Samoa National Invasive Species Strategy and Action Plan (NISSAP) 2019-2024

DIVISION OF ENVIRONMENT AND CONSERVATION MINISTRY OF NATURAL RESOURCES AND ENVIRONMENT SAMOA NATIONAL INVASIVE SPECIES STRATEGY AND ACTION PLAN (NISSAP) 2019-2024 CONTENTS 2 - INVASIVE SPECIES STRATEGY 4 FOREWORD 6 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 7 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 8 GLOSSARY 10 ACRONYMS 12 1. INTRODUCTION 14 2. INVASIVE SPECIES 16 3. INVASIVE SPECIES IN SAMOA 3.1. Samoa’s Flora and Fauna 3.2.Invasive Species in Samoa 3.3. High Risk Invasive Species 20 4. REVIEW OF INVASIVE SPECIES WORK IN SAMOA 24 5. DEVELOPING THE NISSAP 2019-2024 26 6. STRATEGY AND ACTION PLAN 6.1. Goal 6.2. Guiding Principles 6.3. Thematic Areas 6.4. Implementation Framework 34 7. ACTION PLAN MONITORING MATRIX 40 REFERENCES Annex 1: Priority Invasive Species Annex 2: Review of the NISAP 2008-2011 of the NISAP 2008-2011 and Assessment of work under- taken by other stakeholders Annex 3: Criteria to assess the feasibility of local eradication Annex 4: Reality Check Annex 5: Adaptive management4 18 INVASIVE SPECIES STRATEGY - 3 28 24 32 35 FOREWORD T h e d e v e l o p m e n t o f t h i s re v i s e d N I S S A P s i g n i f i e s S a m o a ’ s c o m - m i t m e n t t o s a f e g u a r d i n g i t s n a t u ra l re s o u rc e s a n d e c o n o m i c development from the overwhelm- ing threats and devastating impacts of invasive species. The globalization of trade networks have increased the rate of invasive species substantially over the past 200 years, with the impacts of IAS forecasted to increase with time due to unprecedented global climate change. While past efforts have addressed the issue at face value, there is still more work that needs to be done on the ground. The Samoa National Invasive Species Strategy and Action Plan 2019-2024 is the culmination of the works led by the Division of Environment and Conservation of the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment and its partners to review the status of Invasive Species Work in Samoa and to navigate opportunities and lay out priority actions to improve management actions to minimize the impacts of invasive species on Samoa’s economy, socio-cultural welfares and natural environment. The NISSAP highlights work in the past that includes the establishment of the Samoa National Invasive Species Task Team charged with coor- dinating the national multi-sectoral work to combat invasive species. It further acknowl- edges the work that the various government institutions, non-government organisations and our development partners have contributed to address invasive species management at the local, national and international level. Based on the review and assessment of the past work, and noting past limitations expe- rienced with implementation, the new NISSAP focuses on; • strengthening the infrastructure and legal frameworks, • up-scaling local knowledge on invasive species management, • strengthening the coordination and col- l a b o ra t i o n w i t h re l e v a n t a g e n c i e s a n d institutions working on invasive species, • building human and resource capacity of the institutions implementing invasive species-related programs, and • improving access to financial resources. It is anticipated that this important plan of actions will generate and enable the politi- cal and financial support it requires for the effective implementation of invasive species management for the benefit of the government and people of Samoa. Hon. Fiame Naomi Mataafa Minister of Natural Resources and Environment 4 - INVASIVE SPECIES STRATEGY INVASIVE SPECIES STRATEGY - 5INVASIVE SPECIES STRATEGY - 5 T he NISSAP 2019-2024 is an updated version of the initial NISAP 2008- 2 0 1 1 , d e v e l o p e d i n a l i g n m e n t with the key actions identified in the Samoa National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan 2015-2020; the key actions provide the framework for conserva- tion works and sustainable management of biological resources in Samoa. The NBSAP is the principal instrument for implement- ing the Convention on Biological Diversity and its adopted Aichi Biodiversity Target set for all Parties to the CBD. All the 20 Aichi Targets have been adopted and integrated into Samoa’s NBSAP, with Aichi Target 9 setting the motion for invasive species works, noting “By 2020, invasive alien species and pathways are identified and prioritized, priority species are controlled or eradicated, and measures are in place to manage pathways to prevent their introduction and establishment.” Samoa has been involved with the management of invasive species prior to the establishment of the first National Invasive Species Action Plan (NISAP 2008-2011), however, the response to accidental introductions such as the African snail, mint weed and a few others was that of a reactive approach. The Ministry of Agriculture a n d F i s h e r i e s h a s h a d a l o n g i n v o l v e m e n t through the Quarantine’s border control and with the Integrated Pest Management program for pests associated with agriculture and ani- mal protection. Since the NISAP 2008-2011, many of the actions identified in the plan have been implemented through the Samoa National Invasives Task Team (SNITT), a tech- nical group of local practitioners and experts from various agencies, institutions and organi- sations responsible for the coordination and implementation of invasive species manage- ment in Samoa. The completion of the Samoa Invasive Species Emergency Response Plan (SISERP) was a significant milestone on setting the platform for addressing border control and biosecurity issues as well as the eradication of accidental or unintentional introduction of species such as cane frogs and mongoose. Contemporary actions have been taken on the eradication of rats from the Nuutele Island, water lettuce at Satitoa and rattan palm at Papase’ea. Control programs were carried out at the national level on the more prevalent invasive species like mynas, merremia vines, water lettuce, rhinocerous beetle, and fruit flies. These programs are ongoing and require a significant amount of resources and time for sustain ability. The NISSAP 2019-2024 was developed over a 9 - m o n t h p e r i o d f ro m O c t o b e r 2 0 1 8 t o June 2019. A consultant was recruited by the Department of Environment and Conservation to work in conjunction with the SNITT and carry out consultations and workshops with relevant stakeholders to review and assess the status of preceding invasive species activi- ties in Samoa with DEC engaging a consultant to work with the DEC, the SNITT and wider stakeholders through consultations, work- shops and reviews to assess the past work on invasive species, and prepare the new NISSAP. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 6 - INVASIVE SPECIES STRATEGY INVASIVE SPECIES STRATEGY - 7 The strategy for the NISSAP framework is based on the Regional Invasive species guide- lines developed through SPREP and Pacific Islands with 3 thematic areas being 1. Foundations, 2. Prioritization and Decision-making and 3. Management Actions. The three thematic areas set the basis for the development of strategies and objectives, and were further conceptualized into specific actions. A monitoring matrix was determined to guide the implementation and monitoring of action over the next five years. The Action Plan therefore highlights the need to; 1. Strengthen the frameworks for coordi - n a t i o n a n d c o l l a b o ra t i o n a m o n g s t t h e respective agencies and organizations 2. I m p ro v e a n d s t re n g t h e n t h e t e c h n i c a l capability of agencies to assess and under- take relevant actions to address invasive species 3. Improve baseline and collection of infor- mation for decision-making, and 4. Implement management actions on the border control , eradication of priority species and controlling of prevalent spe- cies that constrain Samoa’s economy and natural environment. The NISSAP 2019-2024 leans towards strength- e n i n g o f c o o rd i n a t i o n a n d c o l l a b o ra t i o n between the relevant agencies, and building institutional and technical capacity to help enable the effective implementation of iden- tified actions. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT - The development of the NISSAP 2019-204 would not have been possible without the support and assistance provided by vari- ous stakeholders such as the MAF, MNRE, SCS, etc. Biosafety: The policies and actions taken to manage risks from the intentional introduction of new organisms, including genetically modi- fied organisms, which could adversely affect biodiversity, people or the environment. Biosecurity: The protection of people and natural resources, including biodiversity, from unwanted organisms capable of causing harm. Border Control: The policies and actions taken to prevent the accidental or illegal introduc- tion of unwanted organisms across national borders. Border control includes re-import pest control, certification, inspection and sur- veillance, and emergency responses. Conservation: The prevention and protec- tion of natural and historic resources for the purpose of maintaining their intrinsic val- u e s , p ro v i d i n g f o r t h e i r a p p re c i a t i o n a n d recreational enjoyment by the public, and safe- guarding the options of future generations. Control: Suppression, containment of an inva- sive species from an area. Eradication: Elimination of an entire popula- tion of alien invasive species from an area, Introduced species: Plants, animals and other organisms taken beyond their natural range by people, deliberately or unintentionally. Biocontrol or biological control: is a method of reducing or