of the district. The process for preparation of the District Integrated Development Plan (IDP) is a requirement under the Urban and Regional Planning Act Number 3 of 2015 (herein after referred to as URP Act). The URP Act in section 19 provides that “a planning authority shall prepare an Integrated Development Plan (IDP) for its area”. The URP Act indicates that the IDP shall be the principal planning instrument to guide and inform all planning and development in the jurisdiction of the local authority and to guide all planning decisions. The Pemba Town Council therefore adopted the integrated development planning process following the enactment of the URP Act No. 3 of 2015 with reference to the Eighth National Development plan (8NDP) and the vision 2030 with the aim of accelerating development efforts.

1.1 Methodology Data was collected through the review of existing plans, policies, and strategies. Literature on Empirical and Spatial Data for Sectors and Cross Cutting Thematic Areas was also reviewed. The specific themes reviewed were poverty, education economy, housing and settlements, environment and climate change, water supply demand and sanitation, energy, transport and communication, health, demography, and population projections. The exercise was conducted by the established task team supervised by the IDP Manager. The process for the preparation of the IDP encompassed the participation of communities and other stakeholders. Identification of the goals and objectives for the planning process, the development needs, priorities, issues, and concerns to be covered in the planning process were done by the IDP team. 1

1.2 District Background Pemba is one of the new districts in Southern Province of Zambia. It was declared a district in line with Statutory Instrument No. 41 of 2012, by the fifth Republican president, late Michael Chilufya Sata. Pemba district boarders Choma, Sinazongwe, Gwembe and Monze districts. The district’s total population is 67,187 (CSO, 2010) and it has a population density of 12 persons per km2 with most of the population located in the rural parts of the district. The district has two (2) chiefdoms: Moyo and Hamaundu. Moyo chiefdom has 104 villages, and Hamaundu chiefdom with 109 villages (Village Registers, 2021). The chiefs are assisted by their representatives and various head persons in the governance of their chiefdoms. Most of the Pemba population is dependent on small-scale agriculture for its livelihood. The major economic activities that take place in the district in order of importance is farming and trading. These activities are mostly done on a small-scale level. There has been an increase in the number of sector ministries, and various stakeholders since the declaration of Pemba as a district, the departments operating in the district include Water Affairs, Community Development, Social Welfare, Culture, Forestry, ZANIS, Ministry of Agriculture, Ministry of Livestock and fisheries, National Assembly, Ministry of Local Government, Ministry of Health, National registration, Labour, Ministry of Education, Zambia Police and Office of the President (SD). Stakeholders include ZAMTEL, Zambia Postal Services, and SWASCO, FRA, Small and medium enterprise, Infrastructure (preventive maintenance services). Further, the Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) operating in the district are World Vision, Caritas, Lead Zambia, and DAPP, SNV, GIZ, Zambia Micro and Small Traders Foundation Cooperative Societies (ZAMAST), Zambia Open Community Schools (ZOCS). However, the district is in dire need of services offered by other government departments that have not yet moved to the district such as such as Roads, Buildings, Immigration and Commerce. The district also continues to lack other essential facilities such as filling stations, banks, magistrate’s court, district hospital and community radio station. These are necessary for economic emancipation. 2

1.3 Description of the IDP Area Pemba is one of the fifteen (15) districts of Southern Province. It lies on the altitude of between 1,000 and 1,400 meters above sea level and has total surface area of 1,892.36 km2. The district lies within the Zambezi escarpment zone and therefore rather hilly with rocky outcrops in places (CSO, 2010). The land, however, has a plateau land type and hence has more features of a plateau than a valley.

1.3.1 Location The district borders Monze (north-east), Gwembe (south-east), Sinazongwe (south) and Choma (South-west). It is located midway between Lusaka and Livingstone (238 Km of the 476 Km along the Lusaka-Livingstone Road). 3 Figure 1: Location of Pemba District Source: Pemba DPU, 2022. 3

1.3.2 District Coordination The District has one (1) parliamentary constituency (Pemba), which is divided into 12 wards namely Habunkululu, Hamaundu, Kasiya, Kauba, Maambo, Muzoka, Kasikili, Dobo, Demu, Yotam Muleya, Nachibanga and Pemba.1 Figure 2: Pemba district wards Source: Pemba DPU, 2022. 1 NB: There will be an additional two wards, that is Yotamu Muleya and Demu, which will come into effect on 11th August 2021 4 Figure 2.1: Pemba District Villages

1.3.2.1 Traditional Authority Like every district in Zambia, there exists a traditional authority (chiefdoms) in Pemba District. The main chiefs’ areas are: Moyo and Hamaundu. The chiefs’ areas are further administered according to villages under the leadership of village headmen who act as the chiefs’ representatives. There is a total of 109 villages in the district (CSO, 2000). 5 Topography The district rests on an area that is 1,000 to 1,400 meters above the sea level. The district lies within the Zambezi escarpment zone and therefore rather hilly with rocky outcrops in places. The land, however, has a plateau land type and hence has more features of a plateau than a valley. The prepared IDP for Pemba district covers the entire surface area measuring 1,892.36 square kilometers (CSO, 2010) as indicated above. The plan has taken into consideration all the strategic issues in order to promote sustainability in the growth of the district.

1.3.3 Vegetation The main vegetation types found in the district are Miombo on the hills especially under chief Moyo chiefdom. The Miombo is the most extensive woodland and extends over the greater part of the hills. It is often named brachystegia – julbernardia woodland after the two genera both leguminous, dominating the vegetation. The Miombo woodland forms a single storey, light but closed canopy deciduous woodland of 15-20m. The forest floor is densely covered with shrub and grasses (15-30% ground cover). Dry grasslands are common in the open areas comprises open woodland with perennial grasses subject to intense dry season fires. Most trees have however been massively cut down either for wood fuel or paving way for the house construction in the district. 6 Figure 2.2: Pemba District Forest Cover Source: Pemba DPU, 2022.

1.3.4 Hydrology The drainage of Pemba district is characterized by a number of seasonal streams and a few scattered marshlands. Some streams are embarked at different points to provide water reservoirs (i.e. Dams and Weirs) for human and animal use. The streams and dambos, on the other hand, are used for irrigation. 7 Figure 2.3: Pemba District Rivers Source: Pemba DPU, 2022.

1.3.5 Soil Pemba District has a total area of 189,658.346 Hectares. Approximately 70% of the total area is arable land. The district is largely a plateau. However, part of the district lies in the Zambezi Escarpment. The soils in the Central, North-western, and South-eastern parts of the district range from slightly sandy to sand-loam. However, along the streams of Siamuleya, the soils are dark, rich manure while the mountainous part of the area has loose rocky soils. 8 Figure 2.4: Pemba District Soil Type Source: Pemba DPU, 2022. 9

2.0 PLANNING SURVEY AND ISSUES REPORT The Planning Survey and Issues Report establishes the key issues that define the current situation and problem context for Pemba District. This section is divided into three main parts; the first part discusses the demographic analysis and population projections while the second part provides the review of empirical and spatial data outlined according to key thematic areas. The third part provides a brief outline of the community and stakeholder consultative procedure and key community messages.

2.1 DEMOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS As at 2010, Zambia Statistics Agency (then known as Central Statistical Office) reported that Pemba district had a total population of 67,187 with 32,349 males and 34,838females and a total of 11,414 households. In percentage terms, the district has a female dominated population of 52% as compared to 48% men (CSO, 2010). The table below shows the population distribution as of 2010. Table 1 District population characteristics and distribution by ward SN WARDS HOUSEHOLDS MALE FEMALES TOTAL COMMENTS 1 Kasiya Muzoka ward Created after 2016 2,110 6,332 6,529 12,861 2 Muzoka Delimitation from Kasiya ward2 3 Pemba 492 1,101 1,227 2,328 4 Hamaundu Demu ward created after 2019 3,165 8,875 9,533 18,408 5 Demu Delimitation from Hamaundu ward 6 Maambo Kasikili ward created after 2016 2,117 6,142 6,574 12,716 7 Kasikili Delimitationfrom Maambo ward 2 The newly created wards share the same population as the ward they were delimitated from 10 8 Kauba Dobo ward created after 2016 1,225 3,443 3,789 7,232 9 Dobo Delimitation from Kauba ward 10 Habunkululu YotamuMuleya ward created after 2019 YotamuMuley 771 2,063 2,325 4,388 11 delimitation from a Habunkululu ward 12 Nachibanga 1,534 4,393 4,861 9,254 TOTAL 11,414 32,349 34,838 67,187 Source: CSO annual Census Report It is worth noting that Pemba’s rural communities’ population was higher than the urban areas’ population. Though it is anticipated that the population of Pemba ward, which houses the district’s Central Business District, has grown since it was given its district status as most people such as government employees have come to work and settle there.

2.2 Population and Population Growth According to the National Census of Population and Housing of (2010), the population of the district is estimated to grow at an average of 1.8% per annum. Using the growth rate given, the population of Pemba in 2020 is projected to be 80,309 and a population distribution of 14 persons per square km from 12 persons per km² in 2010. Population distribution is influenced by communication network, settlement schemes and economic activities such as fishing, farming and trading. The district status has also led to a lot of in migration from the many government officers sent to man the district. The table below gives the projected population for 25 years up to 2035. 11 Figure 3: Population Growth, 2010 - 2035 Population projections 2010-2035 104,949 95,993 87,801 80,309 73,455 67,187 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 Source: Population Growth Report, 2010-2035 Analysis on the 25-year time horizon shows that by 2035, the population in Pemba will reach 104,949 inhabitants. This anticipated growth has both positive and negative implications for service provision and economic development in general. On the one hand, the increase in population by 37,762 indicates a potential outstrip of the current service coverage in health, education, water, sanitation by the quantity demanded. On the other hand, the anticipated increase in population indicates opportunities for business to thrive (shopping malls, agro-based industrialization, setting up private schools, clinics, etc.) due to ready market. However, the latter is contingent on enhancing economic power and raising standards of living of the population.

2.3 Migration and Urbanization Following the declaration as a district, migration trends for Pemba has mostly been characterized by intra-migration and rarely interregional migration. The intra-migration has mostly been rural- urban migration for people looking for greener pastures in the urban area. The district status has also led to a lot of in migration from the many government officers sent to operate the district. The percentage of people who will be living in urban-based Pemba Ward is expected to continue going up. This is visible from the increased settlements and housing structures and allocated plots (765) in Pemba ward (in Pemba townships such as Pemba Villa, Site and Service and Mayuni) and increase of new residential areas opened up such as Chimowa (Pemba Town Council Land Records, 2020). It seems there is internal migration (rural-urban) taking place driven by both 12 economic and non-economic reasons, which include job prospects and joining family members, getting married, and obtaining medical care. Migration brings cultural, political and social issues, creating opportunities and challenges as migrants articulate diverse, multiple and complex ways of being in the growing Pemba Town. In the near future, it is anticipated that population mobility will continue to shape Pemba’s development trajectory and bring about urbanisation more so that it is now a district. With it being a district entails more services to cater for its new status. Its strategic location, along the highway and line of rail and its agriculture potential will help to push the population up. People drawn to the township from other districts, also from rural parts of the district for job prospects access to better services have already compounded the growth of unplanned settlements and put a strain on existing municipal infrastructure and on the ability of the local authority and utility companies to deliver on developmental goals. In order to mitigate the negative effect of rapid and unplanned urbanization, there is need to provide the rural areas of Pemba with alternatives to migration; this includes improving and or providing innovate rural economic opportunities, improving rural infrastructure, providing basic services and other related development measures designed to improve the welfare of the rural population like dams, water schemes, and electricity among others. There will also be need for migration will be mainstreamed into existing sectoral policies and/or plans, district planning processes and poverty reduction strategies.

2.4 Population Characteristics Pemba’s population is unevenly distributed. In this section, we discuss population distribution as characterised by geographical location (Ward), fertility and mortality trends, and age structure. 13 Figure 4 Pemba district wards Source: Pemba DPU, 2022. In 2020, about 96.54% of people in the district lived in rural-based wards; that is, fewer than one person in four lives in urbanized set-up. Given the current growth rates in different wards of the district (significantly higher in Pemba Wards), the regional (location in terms of wards) distribution of the district’s population is higher in rural areas than in urban areas. Projections indicate that four (4) wards will have populations exceeding 20,000 by 2030. 14

2.5 Fertility and Mortality Trends Generally, the yearly net natural increase (births minus deaths) in population size is largely explained by fecundity as opposed to other factors like migration from outside districts and provinces. Undoubtedly, sustained improvement in primary health care coverage as well as clean water supplies, improved nutrition and public education have all worked together in the past decade to lower death rates. As a result, the average rate of population growth of 1.8% is not expected to decline in the foreseeable future because there is early and almost universal marriage in the villages of the district. This trend is reminiscent with other districts in the province. Fertility rate accounts for the huge population growth in the district. Early marriages which make girls to drop-out of school continue to be a common trend, a situation which increases the likelihood of having more children during their childbearing age. The effective intervention measures must therefore aim to raise the social and economic status of women and hence create conditions favorable to delayed marriage and lower marital fertility. For example, interventions that aim at keeping girls in school will be crucial because increased education of women will not only delay marriage but enable women to become economically self-sufficient and be better positioned to control choice of partner and timing for marriage, thereby reducing marital fertility and natural increase in population

2.6 Age Structure and Dependency Burdens Current trends indicate that Pemba’s population today is very youthful and it seems like persons under the age of 15 constitute slightly over 50% of the total district population. Clearly, the district has a serious dependency burden arising from this age structure because the youth dependency ratio – the proportion of youths (under age 15) to economically active adults (ages 15 to 64) - is very high. This population structure is reminiscent to other districts in the province. Thus, the total workforce in the district must support twice as many children as it does in developed countries. However, the large numbers of young people represent a great economic potential, but only if adequate investment is made in their health, entrepreneurship and education; thereby stimulating new economic opportunities for them. 15 Population distribution for the year 2020 80+ 75-79 70-74 65-69 60-64 55-59 50-54 45-49 40-44 35-39 30-34 25-29 20-24 15-19 10-14 5-9 0-4 -15,000 -10,000 -5,000 Female 0 Male 5,000 10,000 15,000 Figure 5: Population composition by age, 2020. Source: CSO, 2010. 16 Source: Pemba DPU, 2022. 17 Furthermore, the district should worry because the phenomenon of youth dependency may lead to an important concept called the hidden momentum of population growth – a built-in tendency of the population to continue to grow even after birth rates have declined substantially. Two factors account for this phenomenon. Firstly, the relative high fertility rate in Pemba cannot be altered substantially overnight because of social, economic, cultural and institutional norms. These include polygamous practices, belief that children are assets (so the more a person has the stronger the capital base), early marriages, instincts which dictate that marrying is mandatory, etc. As discernible from the Figure 8, the population distribution tends to be broader at the lower levels from ages 0 to 4 and gradually thins out with higher age groups to the peak of 80+ years, forming a pyramid-like structure.

2.7 Population Analysis for Special Ages This section analyses the population composition for special groups in order to understand the potential contribution and impact of each group on the socio-economic development of the district. The data for the different age groups helps to determine the needs of each population, priority sectors of investment beneficial to the age group including forecasting for future trends in population. Figure 6: Special Population 18

2.7.1 Under Five (0-4 Years) Pre-School Going Age This population is considered the most vulnerable group to infant mortality. Particular attention should be given to this age group because of illnesses like malaria and respiratory diseases that are among the key causes of infant mortality. Disease controlling measures to combat these diseases requires to be undertaken. Moreover, sanitation and hygiene, good nutrition and up scaling of immunization facilities should be put into consideration while planning to address the needs of this population. This will help to reduce the under-five mortality rate. The increasing growth in the same age cohort will necessitate investment in early childhood development as they prepare to join pre-school.

2.7.2 Primary School (5-14) and Secondary School Going Age (14-19) Investment in educational infrastructure has to be among the districts development priorities as well as recruitment of teachers to cater for the increased population. This also will look into improving the Secondary Schools as well as constructing new secondary schools in the district.

2.8 Projected Population and Likely Characteristics The outlook observed in the foregoing demographic analysis and population projection is not likely to change in the foreseeable future. The population in rural parts of the district is expected to grow at a relatively stable rate per annum, while the urban population is expected to explode given the rural urban migration and urbanisation. At ward level, Hamaundu and Maambo Wards had the largest population with 18,408 and 12,716 respectively and Hamaundu had the fastest growth rate at 3.5% (CSO, 2010). 19 Figure 7: Population growth rate by ward; 2000-2010 Table 2: Population growth rate by ward; 2000-2010 Annual Growth Rate 2000 2000 2010 to 2010 Total Male Female Total Male Female Households Population Pop Pop Households Population Pop Pop Pemba District 8,798 57,029 27,540 29,489 11,414 67,187 32,349 34,838 1.65% Habunkululu 1,016 7,102 3,400 3,702 771 4,388 2,063 2,325 -4.70% Hamaundu 2,079 13,051 6,413 6,638 3,165 18,408 8,875 9,533 3.50% Kasiya 1,648 10,708 5,157 5,551 2,110 12,861 6,332 6,529 1.85% Kauba 844 5,825 2,762 3,063 1,225 7,232 3,443 3,789 2.19% Maambo 1,674 10,425 5,058 5,367 2,117 12,716 6,142 6,574 2.01% Nachibanga 1,164 7,863 3,778 4,085 1,534 9,254 4,393 4,861 1.64% Pemba 373 2,055 972 1,083 492 2,328 1,101 1,227 1.26% Source: Census Report 2010 The population characteristics are not likely to change from the trends observed from the analysis in the foregoing sections. The wards population is anticipated to grow at the same rates with Pemba ward being the exception. Pemba ward, the Central Business District, has since grown at a faster rate than it was since Pemba was declared a district. 20 Table 3: Projected population (2010-2030) ANNUAL 2015 2020 2025 2030 SN WARDS GROWTH3 2010 RATE(2000-2010) 1 Kasiya 1.85% 14,095 15,448 16,931 18,556 12,861 2 Muzoka 1.26% 2,328 2,478** 2,639** 2,809** 2,990** 3 Pemba ** 4 Hamaundu 3.50% 21,863 25,966 36,628 18,408 5 Demu 6 Maambo 2.01% 14,046 15,516 17,139 18,932 12,716 7 Kasikili 8 Kauba 2.19% 8,059 8,981 10,009 11,154 7,232 9 Dobo 10 Habunkululu -4.70% 4,797* 5,245* 5,734* 6,269* YotamuMule 4,388* 11 ya 12 Nachibanga 1.64% 9,254 10,038 10,889 11,811 12,812 TOTAL 67,187 80,309 Source: ZSA population project report, 2015-2035 3 Population projections were done using the growth rates for 2000 - 2010 using the population projection formula: Pt = P (1+r)t; where Pt is the population t years later, r is the growth rate and t, the number of years later. ** Estimation used the growth rate 1.26%. The growth rate increased since Pemba was declared a district * Estimation used the district growth rate 1.8% as the ward had a negative growth rate of -4.7% 21

2.9 The Impact of the Continuation of Existing Trends on Land Use and Population Distribution Patterns Source: (Developed by Pemba Town Council, 2021) 22 Land is an important resource for investment, production of goods and services in an economy, wealth creation and ultimately poverty reduction. However, there are several constraints in accessing land due to the unsecure land tenure systems. The large part of land in Pemba is under customary land tenure. Therefore, accessibility depends on the Headmen/ women and no documents to guarantee land tenure. However, there are several constraints in accessing land due to the insecure land tenure systems. The large part of the land is under customary. Therefore, accessibility depends on non-legal documents S/N EXISTING TRENDS EFFECT /IMPACT 1 Excessive use of chemical fertilizer Eventually leads to poor crop yield 2 Changes in forest cover due to Charcoal burning and poor Deforestation, soil agricultural practices erosion leading to Climate change and environmental degradation 3 Over dependence on forestry Loss water sources 5 Encroachment in gazzeted forest areas (Ndondi Local Loss of biodiversity, Forest) deforestation The continuation of the current trends with regards to services that require land like waste reticulation, housing, agriculture and electricity may mean not adequately being provided, especially considering that Pemba is now a district and the population was growing at 1.8 annual growth rate (CSO, 2010). There are some areas that have the potential for accelerated development that calls for regulation. These areas usually acquire over time, some urban features. In Pemba, administratively, the district headquarters is in Pemba town while, Muzoka and Bampu are some of the areas that have 23 potential to expand, located 20km south of Pemba along the Great north road and 30km along Maamba road respectively. Pemba’s urban population is expected to increase by the year 2030. Since its inception as a district, people have been drawn to the township from rural parts of the district for job prospects and access to better services have already compounded the growth unplanned settlements and put a strain on existing municipal infrastructure and on the ability of the local authority and utility companies to deliver on developmental goals. 24

3.0. ECONOMIC SECTOR ANALYSIS

3.1. Agriculture Agriculture is the major economic activity in the district. It employs more than 90% of the population. Pemba district is predominantly rural. The major economic activity for the majority of the inhabitants is crop production followed by livestock production. The commonly grown rainfed crops are maize, groundnuts, sunflower, cowpeas, soybeans, and Sweet Potatoes. In addition, the district is one of the largest producers of horticultural crops like cabbage, tomatoes, carrots, and rape. It is also worth noting that the central part of the district produces significant quantities of mango, oranges, lemons, and guava fruits during their seasons. The department of Agriculture aims to improve household food, nutrition and income security through its extension and staff provides a service to over 26,019 farmers in the district. However, a total of 20,225 smallholder farmers have been captured and registered in the ZIAMIS system. in the district. In line with the provincial plans and policies, the district’s objectives are to improve agricultural production and productivity, enhance agriculture value chains, promote diversification within the sector and enhance investment in agricultural infrastructure. Table 3.1: District Agriculture Profile Estimated Total No. of No. Registered in Estimated No. Yet to be Block Name Farmers ziamis registered in ziamis Muzoka 11,159 8,369 2,790 Kanchomba 5,467 5,262 205 Pemba 9,393 6,769 2,624 District Total 26,019 20,400 5,619 Source: ziamis system (2022)

3.2 Key Government Priorities Being and to be Implemented National Development Plan In line with the National Development Plan, the sector will aim at diversifying vertically by improving value addition chains and horizontally, to reduce the overdependence of maize. Value addition chains will also provide job creation thereby reducing vulnerability and poverty. 25 Sustainable Intensification of Smallholder Farming Systems in Zambia (SIFAZ) The SIFAZ project is running in two camps namely, Kanchomba north and Moyo. The project has now entered the second phase and a meeting was held to plan the activities of this phase. Of the planned activities, the activities that have been carried out so far are; Camp Officer sensitization, selection of farmer groups, Farmer and CAC sensitization and cooperatives assessments. National Climate Change Policy In line with the National Climate Change Policy, the Ministry together with its partners like Sustainable Intensification of Smallholder Farming Systems in Zambia (SIFAZ), Accelerating Water and Agriculture Resources Efficiency (AWARE), Smallholder Farmers Support Programme (SFSP) and World Vision (Moyo/Hamaundu Cluster) will continue to promote climate smart initiatives among the smallholder farmers in the district. This will be done through promoting technologies in both field and horticultural crop production that are aimed at mitigating the impacts of climate change on the sector. The future of Agriculture, particularly crop production depends on how climate change issues are handled in the district. This entails that the importance of conducting Climate Risk Assessment (CRA) cannot be over emphasized to determine the direction and extent of implementing mitigation measures. Table 3.2: Agriculture SN PROJECTS BEING IMPLEMENTED PROJECTS TO BE IMPLEMENTED SIFAZ Staff House Construction AWARE Office block Construction DAPP-Farm to Market Staff House Renovation CARITAS-Food security and Resilience World Vision: enhanced livelihood and resilience Source: Ministry of Agriculture Annual District Report (2019) 26 Table 3.3: Projects under Livestock SN PROJECTS BEING IMPLEMENTED PROJECTS TO BE IMPLEMENTED Range Land Management Staff House Renovation Forage And Seed Distribution Staff House Construction Disease Surveillance Source: Ministry of Agriculture Annual District Report (2019)

3.3 Description Existing State of Development

3.3.2 Availability of Service Pemba district has three (3) Agricultural blocks and 18 camps with 26,019 farmers. 64% (16879) of them have been registered in the ZIAMIS system. The major crop grown in the district is maize. Other commonly grown crops are groundnuts, Sweet Potatoes, beans, cowpeas, soya beans, sugar cane and sunflower. Horticulture produces include tomatoes, onion, cabbage, okra, carrots, and rape. Others include mangoes, oranges, lemons, guava. These are mainly grown for domestic consumption.

3.3.2.1 Comparisons with National Standard The Field Officers are constrained in providing adequate extension services due to the ratio of camp officer to farmer. The ratio is still very high. According to the National Standard, one Camp Extension Officer is supposed to manage five hundred farmers (1- 500). However, the current scenario is that one Camp Extension Officer is working with one thousand, four hundred and forty-five farmers (1 – 1,445). This compromises on the quality-of-service officers provide to the farmers by reducing on the number of contacts with the farmers. However, for easy of provision of extension services to the smallholder farmers, the district is divided into three (3) Agricultural blocks and 18 Agricultural Camps. Each Agricultural Camp is divided into eight (8) Zones. All the Agricultural Blocks and Camps are manned. However, for easy and efficient provision of extension services, the Field Officers meet the farmers through the farmer groups which are Cooperatives and clubs. The Participatory Extension Approach (PEA) is the methodology that is used by Field Officers during the provision of the extension services to farmers. 27 Table 3.4: District agricultural profile OLD NEWLY TOTAL NO. OF FARMERS TO BE REGISTERED REGISTERED TOTAL ZIAMIS BLOCK NAME FARMERS IN REGISTERD IN FARMERS IN FARMERS IN FARMERS THE DISTRICT ZIAMIS SYSTEM ZIAMIS ZIAMIS MUZOKA 14159 4560 1769 6329 7830 KANCHOMBA 5467 3278 1528 4,806 661 PEMBA 6393 4684 1060 5744 649 TOTAL 26019 12522 4357 16879 9140 Source: Ministry of Agriculture Annual District Report (2019) 28

3.4. Agricultural Conditions

3.4.1 Weather The district lies in ecological zone II. This means that the average annual rainfall for the district ranges from 600mm to 800mm. The district has two automated weather stations installed by WFP through the Smallholder Farmer Support Programme (SFSP). The two stations are in Kanchomba South at Kanchomba Farm Institute and Muzoka Camps at Cheelo Primary School. These stations are linked to the Meteorological Department system and are a source of weather information for the farmers. Figure 8:Cheelo Primary School Automated Weather Station – Muzoka Camp

3.4.2 Rainfall and Temperatures Generally, the district has been experiencing varying rainfall distributions annually and varying maximum and minimum annual temperatures in the past Six (6) seasons. Table below shows the seasonal total annual amounts of rainfall received in the district by season respectively. 29 Table 3.5: Rainfall distribution in the past Six Seasons Season Total Rainfall (mm) 2016/2017 940 2017/2018 567.6 2018/2019 359 2019/2020 670.59 2020/2021 740.3 2021/2022 808 Source: MoA Annual Reports – Pemba Figure below shows the analysis of rainfall amounts the received in each season from 2016/2017 to 2021/2022 seasons. In terms of performance, 2016/2017 season ranked highest followed by 2021/2022 season. The trend line shows a steady decline in total rainfall received over the past six seasons. Therefore, this calls for intensified efforts in promoting conservation agriculture among smallholder farmers in the district in order for them to cope with the negative effects climate change. Figure 9: Trends of Rainfall distribution in the past Six Seasons Trendline 940 808 740.3 670.59 567.6 359 2016/2017 2017/2018 2018/2019 2019/2020 2020/2021 2021/2022 Seasons 30 Table below shows the annual mean temperatures recorded in the district from 2018 to 2021. Table 3.6: Annual Mean Temperatures Year Annual Mean Temperatures 2018 32.6 2019 32.8 2020 32.7 2021 32.9 Source: MoA Annual Reports Figure below shows the annual mean temperature graphical analysis of annual mean temperatures. The figure shows that there was a general increase in mean temperature over the past four years. Figure 10: Graphical Analysis of Annual Mean Temperatures 32.9 32.8 32.7

32.6 Linear Trendline 2018 2019 2020 2021 It is worth noting that while there is a general increase in annual mean temperatures (figure ), there is a corresponding general decrease is annual rainfall received in the district (figure ) in the same period. This entails that the importance of conducting Climate Risk Assessment (CRA) cannot be over emphasized to determine the direction and extent of implementing mitigation measures. 31

3.5 Production trends Over the years, the productivity of the staple crop maize had been fluctuating and seen a significant decline since 2017/2018 cropping season. In 2018/2019 season, maize yield per hectare reduced from 2.05mt/ha in 2017/2018 season to 1.55mt/ha in the 2018/2019 farming season. This reduction could be attributed various factors such as drought and poor access and utilization of improved seed varieties by smallholder farmers. The average maize productivity (yield/Ha) in the past four (4) seasons stands at 2.07mt/Ha. This is far below the potential productivity of most maize varieties which farmers are planting in the district. Therefore, the focus of the district is to increase the productivity of the staple food crop from an average of 2.07mt/Ha to 4.0mt/Ha in the next five (5) years. Figure 8 shows the production trends of four major crops that are grown in Pemba District. As seen in the figure, all the crops are showing downward trends in production over a period of four seasons. This downward trend could be attributed to the downward trend in average rainfall received in each season. Figure 11: Major crop production trends in Pemba district in metric tonnes Maize Ground nuts 160,000.00 Cowpeas Beans 140,000.00 120,000.00 100,000.00 80,000.00 60,000.00 40,000.00 20,000.00 - 2014/15 2015/16 2016/17 2017/2018 Source: Author’s Analysis, Data adapted from MOA, 2018 Annual Report The agricultural produce has seen a decline in total output and productivity mainly attributed to the agricultural practices, inputs and climate adversities. The importance of agricultural diversification (both horizontal and vertical diversification) cannot be over emphasized, especially in the wake of climate change. 32 Table 3.5.1: Crop Production figures for the past 5 years (MT) Ground Sweet SEASON Maize Cowpeas Cotton Beans Sunflower Soyabeans nuts potatoes 2016/2017 52,802.80 8,870 2,222 1,653 1,606 1,287 950 774 2017/2018 20354 1056 1289 1588 524.5 186 1140.7 130.5 2018/2019 33659 2793.5 1176 2441 461.2 838 122 415.25 2019/2020 34748.8 1736.25 2567 2534 264.5 1150.5 697.32 132 2020/2021 47881 4348 6262 489.8 1391 1578.5 3193 1721.8 Source: MoA Annual Reports Table above shows the crop production figures for the district’s eight (8) mostly grown crops. Out of the eight crops, the five major crops for the district are maize, groundnuts, cowpeas, sweet potatoes and soya beans. Figure below shows the production trends in the last five seasons. The figure shows that the highest maize produced was in 2016/2017 season. The maize production trends show a general steady reduction in production from 2017/2018. Figure 12: Maize Production Trends from 2016/2017 to 2020/2021 Trendline 52,802.80 47881 33659 34748.8 20354 2016/2017 2017/2018 2018/2019 2019/2020 2020/2021 33 Table 6 below shows the productivity of eight (8) various crops that are mostly grown in the district. Table 3.5.2: Crop Productivity figures for the past 6 Seasons (MT/Ha) SEASON Maize Ground nuts Cowpeas Sweet potatoes Cotton Beans Sunflower Soyabeans 2016/2017 2.6 1.5 1.0 5.0 1.5 1.3 1.5 1.2 2017/2018 2.1 0.8 1.7 4.0 0.8 0.7 0.5 1.0 2018/2019 0.5 0.5 0.6 2.0 0.5 0.5 0.8 0.4 2019/2020 2.5 1.5 1.8 6.0 1.0 1.8 1.5 1.8 2020/2021 3.0 2.0 1.9 4.7 3.0 1.5 1.7 2.3 Source: MoA Annual Reports Figure 11: Maize Productivity Trends for the past 5 years Trendline 3 2.6 2.5 2.1 0.5 2016/2017 2017/2018 2018/2019 2019/2020 2020/2021 Source: MoA Annual Reports Figure 11 above shows the performance of maize in terms productivity from 2016/2017 to 2020/2021 seasons. The figure shows that the worst performance was in 2018/2019 season while the best performance was in 2020/2021 season. Good maize performance in the 2021 season could be attributed to continued promotion of climate smart Agriculture among the smallholder farmers in the district. 34

3.5.1 Horticultural Production The major horticulture crops that are grown in winter are tomato, cabbage, and rape. Most horticultural production in the district was from Muzoka block particularly Siamuleya Agriculture Camp. Vegetable production is mostly seasonal, especially during cold season. Siamuleya Agriculture Camp supplies large volumes of tomato and cabbage to the rest of the province. The table below shows a complete breakdown of the horticulture production in the district. 35 Table 3.5.3: Horticulture Production in the district Vegetable / No. of Estimated area Overall status: good/ Market outlet Situation description/ fruit farmers cultivated. (ha) / fair/ not good comment (number of trees for tree crops) Cabbage 770 57.5 Good local markets Simultaneously in production and on the market. Rape 2059 62.05 Good local markets Simultaneously in production and on the market. Tomato 750 43.1 Fair local markets Simultaneously in production and on the market. Onion 357 24.25 Fair local markets Simultaneously in production and on the market. Egg plant 2 0.5 Fair local markets Simultaneously in production and on the market. Okra 69 5 Fair local markets Simultaneously in production and on the market. Water melon 2 0.5 Fair local markets Simultaneously in production and on the market. Impwa 66 7.4 Good local markets Simultaneously in production and on the market. Oranges 407 2261 Town and local Poor yields and quality Lemons 968 3525 Town 36 Guavas 326 2274 Town and local Need to improve management Bananas 1295 11651 Town and local Low production Mangoes 2361 8640 Town and local Currently not in season Mandarins 0 0 Pawpaws 98 303 Local Usually grown for home consumption Avocado 15 16 Local Home consumption Source: MoA Annual Reports – Pemba district

3.5.2 Pests and Diseases The common pests and diseases arered spider mites, aphids, termites, mealy bugs, tomato fruit borers, early blight and late blight were pests and diseases were also recorded and resolved through cultural practices and chemical control methods. See table below. Table 3.5.4: Pests and diseases table Pest/Diseases Crop attacked Pest/Diseases Crop attacked Fall armyworm Maize Termites Maize Cut worms Bananas and Maize Early and late blight Tomato Aphids Rape Red spider mite and beetles Rape and legumes Fruit borers Guavas Bore worms Rape Source: Ministry of Agriculture Annual District Report (2019) The district has 18 camp officers with one officer at each camp. These camp officers offer services 26,806 farmers in Pemba. Services provided include household visits and farmers trainings through demos and meetings. The major challenge experienced is that farmers are hesitant in accessing these services and adamant to change their traditional forms of farming with low yield of the 26,806 farmers (ZIAMIS, 2020), 17,899 farmers [66.8%] have access to agricultural extension services in these camps and 33.2% are without. 37

3.2.4 Quality of Service The services provided are inadequate due to the ratio of camp officer to farmer. The standard is one officer to five hundred households (1- 500) but the district currently has a ratio of one officer to one thousand, four hundred and eighty-nine farmers (1-1,500). About eighty (80%) of camps have either no staff houses or poor staff houses. The district has Agro dealers who are concentrated in the Pemba Central Business District, CACs available in all wards while Aggregators and solar mills exist in 7 out of 18 camps and 11 out of 18 camps respectively. FRA sheds exist and are operational in only 9 out of 18 camps. Notable areas that need Food Reserve Agency sheds to be constructed or completed include Maambo, Michelo and Habbanyuka. These services provided are not enough for the farmers thereby reducing the sector’s productivity. Poor and inconsistent funding and transport challenges are the major reasons attributed for the inadequacy of service as some farmers are not attended to fully. This is in all camps.

