National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan 2018 – 2030

1 | P a g e Table of Contents Foreword ............................................................................................................................................................ 6 Acknowledgement ............................................................................................................................................. 7 ACRONYMS ........................................................................................................................................................ 9 1.0 INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................................... 11 1.1 Overview of Vanuatu ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………11 1.2 Biodiversity Conservation in Vanuatu ........................................................................................................ 11 2.0 THE CBD AND NBSAP REVIEW PROCESS ............................................................................................... 12 2.1 The CBD Strategic Plan and Aichi Targets .................................................................................................. 12 2.2 Vanuatu NBSAP Review Process ................................................................................................................ 12 3.0 OVERVIEW OF THE STATUS OF BIODIVERSITY IN VANUATU ................................................................ 14 3.1 Threats to Biodiversity ............................................................................................................................... 14 3.2 Terrestrial Biodiversity ............................................................................................................................... 15 3.2.1 Overview .............................................................................................................................................. 15 3.2.2 Threats ................................................................................................................................................. 15 3.3 Inland Waters Biodiversity ......................................................................................................................... 16 3.3.1 Overview .............................................................................................................................................. 16 3.3.2 Threats ................................................................................................................................................. 17 3.4 Marine and Coastal Biodiversity ................................................................................................................ 18 3.4.1 Overview .............................................................................................................................................. 18 3.4.2 Threats ................................................................................................................................................. 19 3.5 Species………………………………….. .................................................................................................................. 20 4.0 MEASURES IN PLACE TO ADDRESS THREATS TO BIODIVERSITY ........................................................... 21 4.1 Traditional Governance and Management ................................................................................................ 21 4.2 Protected Areas or Conservation Areas ..................................................................................................... 21 4.2.1 Community Conservation Areas (CCAs) ............................................................................................... 22 4.2.2 Terrestrial Protected Areas .................................................................................................................. 22 4.2.3 Marine Protected Areas ....................................................................................................................... 23 4.2.4 Species Conservation ........................................................................................................................... 23 4.3 Vanuatu International Conventions and Commitment to Biodiversity ..................................................... 23 4.4 Vanuatu Environment-Related Legislation Aimed to Protect Biodiversity and Promote Sustainable-Use 25 5.0 VANUATU NATIONAL BIODIVERSITY STRATEGY AND ACTION PLAN (NBSAP) .................................... 27 5.1 Mission Statement………………… .................................................................................................................. 27 5.2 Principles Underpinning the Strategy ........................................................................................................ 27 2 | P a g e 5.3 NBSAP Link to NSDP…………. ....................................................................................................................... 29 6.0 VANUATU NBSAP STRATEGIC AREAS ................................................................................................... 30 6.1 STRATEGIC AREA 1: CONSERVATION AREA MANAGEMENT................................................................... 31 6.2 STRATEGIC AREA 2: FOREST AND INLAND WATERS ECOSYSTEMS CONSERVATION AND MANAGEMENT………………………………….. ........................................................................................................... 36 6.3 STRATEGIC AREA 3: COASTAL AND MARINE ECOSYSTEMS CONSERVATION AND MANAGEMENT (CME)………………………………………… ................................................................................................................... 39 6.4 STRATEGIC AREA 4: SPECIES MANAGEMENT (SM) .................................................................................. 43 6.5 STRATEGIC AREA 5: MANAGEMENT OF INVASIVE Alien SPECIES (MIAS) ................................................ 47 6.6 STRATEGIC AREA 6: MAINSTREAMING BIODIVERSITY ACROSS SECTORS AND SOCIETY (MB) ................ 52 6.7 STRATEGIC AREA 7: RESOURCE MOBILISATION FOR THE NATIONAL BIODIVERSITY STRATEGY AND ACTION PLAN…………………………………………….. ................................................................................................................ 56 7.0 ACTION STRATEGY IMPLEMENTATION FRAMEWORK ........................................................................ 60 7.1 THE NBSAP IMPLEMENTATION FRAMEWORK ........................................................................................... 60 8.0 PROVINCIAL PLANS ........................................................................................................................... 107 8.1 TORBA PROVINCIAL NBSAP IMPLEMENTATION FRAMEWORK ............................................................... 108 8.1.1 Background ........................................................................................................................................ 