eliminating the impact or dam- age caused by a target pest or weed using a bio-control agent, usually a predator, herbi- vore or pathogen. Biological Diversity (Biodiversity): The varia- bility among living organisms from all sources including inter alia, terrestrial, marine and other aquatic ecosystems and the ecological complexes of which they are part; this includes diversity within species, between species and of ecosystems (Convention on Biological Diversity). Components include: • Ecological (ecosystem) Diversity: The vari- e t y o f e c o s y s t e m t y p e s ( f o r e x a m p l e , forests, deserts, grasslands, streams, lakes, wetlands and oceans) and their biologi- cal communities that interact with one another and their non-living environments. • Genetic Diversity: The variability in the genetic makeup among individuals within a single species. In more technical terms, it is the genetic differences among popula- tions of a single species and those among individuals within a population. • Species Diversity: The variety of species – whether wild or domesticated – within a geographical area. A species is a group of organisms which have evolved distinct inheritable features and occupy a unique geographic area. Species are usually unable to interbreed naturally with other species due to such factors as genetic divergence, different behavior and biological needs, and separate geographic location. GLOSSARY 8 - INVASIVE SPECIES STRATEGY INVASIVE SPECIES STRATEGY - 9 Native Invasive Species: N a t i v e I n v a s i v e S p e c i e s a r e t h o s e t h a t p r o l i f e r a t e a n d become destructive following environmen- t a l c h a n g e s c a u s e d b y h u m a n a c t i v i t i e s o r natural events. Native Species: A p l a n t o r a n i m a l s p e c i e s that occurs naturally in Samoa. A synonym is “indigenous” P ro t e c t e d A re a : A geographically defined a re a t h a t i s p ro t e c t e d p r i m a r i l y f o r n a t u re c o n s e r v a t i o n p u rp o s e s o r t o m a i n t a i n b i o - d i v e r s i t y v a l u e s , u s i n g a n y o f a r a n g e o f l e g a l m e c h a n i s m s t h a t p ro v i d e l o n g t e rm s e c u r i t y o f e i t h e r t e n u re o r l a n d u s e p u r - pose. It may be either publicly or privately owned. Species: A group of organisms, sharing com- mon features (similar phenotype) and being i s o l a t e d f r o m o t h e r g r o u p s i n t e r m s o f reproduction. Surveillance: An official process which col- lects and records data on pest occurrence or absence by survey, monitoring or other procedures. ACRONYMS 10 - INVASIVE SPECIES STRATEGY ABT .......................................................................................... Aichi Biodiversity Target APHD ............................................................ Animal Protection and Health Division CBD ...................................................................... Convention on Biological Diversity DEC ........................................................ Division of Environment and Conservation GEF .......................................................................................... Global Environment Fund GMO ..........................................................................Genetically Modified Organisms IAS ................................................................................................. Invasive Alien Species IPC ................................................................................................... Invasive Pest Control ISU ................................................................................................... Invasive Species Unit LFA ............................................................................................................... Little Fire Ant MAF ....................................................................Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries MNRE ............................................ Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment MWCSD .....................Ministry of Women, Community and Social Development NBSAP ........................................... National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan NESP ....................................................................... National Environment Sector Plan NISAP ..............................................................National Invasive Species Action Plan NISSAP .................................. National Invasive Species Strategy and Action Plan NUS .................................................................................. National University of Samoa PIP ....................................................................................... Pacific Invasive Partnership PRISMSS .........Pacific Regional Invasive Species Management Support Service SDS ............................................................... Strategy for the Development of Samoa SISERP .......................................Samoa Invasive Species Emergency Response Plan SMSMCL ........Strengthening Multi Sectoral Management of Critical Landscape SNITT ...................................................................Samoa National Invasive Task Team SPREP ........................... Secretariat of the Pacific Regional Environment Program SROS ....................................................... Scientific Research Organisation of Samoa UNDP ........................................................ United Nations Development Programme USP ................................................................................ University of the South Pacific WRD .......................................................................................Water Resources Division INVASIVE SPECIES STRATEGY - 11 I n this evolving world and its c h a n g i n g e n v i ro n m e n t , t h e ecological balance becomes even more fragile when new species are introduced into d i f f e re n t e n v i ro n m e n t s t h ro u g h h u m a n i n t e r v e n t i o n s o r n a t u ra l e v e n t s , o f t e n re s u l t i n g i n s o m e p o s i t i v e c h a n g e s , b u t i n s o m e instances, the new species become invasive impacting negatively on the environment. The presence of invasive alien plants significantly threatens the structure, function and productivity of natural ecosys- tems, and are generally associated with declines in diversity and fit- ness of resident biota To prevent and minimize the negative impacts of invasive species, countries must plan actions to address them, which for Samoa, is the essence for devel- oping the Samoa NISSAP. T h e S a m o a N I S S A P i s p a r t o f Samoa’s national commitment and obligation to the implementation of the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) Article 8/h that s t a t e s : “ E a c h c o n t ra c t i n g P a rt y s h a l l , a s f a r a s p o s s i b l e a n d a s appropriate: Prevent the introduc- tion of, control or eradicate those alien species which threaten eco- systems, habitats, or species.” In efforts to provide guidance for t h e P a rt i e s o n a d d re s s i n g a l i e n invasive species, the CBD COP Decisions: UNEP/CBD/COP/6/20: resolute “the need to strengthen national capacities and interna- tional collaboration through the development of (a) National inva- sive alien species strategies and action plans” I n s e t t i n g t h e t a r g e t s f o r t h e implementation of the CBD, the Aichi Biodiversity Target concern- ing invasive species management has been adopted and blended in the Samoa NBSAP Target 9 which s t a t e s “ B y 2 0 2 0 , i n v a s i v e a l i e n species and pathways are iden- t i f i e d a n d p r i o r i t i z e d , p r i o r i t y species are controlled or eradi - cated, and measures are in place to manage pathways to prevent their introduction and establishment”. F u n d i n g f o r t h e p re p a ra t i o n o f t h e N I S S A P w a s m a d e p o s s i b l e t h ro u g h t h e G E F- U N D P f u n d e d project for Strengthening Multi- Sectoral Management of Critical Landscape (SMSMCL). 1. INTRODUCTION 12 - INVASIVE SPECIES STRATEGY 1. INTRODUCTION INVASIVE SPECIES STRATEGY - 13 2.1. WHAT ARE INVASIVE SPECIES I n v a s i v e s p e c i e s a re s p e c i e s i n t ro d u c e d i n t o a n a r e a i n which they do not occur nat- urally, usually as a result of human activities, and which t h re a t e n e n v i ro n m e n t a l o r e c o - nomic resources, or human health, due to the damage they cause, or are likely to cause. Invasive species addressed in this a c t i o n p l a n i n c l u d e p l a n t s , a n i - mals, diseases and parasites within marine (including ballast water and sessile species), freshwater and ter- restrial environments. Native Invasive Species are those t h a t p r o l i f e r a t e a n d b e c o m e d e s t ru c t i v e f o l l o w i n g e n v i ro n - mental changes caused by human activities or natural events. Genetically Modified Organisms (GMO’s) are identified as poten - tial invasive species in the NBSAP, however they are not addressed in this action plan. They will be addressed when new information comes in. 2.2. INVASION PATHWAYS N e w s p e c i e s m a y e n t e r S a m o a through different types of ‘inva- sion pathway’. Natural pathways i n c l u d e w i n d , o c e a n c u r r e n t s and using of morphological (e.g. flight) or behavioural (e.g. popula- tion budding by some ant species) dispersal mechanisms. However, with increasing global mobilisa- tion and trade, humans are now believed to be the key vector for new invasions. There are two major categories of human-related pathways; Accidental introductions – spe- cies introduced unintentionally, such as in ships ballast water, or their hulls, on people’s clothing and luggage, or as contaminants on equipment and in imports. For example, the giant African snail arrived in Samoa via ship cargo and has since spread across both Upolu and Savaii. The pathways that have the greatest potential for acciden- tal introductions to Samoa are the sea and air links. 