Aquaculture Management and Development Plan 2013 - 2018

Aquaculture Management and Development Plan SAMOA 2013–2018 SAMOA Aquaculture Management and Development Plan 2013–2018 Secretariat of the Pacifi c Community Aquaculture Section © Secretariat of the Pacifi c Community (SPC) 2012 All rights for commercial / for profi t reproduction or translation, in any form, reserved. SPC authorises the partial reproduction or translation of this material for scientifi c, educational or research purposes, provided that SPC and the source document are properly acknowledged. Permission to reproduce the document and/or translate in whole, in any form, whether for commercial / for profi t or non-profi t purposes, must be requested in writing. Original SPC artwork may not be altered or separately published without permission. Original text: English Secretariat of the Pacifi c Community Cataloguing-in-publication data Samoa aquaculture management and development plan / Secretariat of the Pacifi c Community Aquaculture Section 1. Aquaculture — management — Samoa. 2. Aquaculture – Economic aspects — Samoa. 3. Aquaculture – Law and legislation — Samoa. I. Title. II. Secretariat of the Pacifi c Community. 639.8099614 AACR2 ISBN: 978-982-00-0598-3 Secretariat of the Pacifi c Community BP D5, 98848 Noumea Cedex, New Caledonia Tel: +687 26.20.00 Fax: +687 26.38.18 www.spc.int spc@spc.int Prepared for publication at SPC headquarters, Noumea, New Caledonia, 2012 Printed at SPC, Noumea, New Caledonia, 2012 Samoa Aquaculture Management and Development Plan 2013–2018 i CONTENTS Foreword 1. Vision and goal for aquaculture in Samoa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 2. General introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 2.1. Current status of the aquaculture sector 2.2. Legal and policy framework 3. Strategies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 4. Action plan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 4.1. In English . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 4.2. In Samoan (Fuafuaga o Galuega Fa’atino) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 5. Species prioritisation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 5.1. Priority commodities for aquaculture in Samoa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 5.2. High priority commodities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 5.3. Low priority commodities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15 Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 Foreword This Aquaculture Management and Development Plan sets out a clear guide for the future expansion of the aquaculture sector in Samoa, and a comprehensive pathway for the Fisheries Division to ensure the long-term sustainability of the activity. The involvement of fi sheries staff from various sections and broad, national, con sultation with many stakeholders will, I hope, foster a clear commitment toward the strategies, objectives and actions of this fi ve-year management and development plan. The Fisheries Division, in partnership with com munities, farmers, and national and regional institutions, is now committed to promoting and developing the aquaculture sector in a responsible and sustainable way, as an alternative to capture fi sheries, to help ensure food and nutritional security and improve rural livelihoods. I am confi dent that this plan can drive the develop ment of aquaculture in Samoa and also assist the Ministry in achieving some of its Sector Plan long-term goals, in particular in the fi sheries sector. I now present this Plan and commend it to the people of Samoa. Soifua Honourable Lemaea Ropati Minister of Agriculture and Fisheries Samoa Aquaculture Management and Development Plan 2013–2018 1 1. Vision and goal for aquaculture in Samoa 1.1. Vision Long-term benefi ts of socioeconomic growth for Samoa as a result of development of the aquaculture sector in a sustainable and responsible way, as an income generating activity alternative to capture fi sheries. 1.2. Goal The overall goal is to ensure food and nutritional security and improve rural and urban livelihoods through sustainable and responsible development and management of the aquaculture sector in Samoa. 1.3. Main objective of Samoa Aquaculture Management and Development Plan The Plan’s main objective is to provide comprehensive guidance to the Fisheries Division and aquaculture stakeholders on sustainable management and development of the aquaculture sector in the country by in creasing the number of species being farmed, identifying species with high commercial potential, providing support to community development and management initiatives, enhancing the skills and knowledge of all those involved in the sector, and researching and promoting ways to add value to existing products, in order to improve the current status of the sector. 2. General introduction 2.1. Current status of the aquaculture sector Samoa’s diverse aquatic fl ora and fauna resources are readily available from its surrounding coastal environ ment. Most form the basis of the country’s local subsistence, artisanal and commercial fi sheries. The inshore fi shery resources, in particular, are vital as food and income for the rural fi shing communities. Although en terprise-led commercial aquaculture has not yet taken root in Samoa, aquaculture is widely recognised as a viable means of increasing fi sheries production, as additional protein for the local population and as a means of generating income. The Strategy for Development of Samoa (SDS) recognises the potential role of aquaculture, and specifi es that one of the activities is to ‘increase the harvestable stocks of fi sh and other marine resources’ by developing ‘fi sh farming to supplement natural stocks’. Aquaculture has already contributed to improvement of Samoa’s resource status, through re-introduction and re-stocking of giant clam and trochus. These projects were initi ated by the South Pacifi c Aquaculture Development Project (SPADP) and the Fisheries Division, and continued through an AusAID-funded Samoa Fisheries Project. The programme began with introductions of Tridacna sp. and Hippopus hippopus from American Samoa and Fiji for grow-out in village lagoons in the Fisheries Extension Programme. For freshwater aquaculture, the Fisheries Division is maintaining both chitrilada and genetically improved farmed tilapia (GIFT) (Oreochromis niloticus) breeders at the public freshwater hatchery, and high quality fi ngerlings are being supplied from this hatchery to many small-scale/land-based farmers. Tilapia cul ture in earthen ponds has been quite successful in Samoa for the past fi ve years, but the activity has also faced major constraints and limitations as a result of lack of feeds, technology and skills, and limited access to mar kets. To conclude, real commercial aquaculture has yet to be developed in Samoa, despite previous attempts to culture a range of species. High levels of inputs, specialised facilities and market development requirements contribute to its slow progress. Nevertheless, aquaculture is still widely recognised as a viable means of increas ing fi sheries production, providing additional dietary resources, and generating income for local communities. 