108 8.1.2 Marine ................................................................................................................................................ 109 8.1.3 Forest and Inland Waters ................................................................................................................... 112 8.1.4 Torba Provincial Target for 2018 to 2030 .......................................................................................... 114 8.1.5 TORBA Provincial Target Statement .................................................................................................. 116 8.1.6 Reference ........................................................................................................................................... 116 8.2 SANMA PROVINCIAL NBSAP IMPLEMENTATION FRAMEWORK .............................................................. 117 8.2.1 Background ........................................................................................................................................ 117 8.2.2 Marine ................................................................................................................................................ 118 8.2.3 Forest and Inland Waters ................................................................................................................... 121 8.2.4 Sanma Provincial Target for 2016 to 2030 ......................................................................................... 125 8.2.5 SANMA Provincial Target Statement ................................................................................................. 126 8.2.6 Reference ........................................................................................................................................... 126 8.3 PENAMA PROVINCIAL NBSAP IMPLEMENTATION FRAMEWORK ............................................................ 127 8.3.1 Background ........................................................................................................................................ 127 8.3.2 Marine ................................................................................................................................................ 128 8.3.3 Forest and Inland Waters ................................................................................................................... 131 8.3.4 Penama Provincial Target for 2016 to 2030....................................................................................... 134 8.3.5 Penama Provincial Target Statement................................................................................................. 137 3 | P a g e 8.2.6 References .......................................................................................................................................... 137 8.4 MALAMPA PROVINCIAL NBSAP IMPLEMENTATION FRAMEWORK ......................................................... 138 8.4.1 Background ........................................................................................................................................ 138 8.4.2 Marine ................................................................................................................................................ 139 8.4.3 Forest and Inland Waters ................................................................................................................... 143 8.4.4 Malampa Provincial Target for 2016 to 2030 .................................................................................... 146 8.4.5 Malampa Provincial Target Statement .............................................................................................. 149 8.4.6 Reference ........................................................................................................................................... 149 8.5 SHEFA PROVINCIAL NBSAP IMPLEMENTATION FRAMEWORK ................................................................ 150 8.5.1 Background ........................................................................................................................................ 150 8.5.2 Marine ................................................................................................................................................ 151 8.5.3 Forest and Inland Waters ................................................................................................................... 155 8.5.4 Shefa Provincial Target for 2018 to 2030 ........................................................................................... 158 8.5.5 SHEFA Provincial Target Statement ................................................................................................... 161 8.5.6 Reference ........................................................................................................................................... 161 8.6 TAFEA PROVINCIAL NBSAP IMPLEMENTATION FRAMEWORK ................................................................ 162 8.6.1 Background ........................................................................................................................................ 162 8.6.2 Marine ................................................................................................................................................ 163 8.6.3 Forest and Inland Waters ................................................................................................................... 166 8.6.4 Tafea Provincial Target for 2018 to 2030 ........................................................................................... 170 8.6.5 TAFEA Provincial Target statement .................................................................................................... 173 8.6.6 Reference ........................................................................................................................................... 173 9.0 NBSAP REPORTING…………………. ........................................................................................................ 173 9.1 NBSAP MONITORING AND INDICATORS GUIDELINE ............................................................................... 174 9.2 IMPLEMENTATION STRUCTURE AND COORDINATION ............................................................................ 176 9.3 AMENDING THE NBSAP ............................................................................................................................ 177 References ..................................................................................................................................................... 178 ANNEXES ........................................................................................................................................................ 180 ANNEX 1: DEFINITIONS AND TERMS .............................................................................................................. 180 ANNEX 2: LIST OF PROTECTED AREAS ............................................................................................................ 