3.3 Issues Arising from the Public Participation Process Public consultations were done at the Ward Development Committee level. Zonal meetings were held where agricultural issues affecting the zone were discussed. These issues were submitted to the WDCs for further discussion. The IDP team engaged the WDCs to receive the issues. Communities raised several issues affecting the sector Table 3.5.5: Issues arising from public participation Issues in all wards Low climate smart agriculture (CA) technology adoption rate by smallholder farmers. Low levels of adoption of crop diversification by smallholder farmers. Most farmers are still practicing monocropping. High incidence of pests particularly Fall Army Worms and diseases in all wards. Poor soil fertility leading to poor crop yield. 38 Water only abundantly available in the rainy season; No irrigation schemes Poor market linkages of agricultural produce No staff housing Table 3.5.8: Community Needs Arising from Community Engagement and Strategies to Address them Agriculture Agriculture Needs Strategies Programmes Block Camp Hajamba -Housing for staff -Engage Community to -Lobby community to -Improve crop apply for staff house apply through CDF productivity construction from CDF -Agriculture -Improved soil health -Capacity building on development Support -Sustainable market Climate Smart -Farmer to Market linkages Agriculture Alliance (FtMA) -Reducing incidences Technologies -Market linkage of pest attack on crop -Promote crop promotion (Bulking -Access to water for diversification and Concept) Muzoka irrigation rotation -Linking community -Create market linkages to PPP for support (replicating Farmer to Market Alliance concept) -Promote Value Addition -Lobby for provision of water to community through PPP by 39 construction of weir dams and other forms of water points. Moyo -Improve crop -Capacity building on -Agriculture productivity Climate Smart development Support -Improved soil health Agriculture -Farmer to Market -Sustainable market Technologies Alliance (FtMA) linkages -Promote crop -Market linkage -Reducing incidences diversification and promotion (Bulking of pest attack on crop rotation Concept) -Access to water for -Create market linkages -Linking community irrigation (replicating Farmer to to PPP for support Market Alliance concept) -Promote Value Addition -Lobby for provision of water to community through PPP by construction of weir dams and other forms of water points. 40 Siamuleya -Improve crop -Capacity building on -Agriculture productivity Climate Smart development Support -Improved soil health Agriculture -Farmer to Market -Sustainable market Technologies Alliance (FtMA) linkages -Promote crop -Market linkage -Reducing incidences diversification and promotion (Bulking of pest attack on crop rotation Concept) -Access to water for -Create market linkages -Linking community irrigation (replicating Farmer to to PPP for support Market Alliance concept) -Promote Value Addition -Lobby for provision of water to community through PPP by construction of weir dams and other forms of water points. Ndondi - Improve crop -Capacity building on productivity Climate Smart -Improved soil health Agriculture -Sustainable market Technologies linkages -Promote crop -Reducing incidences diversification and of pest attack on crop rotation -Access to water for -Create market linkages irrigation (replicating Farmer to Market Alliance concept) 41 -Promote Value Addition. Malamba -Housing for staff -Engage Community to -Lobby community to - Improve crop apply for staff house apply through CDF productivity construction from CDF -Agriculture -Improved soil health -Capacity building on development Support -Sustainable market Climate Smart -Farmer to Market linkages Agriculture Alliance (FtMA) -Reducing incidences Technologies -Market linkage of pest attack on crop -Promote crop promotion (Bulking -Access to water for diversification and Concept) irrigation rotation -Linking community -Create market linkages to PPP for support (replicating Farmer to Market Alliance concept) -Promote Value Addition -Lobby for provision of water to community through PPP by construction of weir dams and other forms of water points. Muzoka - Improve crop -Capacity building on -Agriculture productivity Climate Smart development Support -Improved soil health Agriculture -Farmer to Market -Sustainable market Technologies Alliance (FtMA) linkages 42 -Reducing incidences -Promote crop -Market linkage of pest attack on crop diversification and promotion (Bulking -Access to water for rotation Concept) irrigation -Create market linkages (replicating Farmer to Market Alliance concept) -Promote Value Addition Pemba Pemba Housing for staff -Engage Community to -Lobby community to - Improve crop apply for staff house apply through CDF productivity construction from CDF -Agriculture -Improved soil health -Capacity building on development Support -Sustainable market Climate Smart -Farmer to Market linkages Agriculture Alliance (FtMA) -Reducing incidences Technologies -Market linkage of pest attack on crop -Promote crop promotion (Bulking -Access to water for diversification and Concept) irrigation rotation -Create market linkages (replicating Farmer to Market Alliance concept) -Promote Value Addition Makomba - Improve crop -Capacity building on -Agriculture productivity Climate Smart development Support 43 -Improved soil health Agriculture -Farmer to Market -Sustainable market Technologies Alliance (FtMA) linkages -Promote crop -Market linkage -Reducing incidences diversification and promotion (Bulking of pest attack on crop rotation Concept). -Access to water for -Create market linkages irrigation (replicating Farmer to Market Alliance concept) -Promote Value Addition Kasiya - Improve crop -Capacity building on -Agriculture productivity Climate Smart development Support -Improved soil health Agriculture -Farmer to Market -Sustainable market Technologies Alliance (FtMA) linkages -Promote crop -Market linkage -Reducing incidences diversification and promotion (Bulking of pest attack on crop rotation Concept) -Access to water for -Create market linkages irrigation (replicating Farmer to Market Alliance concept) -Promote Value Addition Chilundu Housing for staff -Engage Community to -Lobby community to - Improve crop apply for staff house apply through CDF productivity construction from CDF -Agriculture -Improved soil health -Capacity building on development Support -Sustainable market Climate Smart -Farmer to Market linkages Alliance (FtMA) 44 -Reducing incidences Agriculture -Market linkage of pest attack on crop Technologies promotion (Bulking -Access to water for -Promote crop Concept) irrigation diversification and -Linking community rotation to PPP for support -Create market linkages (replicating Farmer to Market Alliance concept) -Promote Value Addition -Lobby for provision of water to community through PPP by construction of weir dams and other forms of water points. Demu - Improve crop -Capacity building on -Agriculture productivity Climate Smart development Support -Improved soil health Agriculture -Farmer to Market -Sustainable market Technologies Alliance (FtMA) linkages -Promote crop -Market linkage -Reducing incidences diversification and promotion (Bulking of pest attack on crop rotation Concept) -Access to water for -Create market linkages irrigation (replicating Farmer to Market Alliance concept) -Promote Value Addition 45 Bulanda - Improve crop -Capacity building on -Agriculture productivity Climate Smart development Support -Improved soil health Agriculture -Farmer to Market -Sustainable market Technologies Alliance (FtMA) linkages -Promote crop -Market linkage -Reducing incidences diversification and promotion (Bulking of pest attack on crop rotation Concept). -Access to water for -Create market linkages irrigation (replicating Farmer to Market Alliance concept) -Promote Value Addition. Kanchomba Kanchomba -Housing for staff -Engage Community to -Lobby community to South - Improve crop apply for staff house apply through CDF productivity construction from CDF -Agriculture -Improved soil health -Capacity building on development Support -Sustainable market Climate Smart -Farmer to Market linkages Agriculture Alliance (FtMA) -Reducing incidences Technologies -Market linkage of pest attack on crop -Promote crop promotion (Bulking -Access to water for diversification and Concept) irrigation rotation -Linking community -Create market linkages to PPP for support (replicating Farmer to Market Alliance concept) -Promote Value Addition 46 -Lobby for provision of water to community through PPP by construction of weir dams and other forms of water points. Kanchomba -Housing for staff -Engage Community to -Lobby community to North - Improve crop apply for staff house apply through CDF productivity construction from CDF -Agriculture -Improved soil health -Capacity building on development Support -Sustainable market Climate Smart -Farmer to Market linkages Agriculture Alliance (FtMA) -Reducing incidences Technologies -Market linkage of pest attack on crop -Promote crop promotion (Bulking -Access to water for diversification and Concept) irrigation rotation -Create market linkages (replicating Farmer to Market Alliance concept) -Promote Value Addition Kasikili -Housing for staff -Engage Community to -Lobby community to - Improve crop apply for staff house apply through CDF productivity construction from CDF -Agriculture -Improved soil health -Capacity building on development Support -Sustainable market Climate Smart -Farmer to Market linkages Agriculture Alliance (FtMA) Technologies 47 -Reducing incidences -Promote crop -Market linkage of pest attack on crop diversification and promotion (Bulking -Access to water for rotation Concept) irrigation -Create market linkages -Linking community (replicating Farmer to to PPP for support Market Alliance concept) -Promote Value Addition -Lobby for provision of water to community through PPP by construction of weir dams and other forms of water points. Munyona -Housing for staff -Engage Community to -Lobby community to - Improve crop apply for staff house apply through CDF productivity construction from CDF -Agriculture -Improved soil health -Capacity building on development Support -Sustainable market Climate Smart -Farmer to Market linkages Agriculture Alliance (FtMA) -Reducing incidences Technologies -Market linkage of pest attack on crop -Promote crop promotion (Bulking -Access to water for diversification and Concept) irrigation rotation -Linking community -Create market linkages to PPP for support (replicating Farmer to Market Alliance concept) -Promote Value Addition 48 Lobby for provision of water to community through PPP by construction of weir dams and other forms of water points. Choompa -Housing for staff -Capacity building on -Lobby community to - Improve crop Climate Smart apply through CDF productivity Agriculture -Agriculture -Improved soil health Technologies development Support -Sustainable market -Promote crop -Farmer to Market linkages diversification and Alliance (FtMA) -Reducing incidences rotation -Market linkage of pest attack on crop -Create market linkages promotion (Bulking -Access to water for (replicating Farmer to Concept) irrigation Market Alliance concept) -Promote Value Addition. Michelo -Housing for staff -Engage Community to -Lobby community to - Improve crop apply for staff house apply through CDF productivity construction from CDF -Agriculture -Improved soil health -Capacity building on development Support -Sustainable market Climate Smart -Farmer to Market linkages Agriculture Alliance (FtMA) -Reducing incidences Technologies -Market linkage of pest attack on crop -Promote crop promotion (Bulking -Access to water for diversification and Concept) irrigation rotation -Linking community to PPP for support 49 -Create market linkages (replicating Farmer to Market Alliance concept) -Promote Value Addition -Lobby for provision of water to community through PPP by construction of weir dams and other forms of water points.

3.7 Impact of Changes Anticipated Over the Next Ten Years The anticipated increase in population is going to mean that there will be an increase in the demand for food. Therefore, new methods of food production have to be practiced. Training in new farming methods would have to be conducted on new scientific methods of efficient food production with higher yield. The anticipated increase in population will also imply an increase in land use for farming. This will imply the clearing of new land for this purpose. This will also imply an increase in the demand of farming inputs such as fertilizers and other factors of production. This may see the emergence of commercial farmers in the district. It is also anticipated that the future demand for services and facilities in agriculture in the district will increase, looking at the number of farmers being registered in the past five years. With the anticipated urbanization and growth in infrastructure, it is anticipated that the increase in population will cause an increase in agro dealers and a market for the agricultural products. Therefore, the issues below will need to be addressed for the growth of the sector. 50

3.5.9 Strategies to be Undertaken to Meet the Needs of the Population Using the Existing Trend from the Past Five Years s/n Camp Reduce Farmers Provision Refreshe intensify Provision of Intensify Changing Increase farmer ratio to be able of r courses on accommodatio on farmer the production sub to supply transport for demos n for officers trainings mindset of and dividing the chain and officers the farmer productivity camp store funding 1 Makomba ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ 2 Kasiya ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ 3 Pemba ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ 4 Chilundu ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ 5 Demu ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ 6 Bulanda ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ 7 Michelo ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ 8 Malamba ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ 9 Muzoka ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ 10 Moyo ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ 51 11 Kanchomba ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ south 12 Kanchomba ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ north 13 Siamuleya ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ 14 Munyona ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ 15 Ndondi ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ 16 kasikili ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ 17 Choompa ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ Table 6: Farmers' needs by camp 52

3.6 The Impact of the Continuation of Existing Trends on Land Use and Population Distribution Patterns It is anticipated that with the increasing number of farmers in the district, there is going to be an increase in the utilization of agro-inputs such as seed, chemicals, fertilizers (both chemical and organic fertilizers) including mechanization. This will happen to meet the anticipated increase in demand for these inputs. This is observed from the number of farmers registered in the ziamis system. This increase in the number of farmers will not only result in the increase in demand for agro-inputs but will also result in increase in extension services provided. Therefore, there will be need to increase the number of public and private extension service providers in the district. Table 3.7: Impact of changes anticipated in agricultural sector over the next ten years Sector Impact Natural • Poor agricultural practices to cause environmental degradation from increased Environment agricultural services and facilities • Increased investment in solid waste management and general environmental management Land use • Demand for land to be reserved for agricultural infrastructure • Re-location of unplanned settlements and developments to pave way for new infrastructure and land for agriculture • Land degradation and general environmental decay Infrastructure • Demand for infrastructure (e.g. transport, water and sanitation, electricity and telecommunications) • Demand for auxiliary services and infrastructure such as social amenities and activities (markets, processing plants and milk bulking areas, health, community services and recreation) • Capital investment in the provision of auxiliary infrastructure Housing • Increased demand for housing development Institutional • Increased demand for Monitoring and Evaluation capacities of local agricultural and development institutions Economic • Market for goods and services • Labour demand and supply and higher demand of extension services 53

3.6.1 Population Change – Future Demand for Services and Facilities The anticipated increase in population is going to mean that there will be an increase in the demand for food. Therefore, new methods of food production have to be practiced. Training in new farming methods would have to be conducted on new scientific methods of efficient food production with higher yield. The anticipated increase in the number of smallholder farmers will also result in an increase in land use for farming resulting in more land opened up for crop production. This will create pressure on the available land. There will be need to conserve the agricultural land by promoting conservation agriculture among the smallholder farmers.

3.6.2 Existing and Proposed Investment and Development Programs There is potential to increase crop production and productivity considering the suitable weather conditions. Programs such as farmer training on diversification of crops and adoption of inputs and technology, establishing market linkages for farmers’ produce, availing financial services to farmers, and increasing in Farmer Input Supply would see the sector improve its productivity and income. Investment in technological production such as incorporating agricultural mechanization is one of the components that can successfully drive the agriculture sector. Increased productivity requires modernization of agriculture, but it includes: planting, crop protection, diversification, irrigation, harvesting, processing, manufacturing. Modern technologies are critical in supporting production, as well as in value addition. Included here is labor saving equipment like maize shearers, threshers, sunflower and groundnut oil pressers. 54 Table 3.6.2: Strategies to Be Undertaken to Meet the Needs of the Population Using the Existing Trend from The Past Five Years s/n Camp Engage Community to Capacity building on Promote crop Create market Promote Lobby for provision of apply for staff house Climate Smart diversificatio linkages Value water to community construction from Agriculture Technologies n and rotation (FtMA Addition through PPP CDF model) 1 Hajamba ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ 2 Moyo ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ 3 Siamuleya ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ 4 Ndondi ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ 5 Malamba ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ 6 Muzoka ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ 7 Pemba ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ 8 Makomba ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ 9 Kasiya ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ 55 10 Chilundu ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ 11 Demu ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ 12 Bulanda ✓ ✓ ✓ 13 Kanchomba South ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ 14 Kanchomba North ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ 15 Kasikili ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ 16 Munyona ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ 17 Choompa ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ 18 Michelo ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ Source: Issues Arising from Public Participation 56

3.6.3 THE IMPACT OF THE CONTINUATION OF EXISTING TRENDS ON LAND USE AND POPULATION DISTRIBUTION PATTERNS The conventional farming kills both beneficial and harmful organism but causes air pollution and may intensify soil erosion processes. This contributes to environmental damage as soil organisms die in large numbers due to exposure to adverse condition disturbing biodiversity. If these trends continue, it is anticipated that the parts of the land, which are left bare without being revamped, will be prone to erosion rendering the land unproductive. This will thereby affect the nutrition and food security of the district. Other practices include no crop rotation and the use of synthetic chemicals repeatedly which makes pests resistible to them and later multiple in numbers thereby reducing harvest. This trend would also mean incurring huge production costs, as the use of fertilisers would increase since the land is less fertile. The availability of pests would reduce the output from the sector thereby threatening food security in the district. In conclusion, if the existing trends continue, then it is anticipated that there will be less food and other raw materials available for the population which may result in starvation (no food and nutrition security) and income loss as it will result in importation of food and raw materials. less or not contribution to the country GDP. The lack of diversification and over-dependence on the staple crop maize can result in food shortage in the future in case another drought hits the district.

3.6.4 Agricultural Investment Potential in the district Pemba district is endowed with natural resources and has a comparative advantage in crop production. There is potential to increase crop production and productivity considering the suitable weather conditions and soil type. Currently the district produces a lot of horticultural crops in addition to field crops that are supplied throughout the province. availability of last. With the continued support to the Smallholder farmers through capacity building (extension provision) in climate smart agriculture, market linkage, promote crop diversification and rotation, promote value addition and lobbying for provision of water to community for horticultural production through PPP can unlock the potential of the district. Linking smallholder farmers to mechanization partners like SARO and CAMCO will help improve their productivity. The district has a lot of Agro-dealers except they are concentrated 57 along the main road. Continued efforts to facilitate provision of inputs at the farmer’s doorstep will reduce on time wasted by these farmers to access agricultural inputs thereby improving their production efficiency. Therefore, there is investment potential in crop production through provision of extension services to smallholder farmers and certified inputs, bulking, water for horticultural production, value addition and mechanization.

3.6.5 ENVIRONMENTAL AND CLIMATE CHANGE ANALYSIS

3.6.5.1 The impact of existing trend on the environment and climate change Conventional farming is contributing to environmental damage as soil organisms die in large numbers due to exposure to adverse condition. Cutting of shrubs and burning kills both beneficial and harmful organism but causes air pollution and also may intensify soil erosion processes. Lack of crop rotation, use of synthetic chemicals repeatedly makes land unfertile and acidic destroying the natural environment. The use of synthetic chemicals has an impact on other animals, birds, insects, and micro-organisms destroying the biodiversity. Ploughing at the same depth make up hard pan making water filtration difficult thereby causing floods and water runoff, in the end silting dams and chemicals carried by water affects aquaculture and marines. These practices have resulted in environmental degradation.

3.6.5.2 The impact of Environmental and climate change issues on the sector Pemba has not been spared from the effects of climate change. Being in southern province, the district has recorded reduction in rainfall and a shift on its onset from November to end of December over the past few years. This has the ability to threaten the wellbeing of the people of Pemba who largely depend on agriculture as the source of income and food. The major hazards resulting from climate change in the district includes; Drought, dry spells, Rainfall variability and high temperatures and poor soils due to soil erosion. Over the years, the district has experienced a statistically significant change in annual rainfall which are apparent. Pemba District has been exposed to various shocks and hazards on climate change which are visible and include droughts, dry spells, rainfall and temperatures variability. The increase in temperature has resulted increased difficulties in the control and management of pests and diseases. Rainfall variability has also led to reduce ground surface water levels 58 and drying up of water bodies in the district, thereby impacting negatively, resulting in crop failure, reduced livestock production, reduced fish production, reduced water for human consumption and consequently food insecurity. More specifically, the recent droughts adversely affected the maize and crop production. Notably, the maize production reduced in the 2017/2018 farming period 42743.4 from the 137287.3 in 2016/2017 and 45408.18 in 2015/2016 as shown in the table below. In 2014/2015 the average maize productivity was 2.05mt per hectare, in 2017/2018 yield per hectare reduced to 0.8mt per hectare. The district was faced with extreme hunger in most parts of the district. The dry spells cause crop failure. This in turn leads to household having reduced income and being food insecure and making them incapable of accessing basic needs. Such situation poses a risk of child labour in the quest to look for more food. Suffice to mention, the lack of food has the capacity to increase prostitution activities and consequently increase HIV infections. Other effects of low productivity resulting from reduced rainfall include increased levels of hunger that threatens the nutrition status especially for the vulnerable groups such as children under 5 and also increased charcoal burning leading to deforestation, environmental degradation and loss of biodiversity. Climate change hazards in the district include increased temperatures, dry spells, and droughts. This affects the production and productivity of agricultural production which subsist 90% of the district population. The poor are the most hit to these climate change hazards as they are unable to adapt and fail to cope to the situation. 59 Table 3.6.3: Estimated crop yields in the district ESTIMATED CROP ESTIMATED CULTIVATED AREA(Ha) PRODUCTIVITY(Tonnes/Ha) ESTIMATED PRODUCTION(Tonnes) 2017/201 2017/201 2017/201 SEASON 2014/15 2015/16 2016/17 8 2014/15 2015/16 2016/17 8 2014/15 2015/16 2016/17 8 29,295.6 52,802.8 93210.4 137287. Maize 45468.5 0 0 20354 2.05 1.55 2.6 2.1 3 45408.18 3 42743.4 Ground 29567.1 nuts 7600.8 7,606 8,870 1056 3.89 1.37 1.5 0.8 1 10420.22 13305 844.8 Cowpeas 296.5 301.37 2,222 1289 0.8 1.27 1 1.7 237.2 382.7399 2222 2191.3 Sweet 14896.4 21928.05 potatoes 2474.5 2558.7 1,653 1588 6.02 8.57 5 4 9 9 8265 6352 Cotton 314.5 314.5 1,606 524.5 1.9 2.15 1.5 0.8 597.55 676.175 2409 419.6 1341.40 Beans 1146.5 1,148.80 1,287 186 1.17 1.3 1.3 0.7 5 1493.44 1673.1 130.2 Sunflower 341.25 171.75 950 1140.7 0.78 0.78 1.5 0.5 266.175 133.965 1425 570.35 60 Soybeans 127 123.35 774 130.5 0.9 1.1 1.2 1 114.3 135.685 928.8 130.5 Irish potatoes 0.5 2 14 5.25 0.9 3 1.85 1 0.45 6 25.9 5.25 Tobacco 1 1 5 7 1 1 2.5 2 1 1 12.5 14 57,771.0 41,523.0 70,183.8 Total 5 7 0 26,280.95 Source: Ministry of Agriculture – 2019 First Quarter Report – Pemba district 61

3.7 Issues Arising Related to Gender Groups and Vulnerable Groups Due to the traditional norms, most of the land ownership in the district is owned by males. Over the past decades there have been huge income and gender disparities that exist between people in rural areas and urban areas, and this has undermined the capacity of the rural population to significantly contribute to economic growth. This can be evidenced by the disparities in the total number of farmers in the district which is 26,806 farmers with a distribution of 58.8% male and 41.4% females respectively. Farmers are being encouraged to involve their spouses in decision making at household level. Gender is always mainstreamed in all meetings and trainings, and everyone is treated equally regardless of the disability or ability and packs are distributed fairly to all deserving groups for as long they meet all requirements. Officers attend to all farmers who report either be crop damage or any issue brought to their attention without segregation.

3.8 Consideration of the Underlying Factors Contributing to the Issues Identified Apart from climate viability, the following summary factors have been attributed to be the main causes of the issues in the district.

3.8.1 Agriculture Inputs Utilization Low adoption of modern agricultural inputs and technology associated with low productivity in agriculture production. The low use is partly caused by the high cost of fertilizer and other farming inputs of which the majority of farmers cannot afford.

3.8.2 Deficiency in Extension Services There is a shortage of expertise in some areas and low staff retention due to low staff levels. There is also weak research and extension services delivery linkages.

3.8.3 Policy Controls and Enforcement Deficiency There is insufficient publicity of existing policies and legislations governing agriculture and related sub sectors and weak law enforcement mechanisms. There is inadequate agricultural management information system in the district and poor enforcement of land use plan and other laws and regulations. Depletion of natural resources and environmental degradation due to increased socio- economic activities. Reduction of agricultural land associated with increased population density and economic activities. Increased demand for wood fuel due to increased population due to high price of alternative sources of energy (electricity) leaving land prone to soil erosion. 62

3.8.4 Poor Agriculture Practices Conventional farming is contributing to environmental damage as soil organisms die in large numbers and there is degradation of natural resources which intensifies soil erosion. No crop rotation may be as a result of insufficient extension services.

3.8.5 Marketing The district has poor marketing systems linkages for its products resulting in high post-harvest losses of crops.

3.8.6 Labor Force Constriction and Low/No Investor Participation The Significant reduction of agricultural labor force is caused by the HIV/AIDS pandemic and drug abuse. Due to the negative perception towards agricultural activities as source of income, there is low youth involvement in agriculture sector. The sector also suffers low private sector investment in the district and there are no commercial farmers in the district.

3.8.7 Poor communication network coverage In some parts of Pemba such as Kauba, Ndondi, Habbanyuka, Siamuleya, Simudima and many other areas.

3.8.8 Lack of Diversification. The district lacks both vertical and horizontal diversification. For example, agriculture lacks processing facilities in the district- this leads to local produce such as tomatoes sold in their raw form and a lot gets spoiled at farm gate due to high temperatures. The overdependence on agriculture also impacts farmers in times of adverse climatic conditions. 63

3.9 LIVESTOCK AND FISHERIES SECTOR Fisheries and Livestock is an integral part of the livelihood system of many farmers in Pemba district. It caters for about 20% of the food basket in terms of nutritional protein provision; 40% is from beef, 20% from milk, 10% from fish and the remaining 10% comes from other species such as small ruminants and poultry (CSO, 2015). The sub-sector comprises of beef cattle, dairy, poultry, sheep, pigs and goats, among others as indicated in the Table below. Table 8: Livestock population in the district Camp Distance (km) Cattle Goats sheep pigs poultry from CBD Kanchomba 22 19443 15815 182 3159 19875 Kasiya 17 15149 16380 119 610 23740 Pemba 11 11772 19245 156 10299 11654 Muzoka 21 3206 29610 98 278 24565 Choompa 33 5772 11680 173 884 12,430 Sikatumba 46 3107 92530 88 233 20756 Total 150 58449 185260 816 15463 113020 Livestock Estimates Source: Ministry of Fisheries and Livestock – Annual Report – 2021 Pemba District

3.9.1 Key government priorities being and to be implemented in the district in your sector Sn Projects being implemented Projects to be implemented 1 Artificial Insemination Dip Tank Construction 2 Pasture Production and Management Fishponds Construction 3 Disease immunization Fish Hatchery 4 Range land management Construction of staff houses 5 Construction Of Water Troughs Rehabilitation of existing houses 6 Restocking in Small Ruminant 7 Construction Of Dip Tanks 8 Aqua Culture and Capture Fisheries Restocking in Small Ruminant Management 64 9 Cattle Restocking House Construction 10 Chicken Restocking Disease Surveillance 11 Electronic Extension Pig production Existing and Proposed investment and development programs Existing programs 1. Cattle stocking and restocking (Beef and Dairy) 2. Goat stocking and restocking 3. Chicken production 4. Fish production 5. Pasture and seed production 6. Livestock immunization Programs to be implemented 1. Rehabilitation of existing but nonfunctional dip tanks 2. Construction of new dip tanks 3. Rehabilitation of camp houses 4. Construction of new camp houses

3.9.2 Description of existing state of development The district has an insufficient number of trained staff, that is, there are only 5 Vet Assistants servicing all the farmers in the district and no Livestock Assistants in the district. The national standard is one frontline officer per five hundred livestock units (1:500) but the district about one frontline officer per fifteen thousand livestock units. (1:15,000). Other than crop production farmers rear livestock such as cattle, pigs, goats, and poultry. Goats are the main small livestock reared, while 30% of livestock farmers are engaged in aquaculture production (MFL: Aquaculture and Livestock Census, 2016).

3.9.3 Diseases and Disease Control The table below shows the main diseases that affect livestock in the district. Cattle Causes/Control Goats Causes/ Chickens Causes/Control Control Diseases East Coast Ticks/ Spraying Mange Mange New Viral Diseases/ Fever mites/ Castle Vaccination 65 Spraying Anaplasmosis Ticks/ Spraying Worm Fowl Pox Viral Diseases/ Infestation Vaccination Babisiosis Ticks/ Spraying Cowdriosis Ticks/Spraying FMD Immunisation Table 9: Main livestock diseases, causes and treatment The district has 37 dip tanks that are operational and in good condition. About 10 of them are non- operational and need rehabilitation. This occasions poor service delivery to the livestock farmers. A number of them were earmarked for rehabilitation. In terms of distribution, Sikatumba block has no functional dip tank, Kanchomba has 9 functional dip tanks out of 20, Kasiya has 3 functional out of 10 dip tanks and Muzoka has one out of three. While the others, Pemba central and Choompa has both dip tanks functioning. In terms of capacity, these dip tanks are not enough for the animal populations in some places and their distributions are at times from the farmers. Availability, Ownership, and location of Infrastructure/ Dip tanks Name of Dip Tank Vet Camp Ownership Availability Kanchomba Kanchomba GRZ Functioning Kanyanga Private Functioning Natomba Private Functioning Ndinde Private Non- Functioning Maambo GRZ Functioning Kakuba GRZ Functioning Sikwale GRZ Non-Functioning Green Lupapula Private Functioning Alice Private Non-Functioning Makandya Private Functioning Malamba Private Non-Functioning Keemba Private Functioning 66 Hamatowe Communal Non-Functioning Hasangwe Private Non-Functioning Mundiyo Private Non-Functioning Halubala Communal Functioning Chilumbi Private Non-Functioning Hamachila Private Non-Functioning Simbunda Communal Non-Functioning Chilundu Kasiya GRZ Functional Nabuzoka GRZ Non-Functional Makomba GRZ Non-Functional Simudima GRZ Functional Muyama GRZ Functional Munyali GRZ Functional Chimata Farm Private Functional Chimata Spray Race Private Functional Hankuwa Private Non-Functional Demu Pemba Central GRZ Functional Mukumwa Private Functional Hamachila GRZ Non-Functional Chilala Private Functional Pemba Settlement Private Functional Ndima Private Functional Michelo Spray Race Private Functional Cheelo Muzoka GRZ Non-Functional Nachibanga GRZ Functional Jimmy Dons Private Functional Choompa Choompa GRZ Functional Munyona GRZ Functional Sikatumba Sikatumba GRZ Functional MuntuWabulongo GRZ Functional Mudenda GRZ Functional Malamba GRZ Non-Functional 67 Mundumuko Private Non- Functional Simweemba GRZ Functional Name of dams in Pemba and their location S/N Name of Dam Village Camp located Status Comment located 1. Bulolo irrigation Siamuleya Siamuleya Operational Reliable water supply 2. Siamuleya Siamuleya Siamuleya Operational Silted (low levels) 3. Munyali Munyama Kasiya Operational Silted 4. Makomba Kasiya Operational Rehabilitated 5. Simudima Kasiya Operational Silted 6. Cheembe Kasiya Operational Silted 7. Hangwanamo Kanchomba Operational Silted 8. Hanaloma Munyona Choompa Operational Silted 10. Chimowa Pemba Operational Silted 11. Nachibanga Muzoka Operational Rehabilitated 12. Muzoka Muzoka Operational Silted 13. Ndondi Sikatumba Operational Rehabilitated 14. Moyo Sikatumba Operational Silted 15. Chiyuna Pemba Operational Under rehabilitation 16. Likwele Pemba Operational Good condition 17. Demu Pemba Operational Good condition 18. Bulanda Pemba Operational Silted 19. Hakwangala Pemba Operational Silted 20. Choompa Choompa Operational Good water levels 21. Simoya Muzoka Operational Silted 22. Jalila Kanchomba Operational Silted

3.9.4 Fishponds and Dams Under the fisheries sub-sector, the district is promoting Aquaculture development as an alternative to decreasing livestock as a coping strategy to the adverse effects of climate change. To this effect, fishponds constructed and stocked with fish have increased from fifty (50) ponds in 2013, producing 8mt of fish to over 300 Ponds by the end of 2016, producing 10mt of fish. The current indicators show more small-scale farmers generating interest in fish farming. The department now is helping over 1500 farmers construct fishponds. However, the impacts of the climate changes are adversely affecting the positive growth trends of the sector as most farmers in the district depends on rainfall for their farming activities, hence, reduced water harvested leads to drying of the fishponds, affecting productivity. 68 Needs and Strategies No. Needs Solution/Strategies 1. Increase disease control facilities Construction of dip tanks in areas not existing Construction of spray races Rehabilitation of the existing dip tanks 2. Extension service delivery Recruitment of frontline staff Training and/or capacity building of community Livestock auxiliaries 3. Improved funding for the primary Sourcing support from development partners drivers of production Lobbying funding from Government recurrent charges 4. Transport Lobby/procure vehicles/motor bikes 5 sufficient infrastructure such as Lobbying for funding such as CDF, KFW dip tanks and dams

3.10 ISSUES ARISING FROM THE PUBLIC PARTICIPATION PROCESS

3.10.1 Availability of Service Communities raised several issues affecting the sector WARD ISSUE Muzoka -Dip tanks deficiency in Sinamanjolo and Cheelo Nachibanga -Dip tank deficiency in Mufungu zone - inadequate Animal watering points in Nachibanga and Kaumba zones) Kauba - inadequate Dip tanks (Kazimaulu, Hatula, Habulembo, Hajamba&Hanyuta) Pemba -Need a dip tank in pemba settlement and Chimowa village Dobo - inadequate Dip tanks (Malamba, Sikatumba) -Insufficient housing for camp officers Maambo - inadequate Goat dip tanks (Hamankuli, Lutambo, Stima&Matabwa) - inadequate capacity of available dip tanks - Insufficient housing for camp office 69

3.10.1 Quality of service Most of the dams in the district were constructed in the 1960s and in dare need of rehabilitation. The fishponds constructed in the district are mostly in good condition, despite some drying up during the last quarters of the year due to competing needs of water utilization.

3.10.2 Impact of Changes Anticipated Over the Next Ten Years With the anticipated increase in the livestock population, there will be pressure on the existing infrastructure such as meat processing plants and milk bulking areas to satisfy the increased population. Generally, there will be increased demand in the goods provided by the sector. Currently, there is inadequate vet staff as well as infrastructure such as disease control (dip tanks), milk bulking sectors, inadequate grazing areas. A continuation with the existing trends will intensify livestock diseases thereby reducing the production and productivity of livestock. The effects of climate are adversely affecting the fisheries and livestock sector. With the current situation, there is a danger of the fisheries sector dying due to drying up of fishponds. Overgrazing and other agricultural practices may intensify erosion processes. If the existing trends are continued, may lead to reduced fisheries and livestock production and productivity causing a decline livelihood among small-scale farmers, increased poverty levels among small-scale farmers and therefore, socio economic imbalances among rural populace. An anticipated improved production and productivity in livestock, pressure will be on the existing infrastructure. Hence, there will be need to increase the number and quality of the disease control and prevention facilities, increase the number of livestock trained staff to reduce the farmer to staff ratio and improved mobility of the frontline staff. There will be need to invest and develop in; ❖ Disease control and prevention facilities ❖ Range management and development ❖ Pasture seed production and management ❖ Stocking of improved livestock breeds ❖ Transport for the frontline staff

3.10.3 Environment and Climate Change Impact of existing trends on the environment and climate change Overgrazing and other agricultural practices may intensify soil erosion thereby causing poor soils for farming. 70 Animal waste may also introduce toxic fecal coliforms which threaten public health. This will cause the disease vector to be on the increase. Impact of environment and climate change issues on the sector The effects of climate are adversely affecting the fisheries and livestock sector. With the current situation, there is a danger of the fisheries and livestock sector dying due to drying up of fishponds. Overgrazing and other agricultural practices may intensify erosion processes. Livestock diseases in the district are exacerbated by effects of climate change. The high temperatures result in increased tick population, thereby leading to high incidences of tick-borne diseases such as East coast fever, Anaplasmosis, Heart water and other bacterial diseases such black leg, lump skin diseases (LSD) that have potential to completely wipe out cattle populations in the district. This results in low animal production and productivity, high mortality rates and thereby low income from livestock leading to high poverty levels among rural households. Low and Poor rainfall distribution in the district has led to poor pastures in the communal grazing areas, forcing animals to move long distances in search of feed and water. The impacts of climate variability coupled with poor livestock management practices, livestock production is affected during these dry spells; Water unavailability which greatly reduces pasture production results in low animal productivity in terms of milk and beef, increased calving intervals, high livestock mortalities, ultimately affecting household incomes on farmers that are dependent on livestock The recent trend indicates a decline of about 20% in livestock production systems. Under livestock sector dairying was affected more, in 2017 the district produced 51,553 litres of milk, 2018 reduced to 37,303 litres. The decline is attributed to the reduced pasture and water availability in most of the production areas owing to the climate change effects. However, with appropriate interventions, the sector has potential to develop due to demands in beef, milk, and other livestock products. ❖ Increased disease incidences ❖ Reduced animal production and productivity ❖ Compromised animal reproduction due to stress ❖ Decreased quantity and quality of livestock feeds ❖ Reduced water availability The drought, dry spells and temperature has greatly affected crop and animal production, leading to food insecurity in the district. This condition has given rise to reduced productivity, development and household income. Consequently, escalating vices such child marriages and pregnancies, bad sexual health choices causing high school dropouts and children not reaching their full potential. 71 The other vices Include theft, drug and alcohol abuse, prostitution resulting to high HIV/AIDS prevalence rates in district.

3.10.4 Issues Relating to Gender and Vulnerable Groups Just like land ownership, most of the livestock in the district is owned by males. Due to this, following gender inclusion protocols at all levels of management will be practiced by; ❖ Enabling physical environment that creates access and participation for persons with disabilities ❖ Creations of institutional responsiveness to needs for persons with disabilities and vulnerable but viable farmers.

3.10.5 Consideration of the Underlying Factors Contributing to the Issues Identified ❖ Poor communication network coverage in some parts of Pemba such as Kauba, Ndondi, Habbanyuka, Siamuleya, Simudima and many other areas. ❖ Lack of diversification. The district lacks both vertical and horizontal diversification. For example, agriculture lacks processing facilities in the district- this leads to local produce such as tomatoes sold in their raw form and the lot get spoiled at farm gate due to high temperatures. The overdependence on agriculture also impacts farmers in times of adverse climatic conditions. ❖ Adverse Climate- Over the years, the district has experienced a statistically significant change in annual rainfall which are apparent. Pemba District has been exposed to various shocks and hazards on climate change which are visible and include droughts, dry spells, rainfall variability and temperatures variabilities. The increase in temperature has resulted increased difficulties in the control and management of pests and diseases. Rainfall variability has also lead to reduce ground surface water levels and drying up of water bodies in the district, thereby impacting negatively, resulting in crop failure, reduced livestock production, reduced fish production, reduced water for human consumption and consequently food insecurity. ❖ Livestock diseases – livestock diseases in the district are exacerbated by effects of climate change. The high temperatures result in increased tick population, thereby leading to high incidences of tick-borne diseases such as East coast fever, Anaplasmosis, Heart water and other bacterial diseases such black leg, lump skin diseases (LSD) that have potential to completely wipe out cattle populations in the district. 72 ❖ Low productivity: Climate change hazards in the district include increased temperatures, dry spells, and droughts. This affects the production and productivity of agricultural production which subsist 90% of the district population. The poor are the most hit to these climate change hazards as they are unable to adapt and fail to cope to the situation.