2.2. Legal and policy framework • Fisheries Act.,1988. One of the purposes of the Fisheries Act is ‘to promote the conservation, management and development of the fisheries in Samoa’. The Act will guide and mandate fisheries, including aquaculture. It is worth not ing that a revised Fisheries Management Bill 2013, now with Cabinet, provides a more direct mandate for the development of this Plan. Section 25 paragraph 2 states that the Fisheries Division may specify condi tions for the operation of aquaculture activities relating to conservation, management and sustainable use of the aquatic environment. Samoa Aquaculture Management and Development Plan 2013–20182 • Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries Sector Plan 2012–2016. One of the long-term objectives of the Sector Plan is to strengthen regulatory framework enforcement and compliance capacities and public-private sector collaboration. The Fisheries Sector Plan specifi cally calls for the development of an Aquaculture Management and Development Plan. 3. Strategies Objective 1: To promote better aquaculture management practices Rationale: Draft legislation on aquaculture, including regulations, permits and licensing, is required. Good aquaculture practices at all levels of the production chain should be comprehensively developed and promot ed by the Fisheries Division. These practices should be made clear to all relevant key partners to ensure sound management. Specifi c management and development plans for high priority commodities, e.g. tilapia, giant clams, trochus and mullet, are also needed in order to provide clear guidance to all key stakeholders on the streamlined development of the sector. Objective 2: To improve marketability of aquaculture products in Samoa Rationale: There is a real need to assess and better understand local and overseas markets and their potential for aquaculture products in Samoa. Trade routes, freight charges and space, demand and supply, and access requirements all need to be considered. Market access requirements must be complied with when export ing Samoan products overseas. Research on further value-adding products through post-harvest techniques, processing and labelling of commodities, such as tilapia, should be encouraged. Once a market is established, measures need to be in place to ensure that the supply chain is maintained. Research on the marketing of new and existing products, and collaboration with the Ministry of Foreign Aff airs and Trade in seeking markets for Samoa’s products should be encouraged. Objective 3: To diversify the number of aquatic species that can be cultured in Samoa Rationale: So far, there is only one freshwater public hatchery operational in Samoa to promote and develop aquaculture for commercial and restocking purposes. In order to make possible a broader range of aquaculture commodities that can be successfully produced in Samoa, this facility needs to be upgraded and a new marine hatchery should be developed. Because the Toloa marine hatchery was closed, a proposal to re-establish the facility should be submitted, identifying fi nancial support. Furthermore, production of microalgae is needed in order to feed most high priority commodities such as giant clam, trochus and other potential species. Research on potential local species of interest for capture-based aquaculture should be conducted. Objective 4: To improve quality and availability of lower-cost feeds for aquaculture Rationale: There is an urgent need to establish a proper feed storage unit and develop aff ordable (cost-effi cient) aqua-feeds with available local raw materials for species such as tilapia. The cost of local production versus imported products may cause problems. Small-scale feed processors would be ideal for small countries such as Samoa to meet the required level of production. Training for Fisheries Division staff and private sector person nel in feed formulation for hatchery and grow-out is essential. As follow-on research from the feed ingredients survey and analyses already conducted in Samoa, implementing on-farm trials should be promoted by the Fisheries Division, to test and compare the performance of fi sh feed made from various local ingredients in a real production system and identify the best. Objective 5: To ensure access by farmers to the best possible genetic quality of seed stocks Rationale: Proper broodstock management protocols and coherent selective breeding strategies for high prior ity species should be encouraged by the Fisheries Division. GIFT breeders and good quality giant clams brood stock should be maintained and be available to the private sector and other key stakeholders when required. 3 Objective 6: To promote private sector development Rationale: ‘Pilot’ semi-commercial farms should be developed in order to demonstrate the feasibility of aqua culture activities in Samoa. These pilot farms should be established in partnership with the private sector to promote best management practices and foster the industry. Practical training opportunities for all key part ners engaged in producing high priority commodities should be developed and promoted. Incentives for the private sector should be encouraged to ensure confi dence in investing. Pilot farms will serve to assess the viability of the culture of a selected species in partnership with the private sector. Agreements between the investor and community should be arranged to ensure loyalty and consistency in supply. Funding schemes for potential fi sh farmers to help them establish farms should be assessed (e.g. micro-credit schemes). A proposal to the Government for duty free or reduced import tax for imported inputs (e.g. equipment, seed, feeds) for a period to kick-start industry development should be evaluated. Objective 7: To improve human resource capacities to manage and develop aquaculture Rationale: The current structure of the Fisheries Division for aquaculture should be reviewed and expanded, and include establishing a Principal Fisheries Offi cer for Aquaculture post. General technical expertise on aqua culture is limited in Samoa, even within the Aquaculture Section of the Fisheries Division. A training needs analysis (TNA) is required, in order to identify skills and knowledge gaps and prioritise training needs for further development. Short- and long-term training programmes should be promoted. Funding to implement such programmes must be secured from either Government or specifi c donors. Objective 8: To improve aquaculture networking Rationale: Local, regional and international networking should be promoted and maintained, in the provision of research, training and technical advice. 