2. INVASIVE SPECIES 14 - INVASIVE SPECIES STRATEGY INVASIVE SPECIES STRATEGY - 15 thought to be found. Since the prospect of early eradication or at least containment of the inva- sive species is much cheaper than later control or eradication once the species has spread widely, investment in early detection is essential.. When prevention has failed, the next preferred management option is eradication. However, a very careful assessment of the costs and like- lihood of success must be made and enough resources mobilised before eradication is attempted. Eradication often requires very significant resources and the employment of many different methods at once but is pre- ferred over control as costs are not ongoing after eradication is completed. Eradication has most successfully been applied to vertebrate pests (such as rats, pigs and goats), rather than plants or invertebrates which tend to be very hard to eradicate, except in relatively small areas. The final step in the sequence of management options is the control of invasive species when eradication is not feasible. The purpose of control is to reduce the density and abundance of invasive organisms to below an acceptable threshold. Over the long run control can be very costly because by its nature it must be continued indefinitely unless populations of the pest are reduced to a level where eradica- tion becomes feasible. Invasive species control uses many of the same techniques as eradication such as mechanical (e.g. pulling weeds), chemical (e.g. using toxic baits against vertebrates or poisons against plants), habitat management (e.g. sanitation, habitat removal, barriers, grazing, flooding and prescribed burning) and prescribed hunting of invasive vertebrates. Biological control can be another very cost-effective measure but care- ful assessment of the environmental impacts o f b i o - c o n t ro l a g e n t s i s n e c e s s a r y b e f o re introduction. With eradication, the integra- tion of several control methods often provides the most effective management strategy. Intentional introductions – species introduced deliberately for the purpose of agriculture, fisheries and forestry production, or as gar- den plants, pets, or biological controls. For example, the common myna bird, Acridotheres tristis, was introduced to control ticks on cat- tle and is now itself an invasive species. 2.3. INVASIVE SPECIES MANAGEMENT Invasive species management in the holistic sense is a complement of various methods and/or techniques which are aimed at the prevention/exclusion; containment; control/ suppression; mitigation; and removal/eradica- tion of a target species from a designated area. Each technique and or method used achieves a d i f f e re n t l e v e l o f i m p a c t re d u c t i o n a n d requires various degrees of skill, technology, resources (both human and capital) and com- mitment and is specific to each target species and prevailing environmental circumstances. There are four basic management strategies to deal with problematic invasive species: 1. prevention; 2. early detection; 3. eradication and/or 4. control. Prevention of introductions is the most ideal and cost-effective option as “prevention is better than cure”. There are three major meth- ods by which to prevent species invasions: a. interception based on regulations enforced with inspections and fees; b. treatment of material suspected to be con- taminated with invasive species and c. p ro h i b i t i o n o f c e rt a i n c o m m o d i t i e s i n accordance with international regulations. Early detection of potential invaders is usually critical in determining whether eradication is feasible. Early detection involves surveys of the species of concern or a site where the species is 3.1. SAMOA’S FLORA AND FAUNA S a m o a ’ s n a t u ra l e n v i ro n - m e n t h a s b e e n e x p o s e d t o i n t r o d u c t i o n o f n e w s p e c i e s f r o m t h e v e r y b e g i n n i n g o f i t s e x i s t - ence. All of what now constitutes native flora and fauna were once introduced through natural path- ways. Some of the species had since evolved into endemic ones found only in Samoa while others had co- existed into a natural equilibrium. Other species were introduced through human-made pathways initially by the Samoans, and later by the spread of global migration and now trade. As noted in Table 1: there has been many introduced species into Samoa, some of these have not caused many prob- lems within the natural environment while others have become invasive. Additionally, some of the native spe- cies due to changes in the environment have become invasive. 3. INVASIVE SPECIES IN SAMOA 16 - INVASIVE SPECIES STRATEGY Table 1:Samoa’s Flora and Fauna Life Form Native Species Introduced Species Percent of all Species Introduced Percent of Native Species Threatened Flowering Plants 540 ~500 48% ~25% Land Birds 33 4 11% 42% Land Mammals 3 13 81% 67% Ants 30 7 19% ? Reptiles 4 11 73% 100% Land Snails 64 14 18% 20%? Source: /James Atherton 2008 3. INVASIVE SPECIES IN SAMOA INVASIVE SPECIES STRATEGY - 17 ALIEN INVASIVE SPECIES Intentional Introductions • Albizia chinensis (tamaligi uliuli, tama- ligi ena‘ena Chinese Albizia, silk tree) Falcateria moluccana (tamaligi paepae, M o l u c c c a A l b i z i a ) w e re i n t ro d u c e d a s nitrogen-fixing trees around (what year). These species are widespread and have now for the most part, dominated forests ecosystems, especially in the uplands. The species is known to have a wide crown cover range, that drives native species decline due to their high • Two rubber trees, Castilla elastica (pulu mamoe, Panama rubber tree) and Funtumia elastica (pulu vao, African rubber tree), were introduced as trials for a commercial rubber industry sometimes between 1920 and 1930. The trees are native to South America, and Africa respectively. This is now so common throughout the country especially along the watershed and moun- tain ridges and in close forest areas. • Cordia alliodora (kotia, Ecuador laurel, salmwood) was introduced to Samoa as a forestry tree. It is spreading where it is present in Samoa and will, over time, undoubtedly become a major component of Samoa’s forests. This species was found to be common along south Savaii in the Salega district compared to other parts of the country. The most common action is to cut them down during replanting with native vegetation or when clearing for plantations. • Myna species (Acridotheres tristis, A. fus- cus) introduced as a biological control for cattle lice has become a pest not only for native birds but also in open areas and human settlements. • Capra hircus ( F e ra l g o a t ) s o m e o f t h e goats that escape for the farms in Savaii have made it into the forest and can cause extensive impact to the forest 3.2. INVASIVE SPECIES IMPACTS IN SAMOA The impacts of invasive species have been extensive and costly financially, ecologically and culturally. Impacts range from adversely affecting the productivity and subsequent economic output of primary industry such as agriculture, forestry and fisheries, as well as threatening the integrity and biodiversity of natural ecosystems, including vital ecosystem processes. Some examples of the invasive species and their impact on Samoa NATIVE INVASIVE SPECIES: • Merremia peltata (fue lautetele) Although a native species, this vine has spread and b e c o m e a b u n d a n t a n d p ro b l e m a t i c i n many areas due to forest disturbance. A n o t o r i o u s l y a g g re s s i v e v i n e s p e c i e s i s widespread and causing significant dam- age around Samoa. Perhaps 50% of the remaining lowland native forest is now dominated by Merremia vines. Although the economic costs have not been quanti- fied, the impacts of the vine via the rapid colonisation of disturbed sites, inhibiting the growth of crops and the regeneration of native vegetation (including secondary forest growth) following forestry opera- t i o n s a n d o t h e r d i s t u r b a n c e e v e n t s , i s clearly visible and affecting the natural regeneration of forests. • Crown of Thorns Alamea. A marine inva- sive during outbreaks usually associated with varying environmental conditions 18 - INVASIVE SPECIES STRATEGY 3.3. HIGH RISK INVASIVE SPECIES The potential of new and emerging invasive species loom over Samoa with the frequent movement of people and cargoes between countries is of major concerns. High risk spe- cies like reptiles, amphibians, mammals and birds will potentially and continue to have serious impacts on Samoa’s agricultural pro- d u c t i o n , t h e e n v i ro n m e n t , a n d h i n d e r t h e long-term sustainability of rural communities. The main threats for invasive species being accidentally introduced into Samoa comes from neighbouring countries like American Samoa, Fiji, New Zealand, Australia, Hawaii, and Tokelau. It can be via air and sea ports. More recently, the increasing importation of cars that arrive from Asian ports is only an indicative of how Samoa is open to global t ra d e , t h u s b e c o m i n g v u l n e ra b l e t o m o re accidental and to some extent, intentional introductions. With the presence of the Little Fire Ant (LFA) being confirmed in American Samoa, their introduction to Samoa’s borders is very plau- sible. Samoa has already received high risk species such as the cane toad and mongoose in the past through the border. Cooperation a n d c o o rd i n a t i o n o n t h e b o rd