3.10.6 Summary Agriculture has the potential to enhance economic growth and development. Good performance in the sector translates into overall improvement of the Pemba, creates jobs, and expands the tax base. This is mainly because the majority of people depend on agricultural-related activities for livelihood. The failure of agriculture to provide for secure livelihoods is considered as a major factor contributing to rural poverty. Pemba needs to improve agricultural production, productivity, and market competitiveness in order to come out of the poverty trap. The real growth rate in the agricultural sector has fluctuated significantly, mainly due to the sector’s high dependence on seasonal rainfall, reduced investments and the failure to strategically position the sector according to its comparative advantage. Because agriculture is predominately rain-fed, its performance has been highly variable and inadequate. However, agricultural growth is seriously threatened by the lowered competitiveness of the sector due to high production costs arising from the high prices of inputs, especially energy and fertilizer and land degradation. Low market linkages of agricultural products, Low uptake of financial services. The fisheries sub-sector in the district is promoting Aquaculture development as an alternative to decreasing livestock as a coping strategy to high mortality due to high incidences of diseases such East Coast Fever (ECF), Heart water, Anaplasmosis and Black leg. To this effect, over 300 fishponds have been constructed and stocked with fish in the past five years with production tonnage of over 10 mt of fish per annum. There is however, potential to increase production by further promoting the construction of more fishponds among the smallholder farmers. 73

3.10.7 Core Issues SUB SECTOR CORE ISSUE UNDERLAYING CAUSES EFFECTS CROP LOW INCOME Poor soils -High poverty levels PRODUCTION FROM SECTOR Inadequate water for agriculture Low adoption of technology inputs and technology Low uptake of financial services Inadequate supply of farming inputs High illiteracy levels Poor extension services LOW LIVESTOCK Low income from livestock SECTOR LIVESTOCK Disease burden -High disease burden PRODUCTIVITY Lack of meat processing plants AND Inadequate frontline staff -Low socio-economic PRODUCTION Lack of marketing development FISHERIES LOW FISH Lack of water harvesting points PRODUCTION such as streams, dams, and -Low income weirs Seasonal streams and dams -Low fish productivity (Climatic conditions) Use of illegal fishing gears -Poor nutrition levels Environmental pollution has the potential to damage fish stocks 74

3.11 ENVIRONMENT AND FORESTRY

3.11.1 Forestry Sector Pemba is mainly an agricultural district. It is not a timber area as the forests are mainly of a relatively poor quality; we have two forest reserves, Ndondi Forest Reserve and Simwami with 5,143 Hectarage and 900 Hectarage respectively. The effect of indiscriminate cutting down of trees for charcoal and opening up of land has had a depressing effect on both vegetation and the soil. Nonetheless, the forests of Pemba are important as a source of essential firewood and poles for the agricultural population and an expanding agricultural development have brought about a steady decrease in the area of forestry. Pemba district is characterized by plateau Miombo wood forest on the plateau parts of the district and the Escarpment Miombo wood forest on the border with Sinazongwe in the Zambezi escarpment. These varieties of trees provide investment potential in producing sawn wood, furniture, curios, other wood, and non-wood forestry products. The good presence of miombo vegetation is favourable for beekeeping. Due to favourable condition provided by the miombo tree species, 08 groups stretching cross the district from Moyo and Hamaundu chiefdoms engaged in beekeeping producing approximately 1,000 litres of honey annually. However, investments in the forest industry is very low and not stimulating sufficient job creation. With increased investment in this industry, they will be improved job creation opportunities in forestry and non-forestry products. The provincial statistics of forest loss detection below shows evidence of human encroachment and indiscriminate cutting of trees.

3.11.2 Issues Affecting Forestry Sector ❖ Demand for charcoal in cities such as Lusaka has led to massive deforestation in the district 75 Source: Pemba DPU, 2022

3.13.3 Mapping of Proposed FMNR for Hamaundu and Moyo Chiefdoms The team conducted field visits to collect GPS points for the proposed areas for Farmer Managed Natural Regeneration (FMNR). Below is the map showing two sites with a total of 65,010.42 hectares. 76 Source: Pemba District Forest Office, 2022. 77 GPS coordinates for the map are indicated in the table below: GPS POINT NUMBER EASTINGS NORTHINGS Q1 522085 8164286 Q2 528086 8163513 Q3 526636 8176076 Q4 513065 8177682 P1 528872 8112420 P2 527622 8113784 P3 535100 8118293 P4 539500 8123550 P5 535493 8125730 P6 538834 8129991 P7 546980 8145716 P8 557927 8166731 P9 554567 8176750 P10 569496 8166731 P11 553047 8139388 P12 551789 8136541 Welcome to Sinazongwe 535778 8113177 WTS Source: Pemba District Forest Office, 2022. 78

3.11.4 Quality of service Table 10: Sector transport and equipment Equipment Optimum What is the deficit comment requirement Vehicles 1 Truck 1 Lack of theses Motor bikes 2 2 equipment makes Computers 2 2 forest Phones 1 1 operations and Printer 1 1 patrols difficult Safe 1 1 Table 11: Staffing levels Actual #of Optimum What is the comment Staff requirement deficit 4 10 6 Four officers are not sufficient to carry out all the necessary duties required so in this case other works suffer. The district lacks in terms of staffing and equipment for the sector to thrive. It has only 4 staff to carry out all the necessary duties required in the whole district. The insufficiency of equipment makes operations and patrols difficult to reduce the deforestation.

3.11.4 Strategies to be Used to Meet the Needs of the Population Using the Trend from the Past Five years ❖ To lobby from chiefs for the establishment of new forest reserves. ❖ Funds to train more community members in community forestry and encourage more tree planting ❖ To introduce community members to other forms of income generating activities to sustain their livelihoods such as beekeeping, mushroom growing, charcoal briquets, community nurseries and woodlot establishment. ❖ A total of 80,000 trees planned to be planted in Kauba (10,000), Kasiya (15,000), Pemba (20,000), Muzoka (15,000) and Moyo (20,000) 79

3.11.5 Effects of The Continuation of Existing Trends with the Anticipated Population Growth The agricultural practices in most parts of the district include clearing of land (conservation farming), using it until it is no longer fertile, then abandon it for a new piece of land. If these trends continue, it is anticipated that massive parts of the forests would be cleared making it prone for erosion rendering the land unproductive. Furthermore, it is anticipated that there will be less food and other raw materials available for the population which may result in starvation (no food and nutrition security) and income loss as it will result in importation of food and raw materials. The anticipated increase in population will also imply an increase in land use for farming. This will imply the clearing of new land for this purpose and clearing of more forests land for farming. In summary, the divergent effects of the population increase with the continuation of existing trends will cause the following: ❖ High deforestation ❖ Loss of biodiversity ❖ Climate change ❖ Desertification ❖ Global warming Solution: tree planting/ use of renewable sources of energy e.g. wind, solar Population growth will lead to deforestation leading to land degradation. Practices such as cutting down of trees for charcoal and firewood with little or no reforestation, pose a danger to the existence of forests. Other practices such as bush fires threaten the existence of biodiversity and wildlife encouraging global warming.

3.11.6 Environment and Climate Change Analysis Impact of existing trends on the environment and climate change S/N EXISTING TRENDS IMPACT 1 Use of non-organic fertilizer High acidic soils 2 Charcoal burning as was the case to survive the Deforestation & soil erosion 2018/19 farming season 3 Over dependence on forestry loges for survival Deforestation & drought 4 Loadshedding leading people adopting an alternative Deforestation & soil erosion energy source such as firewood and charcoal 80 5 Unplanned settlements are affecting recharge zones Negative impact on climate change

3.11.7 How Forestry Sector is Addressing Issues Relating to Gender, Persons Living with Disabilities and Other Vulnerable Groups The sector includes everyone in its programs. What is deficient is financial and maternal assistance to beekeepers for them to increase production of honey and bees wax and other related activities of empowerment such as women groups in Choompa making baskets, collection of wild fruits in Muzoka and mushrooming collection by the children.It ensures gender equity in all aspects of forest management, production and utilization of forest products, extension training and education.

3.11.8 Summary The district is characterised by miombo vegetation which is favourable for beekeeping. Due to favourable conditions provided by the miombo tree species, about 08 community groups in Moyo and Hamaundu chiefdoms engaged in beekeeping producing approximately 1,000litres of honey annually, sold on roadside markets in raw form. On average per annum, revenue raised from the sale of raw honey is around ZMW76,800.00. However, investments in the forest industry are very low and not stimulating sufficient job creation. With increased investment in this industry, they will be improved job creation opportunities in forestry and non-forestry products.

3.11.9 Consideration of the Underlying Factors Contributing to The Issues Identified CORE ISSUE CAUSES EFFECTS Encroachments in gazetted forests -Loss of biodiversity Lack of transport for inspections and -Global warming Inadequate and inconsistent operational -Climate change FORESTS funds -Disease outbreak DEGRADATION High rate of deforestation mainly for -low-income levels at charcoal, andfirewood. household level Clearing of forest land for infrastructure -Compromised nutritional development levels 81 Low public awareness

3.12 TOURISM AND ARTS Pemba District has heritage sites of national importance. These are the hot springs in Kasiya ward, the old tree in Kasikili ward which was used to keep spears during the war at Mayasanino, the Yotam Muleya burial site. Yotam Muleya was a famous Zambian international athlete who died in America. Table 12: Major tourism attractions in the district Type/ Name of attraction Ward Location Comment Hot springs (Chibimbi or Cheembe) Kasiya tree with spears that were used in Maambo Mayasanino The attractions fighting need promoting A rock with animal prints Kasiya Near Simbulo school and developing Kumachili Kasiya Mutama River A hill where water comes out on top Muzoka Cheelo These tourism attraction sites need investments to tap into their full potential and create jobs. The district, however, doesn’t have any hotels and tourist operators, but has one lodge- Gina’s Lodge, three Guest Houses; City Hope that has four bed spaces, executive lodge and Lusumpuko which has only two bed spaces and Faith Enterprise that has ten bed spaces.

3.12.1 Consideration of The Underlying Factors Contributing to The Issues Identified There is need for the sector to work with other stakeholders like Zambia Tourism Board to work in preserving some historical sites in the district (Mayasanino tree, Cheembe Hot springs, YotamMuleya grave site), the National Arts of Zambia (NAC) for the development various artists found in the district. Other issues include: ❖ Inadequate tourism marketing strategies ❖ Poor road infrastructure to tourist sites ❖ Inadequate promotion and capacity of hospitality industries 82 ❖ Availability of Raw material for making artefacts and crafts are threatened by extreme events such as increased temperatures and changes to the rain patterns. ❖ Poor communication facilities ❖ Unavailability of donor agencies ❖ Lack of funding for department to carry out its work ❖ Lack of transport

3.12.3 Summary CORE ISSUE CAUSES EFFECTS Lack of accommodation Inadequate operational -Loss of biodiversity resources Unmanaged tourist sites -Poor revenue from sector UNDERDEVELOPMENT Destruction of some tourist sites IN THE SECTOR Poor public awareness on need -Loss of cultural heritage to safe guard tourist sites. No exhibition centre and cultural villages Lack of a cultural centre 83

3.13 TRADE AND INDUSTRY

3.13.1 Commerce The sector in the district is still underdeveloped as it has no ultramodern shopping malls or complex but has small retail shops and groceries, which stock various household items but still lack various amenities such as banks. In addition, a number of hardware shops and restaurants have opened up. The commercial industry is made up of retail. Retailers buy in bulk from other towns and repack their merchandise to sell to the consumer in smaller quantities. Other businesses include restaurants, bars and bottle store. Furthermore, the business activity is highly informal thereby making it difficult to tax and access financing. The district does not have an existing financial bank posing a huge economic gap in terms of trade and commerce as well as local economic development. As such there is need for a financial institution to establish in the district. Table 13: Types and number of enterprises in Pemba Business type Number Business type Number Hardware shops 07 Talk time vendors 20 Banks - Furniture shops 01 Auto spares shops 01 Bakeries 01 Drug stores 03 Hammer mills (15 solar 20 Tele Communication 03 Abattoirs 03 Bus operators 01 Guest Houses 03 Taxis operators 03 Garages 1 (Registered) Truck operators nil Minibuses 1 (Registered) Internet Cafe 02 Big bus companies 0 Insurance - Pool tables 5 Car washing 02 Wholesale shops 2 Nursery schools 03 Salaula (second hand clothes) 23 Private Schools 04 Butcheries 04 Computer training 01 Bars/bottle stores 7 Legal firms 01 Saloon/ barber shops 84 Lodges 02 Retail shops Restaurant 08 Stationery Shops The nature of transport commonly used by traders is the Train, minibuses, and trucks, including small vans, taxis and motor bikes, bicycles, and oxcarts. which traverse the district for various errands. Despite the poor state of the roads in the district, traders have continued to use them to raise income for survival. The supply of inputs in the district is generally fair though farmers are unable to access these inputs within the district as they are sourced from outside the district, and they are mostly expensive to acquire. Further, the prices of inputs are usually high as they are exacerbated by transportation costs.

3.13.2 Consideration of the Underlying Factors Contributing to the Issues Identified ❖ Inadequate capital for investment (funds) ❖ Low demand for commodities (bricks, baked stuff) ❖ Lack of banking and loan facilities ❖ Lack of capital for investment and recapitalization ❖ High poverty levels due to low-income levels ❖ Poor marketing infrastructure ❖ Production of primary products with low value addition ❖ Unregulated standards/ grades of products due to lack of certification facilities ❖ Highly informal sector

3.13.3 Measures for Future Intervention ❖ Infrastructure development ❖ Promotion of entrepreneurship development ❖ Financial credit ❖ Enforce employment and labour laws and regulations ❖ Promote employment creation in all sectors of the economy ❖ Promote skills development ❖ Promote investment opportunities in appropriate technology ❖ Build capacity for entrepreneurship development 85

3.14.1 MINING SECTOR The mining activities taking place include quarrying of sand, gravel and stones for construction purposes, precious stone (gold deposit, coal) siamuleya under Yotam Muleya ward. If exploration activities were carried out in the district, it is anticipated that minerals can be discovered. Full exploitation of this resource would greatly contribute to the economic growth of the district. So far, some residents are involved in stone quarrying and brick moulding. Largely, they will increase their levels of income and help enhance the economy of the district. Pemba district has substantial potential in coal and quarry mining. Currently there are no explorations in coal mining, while quarry mining is in operational. The availability of granite in Kasiya ward avails the potential for the quarry mining. Currently, the investment in this sector is very low due to lack of promotion on the existing mining potential. As of now, the only mining activities taking place are quarrying of sand, gravel and stones for construction purposes. If exploration activities were carried out in the district, it is anticipated that minerals can be discovered. Full exploitation of this resource would greatly contribute to the economic growth of the district. So far, some residents are involved in stone quarrying and brick moulding. Largely, they will increase their levels of income and help enhance the economy of the district. In view of the above, the district envisages to promote its mining potential to would be investors.

3.14.2 Consideration of the Underlying Factors Contributing to the Issues Identified ❖ lack of promotion on the existing mining potential ❖ inadequate mineral exploration in the district ❖ Lack of investors in the sector 86

4.0 SOCIAL SERVICES SECTOR

4.1 Water and Sanitation

4.1.1 Key Government Priorities Being and to be Implemented in the District. Zambia/Zimbabwe Joint Drought WASH Response (ZZJR) 2020 Care International in Zambia in collaboration with Pemba Town Council accessed funding from the Dutch Relief Alliance to implement WASH Project. The goal of the project is to improve health status of the people affected by the drought by enhancing access to critical WASH services. Care is a major international humanitarian agency delivering emergency relief and long term international developmental projects. It was founded in 1945. The objective of the Programme is to increase access to safe and adequate sanitation for drought affected people through the construction of water and sanitation facilities. In Pemba, activities to be done includes drilling of new boreholes, rehabilitation of existing water points, construction of single ventilated improved pit latrines at public places with hand wash facility, construction of waterborne system, operation and maintenance strengthening, hygiene promotion and COVID-19 sessions in the communities, new solar powered water supply distribution systems construction and extension of water supply and distribution system.

4.2 Description of Existing State of Development Urban water supply and sanitation In Pemba rivers and streams are seasonal, especially in the period between August to December. This leads to reduced water levels in Likwele dam which is the source of the water for the utility company, making it unable to supply water 24/7. Hence, boreholes account for most of the water supply for the rural population. The urban population mostly depends on water utility company (SWASCO) and some private boreholes. Currently, there are 623 total number of boreholes, which consists of 295 functional and 131 non-functional boreholes. 9 of the functional boreholes are equipped with solar powered submersible pumps, 3 with hydro-powered submersible pumps while the rest are equipped with hand pumps. Most of the boreholes have been sunk by the government through its line ministries with support from collaborating partners such as World Vision, Glasco Foundation, United Nation Children’s Fund (UNICEF) and the private sector. The boreholes in communities are managed and safeguarded by water point committees which are mandated to ensure maintenance and operation activities. 87 At district level the boreholes are monitored by the District Water and Sanitation, Health, and Education (D-WASHE) committee, where the Ministry of Health and the Public Health Unit of the Council comes into play through water quality monitoring by taking periodical chemical and bacteriological surveillance. Water supply and consumption Item Detail of item Category/Quantity Total Rural Urban Standard Water 70l/p (150l/p) 342 cubic 342 cubic meters Consumption meters Population District 79607 2278 79607 Current Situation Water Supply 60% 430 cubic meters 430 cubic meters Optimum Level Water Supply 350 520 cubic meters 520 cubic meters Existing facilities Hand 213 one water treatment one water Pumps/Protected plant treatment plant wells and water reticulation system Capacity of the Hand 371 households 371 households system Pumps/Protected connected connected wells and water reticulation system Deficiency Water Supply -(88.3) cubic meter -(88.3) cubic meter Percent people % of district 40% 58 % 49% without water population without water Rural water consumption per person = 701/p Urban water consumption per person = 150/p Water and Sanitation is comprised of two sub-sectors, Water Resources Management and Development (WRMD) and Water Supply and Sanitation (WSS). All sectors, amongst others, 88 agriculture, mining, industry, housing and energy require access to adequate water and sanitation services for their development. Developments in these sectors have an impact on the quality and quantity of available water resources, thus sectoral activities need to be effectively coordinated and regulated so as to protect the environment. In the area of sanitation, improvements under the urban and peri-urban water supply and sanitation have been varied, covering the areas of solid waste management and maintenance of water supply schemes. These have been complemented by the completion of a situation analysis of rural sanitation and the formulation of national programmes for rural and urban water supply and sanitation, respectively. Furthermore, achievements in the water resources management and development subsector included the implementation of projects in the Integrated Water Resources Management and Water Efficiency Plan (IWRM-WEP), which sets out an integrated approach to managing water resources, and the piloting of decentralised water resources management structures and rehabilitation and construction of infrastructure. Nonetheless, this sector still faces some challenges, the major ones being, growing demand for water and sanitation services and absence of integrated water resources management at river catchment levels. Table 3: Urban Water and Sanitation Production and Demand SERVICE CURRENT CURRENT CURRENT DEMAND BY PRODUCTION DEMAND DEFICIT 2030 WATER 430 cubic meter 518.3 Cubic meter -(88.3) cubic meter SEWERAGE 4 Households

4.2.1 Rural water supply and sanitation In rural areas of Pemba district ground and surface water has for long been the most reliable source for usable water. However, with an increased population in the district which is approximately projected to be 95,993 in Ten (10) years from now at a population growth rate of 1.8% per annum. Currently, with regards to population, rural communities are gradually locating among themselves plots on the upstream section of the dam for gardening; the act has detrimental effects on existing storage capacity of the reservoirs. In Ten (10) years from now if an act is left unattended to, Pemba will have few water sources to survive on. The most rural population is still accessing water from streams, hand dug wells and boreholes. The water from sources such as streams and hand dug wells is usually not safe for drinking and poses 89 a great danger to human life. There however, communities which are accessing water from boreholes which were sunk under the auspices of World Vision and government through the Pemba District Water Sanitation and Hygiene Education (D–WASHE). Most of the water points under this program have since broken down, mainly, due to lack of maintenance and negative attitudes by the end users. Table 1: State of dams in Pemba district S/n Dam name Ward State Remarks 1 Chimowa Hamaundu poor Need to reconstruct the dam wall and rehabilitate the spillways. 2 Nachibanga Nachibanga Good Need to work on the spillway channel, and stop farming practices right in the upstream area to offset siltation. 3 Ndondi Nachibanga Good Need to stone pitch the left-cut training wall and get rid of black ants on the dam wall. 4 Ciyuuna Hamaundu Fair The dam wall, spillway and water reservoir be worked on. 5 Namachila Hamaundu Poor Need to reconstruct the all structure i.e (Namakambilwa) dam wall, spillway channel desilting of the reservoir 6 Choompa Hamaundu Fair Need to rehabilitate the dam wall and the spillway channel. 7 Hagwanama Hamaundu Fair Need to rehabilitate the spillway channel, widening and raising the height of the dam wall. 8 Tumbi Kasikili Poor Reconstructed. 9 Bulanda Hamundu Poor Rehabilitate the dam wall and spillway channel 10 Demu Hamaundu Fair Upgrade the dam wall and spillway 11 Hakwanga Pemba Fair Upgrade the dam wall and rehabilitate the spillway. 90 12 Likwele Pemba Fair Widening the slopes of the dam wall and rehabilitate the spillway channel. 13 Makomba Kasiya Poor Upgrade the entire dam wall and spillway training walls 14 Munyama Kasiya Good Stop encroachment in the catchment area. 15 Cheembe Kasiya Poor Rehabilitate the all dam. 16 Hamiyoba Kasiya Poor Rehabilitate the dam wall and reconstruct the spillway channel (Gully). 17 Siamuleya Siabuunkululu Poor Need to work on the overall structure 18 Bulolo Siabuunkululu Poor Need to reconstruct the entire dam.

4.2.2 Solid Waste Disposal Disposal of human waste is done in three ways, the first one being the sewerage pond system. The other one is the septic and the soak away system used in residential areas of the township. The third one is the pit latrine system which is used in most parts of the district. The sewerage services are at the moment not entirely done by Southern Water and Sewerage Company because it has no adequate capacity to do so. This therefore means that the utility firm needs to be assisted with financial resources to enable it carry-out this service. Adequate sanitation facility meets the following elements in its definition of: • Flushable/ pour flush to pit latrine • flush toilet • pit latrine with slab or covered pit • ventilated improved pit latrine • septic tank Approximately, 72.3% of the population which is mostly in the rural parts of Pemba fall under the following types of sanitation which are: a). Unimproved: This is the use of pit latrines without a slab or platform. e.g. bucket latrine, hanging latrines, ordinary latrines, etc. b). Open Defecation: This is the disposal of human faces in fields, forests, ditches, open bodies of water, or other open spaces, or with solid waste. Domestic waste generated from households is disposed of mainly in small pits dug around the yards. Ideally, residents are supposed to dump waste at a collection point where it can be picked 91 up and disposed off at a designated dumpsite. The waste is supposed to be disposed off by the local authority. Garbage generated at the markets by marketeers and traders is temporarily disposed off in waste bins which are later collected by the local authority and dumped at the dumpsite by the council. Office waste, mainly in form of paper and other stationery items is usually disposed of by burning a method which is detrimental to the environment. The medical wastes generated by the health institutions that are dotted around the district are disposed off appropriately through incineration. The modes of disposal of the various amounts of agricultural, industrial, and chemical wastes generated in the district are not documented. It is evident that, not all waste is properly collected and disposed off in the district. Government has provided the council with a small truck for garbage and waste disposal in line with the Keep Zambia Clean and Health Policy. The council, therefore, needs to take advantage of these facilities by ensuring that the district is rid off the waste and refuse to enhance a clean environment for its residents. It must be noted however, that a light truck alone is not sufficient for this exercise and lack of resources also cripple the local authority to effectively carry out this mandate. In the area of sanitation, improvements under the urban and peri-urban water supply and sanitation have been varied, covering the areas of solid waste management and maintenance of water supply schemes. These have been complemented by the completion of a situation analysis of rural sanitation and the formulation of national programmes for rural and urban water supply and sanitation, respectively. Furthermore, achievements in the water resources management and development sub-sector included the implementation of projects in the Integrated Water Resources Management and Water Efficiency Plan (IWRM-WEP), which sets out an integrated approach to managing water resources, and the piloting of decentralized water resources management structures and rehabilitation and construction of infrastructure. Nonetheless, this sector still faces some challenges, the major ones being, growing demand for water and sanitation services and absence of integrated water resources management at river catchment levels.

4.3 ISSUES ARISING FROM THE PUBLIC PARTICIPATION PROCESS

4.3.1 Availability of Service Communities raised several issues affecting the sector 92 WARD ISSUE Muzoka -Insufficient number of boreholes -Dry boreholes in the ward Nachibanga -Lack of water sources (boreholes) in all zones (MuntuWabulongo, Ndondi, Mafungu, Kaumba, Nachibanga, Kasyongo Zones) -Lack of mechanized water system for income generating activities -Dilapidated dam wall (Musambazi and Chitabululu dam) Kauba -Lack of water bodies (dam water) in Haboombe&Hajamba -Lack of boreholes Pemba -Insufficient number of boreholes at Pemba settlement and Mayuni compound -Poor service supply (water supply and quality) in Pemba township -Lack of sewerage service in Pemba township area -Dilapidated boreholes in Pemba annex, Hajunza village, Mugankila, Hamachila, Pemba settlement, Pemba village and Pemba township. Dobo -Boreholes deficiency in Malambo, Moyo, Muayanba&Sikatumba) Maambo -Dilapidated hand pumps (13) -Insufficient knowledge on the use of hand pumps

4.3.2 Quality of service In Pemba Township, the water supplied by SWASCO is of poor quality. It contains some impurities. The service provider has no water treatment plant and no filter equipment. This is attributed to the inadequacy of financial support to the sector.

4.3.3 The Effect of the Continuation of Existing Trendswith Anticipated Population Growth The district lacks a sewerage system, the following are the effects of this; ❖ Water-borne diseases ❖ Resources being strained due to diseases burden The water quality in the district supplied by SWASCO is most of the times not of good quality as it contains some impurities. The lack of capacity of the institution in acquiring new equipment for filtering may cause health hazards to the local community. 93

4.4 Environment and Climate Change Analysis Drought and dry spells will affect the positive growth trends that can contribute to reducing poverty, vulnerability and inequalities.

4.4.1 The Impact of Environmental and Climate Change Issues on the Sector. It is evident that the rainfall reduction leads to water levels in dams and streams as seen in the low water levels in Likwele dam which supplies water to the peri-urban households in Pemba. This brings forth low access to water supply, a situation which is likely to worsen. The risk associated with this is increase in diarrhea cases as people will have limited access to safe water and sanitation facilities and even poses threat of epidemics such as cholera.

4.5 Summary Pemba is a semi-arid area characterized by seasonal rainfall variability. As a result of high temperatures due to climate change, surface water sources for both animals and humans dry up especially in the dry season. The impact this bring on women who have the responsibility of fetching water may have to walk long distances for the commodity. The availability of catchment areas in most wards in the district provides the potential for development of the sector. Therefore, increased water availability through dam construction and rehabilitation of existing earth dams across the district is essential. The water harvesting structures will in the long run mitigate the impacts of climate change. In terms of water supply in the township, Likwele dam is the main source found in Hamaundu ward. This during the dry season water drastically reduces mid-August to December. For instance, during the 2017/2018 rain season the water levels started reducing round about June, by September very little water remained resulting water rationing. The district has no proper database for water sanitation. The sewerage services are only offered to 4 households in the district. The district office also lacks filed equipment and tool kits at district and all the catchment areas due to its capacity. 94

4.6 Consideration of the Underlying Factors Contributing to the Issues Identified CORE ISSUE CAUSES EFFECTS Inadequate water points Lack of operational funding High disease burden of INADEQUATE Lack of wide revenue resource base waterborne related diseases SAFE WATER AND for the council and SWASCO SANITATION Lack of water purification plant FACILITIES Lack of sewer line in the township On site sanitation Pollution of underground water Lack of transport for garbage Disease outbreak collection

4.7 ROADS AND TRANSPORT

4.7.1 Description of the Existing State of Development The district has no Department of Roads and lacks equipment and transport leading to the deterioration of the condition of most roads. The situation is complicated by inadequate drainage and side drains are filled with sand and silt. However, about 15 to 20% of the road network is still passable. The roads are looked after by the Engineering Department at the council. Pemba District lies on the Great North Road, which divides the district into two. The Great North Road links Pemba to neighbouring districts i.e. Choma, Monze and also is a direct route to Livingstone Town and Lusaka Province over a stretch of 410Km. The District has 3 district roads measuring 115.6Km and 17 primary feeder roads (See Figure below) which needs to be rehabilitated by completing their upgrade to bituminous standard. Apart from the Great North Road, all other roads in the district are not tarred and are in poor condition. 95 District maps showing roads and built-up areas Source: Pemba DSA, 2022 96 Source: Pemba DPU, 2022 97 Transport Network System in Pemba Source: Pemba DPU, 2022 98

4.7.2 Availability and Quality of Service WARD NAME OF ROAD NAME OF STRUCTURE LOCATION CURRENT STATE PEMBA T001 Jctn to Munyama Bridge Road Kasiya Graded upto Kasiya 12km good state but 16km not graded in poor state T001 Jctn to Chimowa Primary School Road Chimowa 500m graded and 1.5km not graded and poor state T001 Jctn to Pemba Main Health clinic Road Pemba Township Graveled but poor state (500m) NACHIBANGA Muzoka (Jctn D363) to Nachibanga Road Nachibanga 3km not graded in poor state Muzoka (Jctn D363) to Kashongo Road Kashongo 5km in a poor state upto the Kashongo school Moyo road to Mufungu Primary School Depression requires a drift Hambelele River Ponding occurs during rainy season. Road is impassible during rain season and in poor state Moyo/Ndondi to Muntu-wabulongo Rd Road Dobo Bad state stretching 2km KASIYA D361 @ Pemba (Jctn T001) to Munyama 5No.Bridges Munyama river – 2 Bridges Dilapidated Bridge Kasiya Stream -1 Bridge Pipes too small to allow easy flow. Bad state Macha Stream -1 Bridge Handrails washed away. Poor state 26No.Culverts - 16 – Good, 5 – Silted, 99 5 - Clogged Nachibanga (Jctn T001) to Makomba (Jctn 3No. Bridges -1 Bridge (Simudima river) All washed away. D361) 2 Unknown Water bodies Muzoka (Jctn T001) to Cheelo Primary School Bridge Mazinzili River Bad state Jctn D361 @ Kasiya to Simbulo Primary Culverts required due to Kasiya Alignment not clear. School to Chilundu Primary School Ponding that occur along Poor state the road Jctn T001 (old cottage) to Chisalalila Road Pemba Poor state 6km Jctn T001 @ Mookamunga via chilundu Man Made Bridge Simudima Village Fair School to Simudima turnoff Simudima River Simudima 6km graded upto clinic fair condition and Chirundu to Simudima in a poor state about 4km KAUBA WARD T001 @Batoka to Moyo 4 Bridges Humana River Washed away completely Lwiili Bridge Dilapidated state Mukombo Bridge Kauba bridge Muzoka to Hajamba to Kazimaulu Poor Culvert installation Mazuka Village Hamagenta Road earmarked for Village Mudenda Village construction. Poor state Hanyemu Village Mufungu turnoff/ Ndondi to Malamba Basic 3Bridges Unkown Poor state School Moyo Clinic to Mukombo Road Dobo Poor about 7km 100 Hajamba Road to Kauba Basic Road Kauba 2km poor state Moyo Clinic to Malamba Depression Dobo Footbridge required on Mpande village (stream) HABBUNKULULU Maamba Road Jctn to Mudukula Primary Sch Bridge Namalinda Stream Washed Away Maamba Rd Jctn to Kasonde Primary School Road Yotham Muleya Poor stretch of 21km Maamba Road Jctn to Siazwela Depression point needs a Habunkululu Flooded during rainy season footbridge Siamungala to Siabunkululu Bridge required Siabunkululu River Flooded during rainy season MAAMBO Maambo to Habbanyuka 4No. Culverts poor Kakuba bridge - Need a crossing point Kasikili 4No. Culverts Kasikili Good Mayasanino 3 Bridges Kasikili No Handrails Munyona 5No. culverts Kasikili 4 Good, 1 Silted HAMAUNDU Kamunga to bulanda Road Demu 17km poor state Nigeria to Kamana masaka Road Demu poor Jembo to Jalila road Demu Bad state 6km Chesekesi to Muzoka (D363) 9 No. Bridges Ntoro River Dilapidated Nabwaya River Part of bridge is broken Dinde Farm Dilapidated KalongaKamunyama Broken Edges/headwalls Natoba Stream Collapsed Hangwanama dam Bad state Choompa stream Bad state 101 Sikaundu Stream Poor state Magoye River Fair 47 No. Culverts 35 –Good, 4 – Clogged 8 - Silted Sikaundu road Nil - Eroded road Japi to Sibalumbi Nil - Eroded road Japi to Kanchomba Nil - Eroded road DOBO Jomba Bridge Stream Dobo on Jomba stream Needs crossing point 102

4.7.3 Road Maintenance No major road construction or maintenance has become carried in recent years because of inadequate resources. However, minor works such minor grading, reshaping, restoration of road camber, using the localized material and opening new access roads in new housing areas. The overall responsibility of planning, managing, and coordinating the road network in the country is vested in the Road Development Agency established under the Roads Act No. 12 of 2002. Therefore, The Road Development Agency (RDA) has earmarked some roads and bridges to be worked on within the IDP area. Pemba Town Council is not gazetted as a Road Authority yet as such, it is only in charge of township roads. Hence, the Council is responsible for the construction, care and maintenance of township roads. There is dire need to invest in the maintenance and upgrading of Township roads. Due to inadequate funds for the maintenance of roads and drainages, most of the of the roads within the Municipal area have no concrete/lined storm water drains. This situation becomes worse during the rainy season as most of the township areas are flooded. With the advent of climate change, there is likely to be an increase of flooding. ❖ Bridges Small bridges and culverts need routine maintenance as they are in a poor state. Further, about 25% of these bridges and culverts need reconstruction while about 75% of them are in a poor condition. ❖ Railway The railway line passes through the district from Livingstone to the Copperbelt. It serves for both passenger and goods train. The railway provides potential for development of the transportation hub for both goods and public transport. The strategic location of the district provides the potential for the development of a railway system linking Lusaka and Livingstone but also linking the mining town of Sinazongwe and Gwembe which have vat deposits of coal. 103 ❖ Road Transport There is one bus station currently in the district. Public road transport consists mainly of buses, mini-buses, and car taxis. Pemba has constructed a bus station with support from Germany Government operates as a transit stop for buses and minibuses. Taxis mostly cover residential areas of Pemba and neighbouring districts. To improve the operation of public transport system, the Council has secured funds to improve the road network in the township and road connecting wards. This is being done in collaboration with KWF a Germany Development Bank and some under Constituency Development Funds.

4.7.4 Ungusseted Roads and Capacity of Labour based Technology Ungusseted roads in the districts are in very poor state. There is no routine maintenance programme in place due lack of financial resources. Condition of Trunk and District Roads in Pemba CLASS/CODE NAME OF TOTAL Km IN POOR % POOR ROAD Km GOOD CONDITION CONDITION CONDITION T1 Great North 40 37 3 8% Road D361 Pemba - 67 26 40 60% Mapanza D363 Muzoka 52 10 42 81% (T1) viaMoyo to Hajamba D683 Pemba – 22 Nil 22 100% D363Jembo mission D775 Batoka - 33 nil 33 100% Maamba 104 Condition of Feeder Roads Classification Name of Road Total Km in Km in % in poor / Code Km Good poor condition condition condition U2 Mokamunga (T1) – D364 via 12.45 5 7.45 60% Demubulanda, to Kaamba U3 Kachomba (D363) - 11.96 - 11.96 100% Maambo U6 Mufungu(D363) – 28.98 - 28.98 100% Kazimaulu U7 Singumba – Hajamba 8.27 - 8.27 100% U8 Batoka (D775)-Hamabbonka 15.08 - 15.08 100% U23 Maamba road D775 - 3.31 - 3.31 100% Siabunkululu U28 Boodela - Sizhikale 5.65 - 5.65 100% U29 SiamabbonkaviaSimweemba 2.72 - 2.72 100% to Namankwenga U30 Hamabbonka - Moyo 10.2 - 10.2 100% U31 Muzoka - Kasyongo 4.55 - 4.55 100% U32 Nachibanga - Makomba 19.85 - 19.85 100% U33 Kamunga - Chilundu 4.11 - 4.11 100% U34 Japi via Sibalumbi to 7 - 6 100% Kanchompa U35 Pemba sec-DemuPri 5 - 5 100% (Regional Road) U36 Township Roads 20 - 20 100% U37 Moomba Village-Bbanga 7 - 7 100% U38 Kazimaulu-Habulembo 10 - 10 100%

4.7.5 Environment and Climate Change a. Impact of existing trends on the environment and climate change 105 Due to the bad state of roads, gullies are formed which has led to the siltation of rivers and dams. The lack of drainages has also contributed to the gullies formed. b. Impact of environment and climate change issues on the sector Adverse weather conditions have an impact on the road sector. Mostly washed bridges and eroded roads are a regular incident making schools, hospitals and other services inaccessible especially during rain seasons.

4.7.6 Consideration of the Underlying Factors Contributing to the Issues Identified The condition of roads in the district can best be described as ranging from poor to very poor. This is attributed to lack of routine maintenance and erratic funding for road rehabilitation. This has also resulted in some roads being reduced to tracks. Generally, the poor road network has an impact on service delivery of all other sectors. For example, due to the bad roads, there is low access to health care facilities increasing mortality, inaccessibility of schools during rain seasons due to dilapidated bridges and general inaccessibility of some areas thus delaying of development.

4.7.7 Summary CORE ISSUE CAUSES EFFECTS Inadequate plant and machinery for road construction and maintenance -No access to health care facilities Inadequate funds for increasing mortality construction and maintenance of roads -Inaccessibility of schools by POOR ROAD NETWORK Sand mining students especially during rain seasons Inadequate storm water drainage system -Affects service delivery Unavailability of the roads department 106

4.8 POWER AND COMMUNICATION

4.81 Description of existing state of development Zambia Electricity Supply Corporation (ZESCO) supplies power to the district through the National Grid, and isolated solar energy. ZESCO has no office in the district as the supply is manned by the Monze office, headed by a Branch Manager. This at times makes service delivery difficult in terms of settling of bills and reporting of faults. It is unfortunate however, that only a fraction of the population is able to access power provided by the firm. The district also has a blind spot without access to power although being along the high way. The area between Pemba and Muzoka has no power supply as the line supplying power from Kafue Gorge through Monze supplies up to Pemba town while the line from Kariba north bank through Choma supplies power up to Muzoka town. There has been an improvement in the electrification of some homes in villages through individual efforts especially solar panels. However, the majority of the population in remote parts of the district still have no electricity. Zambia Telecommunications Company Ltd (ZAMTEL) provides telecommunication services. Other mobile providers include Airtel, and MTN. There is poor communication network coverage in some parts of Pemba such as Kauba, Ndondi, Habbanyuka, Siamuleya, Simudima, Moyo, Hamabbonka, Banga, and other places totalling to about 55% of the district. 107

5.0 SOCIAL SERVICE DELIVERY

5.1 Health

5.1.1 Description of existing state of health services Pemba District has a total of 20 health facilities providing primary health care services of which 5 are health centers, 14 are heath posts and 1 mini hospital. The map below shows the distribution of Hospitals in the district with respect to the distribution. Source (Developed by Pemba Town Council, 2021) 108 Pemba Health facilities in view of population density Source (Developed by Pemba Town Council, 2021) The following accessibility standards apply in the provision of public health services: ❖ One health post should cater for a population of 500 households in rural areas or 1,000 households in urban areas or to be established within 5km radius for sparsely populated areas. 109 ❖ Urban health centres should serve a catchment population of 6,000 to 12,000 people while rural health centres should service a catchment of 5km radius or a population of 5,000. ❖ There should be at least one first level hospital in each district to serve as a referral point for satellite health centres. ❖ There should be a training college in each district to educate health workers to cater for the growing health facilities in the district.