4 4 . A c ti o n p la n 4 .1 . In E n g li sh Strategic objectives A c ti o n s P e rf o rm a n c e i n d ic a to rs T im e fr a m e P ro je c ts 1 . T o p ro m o te b e tt e r a q u a c u lt u re m a n a g e m e n t p ra c ti c e s (B M P s) 1 .1 . S p e c if y t e rm s a n d c o n d it io n s fo r c o m m e rc ia l a q u a c u lt u re f a rm s. 1 .1 . Te rm s a n d c o n d it io n s d e v e lo p e d . M id 2 0 1 3 1 . P re p a re t e rm s a n d c o n d it io n s fo r c o m m e rc ia l a q u a c u lt u re f a rm s. 2 . P re p a re t e rm s a n d c o n d it io n s fo r h a tc h e ry e st a b li sh m e n t a n d o p e ra ti o n . 3 . P re p a re i m p o rt r is k a n a ly si s fo r a n y p ro p o sa ls to i n tr o d u c e a q u a ti c s p e c ie s, a s re q u ir e d ( IR A g u id e li n e s) . 4 . D e v e lo p c o m m o d it y p la n s fo r th e t o p p ri o ri ty a q u a ti c s p e c ie s. 1 .2 . S p e c if y t e rm s a n d c o n d it io n s fo r h a tc h e ry e st a b li sh m e n t a n d o p e ra ti o n . 1 .2 . Te rm s a n d c o n d it io n s d e v e lo p e d . 2 0 1 3 1 .3 . P re p a re im p o rt r is k a n a ly si s fo r a n y p ro p o sa ls to in tr o d u c e a q u a ti c s p e c ie s. 1 .3 . R is k a n a ly si s p re p a re d a s re q u ir e d . O n g o in g 1 .4 . D e v e lo p c o m m o d it y p la n s fo r th e t o p p ri o ri ty a q u a ti c s p e c ie s. 1 .4 . C o m m o d it y p la n s d e v e lo p e d f o r fo u r sp e c ie s. 2 0 1 5 1 .5 . C o n d u c t a p e ri o d ic a l r e v ie w o f th e A q u a c u l tu re M a n a g e m e n t a n d D e v e lo p m e n t P la n . 1 .5 . C o n su lt a ti o n h e ld a n d A q u a c u lt u re M a n a g e m e n t a n d D e v e lo p m e n t P la n r e v ie w e d . P ro g re ss r e v ie w – a ft e r tw o y e a rs P la n r e v ie w – a ft e r fi v e y e a rs 2 . T o i m p ro v e m a rk e ta b il it y o f a q u a c u lt u re p ro d u c ts i n S a m o a 2 .1 . A ss e ss m a rk e t re q u ir e m e n t fo r lo c a l a n d e x p o rt m a rk e ts . 2 .1 . M a rk e t re q u ir e m e n ts f o r lo c a l a n d e x p o rt m a rk e ts id e n ti fi e d . T il a p ia – e n d 2 0 1 3 S e a g ra p e – e n d 2 0 1 4 1 . A ss e ss m a rk e t re q u ir e m e n ts f o r lo c a l a n d e x p o rt m a rk e ts . 2 . A ss is t p ro d u c e rs t o c o m p ly w it h m a rk e t re q u ir e m e n ts a s re q u ir e d . 3 . A ss is t in p ro d u c t d e v e lo p m e n t su c h a s v a lu e a d d in g a n d p ro c e ss in g . 2 .2 . A ss is t p ro d u c e rs t o c o m p ly w it h m a rk e t re q u ir e m e n ts a s re q u ir e d . 2 .2 . R e le v a n t m a rk e t re q u ir e m e n ts m e t b y p ro d u c e rs . O n g o in g 2 .3 . A ss is t in p ro d u c t d e v e lo p m e n t su c h a s v a lu e a d d in g a n d p ro c e ss in g . 2 .3 . A ss is ta n c e p ro v id e d f o r p ro d u c t d e v e lo p m e n t. O n g o in g 3 . T o d iv e rs if y t h e n u m b e r o f a q u a ti c s p e c ie s th a t c a n b e c u lt u re d i n S a m o a 3 .1 . E st a b li sh a m u lt i sp e c ie s h a tc h e ry . 3 .1 . H a tc h e ry e st a b li sh e d . 2 0 1 3 1 . E st a b li sh a m u lt i sp e c ie s h a tc h e ry . 2 . E st a b li sh a m ic ro a lg a l la b o ra to ry . 3 . A ss e ss p o te n ti a l fo r c a p tu re d b a se d a q u a c u lt u re . 3 .2 . E st a b li sh a m ic ro a lg a l l a b o ra to ry . 3 .2 . A lg a l l a b o ra to ry e st a b li sh e d . 2 0 1 3 3 .3 . In it ia te s e e d p ro d u c ti o n f o r a q u a c u lt u re a n d c o a st a l fi s h e ri e s re st o c k in g . 3 .3 . S e e d p ro d u c ti o n in it ia te d . O n g o in g f ro m 2 0 1 3 3 .4 . A ss e ss p o te n ti a l f o r c a p tu re b a se d a q u a c u lt u re . 3 .4 . P o te n ti a l a ss e ss e d . F re sh w a te r p ra w n – m id 2 0 1 3 O th e r sp e c ie s – e n d 2 0 1 4 4 . T o i m p ro v e q u a li ty a n d a v a il a b il it y o f lo w e r c o st f e e d s fo r a q u a c u lt u re 4 .1 . E st a b li sh a p ro p e r fe e d s to ra g e u n it . 4 .1 . S to ra g e u n it e st a b li sh e d . E n d 2 0 1 3 1 . E st a b li sh a p ro p e r fe e d s to ra g e u n it . 2 . P ro d u c ti o n o f a q u a f e e d s w it h a v a il a b le r a w m a te ri a ls ( b e st f e e d i d e n ti fi e d ). 3 . C o n d u c t o n f a rm t ri a ls o f fe e d f o rm u la te d fr o m r e su lt s o f th e f e e d i n g re d ie n t in v e n to ry su rv e y . 4 .2 . E x p e ri m e n ta l p ro d u c ti o n o f a q u a f e e d s w it h a v a il a b le r a w m a te ri a ls ( b e st f e e d id e n ti fi e d ). 4 .2 . F e e d p ro d u c e d ( b e st f e e d id e n ti fi e d ). O n g o in g f ro m 2 0 1 3 4 .3 . C o n d u c t o n f a rm t ri a ls o f fe e d f o rm u la te d f ro m re su lt s o f th e f e e d in g re d ie n t in v e n to ry s u rv e y. 4 .3 . O n f a rm t ri a ls c o n d u c te d . B y 2 0 1 4 S am oa A qu ac ul tu re M an ag em en t an d D ev el op m en t P la n 20 13 –2 01 8 Strategic objectives 5 . T o e n su re a c c e ss b y f a rm e rs t o t h e b e st p o ss ib le g e n e ti c q u a li ty o f se e d s to c k s 5 .1 . M a in ta in t h e b ro o d s to c k in c u lt u re . 5 .1 . B ro o d s to c k m a in ta in e d in c u lt u re . O n g o in g f o r ti la p ia a n d g ia n t c la m 1 . M a in ta in t h e b ro o d s to c k i n c u lt u re . 2 . P re p a re a n d i m p le m e n t th e b ro o d s to c k m a n a g e m e n t p ro to c o l to m a in ta in g e n e ti c q u a li ty . 3 . M a k e a v a il a b le q u a li ty b re e d e rs f o r a q u a c u l tu re b y s ta k e h o ld e rs . 5 .2 . P re p a re a n d im p le m e n t th e b ro o d s to c k m a n a g e m e n t p ro to c o l t o m a in ta in g e n e ti c q u a li ty . 5 .2 . B ro o d s to c k p e rf o rm a n c e m a in ta in e d O n g o in g f o r ti la p ia f ro m 2 0 1 3 5 .3 . M a k e a v a il a b le h ig h q u a li ty b re e d e rs f o r a q u a c u lt u re b y s ta k e h o ld e rs . 5 .3 . H ig h q u a li ty b re e d e rs a v a il a b le a s re q u ir e d . T il a p ia – O n g o in g f ro m n o w G ia n t c la m – O n g o in g f ro m h a tc h e ry e st a b li sh e d 6 . T o p ro m o te p ri v a te s e c to r d e v e lo p m e n t 6 .1 . E st a b li sh p il o t fa rm s. 6 .1 . P il o t fa rm s e st a b li sh e d M id 2 0 1 3 1 . E st a b li sh p il o t fa rm s. 2 . P ro m o te h a n d s o n t ra in in g o p p o rt u n it ie s fo r to p p ri o ri ty c o m m o d it ie s. 3 . R e v ie w p o te n ti a l in c e n ti v e s to e n c o u ra g e in v e st m e n t in a q u a c u lt u re . 6 .2 . P ro m o te h a n d s o n t ra in in g o p p o rt u n it ie s fo r to p p ri o ri ty c o m m o d it ie s. 6 .2 . H a n d s o n t ra in in g p ro m o te d . M id 2 0 1 3 6 .3 . R e v ie w p o te n ti a l i n c e n ti v e s to e n c o u ra g e in v e st m e n t in a q u a c u lt u re . 6 .3 . In c e n ti v e s tr a te g ie s id e n ti fi e d a s re q u ir e d . O n g o in g 7 . T o i m p ro v e h u m a n r e so u rc e c a p a c it ie s to m a n a g e a n d d e v e lo p a q u a c u lt u re 7 .1 . C o n d u c t tr a in in g n e e d s a n a ly si s fo r a q u a c u l tu re s ta ff . 7 .1 . T ra in in g n e e d s id e n ti fi e d . 2 0 1 3 1 . C o n d u c t tr a in in g n e e d s a n a ly si s fo r a q u a c u l tu re s ta ff . 