e rs o f e n t r y therefore becomes more critical than ever to avoid any new and emerging high risk species from entering the country. This biosecurity concern forms the basis for the NISSAP, and m o re p a rt i c u l a r t h e e s t a b l i s h m e n t o f t h e Samoa Invasive Species Emergency Response Plan (SISERP), however, the implementation of planned actions has not been up to the task due to various constraining issues related to poor access to scientific data and information, lack of financial and human resources including insufficient capacity, poor enforcement and compliance and lack of coordination between relevant ministries, institutions, organisa - tions, and communities at the national level. The NISSAP, and associated response plans such as SISERP as implemented strengthens the coor- dination, collaboration amongst the respective management agencies as well as having the techni- cal capacity in-country to address any threats, and more importantly, having the necessary financial and technical resources to protect Samoa’s borders. Accidental introductions • Spathodea campanulata (African tulip tree) is common as an ornamental tree. Large trees do not stand up well to wind. This was common throughout the country and mostly around open areas. The main eradi- cation action is to cut the trees where they are found. • Anoplolepis gracilipes (yellow crazy ant) a notorious invasive species is now preva- lent in Samoa. • Taro leaf b l i g h t n o t o n l y d e v a s t a t e d Samoa’s staple food source, but also deci- mated farmers’ incomes from local and o v e rs e a s m a r k e t s . Ta ro p ro d u c t i o n i n Samoa dropped by over 95% (Chan, 1995), and the export value fell from $US 3.2 mil- lion in 1993 to only $US 53,000 one year later (IPGRI, 2002). • Rattus Rattus ( I s u m u ) i n t ro d u c e d d u r - ing the time of the Polynesian migration and the other varieties most likely were introduced during the early European set- tlements. Rats are a pest and along with c a t s c a n b e a t t r i b u t e d t o t h e p o s s i b l e extinction of the Punae, the only known bird extinction in Samoa. • Achatina fulica African snail. A recent acci- dental introduction but has spread widely around the country despite several eradi- cation and control programs in the late 1990’s • Hyptis pectinata (vao mini, mint weed) was accidentally introduced in the 1990’s most possibly as part of the cattle shipment but has since spread around the country despite eradication work coordinated by the MAF. INVASIVE SPECIES STRATEGY - 19 4. REVIEW OF INVASIVE SPECIES WORK IN SAMOA M u c h o f t h e w o r k i n t h e p a s t h a s b e e n p r e d o m i n a n t l y o n p e s t c o n t r o l p r o - g ra m s i m p l e m e n t e d by MNRE and MAF. Notably, the N I S A P 2 0 0 8 - 2 0 1 1 w a s s u c c e s s - ful in producing several outcomes that have contributed to advanc- i n g a c t i o n s f o r t h e m a n a g e m e n t of invasive species. These include the preparation of the SISERP, the p ro d u c t i o n o f p u b l i c a w a re n e s s materials and undertaking aware- ness and eradication campaigns on priority invasive species and site- l e d p ro j e c t s . G e n e ra l l y , c o n t ro l operations were successful in terms of meeting the target thresholds, however, most of the eradication programs still require significant amounts of time and resources for their achievement. The absence of a specific unit or a fulltime staff to coordinate and facilitate admin - i s t r a t i v e a n d i m p l e m e n t a t i o n , coupled with the lack of technical capabilities and financial resources w e r e s o m e o f t h e o u t s t a n d i n g issues recognised when reviewing the old NISAP. Fortunately, high risk pests such as the mongoose and cane toads t h a t f o u n d t h e i r w a y t o S a m o a through shipping containers were successfully eradicated through a multi-sectoral collaboration by g o v e rn m e n t a g e n c i e s a n d c o m- munities. Table 2 below provides t h e s u m m a r y o f i n v a s i v e s p e - cies management activities in the past under specific strategies and objectives. 20 - INVASIVE SPECIES STRATEGY INVASIVE SPECIES STRATEGY - 21 Table 2: Key Activities on Invasives Species Work based on the NISAP 2008.Framework Key Strategy Objectives Actions Taken Strategy 1: Manage estab- lished invasive species Objective: To develop appro- priate programs and procedures to minimize the impacts of estab- lished invasive species by eradi- cating them where practicable, or otherwise control them. Control and eradication programs were undertaken for the following species, all with varying degrees of success at site level or on the national scale. Species specific • Terrestrial plants: Trees: Rattan; Merremia vine; albizia trees, 2 rubber trees, African tulip, Weeds and vines: mile a minute, mint weed navua sedge, pico, milk- weed, giant sensitive weed, wild peanut, lantana, sida, blue rats-tail, Honolulu rose, knobweed, sword weed • Terrestrial animals: myna birds; rats, mongoose; Cane toad; dog; African snail Yellow crazy ant, fruit fly, rhinoceros beetle • Marine and aquatic: crown of thorns; water lettuce Area specific • Protected Areas and Reserves: Mt Vaea Reserve, Aleipata Islands, Malololelei Reserve, Biodiversity Park, • Conservation Areas; Uafato; Falealupo • Marine Protected Areas and Reserves: Aleipata and Safata MPA; Palolo Deep Marine Reserve: Traditional Fisheries Reserves; • Watershed and Forestry replanting and community forestry rehabilitation programs 22 - INVASIVE SPECIES STRATEGY Key Strategy Objectives Actions Taken Strategy 2: Promote public support through awareness and education Objective: To enhance the knowledge and understanding of the Samoan com- munity to increase levels of compli- ance and support for preventing the introduction of invasive spe- cies that have not yet reached Samoa and manag- ing those already here. • GEF-PAS initiatives produced factsheets, videos and awareness programs, posters and several studies on targeted species • MAF has on-going pest control aware- ness programs for rhinoceros beetle, fruit flies, and invasive weeds, • Samoa Conservation Society has imple- mented several invasive species programs • National Invasive Species Awareness Programs targeting five (5) representa- tives from each village which includes the village Pulenuu, village mayors, women’s committee, untitled men, and youth groups • National myna bird awareness programs • DEC’s on-going invasive programs within sites under its management as well as integrating invasive species in all its out- reach programs • Water lettuce community consultations • Enhancing Climate Resilience Program for Samoa integrated invasive species as an important component of its CIM Plan consultations with 36 districts in Samoa INVASIVE SPECIES STRATEGY - 23 Key Strategy Objectives Actions Taken Strategy 3: Prevent the introduction of new invasive species Objective 1: To strengthen the existing Import Risk Assessment (IRA) procedure and associated import protocols for proposed new introductions MAF through APHD, Crops and Fisheries do conduct IRA for any introduced species, with some being referred for review at SNITT such as? Objective 2: To review and enhance the Emergency Response Plan (ERP) to ensure an immediate and effective response to the detection of any potential invasive species SISERP 2019-2024 approved in April with implementation initiated for the Little Fire Ant. Objective 3: Enhance the cur- rent inspection and surveillance systems and procedures for potential invasive species Implemented by Quarantine through the Biosecurity Act 2004 Strategy 4: Foster regional and inter- national cooperation on invasive species Objective 1: To foster regional and international cooperation on invasive species, to effectively address the threat of potential new invasions and manage estab- lished invasive species. • Pacific Invasive Species Database: • Pacific Invasive Partnership: • Pacific Invasive Learning Network: • Pacific Islands Invasive Species program coordinated through SPREP The NISSAP was developed over a 9-month period from October 2018-March 2019 which included the; • Review of the NISAP 2008-2011 • Assessment of work undertaken by other stakeholders • Stocktaking and assessment of activities (1 workshop) • Strategic planning workshop (1) for the NISSAP, • Review of the NISSAP Draft (1 national workshop), and • Consultation with various stakeholders • Literature Review The NISSAP preparation coincided with the mid-term review of the NBSAP and preparation of Samoa’s 6th National Report to the CBD, so additional consultations through the participation of the consultant at the said review. 