5.1.2 Availability of health services The district has a total number of 162 health staffs and a total population of 97, 526 (CSO) and headcount is at 111,592. Facility Status Facility Status Facility Status Moyo mini Functional Demu functional Simooya functional hosp. Hajamba Functional Chilundu Functional Sibalumbi functional Habbanyuka Functional Ndondi Functional Munyama functional Kanchomba Functional Chiyumbabeenzu Functional Mayasanino functional Kazimaulu Functional Choompa Functional Kasiya Functional Jembo Functional Kasikili Functional Pemba main Functional Muzoka Functional Pemba sub Functional Michelo Functional Siamuleya Functional All the facilities provide HIV Testing, Counselling and Treatment (HTCT) services, Rapid Disease Testing (RDT) for Malaria, Voluntary Medical Male Circumcision (VMMC), Rapid Plasma Reagin (RPR) serology, Haemoglobin (HB) tests and nutrition assessments. The district has 1 mortuary at Pemba main Rural Health Centre (RHC). Laboratory services are provided at Pemba Main Rural Health Centre which is the only facility with a lab in the district, but Jembo Rural Health Centre also offers Tuberculosis (TB) diagnostic services. 110 Access to Health Services -. Inadequate and inequitable distribution of health infrastructure across the district has continued to present major challenges to the health sector. In rural areas, most families live outside a radius of 5 km from a health facility compared to peri- urban areas, making it difficult for many people to access the needed services. While the distribution of health facilities in peri-urban areas is better, long waiting time before a patient sees a health provider demonstrates the need to increase the number of facilities or expand the existing ones. 111 Source: Pemba DPU, 2022. 112 Source: Pemba DPU, 2022 113 However, the available facilities are unable to offer first level services due to non-availability of hydro power in the area hence services requiring heavy duty equipment are not offered. With no district hospital to offer first level services, patients are referred to the nearest Hospitals namely, Choma General Hospital and Monze Mission General Hospital. Availability of Transport for Referral Item Detail of Item Quantity Standard Ambulance/population ratio 1/ Current Situation Ambulance/population ratio 3/102,898 Capacity Number of people with the service 102,898 In this regard, Pemba district health office shall prioritize among other programs, primary health care services, hospital referral services, human resource development and management, medical supplies and logistics, infrastructure development and healthcare financing to all facilities within its catchment areas. Despite making strides to create an operating theatre at Pemba Main Clinic, there has been no resident anaesthetist at the facility, and therefore emergency operations are rarely done. Latest developments: 1. Kasiya Mission Hospital was constructed by the Kasiya Catholic parish and officially blessed and opened on 23rd June, 2022. Currently being prepared for operationalizing (ZESCO in the process of connecting the facility to the main grid, and staff are being mobilized). 2. Pemba Main Rural Health Center is currently being upgraded to a Mini Hospital under the national 108 Mini Hospital project. This facility is scheduled to be ready by January 2023.

5.1.3 Health Facilities Infrastructure The district has no district hospital and no doctors. Other missing supportive infrastructure in the health facilities are listed in the table below 114 Table: Missing supportive infrastructure, water and electricity sources Facility Total Population Population Population Expected Expected Expected Missing Water and Populations Under 1 (3.8%) under 5 WCBA Pregnancies Deliveries Live supportive electricity (18.1 %) (23.3%) (4.1%) (4.0 %) Births infrastructure sources (4.0%) Pemba District 102,898 3744 17655 21917 4044 3902 3869 No Hospital Chilundu 4115 150 706 877 162 156 155 No maternity Hand pump annex and and Solar mother’s shelter 3087 112 530 658 121 117 116 No Mother’s Hand pump Chiyumbabeenzu shelter and Solar Choompa 2059 75 353 438 81 78 77 No maternity Hand pump annex and and Solar mother’s shelter Demu 4115 150 706 877 162 156 155 No maternity Mechanized annex and water system mother’s and Solar shelter and no incinerator 115 Habbanyuka 2059 75 353 438 81 78 77 No maternity Hand pump annex and and Solar mother’s shelter and no incinerator Hajamba 4115 150 706 877 162 156 155 No Mother’s Hand pump shelter and Solar Jembo 6173 225 1059 1315 243 234 232 No incinerator Connected to the main grid and mechanized water system Kanchomba 5145 187 883 1096 202 195 194 No mothers Connected to shelter the main grid and mechanized water system Kasikili * 4793 225 1059 1315 243 234 232 No maternity Hand pump annex and and Solar mother’s 116 shelter and no incinerator Kasiya 5353 262 1236 1534 283 273 271 No mothers Connected to shelter the main grid and mechanized water system Kazimaulu 3087 112 530 658 121 117 116 No mothers Hand pump shelter and solar Michelo 3087 112 530 658 121 117 116 No mothers Hand pump shelter and no and solar maternity annex Moyo 12,348 449 2119 2630 485 469 465 mechanized water system and solar Muzoka 9,260 337 1589 1972 364 351 348 Connected to the main grid and hand pump 117 Ndondi 2059 75 353 438 81 78 77 No maternity Hand pump annex and and solar mother’s shelter and no incinerator Pemba Main 7,202 262 1236 1534 283 273 271 Need of a Connected to larger the main grid maternity and annex mechanized water system Pemba Sub 2059 75 353 438 81 78 77 No incinerator Connected to the main grid and mechanized water system Siamuleya 14,405 524 2471 3068 566 547 542 No relatives Hand pump shelter and no and solar wards Sibalumbi 2059 75 353 438 81 78 77 No mothers Hand pump shelter and and solar 118 maternity annex Simooya 3087 112 530 658 121 117 116 No mothers Connected to shelter and the main grid maternity and hand annex pump Munyama 1851 83 396 509 90 88 89 No mothers Hand pump shelter and and solar maternity annex Mayasanino 1375 43 202 260 46 45 45 No mothers Solar shelter and maternity annex Table 14: Missing supportive infrastructure, water and electricity sources Facility Total Population Population Population Expected Expected Expected Missing Water and Populations Under 1 (3.8%) under 5 WCBA Pregnancies Deliveries Live supportive electricity (18.1 %) (23.3%) (4.1%) (4.0 %) infrastructure sources 119 Births (4.0%) Pemba District 97526 3744 17655 21917 4044 3902 3869 No Hospital Chilundu 3901 150 706 877 162 156 155 No marternity Hand pump annex and and Solar mother’s shelter Chiyumbabeenzu 2926 112 530 658 121 117 116 No Mother’s Hand pump shelter and Solar Choompa 1951 75 353 438 81 78 77 No marternity Hand pump annex and and Solar mother’s shelter Demu 3901 150 706 877 162 156 155 No marternity Mechanised annex and water system mother’s and Solar shelter and no incinerator Habbanyuka 1951 75 353 438 81 78 77 No marternity Hand pump annex and and Solar mother’s 120 shelter and no incinerator Hajamba 3901 150 706 877 162 156 155 No Mothers Hand pump shelter and Solar Jembo 5851 225 1059 1315 243 234 232 No incinerator Connected to the main grid and mechanized water system Kanchomba 4876 187 883 1096 202 195 194 No mothers Connected to shelter the main grid and mechanized water system Kasikili * 5851 225 1059 1315 243 234 232 No marternity Hand pump annex and and Solar mother’s shelter and no incinerator Kasiya 6827 262 1236 1534 283 273 271 No mothers Connected to shelter the main grid 121 and mechanized water system Kazimaulu 2926 112 530 658 121 117 116 No mothers Hand pump shelter and solar Michelo 2926 112 530 658 121 117 116 No mothers Hand pump shelter and no and solar maternity annex Moyo 11703 449 2119 2630 485 469 465 mechanized water system and solar Muzoka 8777 337 1589 1972 364 351 348 No toilets Connected to the main grid and hand pump Ndondi 1951 75 353 438 81 78 77 No maternity Hand pump annex and and solar mother’s shelter and no incinerator 122 Pemba Main 6827 262 1236 1534 283 273 271 No toilets and Connected to need of a larger the main grid maternity and annex mechanized water system Pemba Sub 1951 75 353 438 81 78 77 No incinerator Connected to the main grid and mechanized water system Siamuleya 13652 524 2471 3068 566 547 542 No relatives Hand pump shelter and no and solar wards Sibalumbi 1951 75 353 438 81 78 77 No mothers Hand pump shelter and and solar maternity annex Simooya 2926 112 530 658 121 117 116 No mothers Connected to shelter and the main grid maternity and hand annex pump 123 Munyama 2185 83 396 509 90 88 89 No mothers Hand pump shelter and and solar maternity annex Mayasanino 1115 43 202 260 46 45 45 No mothers Solar shelter and maternity annex 124

5.1.4 Diseases and Morbidity Morbidity has negative impacts on peoples’ ability to be productive. The leading cause of morbidity in the district in the period 2015 to 2017 wasRespiratory Tract Infections (RTI-Non-pneumonia), with the incidence being 781/1000 in 2017. Malaria saw a reduction from 123/1000 in 2015 to 12.4/1000 in 2017 dropping it from the top 10 causes of morbidity. This was due to programs like Indoor Residual Spray (IRS) annually, Mass Drug Administration (MDA) in Kazimaulu, Moyo, Siamuleya, Kasikili and Ndondi as well as Long Lasting Insecticide Treated Nets (LLITN) distribution. Diarrhoea non blood cases were high at 145/1000 as at 2017 which increased from 119/1000 in 2015 due to limited access to safe water and sanitation facilities as well as from poor water treatment practices at household levels. Table 15:Top ten causes of Morbidity 2019 2020 2021 No. Incidence/100 Disease Disease Incidence/1000 Disease Incidence/1000 0 Respiratory Infection: Respiratory Infection: non- Respiratory Infection: non- 1 non-pneumonia 366 pneumonia 300 pneumonia 393 Muscular skeletal and Muscular skeletal and 2 connective tissue 119 connective tissue 112 Diarrhoea (non-bloody) 65 3 Diarrhoea (non-bloody) 84 Diarrhoea (non-bloody) 68 Lower back pain disease (new) 43 Digestive system: (not Digestive system: (not 4 infectious) 59 infectious) 54 Malaria Confirmed Cases 35 125 2019 2020 2021 No. Incidence/100 Disease Disease Incidence/1000 Disease Incidence/1000 0 Headache tension type disease 5 Dental Carries 31 Malaria 29 (new) 29 Skin Diseases (not 6 infectious) 27 Dental Carries 27 Gastritis disease (new) 27 Trauma: Other Injuries, 7 wounds 23 Skin Diseases (not infectious) 24 Allergic rhinitis Diseases (new) 25 Pyrexia of Unknown Trauma: Other Injuries, 8 Origin (PUO) 21 wounds 23 Dental Carries 24 Pyrexia of Unknown Origin 9 Other Diseases 14 (PUO) 18 Acute Tonsillitis disease (new) 21 Genital-Urinary diseases 10 (except STI) 13 Throat Diseases 15 Injuries/wounds disease (new) 13 Source: DHIS2 RTI incidence has remained high in 2019 showing an increase in 2021. The pattern in terms of disease burden remained the same comparing 2019 to 2020 with reduction in disease incidences in 2021. RTI remains high to due to poor personal hygiene and poor environmental conditions and surge of COVID-19 cases in 2021. There was a decline in Diarrhea (non-bloody) incidence in 2021 due to good hand hygiene practices. 126 2021 saw the Introduction of new diseases in the classification of diseases code (CD11) hence the appearance of new diseases such as lower back pain, Gastritis disease, Acute Tonsillitis disease. Malaria incidence further showed an increase in 2021 from 2020. This was despite the Indoor residual spraying (IRS) coverage being over 90%. The nutrition status stands at 1% malnutrition as at 2022 quarter 2 (DHIS). This status stands at risk with the reduction in agriculture productivity brought about by reduced rainfall in the district. However, the community especially in Rural Health Centers has challenges accessing Maternal and Child Health services due to bad roads and distance travelled as a result of water flooding. Therefore, it is necessary for the district to put measures to mitigate these effects by ensuring the community always has access to quality health services. Pemba District has not been spared by the spread of HIV and AIDS pandemic. The district HIV/AIDS prevalence rate stands at 12.8%. The key drivers of new HIV infection in Pemba include Multiple and Concurrent Sexual Partners, Sex Workers, Mother-To-Child-Transmission, long distance Truck Drivers. Additionally, the inconsistent and incorrect use of Male and Female Condoms, polygamous marriages, alcohol and drug abuse, mobile population and harmful traditional and cultural beliefs and practices escalates the infection rates. In Pemba, there are no sewer ponds where all excreta is discharged to allow for bio-digestion to take place. Each household has its own septic tanks and main hole for excreta. This put the lives of citizens to be at risk to Diarrheal diseases such as typhoid fever, dysentery, and cholera outbreaks in the near future. This will burden on healthcare delivery. 127

5.1.5 Quality of service Pemba Main Rural Health Centre CATEGORY OF STAFF ESTABLISHMENT SHORTFULL EXISTING Medical Doctor 0 0 1 Health centre in-charge 0 0 0 HIV Nurse Practitioner 0 0 0 Environmental Health Technologist 1 0 2 Public Health Nurse 0 0 0 Zambia Enrolled Midwife 1 0 3 Zambia Enrolled Nurse 6 0 7 Senior Clinical Officer General 1 0 0 Clinical Officer General 2 0 3 Registered Nurse 1 0 5 Therapist Dental 1 0 1 Medical Records Clerk 0 0 0 Revenue Collector 1 0 0 Security Guard 1 0 2 Laboratory Technologist 0 0 1 General Worker 1 0 2 Pharmacy Technologist 1 0 3 Psychosocial Councillor 0 0 2 Community Health Assistant 0 0 0 Outdoor servant 0 0 2 Driver 1 1 0 Total 18 6 32 Jembo RHC CATEGORY OF STAFF ESTABLISHMENT SHORTFULL EXISTING Medical Doctor 0 0 0 Health centre in-charge 0 0 0 128 HIV Nurse Practitioner 0 0 0 Environmental Health Technologist 3 2 1 Public Health Nurse 0 0 0 Zambia Enrolled Midwife 1 0 2 Zambia Enrolled Nurse 7 4 3 Clinical Officer General 1 1 0 Registered Nurse 1 0 3 Medical Records Clerk 0 0 0 Revenue Collector 1 1 0 Driver 1 1 0 Security Guard 3 0 2 Laboratory Technologist 0 0 0 General Worker 2 0 1 Pharmacy Technologist 2 0 0 Psychosocial Councillor 0 0 0 Community Health Assistant 0 0 0 Outdoor servant 0 0 0 Total 22 9 13 Kanchomba RHC CATEGORY OF STAFF ESTABLISHMENT SHORTFULL EXISTING Medical Doctor 0 0 0 Health centre in-charge 1 1 0 HIV Nurse Practitioner 0 0 0 Environmental Health Technologist 2 1 1 Public Health Nurse 0 0 0 Zambia Enrolled Midwife 1 0 0 Zambia Enrolled Nurse 2 0 2 Clinical Officer General 0 0 0 Registered Nurse 1 0 2 Medical Records Clerk 0 0 0 129 Watchman 1 0 1 Laboratory Technologist 0 0 0 General worker 3 2 1 Pharmacy Technologist 0 0 0 Psychosocial Councillor 0 0 0 Community Health Assistant 0 0 0 Outdoor servant 0 0 0 Total 11 4 7 Kasikili RHC CATEGORY OF STAFF ESTABLISHMENT SHORTFULL EXISTING Medical Doctor 0 0 0 Health centre in-charge 1 1 0 HIV Nurse Practitioner 0 0 0 Environmental Health Technologist 1 1 0 Public Health Nurse 0 0 0 Zambia Enrolled Midwife 1 1 0 Zambia Enrolled Nurse 0 0 1 Clinical Officer General 0 0 0 Registered Nurse 0 0 1 Medical Records Clerk 0 0 0 Watchman 1 0 1 Laboratory Technologist 0 0 0 General Worker 3 2 1 Pharmacy Technologist 0 0 0 Psychosocial Councillor 0 0 0 Community Health Assistant 0 0 0 Outdoor servant 0 0 0 Total 7 5 4 130 Muzoka RHC CATEGORY OF STAFF ESTABLISHMENT SHORTFULL EXISTING Medical Doctor 0 0 0 Health centre in-charge 1 1 0 HIV Nurse Practitioner 0 0 0 Environmental Health Technologist 1 0 1 Public Health Nurse 0 0 0 Zambia Enrolled Midwife 1 0 1 Zambia Enrolled Nurse 1 0 1 Clinical Officer General 1 0 1 Registered Midwife 0 0 1 Registered Nurse 1 0 2 Medical Records Clerk 0 0 0 Security Guard 1 0 1 Watchman 1 0 1 Laboratory Technologist 0 0 0 General Worker 1 0 1 Pharmacy Technologist 0 0 0 Psychosocial Councillor 0 0 0 Community Health Assistant 0 0 0 Outdoor servant 0 0 0 Total 9 1 10 Kasiya RHC CATEGORY OF STAFF ESTABLISHMENT SHORTFULL EXISTING Medical Doctor 0 0 0 Health centre in-charge 1 1 0 HIV Nurse Practitioner 0 0 0 Environmental Health Technologist 1 0 1 Public Health Nurse 0 0 0 Zambia Enrolled Midwife 2 2 0 131 Zambia Enrolled Nurse 0 0 2 Clinical Officer General 0 0 0 Registered Nurse 1 0 1 Medical Records Clerk 0 0 0 Watchman 1 0 1 Laboratory Technologist 0 0 0 General Worker 1 0 1 Pharmacy Technologist 0 0 0 Psychosocial Councillor 0 0 0 Community Health Assistant 0 0 0 Outdoor servant 0 0 0 Total 7 3 6 Moyo RHC CATEGORY OF STAFF ESTABLISHMENT SHORTFULL EXISTING Medical Doctor 0 0 0 Health centre in-charge 1 0 0 Medical Licentiate 0 0 1 Hospital Administrator 0 0 1 HIV Nurse Practitioner 0 0 0 Environmental Health Technologist 2 1 1 Public Health Nurse 0 0 0 Zambia Enrolled Midwife 1 1 0 132 Zambia Enrolled Nurse 2 1 1 Clinical Officer General 0 0 1 Registered Nurse 1 0 5 Registered Midwife 0 0 1 Medical Records Clerk 0 0 0 Watchman 2 1 1 Laboratory Technologist 0 0 0 General Worker 1 0 1 Pharmacy Technologist 0 0 0 Psychosocial Councillor 0 0 0 Community Health Assistant 0 0 0 Outdoor servant 0 0 0 Total 10 4 13 Siamuleya RHC CATEGORY OF STAFF ESTABLISHMENT SHORTFULL EXISTING Medical Doctor 0 0 0 Health centre in-charge 1 1 0 HIV Nurse Practitioner 0 0 0 Environmental Health Technologist 1 0 1 Public Health Nurse 0 0 0 Zambia Enrolled Midwife 1 0 1 Zambia Enrolled Nurse 0 0 1 Clinical Officer General 0 0 1 Registered Nurse 0 0 2 Medical Records Clerk 1 0 0 Watchman 2 0 2 Laboratory Technologist 0 0 0 Cleaner 1 0 1 Pharmacy Technologist 0 0 0 Psychosocial Councillor 0 0 0 133 Community Health Assistant 0 0 0 Outdoor servant 1 0 0 Total 8 1 9 Kazimaulu RHC CATEGORY OF STAFF ESTABLISHMENT SHORTFULL EXISTING Medical Doctor 0 0 0 Health centre in-charge 1 1 0 HIV Nurse Practitioner 0 0 0 Environmental Health Technologist 1 1 0 Public Health Nurse 0 0 0 Zambia Enrolled Midwife 1 0 0 Zambia Enrolled Nurse 1 0 1 Clinical Officer General 1 0 0 Registered Nurse 0 0 0 Medical Records Clerk 0 0 0 Watchman 1 0 0 Laboratory Technologist 0 0 0 General Worker 1 0 1 Pharmacy Technologist 0 0 0 Psychosocial Councillor 0 0 0 Community Health Assistant 0 2 Outdoor servant 0 0 0 Total 6 2 4 Ndondi RHP CATEGORY OF STAFF ESTABLISHMENT SHORTFULL EXISTING Medical Doctor 0 0 0 Health centre in-charge 1 1 0 HIV Nurse Practitioner 0 0 0 134 Environmental Health Technologist 0 0 0 Public Health Nurse 0 0 0 Zambia Enrolled Midwife 1 0 0 Zambia Enrolled Nurse 0 0 0 Clinical Officer General 0 0 0 Registered Nurse 0 0 1 Medical Records Clerk 0 0 0 Watchman 1 0 1 Laboratory Technologist 0 0 0 General Worker 1 0 2 Pharmacy Technologist 0 0 0 Psychosocial Councillor 0 0 0 Community Health Assistant 0 0 0 Outdoor servant 0 0 0 Total 4 1 4 Chiyumbabeenzu HP (though not on in the staff assignment but on staff register) CATEGORY OF STAFF ESTABLISHMENT SHORTFULL EXISTING Medical Doctor 0 0 0 Health centre in-charge 0 0 0 HIV Nurse Practitioner 0 0 0 Environmental Health Technologist 0 0 0 Public Health Nurse 0 0 0 Zambia Enrolled Midwife 0 0 0 Zambia Enrolled Nurse 1 1 0 Clinical Officer General 0 0 0 Registered Nurse 0 0 1 Medical Records Clerk 0 0 0 Watchman 0 0 1 Laboratory Technologist 0 0 0 Cleaner 0 0 0 135 Pharmacy Technologist 0 0 0 Psychosocial Councillor 0 0 0 Community Health Assistant 0 0 1 Outdoor servant 0 0 0 Total 1 1 2 Chilundu RHP CATEGORY OF STAFF ESTABLISHMENT SHORTFULL EXISTING Medical Doctor 0 0 0 Health centre in-charge 0 0 0 HIV Nurse Practitioner 0 0 0 Environmental Health Technologist 1 0 1 Public Health Nurse 0 0 0 Zambia Enrolled Midwife 1 0 0 Zambia Enrolled Nurse 0 0 0 Clinical Officer General 0 0 0 Registered Nurse 0 0 1 Medical Records Clerk 0 0 0 Watchman 1 0 1 Laboratory Technologist 0 0 0 General Worker 1 0 1 Pharmacy Technologist 0 0 0 Psychosocial Councillor 0 0 0 Community Health Assistant 0 0 2 Outdoor servant 0 0 0 Total 4 0 5 Habbanyuka RHP CATEGORY OF STAFF ESTABLISHMENT SHORTFULL EXISTING Medical Doctor 0 0 0 Health centre in-charge 0 0 0 HIV Nurse Practitioner 0 0 0 136 Environmental Health Technologist 1 1 0 Public Health Nurse 0 0 0 Zambia Enrolled Midwife 1 1 0 Zambia Enrolled Nurse 0 0 1 Clinical Officer General 0 0 0 Registered Nurse 0 0 0 Medical Records Clerk 1 0 0 Watchman 1 0 0 Laboratory Technologist 0 0 0 General Worker 1 1 0 Pharmacy Technologist 0 0 0 Psychosocial Councillor 0 0 0 Community Health Assistant 0 0 2 Outdoor servant 0 0 0 Total 4 3 3 These below are not yet in the staff register Choompa RHP (not on staff assignment and in staff register) CATEGORY OF STAFF ESTABLISHMENT SHORTFULL EXISTING Medical Doctor 0 0 0 Health centre in-charge 0 0 0 HIV Nurse Practitioner 0 0 0 Environmental Health Technologist 0 0 0 Public Health Nurse 0 0 0 Zambia Enrolled Midwife 0 0 0 Zambia Enrolled Nurse 0 0 0 Clinical Officer General 0 0 0 Registered Nurse 0 0 1 Medical Records Clerk 0 0 0 Watchman 0 0 0 Laboratory Technologist 0 0 0 General Worker 0 0 1 137 Pharmacy Technologist 0 0 0 Psychosocial Councillor 0 0 0 Community Health Assistant 0 0 0 Outdoor servant 0 0 0 Total 0 0 2 Demu RHP (not in staff register but in staff assignment) CATEGORY OF STAFF ESTABLISHMENT SHORTFULL EXISTING Medical Doctor 0 0 0 Health centre in-charge 0 0 0 HIV Nurse Practitioner 0 1 0 Environmental Health Technologist 0 0 0 Public Health Nurse 0 1 0 Zambia Enrolled Midwife 0 0 0 Zambia Enrolled Nurse 0 0 1 Clinical Officer General 0 0 0 Registered Nurse 0 0 0 Medical Records Clerk 0 0 0 Watchman 0 0 1 Laboratory Technologist 0 0 0 General Worker 0 0 0 Pharmacy Technologist 0 0 0 Psychosocial Councillor 0 0 0 Community Health Assistant 0 0 2 Outdoor servant 0 0 0 Total 0 0 4 Hajamba RHP (not in staff register but on staff assignment) CATEGORY OF STAFF ESTABLISHMENT SHORTFULL EXISTING Medical Doctor 0 0 0 138 Health centre in-charge 0 0 0 HIV Nurse Practitioner 0 0 0 Environmental Health Technologist 0 0 1 Public Health Nurse 0 0 0 Zambia Enrolled Midwife 0 0 0 Zambia Enrolled Nurse 0 0 0 Clinical Officer General 0 0 0 Registered Nurse 0 0 1 Medical Records Clerk 0 0 0 Watchman 0 0 0 Laboratory Technologist 0 0 0 Cleaner 0 0 0 Pharmacy Technologist 0 0 0 Psychosocial Councillor 0 0 0 Community Health Assistant 0 0 2 Outdoor servant 0 0 0 Total 0 0 4 Michelo RHP (though not in the staff register but in staff assignment) CATEGORY OF STAFF ESTABLISHMENT SHORTFULL EXISTING Medical Doctor 0 0 0 Health centre in-charge 0 0 0 HIV Nurse Practitioner 0 0 0 Environmental Health Technologist 0 0 0 Public Health Nurse 0 0 0 Zambia Enrolled Midwife 0 0 0 Zambia Enrolled Nurse 1 0 0 Clinical Officer General 0 0 0 Registered Nurse 0 0 0 139 Medical Records Clerk 0 0 0 Watchman 0 0 0 Laboratory Technologist 0 0 0 General Worker 1 0 1 Pharmacy Technologist 0 0 0 Psychosocial Councillor 0 0 0 Community Health Assistant 1 0 1 Outdoor servant 0 0 0 Total 0 0 2 Mayasanino RHP (though not in staff register but on staff assignment) CATEGORY OF STAFF ESTABLISHMENT SHORTFULL EXISTING Medical Doctor 0 0 0 Health centre in-charge 0 0 0 HIV Nurse Practitioner 0 0 0 Environmental Health Technologist 0 0 0 Public Health Nurse 0 0 0 Zambia Enrolled Midwife 0 0 0 Zambia Enrolled Nurse 1 0 0 Clinical Officer General 0 0 0 Registered Nurse 0 0 1 Medical Records Clerk 0 0 0 Watchman 0 0 0 Laboratory Technologist 0 0 0 General Worker 0 0 1 Pharmacy Technologist 0 0 0 Psychosocial Councillor 0 0 0 Community Health Assistant 1 1 0 Outdoor servant 0 0 0 Total 2 1 2 140 Pemba Sub RHP (though not in staff register but in staff assignment) CATEGORY OF STAFF ESTABLISHMENT SHORTFULL EXISTING Medical Doctor 0 0 0 Health centre in-charge 0 0 0 HIV Nurse Practitioner 0 0 0 Environmental Health Technologist 1 0 1 Public Health Nurse 0 0 0 Zambia Enrolled Midwife 0 0 0 Zambia Enrolled Nurse 1 0 1 Clinical Officer General 0 0 0 Registered Nurse 0 0 0 Medical Records Clerk 0 0 0 Watchman 1 0 1 Laboratory Technologist 0 0 0 General Worker 2 0 1 Pharmacy Technologist 0 0 0 Psychosocial Councillor 0 0 0 Community Health Assistant 0 0 0 Outdoor servant 0 0 0 Total 5 0 4 Sibalumbi RHP (though not on staff register but on staff assignment) CATEGORY OF STAFF ESTABLISHMENT SHORTFULL EXISTING Medical Doctor 0 0 0 Health centre in-charge 0 0 0 HIV Nurse Practitioner 0 0 0 Environmental Health Technologist 0 0 0 Public Health Nurse 0 0 0 Zambia Enrolled Midwife 0 0 0 Zambia Enrolled Nurse 1 0 1 141 Clinical Officer General 0 0 0 Registered Nurse 0 0 0 Medical Records Clerk 0 0 0 Watchman 1 0 1 Laboratory Technologist 0 0 0 General Worker 0 0 0 Pharmacy Technologist 0 0 0 Psychosocial Councillor 0 0 0 Community Health Assistant 0 0 0 Outdoor servant 0 0 0 Total 2 0 2 Simooya RHP (though not on staff register and staff assignment) CATEGORY OF STAFF ESTABLISHMENT SHORTFULL EXISTING Medical Doctor 0 0 0 Health centre in-charge 1 0 0 HIV Nurse Practitioner 1 1 0 Environmental Health Technologist 2 0 1 Public Health Nurse 1 1 0 Zambia Enrolled Midwife 1 0 2 Zambia Enrolled Nurse 1 0 3 Clinical Officer General 1 0 0 Registered Nurse 1 0 3 Medical Records Clerk 1 0 0 Watchman 2 0 2 Laboratory Technologist 0 0 0 Cleaner 1 0 1 Pharmacy Technologist 0 0 0 Psychosocial Councillor 0 0 0 Community Health Assistant 0 2 0 Outdoor servant 1 0 0 Total 13 4 11 142 Munyama RHP (though not on staff register but on staff assignment) CATEGORY OF STAFF ESTABLISHMENT SHORTFULL EXISTING Medical Doctor 0 0 0 Health centre in-charge 0 0 0 HIV Nurse Practitioner 0 0 0 Environmental Health Technologist 1 1 0 Public Health Nurse 0 0 0 Zambia Enrolled Midwife 0 0 0 Zambia Enrolled Nurse 0 0 0 Clinical Officer General 0 0 0 Registered Nurse 0 0 1 Medical Records Clerk 0 0 0 Watchman 1 0 1 Laboratory Technologist 0 0 0 General Worker 0 0 0 Pharmacy Technologist 0 0 0 Psychosocial Councillor 0 0 0 Community Health Assistant 0 0 0 Outdoor servant 0 0 0 Total 2 1 2 143 For staffing levels, the district currently has 118 health workers broken down as 14 midwives GRZ and 5 partner employed under global funds, 52 nurses under GRZ and 2 under global funds, 3 clinical officers under GRZ and 1 under SIDA, 2 Medical Licentiates, 1 Medical Doctor, 1 Dental Technician, 1 Nutrition Technologist tuner SIDA, 1 lab technologist under GRZ and 1 under SIDA, 15 EHTS and 4 pharmacy technologists and 15 CHAs. This however does not cover the human resource needs as 11 facilities are being manned by only 1 trained staff and 5 out of 20 facilities are not even on the establishment.

5.1.6 Ratio of Health staff to population The inequitable distribution of the available health workers leads to imbalances (compare urban/rural staff placement). The most affected are the rural areas, which do not have adequate facilities to attract and retain qualified health workers. This shortage of health workers is a major obstacle to the attainment of the District health priorities Doctor to population ratio Doctor to population 100000 80309 80000 60000 40000 5900 20000 0 Standard current situation Patient 5900 80309 Doctor 1 0 Patient Doctor Figure 13: Doctor to population ratio The district has no district hospital the national standard is 1:5900. 144

5.1.7 Status of Transport and Referral System The current status of the referral system in Pemba is as follows (1) Utility Vehicles’-The District has two utility vehicles which are based at the District Health Office. (2) Ambulance-The District has three ambulances against a population of 102, 898. (3) Motorbikes- Currently there are 9 runners

5.1.8 Impact of Changes Anticipated Over the Next 10 Years The anticipated changes in population will increase the demand for health facilities, man power, drugs and equipment which if not met, might result in an increase in morbidity and mortality. The district has a current deficit of 18 clinical officers and 11 EHTs, a deficit which must be addressed promptly. Failure to respond to the current needs will raise the need levels to 43 clinical officers, 25 EHTs and 25 nurses by 2030 across the district. The on- going recruitment of 11,276 healthcare workers countrywide will help mitigate this challenge in the district, although some cadres like EHTs will not be recruited in the district this year. The female population in the age bracket of 15-49 constitutes the reproductive age. This population is projected to increase from 20,000 in 2018 to 26,000 by 2022. This increase requires huge investments towards strengthening reproductive and maternal health facilities. The district through the department of health will promote advocacy through the community units and to create awareness on the benefits of free maternity programme to ensure that all pregnant mothers are attended to by skilled health care providers to reduce maternal mortality. SECTOR Existing Investment/ Proposed Investment/ Development Development Programmes Programmes INFRASRUCTURE -Construction of -Upgrading 13 health posts into Health ablution block at centre Pemba main clinic -Construction of 4 maternity annex -Construction of a district Hospital -Rehabilitation of 18 health facilities 145

5.1.9 The Effect of the Continuation of the Existing Trends with Anticipated Population Growth. After establishing theatre services at Pemba main clinic, the facility is now being upgraded to a Mini Hospital. This is in an effort to reduce the number of referral cases. Referral cases has negatively affected families economically. The continuation of existing trends with the anticipated population growth will cause an overburden on the existing facilities thereby increasing mortality in the district. Currently, SWASCO offers sewerage services only to 4 houses in the district. Continuation of this trend will cause contamination of underground water sources putting citizens at risk to Diarrheal diseases such as typhoid fever, dysentery and cholera outbreaks in the near future. This will cause a burden on healthcare delivery. With the proposed solutions and investments, there will be increased reduction in poverty and inequalities gap in both rural and urban areas.

5.1.10 Environment and Climate Change Analysis.

5.1.10.1 The Impact of existing trends in the sector on the environment and climate In Pemba, there are no sewer ponds where all excreta are discharged to allow for bio- digestion to take place. Each household has its own septic tanks and main hole for excreta. This may pollute the underground water system and put the lives of citizens to be at risk to Diarrheal diseases such as typhoid fever, dysentery, and cholera outbreaks in the near future. This will burden on healthcare delivery.

5.1.10.2 The Impact of Environmental and Climate Change Issues on the Sector. The increasing temperature also threatens increase in malaria incidence in the district. This is because vectors such as mosquitos’ record high breeding during the hot weather especially that the district boarders the valley districts namely Sinazongwe and Gwembe. The effects of drought have led to food insecurity on the affected households’ nutrition. This also pushes them to indulge in various vices that include prostitution. Climate change effects has brought a lot of food insecurities leading to people, mainly women and girls finding other ways of survival, hence, engaging in vices such as promiscuities. The scourge eventually leads to people becoming unproductive due to poor health exacerbating poverty and vulnerability. 146 Drought causes food insecurity hence malnutrition in under 5 and women of child bearing age. Malnutrition, high animal and human disease burden, migration searching for viable water points, poverty, low income, low pupils’ enrolment levels, women and children walking longer distances in search of water, prostitutions, piece works, child marriage and thereby HIV/AIDS as a result.

5.1.10.3 Issues Arising Relating to Gender Groups and Vulnerable Groups Men: There is Low male involvement in HIV issues therefore there is need to engage the men in HIV programs and make follow ups in their residential areas. Children and adolescents: In children only half of the pediatric HIV patients are known positives of which, about half of those are on treatment and virally suppressed whereas Adolescents have the highest rate of new HIV infections, but half of the positives are unaware of their status and viral load suppression is below the national average. Women: Many pregnant women become infected during pregnancy and after delivery and don’t usually know their status. With the up rise of defilement and GBV cases in the district there is need to construct a safe home for the survivors to curb these vices. Differently abled: The differently abled face challenges in accessing Health services due to unsupportive structures. Therefore, there is need to build structures which are user friendly to the differently abled.

5.1.11 CONSIDERATION OF OTHER UNDERLYING FACTORS CONTRIBUTING TO THE ISSUES IDENTIFIED 1. STAFFING - Only 4 out of 22 facilities have clinical officers. 2. INFRASTRUCTURE - Lack of accommodation in most centres (staff staying in rented houses); Most centres are in a poor state of repair; Lack of proper funding in infrastructural projects 3. MATERNAL AND CHILD HEALTH - Inadequate transport at Health centre level has affected negatively the provision of service delivery, Frequent change of service delivery registers 4. MALARIA - Inadequate equipment and chemicals to carry out massive campaigns; Lack of transport to carryout activities related to malaria prevention in most areas of the district; Resistance to vector control chemicals due to non-spraying of other areas 147 5. TB - Lack of timely reporting from HCs Inadequate diagnostic centres; Inadequate transport for supervision and monitoring of the programme; The high prevalence rate of HIV/AIDs 6. HIV/AIDS - Scanty information on HIV/AIDS; Lack of timely reporting in some centres; Inadequate transport for supervision and monitoring of the programme; Only one (1) static ART site and one (1) mobile site 7. WATER AND SANITATION - Lack of water sampling kits; Water and sanitation programme benefiting few communities; Inadequate safe drinking water within reach to most communities; Inadequate safe excreta disposal facilities; Nonexistence of a solid waste management programme in the district; Lack of compliance to public health regulations by most food premise 8. TRANSPORT AND COMMUNITY - Only one (1) ambulance for the district No utility vehicle for the district, the only utility vehicle in the district was not running.