181 ANNEX 3: IMPORTANT BIRD AREAS ............................................................................................................... 183 Important Bird Areas ................................................................................................................................... 183 ANNEX 4: IMPORTANT FOREST AREAS .......................................................................................................... 184 Important Forest Areas ............................................................................................................................... 184 4 | P a g e ANNEX 5: CURRENT IMPORTANT WETLAND AREAS ..................................................................................... 184 List from Updated Vanuatu National Wetland Inventory ........................................................................... 184 ANNEX 6: SIGNIFICANT BIODIVERSITY SITES WITHIN VULNERABLE DISASTER AREAS .................................. 185 Key Biodiversity Areas ................................................................................................................................. 185 Vanuatu Cyclones ........................................................................................................................................ 186 Vanuatu Tsunami occurance ....................................................................................................................... 187 Earthquake Occurance ................................................................................................................................ 188 Reefs at Risk ................................................................................................................................................ 189 Volcanoe Occurrance .................................................................................................................................. 190 Competing Marine Resource Uses .............................................................................................................. 191 ANNEX 7: List of important marine areas ...................................................................................................... 192 ANNEX 8 – Vanuatu Endemic & Threatened species List .............................................................................. 193 Terrestrial Fauna ......................................................................................................................................... 193 Terrestrial Flora ........................................................................................................................................... 195 Marine Fauna .............................................................................................................................................. 198 ANNEX 9 – Important Economic and Cultural Species................................................................................... 201 ANNEX 10 – Important cultural sites, Ecotourism sites and Provincial Target Sites ..................................... 203 ANNEX 11 – NAMES OF PARTICIPANTS IN ALL CONSULTATION MEETINGS & WORKSHOPS ........................ 247 5 | P a g e 6 | P a g e Foreword In Vanuatu, biodiversity is our food, our culture, our tradition, our money, our medicine, our shelter, our fresh air (oxygen), our firewood, our coastline stabiliser, our protector against storm surge, protector of our freshwater systems, our carbon sequester, our ecosystem-based adaptation to climate change, our ecosystem-based approaches to disaster risk reduction, our beautiful sceneries for our enjoyment through camping, picnicking, swimming and snorkelling. Our biodiversity is vital for our survival. Vanuatu signed and ratified the United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity (UNCBD) joining other 190 CBD parties to protect our global biodiversity. Vanuatu’s first National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan (NBSAP) was developed and endorsed in November 1999. Revision of this NBSAP has led Vanuatu to develop this new NBSAP (2018-2030). This revised NBSAP indicates the progress, successes and gaps that lie within the organisational, systemic and individual capacities at national, provincial and community levels to protect, conserve and wisely use our biodiversity. The NBSAP (2018-2030) has seven strategic areas with country indicators and targets towards achieving the Global Strategic Programme of 2020 Aichi targets. The new NBSAP includes the views of the national and provincial government, non government organisations (NGOs), community based organisations (CBOs) and local communities, which are indicated in seven strategic areas. These are: 1. Conservation Area Management 2. Forest and Inland Waters Ecosystems Conservation and Management 3. Coastal and Marine Ecosystems Conservation and Management 4. Species and Genetic Diversity Conservation 5. Invasive Species Eradication and Control 6. Mainstreaming Biodiversity across sectors and society 7. Resource Mobilisation The strategy and action plan also includes the provincial implementation plans, which outline specific local actions to address threats affecting the islands’ biodiversity, including identifying potential conservation areas. This create the avenue for local communities to actively participate in implementing the NBSAP. Vanuatu is within the East Melanesian Islands Biodiversity Hot Spot region that needs attention for the protection of its unique flora and fauna. Vanuatu has a number of endemic plant and animal species that are not found elsewhere and some are at risk of becoming extinct if measures are not continuously taken to protect them. We also show our commitment to protect and conserve our biodiversity through the inclusion of environment as one of the three main pillars of the National Sustainable Development Plan (NSDP) that is directly linked to policy objectives of the National Environment Policy and Implementation Plan (NEPIP). Other relevant policies ranging from climate change and overarching productive sectors’ policy and other respective natural resource management sector policies also include measures towards protection, conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity. The Vanuatu NBSAP will be the main implementing strategy for the Environment Pillar of the National Sustainable Development Goals and Policies 2016-2030 environment goals and policy objectives which are: (1) A nation that ensures our food and nutrition security needs are adequately met by all people through increasing sustainable food production, (2) An economy which fosters sustainable growth and development through low impact industries and modern technologies to ensure the well-being of future generations systems, (3) A strong and resilient nation in the face of climate change and risks posed by hazards and natural disasters and improving household production, (4) A nation which utilizes and 8 | P a g e Acknowledgement The Department of Environmental Protection and Conservation (DEPC) would like