5. DEVELOPING OF THE NISSAP 2019-2024 24 - INVASIVE SPECIES STRATEGY INVASIVE SPECIES STRATEGY - 25 6. STRATEGY AND ACTION PLAN T he NISSAP is not a stand-alone strategy but a part of a collec- tion of national development and environmental frameworks set out in the Strategy for the Development of Samoa (SDS). The SDS sets the national goals which are then incorporated and assimilated into each sector plans such as the National Environment Sector Plan (NESP), the Agriculture Sector Plan, and the Water Resources Policy, all of which include invasive species actions (Figure 1). The NISSAP is directly linked to the NBSAP for which Target 9 is specific to addressing invasive species. Figure 1: NISSAP Institutional Framework 26 - INVASIVE SPECIES STRATEGY INVASIVE SPECIES STRATEGY - 27 6.1. GOAL: To reduce the negative impacts of Invasive species on Samoa’s fragile natural heritage, communi- ties and livelihoods. The NISSAP is developed based on Target 9 of the NBSAP which states: By 2020, invasive alien species and pathways are identified and prioritized, priority species are controlled or eradicated, and measures are in place to man- age pathways to prevent their introduction and establishment. In addressing target 9, NISSAP adopts the three Key Thematic Areas (SPREP 2009) outlined in the Guidelines for Invasive Species Management in the Pacific, which aims to; • establish a comprehensive framework for all invasive species work in the Pacific • Address action and improve implementation • Increase efficiency, increase cooperation and reduce duplication, • Guide the work of international and regional agencies, including donors • Guide the development of country programs • Guide strategic and local fundraising 6.2. GUIDING PRINCIPLES The NISSAP aims to: • Prevent the introduction and establishment of potential invasive species • Eradicate and control the spread of invasive species already present in Samoa • Strengthen the legislative framework to support invasive species work • Improve coordination and cooperation • Support regional and international engagement including donors • Improve the knowledge and understanding of key stakeholders and the wider public of inva- sive species and their impacts; 28 - INVASIVE SPECIES STRATEGY II. Provide necessary training and qualifica- tions for ISU staff to undertaken invasive species III. Strengthen the coordination and regular meetings of the SNITT IV. Coordinate with SPREP and PRISMSS for technical assistance that can be provided on NISSAP actions Strategy 3: Legislation, Policy and Protocols Institutionalization of appropriate legisla- tion, policies and procedures underpinning the effective management of invasive species. Objectives: I. Support the finalisation of the Environment Management and Conservation Bill with the incorporation for Invasive Species Management and establishment of SNITT II. Endorse and implement the SISERP 6.3. THEMATIC AREAS 6.3.1 FOUNDATIONS H a v i n g t h e a p p ro p r i a t e f o u n d a t i o n i n t h e form of right information, technical financial resources and the legal frameworks are critical in the efforts to combatting, controlling and eradication the threat of invasive species in Samoa. Strategy 1: Generating Support Raising awareness of the impacts of invasive species to generate support for action to man- age and reduce them. Objectives: I. Compile all the national invasive species and pest management into one document/ poster for production and distribution II. Prepare and implement a nationwide inva- sive species campaign based on the poster Strategy 2: Building Capacity Strengthening the institutions capacity and nec- essary skills for the technical support required to manage invasive species effectively. Objectives: I. Establish and provide resources for the DEC Invasive Species Unit a. Establish an Invasive Species Unit b. I n c o r p o r a t e f u n d i n g c o s t s i n t o National Budget at a Senior position to head and coordinate the work of the Invasive species unit c. C o o rd i n a t e re g u l a r m e e t i n g s a n d t ra i n i n g s f o r S N I T T a n d re l e v a n t partners d. Explore training opportunities for ISU staff and other partners INVASIVE SPECIES STRATEGY - 29 Objectives: I. Establish the invasive species database a. D e v e l o p f u n d i n g p r o p o s a l f o r e q u i p p i n g t h e I S U i n c l u d i n g t h e d e v e l o p m e n t o f a n i n v a s i v e s p e - c i e s d a t a b a s e , a n n u a l m o n i t o r i n g a s s e s s m e n t s , a n d c o m p i l a t i o n o f information from various stakehold- ers regarding invasive species II. Develop and implement the invasive spe- cies monitoring program in coordination with the respective authorities addressing the various types of invasive species Strategy 5: Prioritization Establishing effective systems for assess - ing risk and prioritizing invasive species for management Objectives I. Review criteria assessing and prioritiz- ing national and local invasive species and produce a revised National Priority Invasive Species list Strategy 6: Research on priorities Understanding priority invasive, including species biology and impacts, and developing effective management techniques. Objectives: I. Prepare comprehensive information of pri- ority invasive species including biology, impacts, locations, distribution and man- agement actions needed II. Integrate Invasive species GIS map lay- e rs f ro m t h e d a t a b a s e i n t o t h e S a m o a Ecosystem maps and make available for public use 6.3.2. PROBLEM DEFINITION, PRIORITIZATION AND DECISION-MAKING This thematic area focusses on the improving knowledge on invasive species, specifically, t h e s t a t u s a n d d i s t r i b u t i o n e a c h i n v a s i v e species, prioritize management actions and m o n i t o r i n g p ro g ra m s t o a s s e s s t h e e f f e c- tiveness of programs as well as for detecting trends and emerging threats. Strategy 4: Baseline & Monitoring Establishing a baseline of information on the status and distribution of invasive species and implementing a programme for detecting change and emerging impacts. 30 - INVASIVE SPECIES STRATEGY Objectives I. Develop and implement actions for at least 5 top priority invasive species a. Invasives on Native biodiversity i. Merremia ii. Myna birds iii. 2 alibizia trees (tamaligi) iv. 2 rubber trees (Funtumia and Castilloa elastica) v. Rattan b. Agriculture and livestock pests i. Rhinoceros beetle ii. Mint weed; iii. Leucaena, iv. Solanum torvum c. Marine invasive i. Crown of thorns d. Potential invasive i. Little Fire Ant II. Integrate invasive species management components in other relevant environment and climate change projects Strategy 9: Restoration R e s t o r i n g n a t i v e b i o d i v e rs i t y o r e n s u r i n g recovery of other values, after invasive species management. Objectives I. Develop and implement invasive species management programs for high biodiver- sity sites a. National Parks and Protected Areas b. Conservation Areas c. Key biodiversity Areas d. Watershed Areas e. Marine Reserves f. Tr a d i t i o n a l l y M a n a g e d m a r i n e reserves II. Replanting programs in forests and water- shed areas affected by invasive species 6.3.3. MANAGEMENT ACTION With a good understanding by all the stake- holders of invasive species and their impact on Samoa, and with the appropriate legisla- tive frameworks to support the work, coupled with the identification of where the invasive species are located and how much of an impact they have, this thematic area focusses on the necessary actions that are to be taken. This can be best achieved when done collaboratively between the relevant government agencies, technical support regional and international e x p e r t i s e a n d w i t h s u p p o r t o f t h e l o c a l communities. Strategy 7: Biosecurity Strengthening the Risk Assessment systems for assessing risk and prioritizing invasive species for management. Objectives: I. Expand the Risk Assessment procedures for new species and genomes introduction to include environmental, social and eco- nomic impacts II. Integrate the risk assessment review as an integral component of SNITT meetings III. Coordinate with regional technical inva- sive species support group when reviewing any new species introduction Strategy 8: Management of established invasives R e d u c i n g o r e l i m i n a t i n g t h e i m p a c t s o f e s t a b l i s h e d i n v a s i v e s p e c i e s , b y e ra d i c a - tion, containment, exclusion, or population reduction by physical, chemical or biological control. INVASIVE SPECIES STRATEGY - 31 SNITT: • Chaired by MNRE CEO • c o o rd i n a t e t h e i m p l e m e n t a t i o n o f t h e action plan, • facilitate collaboration amongst its mem- b e r a u t h o r i t i e s i n p ro v i d i n g t e c h n i c a l a d v i c e , i m p l e m e n t i n g e ra d i c a t i o n a n d control programs, coordinate import risk assessments on introduced species, emer- gency response to possible infestation; and • review and monitor on the progress of implementation, • i n i t i a t e t h e a c t i v a t i o n o f E m e r g e n c y Response Program when a potential inva- sive species is suspected or known to be present in-country MAF • M A F: Q u a ra n t i n e : re s p o n s i b l e f o r t h e implementation of the border control and biosecurity components of the NISSAP • MAF: Crops: responsible for Integrated Pest Control (IPC) and weed control • MAF: Fisheries: responsible for marine invasive species within its area of work • M A F: A P H D : re s p o n s i b l e f o r t h e m a n - agement of invasive species impact on livestock MNRE • MNRE: Forestry: reforestation and control on spread of invasive trees in National Parks • MNRE Water Resources: lead implementa- tion of invasive species works in watershed area: • MNRE DMO: coordinate Invasive Species Emergency Response • DEC: integrate NISSAP actions and inva- sive species activities into the work plan of the different units (marine, terrestrial, waste, protected areas and reserves) • PUMA: integrate assessment of invasive impacts in development consent applica- tion requirements • Environment Sector Coordination Division: C o o rd i n a t i o n o f e n v i ro n m e n t a l s e c t o r programs and monitoring of all relevant environmental plans MWCSD: Village Councils, Committees and general public: 6.4. IMPLEMENTATION FRAMEWORK The NISSAP sets the framework and identi- fies the key initial actions that need to be undertaken to effectively manage the threat and impacts of new and existing invasive spe- cies. The actions have been prioritized, with t i m ef ram es and identific atio n o f the lead agency/group and relevant partners that will be involved in implementation. It is intended that the action plan is owned and driven by the Samoan community. This is a living document, to be reviewed annually and revised every three years through a consulta- tive process and will therefore continue to evolve over time. 6.4.1. ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES The effective implementation of the NISSAP re q u i re s t h e a c k n o w l e d g e m e n t o f v a r i o u s authorities with jurisdiction and technical expertise in different areas, and as such, it is important that these groups working through the SNITT will be able to coordinate and col- l a b o ra t e b o t h i n c o m p i l i n g t h e n e c e s s a r y information and implementing the necessary actions. MNRE is noted as the lead Agency coordinat- ing the implementation of the NISSAP and act as Secretariat for the SNITT. INVASIVE SPECIES UNIT (ISU): Establish an ISU within DEC to coordinate and monitor the management of invasive species in Samoa • Secretariat for the SNITT • Manage the invasive species database • Conduct monitoring programs for existing invasive species • Implement management programs for pri- ority invasive species affecting native biodiversity and ecosystems • Coordinate public awareness programs on invasive species 32 - INVASIVE SPECIES STRATEGY SPREP: backstopping for technical review and support to SNITT and ISU. PRISMSS: • provide advice and in-country assistance to foster on the ground actions • assist in the adoption and the develop- ment of best practice and innovation • s h a r e t e c h n i c a l i n f o r m a t i o n a n d publications • p ro v i d e t ra i n i n g a n d p ro j e c t p l a n n i n g assistance, prior to project execution Table 4 Implementation Framework • detect and report new invasions; • contribute their knowledge and skills to the development and implementation of eradication and/or management programs; • initiate and facilitate the participation of villages in local management initiatives; and • participation in awareness and education in relation to invasive species. NGO’s/Civil Society Organizations: imple- menting specific projects as per any funding they receive NUS/USP/SROS: conducting invasive species research and biocontrol when technical capac- ity is available INVASIVE SPECIES STRATEGY - 33 7. ACTION PLAN MONITORING MATRIX N BSAP Target 9 states that “By 2020, invasive alien species and path- ways are identified and p r i o r i t i z e d , p r i o r i t y s p e c i e s a re c o n t ro l l e d o r e ra d i - cated, and measures are in place to manage pathways to prevent their introduction and establishment. As such, the NISSAP’s overarching goal is to reduce the negative impacts of Invasive species on Samoa’s fragile natural heritage, communities and livelihoods. Over $2,190,000 is initially allo- cated for the implementation of p ro g ra m s a n d a c t i v i t i e s f o r a 5 year period, with the bulk of the a l l o c a t i o n s l e a n i n g t o w a rd s t h e Management of established inva- s i v e s p e c i e s , a n d r e s t o r a t i o n . Prioritized activities are mostly under thematic area A: Foundations, on the capacity building element, in which an Invasive Species Unit is to be established to provide full com- mitment to the coordination and the implementation of invasive- related activities addressed in this planning document. 34 - INVASIVE SPECIES STRATEGY INVASIVE SPECIES STRATEGY - 35 36 - INVASIVE SPECIES STRATEGY INVASIVE SPECIES STRATEGY - 37 38 - INVASIVE SPECIES STRATEGY INVASIVE SPECIES STRATEGY - 39 REFERENCES 40 - INVASIVE SPECIES STRATEGY Government of Samoa 2006 and 2011.National Disaster Management Plan. Apia, Samoa. G o v e r n m e n t o f S a m o a 2 0 0 7 . T h e S a m o a N a t i o n a l A v i a n a n d P a n d e m i c I n f l u e n z a Preparedness and Response Plan. Apia, Samoa Government of Samoa 2008. National Invasive Species Action Plan. Apia, Samoa Green, W. (2003). Preliminary analysis of vector routes for invasive species into Pacific island countries and territories. Prepared for SPREP as part of the PDF-A Project – South Pacific Invasive Alien Species Management: restora- tion of small island ecosystems harbouring critically endangered endemic species. Kwan, S., Ward, J., Satoa, M., Faitua, J., Male, F. (2016). Crown of thorns starfish control opera- tion in Samoa 2015 - 2016. Marine Conservation S e c t i o n , D i v i s i o n o f E n v i r o n m e n t a n d Conservation, Apia, Samoa Meyer, Jean-Yves. (2000). Preliminary review of the invasive plants in the Pacific islands (SPREP Member Countries). In: Invasive spe- cies in the Pacific: A technical review and draft regional strategy (ed. G. Sherley) , p . 85-114. South Pacific Regional Environment Programme, Apia. MNRE, 2015; Samoa’s National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan (NBSAP) 2015 – 2022, MNRE; Apia Samoa Atherton J, and Martel F, 2015, Samoa Invasive Species Emergency Response Plan 2015-2020, MNRE and MAF, Apia Samoa Atherton James, 2008, Impacts of Invasive Species in Samoa: World Biodiversity Day Wo r l d B i o d i v e r s i t y D a y ; C o n s e r v a t i o n International Pacific Islands, Samoa A t h ert on J ames, 20 16, Mt Vaea E c o system Resilience and Forest Restoration Project, DEC, MNRE; Samoa Atherton, James, 2016, O le PupuPu’e National P a r k R e s t o ra t i o n P ro j e c t 2 0 1 6 - 2 0 2 0 , D E C ; MNRE, Apia Samoa CABI. 2001. Wittenberg, R., Cock, M.J.W. (eds). Invasive alien species: A toolkit of best pre- v e n t i o n a n d m a n a g e m e n t p ra c t i c e s . C A B International, Wallingford, Oxon, UK, xii-228. Conservation International, 2007, Samoa – I n v a s i v e s P r i o r i t i z a t i o n a n d M a n a g e m e n t Planning Workshop; Apia, Samoa C o w i e , R . H . ( 2 0 0 0 ) . N o n - i n d i g e n o u s l a n d and freshwater molluscs in the islands of the Pacific: conservation impacts and threats. In: Invasive species in the Pacific: a technical review and regional strategy (ed. G. Sherley), p. 143-172. South Pacific Regional Environment Programme, Apia. INVASIVE SPECIES STRATEGY - 41 S p e c i e s o f E n v i ro n m e n t a l C o n c e rn . U S D A Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station, Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry, Honolulu, 26 November 2002. SPREP, 2000 Invasive species in the Pacific: a technical review and draft regional strategy / technically edited by Greg Sherley. - Apia, Samoa SPREP, 2009.Guidelines for invasive species management in the Pacific: A Pacific strategy for managing pests, weeds and other invasive species / compiled by Alan Tye. - Apia, Samoa SPREP, 2016; Campaign to battle invasive spe- cies in the Pacific. Apia, Samoa. Wittenberg, R. and Cock, M.J.W. (eds.) (2001). I n v a s i v e A l i e n S p e c i e s : A To o l k i t o f B e s t Prevention and Management Practices. The G l o b a l I n v a s i v e S p e c i e s P ro g ra m m e . C A B International, Wallingford, Oxon, UK, xvii - 228. M N R E , 2 0 1 6 , I n v a s i v e A l i e n S p e c i e s Management Plan 2016-2020; Aleipata Islands; MNRE, Apia Samoa Pacific Invasives Initiative (2010). Invasive Species Management in the Pacific: a review o f n a t i o n a l p l a n s a n d c u rre n t a c t i v i t i e s . Unpublished report for the Pacific Invasives Partnership. Prepared by Natasha Doherty and Souad Boudjelas. Pacific Invasives Initiative, Auckland, New Zealand. 26pp Secretariat of the Pacific Community (2003). Plant Protection Service – Pest of the Month, [online] http://www.spc.org.nc/pps [Accessed 15 December 2003]. Skelton, P.A., South, R.G. and Seeto, J. (2008) M a r i n e I n v a s i v e S p e c i e s S u r v e y o f A p i a Harbour, Samoa: National Marine Biodiversity Conservation Project. Apia, Samoa. Space, J .C. and Flynn, T. (2002). Report to the Government of Samoa on Invasive Plant GEF-PAS Invasive Alien Species (IAS) Project Reports: • E x e r c i s e I n v a s i v e S p e c i e s E m e r g e n c y R e s p o n s e ” S i m u l a t i o n R e p o rt J u n e 2 6 – 2015 • I A S C o n s u l t a t i o n i n A l e i p a t a D i s t r i c t , Samoa (November 2015) • Invasive Alien Species Survey Aleipata Islands, Samoa September-December 2015 • Invasive Species Consultation Report: 2014 • Results of Invasive Mammal Survey in the Mt Vaea Reserve: April 25-28, 2016 • Review of Information on Invasive Species a n d R e s u l t s o f I A S S u r v e y : O l e P u p u Pu’e National Park Restoration Project 2016-2020 • R e v i e w o f I n v a s i v e A l i e n S p e c i e s M a n a g e m e n t i n T h e A l e i p a t a I s l a n d s , Samoa 42 - INVASIVE SPECIES STRATEGY regional priority invasive species list gener- ated through SPREP are basis of the revised National Priority list used in this NISSAP. T h e p r i o r i t y i n v a s i v e s p e c i e s i d e n t i f i e d below follows criterion developed through t h e S a m o a – I n v a s i v e s P r i o r i t i z a t i o n a n d ANNEX 1: PRIORITY INVASIVE SPECIES The NISAP 2008-2011 compiled a list of prior- ity invasive plants already present in Samoa based on a prioritisation workshop coordi- nated by MNRE and SPREP in 2007. Additional to the list of plant species, the Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries has conducted their own assessment for weeds and pests affect- ing agriculture and livestock. These and the Table 4: Priority Invasive Species for Management in Samoa INVASIVE SPECIES STRATEGY - 43 2. Current extent and invasiveness in Samoa: The more limited and localised the spread and the higher the potential to spread the higher the management priority 3. D i f f i c u l t y o f c o n t r o l : t h e e a s i e r a n d cheaper to control the higher the priority management M a n a g e m e n t P l a n n i n g Wo r k s h o p i n 2 0 0 