5.1.11 SUMMARY CORE ISSUE UNDERLAYING CAUSES EFFECTS Lack of district hospital -High mortality and morbidity Poor road network rates Low staffing levels INADEQUATE HEALTH Inadequate supportive -Low and unproductive CARE PROVISION OF infrastructure in some facilities communities FIRST LEVEL SERVICES Inadequate power supply -Low socio-economic Inadequate transport development 148

5.2 EDUCATION

5.2.1 Key Government Priorities Being and to be Implemented at a Local Level Keeping Girls in School Act (KGS) The keeping in school in girls initiative calls on the U.S. government to address barriers to education such as child marriage and early pregnancy through smart investments and coordinate between U.S. and government agencies. As a District the program is fully implemented and over 900 girls have been enrolled on the program from various schools. Pemba District is among 39 districts countrywide piloting the implementation of GEWEL Project-Education Component dubbed- Keeping Girls In School” abbreviated as” KGS.” This is an initiative that seeks to support vulnerable school aged girls between grades Eight (8) to Twelve (12) with tuition fees at any school of their choice. Income Generating Activities Pemba district has so far implemented the government policy of Production Unit in all schools. Schools are involved in various production ventures ranging from raring of livestock to growing of vegetables to supplement support from government. i. Early Child Education (ECE)-This was previously under councils but now all primary and community schools are encouraged to establish ECE classes so that communities around these schools are afforded this service and also making it affordable to all. Under the councils, Early Child Education was mostly being offered by the private sector and mostly benefited urban population. But under current arrangement it is spread across the district, with rural areas benefiting from this service more because it has not been there. The Ministry of General Education offers early education for age ranges 3 – 4 and 5 – 6 years. These are nursery and reception classes. Nursery: This level caters for learners aged between 3 to 4 years; to develop socially, physically, mentally and emotionally by providing them with playmates and play resources. The focus at this level is promotion of social interaction of young children from different social backgrounds through play. Reception: This level caters for learners aged between 5 to 6 years. This is a preparatory stage for entry into Grade 1. The teaching and learning at this level is 149 largely informal through guided and unguided play with formal teaching (pre- academic) taking about 40 % of the programme. The academic component prepares them for smooth transition to formal education at Grade 1. ii. Primary Literacy Programme (PLP)-The use of familiar language has raised hope in achieving literacy and numerous skills by grade one (1). The district has taken the implementation of the new curriculum very seriously. Career pathways This is being offered at both junior and senior secondary schools. The pupils are now privileged to follow not only their preferred pathways but also relevant choices for life-long survival. The academic pathway is meant for learners with the passion for academic subjects and desire for careers in that direction, whereas the vocational career pathway is for learners with ambitions and interests in technical and practical jobs thereby providing practical skills to learners starting at Grade 8 through to Grade 12. In the provision of this curriculum, schools will closely collaborate with trade institutions and other key stakeholders in various areas of specialization The Re- entry Policy One of the key interventions in the promotion of gender equality is the introduction of the Re – entry Policy to allow girls who fall pregnant to return to school after giving birth. This policy is meant to accord an opportunity to girls who drop out of school as a result of pregnancy to go back to school after delivery. The standards officers have so far been on the ground monitoring the implementation of these policies in schools. So far 80% of the schools have been reached and monitored. The district is striving to address the following key issues as outlined in the strategic plan; ✓ Improved learner performance, ✓ Enhanced and effective supervision by administrators at school level, ✓ Provide and maintain conducive school infrastructure, ✓ Improved resource mobilization. These key issues, together with the many activities that the office undertakes are being guided and aligned to the three thematic areas of access, efficiency, and quality assurance. 150

5.2.2 EXISTING STATE OF DEVELOPMENT Pemba district has a total of seventy-three (73) learning institutions. Among these, one college, Kasiya Business and Secretarial college, eight (8) secondary schools of which three (3) have just been upgraded into day secondary schools and are running from the early child education (ECE) class to grade twelve (12). Forty-three (43) are primary schools of which thirty-eight (38) are running up to grade nine (9) class and fifty-six (56) schools have established early child education (ECE) classes (not stand alone). Fourteen (14) are community schools of which three (3) have ECE class and six (6) are Interactive Radio Instruction (IRI) centres. The district also has two (2) centres running for special education. Given the number of pupils, staffing is not adequate and numbers of schools are not adequate. Some classes in schools have up to sixty (60) pupils in one class. The district has a total of six hundred and ninety-two teaching staff (692), consisting of twenty (20) staff from district office, six hundred and eighty-one (681) teaching staff and twenty-six (26) support staffs in schools. There are eleven (11) males and nine (9) females at district office, two hundred and ninety-four (294) female teaching staff and three hundred and eighty-seven (387) males and also seventeen (17) males and nine (9) support staffs in schools. Table 19: District School Census SN SCHOOL TYPE NO. ENROLMENT TOTAL BOYS GIRLS 1 SECONDARY SCHOOLS 5 2300 1800 4100 2 UPGRADED SECONDARY SCHOOLS 3 2009 1900 3909 3 PRIVATE SCHOOL (SECONDARY) 1 30 34 64 4 PRIMARY SCHOOLS 43 9915 9660 19575 5 COMMUNITY SCHOOLS 14 2372 1833 4205 6 INTERACTIVE RADIO INSTRUCTION 6 972 818 1790 CENTRES (IRIs) 7 COLLEGE 1 TOTAL 73 Schools 17578 16,006 33, 643 Source: Annual School Census, 2021 The district has 26,584 learners in total as at 2019 Annual School Census consisting of 13, 252 girls and 12, 763 boys. 151 Source: Pemba DPU, 2022. 152 PRIMARY EDUCATION Primary sector consists of over 80% of the total pupil population and human resource in the district and in most cases running from grade 1 – 9. The sector has 43 primary schools and 14 community schools. The sector lacks standard infrastructure such as specialized rooms for science laboratories and Home economics in line with the requirements for the new curriculum. More than 50% of primary school’s pupil classroom ratio is at 1:60 compared to the normal of 1:45. Due to heavy rains and strong winds, five (5) classroom blocks (CRB), were blown off in the 2020-2021 rainy season. The frequency and increasing strength of winds have led to damage to school infrastructure and disturbance to learning activities. The sector has also faced challenges in accommodating staff due to limited number of staff house and staff offices. About 50% of staff lack standard staff houses. However, challenges of long distances to schools have been addressed through bicycle relief programmes. For example, Munyama and Mudukula primary schools had 220 beneficiaries from the bicycle relief beneficiary programme with a view of mitigating challenges of long distances to schools hence curbing rising levels of absenteeism. Over 50% of primary schools, especially those in the rural areas are not connected to the national grid depending on alternative sources of power to access information communication technology (ICT) infrastructure and other benefits. This situation tends to deprive the pupils access to computer lessons. (Source: 2020: ASC data). Secondary School Sector The secondary school sector has only eight (8) government run secondary schools and one private secondary school and this possess worry to the growing numbers of primary schools in the district. The growing numbers of enrollment in the primary sector has a greater impact on limited opportunities for enrollment in the secondary sector. According to Annual School Census, 2020, more than 80% of grade nine pupils made it to grade 10 which only provided nearly 70% of grade 10 places. Another great concern under the secondary sector is long distances to schools and lack of boarding facilities, this has made it difficult for pupils especially for a girl child to have access to secondary school education. 153 Early Childhood Education (ECE) This sub sector has over the years been dominated by primary schools which have accounted for more than 80% of the total pupil enrolments. This is however changing due to the new government policy emphasizing on early childhood education to be introduced in all schools. The ECE sub sector in the district also lacks infrastructure and trained manpower which has adversely hindered its growth with only 21 available teachers in the entire district. There is, therefore, a need to recruit a total of 40 qualified ECE teachers and construction/creation of a total of 52 ECE classrooms and recreation centres to meet the shortfall (source: 2020: ASC data) 154

3.1 Availability of education services Source (Developed by Pemba Town Council, 2021) 155 DISTRIBUTION BY WARD Habunkululu has the highest number of schools (22) in the district while Muzoka ward only has one (1) school in the whole ward. Some pupils in Muzoka ward and other wards have to cover long distances of 7 to 10 km to reach at their schools which poses a threat to education as they arrive tired in school. With the recommended or standard distances between schools is 5km, there is dire need of schools in most wards of the districts as well as upgrading some of the school infrastructure. The table below shows the number of standard classrooms in the district Table 20: Distribution of Schools per Ward Ward No of schools Habunkululu 22 Pemba 6 Kasiya 7 Kauba 9 Maambo 11 Muzoka 1 Nachibanga 6 Siabunkululu 4 Dobo 4 Hamaundu 2 Unknown 1 Total 73 Source: Pemba Debs, 2022 156 157 Table 21: Standard classrooms in the district. NUMBER OF STATUS COMMENT TYPES OF NUMBER IN NOT IN CLASSROOM DESKS USE USE 457 Good Standard Double 3,370 344 condition classrooms seated desks 34 Incomplete About 75% Single 950 450 completion seated desks 25 Temporal Not up to standard Source: Pemba DEBS, 2022. Of the 516 classes in the district, 59 are either incomplete or in a bad condition (not up to standard). This therefore provides a challenge as it is not possible for some classes to be held in rain seasons as the conditions of the classes do not allow. Based on the current enrolment levels across the district, there is a shortfall of classrooms at both primary and secondary level. This infers that available classrooms are accommodating more than the normal carrying capacity. This has several negative effects on the quality of service received by the learners. There is a shortfall of teaching staff in the district as well. The average teacher to pupil ratio is 1:72 in the district. There is specifically a shortage of teaching staff for specific secondary subjects such as mathematics and sciences. 158 Source: Pemba DPU, 2022. 159

5.2.3 Quality of service including key indicators of performance S/N Key indicator Status Year 1 School infrastructure (learning 81.6% are in good state 2020 facilities) 2 Access and coverage More than half of the schools are accessible 2020 3 Teaching and learning materials Status is 1:6 book/pupil ration against 1:1 2020 4 Literacy levels Literacy levels are extremely low 2020 5 Student National exam performance Pass rate for G7 was 51% 2019 G9 was 30.2% G12 was 65% 6 Teacher pupil ratio Stands at 1:72 against 1:40 2020 8 Teacher qualifications 86% of teachers have the minimum 2019 academic qualifications 9 Pupil Classroom ratio 1:58 against 1:40 2020 10 Staff housing Over 50% lack standard houses 2020 ACCESSIBILITY The recommended distances between schools is 5km. currently yet pupils travel up to 10km or more to access education. Most of the schools in the district have bad roads leading to the schools and some schools have dilapidated bridges which make them inaccessible to pupils during rainy season.

5.2.4 Impact of Changes Anticipated Over the Next Ten Years Due to the population increase and the increased number of learners, it is anticipated that the enrolment of learners in schools will increase, and this will call for more teaching staff and also school infrastructure. There is also likely to be need for more learning materials in schools. Due to increase in enrolments in schools as anticipated in the next ten years, schools to intensify on production units to be self-sustainable. 160

5.2.5 The Effects Of The Continuation Of Existing Trends In The Service Your Sector Provides With Anticipated Population Growth. The current existing trends point toward future shortage of learning materials (textbooks and teaching aids), teaching staff, school infrastructure (classrooms, libraries, and laboratories), houses for teaching staff and desks in schools.

5.2.6 Addressing Issues Arising Relating to Gender, Persons Living with Disabilities and Other Vulnerable Groups There is also unequal access to education between girls and boys due to customary norms and values. Boys are favored at the expense of girls when it comes to ensuring that children receive adequate schooling on the assumption that girls will get married while boys will be breadwinners. These disparities in accessing social services between planned and unplanned settlements further disadvantages women and children. Currently some structures in the schools do not support people with disabilities.

5.2.6 Environment and Climate Change Analysis Deforestation (cutting down of trees), Poor quality of soils as a result of soil erosion and dry spells as a result of cutting down of trees.

5.2.6.1 The impact of existing trends on the environment and climate change Owing to the fact that one of the most common sources of income in Pemba is charcoal burning, the following is the expect impact it will have on the environment if left unchecked; deforestation (cutting down of trees), poor quality of soils as a result of soil erosion and dry spells and drought. The impact of these existing trends on the environment and climate change to the education sector is failure of guardians and parents to pay tuition fees for learners because of poor yields from their produce.

5.2.6.2 The Impact of Environmental and Climate Change Issues on the Sector. Due to the effects of climate change, the secondary sector has faced great challenges, especially lack of water due to dry spells meant pupils are to go and ferry water in far places leading to high rates of absenteeism in schools. However, the impact of existing trends on the environment and climate change to the education sector is failure of guardians and parents to pay tuition fees for learners because of poor yields from their produce. 161 Due to the above issues the education sector is affected by: ❖ Droughts which have a negative impact on education; with ongoing droughts, the schooling of children might be at risk, as their attendance could decline due to decreased household resources used for paying of school fees and school materials, hunger, and children looking for alternative livelihood strategies to help their families ❖ Low water levels in major rivers and groundwater may further impact people’s access to clean drinking water as well as schools. ❖ The road network in this District is extremely bad making many schools difficulty to access because of numerous streams and flooded roads ❖ Floods – During these floods (especially flash floods), roads and bridges are destroyed, and most parts (schools) are cut off and made impossible to reach. ❖ Infrastructural damage caused by the rains and wind. During the rainy season, some classroom blocks crumble down, and some roofs are blown off.

5.2.6.3 How Is Education Sector Addressing Effects of Climate Change The education sector is addressing effects of climate change by encouraging the planting of trees at school level. The sector was recently engaged in planting of trees with all schools under wards implementing the SCRiKA project. The sector was also engaged with DAPP which interacted with 10 schools and encouraged schools to grow nursery tree plants to be transplanted at a later stage.

5.2.6.4 Consideration of Other Underlying Factors Contributing to the Issues Identified ❖ Lack of office space, currently the District Education Office is occupying the Resource Centre at Pemba Primary School thereby denying pupils and teachers at the school the opportunity to use the Resource Centre for their studies, lesson plan, etc. ❖ Inadequate places at grade 10 leading to low transition rate from grade 9 to grade 10. ❖ Inadequate and poor infrastructure such as classrooms, staff houses, staff and pupil toilet, libraries, etc. ❖ Poor road network, especially in the rain season, inhibiting officers from reaching schools in these areas. 162 ❖ High levels of pregnancy and early marriages leading to pupils dropping out of schools. ❖ Insufficient and delayed funding. ❖ Increased number of orphans and vulnerable children and High poverty levels leading to pupil absenteeism ❖ Staff attrition (especially from schools in remote areas).

5.2.7 SUMMARY CORE ISSUE CAUSES EFFECTS Poor and inadequate infrastructure -Low socio-economic Poor road network development Low staffing levels -High rate of dropouts Too many community schools with untrained teachers -Child pregnancies and early Long distances to the schools marriages POOR EDUCATION Too many community schools with SERVICE DELIVERY untrained teachers -High illiteracy levels Few skilled teachers in certain subject -Low educational levels and Inadequate power supply unskilled labour Insufficient teaching materials and other learner needs .e.g. desks -Low socio-economic development -Poor performance 163

5.3 LABOUR AND EMPLOYMENT

5.3.1 Situation Analysis It may be necessary to note that the total number for labour force has slightly increase because of people accounted for in the private sector such as non-governmental organizations, shop owners, shop workers, contractors, and construction workers. Sector Male Female Total Agriculture 13989 11981 25920 Mining nil nil nil Tourism 2 2 nil Transport 3 nil 3 Government 413 353 766 Processing 1 nil 1 Trading nil nil nil Other nil nil nil Table 16: Labor distribution by sector Labor force is defined as the number of people aged 16 or older of either sex who are participating actively in economic activities, that is, they are ready to supply their labor to produce economic good and services. Labor force participation rate is the total labor force expressed as a percentage of the working age population and measures the extent of an economies working age population that is economically active. The current Labor force in the district is currently at 26,690 with 25,920 employed in the agricultural sector and 766 in the government.

5.3.2 Existing State of Development Most government workers are teachers and health workers in the district. The formal sector consists of businesses, enterprises and economic activities that are monitored, protected, and taxed by the government whereas the informal sector is comprised of the workers and enterprises that are not under government regulation. Extrapolation of provincial data shows that 57.4% of the labor force in is economically active while 42.6 % is economically inactive. The interpretation of this statistic is that 42.6% of the 164 people who should be productively engaged in economic activities are sitting idle, which has serious implications on the local economic development of the district. This could be an indication that there is abundant supply of labor but inadequate employment opportunities. The district should therefore put in interventions that will create decent jobs and spur economic activity. It is important to note that the number of employment seekers continues to increase each year and from the last situation analysis for the district unemployment figures have slightly increased due to limited private sector development. It is hoped that with the recent developmental projects including CDF that were initiated in the district will lead to rapid creation of decent jobs for the local people. The table shows a list of sectors identified by the Department of Labor in Pemba. Sector Male Female Total Quarrying 22 2 24 Tourism 1 6 7 Transport 3 3 Government 413 353 766 Processing 3 3 6 Trading 20 5 25 Other 25 10 35 TOTAL 485 379 861 Table 17: Employment distribution by sector, Source: MoLa, 2022 The total number of people employed in the district are 861 depicting the district’s unemployment rate to be at 96.77 percent. This also entails a small private sector activity in the district. The unavailability of other sectors implies investment opportunities in the district for the private investors in Mining, processing, hospitality, and large-scale retailing. Of the total 861 people in formal employment, 766 are employed by the government. Despite this, most government departments are not up to full capacity with regards to employment of labor and are therefore lacking some essential staff. For example, the education sector is in dire need of specialized teachers and health sector has no doctors. 165 Male Female Total 413 353 766 Total Labor Force the formal Sector The formal sector consists of business, enterprises and economic activities that are monitored, protected and taxed by the government. The total number labour force slightly increases because of people accounted for in the private sector such as non- governmental organizations, shop workers, contractors, and construction workers. Male Female Total 438 363 801 Total Labor Force Informal Sector Whereas the informal sector is comprised of the workers and enterprises that are not under government regulation. The table below shows the distribution of people in the informal sector of the district. Male Female Total 43 56 99 Unemployed Youths. Male Female Total 340 480 820 Table 5: Total Unemployed Youths and Adults those that have attained a significant level of Education (Grade twelve and above) This was captured during the third quarter of 2019 when the department was updating the employment data base for the district. Pemba is predominantly a rural district whose economic mainstay is agriculture in both livestock and crop production. In order for the district to achieve the desired economic situation, there is need to address the situation of unemployment and rural development. 166 Casualization Pemba District being a new District is having challenges following most labour laws especially the ones regarding casualization, most employees are casualized as employers claim not to have the knowledge of the employment code act of 2019. Table 18: Minimum Wages CATEGORY BASIC HOUSING TRANSPO LUNCH GROSS PAY ALLOWAN RT ALLOWANC PAY CE E Category 1 ( e.g. K K 315 K 153.60 K 180 K1,698.60 general worker, not 1,050.00 elsewhere specified; a cleaner) Category ii (e.g. a K K315 K153.60 K180 K1,698.60 person engaged as a 1,050.00 watch person or a guard) Category iii(e.g. K K385.40 K153.60 K180 K 1, assistant sales person; 1,278.00 994.40 parker or book binder) Category iv (e.g. a K1,503.0 K 450 K153.60 K180 K 2,286.60 driver, pump 0 attendant) Category v(e.g. typist; K K488.70 K 153.60 K180 K2,451.30 or receptionist) 1,629.00 Category vi (e.g. a 2,031.00 K609.30 K153.60 K180 K 2,973.90 sales person) Category vii (e.g. a K2,167.7 K650.31 K153.60 K180 K3,151.61 qualified clerk) 0 167 The above is a table of minimum wages revised in SI NO.71 of 2018, though is not the case in Pemba district as employers claim not to have enough funds due to the stunted economy of the district.

5.3.3 CONSIDERATION OF THE UNDERLYING FACTORS CONTRIBUTING TO THE ISSUES IDENTIFIED ⚫ Lack of established offices in the district of Pemba ⚫ Weak capacity of labor centers to provide individualized services to workers, job s eekers and employers ⚫ Limited resources for creating a labor database for the district ⚫ No office space, funding and transport ⚫ High illiteracy levels in the district ⚫ Staff need training and orientation, no enough staff ⚫ Poor state of infrastructure –Low quality of infrastructure development has led to low economic activity and high production costs resulting in low competitiveness. Critical infrastructure, such as housing, non-availability of power in six (6) out of the twelve (12) wards, feeder roads, water supply and sanitation have not been adequately maintained to facilitate the desired levels of economic transformation and influence private investment.

5.4 COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT AND SOCIAL WELFARE

5.4.1 Introduction The main objective of the sector is to contribute to the well-being of all Zambians by ensuring that vulnerable people have sufficient income security to meet basic needs and protection from waste impacts of ricks and shocks. The specific objectives are to enhance access by poor and vulnerable populations to productive resources and skills; promote employment opportunities and income generating activities for the unemployed and other vulnerable groups there by Increasing livelihood potential among vulnerable populations in order to meet their food and nutrition security requirements year round. 168

5.4.2 Key Government Priorities Being and To Be Implemented in The District.

5.4.2.1 GEWEL Project Women and children are the most vulnerable to effects of poverty. In trying to curb the situation, the government through the department of Community Development and support from World Bank is implementing the Girl’s Education and Women’s Empowerment and Livelihood (GEWEL) project. It aims at empowering women by supporting their livelihoods.

5.4.2.2 The Social Cash Transfer Programme The Social Cash Transfer programme aims at reducing extreme poverty and eradicating the intergenerational transfer of poverty in households covered by the Programme. This is also in fulfilment of Government’s vision of “A nation with capacity to promote and provide sustainable security against constant or periodic critical levels of deprivation and extreme vulnerability by 2030”. The Social Cash Transfer programme falls under the Social Assistance Pillar of the National Social Protection Policy. The Programme is a form of social assistance which tries to respond to the growing number of households that have no or limited self-help potential. This is mainly due to HIV and AIDs pandemic and such households cannot be reached by labour or micro credit programmes and therefore, need regular assistance to survive. Social cash transfers and non-contributory payments are monies provided by the government in conjunction with the nongovernmental organisations to incapacitated individuals or households. The main beneficiaries of the programme include older persons (65 years and above), persons with certified severe disabilities, child headed households, chronically ill patients on palliative care, and female headed households. The programme is in all the Wards of the District. The beneficiaries receive K400.00 (able bodied) and K800.00 (physically challenged) every bimonthly. The total caseload under the social cash transfer is 5019 beneficiaries. Below is a table showing the total number of beneficiaries per ward. 169 S/N WARD TOTAL NUMBER OF BENEFICIARES 1 DEMU 737 2 DOBO 495 3 HABUNKULULU 202 4 NACHIBANGA 405 5 HAMAUNDU 483 6 KASIKILI 396 7 KASIYA 430 8 KAUBA MAIN 468 9 MAAMBO 344 10 MUZOKA 530 11 PEMBA 259 12 YOTAM MULEYA 329 TOTAL 5077 Source: Comdev Office, 2022. From the above table the total number of able bodied 4734 of which 3658 females,1076 males and 343 disabled, 206 female and 137 males. 170

5.4.2.3 Public Welfare Assistance Scheme These have taken the form of non-contributory transfers either in cash or in-kind, fee waivers, and subsidies with a view of reducing poverty. These interventions specifically target those who lack the inherent capacity to work, rather than those who are failing to meet their needs through shortcomings in various aspects of their circumstances such as limited access to markets, insufficient capital or land. This form of assistance provides supplementary support to help such households have more secure access to food and other basic needs, including through investments in human capital. Below are services under PWAS; ❖ School Support – pupils are provided with school fees, books, pens, pencils. ❖ Emergent social support – clients are provided with mealie meal, cooking oil, beans, etc. ❖ Health care support – the department buys prescribed drugs for the clients. Clients are assisted with funds to travel to other hospitals on referral basis. ❖ Repatriation services – stranded clients in the district are given transport money to help them travel back to their towns. To help deliver the programmes effectively and efficiently the ministry works with the Area Coordinating Committee (ACC) and the Community Welfare Assistance Committee (CWAC) these committees are involved in identification of beneficiaries to ensure efficiency of the programme. The total number of ACC is twelve (12) and forty-seven CWACs.

5.4.3 Description of Existing State of Development

5.4.3.1 Availability of service Through the Ministry of Community development and social services, the following programmes are being implemented at local level. NON-STATUTORY SERVICES 1. Women’s development (GEWEL) 2. Non-formal education and skills training. 3. Community Self Help Initiatives. 4. Food Security Pack (FSP) 5. Social Cash Transfer (SCT) 6. Public Welfare Assistance Scheme (PWAS) 171 STATUTORY SERVICES 1. Adoption Services 2. Foster Care Services 3. Gender Based Violence (GBV) And Human Trafficking (HT) 4. Juvenile Welfare Despite efforts to mainstream gender as a traversal development issue gender inequality have continued increasing in the district. Women are prevented from advancing despite the important roles they play in decision making. This phenomenal seem to be entrenched even in traditional practices. Therefore, social service delivery and improved infrastructure development becomes imperative to reducing inequalities between males and females within communities. In rural areas of Pemba, women have no voice in the community as leadership is linked to how much income one has. There is also unequal access to education between girls and boys due to customary norms and values. Boys are favoured at the expense of girls when it comes to ensuring that children receive adequate schooling on the assumption that girls will get married while boys will be bread winners. These disparities in accessing social services between planned and unplanned settlements further disadvantage women and children.

5.4.3.2 Quality of service Current population size with access to departmental services FSP PROGRAM S/N WARD NO. OF MALE FEMALE BENEFICIARIES 1. Kasiya 100 45 55 2. Yotamu muleya 50 15 35 3. Demu 200 79 121 4. Maambo 100 16 84 6. Muzoka 300 146 154 172 7. Habunkululu 50 17 33 Dobo 100 58 42 Kauba 100 51 49 TOTAL 1000 427 573 WOMEN EMPOWERMENT (GEWEL and SWL PROJECT) S/N WARD NO. OF GEWEL NO. OF SWL NO. OF BENEFICIARIES BENEFICIARIES BENEFICIARIES (2019) (2020) 2021 1. Pemba 66 13 2. Kasiya 109 39 34 3. Muzoka 53 106 90 4. Demu 33 153 86 5. Kasikili 52 79 31 6. Dobo 67 124 61 7. Kauba main 69 40 37 8. Habunkululu 18 9. Nachibanga 45 91 26 10 Hamaundu 99 57 11 Yotum 39 36 muleya 12. Maambo 29 40 TOTAL 661 681 440 The services offered in the district are inadequate in the sense that the few inputs allocated to a CWAC are shared among the vulnerable but viable farmers who qualify to be on the program and are subjected to lottery if the number exceeds the allocation for that particular CWAC. You would find that some villages will only have 2 to 3 beneficiaries out of 50 households in that village. Kasikili ward has not benefited from FSP. 173 Therefore, there is need to increase the number of farming inputs received in the district as well as increasing the number of beneficiaries under women empowerment this will help our beneficiaries transform their lives fast and the impact will quickly be visible in all wards. Provision of grants to women groups will be key to enable them start small-scale businesses and improve their livelihoods as well as creating awareness in communities on how to access some of the services such as self-help and non-formal education (Literacy classes).

5.4.4 Impact of Changes Anticipated Over the Next 10 Years It is anticipated in the next ten years with the proposed investments that most households will be food secure. It is also anticipated the communities will be healthier and when we have a health community, development follows.

5.4.5 The Effect of the Continuation of the Existing Trends with Anticipated Population Growth. With the proposed solutions and investments, there will be increased reduction in poverty and inequalities gaps in both rural and urban areas.

5.4.6 Existing and Proposed Sector Development Programs Existing Program Proposed development programs 1 Food Security Pack Training & equipping Value addition / processing 2 Women Skills empowerment & certification by TAVETA Empowerment 3 Self-help initiative Training & Empowerment with equipment (e.g. block making machines or food processing equipment) 4 Micro credit (village Partnership with financial institutions banking) 5 Adult literacy Partnerships with MoGE Accreditation with TEVETA 6 Youth Recreation Facility 174

5.4.7 Environment and Climate Change Analysis Drought and dry spells will affect the positive growth trends that can contribute to reducing poverty, vulnerability and inequalities.

5.4.8 The Impact of Environmental and Climate Change Issues on the Sector. The dry spells cause crop failure, as well as pasture production. This in turn leads to targeted households having reduced income and being food insecure and making them incapable of accessing basic needs. Such a situation poses a risk of people use child labour in the quest to for more food. Suffice to mention, the lack of food has the capacity to increase prostitution activities and consequently increase HIV infections. Other effects of low productivity resulting from reduced rainfall include increased levels of hunger that threatens the nutrition status especially for the vulnerable groups such as children under 5 and also increased charcoal burning leading to deforestation, environmental degradation and loss of bio diversity. ❖ Households will be food insecure. ❖ Low productivity. ❖ Only few individuals will benefit from the services provided as graduation of beneficiaries is dependent on better yields. ❖ Vulnerability and inequality will increase.

5.4.9 Poverty and Vulnerability One of the major challenges that Zambia is facing todayis how to reduce poverty in its population. The country’s economy in the recent past has shown growing trend but the effects are not visible on the livelihoods of the population. Pemba district is no exception with the effects of the economic indicators as well as climate change effects. According to the Mapping Subnational Poverty in Zambia (2015), the poverty headcount for Pemba district was at is 0.82 with a total of 55,743 being considered to be poor. 175 WARD POVERTY HEADCOUNT NO. POOR Kasiya 0.84 10,991 Pemba 0.46 1,078 Hamaundu 0.80 14,904 Maambo 0.87 11,171 Kauba 0.84 6,106 Habunkululu 0.86 3,854 Nachibanga 0.84 7,853 DISTRICT TOTAL 0.82 55,743 Table 19: Poverty levels by ward (MSPZ, 2015) NB: This data was collected before 2016 and 2019 delimitation of wards was done. The poverty prevalence situation is attributed to the levels of the effects of drought, some parts of the district especially those in southeast (Maambo and Hamaundu) are heavily affected compared to those in northern part (Nachibanga, Kauba and Habunkululu). The number of vulnerable households indicated an increase from 50% in 2014 to about 61% in 2017 as a result of droughts. In addition, poor nutrition, which in part is a function of food insecurity in poor households, further erodes the human capital potential. This reinforces the intergenerational transfer of poverty and keeps these households trapped in a vicious cycle of poverty. Vulnerable groups currently include: female-headed households, child-headed households, persons with disabilities, orphaned children, and the chronically ill and elderly people. The 55,743 people that are living in poverty in the district are dependent on small scale farming for their livelihoods (MSPZ, 2015). Furthermore, the impacts of the climate changes such as drought and dry spells are adversely affecting the positive growth trends that could contribute to reducing poverty and vulnerability of the affected households. Ninety (90) percent of these households in the district depend on rainfall for their farming activities. However due to climatic hazards such as drought which is mainly affecting the district, there has been a reduction in agriculture productivity at household level and income loss, hence exacerbating poverty in these households. 176 The major constraints in answering the effects of poverty and vulnerability are untimely and erratic funding of programs. Unemployment and underemployment, inadequate infrastructure, limited access to social services and markets and low productivity. Investing the above constraints will push on the effects of poverty and vulnerability in the district, hence; improves the welfare and livelihood of the community. Government alone cannot manage to eradicate poverty, hence, need for consolidated efforts from other stakeholders. Investing in agriculture and livestock production such horticulture, fish farming, small ruminant production and processing facilities will uplift the welfare of vulnerable people in the district. Harnessing these investment potentials in the district the investors will be able to make their investment returns and help create employment for locals.

5.4.10 Staffing at District level Position Establishment district Filled Shortfall level District Social Welfare 1 1 0 Officer Assistant Social Welfare 2 1 1 Officer Typist 1 0 1 Office Assistant/Orderly 1 2 0 District Community 1 1 0 Development Officer Assistant Community 2 3 Development Officer Community Development 6 6 0 Assistants Typist 1 1 0 Office Assistance 1 0 0 Table 20: Staffing levels in the district 177 Under the Public Welfare Assistance Scheme (PWAS) activities undertaken are to distribute the available resources to the poor and the vulnerable that are identified by the established committees. To help deliver this program effectively and efficiently the department works with the Area Coordinating Committee (ACC) and the Community Welfare Assistance Committee (CWAC) who are involved in identification of beneficiaries to ensure efficiency of the programme.

5.4.11 BINDING CONSTRAINTS AGAINST POVERTY AND VULNERABILITY REDUCTION Ending poverty and vulnerability calls for concerted efforts from all stakeholders in the district to ensure its success. Disadvantaged population groups such as women, the disabled and people in remote areas are more likely to be vulnerable than others. The binding constraints that pertain to poverty and vulnerability in the district include: ➢ Unemployment and underemployment: The District is affected by a high formal unemployment rate of 65%. The population is usually engaged in the informal sector, which is characterized by low wages and lack of social protection mechanisms which perpetuates their vulnerability. Those that are employed in the informal agricultural sector are not able to set a price for their produce due to lack of proper markets. ➢ The effects of drought have exacerbated the unemployment rate as 90% of the population in the district are employed in Agriculture. ➢ Inadequate infrastructure: The District has relatively poor infrastructural services such as roads, health Centers, schools, water and sanitation which insinuates poverty, vulnerability and inequality. ➢ The current existing infrastructure has been heavily affected by the climate variability in the district. The changes in the temperatures have caused substantial damage on roads, culverts and buildings leading to some collapsing. The rainfall variability has caused damage to the culverts which have either been moved or washed away. ➢ Limited access to social services and markets: Limited access to social services, markets and bad feeder road network is an acute constraint in rural areas. Not only are the social services inadequate, but where they are available, financial constraints often limit the extent to which rural communities can access them. Similarly, the rural population is 178 disadvantaged with regard to access to markets, which compels them to sell their produce below market prices. ➢ Low productivity: Climate change hazards in the district include increased temperatures, dry spells and droughts. This affects the production and productivity of agricultural production which subsist 90% of the district population. The poor are the most hit to these climate change hazards as they are unable to adapt and fail to cope to the situation.

5.4.12 SUMMARY FOR THE SECTOR CORE ISSUE CAUSES EFFECTS -Early marriages High illiteracy levels -Low productivity - Food insecurity -Inadequate nutrition Inadequate support financially to -Resistance to development start small scale businesses and -Substance abuse knowledge in life skills and -social crimes financial literacy. POVERTY AND -Exposure to higher rates of Gender inequalities VULNERABILITY sexual assault, intimate partner abuse, and gender-based violence. -Poor sanitation, chronic Inadequate water supply diarrhoea episodes which limits in productivity. Poor infrastructure -The chain of production is disrupted leading to hinderance in development. 179

5.4.13 SUMMARY- CORE ISSUES (For the entire PSIR) There are a number of constraints that need to be addressed in order for the district to achieve the expected developmental outcomes i.e. economic diversification and job creation; poverty and vulnerability reduction; reducing developmental inequalities; enhancing human development and creating a conducive, governance environment for a diversified and inclusive economy. This section outlines a summary of the core issues emanating from the stakeholders and community consultations. It further highlights the causes and the effects of the core issues. 180 Core Problem Institutional or Social & cultural Economic Environment Spatial Technical or Physical factors organizational issues including factors al factors (land use) technological such as absence factors gender including factors factors of key climate infrastructure change Low -Inadequate - High illiteracy -Low market -Climate -Lack of -Weak research Inadequate and Agricultural agricultural levels linkages of change security of and extension on dilapidated staff (Crops, management -Low adoption of agricultural -Poor soils tenure service delivery accommodation, Fisheries and information system agriculture inputs products -Inadequate -Lack of linkages dilapidated Livestock) -Low staffing levels and technology - Low uptake water for access to - Low extension agriculture Productivity in -Erratic funding of Harmful cultural of financial agriculture agriculture services infrastructure The District programs and practices services and livestock land use - Low crop -Inadequate administrative costs -Incident of plan diversification transport for diseases -Low livestock extension services nutritional -Inadequate management agricultural infrastructure Inadequate -Lack of district Erratic - Outbreak of -Inadequate -Lack of -Inadequate Provision of hospital Harmful cultural inadequate diseases social equipment learning materials Social Services -Inadequate staffing practices funding for - Low access services -Inadequate (Health, levels programs to clean water (Health and transport education, supply due to 181 sanitation and -Weak community -Inadequate education) -Low connectivity social welfare) structures revenue base coverage to electricity -Lack of a -No -Inadequate social comprehensive designated service database sewer infrastructure -Poor response to treatment -Poor and epidemics and plants inadequate road disasters infrastructure and -Inadequate - High illiteracy communication sanitation coverage levels network -Inadequate funding for operational and administrative Weak -Delay in full -Gender -High poverty -Inadequate - Lack of court Governance implementation of inequalities levels built-up infrastructure Systems and the decentralisation -Society norms infrastructur - Inadequate Low policy and values e to support access to police Dispensation of - Inadequate by- -Weak and governance services Justice laws to support inadequate human rights community 182 - Inadequate structures to deal capacity of sub- with GBV district structures Lack of -Insufficient Lack of -Insufficient - Inadequate Investment In engagement of business and provision of banking facilities Key Economic investors market land for - No service Growth linkage investment station Enablers promotion by LA - Inadequate - Lack of access to value addition electricity in industries growth centres Uncoordinated Inadequate Non-existence in Poor land use Spatial approved layout planning planning Development plan agreement with leading to Inadequate staffing traditional leaders high levels deforestation Inefficiency Lack of planning implementation of of customary land 183 development control standards Inadequate planning and enforcement 184

6.0 DEVELOPMENT FRAMEWORK The development framework highlights the vision, the overall goals, and the core issues identified in the district. The framework also highlights the objectives and strategies to be employed in order to achieve the vision for Pemba District. While the data collection may be sectoral, the next stages of the process emphasise a cross sectoral approach to problem solving. To guide the preparation of objectives and strategies, it is important to know where the IDP area wants to be in the long-run by stating and defining its long-term vision.