to thank the government and non-government stakeholders that were part of the review of the previous NBSAP (1999). A number of one to one sectoral consultations, and provincial and national consultations took place that resulted in this current NBSAP (2018-2030). DEPC would like to make mention of the following stakeholders: Department of Forest SANMA Province Vanuatu Fisheries Department PENAMA Province Department of Agriculture and Rural Development MALAMPA Province Biosecurity Vanuatu SHEFA Province Livestock Department TAFEA Province Department of Tourism Wan Smol Bag Department of Trade Live and Learn Cultural Centre Vanuatu Environment Science Society Department of Lands Vanuatu Environment Association Network Department of Customs VANGO Department of Provincial Affairs Vila-based CSOs MOCC Project Management Unit Other NGOs Shefa Province TORBA Province Without your commitment and participation in the series of meetings and workshops we would not have been able to complete this document. We are also grateful to the following projects and programmes: the Marine and Coastal Biodiversity in Pacific Islands Countries and Atolls (MACBIO) Project, Critical Ecosystem Partnership Fund (CEPF), Vanuatu Environment Science Society (VESS) and Birdlife International through Vanuatu Environment Association Network that also provided information. The DEPC extends its profound gratitude to the IUCN Oceania Regional Office as the organisation leading the review, and in particular to Etika Rupeni Qica, the review leader and Seema Deo for editing the document. DEPC also thank Mark Kalotap, the former NBSAP Coordinator, for the work done during his term with the project and Trinison Tari for his great assistance with the six provincial validation workshops. A huge appreciation goes to the following for their tireless efforts during the series of final reviews and for ensuring the final compilation and production of the document together with IUCN: Josephine Rambay, NBSAP Coordinator Donna Kalfatak, Principal Officer, Biodiversity and Conservation Vatumaraga Molisa, MACBIO Project and CEPF Liaison Officer. DEPC Biodiversity and Conservation Division staff for their support Finally, we are grateful to the Convention on Biological Diversity, UN Environment as the project’s international implementing agency and to the project donor Global Environment Facility (GEF). 9 | P a g e ACRONYMS ABS Access and Benefit Sharing AZE Alliance for Zero Extiction BIOFIN Biodiversity Finance CA Conservation Area CBAM Community Based Adaptive Management CBD Convention Biological Diversity CCA Community Conservation Area CEPF Critical Ecosystem Partnership Fund CHM Clearing House Mechanism CITES Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species CME Coastal and Marine Ecosystems CMS Conservation of Migratory Species COP Conference of the Parties CR Critically Endangered CSO Civil Society Organization DARD Department of Agriculture and Rural Development DEPC Department of Environmental Protection and Conservation DGMWR Department of Geology & Mines and Water Resources DLA Department of Local Authorities DoE Department of Education DoF Department of Forestry DoFT Department of Financial Treasury DoL Department o Lands DoLiv Department of Livestock DoT Department of Tourism EEZ Exclusive Economic Zone EIA Environment Impact Assessment EN Endangered EPC Environment Protection and Conservation Act FIW Forest and Inland Waters FLR Forest Landscape Restoration FPAM Forest Protected Area Management GDP Gross Domestic Product GEF Global Environment Facility GOV Government of Vanuatu IAS Invasive Alien Species IBA Important Bird Area IBAT Integrated Biodiversity Assessment Tool ICCA Indigenous and Community Conserved Areas IOSEA Indian Ocean and South-East Asian (Marine Turtle MOU) IUCN The International Union for Conservation of Nature IW Internationall Waters KBA Key Biodiversity Area LMMA Locally Marine Managed Area 10 | P a g e MACBIO Marine & Coastal Biodiversity in Pacific Islands Countries & Atolls MAT Mutually Agreed Terms MEA Multi-lateral Environment Agreements MESCAL Mangrove Ecosystems for Climate Change Adaptation and Livelihoods MESV Marine Ecosystem Service Valuation MIS Management of Invasive Species MOU Memorandum of Understanding MPA Marine Protected Area MSG Melanesian Spearhead Group MSP Marine Spatial Plan NAB National Advisory Board NBSAP National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan NEPIP National Environmental Policy and Implementation Plan NGO Non Government Organisation NISSAP National Invasive Species Strategy and Action Plan NRI National Resource Inventory NSDP National Sustainable Development Plan PA Protected Area PES Payment for Ecosystem Services PIC Prior Informed Consent PWD Public Works Department RM Resource Mobilisation SDG Sustainable Development Goals SPREP Secretariat of the Pacific Regional Environment Programme SUMA Special and Unique Marine Area UN United Nation UNCCD United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification UNCLOS United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea UNDP United Nations Development Programme UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change VANGO Vanuatu Association of Non Government Organization VBSAP Vanuatu Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan VESS Vanuatu Environmental Science Society VFD Vanuatu Fisheries Department VNSO Vanuatu National Statistic Office WDPA World Database on Protected Areas WHC World Heritage Convention 11 | P a g e 1.0 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Overview of Vanuatu Vanuatu is located in the South Pacific Ocean (about three quarters of the way from Hawaii to Australia) and includes more than 80 islands, of which about 65 are inhabited. The combined land area of all islands in the group is over 12,000 km2 with a combined coastline of 3,132 km. Vanuatu's island chains are mostly of volcanic origin and are mountainous by Pacific standards, with many island interiors remaining uninhabited. The highest peak of Mount Tabwemasana on Espiritu Santo rises to 1,879 m above sea level. The weather is tropical characterised by moderate rainfall from April to November and cyclones from December to April. A mini-census conducted in 2016 puts the population of Vanuatu at 272,459 people, with a growth rate of 2.3% per annum (Vanuatu National Statistics Office, 2016). The population is relatively young and 38% is under 15 years old. 24% of the population lives in urban areas. Over 110 different cultural and linguistic groups are recognised and, with its small population, Vanuatu is considered to be the third most linguistically diverse country in the world (Regenvanu, 2009). On average, 2,000 people speak each language. English, French and Bislama are the common languages that allow the people of Vanuatu to communicate with each other. Although the ni-Vanuatu culture is similar across the country, there are three cultural regions: northern; central; and southern. In the northern cultural region, men