7 which are 1. Current and potential impact of species (economic, cultural and environmental) The higher the impact the higher the man- agement priority 44 - INVASIVE SPECIES STRATEGY several resources were produced to assist PIC address invasive species • Regional Invasive Species Battler Resource Base: a searchable resource base providing the latest information on invasive spe- cies issues, case studies, and introductory guides on common invasive species issues • G u i d e l i n e s f o r I n v a s i v e S p e c i e s M a n a g e m e n t i n t h e P a c i f i c : A P a c i f i c Strategy for managing pests, weeds and other invasive species • P a c i f i c I n v a s i v e S p e c i e s G u i d e l i n e s Reporting Database: • P a c i f i c I n v a s i v e P a rt n e rs h i p : u m b re l l a group of invasive species experts focused on coordinating invasive species assis - tance in the Pacific • Pacific Invasive Learning Network: peer network of cross-sectoral invasive species practitioners in the Pacific National Frameworks Legislation: • Biosecurity Act 2005: regulates the pre- vention or control of the introduction, establishment or spread of pests and dis- eases that could cause significant damage to human beings, animals, plants, other aspects of the environment or economic activities. • Agriculture and Fisheries Ordinance 1959: devise, promote, and carry out experi- m e n t s , re s e a rc h e s , i n v e s t i g a t i o n s , a n d measures in relation to the health, and the diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of diseases of stock, poultry, bees, plants, and trees, the management of soils, and the production and improvement of livestock, Introduction: The following report is the review on the sta- tus of Invasive Species Work in Samoa and the NISAP 2008-2011. International and Regional Frameworks The development of a national invasive species plan is part of Samoa’s national commitment and obligation in support of the implementa- tion of the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) Article 8/h of the) which stipulates: “ E a c h c o n t ra c t i n g P a rt y s h a l l , a s f a r a s p o s s i b l e a n d a s a p p ro p r i a t e : P re v e n t t h e introduction of, control or eradicate those alien species which threaten ecosystems, hab- itats, or species.” COP Decisions: UNEP/CBD/COP/6/20: the need to strengthen national capacities and i n t e rn a t i o n a l c o l l a b o ra t i o n t h ro u g h t h e development of (a) National invasive alien species strategies and action plans The Aichi Target made under the CBD also states that “By 2020, invasive alien species and pathways are identified and prioritized, p r i o r i t y s p e c i e s a re c o n t ro l l e d o r e ra d i - cated and measures are in place to manage pathways to prevent their introduction and establishment.” At the Pacific Islands level, a Regional Invasive Species Plan was produced with a goal to assist Pacific island countries and territo- ries in planning the effective management of invasive species, thereby reducing the nega- tive impacts of invasive species on their rich and fragile natural heritage, communities and livelihoods. Through the GEF-PAS project, ANNEX 2: REVIEW OF THE NISAP 2008-2011 AND ASSESSMENT OF WORK UNDERTAKEN BY OTHER STAKEHOLDERS INVASIVE SPECIES STRATEGY - 45 Eradication and Pest Control programs imple- mented up to 2018 Numerous invasives species management work was undertaken in the period of the NISAP from 2008-2011 and the years 2011-2018. The programs had varying degrees of success at site or national level. Some were successful in eliminating the invasive species at spe- cific sites but had not been eliminated at the national level. Only the mongoose and cane toad which were successfully eliminated when individuals were found on island Species Specific • Terrestrial plants: Trees: Rattan; Merremia vine; albizia trees, 2 rubber trees, African tulip, Weeds and vines: mile a minute, mint weed navua sedge, pico, milkweed, g i a n t s e n s i t i v e w e e d , w i l d p e a n u t , lantana, sida, blue rats-tail, Honolulu rose, knobweed, sword weed • Terrestrial animals myna birds; rats, mongoose; Cane toad; dog; African snail Yellow crazy ant, fruit fly, rhinoceros beetle • Marine and aquatic » crown of thorns; water lettuce crops, and pastures and in relation to any other matters affecting the operations of any of the industries which it is the func- tion of the Department to promote and encourage; • Lands Survey and Environment Act 1989: regulates the conservation and sustaina- ble use of natural resources and protection from • Forestry Act: have the primary control and management over production forests, including: management and control over State forest lands; and regulating the pro- duction, extraction, conversion, transport, sale or other disposal of forest produce from production forests in accordance with approved forest policies and the pro- visions of this Act • F i s h e r i e s M a n a g e m e n t A c t : t o a d v i s e government agencies, villages and other communities on the management of coastal fisheries resources, aquaculture, environ- ment and the protection and conservation of the fishery resources for the present and future generations of the people of Samoa; • PUMA Act: through the EIA process, assess- ment is undertaken for the introduction and use of species not native to the devel- opment area. Policies and Plans • Samoa Development Strategy 2016-2020 • Environment Sector Plan • Water Sector Plan • Forestry Sector Plan • E n v i r o n m e n t a l I m p a c t A s s e s s m e n t Regulations • NBSAP • NISAP 2008-2011 • SISERP 46 - INVASIVE SPECIES STRATEGY Area Specific • Protected Areas and Reserves: Mt Vaea Reserve, Aleipata Islands, Malololelei Reserve, Biodiversity Park, • Conservation Areas; » Uafato; Falealupo • Marine Protected Areas and Reserves: Aleipata and Safata MPA; Palolo Deep Marine Reserve: Traditional Fisheries Reserves; Public awareness campaign and programs 1. Several awareness programs had been car- ried out during the period of 2008-2018, with most associated with the GEF-PAS p ro g ra m s c o o rd i n a t e d t h ro u g h S P R E P . GEF-PAS initiatives produced factsheets, videos and awareness programs, posters and several studies on targeted species 2. MAF has extensive programs focusing on pest control awareness programs for rhi- noceros beetle, fruit flies, and invasive weeds, 3. Samoa Conservation Society has imple- mented several invasive species programs 4. N a t i o n a l I n v a s i v e S p e c i e s Aw a re n e s s Programs targeting five (5) representa- tives from each village which includes the village Pulenuu, village mayors, women’s committee, untitled men, and youth groups 5. DEC and MAF as the main agencies imple- menting pest management and invasive species management work had integrated invasives species into all the work they carried out as part of other programs, as well as some specific programs for the myna birds 6. DEC’s on-going invasives programs within sites under its management as well as inte- grating invasive species in all its outreach programs 7. Enhancing Climate Resilience Program for Samoa integrated invasive species as an important component of its CIM Plan con- sultations with 36 districts in Samoa INVASIVE SPECIES STRATEGY - 47 REVIEW COMMENTS: The review noted that there is no specific leg- islation that regulates or provide provision for the coordination of work addressing the control and eradication of invasive species in Samoa. The Biosecurity Act is the closest Act that provides for the control of pest intro- ductions. Other Acts including the LS&E, the Forestry Act, the Fisheries Management and the Animals and Fisheries Ordinance only refer to the need for protection and conservation of the environment and human impact. The Review also found no specific Policy on tackling Invasive Species despite existing plans such as the NBSAP, NISAP and others. To ensure support and consistent implementa- tion of the proposed NISSAP, the revised EMC should ensure to include invasive species man- agement and ensure close coordination with the Biosecurity Act. A d d i t i o n a l l y , t h e R e v i e w n o t e d t h a t t h e implementation of the previous NISAP and other invasive species program were project oriented, in that activities were only imple- mented when there is funding available or as in the case of some specific interest on a par- ticular species. The uncoordinated implementation can be attributed to the absence of the dedicated Invasive Species Sections and a desk officer tasked full time with the implementation. The GEF-PAS which addressed and funded several of the invasive species programmes could have been integrated into the government programme to fund the position once the pro- ject was completed. Unfortunately, this did not happen, thus the work is currently coordi- nated as one of the many tasks managed by the Senior Terrestrial Biodiversity Officer. 