2 . C o n d u c t tr a in in g f o r a q u a c u lt u re s ta ff b a se d o n t h e n e e d s a n a ly si s. 3 . S u b m it p ro p o sa l fo r P ri n c ip a l F is h e ri e s O ffi c e r re c ru it m e n t. 4 . F a c il it a te t ra in in g o p p o rt u n it ie s fo r p ri v a te se c to r, b a se d o n d e m a n d . 7 .2 . C o n d u c t tr a in in g f o r a q u a c u lt u re s ta ff b a se d o n t h e n e e d s a n a ly si s. 7 .2 . T ra in in g c o n d u c te d . O n g o in g 7 .3 . S u b m it p ro p o sa l f o r P ri n c ip a l F is h e ri e s O ffi c e r A q u a c u lt u re r e c ru it m e n t. 7 .3 . P ri n c ip a l F is h e ri e s O ffi c e r A q u a c u lt u re re c ru it e d . O n g o in g 7 .4 . F a c il it a te t ra in in g o p p o rt u n it ie s fo r p ri v a te se c to r, b a se d o n d e m a n d . 7 .4 . T ra in in g f o r p ri v a te s e c to r p ro m o te d a n d c o n d u c te d . O n g o in g 8 . T o i m p ro v e a q u a c u lt u re n e tw o rk in g 8 .1 . F a c il it a te n a ti o n a l l e v e l n e tw o rk s su c h a s S a m o a A q u a c u lt u re F a rm e rs A ss o c ia ti o n ( S A FA ). 8 .1 F a rm e rs s tr e n g th e n e d t h ro u g h e x c h a n g e a n d c o ll a b o ra ti o n . O n g o in g 1 . F a c il it a te n a ti o n a l le v e l n e tw o rk s su c h a s S a m o a A q u a c u lt u re F a rm e rs A ss o c ia ti o n ( S A FA ). 2 . M a in ta in r e g io n a l a n d i n te rn a ti o n a l n e tw o rk s to p ro v id e r e se a rc h , t ra in in g a n d t e c h n ic a l a d v ic e , f o r e x a m p le w it h S P C , U S P, S P R E P, F A O a n d A C IA R . 8 .2 . M a in ta in r e g io n a l a n d i n te rn a ti o n a l n e tw o rk s to p ro v id e r e se a rc h , t ra in in g a n d t e c h n ic a l a d v ic e , w it h , e .g . t h e S e c re ta ri a t o f th e P a c ifi c C o m m u n it y (S P C ), t h e U n iv e rs it y o f th e S o u th P a c ifi c ( U S P ), t h e S e c re ta ri a t o f th e P a c ifi c R e g io n a l E n v ir o n m e n t P ro g ra m m e ( S P R E P ), t h e U n it e d N a ti o n s F o o d a n d A g ri c u lt u re O rg a n iz a ti o n ( FA O ) a n d t h e A u st ra li a n C e n tr e f o r In te rn a ti o n a l A g ri c u lt u ra l R e se a rc h (A C IA R ), a m o n g o th e rs . 8 .2 . T ra in in g o p p o rt u n it ie s a n d t e c h n ic a l a d v ic e a v a il a b le t o t h e M in is tr y o f A g ri c u lt u re a n d F is h e ri e s b y v a ri o u s st a k e h o ld e rs . O n g o in g 6 4 .2 . In S a m o a n ( F u a fu a g a o G a lu e g a F a ’a ti n o ) F u a fu a g a A lu a lu M a m a o F a ’a m a o n ig a G a lu e g a F a ’a ti n o M a ta ’i tu in a o G a lu e g a F a ’a ti n o T a im i F a a tu la g a in a m o G a lu e g a F a ’a ti n o P o lo k e ti 1 . la u n a ia l e p u le a t a ta u in a o l e f a a fa a to a g a in a o i ’a m a fi g o ta E t a ta u o n a m a n in o le le i a ia ig a o le f a ’a fa ’a to a g a in a o i’a m a fi g o ta i to to n u o le T u la fo n o A u tu m a T u la fo n o F a a to n u to n u a le V a e g a o F a ig a fa iv a . I a f a ’a ti n o le le i g a l u e g a o f a ’a to a g a i ’a m a fi g o ta i a la t a ta u m a le p u ip u ig a o le s i’o si ’o m a g a e a m a ta m a i i le V a e g a o F a ig a fa iv a m a f a ’a la u il o a i a n a p a a g a f a i f a ’a to a g a . I a m a n in o f o i l e ta ’ia la m o le p u ip u ig a le le i o le s i’o si ’o m a g a m a i f a ’a to a g a i’a m a fi g o ta i to to n u o t u si t a ’ia la m o le a ti a ’e o i ’a m a fi g o ta in a ia u si ta ia e f a if a ’a to a g a u m a . 1 .1 . F a u si a t a ’ia la m o l e f a ’a ti n o in a o f a ’a to a g a i ’a m a fi g o ta f a ’a p is in is i. A ia ig a m o f a ’a to a g a f a ’a p is in is i. O g a to to n u o l e 2 0 1 3 1 . Ta p e n a a ia ig a m o l e t a ia la o fa ’a to a g a f a ’a p is in is i. 2 . Ta p e n a a ia ig a m o l e t a ia la o f a le fa ’a fo fo a o i ’a m a fi g o ta 3 . Ta p e n a p e n a m o s u e su e g a o a ’a fi a g a o i ’a m a fi g o ta e o n o f a ’a u lu m a i i to to n u o S a m o a m o f a ’a to a g a . 4 . F a u si a t a ’ia la m o i ’a m a fi g o ta u a fi li fi li a m o l e a ti n a ’e in a . 1 .2 . F a u si a t a ’ia la m o l e f a ’a ti n o in a o f a le fa ’a fo fo a i ’a m a fi g o ta . A ia ig a m o f a le f a ’a fo fo a i ’a m a fi g o ta . 2 0 1 3 1 .3 . F a ’a ti n o s u e su e g a m o a ’a fi a g a o l e si ’o si ’o m a g a i i ’a m a fi g o ta e f a ’a u lu fa le m a i i to to n u o S a m o a m o l e f a ’a fa a to a g a in a . M a u tu s u e su e g a o a ’a fi a g a o le s i’o si ’o m a g a i i ’a m a fi g o ta e fa ’a u lu m a i i to to n u o S a m o a . F a ’a a u a u 1 .4 . F a u si a l e t u si t a ’ia la m o l e a ti n a ’e o m e a o la m o l e f a ’a fa ’a to a g a in a . T u si t a ’ia la m o i ’a m a fi g o ta fi li fi li a . 2 0 1 5 1 .5 . F a ’a ti n o in a l e i lo il o in a o l e T u si T a ia la m o le P u le a in a t a ta u m a l e A ti n a ’e in a o F a ’a fa ’a to a g a in a o i ’a m a fi g o ta . Il o il o g a o l e T u si T a ia la . R ip o ti o l e i lo il o g a p e a m a e a l e 2 ta u sa g a . T o e i lo il o in a l e n e i F u a fu a g a fa ’a ta ’a ti a p e a m a e a l e 5 t a u sa g a . 2 . la f a ’a le le ia f e fa ’a ta u a ig a o i ’a m a fi g o ta f a ’a fa a to a g a in a i S a m o a m a a tu n u u i f a fo E m o o m ia le s u e su e in a o m a k e ti i S a m o a m a a tu n u u i fa fo in a ia m a la m a la m a i ta im i o f e m a la g a ig a o v a a le le m a v a ’a i le s a m i, ta u o u ta m a a v a n o a o u ta f e a v e a ’i i v a a l e le m a v a a , m a n a o g a o lo o ia i m o o lo a f a ’a fa ’a to a g a m a a ia ig a o m a k e ti i a tu n u u i fa fo . A f a ’a m a u tu m a i s e m a k e ti m a i f a fo m o i’ a , e t a ta u f o ’i o n a il o il o f a ’a to a g a i S a m o a p o ’o la v a le i’ a m a fi g o ta m a u a a u a lo n a f a ’a ta u in a a tu . 2 .1 . F a ’a ti n o s u e su e g a m o m a k e ti i S a m o a m a a tu n u ’u i f a fo . Ta ’ia la m o m a k e ti i S a m o a m a fa fo m o l e a u f a if a ’a to a g a . T il a p ia – f a ’a iu g a 2 0 1 3 L im u f u a fu a – f a ’a iu g a 2 0 1 4 1 . S u e su e a ia ig a o m a k e ti m o l e fe fa ’a ta u a ig a o i ’a m a fi g o ta . 2 . F a ’a m a lo si a l e g a lu lu e a f a if a a to a g a i a a u si a a ia ig a a m a k e ti . 3 . A u il ii li l e t a la fe a u g a o o lo a g a o si a m a i i’a m a fi g o ta m o f e fa ’a ta u a ig a . 2 .2 . F e so a so a n i i le a u f a if a ’a to a g a i l e a u si a in a o a ia ig a o m a k e ti i f a fo . Ta ’ia la i a m a fa i o n a a u si a e le a u fa if a a to a g a . F a ’a a u a u 2 .3 . F e so a so a n i i le a ti n a ’e in a o o lo a g a o si a m a i i’a m a fi g o ta . F e so a so a n i m o l e a ti n a ’e o o lo a fa o si a m a i i’a m a fi g o ta . F a ’a a u a u 3 . la f a a te le in a l e a o fa ig a m a i tu a ig a o i ’a m a fi g o ta m o l e f a ’a f a ’a to a g a in a Ta lu a i o n a o le le a i o s e f a le e f a ’a fo fo a a i i ’a m a fi g o ta o le sa m i i S a m o a , u a a la g a ta ta u a i o n a f a u si a s e f a le m o le n e i fa ’a m o e m o e . U a t a ta u f o ’i o n a t o e f a ’a le le ia n o fo a g a o lo ’o f a ’a fo fo a a i m e a o la v a i o lo ’o ia i n e i. U a m a n a ’o m ia fo ’i le f a u si a o s e f a le m o le f a ’a o la in a m a t a u si a a i l e li m u a u a m e a a i a i ’a m a fi g o ta o le a f a ’a fo fo a in a . I a f a ’a ti n o in a sa il ii li g a m o m e a o la e t a la fe a g a i e t a p u ’e m a i i o la to u si ’o si ’o m a g a m o le f a ’a fa ’a to a g a in a . 