and women can acquire wealth by demonstrating how much they can give away (through mats and killing of pigs). This increased status does not transfer to having greater authority. The central cultural region exhibits a more typical Melanesian cultural system, involving the inheritance of titles through lineage and being active in ceremonies as dictated by custom. In the southern cultural region there is a system of granting titles and privileges, which appears to have been influenced by religion and western culture. Vanuatu’s economy is based on small-scale agriculture, which provides a living for about two thirds of the population. Fishing, offshore financial services and tourism are other key sectors. The total visitor arrivals to Vanuatu in the third quarter of 2017 stood at 76,836, an increase of 6% over the corresponding quarter in 2016, and 13% over the previous (second) quarter (Vanuatu National Statistics Office, 2017). The main suppliers of tourists and foreign aid are Australia and New Zealand. The service sector accounts for 77% of Gross Domestic Product (GDP). Other service industries include food and fish freezing, wood processing and meat canning. Agricultural products include copra, coconut oil, kava, cocoa, coffee, taro, yams, fruits, vegetables, beef and fish. Mineral deposits are negligible. In addition to the formal economic sector, there is the informal economy which involves at least 84% of the population. This rural-dwelling component of the population depends on the informal economy to support their livelihood on a daily basis (Regenvanu, 2009). Even urban-dwellers depend on it to subsidise their modern lifestyles. The informal economy is centred on production, processing and sale of agricultural and marine products, supplemented by provision of services such as carpentry and transportation, and production of baskets, mats and other handicrafts. These activities depend on the natural environment and the living and non-living resources it provides. Protection and conservation of these natural resourcesVanuatu’s biological diversityis thus essential to the nation’s long-term well being and sustainable development. 1.2 Biodiversity Conservation in Vanuatu Biodiversity is defined as: The variety of life forms, the different plants, animals and micro-organisms, the genes they contain, and the ecosystems they form. It is usually considered at three levels, genetic diversity, species diversity, and ecosystem diversity. 12 | P a g e Biological diversity underpins ecosystem functioning and the provision of ecosystem services essential for human well-being. It provides for food security, human health, and clean air and water; contributes to local livelihoods, and economic development; and is essential for the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG), including poverty reduction. In addition, it is a central component of many belief systems, worldviews and identities. Yet despite its fundamental importance, biodiversity continues to be lost. In recognition of the need to address biodiversity loss, the Vanuatu Government signed the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) at its launch in 1992 and ratified it in 1993. As a party to the CBD, the government is obliged to report to the other convention signatories on in-country biodiversity management activities and to develop a strategy and action plan to manage and conserve Vanuatu’s biological diversity (Box 1). The Convention places clear obligations on Contracting Parties. Specifically, Article 6, General Measures for Conservation and Sustainable Use states that the Contracting Parties shall prepare national strategies, plans or programmes for the conservation and sustainable use of their biological resources. The first Vanuatu Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan (VBSAP) was launched in 1999. The VBSAP has been reviewed and has resulted in this revised NBSAP for 2018–2030. The NBSAP also addresses the commitments made by parties at the 12th CBD Conference of Parties (COP12) in 2010 to align their NBSAPs to the CBD Strategic Plan and it’s Aichi Targets (Box 2). 2.0 THE CBD AND NBSAP REVIEW PROCESS 2.1 The CBD Strategic Plan and Aichi Targets In 2010, Parties to the CBD meeting in Nagoya, Japan, adopted the Strategic Plan for Biodiversity 20112020 with the purpose of inspiring broad-based action in support of biodiversity over the next decade by all countries and stakeholders. In recognition of the urgent need for action the United Nations General Assembly has also declared 20112020 as the United Nations Decade on Biodiversity (United Nations General Assembly, 2010) The CBD Strategic Plan for Biodiversity 20112020 is a ten-year framework for action by countries and stakeholders to save biodiversity and enhance its benefits for people. The parties are obligated to reviewing and updating their current NBSAPs in line with the Strategic Plan for Biodiversity 20112020. This involves developing national targets and using the Strategic Plan and Aichi Target and integrating these national targets into the updated NBSAPs and taking into account national priorities. 2.2 Vanuatu NBSAP Review Process The 1999 VBSAP identified six key objectives and more than 20 priority actions for effective management of biological resources. The six objectives were: 1. Protection and wise use of biodiversity; 2. Application of policy, planning and legal mechanisms to enable sustainable management of biodiversity; 3. Research, assessment and monitoring of biodiversity; 4. Capacity building for environmental management; 5. Environmental education, awareness and information sharing; and 13 | P a g e 6. Participation of local communities in the management of biodiversity. The review process for the 1999 VBSAP was initiated in 2014 when Vanuatu undertook an extensive provincial awareness and consultation process to assess the priorities of the communities in terms of the sustainable use and conservation of biodiversity. In 2015, a consultant was engaged to assist. The process included the review of existing national strategies to identify NBSAP-related priorities and conducting sector and national stakeholder consultations to finalise the NBSAP. The review was also informed by some of the latest assessments such as the SPREP/IUCN State of Conservation in Oceania Report for the Pacific (SPREP, 2013), which provided recent information on the status and trends of biodiversity in Vanuatu. The strategic areas of the NBSAP 20182030 have been aligned to the CBD Strategic Plan and Aichi Targets and also to two key national strategies: the National Sustainable Development Plan (NSDP) and the National Environment Policy and Implementation Plan (NEPIP). It is important to note that the Vanuatu NBSAP has been aligned with the NSDP timing which is 2016–2030 and this should align with the next CBD 20202030 Strategic Plan. Box 1: Convention on Biological Diversity Objectives: The conservation of biological diversity, the sustainable use of its components and the fair and