6.1 THE LONG-TERM VISION “A Sustainable District in Environmental, Social and Economic Development through Innovation by 2030”.

6.1.2 Explanation of The Vision In order to realize the districts vision and in line with its core values, sustainable and enhanced socio-economic opportunities entails using traditional innovation boosted and driven by concern for resources and the environment. It will take a collaborative approach which couples environmental protection of natural systems with the notion of innovation while delivering essential goods and services that serve social goals of human, equity, and environmental. We intend to push towards clean technology, the green economy, and clean commerce It will be the combined positive, pragmatic, and optimistic efforts of the technocrats, stakeholders, traditional leaders and general community in the district to refashion economic development into a process that addresses the fundamental challenges of poverty, environmental justice and resource scarcity.

6.1.3 Overall Goal To improve productivity and socio-economic development in order to enhance the living standards of the residents of Pemba district. 185

7.0 THE STRATEGIC OUTCOMES OF THE IDP a) Reduce the impacts of climate change by promoting adaptive initiatives in the district by 2030. b) Enhance sustainable development by promoting industrial diversification by 2030. c) Enhance sustainable development by promoting value addition and Agriculture productivity by 2030. d) To improve the literacy levels in the district by increasing access and retention to Basic Education by the year 2030. e) To improve health status of the people through provision of specialized services and advocating for the construction of a District Hospital by 2030 f) To promote inclusive development by involving all vulnerable groups, i.e. the differently abled, in decision making by 2030.

8.0 Consideration of Potential Resources Issue Description Of Total Current Spare Potential Limiting Potential Capacity Utilization Capacit Factors y Inadequate- agricul -ZIAMIS (Zambia 26,019 18,346 7,673 -Insufficient financial tural management Information farmers in resources information system Agricultural the -Lack of transport and Management system ICT gadgets System) -Lack of knowledge of Can be the Management system -Availability of rolled out -Inadequate skilled labour to to all the infrastructure operate and wards -Inadequate manage the telecommunication system infrastructure Low staffing levels -Approved staff Ability to Low High - A number of frozen establishment fill up all positions in -A pool of the establishment that can be available skilled positions filled labour 186 -Limited financial resources Erratic funding of -Land programs and -Revenue sources administrative -Increase in built costs up environments (rates) Lack of district -Availability of High due Limited Low Limited availability of hospital human resource to number use of financial resources and land of hospital referrals services Weak community -Availability of Inadequat Two chiefs -No community structures traditional leaders e in the gatekeepers communi district -No radio station in most ty areas of the district engagem ent Lack of a Availability of Low Limited to Low No organized system for comprehensive comprehensive sectors monitoring data from all database database sectors Poor response to -Availability of High -Overlapping of epidemics and government activities in various disasters departments departments (Personnel) Inadequate -Availability of 51% of -Lack of equipment sanitation coverage underground population -Unplanned area for water and surface with water sewer lines and ponds water supply -Availability of skilled staff 187 -Availability of land for onsite sanitation and construction of biological or conventional sewage treatment plant Delay in full Availability of the Can be Potential Potential Delayed fiscal implementation of decentralization rolled out for 100% for 100% decentralization of the the decentralization implementation to all the devolution devolutio devolved functions policy plan devolved n sectors Insufficient -Availability of High Low High -Limited PPP engagement of land for potential investors investment resources Inadequate by-laws -Presence of local High Low Available Bureaucracy to support human government by- structures rights law to enact -Regular ordinary by-laws council meetings to adopt and approve by-laws Inadequate -Availability of High Low Availabl -Limited resources and capacity of sub- legal framework e WDCs office accommodation district structures -Availability of in all the WDCs wards Inadequate -Availability of 2750ha Limited to Increase Underdevelopment and approved layout land mixed land in mixed low economic base plan -Cheap local use use -Lack of capital building materials property property -Not being a planning authority 188 developme develop nt ment Inefficiency Availability of can be Less than 10-20% Inadequate trained implementation of planning rolled out 10% is of the personnel to implement development regulations to all complying resources the development control control standards planned to the for areas in standards develop the ment district control have been used Inadequate Upgrading of Two - Two - planning and unplanned settlemen settleme enforcement settlement to ts can be Potential to nts be planned upgraded employ upgraded -Standard 100% -Availability of buildings inspectors building develope inspectorate d Poor road network -Availability of Availabili 15-20% Should -Lack of supporting already gazetted ty of earth be able to equipment roads moving create -Limited manpower -Availability of equipmen and skilled labour t rehabilita -CDF and te 100km Equalization Fund -Cooperating partners -NRFA (Financial Potential) 189 Inadequate - Land to Telecommunicatio construct n Facility telecommunic ation services

9.0 POLICIES TO DIRECT DEVELOPMENT POLICY STRATEGIC FOCUS IMPLICATION FOR PLANNING VISION 2030 This document provides a long-range The IDP shall be aligned development aspiration of making Zambia a to the Vision 2030 and prosperous middle-income nation by 2030. It explore ways of making provides opportunities for improving the well- direct contributions to the being of all, embodying values of socio- realization of the Vision. economic justice, underpinned by the principles All goals to be integrated of: (i) gender responsive sustainable in nature to allow for development; (ii) democracy; (iii) respect for inclusiveness of all. human rights; (iv) good traditional and family values; (v) positive attitude towards work; (vi) peaceful co-existence and; (vii) private-public partnerships. NDPs The 8NDP for the period 2017- 2021 is aimed The IDP must take into at attaining the long-term objectives outlined in account the key objectives the Vision 2030 of becoming a “prosperous of the 8NDP in the design middle-income country by 2030. It provides for of its proposals to ensure a multi-sectoral development approach that that there is spatial recognizes the multi-faceted and interlinked correlation with the nature of sustainable development. The 8NDP national development calls for a coordinated approach to programs implemented by implementing development programs. The goal stakeholders of the eighth national development plan is to 190 create a diversified and resilient economy for sustained growth and socio-economic transformation. The plan has 4 strategic development focus areas commonly referred to as pillars namely: 1. Economic Transformation and Job Creation 2. Human and Social Development 3. Environmental Sustainability; and 4. Good Governance Environment. CLIMATE CHANGE The National Climate Change Policy provides IDP must recognize POLICY the country with home grown initiatives climate change issues for targeted at minimizing the impact of climate mitigation and adaptation change on national development. It supports measures. Gender must be and facilitates a coordinated response to climate a critical concern and change by re-aligning its climate must be sensitive sectors of the economy and society. addressed as part of The policy also provides stakeholders with a Climate change clearer framework on how to tackle climate adaptation and mitigation change and vulnerability in Zambia. DECENTRALISATION The long-term vision of Government is to All matters relating to POLICY achieve a fully decentralized and planning process, democratically elected system of governance institutional arrangements characterized by open, predictable and must be taken into transparent policymaking and implementation account in the IDP processes at all levels of the public service, process. Emphasis for effective local community participation in planning is to ensure that decision-making and development planning activities are administration while maintaining sufficient taken at appropriate local linkages between central and local government. level The decentralization policy has now been crystalized by the Constitution Act No. 2 of 2016 191 GENDER POLICY It aims to ensure the attainment of gender IDP must ensure voices of equality in the development process by women are heard and are redressing the existing gender imbalances in the accorded equal nation, providing equal opportunities for opportunity in identifying women and men to actively participate and issues and priorities for contribute to, as well as equitably benefit from their communities. The national development. It also addresses gender- planning process must based violence, human trafficking, drug abuse deliberately ensure that and trafficking; gender disparities in positions women actively of decision making; emerging health issues participate as affecting mostly women and girls and the stakeholders in the negative impact of climate change consultations NATIONAL HEALTH The document sets clear directions for the All proposals in the IDP POLICY development of the health sector in Zambia and relating to health must proposes strategies and programs in the health be appropriately aligned sector. It takes into consideration various to the policy and key regional and international instruments, strategies at the local level protocols and commitments which will ensure and must contribute to that Zambia’s health programs are integrated national goals in the with the regional and global health system. health Government has prioritized primary health care sector services, hospital referral services, human resource development and management, medical supplies and logistics, infrastructure development, legal framework and health care financing. NATIONAL SOCIAL The document sets the commitment to reducing PROTECTION poverty and vulnerability among its population POLICY in general and for the poor and vulnerable segments of society in particular. EDUCATION POLICY This national policy on education is conceived Principles and standards on the basis of the democratic principles of already in place in efficiency, equity, accountability and cost making proposals for the 192 effectiveness. The goal of the education policy improvement of the is “education for all” regardless of their status, sector must be relied disability, sex, residence etc. It emphasizes upon. Key issues the IDP partnerships with other stakeholders such as: must address include NGOs, Faith Based Organizations, individuals location of schools and and parents in the provision of inclusive access including land for education for all. The policy considers gender, expansion and HIV and disabilities to be among priority cross- development of the cutting issues that need to be schools at all levels from integrated in planning early child education through to tertiary education These facilities should be duly situated so as to enhance accessibility LAND POLICY To produce effective and efficient land Equitable access to secure management systems and allocation, harmonize land ownership for all land investments for agriculture, forestry and Zambians administered fisheries, energy and mining uses and also and managed efficient and produce a framework for accessible land effectively for sustainable disputes management development of the district NATIONAL The document guides the development of the The IDP must make AGRICULTURAL agriculture sector and sets out laws relating to special consideration for POLICY domestic agriculture and imports of foreign areas for agricultural agricultural products. It takes into consideration development and for the the primary, secondary and tertiary processes in promotion of high value agricultural production and provides for crops, food crops and attention to the concerns regarding the failure to livestock, aquaculture and increase rural incomes and reduce poverty, all forms of failure to achieve inclusive growth, the agriculture. perpetual agricultural Considerations must be financing and marketing challenges; and made for urban agriculture to 193 climate change associated with erratic rainfall supply urban centres and patterns provide incomes FISHERIES AND To be an efficient, competitive, sustainable and The IDP shall be aligned AQUACULTURE export-based fisheries sub sector to the policy to ensure POLICY fisheries and aquaculture to promote equity and equality, inclusiveness, use of indigenous resources and respect for morality and ethics so as to boost the food security and sustainability in the district HOUSING POLICY To provide affordable and decent housing to all The IDP shall be aligned by 2030 to the policy to ensure the district contributes to the housing sector in order to contribute to the realization of the housing policy and vision 2030. Table 21: Policies to direct development

9.1 Planning Principles The following planning principles need to be considered when dealing with spatial development in Pemba.

9.2 Preservation of Heritage areas 194 Proposals in the IDP area should recognize and preserve the heritage areas. In Pemba, heritage areas include; curve, hot springs, ecological site (Magoye river source) burial site (Yotham Muleya) and ceremonial areas.

9.3 Poverty Alleviation and the Satisfaction of Basic Needs The IDP should prioritize measures and means that ensure improvement of living conditions in terms of housing, infrastructure and social service provision, employment, and business opportunities for the poor and other disadvantaged groups.

9.4 HIV/AIDS The increase in social and economic activities has compounded compound the HIV/AIDS incidences and posed a very big challenge to the social services. Therefore, there will be need to put in place measures to reduce the spread and mitigate the expected impact of HIV/AIDS.

9.5 Gender Equality and Equity The integration of gender equality and equity is guided by the national gender policy and the SADC and African gender protocol which recognizes both men and women as equal partners in development.

9.6 Special Needs Groups The re-planning of Pemba will take care of the employment challenges which have led into involvement in social vices such as alcohol, drug abuse and prostitution. The IDP has taken cognizance of special needs groups such as the youth, physically and mentally challenged, the aged, orphans and vulnerable children.

9.7 Environmental Management The development of Pemba will entail increased socio-economic and industrial activities that will have an impact on the natural environment. These activities will require environmental mitigation measures. Furthermore, environmental impact assessments would be required for major developments.

9.8 Population The population growth has a direct impact on other sectors. The proposed developments should take into account this population growth to minimize the stress on socio-economic facilities.

9.9 Urban/Rural Interface 195 The development of Pemba requires the adoption of the urban peripheral inter relationships. This is a concept where the urban area depends on the rural areas for food supply while providing other requirements to the rural area.

9.10 Traditional Governance System The planning process should take into consideration other existing traditional administrative structures so as to create harmony with other administrative processes.

9.11 Community Involvement and Public Participation The re-planning of Pemba entails relocation of the communities and also expansion of new residential areas. Therefore, Community involvement and public participation in the proposed development will be cardinal.

9.12 Partnership and Private Sector Involvement To ensure sustainable development, there is need to encourage public-private partnerships. This should include participation of various stakeholders in planning, implementation and operation, and maintenance. The proposal should provide for private sector involvement in service provision, construction and maintenance, as well as planning and implementation.

9.13 Encouraging Local Economic Development Pemba has great potential for various commercial and industrial economic activities such as agriculture, manufacturing, forestry, and tourism. Therefore, emphasis should be placed on encouraging both informal and formal economic activities.

9.14 Security of Tenure Security of land and housing should be ensured for sustainable development of Pemba. The proposal should therefore provide for both local people and other investors.

9.15 Cultural Sensitivity The proposal should be sensitive to the cultural values and norms existing in the planning area. This requires paying greater attention and concern to cultural aspects and recognizing the role of traditional society and its leaders. There is need to strike a balance between existing cultural values and development needs. 196

10.0 DEFINING PRIORITY STRATEGIES To determine the goals and objectives to address the issues identified in the planning survey report and to provide direction to the planning and implementation process. In line with the vision and the synthesis of the key issues, the goals and developmental objectives of the district will be as follows; Core Problem Low Agricultural (Crops, Fisheries and Livestock) Production and Productivity in the district Goal To increase Agricultural (Crops, Fisheries and Livestock) Production and Productivity by 60% in the district by 2030 Causes Objective(s) Strategies 1. Low adoption of To enhance adoption rate of agricultural • Enhancement of sensitization and farmer trainings agricultural inputs and inputs and climate smart technologies from • Improvising mode of extension messages transmission climate smart 30% to 60% • Use of farmer field schools technology • Increase the frequency of farmer field days 2. High illiteracy To improve literacy levels • Improvement of adult learning centres that are all weather friendly Levels • Enrolment of more children into early childhood schools • Establishment of reading camps • Capacity building of community members to run reading camps 3. Low Crop To improve the numbers of farmers • Training and sensitizations of farmers on the importance of crop diversification practicing crop diversification by 60% diversification and adoption of climate tolerant crops. • enhancement of market of other crops apart from maize 197 4. Incidence of pests To reduce the incidence of pests and • Enhancement of early warning systems and diseases diseases • Enhance capacity of the extension officers with regards pests, diseases and climate change. • Enhancement of sensitization and farmer trainings • Improving disease prevention and control measures 5. Poor soil fertility To improve the general fertility status of the • Enhancement soil fertilization techniques soils in the district • Deliberate soil testing so as to come up with soil specific blended fertilizers • Introduction of smart farming systems e.g Conservation Agriculture 6. Low uptake of To increase access of the number of farmers • Improving linkages between farmers and financial institutions Financial services to various financial services • Increase the levels of financial literacy among farmers • Financial literacy trainings for extension officers as change agents 7. Low market To improve agricultural product marketing • Introduction of agricultural products aggregation linkages of farmers to in the district by facilitating for sustainable • Improving of structured markets e.g. flea markets potential buyers markets • Encouraging farmers to work as cooperatives 8. Inadequate water To improve water availability for • Construction of water harvesting facilities such as dams and weirs for crops and livestock agricultural purposes • Training and sensitization of farmers on water harvesting techniques • Creation of irrigation and water schemes that use renewable energy • Continuous encouragement of farmers on the adoption of efficient water utilisation techniques 198 9. Low Livestock To improve livestock nutrition among • Sensitizing farmers on rangeland conservation and management nutritional farmers • Farmer trainings in nutritional management management • Enhance climate smart pasture production techniques 10.Low value addition To promote value addition in agricultural • Application to set up value addition innovations through CDF products • Capacity building on value addition programs CORE PROBLEM: Inadequate provision of social services (Education, Health, Sanitation and Social welfare) GOAL: Adequate provision of social services CAUSES OBJECTIVES SMART STRATEGIES Inadequate infrastructure To improve and provide adequate infrastructure • The LA, department of planning under MoGE and for social services of social services Ministry of Infrastructure, Housing and Urban Development to rehabilitate the existing social services infrastructure by 2030 • The LA, department of planning under MoGE and Ministry of Infrastructure, Housing and Urban Development to construct climate smart social facilities (schools, hospital, safe homes) by 2030 199 • The LA, department of planning under MoGE and Ministry of Infrastructure, Housing and Urban Development to construct staff houses • The LA to facilitate the adoption of the use of renewable energy technology in the provision of water by 2030 Low staffing levels To improve on staffing levels • The departments to lobby for staff by 2025 • Creation of a comprehensive staff database by 2023 Weak community structures To strengthen community structures • The district stakeholders to promote community participation by 2025 • Institutional training and orientation of community gate keepers annually • Traditional leaders and stakeholders to conduct chiefdom indaba by 2025 Inadequate transport To provide adequate transport • Ministries to procure vehicles by 2025 • The LA and various departments. to come up with maintenance schedules by 2025 Poor response to epidemics To respond quickly to epidemic and disaster • District stakeholders to Strengthen district epidemic and disaster committees by 2023 • District stakeholders to Engage interested stakeholders such as DMMU by 2023 200 Inadequate education To provide adequate educational materials. • Dept of education to lobby for creation and publishing of materials climate smart education materials 2025 Poor living standards To improve living standards • Enhancing provision of social protection services by 2030. Poor road network To improve road infrastructure development by Construction and rehabilitation of climate proofed road 2030 network by 2030 Poor water quality To increase access to safe water by 2030 • Establishment of a climate smart water treatment plant • To improve availability of water and sanitation infrastructure • Enhance provision of adequate solid waste management services Poor network connectivity To enhance network connectivity in most rural • To lobby for the expansion of the network coverage areas through the Ministry of Science and Technology by 2030 CORE PROBLEM LACK OF INVESTMENT IN KEY ECONOMIC GROWTH ENABLERS GOAL TO SPUR ECONOMIC GROWTH THROUGH INVESTOR ENGAGEMENT CAUSES OBJECTIVES STRATEGIES Insufficient engagement of To create engagement platforms for investors -Developing a district investment profile by 2023 investors - Development of the LED strategy by 2023 -Marketing of the district resource endowments at expositions 201 Lack of business and market To create business and market linkage -Enhancing market linkages between producers and processors linkage promotion promotion for local products Lack of value addition To establish value addition facilities in the -Creation of climate smart industrial hubs industries district - Application to set up value addition innovations through CDF by 2025 - Capacity building on value addition programs by 2025 Insufficient provision of To make available land for investment -To engage traditional leaders to release land for investment by secured land for investment 2024 Inadequate banking facilities To increase access to financial services - Create an environment that attracts financial institutions by 2024 Inadequate access to energy To provide adequate access to energy sources -Creation of a service station by 2024 sources by 2030 -Promote the use of renewable energy 2025 -Increase connectivity to the national grid 2024 Poor road network To improve the already existing road networks -Lobby for funds under CDF for road maintenance by 2023 -Lobby under KFW for maintenance of feeder roads -Lobby for funds under NRFA for road maintenance and construction 202 CORE PROBLEM WEAK GOVERNANCE SYSTEMS AND LOW DISPENSATION OF JUSTICE GOAL TO IMPROVE GOVERNANCE SYSTEMS AND DISPENSATION OF JUSTICE IN ALL THE 12 WARDS BY 2030 CAUSES OBJECTIVES SMART STRATEGIES Delay in full To enhance inclusive participation in -Full support of the decentralisation implementation plan. implementation of the decision making and socio-economic -The District Devolution task force to conduct awareness and sensitisation decentralisation policy development programs by 2025 Inadequate by-laws to To create an environment that upholds -Localisation of human rights charter support human rights the dignity of human beings -The district stakeholders to review and harmonize appropriate legislation for protection of vulnerable groups and environment by 2025 - The district stakeholders to establish and strengthen mechanisms for protection of victims/survivors of human rights abuse by 2025. Inadequate capacity of To improve the ability of sub-district -The LA to train WDCs to improve capacity in revenue collection and sub-district structures structures to be responsive to the needs response to community needs and climate change mitigation by 2023 of the community -The LA to facilitate the election of WDCs by 2021 -The LA in conjunction with stakeholders to provide financial support to the operation of WDCs and environmental protection activities by 2023 -The LA to construct office blocks for WDCs by 2025 Weak and inadequate To create community structures that deal -District stakeholders to conduct GBV community awareness programs community structures to with GBV through sensitisation quarterly deal with GBV -District stakeholders to come up with GBV one stop centres by 2025 203 -District stakeholders to advocate for the stiffening the punishment for offenders by 2027 Harmful Society norms To do away with harmful norms and -Traditional leaders and district stakeholders to conduct community and values values that hinder equitable sensitization programmes annually participation of women in governance -To outlaw the harmful practices through the community and traditional leaders by 2027 Gender inequalities To put in place affirmative measures that -The LA, Community development and other stakeholders to conduct enhance the lives of the disadvantaged community sensitization programmes quarterly. groups - The LA, Community development and other stakeholders to come up with affirmative actions that uplift the disadvantaged by 2023 Inadequate built-up To construct local and magistrate court -The LA to make land available for construction of a local and magistrate infrastructure to support court by 2024 the dispensation of justice -Lobbying for human resource to support the dispensation of justice -Renovation of available court structures by 2025 Inadequate access to To enhance security in the district -The LA in conjunction with the Ministry of Home affairs to construct a police services modern police station and camp by 2027 - The Ministry of Home affairs to make available staff by 2027 High poverty levels To reduce the poverty levels from 68% -The dept of Social Welfare to lobby for an increased social welfare to 58% by 2030 support 2024 -Lobbying for the increase in FISP and FSP support 204 -The Dept of forestry and Agriculture to promote the sustainable use of the natural resources yearly -The dept of Agriculture and livestock, Forestry and other stakeholders to Promote the adoption of climate change adaptation strategies by 2030 CORE PROBLEM UNCORDINATED SPATIAL DEVELOPMENT GOAL TO ENSURE AN ORDERLY SPATIAL DEVELOPMENT IN GROWTH CENTRES CAUSES OBJECTIVES STRATEGIES Non-compliance by To raise awareness of developers -Radio awareness programmes on planning permission requirements developers to building regulation and zoning -Promote citizen participation in land use planning and adaptation requirements that are climate -Citizen engagement through organised meetings proofed by 2025 Fragmented or To ensure all wards have Local -To engage traditional authorities to sign planning agreements uncoordinated Area Plans by 2025 -To create growth centres that are climate smart development -To make traditional authorities aware of the provisions of the URP act No 3 of 2015 Inefficient To Enhance development control -Formulate a development control schedule for all approved plans in the district implementation of monitoring and enforcement 205 development control -Enhance the building inspectorate by collaborating with the Provincial standards Planning Authority Inadequate staffing To ensure that key positions Lobby the Local Government Service Commission to engage a Land Surveyor levels related to spatial development are by 2023 filled Employ graduates in the relevant positions as and when need arises on short – term contracts Non-availability of To have signed planning -Strengthen planning coordination with traditional leaders planning agreements agreements with the two -Raise awareness with the traditional leaders on the relationship between land with traditional leaders traditional leaders by 2023 tenure and investment by 2023 Lack of planning of To develop chiefdom Local Area Engage traditional leaders to provide land for future development of growth customary land (Local Plans centres in the chiefdoms Area Plans) Not being a planning To ensure that the LA attains the -Procurement of a differential GPS by 2024 authority status of a planning authority by -Establishment of a GIS Unit 2023 2025 -Procurement of All-in one desktop and plotter 2024 -Creating a geospatial database of the district by 2024 206

11.0 SPATIAL DEVELOPMENT FRAMEWORK This section outlines the proposed development scenarios which Pemba District will take in the implementation of the IDP. The development scenarios will endeavor to meet the goal, objectives and strategies outlined in the plan in order to meet the physical development forms. The proposed alternatives are assessed on parameters that are relevant, contribution to meeting the cross-cutting themes and the feasibility in implementation.

11.1 Alternative Spatial Development Scenarios that Might be Able to Address the Identified Issues and Deliver the Local Authority’s Objectives. The figure below shows the lay-out of the area. The land use map clearly describes the spatial distribution of the area and its respective uses. The major land uses in the IDP area are built environment that covers much of the spaces in centers and sub-centers, the water bodies and water-logged areas, forests and agricultural lands that cover much of the land in the IDP area. 207 Figure 14: Existing settlements in the IDP area. Source: Pemba DPU, 2022. 208

6.1.1 Creation of Growth Centres from the Major Growth Nodes The first scenario is to create growth points in Muzoka, Kasiya, Chimowa, Mokamonga Area and Pemba Town. The proposal is based on the observed development patterns that are currently taking place in these areas. The key feature of this strategy would be the establishment of a smart city along the existing T1 road on the way to Livingstone– the new Smart City in Chief Hamaundu area will be spearheaded through a private developer under a public private partnership. This scenario requires the development of the existing nodes in order for them to spur growth to the periphery through backward forward linkages and stakeholder engagements. The key nodes are explained below, see Figures below. Source: Pemba DPU, 2022. 209

4.2.1.1 Muzoka Development Growth Centres-Under Planning Agreement Figure 15: Muzoka Development Area This area is strategically located at a place where it is highly accessible by all forms of transport due to the road network that surrounds it. Farmers usually find it a suitable place to sell their agricultural produce and as a result, there is a lot of agribusinesses taking place and that has encouraged the further organic growth of the area and has also put immense pressure on land most of which is under traditional authorities. Furthermore, the area has already educational (Cheelo Primary School) facilities, Health (Muzoka clinic). As a result of the activities and facilities present. If the organic growth of this area is left unattended to, node can be strategically harnessed and developed through promotion of industrial and commercial developments and promotion of orderly expansion of residential land uses. Muzoka is also the gateway to Chief Moyo chiefdom which the agricultural hub of the district. The development of this growth centre as an agricultural market and commercial centre will help regular the development that has been haphazard in the past decades. The area has existing state farms that have been encroached on by local residents who have 210 established statements that are un-planned with not proper access roads, water facilities, and markets area for agricultural produce coming from Dobo, Kauba an Nachibanga wards.

4.2.1.2 Kasiya Development Growth Centres- Under Planning Agreement Figure 16: kasiya Growth Centre The Kasiya growth centre is located a few kilometers (about 10) from the Pemba Main Township on the Western part of the district. The development of this growth centre will be supported by the Kasiya Business and Secretarial College, the existing business and built environment, Kasiya Mini Hospital and Nursing School and the Newly Commissioned mining project - Universal Quarry Zambia Limited. The area surrounding Kasiya Business and Secretarial College and now the Mini Hospital and Nursing School to be constructed by the Catholic Mission will/has attract an increase in the expansion of its surrounding built environment and provides suitable land for residential, commercial and semi-industrial development. The Kasiya Business and Secretarial College and surrounding areas and the 211 Universal Quarry Zambia Limited sit on customary land under Chief Hamaundu’s jurisdiction and the fact that it sits on customary land. The coming of the Mini Hospital and Nursing School will attack a demand for housing demand for the staff at the Hospital and Nursing school. The facility will come with it the housing development for the staff and students that will be trained from that facility. The facility has the theatre, lab and dental department only second to Choma on the Northern part of the province. The route is also connecting Pemba to Mbabala Constituency in Choma and Namwala districts. With the establishment of the commercial land uses, the centre has potential to contribute to the growth of the Livestock and agricultural sector through establishing of agro business to support the growth of the sector especially with the support of the local cooperatives and clubs to under the CDF empowerment components.

4.2.1.3 Mokamoonga and Chimowa Township Growth Centres Figure 17: Mokamoonga Growth Centre The Mokamoonga growth center is located a few kilometres from Pemba Township before Muzoka Township on the Eastern part of the Lusaka – Livingstone Road. The area has recently attracted increased growth which is expected to continue especially during and after 212 the erection of the district hospital. The area is earmarked for the development of the district hospital and auxiliary facilities which will include staff houses, residential, commercial to support the facility. This will go hand in hand with the administrative centre of the district situated along the T1 and Chimowa road connecting the mining activities bordering Pemba and Kasiya wards. The Chimowa Township will be the commercial and administrative centre of the district which has 835 plots comprising of residential, commercial, light industrial, administrative, police station, civic centre, open spaces, clinic and education facilities. The township has a development concept of a mixture of garden city and grid concepts that will be a epitome of livable space with well-coordinated developments based on approved development standards as contained in the plan. Figure 18: Bamp Growth Centre Bamp growth area is situated south east of the district and sits on customary land which has limited the potential growth of the area. The area is along the Maamba road which makes it easy to develop; Farmers and traders around the area come to do business in the area which 213 gives it more potential to grow even further. But the fact that it sits on customary land has made it difficult to develop the area especially having a permanent market. Farmers and traders only do business on specific days or rather market days.

4.3.0 Chosen Spatial Development Scenario

4.3.1 Creation of Climate Resilient Settlement and Smart City Climate change has changed the way communities live in most rural areas especially Southern province. The effect of climate change has seen a reduction in the production and productivity of rural communities in our district. Erratic rainfall patterns have affected the way of life of most small-scale farmers as most of their activities depend on rain fed. The district has seen the amount of rainfall received over the years As a result, the large rural population of the country, who mainly depend on rain-fed agriculture, is greatly influenced by regional climate variability. Rainfall is the most important climate variable over Zambia, where several sectors of the economy depend mostly on water resources. Its variability and predictability is therefore an important aspect to address in climate as we development these rural areas especially the wards falling near the Zambezi escapement. (Bathsheba Musonda, 2013) This development scenario will focus on promoting climate smart agricultural practices and growth centres that will aim at ensuring climate sensitive areas such as watershed catchment areas, forests reserves and other ecological sites are protected. The scenario incorporates adaption and mitigation strategies that will enable the district be resilience to effects of climate change along providing direct benefits to the communities from projects such as carbon trading and agroforestry practices. The district working with NGOs, CBOs, traditional leaders have set aside 65000 hectares in chief Moyo area for carbon trading and sequestration. This will provide core benefits to both environment preservation and surrounding communities. In order to achieve this, the district will conduct a climate change risk assessment that will inform the development agenda to counter the effects of climate change. 214 Mokamoonga Smart City The proposed Mokamoonga smart cities is the city of the future and is based in the concept of providing a livable spatial environment that is forward-looking, progressive and resource- efficient while providing at the same time a high quality of life. The Mokamoonga smart city will endeavor to promote social and technological innovations and link existing infrastructures. It will incorporate new energy, traffic and transport concepts that go easy on the environment. Their focus will be on new forms of governance and public participation. In order to achieve this, intelligent decisions will need to be taken at the strategic level of government with participation of the private sector if we want to become a smart city. It takes more than individual projects but careful decisions on long-term implementations. Considering cities as entire systems can help them achieve their ultimate goal of becoming smart. The Mokamoonga smart cities will forcefully tackle the current global challenges, such as climate change and scarcity of resources. The claim is also to secure their economic competitiveness and quality of life for urban populations continuously on the rise. Economy The city’s economies will actively support education, qualification, research and entrepreneurial spirit, innovation, productivity and flexibility. Continuous knowledge acquisition and transfer, as well as local and global networks are the main ingredients for creative output. Enterprises offering IT, environmental and energy services in particular are considered the driving force for smart economies. The area is strategically located between two main cities of Lusaka and Livingstone with a population of 3, 739,872 and 201, 495 respectively. Pemba district being half way from Lusaka and Livingstone provides a very advantage for Zambia to develop its first smart city and turn Pemba into a development hub for innovations and cutting edge technologies. Governance In terms of governance issues, Mokamoonga smart city’s governance will promotes both, changes in governance and coordination processes, and planning processes with public participation at the Centre. The administration will encourage cooperation among municipal organization units and is opening itself up to a wide range of players from business, research, civil society, and other local authorities. Projects in their implementation stage will increasingly rely on co-operation among the above. Public digital data platforms will widely 215 be accessible to allow for more transparency and enable people to participate in decision- making processes. This will entail establishing web-based platforms for accessing municipal services and information on projects and other related information about investment opportunities. Energy and the environment Reducing energy and raw material consumption and forward-looking resource management will be amongst the city’s major concerns. Smart supply and disposal systems are just as important as process-driven changes, technological developments and networks for energy, mobility, infrastructure, and buildings. Smart grids, for that matter, are a step towards smart energy consumption: intelligent networks and monitoring systems are put in charge of energy generation, storage, and consumption. Smart meters are installed to make actual energy consumption more transparent which is already being implemented by ZESCO. Under environment, the city will be environment conscious by ensuring developments are restricted to only a certain percentage whilst the rest is used for landscaping. It will incorporate the built environment and the natural environment in its design. Mobility Smart mobility through innovative traffic and transport infrastructure that saves resources and builds on new technologies for maximum efficiency. Accessibility, affordability and safety of transport systems, as well as compact urban development are essential factors in this context. New user-friendly facilities will make it easier for people to switch to integrated transport systems focused on environmentally friendly transport modes. Joint utilization, i.e. “car sharing, pedestrian pathways”, instead of private ownership is what counts these days when using motor vehicle Society Increasing people’s quality of life requires more than technical innovations. Above all, it is the social dimension that needs to be taken into account. Civil society must be actively involved in making smart cities become reality. The focus must be on education, lifelong learning, culture, health, safety of individuals, plurality of society and social cohesion. Urban everyday life provides sufficient leeway to promote people’s creativity and competences. Networking and self-management are major pillars of society without which smart cities would be doomed to fail. 216 Source, Pemba DPU, 2022. 217 Figure 19: Proposed Mokamoonga Smart City The proposed Pemba district-Mokamoonga Smart City takes into consideration industrial and technological developments which will be supported by agricultural, energy generation, residential and commercial developments among others. The area has currently attracted a good number of residential and commercial developments especially that it lies along the road going to Zambia’s tourist capital (Livingstone). The city will be created around a science and technology university college that will be the centre of innovation in ICT and science. It will be a transportation hub will connect Lusaka and Livingstone via speed trains and a local airport to support regional trade and connection to Kenneth Kaunda International Airport and Harry Mwaanga International Airport which are International Airports. 218 Figure 20: Agricultural (small holdings) Development Area On the South – Eastern part of the district lies the Small holdings land which is about 2000 hectares in size and approximately 10 kilometres from the main Pemba Township. Within and around this growth node are areas strictly being put to agricultural use (especially livestock farming). Residential, commercial, agro-based industries and social amenities would be provided in order to make the centre livable and to create a resilient and self – sustained district. 219