3 .1 . F a u si a in a o l e f a le f a ’a fo fo a m o i ’a m a fi g o ta m a i le s a m i m a v a im a g a lo . F a ’a tu in a l e f a le f a ’a fo fo a i ’a m a fi g o ta . 2 0 1 3 1 . F a u si a f a le f a ’a fo fo a m o i ’a m a fi g o ta m a l e f a le f a ’a fo fo a m o l e l im u . 2 . F a ’a ti n o g a lu e g a f a ’a fo fo a o i ’a m a fi g o ta . 3 . S u e su e g a m o i ’a m a fi g o ta t a la fe a g a i ia f a ’a ti n o in a . 3 .2 . F a u si a in a o l e f a le e f a ’a o la m a t a u si a a i li m u m o l e f a fa g a in a o i ’a m a fi g o ta f a ’a fo fo a . F a ’a tu in a l e f a le e f a ’a fo fo a m a ta u si a a i li m u . 2 0 1 3 3 .3 . F a ’a ti n o in a l e f a ’a fo fo a in a o i ’a m a fi g o ta m o le t o e f a ’a te le in a o n e i m e a o la i g a ta if a le . F a ’a ti n o g a lu e g a f a ’a fo fo a o i ’a m a fi g o ta . F a ’a a u a u m a i le 2 0 1 3 3 .4 . F a ’a ti n o s u e su e g a i l e t a la fe a g a i o l e fa ’a fa ’a to a g a in a o i ’a m a fi g o ta m a i i’a t a p u ’e . S u e su e g a m o i ’a m a fi g o ta ta la fe a g a i ia f a ’a ti n o in a . U la v a i – 2 0 1 3 Is i m e a o la – f a ’a iu g a 2 0 1 4 4 . la f a a le le ia l e g a o si a in a o m e a a i m o i ’a m a fi g o ta f a ’a f a ’a to a g a in a O le t a si o v a e g a t a u a t e le m o le f a ’a fa ’a to a g a in a o i ’a m a fi g o ta , o m e a a i a u a le f a fa g a in a i fa ’a to a g a . O f a ’a to a g a n e i e a o fi a a i t il a p ia , u la v a i m a is i. O m e a a i l e le i m o m e a o la o s e t a si o v a e g a o lo o m o ’o m ia t e le le f a ’a le le ia e le V a e g a o F a ig a fa iv a . O le a e m o ’o m ia a i l e le le i m a m a u tu o s e f a le , m a si n i m a m e a fa ig a lu e g a m o le g a o si a m a le t e u in a m a lu o m e a a i. 4 .1 . F a u si a in a o l e f a le e t e u in a a i m e a a i m o i ’a . F a u si a l e f a le m o l e t e u m a lu in a o m e a a i a i ’a . F a ’a iu g a o l e 2 0 1 3 1 . F a u si a s e n o fo a g a e t e u m a lu a i m e a a i a i ’a . 2 . S u e su e g a o l e o la o i ’a m a i m e a a i g a o si i t o to n u o S a m o a . 3 . F a ’a ti n o f a ’a ta ’it a ’ig a o m e a a i g a o si a m o f a ’a to a g a . 4 .2 . F a ’a ta ’it a ’i le g a o si a o m e a a i a i ’a m a i i m e a o lo ’o m a u a i o t a to u l a u fa n u a . G a o si a m e a a i a i ’a . F a ’a a u a u i l e 2 0 1 3 4 .3 . F a ’a ti n o s e f a ’a ta ’ i ta ’ i g a e s u e su e a i le o la o i’a m a i i m e a a i o l o ’o g a o si a i m e a o l o ’o m a u a i o ta to u l a u fa n u a . F a ’a ti n o F a ’a ta ’it a ’ig a m o fa ’a to a g a . I le 2 0 1 4 S am oa A qu ac ul tu re M an ag em en t an d D ev el op m en t P la n 20 13 –2 01 8 5 . la f a ’a tu m a u in a l e t u la g a l e le i o l e i ’a m o f a if a ’a to a g a O le le le i o le it u a ig a i ’a ( g e n e ti c ) o s e t a si o v a e g a t a u a e a o o n a f a ’a tu m a u in a . O le V a e g a o F a ig a fa iv a o lo ’o ia i l e ti la p ia le le i ( b e st g e n e ti c ) o lo ’o t e u in a a i m a f a ’a so lo so lo le f a ’a fo fo a in a a u a le i ’a le le i l o n a it u a ig a m o f a if a ’a to a g a . 5 .1 . L a f a ’a tu m a u in a le le le i o m e a o la e fa ’a a o g a in a i fa ’a fo fo a g a . Ia m a lu p u ip u ia m e a o la e fa a a o g a in a i fa a fo fo a g a . F a ’a a u a u m o t il a p ia m a f a is u a 1 . M a lu p u ip u ia m e a o la e f a a a o g a in a i f a ’a fo fo a g a . 2 . L a f a ’a ti n o in a t a ’ia la m a n in o m o le v a a ia le le i o n e i m e a o la . 3 . L a f a ’a tu m a u in a le m a u a o m e a o la le le i m a t a la fe a g a i m o f a ’a fo fo a g a p e a m a n a ’o m ia e f a if a ’a to a g a . 5 .2 . L a f a ’a ti n o in a t a ’ia la m a n in o m a le le i m o le v a a ia o n e i m e a o la . F a ’a tu m a u in a le le i t a la fe a g a i o n e i m e a o la m o g a lu e g a fa ’a fo fo a . F a ’a a u a u m o t il a p ia m a i l e 2 0 1 3 5 .3 . L a f a ’a tu m a u in a l e m a u a o m e a o la l e le i m o fa ’a fo fo a g a p e a m a n a o m ia e f a if a ’a to a g a . M a u ti n o a le ia i o m e a o la le le i m o f a ’a fo fo a g a p e a m a n a ’o m ia . Fa ’a a u a u m o t il a p ia – F a ’a a u a u m o fa is u a p e a m a e a f a u si a le f a le f a a fo fo a 6 . la f a ’a m a lo si a l e a u fa if a ’a to a g a m a p is is i tu m a o ti e f a ’a f a ’a to a g a in a i ’a m a fi g o ta Ia a ti a ’e n i f a ’a to a g a f a ’a lu a il o a e f a ’a il o a i e m a fa i o n a fa ’a ti n o le f a ’a fa ’a to a g a in a o i ’a m a fi g o ta i S a m o a .. O le t a si le n e i o v a e g a e t a ta u o n a a g a ’i ia i l e V a e g a o F a ig a fa iv a in a ia f a ’a tu in a it u a ig a o f a ’a to a g a f a ’a p e n e i, e f a ’a ti n o a i a ’o a o g a a le a u fa if a ’a to a g a , a o g a m a is i e fi a m a la m a la m a i le f a ’a ti n o g a o le n e i a ti n a ’e . 6 .1 . F a u si a f a ’a to a g a f a ’a la u il o a m o le t il a p ia . F a ’a tu in a f a ’a to a g a f a ’a la u il o a . O g a to to n u 2 0 1 3 1 . F a u si a f a ’a to a g a f a ’a la u il o a . 2 . F a ’a la u il o a a v a n o a m o a ’o a o g a a u a le f a ’a ti n o g a o g a lu e g a m o m e a o la u a a v e ia i l e f a ’a m u a m u a 3 . Il o il o f a ’a m a n u ia g a t a la fe a g a i a u a le u n a ia o le f a ’a p is in is ii n a o n e i a ti n a ’e 6 .2 . F a ’a ti n o a ’o a o g a i fa ’a to a g a f a ’a la u il o a e fa ’a so a in a a i l e t o m a i i le f a ’a fa ’a to a g a in a o t il a p ia . F a ’a so a le t o m a i i le a u fa if ’a a to a g a . O g a to to n u 2 0 1 3 6 .3 . Il o il o v a e g a t a la fe a g a i m o l e a ti n a ’e in a o l e fa ’a fa a to a g a in a o i ’a m a fi g o ta . F a ’a il o a a u a la o f a ’a m a n u ia g a o m a n a o m ia . F a ’a a u a u 7 . la f a ’a le le ia l e a u a u n a g a a l e V a e g a o F a ig a fa iv a i l e u n a ia o g a lu e g a a ti a ’e m o l e f a ’a f a ’a to a g a in a o i ’a m a fi g o ta Ia il o il o in a le f a ’a tu la g a n a m o le a u f a ig a le u g a in a ia m a fa i o n a f a ’a fa ig a lu e g a s e O fi sa T a ’it a ’i S in ia m o le V a e g a e f a ’a F a ’a to a g a in a i ’a m a fi g o ta . O le t o m a i f a ’a p it o a i le fa ’a ti n o g a o g a lu e g a e p a ti n o il e f a ’a fa ’a to a g a in a o i ’a m a fi g o ta i to to n u o S a m o a a e m a is e le O fi sa o F a ig a v a e m a tu a u ti u ti la v a . O lo ’o m a n a ’o m ia s e u a ia i l e t o m a i e s a il ii li a a i i tu a ig a o a ’o a o g a f a ’a p it o a e t a la fe a g a i m o n e i t o m a i m a a g a v a ’a e se e se , i a f a ’a m u a m u a i n e i a ’o a o g a a u a lo n a f a ’a la u te le in a . O a ’o a o g a f a ’a v a it a im i m a a ’o a o g a m o t a im i u m i u a t a ta u o n a u n a ia . O le fa ’a tu p e in a o n e i i tu a ig a o a ’o a o g a e t a ta u o n a m a io io p e m a i i le m a lo p o ’o s e f e so a so a n i m a i f a fo . 