equitable sharing of the benefits arising out of the utilisation of genetic resources, including by appropriate access to genetic resources and by appropriate transfer of relevant technologies, taking into account all rights over those resources and technologies, and by appropriate funding (Article1). Obligations: The convention obliges governments to take a number of measures, these include:  Monitoring and identification of biodiversity  Environmental Impact Assessments;  National Strategies, plans or programmes to conserve and use the components of biological diversity sustainably, and  The integration of biodiversity policy into relevant sectoral or cross sectoral plans, programmes and policies. The Convention constitutes an historic commitment by nations of the world to address directly the detrimental impacts of human activity on biodiversity. It is the first time that biodiversity is comprehensively addressed in a binding global treaty, the first time genetic diversity is specifically recognized and the first time that the conservation of biodiversity conservation in inter-generational equity, the assurance that future generations gain equal access to essential biological resources. 14 | P a g e 3.0 OVERVIEW OF THE STATUS OF BIODIVERSITY IN VANUATU Vanuatu’s biodiversity remains poorly known, with detailed studies of only a few genera and few studies of the biota of smaller or less accessible islands. However a review of studies of the flora and fauna of Vanuatu has shown that there are endemic species, rare species and uncommon variants within many of the genera that have been studied in detail. Much of Vanuatu’s diversity beneath the species level has only been classified by indigenous knowledge systems that vary from one language group to another and are not documented. Patterns of species diversity reflect classic island biogeography, where island size and distance from continental source are key determinants of number of species. The larger and older islands generally support a greater diversity of terrestrial ecosystems, and a greater diversity of plants and animals (Taiki et al., Unpublished). The islands are separated by the sea, and catchments and lowland habitats are separated by mountains – these are barriers to many species, and produce conditions whereby relatively rapid sub-speciation and speciation occurs. Altitudinal gradients provide opportunities for montane endemics, such as the Mountain Starling (Aplonis santovestris) of Santo, which add diversity to high island faunas that is not possible on low islands no matter how large they are. Frequent disturbance due to tropical cyclones, earthquakes and volcanic activity also affects the distribution and abundance of species, especially on the smaller islands. Lastly, there is significant variation with latitude, with species that occur at high altitudes in the tropical north occurring at much lower altitudes in the sub-tropical south. Consequently, there is considerable variation in the distribution of species within and between islands, and Vanuatu’s biodiversity is of particular interest for its on-going processes of immigration, range extension and contraction, and sub-speciation (Department of Environmental Protection and Conservation, 2014). 3.1 Threats to Biodiversity The greatest threats to biodiversity conservation result from human activities. Human settlements are generally found concentrated in the coastal lowlands. Consequently, biodiversity is most at risk in lowland and coastal areas and small islands, yet remains relatively intact in the high altitude forests of larger islands. Land cannot be alienated from the traditional landholders, but can be leased from the landholders for fixed periods and agreed purposes. This system of land and resource management limits the capacity of government to conserve biodiversity without the support, understanding and commitment of landholders. This therefore, creates an imperative for landholders as resource owners and managers to work independently or in cooperation with other landholders, organisations or government to conserve biodiversity (VEU MSP, 2003). The 2010 Vanuatu National Assessment Report notes that Vanuatu’s environment quality is rapidly deteriorating. It lists increasing frequency and severity of natural disasters, including cyclones, flooding and coral bleaching; and deforestation, air, land and marine pollution as growing problems. The assessment observes that population growth leads to more pressure for food and investment resulting “not only in land degradation and overfishing, but also destruction of mangroves and fish breeding areas” (GOV, 2010). Invasive Alien Species (IAS) is an existing and growing concern, threatening forests and biodiversity of Vanuatu. The direct effects of climate change and their interactions with the current threats will only exacerbate the risks to biodiversity. These pressures work singly or in tandem with each other in complex ways. 15 | P a g e 3.2 Terrestrial Biodiversity 3.2.1 Overview Seventy four percent (74%) of land in Vanuatu is covered with natural vegetation. Forest types include tropical lowland evergreen rain forest, broad-leaved deciduous forest, closed conifer forest, montane rain forest, cloud forest and coastal forest. Other notable vegetation includes swamp forest on Efate, kauri pine strands on Erromango and scattered mangrove forests covering around 3,000 ha (most of which occur on Malekula Island). Lowland forest has largely been cleared and replaced by anthropogenic vegetation but forested areas remain the dominant landscape element on most islands. High forests are restricted on most of the islands (especially those that are densely populated, such as Pentecost, Ambae, Tanna and Shepherd; or have active volcanoes, such as Ambrym). However low montane forests are generally well preserved and occupy large areas. Secondary forests (often consisting of a Hibiscus community) are dense and extensive in Vanuatu. There are about 1,000 vascular plant species in Vanuatu of which around 150 are endemic. There is high diversity of orchids with 158 species and palms with 21 species, including 14 endemic species (GOV, 2014). There are 121 bird species, 28 species of reptiles and 12 species of Chiropterae (Flying Foxes and Bats). Invertebrate diversity is not fully described but includes the coconut crab (Birgus latro) the largest land crab, which is an important food resource in Vanuatu (GOV, 2014). Invasive animal species are a threat in Vanuatu and include the Indian Mynah (Acridotheres tristis), the Giant African Snail (Achatina fulica) and the Rosy Wolf Snail (Euglandina rosea). E. rosea was introduced as a biological control agent for Achatina fulica but the species has caused the extinction of numerous native snails in other countries. Another species of concern in Vanuatu is the Little Fire Ant (Wasmannia auropunctata), which has reduced arthropod species diversity in other locations, and may threaten crab species, including the coconut crab (Bakeo and Qarani 2005). Vanuatu has one recorded extinction: the Tanna Ground Dove (Gallicolumba ferruginea). Extinction drivers for this species are believed to have been hunting and predation by domesticated and feral mammals. 