48 - INVASIVE SPECIES STRATEGY REVIEW of 2008-2011 NISAP INVASIVE SPECIES STRATEGY - 49 50 - INVASIVE SPECIES STRATEGY INVASIVE SPECIES STRATEGY - 51 52 - INVASIVE SPECIES STRATEGY • A l l r e p r o d u c t i v e i n d i v i d u a l s a r e a t r i s k f r o m t h e a v a i l a b l e t e c h n i q u e s It is not necessary to remove all individuals of an invasive species at the first attempt. However, all reproductive or potentially re p ro d u c t i v e m e m b e rs o f t h e i n v a s i v e species pest population must be able to be taken by the techniques available. This is rarely possible in part because there is only a limited armoury of techniques, and trap-shyness, bait-avoidance, and resist- ance to poisons, are common among pest animals. To help determine whether eradication is likely to be successful, six criteria can be applied: three are essential for the achievement of eradication and three will help managers decide whether eradication is preferable to ongoing control. ANNEX 3: CRITERIA TO ASSESS THE FEASIBILITY OF LOCAL ERADICATION (ADAPTED FROM BRAYSHER & SAUNDERS, 2002) Essential criteria • Invasive species can be killed at a faster rate than they can replace themselves This seems obvious but it is difficult to achieve in practice. There are two main reasons. Firstly, many populations of inva- sive species have a high natural rate of increase. Secondly, as the density of an invasive species declines, it takes pro- gressively more time and more expense per individual animal to locate and remove the last few individuals. • I m m i g r a t i o n c a n b e p r e v e n t e d This criterion can be met for small islands but is very difficult to achieve over a wide area. If an invasive species can recolonise an area from nearby populations, or by escape or release from captive populations, elimination of the species will at best be temporary. Immigration to a local area may be prevented where a suitable structure and control creates a perfect barrier. INVASIVE SPECIES STRATEGY - 53 • Eradication programs should not have det- rimental impacts on native flora and fauna Eradication programs should not be imple- mented if there is potential for the direct and/or indirect effects of the program on the environment to be greater than the expected positive outcomes of removing the invasive species. Desirable criteria • T h e i n v a s i v e s p e c i e s c a n b e m o n - i t o r e d a t v e r y l o w d e n s i t i e s If the invasive species cannot be detected at very low densities, then there is no way of knowing whether all individuals have been eliminated. However, most popula- tion assessment techniques cannot detect individuals at very low densities. • T h e s o c i o - p o l i t i c a l e n v i r o n - m e n t s u p p o r t s e r a d i c a t i o n Even when all the technical problems can be met, social and political factors may pre- vent successful eradication. Community attitudes may oppose killing large num- bers of animals on moral, emotional or c u l t u ra l g ro u n d s . A l s o , e ra d i c a t i o n i s expensive. Political factors may withdraw funds from the program before eradication is achieved. 54 - INVASIVE SPECIES STRATEGY I s m a n a g e m e n t d e s i ra b l e ? I s t h e c o s t o f the management plan worth the expected benefits? For an environmental pest, the benefits may not be readily estimated in economic terms, but for a pest whose primary impact is eco- nomic, such as a crop pest which does not also significantly impact natural areas, the costs of management may be directly compared with the expected marginal gain in production. For example, the most effective technique to con- trol rabbits in central Australia may be ripping rabbit warrens. However, the cost per square kilometer to rip rabbit warrens, and long-term follow-up is estimated to be three to four times the gross margin per square kilometer from free-range cattle production. Is management practicable? It may be tech- nically possible to undertake management action, but it may be impractical to apply it on the scale necessary. For example, the tech- nique might work at a small experimental site, but farm management practices and other dif- ficulties may make it impractical at a large scale. Is management environmentally acceptable? Widespread aerial poisoning for example may h a v e u n a c c e p t a b l e i m p a c t s o n n o n - t a rg e t wildlife or domestic animals. I s m a n a g e m e n t p o l i t i c a l l y a n d s o c i a l l y acceptable? Is the proposed action consist- ent with? • prevailing government policy? • local community or catchment group pri- orities and issues? ANNEX 4: REALITY CHECK Assessing the likelihood that invasive species management in a defined area will be feasible, desirable and effective in reducing impact A reality check can help determine whether invasive species management is likely to be feasible, desirable and effective. The fol- l o w i n g q u e s t i o n s s h o u l d b e c o n s i d e re d . Consultation with individuals, agencies and local stakeholders with knowledge of the spe- cies and the area may identify other issues and help answer the questions. Is management affordable? Are sufficient resources available to manage the species effectively, both for initial costs and contin- ued management? For eradication, the total c o s t t o e ra d i c a t i o n s h o u l d b e e s t i m a t e d , so that adequate resources can be identi - fied before even commencing an eradication a t t e m p t . F o r b i o l o g i c a l c o n t ro l , t h e t o t a l cost of a development, release and monitor- ing programme may also be estimated. For other long-term management options such as containment and population control by chemical-physical methods, annual costs for maintaining the pest population at a defined level should be estimated. Consider the following: • the estimated cost of total eradication, including resources for essential follow-up • the estimated cost of a biological control programme, including research and devel- opment where necessary • the annual costs of a continuing manage- ment programme, such as costs required to bring the pest population to a defined l e v e l o r t o p re v e n t i t f ro m s p re a d i n g beyond defined boundaries • resources available for adequate monitor- ing and evaluation. INVASIVE SPECIES STRATEGY - 55 NOTE: If the answer to any of these questions is no, then effective management (= reduction of the impact) of invasive species is unlikely or will be difficult. Before effective invasive species management can proceed, the ‘no’ should be changed to a ‘yes’, for example, by gaining the support of a key blocking group through a targeted communication campaign. The cost and impact of the proposed manage- ment may have such negative consequences that action will be blocked at the political level or may be unacceptable to parts of the community on conservation and/or animal welfare grounds. Does the action build on past work, and if so, how successful has that work been? Is the action an important initiative that sets the scene for subsequent actions by other key managers such as adjoining landholders? Is there: • local enthusiasm and ownership by man- agement for the proposed action on the invasive species? • commitment to long-term follow-up and maintenance? • t h e re q u i re d n e i g h b o u r c o o p e ra t i o n / support? Does the work have high demonstration value to encourage similar work in other areas? Does the work improve the awareness and understanding of the local community about the production and/or conservation values of the area? Will the work improve our understanding of the effectiveness and efficiency of invasive species management to achieve production and/or conservation outcomes? 56 - INVASIVE SPECIES STRATEGY Where practicable, the adaptive management approach should underpin the development of the overall outcomes and objectives of man- agement plans for managing invasive species. Adaptive management addresses the need to: • accept that knowledge of the system being managed is always incomplete- not only is the science imperfect, but the system itself is a moving target, evolving because of the impacts of management and the progres- sive expansion of the scale of other human activities; • develop an integrated experimental design that allows clear separation of the effects of as many changes as possible, so that a sensible balance of management tools and policies can be developed; and • • explore imaginative ways to set priori- ies for investing in research, monitoring and management. If the adaptive management approach is to be used as the basis of the management plan, advice should be sought from groups or indi- v i d u a l s w i t h a p p ro p r i a t e k n o w l e d g e a n d experience in its use. ANNEX 5: ADAPTIVE MANAGEMENT Complete knowledge of the damage caused by invasive species and how to best manage them is often not known. To deal with this uncer- tainty it is best to adopt an adaptive approach to management. For most species, there is no standard method for all situations, and often there are limited resources and time to research the problem. In these cases, the best management approach is to use each invasive species management pro- gram as an ongoing experiment from which to learn and build on existing knowledge. This is called adaptive management or ‘learning by doing’. The key is to be specific about the objective of each program, to monitor pro- gress and to evaluate results. In doing so it is important to realise that knowledge and insights can come from programs that fail to meet the desired result as well as from those that succeed. Adaptive management is par- ticularly important given the wide range of situations that require the management of invasive species and their impacts. Flexibility is also important, that is, recognising the dif- ferent circumstances and restrictions at each site, and the need to adapt to changing circum- stances or conditions. INVASIVE SPECIES STRATEGY - 57 Government of Samoa MINISTRY OF NATURAL RESOURCES AND ENVIRONMENT Matāgaluega o Puna’oa Faalenatura ma Siosiomaga Level 3, Tui Atua Tupua Tamasese Efi Building (TATTE), Sogi., P.O Private Bag, Apia, SAMOA Website: http://www.mnre.gov.ws/ Telephone: (+685)67200 Fax: (+685) 23176 Email: info@mnre.gov.ws Design & Photography @AlvaroHoyos Please address all correspondence to the Chief Executive Officer, Private Bag, Apia, Samoa. Faamolemole faatuatusi uma mai fesootaiga uma i le Ōfisa Sili