7 .1 . F a ’a ti n o a ’o a o g a m o l e f a ’a le le ia o l e a u fa ig a lu e g a a le V a e g a e F a ’a fa ’a to a g a in a i ’a m a fi g o ta . F a ’a il o a i tu a ig a a ’o a o g a o l o o m a n a ’o m ia . 2 0 1 3 1 . F a ’a ti n o a ’o a o g a m a n a ’o m ia m o l e a u fa ig a lu e g a . 2 . F a ’a ti n o a ’o a o g a m a n a ’o m ia m o l e a u fa ig a lu e g a e f u a i m a n a ’o g a . 3 . F a ’a u lu l e t a lo sa g a m o l e fa ’a fa ig a lu e g a o l e O fi sa T a ’it a ’i S in ia . 4 . F e so a so a n i i a ’o a o g a m o p is in is i tu m a o ti p e a m a n a ’o m ia . 7 .2 . F a ’a ti n o a ’o a o g a e f u a i l e m a n a o g a u a fa ’a il o a m a i i le v a e g a o l o o i l u g a . F a ’a ti n o a ’o a o g a F a ’a u a u in a 7 .3 . A v e s e t a lo sa g a m o l e f a ’a fa ig a lu e g a in a o s e O fi sa T a ’it a ’i S in ia o l e v a e g a e f a ’a fa ’a to a g a in a i ’a m a fi g o ta . F a ’a fa ig a lu e g a l e O fi sa T a ’ it a ’ i S in ia o l e v a e g a o le fa ’a fa ’a to a g a in a o i ’a m a fi g o ta . F a ’a u a u in a 7 .4 . F a i a ’o a o g a m o f a ’a la p o to p o to g a t u m a o ti . F a ’a la u il o a m a f a ’a ti n o a o a o g a m o f a ’a la p o to p o to g a t u m a o ti . F a ’a u a u in a 8 . la f a ’a le le ia f e so ’o ta ig a m o l e f a ’a fa ’a to a g a in a o i ’a m a fi g o ta Ia f a ’a la u il o a m a f a ’a tu m a u in a a la o f e so ’o ta ig a fa ’a lo to if a le , f a ’a it u la g i a e m a is e le f a ’a v a o m a lo , i a la o s a il ii li g a , a ’o a o g a m a f a u tu a g a f a ’a p it o a m o le fa ’a to a g a in a o i ’a m a fi g o ta . 8 .1 . F a ’a fa ig o fi e f e so ’o ta ig a m a p a a g a e a o fi a a i le S o sa ie te a le A u fa if a ’a to a g a m o l e fa ’a fa ’a to a g a in a o i ’a m a fi g o ta ( S A FA ). Ia f a ’a m a lo si a l e a u fa if a ’a to a g a e a la i l e f e fa ’a so a a ’i m a g a lu lu e fa ’a ta si . F a ’a u a u in a 1 . Fa ’a fa ig o fi e f e so ’o ta ig a f a ’a lo to if a le (F T ) fa ’a to a g a in a o i’ a m a fi g o ta ( S A FA ). 2 . F a ’a tu m a u in a f e so ’o ta ig a f a ’a it u la g i fa ’a v a o m a lo a u a s a il ii li g a , a ’o a o g a m a f a u tu a g a f a ’a p it o a m a i i le S P C , U S P, S P R E P, F A O a n d A C IA R . 8 .2 . F a ’a tu m a u in a le f e so ’o ta ig a f a ’a lo to if a le m a le F a ’a v a – o m a lo i tu la g a o s a il ii li g a , a ’o a o g a m a fa u tu a g a f a ’a p it o a e t a u a la m a i le S e c re ta ri a t o f th e P a c ifi c C o m m u n it y ( S P C ), U n iv e rs it y o f th e S o u th P a c ifi c ( U S P ), S e c re ta ri a t o f th e P a c ifi c R e g io n a l E n v ri o n m e n t P ro g ra m m e ( S P R E P ), F o o d a n d A g ri c u lt u re O rg a n iz a ti o n ( FA O ), m a le A u st ra li a n C e n tr e f o r In te rn a ti o n a l A g ri c u lt u ra l R e se a rc h ( A C IA R ). Ia a v a n o a l e m a ta g a lu e g a m o n i a ’o a o g a m a f a u tu a g a fa ’a p it o a m o a n a p a a g a . F a ’a u a u in a Samoa Aquaculture Management and Development Plan 2013–20188 5. Species prioritisation 5.1. Priority commodities for aquaculture in Samoa Many species have already been the subject of experimental aquaculture trials or pilot projects in Samoa, and more species are being added to the list. With limited staff resources and a limited operating budget, one ben efi t of this Aquaculture Management and Development Plan is to set priorities and focus development eff orts on top priorities. To condense the long list of potential aquaculture commodities down to a short list of man ageable size, and to rank these, the feasibility of each potential commodity was assessed, including availability of seeds, feeds, technical knowledge, required infrastructure, marketability, local versus exotic species, and use in restocking/stock enhancement programmes. The potential economic, social, and environmental benefi ts of each commodity were also assessed. The Priority Matrix is presented in the table below: B E N E F IT S H IG H Exo c seaweed (Kappaphycus alvarezii) Marine ornamental fi sh + PCC Mud crab Local fresh water prawn Giant Clams Sea grapes (Caulerpa racemosa) Tilapia Mullet Trochus Malaysian fresh water prawn M E D IU M Lobster Barramundi Green snail Milkfi sh Seaweeds (local spp.) Reef fi sh (grouper, red snapper...) Sea urchins (local spp.) Rabbi ish Sea cucumber L O W Fresh water eel LOW MEDIUM HIGH FEASIBILITY The top six commodities that emerged from the national consultation were: giant clam, sea grapes (Caulerpa racemosa), tilapia, mullet, trochus and Malaysian freshwater prawn, followed by local sea cucumber and lo cal freshwater prawns. Taking into account the limited human and fi nancial resources in Samoa to work on all top priorities at once, the highest ranked commodities were further regrouped in order to identify the top four commodities to be focused on during the next fi ve years, namely: 1) giant clam; 2) mullet; 3) tilapia and 4) Caulerpa. 9 5.2. High priority commodities 1. Giant clam (Hippopus spp. and Tridacna spp.) These are fl agged as species that should continue being a priority for the Fisheries Division, both for aquacul ture and restocking activities. At present, spawning and larvae rearing techniques are known, and grow-out husbandry practices have been developed. Restocking and stock enhancement programmes through com munity involvement have been relatively successful in several locations. Giant clams are a high value species, prized on the marine aquarium market and considered a delicacy in Samoa. A new hatchery facility will be established soon near Apia, in order to ensure a reliable supply of spat for culture and restocking. The establish ment of this clam hatchery will support the re-introduction of clams to villages with reserves established under the Fisheries Division extension programme. FEASIBILITY = 8 / BENEFITS = 9 Advantages Disadvantages î high value; î positive impact in rural communities; î farming technology is available; î high local and export demand; î relevant for restocking and stock enhancement programmes; î cultural and social importance; and î indigenous species. î lack of facilities; and î lack of expertise in artifi cial breeding and spawning. Samoa Aquaculture Management and Development Plan 2013–201810 2. Flat grey mullet (Mugil cephalus) Mullet is considered a high value species in the Samoan local market, although it is seen as low value marine fi nfi sh in the rest of the world. It has good potential as a euryhaline fi nfi sh species, and wild seed-stock can eas ily be found in certain locations. Fingerlings could also be produced by artifi cial breeding in the planned marine hatchery. Breeding protocols are undemanding. Larvae rearing techniques and grow-out strategies have been developed in other regions of the world, such as Southeast Asia and North Africa, with great success. These technologies could easily be transferred to Samoa. FEASIBILITY = 7 / BENEFITS = 8 Advantages Disadvantages î high value in Samoa; î indigenous species; î low in food chain; î broodstock are locally available; and î grow-out strategies are well known. î lack of technical knowledge for breeding in Samoa; î lack of hatchery facilities; and î no export market. 