3.2.2 Threats The forests of Vanuatu have been impacted by human activities, which have diminished and altered forest cover and biodiversity. There has been immense pressure on some timber species on the larger islands, where harvesting is concentrated. In 1998, for instance, 92% of logs harvested were of just two species, Endospermum medullosum (Whitewood or Basswood), and Antiaris toxicaria (known in Vanuatu as Milk Tree) (Bakeo and Qarani, 2005). Agriculture, Fishing and Forestry has recovered from a decline in 2015 by registering a positive growth of 5.1%; an increase of 10.7 percentage points. The components of agriculture that contribute to this positive growth, were crop production, it grew by 5.9%, followed by animal production at 2.6%, fishing at 3.9% and forestry at 0.7% (Vanuatu National Statistic Office, 2017). In the mid-2000s, natural forest cover in Vanuatu was estimated at 444,000 ha, equivalent to 36% of the total land area (1.22 million ha) (FAO, 2010), and at least 40% of the commercial forest area was regarded as degraded (King, 2007). Most of the high value forests were over-exploited in the 1980s and 1990s, until the government imposed a ban on the export of round logs in 1998. However, large scale logging has been banned since the late 1990s. Many landowners have used their logged forest lands for alternative activities like commercial agriculture. 16 | P a g e In addition to traditional forest management concerns, such as declining forest cover and imbalance between utilisation and reforestation, invasive alien species are of significant concern and several have been identified as priority species for management under Vanuatu’s National Invasive Species Strategy and Action Plan (NISSAP) 20142020. Of all invasive plants in Vanuatu, perhaps the most widely cited pest is Ecuador Laurel or Salmwood (Cordia alliodora). Introduced as a forestry tree to Vanuatu in the 1970s, this species has now become dominant and is considered a serious pest in locations where it was planted. Another invasive plant species that is common in the drier parts of certain islands, is kasis (Leucaena leucocephala), which forms dense monospecific thickets and is difficult to eradicate, rendering extensive areas unusable and inaccessible (Bakeo and Qarani, 2005). Exploitation is the most significant threat faced by (or potentially faced by) Vanuatu’s threatened (Critically Endangered, Rare, Endangered or Vulnerable) species recorded in the IUCN Red List. Hunting and exploitation affect 66% of total threatened species in Vanuatu, while agriculture and invasive alien species impact 20% and 15% of threatened species in Vanuatu, respectively. Some species face multiple threats. For example the Endangered Santa Cruz Ground Dove (Gallicolumba sanctaecrucis) is threatened by hunting and exploitation, the establishment of the invasive vine Merremia peltata in the Vatthe Conservation Area, and competition from the common native Emerald Dove (Chalcophaps indica) in degraded forest. Agriculture, farming and forestry impact a number of threatened plant species in Vanuatu including the endangered Fijian Kauri Pine (Agathis macrophylla), which faces ongoing unsustainable logging in natural forests in parts of its range. The Pacific Sheath-tailed Bat (Emballonura semicaudata) is also impacted by the loss of native forests to agricultural and grazing land. This bat faces multiple threats including disturbance of roosting sites, pesticide use, invasive species and stochastic events. 3.3 Inland Waters Biodiversity 3.3.1 Overview Large rivers are present on the larger islands but the most common freshwater habitats are steep gradient mountain streams. Unique and rare habitats include freshwater lakes on several islands (including crater lakes on inactive volcanic islands) and subterranean streams in karst areas. Exploration of caves on Santo revealed four species of invertebrate that were new to science and confined exclusively to these caves (Deharveng, 2011). Atolls and coral islets generally have underground freshwater lenses due to the porosity of the rock. Most islands of Vanuatu contain a dense network of seas, lakes and rivers. The larger islands are well watered by rapid mountain rivers and creeks. Other freshwater systems include low gradient lowland streams, deep pits called blue holes, some lakes and swamps/marshes on plains. Most of the 2530 lakes are crater lakes, with Lake Letas on the volcanic island of Gaua, being the largest freshwater system in the Pacific at 19 km2 in area and 350 m deep (Vanuatu National Museum and Vanuatu Environment Unit, 2004). The caldera lakes of Ambae lie at an altitude of over 1,300m and are the highest of the South Pacific (Scott, 1993). Freshwater swamps and swamp forests are generally restricted to fringing areas around lakes (Efate, Thion), in depressions on plateaux (Efate, Epi, Maewo and Gaua), in extinct volcanoes (Vanua Lava) or on floodplains (East Santo). Dasheen (taro) fields may sometime host freshwater species. Streams and rivers in Vanuatu are highly variable in size and length and can be divided into six zones depending on altitude and water velocity: spring zone (over 800 m); higher course (450-800 m; steep); middle course (150-450 m; less than 10% slope), upper lower course (50-150 m) and lower course (less than 50 m; tidal) (Keith, et al,2010). Understanding this typical zonation allows understanding of the distribution of freshwater species. While the majority of species are found in low velocity reaches, 17 | P a g e high velocity reaches often contain unique species adapted to this type of environment (e.g. Sicyopterus spp, Gobiidae). The estuarine zone is also an important thoroughfare for a freshwater fauna dominated by migratory species. All freshwater fishes in the identified important biodiversity areas are amphidromous (i.e. with a marine larval stage), providing a clear linkage between freshwater and marine ecosystems. Diversity is dominated by gobies and some endemism is known in the subfamily Sicydiinae. However, these are very small fish, which are not currently utilised by local communities or represented in indigenous taxonomies. The larger but non-endemic species like eels (Anguilla spp.), Spot-tail Bass (Lutjanus fuscescens), Mullets (Mugilidae) and Grunters (Terapontidae) are utilised for food, as are neritid snails and prawns, and reduction in their populations is of direct concern to villagers. Surveys in Vanuatu indicate there may be some endemism in freshwater crustacea (Marquet et al. 2002). The intense utilisation of freshwater species for protein in some areas is having an impact on freshwater ecosystems but there is little to no research in this area. Freshwater fish biodiversity can be highly localised and even small lake or stream systems may harbour unique locally evolved forms of life. The numbers of different species in any given freshwater habitat can be high even if the population numbers of the individual species are low. Generally speaking, the fauna of riverine systems has been better studied than other systems. The number of endemic species is greater in older islands that have retained a good natural vegetation cover and where flows have not been altered. Of the 96 known crustacean and fish species (29 decapod crustaceans and 67 fish), 5 are endemic to Vanuatu and 7 to both Vanuatu and New Caledonia (Keith, et al, 2010). 