5.1.4 Land Use Planning Policies and Proposals to Improve, Maintain or Protect the Environmental, Social and Economic Aspects of Development Reservation of Land (i) Except as otherwise provided, land reserved for any purpose under the Development Plan and so shown on the Basic Map shall not be used for any purpose under the Development Plan other than that for which it is reserved. (ii) The Authority may permit the temporary use or development of any land so reserved if such use or development would not prejudice the purpose for which the land is reserved and would not be injurious to the amenities of the neighborhood. (iii) Land reserved under the Development Plan for any purpose which is no longer needed for that purpose may with the consent of the Authority be used for any other purpose which would not conflict with the zoning of the adjoining land and would not injure the amenities of the area. Roads Alignment and Width of Roads The alignment and widths of proposed new roads and improvements of existing roads shall be as shown on the Basic Map, except that each minor deviations from the alignment so shown as detailed survey may prove advisable may be permitted by the Authority. Provision of Loading Accommodation Provision shall be made on every site by the vehicles in respect of any use of land or buildings or any development in any Business, Warehouse of Industrial Use Zone to the approval of the Authority and in any other case if the Authority so requires. Provision of Parking Provision shall be made on the site by the developer thereof for the parking of vehicles. Provided that the Authority may: - (a) If satisfied that sufficient free public parking space is provided or is intended to be provided adjacent to the site concerned relax the above requirements if general inconvenience of the public would not thereby result. (b) If provision for parking cannot conveniently be made on the site or if the developer desires to provide the required parking space on an adjacent site or requires the Authority to 220 provide the required parking space at his own expense enter into an agreement with the developer. Prescription of Building Lines (i) The Authority may prescribe a building line in relation to any road where no building line is shown on the Basic Map or where no building line is imposed in this Document, and where no building line has been so prescribed it shall be deemed to be so prescribed along the boundary of the road. (ii) where a building line is shown on the Basic Map or prescribed the Authority may, where it considers it desirable for architectural effect or for the more convenient grouping of buildings or where the shape or size of a stand so warrants, relax the building line so as to provide, therefore. (iii) For the purposes of this paragraph boundary walls or fences, fishponds or swimming pools including pump-houses incorporated therewith not exceeding 76 centimetres, in height, shall not be regarded as Splay at Road Junctions The Authority shall in every case determine the minimum splay of the building lines on any land at the junction of two roads to which any building to be erected on that land shall be set back on the ground floor. Buildings and Other Structures Distance from Stand Boundaries (i) no dwelling house or place of habitual occupation shall be erected at a less distance from the side or near boundary of any stand than 3 metres, except that the Authority may where circumstances so warrant, permit a minimum distance of 1½ metres from one side boundary only. (ii) The main frontage of every building in Use Zone shall extend to the whole width of the stand on the ground floor and may extend to the whole width of the stand on the upper floors. (iii) Provided that the Authority may in any particular case if satisfied that the circumstances, so warrant relax any of the above requirements. (iv) Nothing in this paragraph shall affect the right of any person to erect semi- detached or terraced dwelling houses on land zoned for such purposes if otherwise in accordance with the Development Plan. 221 Domestic Servants Quarters No separate domestic servants’ quarters detached from the main building shall be permitted in any Use Zone on any stand which is less than 900 square meters in area. External Appearance of Buildings No buildings shall be erected unless the external design and appearance and the materials to be used in the external construction of the building have been approved by the Authority. Canopies The Authority may determine that any building to be erected with a canopy shall not be regarded as a building or part of a building for the purpose of conformity with any building line. Height of Building The Authority may, if it deems fit for aesthetic or other reasons, control the height of any building in any use zone. Use of Land and Buildings Purposes for which Land or Buildings May be Used (i) The purpose for which land may be used or for which buildings may be erected or used in any use zone shall be as set out under the appropriate use zone. (ii) The development Class of any building or use shall be as set out in Appendix I of this Document but in any case, where a building or use is not so specified or it is not clear under which Development Class it should fall, or where it is designed to be used for more than one purpose the Authority shall determine the appropriate Development Class; 222 Table 22: Development Classes Use Zone Type of Building or Use Residential Warehousing Light Industry Heavy Industry Special Industry Undetermined Dev. Class residential Special Business Office land Use Rural R RS B BC FW FL FH FS UL U A Dwelling houses – detached P X X X X X X X Dwelling houses –terraced or P X X X X X X semi detached B Block of flats Residential P X X X X X X X Buildings other C Educational X X X X X X D Shops X X P X X X Special shops X X X E Offices X X P X X F Warehouses for storage of X X X X X X P X X offensive or dangerous materials G Other warehouses X X X X P P P X X - wholesale storage X P P P H Public buildings and places of assembly I Amusement hall or fun fair X X X X X X X X X X 223 Other special places of assembly J Car breakers or scrap yard X X X X P P P Other light industry X X X X K General industry X X X X X X P X X L Special industry X X X X X X X F X (iii) The use of land or buildings or the erection of buildings for any purpose which is indicated by the letter “P” is subject to the approval of the Authority to the sitting, design, appearance, size of plot, cost of construction, etc., normally permitted. (iv) The use of land or buildings or the erection of buildings for any purpose which is indicated by the letter “X” shall not be permitted. (v) The use of land or buildings or the erection of buildings for any purpose which is not indicated by the letter “X” is subject to the approval of the authority. Estate Layout The Authority shall decide the minimum size of plot that shall be permitted within the Plan area, and except as may be otherwise provided in this Document the maximum site coverage, building line and minimum distance from side or rear plot boundaries, of any buildings shall be as a set out in the deviations if circumstances so warrant. No subdivision of less than 1200 square metres shall be permitted in any residential area unless a main reticulated sewage disposal system has been or will be constructed to which the subdivision will be connected. 224 Table 23: Estate Layout Regulations TYPE OF MINIMUM MAXIMM SITE BUILDING MINMUM BUILDING PLOT COVERAGE DISTANCE SIZE (sq.m) (%) LINE (M) FROM SIDE/ REAR BOUNDERIES (m) DWELLING 300 LC 33½ 3 2 HOUSES 600 MC 33½ 5 3 1,200 HC 25 6 3 BLOCKS OF TO BE DETERMINED BY THE AUTHORITY FLATS ANY OTHER TO BE DETERMINED BY THE AUTHORITY BUILDING Deferred Use Zone The purpose for which land may be used or buildings may be erected and used in any deferred use zone shall the particular development class under the appropriate immediate use zone except that no development shall be permitted unless and until the Authority is satisfied that at least sixty per centum of the total area zoned for immediate development of that particular use has already been developed and that the provision of public services for such development would be neither premature nor uneconomic. The Authority may permit any temporary use or development of any such land if such use or development would not prejudice the future development of the land for the purposes or which it is zoned and would not be injurious to the amenities to the neighborhood. All new proposals for change of use shall be considered based on existing similar facilities and services. The standards are therefore as follows; 225 Table 24: Distance Required for Septic Tanks and Soak Away MINIMUM DISTANCE SEPTIC TANK (m) SOAKAWAY (m) FROM Buildings 1.5 3.0 Property boundaries 1.5 1.5 Wells 30.0 30.0 Streams 7.5 30.0 Cuts or embankments 7.5 30.0 Pools 3.0 7.5 Water Pipes 3.0 3.0 Paths 1.5 1.5 Large trees 3.0 3.0 Boreholes 61.0 61.0 It should be noted that the distance given in table above are minimum distances. Individual cases should be treated on their merits, and distances exceeding the minimum should be imposed where circumstances so demand. 226

12.0 ADVERTISEMENTS Definitions The purpose of this part only, unless the context otherwise requires: “Outdoor Advertisement” does not include road traffic signs, Memorials and Railway Signals. It shall include Posters and Notices; Placards and Boards; Fascia Signs and Projecting Signs; Pole Signs and Canopy Signs; Models and Devices; Road Stars and Directional Signs; Captive Balloons (not Balloons in flight); Estate Agents’ Boards; Price Markers and Price Display whether illuminated or not, in the nature of and employed wholly or in part for the purpose of displays or announcement and, without prejudice to the foregoing definition, includes any hoarding or similar structure used or adapted for use of display. “Building” includes any structure, erection and any part of a building so defined, and any plant or machinery not contained within a building; “Business premises” means any building normally used for the carrying on of any professional, commercial/ industrial undertaking, or any building normally used for provision of services to members of the public or of any association, and includes licensed premises and places of public entertainment, but in the case of any building used principally for residential purposes includes only that part of the building normally used as business premises. “Existing advertisement” means an advertisement, which is lawfully displayed and has continued to be displayed thereafter. “Illuminated advertisement” means an advertisement which is designed or adapted to be illuminated by artificial lighting directly or by reflection. “Person displaying an advertisement or Advertiser” shall be construed as reference to the person who himself, or by his agent or servant, undertakes to maintain the display of such advertisement and shall be deemed to include: (a) The owner and occupier of the land on which the advertisement is displayed; and (b) Any person to whom goods, trade, business, or other concern publicity is given by the advertisement. Classes of Advertisements This part shall not apply to the display of any advertisement: - (a) On any railway station and not readily visible from any other land not being railway land. 227 (b) On or in a vehicle or vessel normally employed as a moving vehicle or vessel; or (c) Within a building provided that such advertisement is not readily visible from outside the building. Advertisements that are Normally Permitted Class I: Functional Advertisement of a Local Authority Advertisements employed solely for the announcement, identification, direction or warning of any functions of a Local, Township authority or statutory undertaking or any public service or of a public transport undertaking engaged in the regular carriage of passengers. Class II: Miscellaneous Advertisement of a Temporary Nature. (i) Advertisements relating to the sale, lease of land, building, goods, livestock or the announcement of any local event or activity promoted for commercial purposes and not exceeding a total of 0.54 square meters on any premises and displayed temporarily on which such goods or livestock are situated on such sale, letting, event or activity is held. (ii) Advertisements relating to the visit of a traveling, circus fair, athletic or sports team or other traveling entertainment, displayed temporarily on unspecified sites and not exceeding 0.54 square meters in area. (iii)Advertisements relating to general or local elections required to be displayed by any ordinance displayed temporarily on unspecified sites and not exceeding 0.54 square meters in area. (iv)Advertisements relating to the carrying out of building or similar work on the land on which they are displayed limited to one advertisement not exceeding 1.08 square meters in area on each road frontage of the land in respect of each contractor or sub-contractor carrying out such work; and advertisements which are an integral part of a building’s fabric. Class III: Professional and other Advertisements not included in Class IV Advertisements relating to any person, partnership or Company separately carrying on a profession, business or trade not exceeding 0.3 square meters in area, or to any institution of a religious, educational cultural, recreational or medical or similar character, or to any boarding house, block of flats or hostel not exceeding 0.54 square meters in area, situated on the land where any such advertisement is displayed and limited to one advertisement on each road frontage of the land. 228 Class IV: Advertisement on Business Premises: Advertisements displayed on business premises wholly with reference to the following matters: the business or other activity carried on, the goods sold, or services provided and the name and qualifications of the person carrying on such business or activity in supplying such goods or services on those premises. Provided that the space which may be occupied by each advertisement including any border on margin thereto on any external face of the building shall not exceed one twelfth of the external face of the building occupied by any such advertisement however affixed and shall be computed as if the said advertisement displayed against the face of the building. Class V: Flag advertisements a) Advertisement Consent Any advertisements in the form of a flag which is attached to a single flag staff fixed in an upright position on the roof of a building and which bears no inscription or emblem other than the name of device of the person or persons occupying the building. Advertisements that Need Specific Permission Advertisements relating to any industry, trade or business carried on or to any goods, products or articles manufactured or produced for sale displayed on any land or building where such trade or business is not wholly or partially carried on or where such goods, products or articles are not manufactured or produced or offered for sale, illuminated advertisements of any kind and any other advertisement not included in classes I, II, III, IV or V of this section shall require planning permission from the local planning authority. (b) How to Obtain Advertisement Consent Except as may be otherwise provided, no hoarding or other structure for use principally for the purpose of displaying any advertisement shall be erected on any land or attached to any building without the permission of the authority. (i) Anyone wishing to place an outdoor advert shall apply to the Pemba Town Council individually or through an Approved Agent. (ii) The applicant shall fill out an application form and attach thereto Photograph indicating the existing situation, engineering drawings, if need be, and/or models to support the application and pay the necessary application fees. (iii)The application shall be lodged with the Director of Planning at the Council. 229 (iv) The application shall be scrutinized by relevant units. (v) The client shall be informed of the outcome of the application and shall comply with the conditions stated in the response be it approval or refusal. (vi) No advert shall be erected without the proper guidance from the municipality in terms of actual sitting. (vii) Every permission granted under this part shall be for a fixed period specified in the notice of approval not being longer than five years. (viii) The approved site shall be marked with an Identifier. General Planning Guidelines The Planning Authority shall employ the following standards in deciding whether to approve an advertisement or not. Location – Advertisement signs will be permitted in road reserves, on traffic islands, on boundary walls, on street poles as well as within a private property as long as its placement does not disturb the enjoyment of the property for its intended use. Road safety -Advertisement signs should not obstruct visibility at a bend, junction, or other hazard; interfere with road users view of traffic signs; distract road users’ attention at hazardous sites and furthermore, no commercial advertisement shall be allowed on a traffic sign. Amenity – Advertisement must not detract from the pleasantness or attractiveness of an area. Landowners Consent - Applicants to erect advertisements on private land must be accompanied by a letter of consent from the Landlord. Material - Should be made of durable and easily cleaned materials. Plastic, wood, metal, and concrete are acceptable. Color - Colors should ease reading by daylight and artificial light at Night. 149 Design - illuminated signs will be permitted if the signs will not destruct road users and the sign must be well maintained. Signs, which project from a building or structure, will not normally be permitted for amenity and safety reasons. Enforcement of Planning Control All applications for Outdoor Advertisements where consent is required, and any decision of the Authority thereon shall be regarded as an application to develop land and any decision 230 thereto as a decision in connection with an application to develop land and shall comply with the Urban and Regional Planning Act 2015.

13.0 Land Use Planning Policies and Proposals for Informal Settlements Current situation analysis Pemba Township Figure 21: Pemba Township Development Area Pemba Township is the first township in Pemba district whose Northern, Eastern and part of the Western area borders Monze district. The demand for land in the township has led to the growth of unplanned settlements around the district boundary whose haphazard development 231 necessitates the call for joint planning between the two districts. Organic growth has also spread into areas within the district bringing about areas such as Chibolya compound which lies on the Western part of Pemba between Pemba Township and Kasiya. Mayuni Development Area Figure 22: Mayuni Development Area The area above is situated on the Southwest of Pemba town ship despite being one of the oldest planned settlements in Pemba, the area has not really grown in terms of population and development due to the fact that space for expansion is very limited. This area is one of the oldest planned areas in the district. 232

14.0 PART FOUR – IMPLEMENTATION PROGRAMME

14.1 CAPITAL INVESTMENT PROGRAM The total cost of the investment plan over the five (5) years is k359, 823, 000 for all the strategies distributed as follows: Table 1: Cost Matrix for increasing agricultural (crops, fisheries and livestock) production and productivity Cost Programme Activities 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 (ZMW, 000) Promoting agricultural - Training of farmers on the use of improved inputs i.e. seed technologies that mitigate in order to improve production and productivity in all 1,000 200 200 200 200 200 climate change impacts camps quarterly - Training farmers and hold sensitizations on the use of 200 40 40 40 40 40 climate smart technologies in all camps quarterly Strengthening agricultural - Formalization of reading camps in all Camps quarterly 720 144 144 144 144 144 information management - Rehabilitation of 17 existing Camp house 850 200 200 150 150 150 systems and dissemination - Construction of 30 new camp house 7,500 2,500 2,500 1,500 500 500 Promoting diversification - Hold farmer trainings on importance of crop diversification 100 20 20 20 20 20 of agricultural production and how to implement it in all camps quarterly and utilization - Sensitize farmers on crop diversification and the national 100 20 20 20 20 20 diversification policy quarterly 233 Promoting livestock, crops - Enhancement of early warning information in collaboration production and disease of other stakeholders including Zambia Meteorological 600 200 150 100 100 50 control services department - Capacity building of staff on identification and control of 200 60 60 30 30 20 pests and diseases quarterly - Training of farmers on the identification and control of 400 120 120 60 60 40 pests and diseases quarterly Promoting sustainable - To train farmers on good farming practices that promote soil 100 20 20 20 20 20 land management nutritional quarterly including conservation - Facilitate the carrying out routine soil tests in all camps for 100 20 20 20 20 20 agriculture the last two quarters Promoting broad based small holder credit and - Lobby for more financial service providers in the district 65 25 10 10 10 10 financial delivery system Strengthening the capacity of farmers groups and cooperatives in - Training of 600 farmers in financial literacy quarterly 400 100 100 80 80 40 production, marketing, trade and processing Strengthening the capacity - Training farmers in product aggregation and post-harvest 600 200 200 100 50 50 of farmers groups and techniques in all camps quarterly 234 cooperatives in production, marketing, trade and processing Promoting the efficient use Sensitize and train smallholder farmers on sustainable methods 600 200 200 100 50 50 of the available water of water harvesting techniques in all camps quarterly resources for irrigation and - Construction of animal watering troughs in all camps 5,000 2,000 1,000 1,000 500 500 animal watering for small - Promotion of Climate smart techniques that conserve water 3,000 800 700 600 500 400 and medium scale farmers in all camps - Setting up of irrigation schemes in 10 camps 3,000 1,200 900 300 300 300 - Construction of 20 new dip tanks in 10 camps 3,200 960 800 800 320 320 - Rehabilitation of the 30 existing dip tanks in all camps 2,100 700 700 350 210 140 Promoting the establishment of pasture - Farmer trainings in pasture production and range production systems and 400 100 100 80 80 40 management in all Camps. range land management for livestock feeds Promoting fish production - Fish farmer training in aquaculture production in all camps 600 200 150 100 100 50 and productivity quarterly TOTAL COST (ZMW, 000) 30,835 10,029 8,354 5,824 3,504 3,124 Table 2: Cost Matrix for provision of adequate social services 235 Cost Programme Description Location Activities 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 (ZMW) Infrastructure Rehabilitation Assessment 32,000.00 6,400.00 6,400.00 6,400.00 6,400.00 6,400.00 development of schools Preparation of 5,000.00 1,000.00 1,000.00 1,000.00 1,000.00 1,000.00 BOQs Procurement 35,000.00 7,000.00 7,000.00 7,000.00 7,000.00 7,000.00 of works Rehabilitation of existing 3,800,000.00 760,000.00 760,000.00 760,000.00 760,000.00 760,000.00 classroom blocks Rehabilitation In Kasikili, Assessment 22,355.33 3382.00 3855.48 4395.24 5010.57 5712.04 of health Siamuleya, Preparation of 1,322.00 200.00 228.00 259.92 296.30 337.78 centers Choompa, BOQs Habbanyuka, Procurement Mayasanino, 25,520.25 3,860.8 4401.31 5017.49 5719.93 6520.72 of works Chilundu, Rehabilitation Kazimaulu, 1,460,833.01 221,000.00 251,940.00 287,211.6 327,421.22 373,260.19 of existing Sibalumbi, 236 Muzoka and health Chiyumbabeenzu facilities Construction Survey of 7,000.00 1,200.00 1,200.00 1,200.00 1,200.00 1,200.00 of classroom land blocks Public 3,500.00 700.00 700.00 700.00 700.00 700.00 consultation Plan 3,500.00 700.00 700.00 700.00 700.00 700.00 preparation Publishing 1,200.00 1,200.00 0 0 0 0 Plan Preparation of 1,500.00 500.00 0 500.00 0 500.00 BOQs Procurement 150,000.00 30,000.00 30,000.00 30,000.00 30,000.00 30,000.00 of works Construction of classroom 16,000,000.00 3,200,000.00 3,200,000.00 3,200,000.00 3,200,000.00 3,200,000.00 blocks In Ndondi, Survey of 1,642.87 767.7 0.00 0.00 875.17 0.00 Kasikili, land 237 Construction Michelo, Public 1,070.00 500.00 0.00 0.00 570.00 0.00 of maternity Choompa. consultation annex Plan 1,070.00 500.00 0.00 0.00 570.00 0.00 preparation Publishing 600.00 600.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Plan Preparation of 642.00 300.00 0.00 0.00 342.00 0.00 BOQs Procurement 8,262.11 3860.8 0.00 0.00 4401.31 0.00 of works Construction of maternity 1,733,400.00 810,000 0.00 0.000 923,400.00 0.00 annex Construction Pemba ward Survey of 767.7 767.7 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 of a district land hospital Public 500.00 500.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 consultation Plan 500.00 500.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 preparation 238 Publishing 600.00 0.00 600.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Plan Preparation of 300.00 300.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 BOQs Procurement 3,860.8 25,520.25 4,401.31 5,017.49 5,719.93 6,520.72 of works Construction 209,000,000.00 0.00 209,000,000.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 of hospital Construction Survey of 7,000.00 1,200.00 1,200.00 1,200.00 1,200.00 1,200.00 of education land staff houses Public 3,500.00 700.00 700.00 700.00 700.00 700.00 consultation Plan 3,500.00 700.00 700.00 700.00 700.00 700.00 preparation Publishing 1,200.00 1,200.00 0 0 0 0 Plan Preparation of 1,500.00 500.00 0 500.00 0 500.00 BOQs Procurement 150,000.00 30,000.00 30,000.00 30,000.00 30,000.00 30,000.00 of works 239 Construction of staff 36,000,000.00 3,600,000.00 3,600,000.00 3,600,000.00 3,600,000.00 3,600,000.00 houses Construction In all health Survey of 767.7 767.7 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 of health staff facilities land houses Public 500.00 500.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 consultation Plan 500.00 500.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 preparation Publishing 600.00 600.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Plan Preparation of 1727.00 300.00 317.00 350.00 365.00 395.00 BOQs Procurement 25,520.25 3,860.8 4,401.31 5,017.49 5,719.93 6,520.72 of works Construction of staff 13,881,218.74 2,100,000.00 2,394,000.00 2,729,160.00 3,111,242.4 3,546,816.34 houses 240 Accelerate Pemba district Staff analysis 600.00 600.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 human Training need Human 800.00 300.00 0.00 500.00 0.00 0.00 resource assessment Resource outputs, Review of Management recruitment staff 900.00 300.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 600.00 and retention establishment Creation of a Pemba district Review comprehensive existing data 2560.00 2,560.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 staff database base Database by 2024 Identification management 1500.00 1,500.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 of gaps Compilation 150,000.00 150,000.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 of data Promotion of Public Enhancing community consultation 1,070.00 500.00 0.00 0.00 570.00 0.00 Public Private participation Partnership by 2025 Community (PPP) engagement 1,070.00 500.00 0.00 0.00 570.00 0.00 241 Lobbying with -fleet Ministries to management Fleet provision procure audit and vehicles by -Writing to 380,000.00 76,000.00 76,000.00 76,000.00 76,000.00 76,000.00 maintenance 2025 lobby for vehicles Maintenance Vehicle 150,000.00 30,000.00 30,000.00 30,000.00 30,000.00 30,000.00 schedules by assessment Fleet 2025 Procure 45,000.00 0 25,000.00 0 0 20,000.00 management service kits Vehicle 350,000.00 7000.00 7000.00 7000.00 7000.00 7000.00 servicing Strengthening District of district Hold response to epidemic meetings with 3,000.00 600.00 600.00 600.00 600.00 600.00 epidemics committees by stakeholder 2023 Holding Promote PPPs 3,000.00 600.00 600.00 600.00 600.00 600.00 meetings 242 Review 3,000.00 600.00 600.00 600.00 600.00 600.00 minutes Creation and Create publishing of learning 150,000.00 30,000.00 30,000.00 30,000.00 30,000.00 30,000.00 Provision of climate smart materials education education Distribution materials materials of learning 7,000.00 1,000.00 1,000.00 1,000.00 1,500.00 1,500.00 materials Enhancing Identification Provision of provision of of vulnerable 5,000.00 1,000.00 1,000.00 1,000.00 1,000.00 1,000.00 social social groups protection protection Lobby more services services by slots for 3,500.00 700.00 700.00 700.00 700.00 700.00 2025. bursaries Construction Survey of 7,000.00 1,200.00 1,200.00 1,200.00 1,200.00 1,200.00 Roads and land construction rehabilitation Public 3,500.00 700.00 700.00 700.00 700.00 700.00 and of climate consultation rehabilitation proofed road Plan network 3,500.00 700.00 700.00 700.00 700.00 700.00 preparation 243 Publishing 1,200.00 1,200.00 0 0 0 0 Plan Preparation of 10,000.00 2,000.00 2,000.00 2,000.00 2,000.00 2,000.00 BOQs Procurement 150,000.00 50,000.00 0 50,000.00 0 50,000.00 of works Construction of a roads, 5,000,000.00 1,000,000.00 1,000,000.00 1,000,000.00 1,000,000.00 1,000,000.00 grading of feeder roads Establishment -Survey of 7,000.00 1,200.00 1,200.00 1,200.00 1,200.00 1,200.00 of a climate land smart water - Public 3,500.00 700.00 700.00 700.00 700.00 700.00 treatment plant consultation Construction of by 2025 -Plan 3,500.00 700.00 700.00 700.00 700.00 700.00 treatment plant preparation -Publishing 1,200.00 1,200.00 0 0 0 0 Plan Preparation of 10,000.00 2,000.00 2,000.00 2,000.00 2,000.00 2,000.00 BOQs 244 -Procurement of works -Construction 500,000.00 200,000.00 0 200,000.00 0 100,000.00 of a plant Enhance -survey provision of dumping site 7,000.00 1,200.00 1,200.00 1,200.00 1,200.00 1,200.00 adequate solid waste -Marking Solid waste management dumping site 3,500.00 700.00 700.00 700.00 700.00 700.00 management services -procure vacuum 350,000.00 0 350,000 0 0 0 tanker To lobby for the expansion Communication To install of the network network tower 1,200,000.00 1,200,000.00 0 0 0 0 coverage by connectivity networks engaging ZICTA 245 Installation of Provision of water clean safe 10,000.00 2,000.00 2,000.00 2,000.00 2,000.00 2,000.00 purification drinking water schemes. TOTAL COST (ZMW, 000) 290, 930 13, 569 220, 839 120, 881 13, 193 12, 918 Table 3: Cost matrix for spurring economic activities Cost Location Programme Activities (ZMW, 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 000) Developing a district Pemba Updating the current investment profile 10 10 investment profile District Marketing Chisamba& Participate in two expos in Chisamba Lusaka and Lusaka, provincial shows & district 70 35 35 shows Pemba Strengthening the district chamber of 5 5 Linking Producers to commerce processors Establishment of trading hubs and 500 200 150 150 bulking centres 246 Pemba -Identifying and grouping of similar Enhancing capacity of 5 5 cooperatives cooperatives Training of cooperatives members 5 5 Pemba ward Land identification Creation of a service Lobby for establishment of Filling station Stations Pemba, Increase connectivity to Extension of main grid to newly built-up Muzoka, the national grid areas by engaging ZESCO and REA Batoka Township Road All wards Construction of township roads 16,500 3,300 3,300 3,300 3,300 3,300 infrastructure All wards Routine maintenance of township roads 3,000 600 600 600 600 600 construction and All wards Upgrading of township roads 5,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 maintenance All wards Periodic maintenance of township roads 1,500 300 300 300 300 300 Feeder Road All wards Rehabilitation of feeder roads infrastructure, All wards Upgrading of feeder roads construction,upgrading All wards Rehabilitation of crossing points 1,125 225 225 225 225 225 and rehabilitation All wards Construction of crossing points 4,250 850 850 850 850 850 TOTAL COST 31, 970 6, 510 6, 510 6, 425 6, 275 6, 425 Table 4: Cost Matrix for improving governance systems and dispensation of justice in all the 12 wards 247 Cost Programme Activities 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 (ZMW, 000) -Full support of the Revamping of the devolution task 12.00 12.00 12.00 12.00 decentralisation force 51.00 9.00 implementation plan. The District Devolution task Awareness and sensitization meeting force will conduct awareness for Govt. staff 19.00 3.00 4.00 4.00 4.00 4.00 and sensitization programs by 2025 Localization of human rights Localizing the Human Rights Charter 90.00 30.00 60.00 & Bill of rights The district stakeholders to Formulating of the by-law on 70.00 70.00 review and harmonize environmental protection appropriate legislation for Formulation of by-laws on OVCs protection of vulnerable groups 50.00 50.00 and environment by 2025 Establishment and Decentralize VSU services at ward 195.00 35 40 40 40 40 strengthening mechanisms for level protection of victims/survivors Establishing of gender based 50.00 50.00 50.00 50.00 of human rights abuse by 2025. violence service centers 248 Capacity building of WDCs in revenue collection and Capacity building of WDCs in response to community needs 60.00 60.00 revenue collection & mobilization and climate change mitigation by 2021. The LA to facilitate the election Establishment of WDCs 150.00 150.00 of WDCs by 2021 Provide financial support to the Conduct sensitization meetings 125.00 25.00 25.00 25.00 35.00 25.00 operation of WDCs and Conduct training in resource environmental protection mobilization, budget formulation & 340.00 60.00 70.00 70.00 70.00 70.00 activities financial management The LA to construct office Construction of WDCs offices 1,500.00 300.00 300.00 300.00 300.00 300.00 blocks for WDCs by 2025 District stakeholders to conduct GBV community awareness Conduct community sensitization 80.00 15.00 15.00 15.00 15.00 20.00 programs through sensitization meeting on GBV awareness annually District stakeholders to come up with GBV one stop centers Establishing of one stop centre 300.00 300.00 by 2025 249 District stakeholders to advocate for the stiffening the Engaging Member of Parliament to punishment for GBV offenders sponsor a bill by 2027 Traditional leaders and district stakeholders to conduct Conduct sensitization meetings on community sensitization 55.00 20.00 35.00 early marriages programs early marriage annually Lobbying for human resource To lobby for human resource -The LA in conjunction with the Ministry of Home affairs to Construction of police station & TBA TBA construct a modern police camp station and camp by 2025 The Ministry of Home affairs Requesting of staff MOH to make available staff by 2027 -The LA in conjunction with the Ministry of Home affairs to Construction of one (1) magistrate 1650.00 700.00 250.00 250.00 450.00 construct a modern police and (5) local courts station and camp by 2027 TOTAL COST (ZMW, 000) 4,935 725 1, 351 826 1, 026 971 250 1) Table 5: Cost Matrix for ensuring orderly spatial development in growth centres by 2030 Cost Programme Activities 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 (ZMW, 000) Radio community Radio awareness programs 44.8 6.6 7.0 9.2 10.0 12.0 Awareness Promotion of community engagement in Land Use Planning Community engagement Meeting 69.5 13.9 13.9 13.9 13.9 13.9 Citizen engagement through organized meetings Sensitization of traditional leaders Engagement of on the URP Act No. 3 of 2015 traditional Authorities 20 10 10 Community sensitization of importance of planning agreements Identify potential growth Conduct reconnaissance survey of centre potential growth centers 5 5 Capture spatial data & Spatial data captured for all wards 10 10 Preparing land use plans 251 Land Use plan developed for 5 wards 2 Layout plans developed for 5 wards Preparing of layout plans developed 5 2 3 Layout plans developed for 5 wards developed 17.5 7.5 10 Proposed Layout plans submitted Submission for approval to Plans & Council of proposed layout plans Proposed Layout plans submitted 10 10 to PPA Implementation of approved plans 1, 500 1, 500 Developing a monitoring schedule for all approved layout plans Formulate a development control Identification of developers in the 50 10 10 10 10 10 schedule for all approved township plans in the district Issuance of stop order and enforcement notices 252 Regulation of identified illegal developments Development control & Forward planning of potential 100 45 30 25 forward planning growth centers Lobbying LGSC on staff Engagement of Land Surveyor & 10 5 5 matters Environmental Planner by LGSC Short term specialized Engage 2 graduate students from 45.5 15.2 15.2 15.2 contracts planning related fields Acquiring differential Procuring of a differential GPS 300 300 GPS equipment Procurement of All-in one desktop and plotter 100 100 Establishment of GIS system Acquiring of GIS software 100 50 20 10 10 10 Secure internet connectivity 150 54 24 24 24 24 Acquisition of satellite imagery of Creation of geospatial potential growth centers 100 60 15 15 10 10 database TOTAL COST (ZMW, 000) 1, 137.3 384.7 406.4 140.3 9709 120.1 253

15.0 LOCAL AUTHORITY’S FINANCIAL PLAN This chapter tabulates the summary resources requirements for implementing the IDP and indicates the strategies necessary for mobilizing such resources as well as areas targeted to ensure efficient utilization. The financial plan takes into account the Medium-Term Expenditure Framework (MTEF). The table shows the Revenue Analysis for the years 2018, 2019 and 2020. YEARS 2018 2019 2020 S/N DETAILS APPROVED ACTUAL % APPROVED ACTUAL % APPROVED ACTUAL % BUDGET BUDGET BUDGET 01 Local taxes 31,920.00 15,452.00 48 39,000.00 8,767.00 22 38,125.00 17,062.50 45 02 Fees and 778,890.00 119,674.00 15 922,301.00 113,327.60 12 514,185.65 7,350.00 1.43 charges 03 Licenses 3,450.00 27,970.00 810 12,500.00 1560.00 12 242,032.00 107,252.00 44 04 Levies 344,400.00 163,835.00 48 372,500.00 177,683.00 48 36,764.00 86,664.00 235 05 Permits 5,350.00 890.00 17 6,200.00 9,005.00 145 103,156.00 3,320.00 3 06 Charges 3,085,412.00 614,700.00 20 3,035,535.00 265,035.00 9 870,000.00 263,450.00 30 254 07 National 7,673,908.00 7,140,928.00 93 9,457,912.00 7,198,086.66 76 8,946,416.35 9,118,871.40 102 Support 08 CDF 1,400,000 1,400,000 100 1,600,000 1,600,000 100 1,600,000 1,600,000 100 09 Other 600,000.00 35,700.00 6 Income Grand 13,546,671.50 8,083,450.00 60 15,445,948.00 9,373,464.26 61 12,950,679.0 11,239,669.9 87 Total 0 0 255

15.1 Revenue collection efficiency a) Local Taxes (Personal levy) The collection efficiency of local taxes in the recent years has been below the approved budget. Mainly this is due to non-compliance of the potential taxpayers. In 2019, the efficiency reduced from 48% to 22% due to drought which affected the main sector in the district, agriculture. The collection efficiency of 2020, also below the approved budget, was at 45% for 2020. Out of the total budget of K,38,125.00 only K 17,062.50 was collected, in 2020 the Council could not collect a 100% due to the factor that affected almost all business sectors such as the COVD19, hence personal levy could not be collected which affected collection of local revenue. b) Fees and Charges As at 2020, the collection efficiency was at 1.43 % to because out of the total budget of K514,185.65 only K7,350 was collected in 2020 owing to the impact of the COVD19 pandemic. With subside of the pandemic in late 2021, revenue collection efficiency pf fees and charges is anticipated to improve. c) Licenses The collection efficiency was at 44 % for 2020. Out of the total budget of K242,032.00 only K 107,252.00 was collected in 2020 the Council could not collect a 100% due to the factor that affected almost all business sectors such as gassing and the COVD19, hence personal levy could not be collected which affected collection of local revenue. d) Levies The collection efficiency was at 235 % for 2020. Out of the total budget of K36,764.00 only K 86,6640.00 was collected in 2020 the Council could not collect a 100% due to the factor that affected almost all business sectors such as gassing and the COVD19, hence personal levy could not be collected which affected collection of local revenue. 256 e) Permits The collection efficiency was at 3 % for 2020. Out of the total budget of K103,156.00 only K 3,320.00 was collected in 2020 the Council could not collect a 100% due to the factor that affected almost all business sectors such as gassing and the COVD19, hence personal levy could not be collected which affected collection of local revenue. f) Charges The collection efficiency was at 30 % for 2020. Out of the total budget of K870,00.00 only K 263,450.00 was collected in 2020 the Council could not collect a 100% due to the factor that affected almost all business sectors such as gassing and the COVD19, hence personal levy could not be collected which affected collection of local revenue.

15.2 Revenue Collection Methods The main forms of collecting taxes are through the revenue collectors and direct payments to the Finance department. Currently, there are nine (9) Revenue Collectors employed in the council on permanent establishment and zero Employed on contract basis. Basically, there are no costs associated with revenue collection apart from enumeration to the officers.