11 3. Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) is viewed as the key freshwater species for developing a family or commu nity-based aquaculture industry in Samoa. It plays a relevant role in ensuring food and nutritional security in rural and isolated communities, generates income from market sales, and is aff ordable and available locally throughout the year. It needs no complicated techniques or skills and feeds low in the food chain. Several farm er networks already in place can ensure the long-term sustainability of the activity. Furthermore, the Fisheries Division is currently maintaining and producing two lines of high quality GIFT and chitrilada tilapia fi ngerlings, which are being distributed to farmers. To conclude, Nile tilapia has excellent potential, since propagation and distribution are being carried out under several Samoan Fisheries Projects. FEASIBILITY = 7 / BENEFITS = 8 Advantages Disadvantages î easy to culture; î easy to breed; î moderate local demand; î broodstock, facilities and capacities are available in Samoa; and î strong, positive impact in rural communities. î lack of feeds; î lack of inbreeding control strategies at farm level; î lack of marketability (demand/supply) knowledge; and î lack of business plans at farm level. Samoa Aquaculture Management and Development Plan 2013–201812 4. Sea grapes (Caulerpa racemosa); local name: limu fuafua Caulerpa racemosa is a bright green alga that forms carpets in coral reef lagoons. C. racemosa is the species com monly harvested and sold fresh in Samoa. Its distinctive feature is its ‘bunch of grapes’ appearance. There is a strong local market for fresh seaweed. Attempts to transport fresh C. racemosa have been unsuccessful due to rap id reduction in turgor once picked and hence lack of quality in transported product, although it can be exported as a lower-value salted product. While there are plenty of sites ostensibly suitable for growth of C. racemosa, most sea grapes species exhibit substantial temporal and spatial variability in growth rates. This inherent variability in growth limits the use of this species in aquaculture and further research is needed. The best option with C. rac emosa seems to be to promote additional transplantation to support the local demand for edible seaweed. In the past two years, several trials focused on sea grape culture have been implemented in various locations of Samoa, with varying degrees of success. The aim of the Fisheries Division is to continue with these trials, improving and adapting existing techniques in order to overcome most of the challenges presented by the species. FEASIBILITY = 8 / BENEFITS = 8 Advantages Disadvantages î local market; î high value; î easy to culture; î no need for a hatchery; î positive impact in rural communities; î expertise is available in the country (trials ongoing); î environmentally friendly; î indigenous species; î culturally important locally, and to Pacifi c Islanders in Australia and New Zealand; î high potential for restocking; and î staff already trained in farming techniques. î highly vulnerable to predators (fi sh grazing); and î extremely perishable with short shelf-life (unless salted). 13 5. Trochus (Trochus niloticus) Breeding and larvae rearing techniques are well developed technically and are not technically demanding; tro chus larvae are lecithotrophic and do not need to be fed during the short larval phase. Hatchery procedures are relatively simple and the future giant clam hatchery could also be used to rear trochus. Although the value of the trochus fi sheries is not large, compared with the industrial fi sheries of the region, the impact of this species, through either culture or restocking programmes, on rural communities, is quite substantial. Because it is one of the few resources from which cash income in rural locations may be derived, it is worthy of special attention by the Fisheries Division. FEASIBILITY = 8 / BENEFITS = 8 Advantages Disadvantages î high value for both shell and meat; î very relevant for restocking programmes; î local expertise/knowledge is available (project ongo ing); î low mortality during translocation; and î easy to breed. î motile shellfi sh; î slow-growing; and î cannot be grown intensively in enclosed spaces. Samoa Aquaculture Management and Development Plan 2013–201814 6. Fresh water prawn (Macrobrachium rosenbergii) There is strong local demand, and potential for import substitution, which can be met by farming prawns lo cally. The most effi cient freshwater prawn species for aquaculture is the giant river prawn Macrobrachium rosen bergii, which is not a local prawn, so would need to be introduced. This species was previously introduced to Sa moa from Tahiti during the late 1970s and early 1980s, but is not now present in Samoa. Local markets include restaurants, hotels and supermarkets. FEASIBILITY = 7 / BENEFITS = 7 Advantages Disadvantages î local and export market; î high value; î positive impact in rural communities; î hatchery and grow-out technology is available within the region; and î very similar product to indigenous freshwater prawn ula vai. î lack of expertise; î lack of specifi c facilities; î lack of aqua-feeds; and î limited social and cultural relevance. 15 5.3. Low priority commodities 1. Local fresh water prawn (Machrobrachium lar); local name: ula vai FEASIBILITY = 4 / BENEFITS = 7 Advantages Disadvantages î local markets available; î high value; î traditional knowledge on spawning and fi shing grounds; î small-scale capture-based culture is possible in some loca tions; and î low in food chain. î lack of technical knowledge (cannot be reared in hatchery); î needs special ponds with plastic-sheet fences (they climb out); and î size of industry limited by availability of captured juveniles. 2. Sea cucumber (Local species): black teatfi sh (Holothuria whitmaei), white teatfi sh (Holothuria fuscogilva), curry fi sh (Stichopus hermanni), pink fi sh (Holothuria edulis) and lollyfi sh (Holothuria atra) FEASIBILITY = 7 / BENEFITS = 6 Advantages Disadvantages î broodstock is locally available; î quite signifi cant local market; î positive impact in local communities; î high export value (only some species); and î breeding and grow-out technologies are know within the region. î lack of facilities; and î lack of experienced staff . 3. Green snail (Turbo marmoratus) FEASIBILITY = 2 / BENEFITS = 4 Advantages Disadvantages î easy to culture; î overseas markets available for shell; î technical knowledge available in the region (Tonga, SPC); and î positive impact in local communities. î exotic species (no broodstock available); î limited technical knowledge locally; î no hatchery; and î low value. 4. Spiny lobster (Panulirus spp.) FEASIBILITY = 3 / BENEFITS = 6 Advantages Disadvantages î local market available; î high value; î wild stock are in danger; î demand is higher than supply; and î export market exists. î lack of technical knowledge; î low impact in rural communities; î no aqua-feeds available; and î no hatchery. Samoa Aquaculture Management and Development Plan 2013–201816 5. Reef fi sh: groupers (Family Serranidae, Sub-family Epinephelinae, e.g. Epinephelus fuscoguttatus, Cromileptes altivelis), red snapper (Lutjanus campechanus), etc FEASIBILITY = 6 / BENEFITS = 6 Advantages Disadvantages î high value for export (Asian market); î can create income and employment; î popular in local market; and î local species. î limited staff capacity; î limited facilities and resources; and î lack of feeds. 6. Sea urchin (Class Echinoidea) FEASIBILITY = 4 / BENEFITS = 4 Advantages Disadvantages î consumed locally; î indigenous species; and î local knowledge is available. î low value; î lack of facilities; and î lack of staff experience. 7. Local seaweeds (Corynocystis spp., Halymenia spp.) FEASIBILITY = 3 / BENEFITS = 4 Advantages Disadvantages î indigenous species. î lack of awareness; and î lack of technical knowledge. 8. Rabbitfi sh (Siganus spp.) FEASIBILITY = 4 / BENEFITS = 6 Advantages Disadvantages î well-known fi sh that is locally consumed. î moderate value only; î hard to breed; î lack of expert knowledge; and î can be fed with vegetables, but good feed conversion ratio (FCR) is found when fed on formulated pellet feeds. 9. Mud crab (Scylla serrata) FEASIBILITY = 3 / BENEFITS = 8 Advantages Disadvantages î high value; î high market demand; î broodstock is locally available; and î can be fed on tuna waste. î hard to breed and rear; and î no artifi cial feed is available. 17 10. Sea cucumber (Holothuria scabra) FEASIBILITY = 5 / BENEFITS = 5 Advantages Disadvantages î export market; î high value; î knowledge available within the region; and î positive impact in local communities. î lack of expertise; î lack of facilities; î sandfi sh are not present in Samoa; and î only a few species have hatchery technology available. 11. Barramundi (Lates calcarifer) FEASIBILITY = 2 / BENEFITS = 4 Advantages Disadvantages î overseas market; î fi ngerlings available within the region (Australia); î high value; and î knowledge available within the region (Australia, Papua New Guinea). î lack of expertise; î lack of facilities (hatchery); î lack of feeds; î introduced species; î unknown in Samoa; and î low impact in rural communities. 12. Milkfi sh (Chanos chanos) FEASIBILITY = 2 / BENEFITS = 6 Advantages Disadvantages î local market (human consumption and bait); î moderate value; î easy to culture (no need for a hatchery); î fry can be captured from the wild; and î positive impact in rural communities. î lack of expertise; î lack of specifi c facilities; î lack of feeds; and î fry collection sites and seasonality are unknown. 13. Marine ornamental fi nfi sh (Chaetodon spp., Chelmon spp., Amphiprion spp.), cultured and capture-based farming FEASIBILITY = 3 / BENEFITS = 7 Advantages Disadvantages î export market; î high value; î local species (assessment of species of high value/interest already done); î juveniles can be collected from the wild and cultured (to decrease fi sheries pressure) = Post-larvae capture and culture (PCC); and î positive impact in rural communities. î lack of expertise; î lack of specifi c facilities; î lack of feeds; î fry collection sites and seasonality is unknown; and î no market structure or exporter. Samoa Aquaculture Management and Development Plan 2013–201818 14. Seaweed (Kappaphycus alvarezii) FEASIBILITY = 3 / BENEFITS = 7 Advantages Disadvantages î export market; î low value, but world price has increased recently; î easy to culture/no need for a hatchery; and î positive impact in rural communities. î lack of expertise; î exotic species; î highly aff ected by fi sh grazing (rabbitfi sh) and ice-ice disease; and î no market structure. 15. Fresh water eel (Anguila spp.) FEASIBILITY = 3 / BENEFITS = 2 Advantages Disadvantages î high value; and î positive impact in rural communities. î lack of expertise; î lack of facilities; î lack of feeds; î has no social/cultural relevance; î no local demand; and î no local interest in this species. 19 Bibliography Anon. 2001. Fisheries Division Annual Report 2000/2001. Fisheries Division, Ministry of Agriculture, Forests, Fisheries and Meteorology. Apia, Samoa. Bell, L.A.J. 1984. Aquaculture: A potential development for Western Samoa. Fisheries Division, Department of Agriculture, Forests and Fisheries. Apia, Samoa. Bell, L.A.J. and Ropeti, E. 1995. Western Samoa aquaculture profi le. FFA Report No. 95/18(b). Bell, L.A.J., Ward, J. and Lakopo, M. 2003. Samoa marine biodiversity. Division of Environment. Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment. Apia, Samoa. Johnston, B. 2004. Economic evaluation of aquaculture opportunities in Samoa. A joint Samoa Fisheries and AusAID Project. Lober, M. 2002. Samoa aquaculture profi le – draft. Report prepared for the Food and Agriculture Organization Sub-Regional Offi ce for the Pacifi c Region (SAPA). Apia, Samoa. Matsunaga, Y. c1995. Report on the visit to follow up tilapia farming in Solaua. Fisheries Division, Ministry of Agriculture, Forests, Fisheries and Meteorology. Apia, Western Samoa. Mulipola, A. 2002. Marine resources of Samoa. Report prepared for Samoa’s National Report for the World Summit on Sustainable Development. Johannesburg, South Africa. Popper, D.M. 1980. Baitfi sh culture project in Western Samoa. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome. Rimmer, M., Bell, L., Lober, M. and Trevor, A. 2001. Evaluation of the potential for Aquaculture in Samoa. Project Milestone 40, September 2001. Samoa Fisheries Project Report. TIPU 2000. Project profi le: Farming of milkfi sh. Trade, Commerce and Industry, Government of Samoa. Uwate, K.R., Kunatuba, P., Raobati, B. and Tenakanai, C. 1984. et al, 1984. A review of aquaculture activities in the Pacifi c Islands region. PIDP, East-West Centre. Honolulu, Hawaii. Winterstein, H. 1991b. Growth trials of Pacifi c oysters (Crassostrea gigas) in Western Samoa. Research Section, Fisheries Division. Department of Agriculture, Forests and Fisheries. Apia, Western Samoa. Zann, L. 1991a. The inshore resources of Upolu, Western Samoa: Coastal inventory and fi sheries database. Field Report No. 5. FAO/UNDP project SAM/89/002. Zann, L. 1991b. A review of aquaculture in Western Samoa. FAO/UNDP SAM/89/002. Field Report No. 4. http://www.spc.int/aquaculture/site/home/index.asp Notes SECRETARIAT OF THE PACIFIC COMMUNITY BP D5 • 98848 NOUMEA CEDEX • NEW CALEDONIA Telephone: +687 26 20 00 Facsimile: +687 26 38 18 Email: cfpinfo@spc.int http://www.spc.int/fame MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE AND FISHERIES PO BOX 1874 • APIA • SAMOA Telephone: +685 20 369 Facsimile: +685 24 292 Email: fi sh@fi sheries.gov.ws http://www.maf.gov.ws