15.3 Revenue Collection Challenges 1. Lack of Transport 2. Low staffing levels in view of revenue collectors 3. Very few business establishments in the districts 4. Very few officers who are eligible for payment of personal levy being a new district 5. Poor road network making it impossible to reach certain areas 6. Vastness of the district 7. Lack of established revenue collection centers in the respective key areas. 8. Lack of sensitization 9. Lack of stakeholder involvement 10. Unwillingness by the public to pay municipality fees. 257

15.4 IDENTIFICATION OF THE REVENUE BASE FOR THE FIRST FIVE YEARS OF THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE PLAN The table below highlights the revenue base of the first 5 years of the implementation plan. REVENUE PROJECTION FOR THE NEXT 5 YEARS YEARS 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 LOCALLY GENERATED REVENUE 2,017,789.37 2,159,034.63 2,310,167.05 2,471,878.74 2,644,910.26 2,830,053.97 CONSTITUENCY DEVELOPMENT FUND 1,600,000 1,712,000 1,831,840 1,960,068.80 2,097,273.62 2,244,082.77 CAPITAL (20% OF LGEF) 1,866,488.31 1,997,142.49 2,136,942.47 2,286,528.44 2,446,585.43 2,617,846.41 TOTAL 5,484,277.68 5,868,177.12 6,278,949.52 6,718,475.98 7,188,769.31 7,691,983.15 Table 3: Revenue Base for 2020 to 2030 The breakdown of the projected sources of revenue are tabulated as follows: a) Locally Generated Revenue The increase in Revenue sources is as a result of inflation estimated at the rate of 7%. Below is the table showing the calculation of revenue sources YEARS 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 Local Taxes 38,500 41,195 44,078.65 47,164.16 50,465.65 53,998.24 Fees and Charges 902,590 965,771.30 1,033,375.29 1,105,711.56 1,183,111.37 1,265,929.17 258 Licenses 57,450 61,471.50 65,774.51 70,378.72 75,305.23 80,576.60 Levies 327,454 350,375.78 374,902.08 401,145.23 429,225.40 459,271.17 Permits 6,600 110,376.92 118,103.30 126,370.54 135,216.47 144,681.63 Charges 330,000 353,100 377,817 404,264.19 432,562.68 462,842.07 OTHER INCOMES 275,195.78 294,459.48 315,071.65 337,126.66 360,725.53 385,976.32 TOTAL 1,937,789.78 2,176,749.98 2,329,122.48 5,158,773.39 2,666,612.33 3,239,251.52 Table 4: Locally Generated Revenue Generally, the local revenue is expected to increase due to the anticipated growth in population, settlements, increase in business activity and the newly established quarry mine. Revenue mobilization strategies are being implemented and to be implemented to expand the revenue base of the local council. Identification of new sources of revenue collection as well as development of growth nodes and centers is expected to enhance the Local Authority revenue. b) National Support Financing a) CONSTITUENCY DEVELOPMENT FUND (CDF) The provision for CDF is K1, 600,000 as per guideline from the Ministry of Local Government b) Capital @ 20% of LGEF 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 YEARS Capital- 20%*12 Months 1,866,488.31 1,997,142.49 2,136,942.47 2,286,528.44 2,446,585.43 2,617,846.41 TOTAL 1,866,488.31 1,997,142.49 2,136,942.47 2,286,528.44 2,446,585.43 2,617,846.41 259 Table 5: LGET 20% Capital Projections

15.5 LOCAL AUTHORITY’S RESOURCE MOBILIZATION STRATEGIES AND PROGRAMMES RESOURCE MOBILIZATION STRATEGIES FOR FIVE (05) TO TEN (10) YEARS GOAL ENHANCED RESOURCE MOBILIZATION OBJECTIVE STRATEGY ACTIVITIES Revenue • Maintain a database for all taxpayers and traders in the district INCREASE THE mobilization • Use simple segmentation to identify larger collection opportunities COUNCIL • Target collections for clients with the largest outstanding debts REVENUE BASE • Ensure regular updates to the taxpayer registry • Introduce account managers to oversee different types of levies • Use of technology platforms for paying of levies ,fees and charges • To increase public education • To prosecute tax defaulters • To motivate revenue staff • To provide logistics for revenue mobilization 260 RESOURCE MOBILIZATION STRATEGIES FOR FIVE (05) TO TEN (10) YEARS GOAL ENHANCED RESOURCE MOBILIZATION OBJECTIVE STRATEGY ACTIVITIES Revenue • Maintaining updated information on debtors enhancement • Improved billing practices • Ensure effective communication and reminders with the respective debtors • Accommodating the challenges experienced by the debtor • Legal enforcements to debts that are more than 120 days • Engaging of private collection agencies on commission basis in revenue collection. • Identify new sources of revenue and investments • Establish more revenue collection points • Provision of incentives to those who are able to settle their accounts in time. ENHANCE Engagement of • Use of revenue collection agencies REVENUE revenue collectors • Equip revenue collectors with revenue collecting skills COLLECTION • Leveraging on technology • Stakeholder involvement in sensitization meetings on the benefits of paying for services • Provision of transport specifically for revenue collection 261 RESOURCE MOBILIZATION STRATEGIES FOR FIVE (05) TO TEN (10) YEARS GOAL ENHANCED RESOURCE MOBILIZATION OBJECTIVE STRATEGY ACTIVITIES Assets management • Create and Implement a policy on Asset management ASSETS and Capital • Create and Implement a policy management on the profitability of assets MANAGEMENT Financing • Create and Implement a policy on the disposal of assets • Incorporate the legal framework on financial management • Venture into capital growth by embracing capital financing Financial • Ensure effective cash flow management Management • Compliance to relevant financial regulations • Provide means for growth through investment • Meet the demands of employees and customers • Support operations • Meet the demands of shareholders and expectations of the stakeholders • Effective audit procedures Effective Loans and • Ensure an effective budget for the projects or activities to be funded is provided to its Grant management completion. • Ensure the amount required for financing is adequate as per budget. 262 RESOURCE MOBILIZATION STRATEGIES FOR FIVE (05) TO TEN (10) YEARS GOAL ENHANCED RESOURCE MOBILIZATION OBJECTIVE STRATEGY ACTIVITIES LOANS AND • Ensure contingency is taken care of in the planning process. GRANTS • Determine if the loan will be short term or long term that will suit the needs of the loan MANAGEMENT (period). • Determine the interest rate of the loan obtained if it is significant according to the cash flow. • Promote local enterprise partnership by accessing grants from cooperating partners for funding • Encourage Small and Medium enterprises and source for funding to fund such enterprises for economic growth • Ensure community programs that will meet the needs of the less privileged to enable them have access to grants. Stakeholders • Establish a developmental agenda which will be appealing to development partners DEVELOPMENT engagement • Identification of key areas that will call for the need for development partners PARTNERSHIPS 263 RESOURCE MOBILIZATION STRATEGIES FOR FIVE (05) TO TEN (10) YEARS GOAL ENHANCED RESOURCE MOBILIZATION OBJECTIVE STRATEGY ACTIVITIES Public private • Changes in policies and laws partnerships • Socio –cultural changes • Improvement of current mechanisms and process • Financial and capital capacity building 264

15.6 PREPARATION OF LOCAL AREA PLANS AND OTHER DETAILED ACTIVITIES Local Area Plan 2020 Local Area Planning has been adopted by the planning area under its Integrated Planning Framework and provides a mechanism for local communities to address issues through a consultative process. The process establishes a vision and objectives for each local area and identifies strategies and actions to achieve the vision and objectives that, together with strategies and actions identified in the Strategic Community Plan and the Local Planning Strategy. The objectives of Local Area Plan are as follows; ❖ To advocate for the provision of infrastructure and services that will contribute to meeting the needs of IDP area’s residents as the population grows. ❖ To increase the economic diversity of the IDP area, both in town and rural areas through the expansion of agriculture related activities and cultural diversity. ❖ To preserve the environment sustainably by protecting the natural environment and agricultural production from un-sustainable and competing land use through the use of climate smart technologies. ❖ To manage development pressures and ensure improvements in road infrastructure through on-going maintenance, road upgrade and lobbying of the state government to expedite major road projects. The local area plans are being proposed in 5 areas which extend from urban areas to traditional or customary land. It is mainly associated with a number of perennial and non- perennial rivers on the plateau of the IDP area. The urban areas are strategically located along the T1 highway with one slightly allocated about 3km from the main trunk road with only one situated along the district road D361 which connects the district to Namwala and transport infrastructure while the rural set up are mostly far away from improved infrastructure. The IDP area has the availability of land for potential development for local area plans in the two chiefdoms of Moyo and Hamaundu. This opportunity can translate into the creation of an inclusive, innovative and sustainable development enabling the IDP area to perform both economically and socially at a district, provincial and national level. 265 The vision of the IDP area is to be a Sustainable District in Environmental, Social and Economic Development through Innovation by 2030 through the following: 1. Promote inclusive development by involving all vulnerable groups, i.e. the differently abled, of the district in decision making. 2. Reduce the impacts of climate change by promoting adaptive initiatives in the district. 3. Enhance sustainable development by promoting industrial diversification. 4. Enhance sustainable development by promoting agriculture diversification. 5. Enhance sustainable development by promoting value addition and livestock and fisheries productivity. 6. Improve the literacy levels in the district by increasing access and retention to Education. 7. Improve health status of the people through provision of specialized services and advocating the construction of a District Hospital. The local Area Plan can identify a number of critical issues which require resolution of the leadership of local authorities, chiefs and co-operation with stake holders to promote and facilitate the development process in the following ways. ❖ Low agricultural productivity ❖ Low level of adoption on climate smart agriculture technologies ❖ Low literacy levels among the rural and urban populations. ❖ Low livestock and fish production ❖ Under developed transport systems ❖ Under developed and un-planned settlements ❖ Unsustainable and un-harmonized aesthetical development of all relevant land use ❖ Inadequate, safe and cost-effective water supply and sanitation services coverage in the district 266 The Local area plan being a process of planning that is concerned with resolving local level problems and issues. Its priorities include overall welfare of the people and development of the local area. Maintenance of social services and amenities, promotion in the quality and quantity of local products and services and keeping surroundings and local environment clean and green are some of its continuous concerns. The local area planning will use a concept of community planning which involves community members in deciding the method of upgrading and planning of their settlements. A planning which is carried out through people’s participation turns out to be a dream of real situation reflecting continuous growth and development in the local area. The sites are strategically located along the main roads which will ensure its significance in development of residential, commercial, cultural and amenity areas that will provide a high-quality environment within the district. The IDP area is strategically located between Lusaka and Livingstone. The IDP area is midway between the two cities. Developing a smart city in the IDP area will provide an environment that is serene from the busy buzz of Lusaka and Livingstone. New leisure parks and recreation centers, restaurants, sporting facilities, walkways, non-motorized transport infrastructure and open spaces will be developed throughout the IDP area, complementing and enhancing development in rural communities and at the same time promoting healthy wellbeing of the residents of the IDP area. The local area plan will base its development on a high-quality public infrastructure which will deliver a sustainable urban and rural land development. The development will be an adaptive, flexible urban and rural framework utilizing innovative and sustainable land use management principles and practices. The local authorities in the IDP area will use this idea as a benchmark for further development in the years to come. The vision for local area will be to become a leader in sustainable innovation and socio- economic development by 2031, the IDP area has to position its self to be the preferred destination for innovation and climate smart friendly investment for residential, commercial, social and economic activities with specialized facilities that will provide health tourism and ICT. With the strong community presence in the area, this can be achieved to meet the needs of the existing community, as well as the needs of future generations. 267

15.7 MONITORING AND EVALUATION, INCLUDING KEY PERFORMANCE INDICATORS

15.7.1 Introduction This chapter outlines the Monitoring and evaluation plan of the IDP. This is to ensure that the changes anticipated in the district are taken care of and resources are used effectively. The cost estimates for each activity are also provided in this chapter. Table 1: programs for increasing agricultural (crops, fisheries and livestock) production and productivity Objectives To increase Agricultural (Crops, Fisheries and Livestock) Production and Productivity by 60% in the district by 2030 Target Target Target Target Source of Strategies Activities Target Programme year 1 year 2 year 3 year 4 Indicator information To enhance Promoting -Training of Number of adoption agricultural farmers on the use farmers trained Ministries of rate of technologies of improved inputs and using Agriculture agricultural that mitigate i.e. seed in order to To have an improved inputs (MOA)/Mini inputs and climate improve production adoption rate and climate 1000 1000 1000 1000 stry of technologie change and productivity. of 60-70% by smart Fisheries and s from 30% impacts the year 2025 technologies livestock to 60% in -Training farmers (MFL) all camps and hold sensitizations on 268 Objectives To increase Agricultural (Crops, Fisheries and Livestock) Production and Productivity by 60% in the district by 2030 Target Target Target Target Source of Strategies Activities Target Programme year 1 year 2 year 3 year 4 Indicator information the use of climate smart technologies To improve Strengthening Number of 40 reading literacy agricultural reading camps camps 10 10 levels in all information Formalization of 10 reading 10 reading formalized and MOA & formalized and reading reading wards management reading camps in all camps camps established MFL established by camps camps systems and 2024 dissemination To improve Promoting -Hold farmer The number of the numbers diversificatio trainings on diverse crops of farmers n of importance of crop being grown in Reach out to practicing agricultural diversification and the district and train 5000 MOA & crop production how to implement it 1000 1000 1000 1000 farmers by the MFL diversificati and year 2025 on by 60% utilization -Sensitize farmers in all camps on crop diversification and 269 Objectives To increase Agricultural (Crops, Fisheries and Livestock) Production and Productivity by 60% in the district by 2030 Target Target Target Target Source of Strategies Activities Target Programme year 1 year 2 year 3 year 4 Indicator information the national diversification policy To reduce Promoting -Enhancement of Reduced the livestock, early warning incidence of incidence of crops information in pests and Early pests and production collaboration of diseases To train 21 detection diseases in and disease other stakeholders field staff and of pests all wards control including Zambia 5000 farmers 1000 1000 1000 and services Meteorological MOA & on pest and farmers farmers farmers diseases department MFL disease trained trained trained to identification enhance -Capacity building and control their of staff on control identification and control of pests and diseases 270 Objectives To increase Agricultural (Crops, Fisheries and Livestock) Production and Productivity by 60% in the district by 2030 Target Target Target Target Source of Strategies Activities Target Programme year 1 year 2 year 3 year 4 Indicator information -training of farmers on the identification and control of pests and diseases - Construction of dip tanks - Rehabilitation of dip tanks To improve Promoting -To train farmers on Train 4000 the general sustainable good farming farmers on soil Number fertility land 800 800 800 practices that fertility of Ministry of status of the management farmers farmers farmers promote soil improvement farmers Agriculture soils in the including trained trained trained nutritional by the year trained district conservation 2025 agriculture 271 Objectives To increase Agricultural (Crops, Fisheries and Livestock) Production and Productivity by 60% in the district by 2030 Target Target Target Target Source of Strategies Activities Target Programme year 1 year 2 year 3 year 4 Indicator information -Facilitate the carrying out routine soil tests To increase Promoting Number of -Lobby for more To attract at access of broad based financial financial service least 4 the number small holder providers in the providers in the financial Ministry of of farmers credit and 1 1 1 1 district district service Commerce to various financial providers by financial delivery -Training 2025 services in system the district Strengthening Number of the capacity Train 8000 farmers trained of farmers farmers in financial farmers in 1600 1600 1600 1600 in financial MOA & groups and literacy financial farmers farmers farmers farmers literacy MFL cooperatives literacy by trained trained trained trained in production, 2025 marketing, 272 Objectives To increase Agricultural (Crops, Fisheries and Livestock) Production and Productivity by 60% in the district by 2030 Target Target Target Target Source of Strategies Activities Target Programme year 1 year 2 year 3 year 4 Indicator information trade and processing To improve Strengthening Number of agricultural the capacity farmer groups product of farmers trained marketing groups and Training farmers in Train 200 50 in the cooperatives product 50 farmer 50 farmer 50 farmer farmer groups farmer MOA & district by in production, aggregation and groups groups groups or cooperative groups MFL facilitating marketing, post-harvest trained trained trained by 2022 trained for trade and techniques sustainable processing markets in all wards 273 Objectives To increase Agricultural (Crops, Fisheries and Livestock) Production and Productivity by 60% in the district by 2030 Target Target Target Target Source of Strategies Activities Target Programme year 1 year 2 year 3 year 4 Indicator information To improve Promoting the -Sensitize and train Amount of water The target is to water efficient use smallholder available for have 3 availability of the farmers on 4 4 4 agricultural irrigation 4 irrigation MOA & for available sustainable irrigation irrigation irrigation purposes and the schemes in schemes MFL agricultural water methods of water schemes schemes schemes number of each ward by purposes in resources for harvesting irrigation the year 2025 all wards irrigation and schemes animal -promotion of watering for Climate smart small and techniques that Construct LA, MOA & medium scale conserve water water troughs MFL farmers in all camps -Setting up of irrigation schemes To improve Promoting the To train 5000 1000 The number of Carry out farmer 1000 1000 1000 Ministry of livestock establishment farmers on the farmers animals that trainings on farmers farmers farmers Fisheries and nutrition of pasture sustainable trained improve in their sustainable trained trained trained Livestock among production management of nutrition status 274 Objectives To increase Agricultural (Crops, Fisheries and Livestock) Production and Productivity by 60% in the district by 2030 Target Target Target Target Source of Strategies Activities Target Programme year 1 year 2 year 3 year 4 Indicator information farmers systems and livestock nutrition livestock range land management nutrition by management 2025 for livestock feeds 275 Table 2: Programs for provision of adequate social services Goal PROVISION OF ADEQUATE SOCIAL SERVICES BY 2030 Objective 1 TO PROVIDE ADEQUATE SOCIAL SERVICES BY 2030 Baseli Targ Targ Targ Targ Targe Target Responsible Strategies Program Activities ne et et et Indicator et t 2022 2025 Department 2019 2021 2023 2024 The LA, department of School -Assessment Planning planning under MoGE infrastructure -Preparation Number of Dept (MoGE) and Ministry of works & development of BOQs 100 150 15 15 15 15 15 classrooms LA supply to rehabilitate the -Procurement rehabilitated MWS existing social services of works infrastructure by 2030 Health - facilities Rehabilitation Number of MOH – Dept infrastructure of existing health of development classroom 4 18 2 2 2 2 2 facilities Infrastructure blocks and rehabilitated development health facilities 276 Goal PROVISION OF ADEQUATE SOCIAL SERVICES BY 2030 Objective 1 TO PROVIDE ADEQUATE SOCIAL SERVICES BY 2030 Baseli Targ Targ Targ Targ Targe Target Responsible Strategies Program Activities ne et et et Indicator et t 2022 2025 Department 2019 2021 2023 2024 The LA, department of School -Survey of Planning planning under MoGE infrastructure land Number of Dept (MoGE) and Ministry of works & development -Public 388 140 10 10 15 15 20 classrooms LA supply to construct consultation constructed MWS, PTA climate smart social -Plan facilities (schools, Infrastructure preparation hospital, safe homes) by development -Publishing 1 2030 (District Plan 0 Distri Hospital, Preparation of (Hospit ct 2 2 Number of maternity BOQs al) and hospit (mat 1 (mat health MOH/ annex) -Procurement 5 al and 0 0 annex hosp. annex facilities MWS/MHID of works Matern 4 ) ) constructed -Construction ity mater of classroom annex) nity blocks/Hospit annex al/Safe homes 277 Goal PROVISION OF ADEQUATE SOCIAL SERVICES BY 2030 Objective 1 TO PROVIDE ADEQUATE SOCIAL SERVICES BY 2030 Baseli Targ Targ Targ Targ Targe Target Responsible Strategies Program Activities ne et et et Indicator et t 2022 2025 Department 2019 2021 2023 2024 The LA, department of Infrastructure Planning planning under MoGE development -Survey of Dept (MoGE) Number of and Ministry of works & (Education land LA 357 200 20 20 20 20 20 houses supply to construct staff sector staff -Public MWS, PTA, constructed houses houses) consultation MHID -Plan Infrastructure preparation Planning development -Publishing Number of Dept (MOH) (Health sector Plan 31 44 5 5 5 5 5 houses LA staff houses) Preparation of constructed MWS, MHID BOQs Infrastructure -Procurement Planning development of works Dept (MOH) Number of (ComDev -Construction 0 5 1 1 1 1 1 LA staff houses staff houses) of staff houses MWS, MHID 278 Goal PROVISION OF ADEQUATE SOCIAL SERVICES BY 2030 Objective 1 TO PROVIDE ADEQUATE SOCIAL SERVICES BY 2030 Baseli Targ Targ Targ Targ Targe Target Responsible Strategies Program Activities ne et et et Indicator et t 2022 2025 Department 2019 2021 2023 2024 The LA to facilitate the adoption of the use of renewable energy technology in the provision of water by 2030 The depts. to lobby for -staff analysis staff by 2025 - Accelerate - Training human need resource assessment Number of 881 335 85 85 85 85 85 PMSD outputs, -Review of staff recruited recruitment staff and retention establishment 279 Goal PROVISION OF ADEQUATE SOCIAL SERVICES BY 2030 Objective 1 TO PROVIDE ADEQUATE SOCIAL SERVICES BY 2030 Baseli Targ Targ Targ Targ Targe Target Responsible Strategies Program Activities ne et et et Indicator et t 2022 2025 Department 2019 2021 2023 2024 Creation of a -review comprehensive staff existing data database by 2024 base Database Staff database -identification 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 LA management in place of gaps -compilation of data The district stakeholders -Public Enhancing to promote community consultation Number of Public Private District participation by 2025 - Community 5 5 1 1 1 1 1 PPPs Partnership stakeholders engagement established (PPP) Institutional training and orientation of community gate keepers annually 280 Goal PROVISION OF ADEQUATE SOCIAL SERVICES BY 2030 Objective 1 TO PROVIDE ADEQUATE SOCIAL SERVICES BY 2030 Baseli Targ Targ Targ Targ Targe Target Responsible Strategies Program Activities ne et et et Indicator et t 2022 2025 Department 2019 2021 2023 2024 Traditional leaders and stakeholders to conduct chiefdom indaba by 2025 Ministries to procure -fleet vehicles by 2025 management Fleet audit Number of Various provision and -Writing to 19 10 2 2 2 2 2 vehicles ministries maintenance lobby for procured vehicles The LA and various -Vehicle depts. to come up with assessment Number of LA & maintenance schedules Fleet -Procure 4 15 3 3 3 3 3 vehicles Various by 2025 management service kits serviced ministries -Vehicle servicing 281 Goal PROVISION OF ADEQUATE SOCIAL SERVICES BY 2030 Objective 1 TO PROVIDE ADEQUATE SOCIAL SERVICES BY 2030 Baseli Targ Targ Targ Targ Targe Target Responsible Strategies Program Activities ne et et et Indicator et t 2022 2025 Department 2019 2021 2023 2024 District stakeholders to District Hold meetings Strengthen district Number of District response to with 4 20 4 4 4 4 4 epidemic committees by meetings held stakeholders epidemics stakeholder 2023 District stakeholders to -Holding Engage interested Promote meetings Number of District 4 20 4 4 4 4 4 stakeholders such as PPPs - Review meeting held stakeholders DMMU by 2022 minutes Dept. of education to -Create lobby for creation and learning Provision of Number of publishing of climate materials Department education 300 500 100 100 100 100 100 materials smart education materials -Distribution of education materials created of learning materials 282 Goal PROVISION OF ADEQUATE SOCIAL SERVICES BY 2030 Objective 1 TO PROVIDE ADEQUATE SOCIAL SERVICES BY 2030 Baseli Targ Targ Targ Targ Targe Target Responsible Strategies Program Activities ne et et et Indicator et t 2022 2025 Department 2019 2021 2023 2024 Enhancing provision of -Identification social protection services Provision of of vulnerable by 2025. social groups Number of 301 500 100 100 100 100 100 Com-Dev protection - lobby more beneficiaries services slots for bursaries Construction and -Procurement Number of rehabilitation of climate Roads of works roads proofed road network construction -Construction various 25 5 5 5 5 5 constructed LA & RDA and of a roads, and rehabilitation grading of rehabilitation feeder roads Establishment of a -Survey of Construction LA Construction climate smart water land of the MWS of treatment 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 treatment plant by 2025 - Public treatment MHID plant consultation plant 283 Goal PROVISION OF ADEQUATE SOCIAL SERVICES BY 2030 Objective 1 TO PROVIDE ADEQUATE SOCIAL SERVICES BY 2030 Baseli Targ Targ Targ Targ Targe Target Responsible Strategies Program Activities ne et et et Indicator et t 2022 2025 Department 2019 2021 2023 2024 -Plan preparation -Publishing Plan Preparation of BOQs -Procurement of works -Construction of a plant Sinking of 5 commercial -Survey of boreholes land Number of Ministry of - Public 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 plants water and consultation constructed Sanitation -Preparation of BOQs 284 Goal PROVISION OF ADEQUATE SOCIAL SERVICES BY 2030 Objective 1 TO PROVIDE ADEQUATE SOCIAL SERVICES BY 2030 Baseli Targ Targ Targ Targ Targe Target Responsible Strategies Program Activities ne et et et Indicator et t 2022 2025 Department 2019 2021 2023 2024 -Procurement of works -Construction of a plant To increase customers and connection by 200 Enhance provision of -survey adequate solid waste dumping site management services Solid waste -Marking Dumping site 0 2 1 0 1 0 0 LA management dumping site identified -procure vacuum tanker To lobby for the To install Number of District expansion of the network tower various 5 1 1 1 1 1 tower stakeholders coverage networks 285 Goal PROVISION OF ADEQUATE SOCIAL SERVICES BY 2030 Objective 1 TO PROVIDE ADEQUATE SOCIAL SERVICES BY 2030 Baseli Targ Targ Targ Targ Targe Target Responsible Strategies Program Activities ne et et et Indicator et t 2022 2025 Department 2019 2021 2023 2024 networks installed, Table 3: Programs for Spurring economic growth through investor engagement Objective 1 TO SPUR ECONOMIC GROWTH THROUGH INVESTOR ENGAGEMENT BY 2030 Locatio Responsibl Programm n Baseline Target Target Targe Targe Target e Strategies Activities Target Indicator e 2020 2021 2022 t 2023 t 2024 2025 Departmen t -The District to Developing Pemba Develop a district a district Updating Updated investment profile investment the current district 1 1 1 Planning by 2021 profile investment investment profile profile 286 Objective 1 TO SPUR ECONOMIC GROWTH THROUGH INVESTOR ENGAGEMENT BY 2030 Locatio Responsibl Programm n Baseline Target Target Targe Targe Target e Strategies Activities Target Indicator e 2020 2021 2022 t 2023 t 2024 2025 Departmen t -Marketing of the District Participate Chisam district resource Marketing in two ba& endowments at expos in Lusaka expositions by Chisamba 2022 and Number of 0 2 1 1 Lusaka, expos provincial shows & district shows -Enhancing market Establishm Pemba linkages between Linking ent of the processors and Producers to district 0 1 1 producers. processors chamber of commerce 287 Objective 1 TO SPUR ECONOMIC GROWTH THROUGH INVESTOR ENGAGEMENT BY 2030 Locatio Responsibl Programm n Baseline Target Target Targe Targe Target e Strategies Activities Target Indicator e 2020 2021 2022 t 2023 t 2024 2025 Departmen t - Establishm ent of trading hubs and bulking centers Strengthening and - Pemba Number of Dept of formation of Identifying cooperativ Agric& cooperatives Enhancing and es Livestock/ capacity of Grouping 400 400 100 100 100 100 engaging Ministry of cooperative of similar various commerce, s cooperative Sustainabl Trade and - Training e IGA industries of 288 Objective 1 TO SPUR ECONOMIC GROWTH THROUGH INVESTOR ENGAGEMENT BY 2030 Locatio Responsibl Programm n Baseline Target Target Targe Targe Target e Strategies Activities Target Indicator e 2020 2021 2022 t 2023 t 2024 2025 Departmen t cooperative s members -Creation of -Land Kamung climate smart identificati a area industrial hubs by on and One LA, 2024 facilitation industrial Ministry of - 1 1 1 hub commerce Stakeholde created and industry r engagemen t - Create an Establishme Engage Pemba environment that nt of financial 0 3 1 1 1 attracts financial financial institution institutions institutions for specific 289 Objective 1 TO SPUR ECONOMIC GROWTH THROUGH INVESTOR ENGAGEMENT BY 2030 Locatio Responsibl Programm n Baseline Target Target Targe Targe Target e Strategies Activities Target Indicator e 2020 2021 2022 t 2023 t 2024 2025 Departmen t & reliable financial solutions -Creation of a Engage Pemba Developme service station developers nt of Service 0 1 1 in oil Station marketing -Promote the use of Promotion Pemba renewable energy Alternative of Energy Renewable 0 3 1 1 1 sources energy sources -Increase Extension Pemba, Grid connectivity to the of main Muzoka 1 4 1 2 1 Extension national grid grid to , Batoka 290 Objective 1 TO SPUR ECONOMIC GROWTH THROUGH INVESTOR ENGAGEMENT BY 2030 Locatio Responsibl Programm n Baseline Target Target Targe Targe Target e Strategies Activities Target Indicator e 2020 2021 2022 t 2023 t 2024 2025 Departmen t newly built up areas Construction and Constructio All 5km- 30km 6km 6km 6km 6km 6km Township Rehabilitation of n of wards Chimow Roads Road Network township a road Constructe Township roads d (km) Road infrastructur Routine All - 20km 4km 4km 4km 4km 4km Routinely e maintenanc wards maintaine construction e of d township and roads (km) roads maintenanc e All - 20km 4km 4km 4km 4km 4km Township Upgrading wards Roads of township upgraded roads 291 Objective 1 TO SPUR ECONOMIC GROWTH THROUGH INVESTOR ENGAGEMENT BY 2030 Locatio Responsibl Programm n Baseline Target Target Targe Targe Target e Strategies Activities Target Indicator e 2020 2021 2022 t 2023 t 2024 2025 Departmen t All - 10km 2km 2km 2km 2km 2km Periodicall Periodic wards y maintenanc maintaine e of d township roads roads (km) All 4.5 km – 20km 4 4 4 4 4 Roads Feeder Road Rehabilitati wards kakuba Rehabilitat to chief ed (km) infrastructur on of feeder roads moyo e, palace construction , upgrading All - 10 2 2 2 2 2 Feeder Upgrading wards roads and of feeder rehabilitatio upgraded roads n (km) 292 Objective 1 TO SPUR ECONOMIC GROWTH THROUGH INVESTOR ENGAGEMENT BY 2030 Locatio Responsibl Programm n Baseline Target Target Targe Targe Target e Strategies Activities Target Indicator e 2020 2021 2022 t 2023 t 2024 2025 Departmen t Rehabilitati All - 15 3 3 3 3 3 Crossing on of wards points crossing rehabilitat points ed Constructio All - 15 3 3 3 3 3 Crossing n of wards points crossing constructe points d Table 4: Programs for improve governance systems and dispensation of justice in all the 12 wards 293 Goal IMPROVE GOVERNANCE SYSTEMS AND DISPENSATION OF JUSTICE IN ALL THE 12 WARDS Objective 1 TO IMPROVE GOVERNANCE SYSTEMS AND DISPENSATION OF JUSTICE IN ALL THE 12 WARDS BY 2030 Locatio n Baselin Targe Target Target Target Target Responsible Strategies Activities (By e Target t Indicator 2021 2022 2023 2024 Department Priority 2020 2025 ) -Full support of the Revamping of decentralisation the devolution Pemba 0 1 1 implementation plan. task force The District Devolution Awareness and task force will conduct sensitization awareness and meeting for Pemba 2 20 4 4 4 4 4 sensitization programs Govt. staff by 2025 Localization of human Localizing the rights Human Rights Pemba 0 2 1 1 Charter & Bill of rights 294 Goal IMPROVE GOVERNANCE SYSTEMS AND DISPENSATION OF JUSTICE IN ALL THE 12 WARDS Objective 1 TO IMPROVE GOVERNANCE SYSTEMS AND DISPENSATION OF JUSTICE IN ALL THE 12 WARDS BY 2030 Locatio n Baselin Targe Target Target Target Target Responsible Strategies Activities (By e Target t Indicator 2021 2022 2023 2024 Department Priority 2020 2025 ) The district stakeholders Formulating of to review and harmonize the by-law on Pemba 0 1 1 appropriate legislation environment for protection of Formulation of vulnerable groups and by-laws on Pemba 0 1 1 environment by 2025 OVCs The district stakeholders Decentralize All to establish and VSU services 1 5 1 1 1 1 1 wards strengthen mechanisms at ward level for protection of Establishing of Pemba, victims/survivors of gender based Muzoka 0 3 1 1 1 human rights abuse by violence self &Batok 2025. centers a 295 Goal IMPROVE GOVERNANCE SYSTEMS AND DISPENSATION OF JUSTICE IN ALL THE 12 WARDS Objective 1 TO IMPROVE GOVERNANCE SYSTEMS AND DISPENSATION OF JUSTICE IN ALL THE 12 WARDS BY 2030 Locatio n Baselin Targe Target Target Target Target Responsible Strategies Activities (By e Target t Indicator 2021 2022 2023 2024 Department Priority 2020 2025 ) -The LA to train WDCs Capacity to improve capacity in building of revenue collection and WDCs in All 1 response to community revenue Wards needs and climate change collection mitigation by 2021. &mobilization The LA to facilitate the Establish Establishment All election of WDCs by 12 12 ment of of WDCs wards 2021 WDCs The LA in conjunction Number Conduct with stakeholders to All of sensitization 0 5 1 1 1 1 1 provide financial support wards meetings meetings to the operation of held 296 Goal IMPROVE GOVERNANCE SYSTEMS AND DISPENSATION OF JUSTICE IN ALL THE 12 WARDS Objective 1 TO IMPROVE GOVERNANCE SYSTEMS AND DISPENSATION OF JUSTICE IN ALL THE 12 WARDS BY 2030 Locatio n Baselin Targe Target Target Target Target Responsible Strategies Activities (By e Target t Indicator 2021 2022 2023 2024 Department Priority 2020 2025 ) WDCs and Conduct environmental protection training in activities by 2022 resource Number mobilization, All of training 0 5 1 1 1 1 1 budget wards meetings formulation & held financial management The LA to construct Number Construction office blocks for WDCs All of offices of WDCs 0 12 3 3 3 3 by 2025 wards constructe offices d District stakeholders to Conduct All Number 0 12 12 12 12 12 12 conduct GBV community wards of 297 Goal IMPROVE GOVERNANCE SYSTEMS AND DISPENSATION OF JUSTICE IN ALL THE 12 WARDS Objective 1 TO IMPROVE GOVERNANCE SYSTEMS AND DISPENSATION OF JUSTICE IN ALL THE 12 WARDS BY 2030 Locatio n Baselin Targe Target Target Target Target Responsible Strategies Activities (By e Target t Indicator 2021 2022 2023 2024 Department Priority 2020 2025 ) community awareness sensitization meetings programs through meeting on held sensitization annually GBV awareness District stakeholders to Establishi come up with GBV one Establishing of Pemba ng of one 0 1 1 stop centers by 2025 one stop centre ward stop centre District stakeholders to Engaging advocate for the Member of stiffening the punishment Pemba 0 1 1 Parliament to for GBV offenders by sponsor a bill 2027 298 Goal IMPROVE GOVERNANCE SYSTEMS AND DISPENSATION OF JUSTICE IN ALL THE 12 WARDS Objective 1 TO IMPROVE GOVERNANCE SYSTEMS AND DISPENSATION OF JUSTICE IN ALL THE 12 WARDS BY 2030 Locatio n Baselin Targe Target Target Target Target Responsible Strategies Activities (By e Target t Indicator 2021 2022 2023 2024 Department Priority 2020 2025 ) Traditional leaders and Conduct Number district stakeholders to sensitization All of conduct community meetings on chiefdo 0 2 1 1 meetings sensitization programs early ms held early marriage annually marriages Lobbying for human To lobby for All resource human 766 220 20 30 20 40 Depts. resource -The LA in conjunction police with the Ministry of Construction station & Home affairs to construct of police Pemba 0 1 1 camp a modern police station station & camp constructe and camp by 2027 d 299 Goal IMPROVE GOVERNANCE SYSTEMS AND DISPENSATION OF JUSTICE IN ALL THE 12 WARDS Objective 1 TO IMPROVE GOVERNANCE SYSTEMS AND DISPENSATION OF JUSTICE IN ALL THE 12 WARDS BY 2030 Locatio n Baselin Targe Target Target Target Target Responsible Strategies Activities (By e Target t Indicator 2021 2022 2023 2024 Department Priority 2020 2025 ) The Ministry of Home Requesting of affairs to make available Pemba 20 50 10 10 20 5 5 staff MOH staff by 2027 -The LA in conjunction One (1) one (1) with the Ministry of magistrate Construction magistr Home affairs to construct and (5) of one (1) ate and a modern police station Pemba 0 local magistrate and (5) and camp by 2027 courts (5) local courts local constructe courts d 300 Table 5: Programmes for Promotion of Orderly Spatial Growth To ensure an orderly spatial development in growth centres by 2030 Objectives Strategies Programme Location Target year 1 Target Target year Target year Target year Indicator Resp. year 2 3 4 5 Agency/Dept. Radio Radio All Wards Radio Radio Radio Radio Radio Number of Planning/Admi awareness community awareness awareness awareness awareness awareness reports on n programs on Awareness programs programs programs programs programs awareness planning programs permission requirements by 2025 Citizen Promotion All Wards Community Communit Community Community Community Number of Planning participation of engagement y engagement engagement engagement minutes on /Administratio in land use community Meeting engagemen Meeting Meeting Meeting community n planning by engagement t Meeting meeting 2025 in Land Use conducted Planning Citizen engagement 301 To ensure an orderly spatial development in growth centres by 2030 Objectives Strategies Programme Location Target year 1 Target Target year Target year Target year Indicator Resp. year 2 3 4 5 Agency/Dept. through organized meetings Traditional Engagement All Sensitization Sensitization Report on Planning/ authorities of traditional Chiefdoms of traditional of traditional the Administration engagement Authorities leaders on the leaders on the sensitization in planning URP Act No. 3 URP Act No. meetings agreements of 2015 3 of 2015 held with by 2025 Community Community traditional sensitisation of sensitization leaders importance of of planning importance agreements of planning agreements 302 To ensure an orderly spatial development in growth centres by 2030 Objectives Strategies Programme Location Target year 1 Target Target year Target year Target year Indicator Resp. year 2 3 4 5 Agency/Dept. Creation of Identify All wards Conduct Number of Planning Dept. growth potential reconnaissance approved centers in growth survey of layout maps chiefdoms centre potential developed by 2025 growth centers Spatial data Land Use Land Use Capture captured for all plan plan Implementa spatial data wards developed developed for tion of & for 5 wards 5 wards approved Preparing plans land use plans Layout Proposed plans Layout plans Layout plans Preparing of developed developed for submitted to layout plans for 5 wards 5 wards PPA developed developed 303 To ensure an orderly spatial development in growth centres by 2030 Objectives Strategies Programme Location Target year 1 Target Target year Target year Target year Indicator Resp. year 2 3 4 5 Agency/Dept. Submission Proposed for approval Layout plans of proposed submitted to layout plans Plans & Council Enhanced Formulate a Pemba Developing a Routine Routine Routine Routine Number of Planning Dept. Developmen development &Chimow monitoring inspections inspections inspections inspections inspection t control control a schedule for all reports Monitoring schedule for Townships approved generated and all approved layout plans enforcement plans in the district 304 To ensure an orderly spatial development in growth centres by 2030 Objectives Strategies Programme Location Target year 1 Target Target year Target year Target year Indicator Resp. year 2 3 4 5 Agency/Dept. systems with Identification 5 years of developers in the township Issuance of stop order and enforcement notices Regulation of identified illegal developments Enhance Developmen Pemba Pemba Pemba Pemba Pemba Pemba Number of Planning Dept. collaboration t control &Chimow &Chimowa &Chimowa &Chimowa &Chimowa &Chimowa joint & PPA with the &forward a Townships Townships Townships Townships Townships operations Provincial planning Townships on Forward Forward Planning Forward development planning of planning of Authority planning of control 305 To ensure an orderly spatial development in growth centres by 2030 Objectives Strategies Programme Location Target year 1 Target Target year Target year Target year Indicator Resp. year 2 3 4 5 Agency/Dept. (PPA) on potential potential potential conduct with Developmen growth centers growth growth PPA t Control & centers centers forward planning by 2025 Lobby the Lobbying Pemba Engagement of Engageme Land Planning/ HR Local LGSC on Town Land Surveyor nt of surveyor Government staff matters Council by LGSC Environme employed Service ntal Commission Planner by (LGSC) on LGSC staff matters by 2022 Employ 5 Short term Pemba Engage 2 Engage 2 Engage 1 HR/Planning/ graduates in specialised Town graduate graduate graduate LGSC the relevant contracts Council students from students from students 306 To ensure an orderly spatial development in growth centres by 2030 Objectives Strategies Programme Location Target year 1 Target Target year Target year Target year Indicator Resp. year 2 3 4 5 Agency/Dept. positions as planning planning from and when related fields related fields planning need arises related on short – fields term contracts by 2025 Procurement Acquiring Pemba Procuring Differential Planning Dept. of a differential of a GPS differential GPS differential procured GPS by 2022 GPS equipment Establishme Establishme Pemba Procurement of Renewal of Renewal of Renewal of Renewal of Functional Planning Dept. nt of a GIS nt of GIS All-in one GIS license GIS license GIS license GIS license GIS Unit Unit by 2021 system desktop and plotter 307 To ensure an orderly spatial development in growth centres by 2030 Objectives Strategies Programme Location Target year 1 Target Target year Target year Target year Indicator Resp. year 2 3 4 5 Agency/Dept. Acquiring of GIS software Secure internet connectivity Creating a Creation of Pemba Acquisition of Updating Updating of Updating of Updating of Geospatial Planning Dept. geospatial geospatial satellite of township and township and township database database of database imagery of township potential potential and established the district potential and growth growth potential and by 2025 growth centers potential centers centers growth functional growth spatial data spatial data centers Digitalizing centers spatial data and geo- spatial data referencing satellite images 308 To ensure an orderly spatial development in growth centres by 2030 Objectives Strategies Programme Location Target year 1 Target Target year Target year Target year Indicator Resp. year 2 3 4 5 Agency/Dept. Acquisition of updated topographical and agricultural land use maps for Pemba 309