3.3.2 Threats The major threats to freshwater ecosystems in Vanuatu are from human activities including poor land use practices; catchment alteration primarily for irrigation, weirs or hydropower dams; pollution from urban areas; and invasion of exotic species such as water lily (Water Hyacinths (Eichhornia crassipes), Guppy (Poecilia reticulata), Mosquitofish (Gambusia affinis) and Tilapia (Sarotherodon occidentalis). Poor agricultural practices often result in loss of riparian habitat, erosion of soil and increased turbidity which may disrupt feeding success of fishes. Forest clearance and land reclamation may affect river flows and water temperature in some catchments. Higher course species in particular, require good vegetation cover to survive. Dams or weirs reduce or block flow in others to the extent that lower reaches of waterways can no longer support aquatic life and migratory species such as eels and amphidromous species lose their migratory paths and cannot complete their life cycles. Pollutants from increased agricultural practices may be washed into the water during rainfall events and affect the chemical and biophysical characteristics of the water, making the habitat non-conducive to aquatic life. Other threats to freshwaters include overfishing. For example, during the Santo expedition in 2006 it was observed that some villages were relying on freshwater fish for food because of the scarcity of marine resources. The aquarium trade is another threat to freshwater fish, especially colourful species (Keith et al., 2010). Vanuatu is particularly exposed to cyclones and hydrological changes resulting from climate change could be significant in some of the catchments. Conservation initiatives have included freshwater surveys by the Department of Environmental Protection and Conservation (DEPC) and the requirement for an assessment of impacts on freshwater ecosystems as part of development projects and to implement good practice (Keith et al., 2011) have also considered options for optimising conservation of freshwater habitats in Santo. 18 | P a g e Vanuatu updated its wetlands inventory (Kalfatak and Jaensch, 2014) and initial work is underway to document GIFT tilapia farms near wetland systems that may have impacts on them if they are not well managed by farmers. The Teouma River is also a critical ecosystem that is threatened by water hyacinth which covers a large surface area of the river. However, the losses that water hyacinth may have caused is still to be confirmed. 3.4 Marine and Coastal Biodiversity 3.4.1 Overview Vanuatu’s marine and coastal biodiversity contributes to generating goods and services that people value. These values total over VT4.5 billion. The values include, not surprisingly, tourism and tuna. The net value of tourism in 2013 was approximately VT850 million. The value of tuna to Vanuatu, mainly from access fees, was about VT160 million in 2013. The benefits of Vanuatu’s tuna to the world is billions of Vatu/year. More surprising is how coastal habitats are valued in terms of what they contribute to subsistence fishers (about VT580 million), small-scale inshore commercial fishers (VT290 million), coastal protection (VT1.6 billion) and carbon sequestration (VT760 million) (Pascal et al., 2015). Vanuatu has a range of marine habitats and species, from inshore coral reefs to deepwater seamounts and canyons that generate these values and some are described in more detail here. Vanuatu’s coral reefs are categorised as either fringing, barrier or atoll reefs. Within each of these categories there are patch reefs, where the coral reef forms patches within a matrix of sand or seagrass. Coral species generally have wide geographic ranges in the Indo-Pacific region, but many are listed as globally threatened due to reef damage and bleaching, and will suffer additional impacts from sea temperature and pH changes associated with climate change. Reefs support a variety of mollusks, crustaceans and fishes, which in turn provide the main source of protein for people living in coastal villages. Coral reefs are also the habitat for most of the threatened coastal fishes of the region, such as Humphead Wrasse (Cheilinus undulatus), Green Bumphead Parrotfish (Bolbometopon muricatum) and Hump-backed Rock Cod (Cromileptes altivelis). White sand beaches adjacent to coral reefs are important nesting sites for Green Turtle (Chelonia mydas) and Hawksbill Turtle (Eretmochelys imbricata). Seagrass beds occur in soft-bottom areas and, like coral reefs, require clear water (low turbidity) away from sediment plumes of large rivers. Seagrass beds are the habitat of Dugong (Dugong dugon), which reaches the eastern limits of its distribution in Vanuatu. Results of aerial and postal surveys conducted at least 17 years ago (in 1987) indicated that dugongs occur in small groups (single or pairs of animals) throughout the sheltered waters of Vanuatu (Chambers et al., 1989). Tame dugong are known to reside in Lamen Bay (Epi Island) and Tanna Bay (Tanna Island) (Pacific Island Travel, 1999). Dugong are protected in Vanuatu under the Fisheries Act 2014, which prohibits the capture of marine mammals in Vanuatu’s international waters. Dugongs were formerly hunted but their numbers are so low now that there are few contemporary records of hunting. A recent initiative being implemented by the Vanuatu Environmental Science Society (VESS) involves mapping the distribution of dugong and their seagrass habitat, which will help to identify priority areas of conservation and raise awareness in moving the dugong conservation forward. Mangroves are a marine habitat and widely recognised as an important nursery for juvenile fish. They also provide coastal buffering against tropical cyclones and other extreme weather events. As with terrestrial forests, mangroves and seagrass meadows remove and store carbon from the atmosphere. 19 | P a g e Other ecosystem services include tourism, wood extraction and bioremediation and sediment trapping. In 2009, the Mangrove Ecosystems for Climate Change Adaptation and Livelihoods (MESCAL) project conducted an economic valuation of nine ecosystem services in Crab Bay, Malekula and Eratap on Efate Island. The study found that in 2012, 136.5 ha of mangroves in Crab Bay produced ecosystem services worth US$586,000, while in Eratap, 31.2 ha produced ecosystem services worth US$266,000 (Pascal, 2014). Rocky shorelines occur along the coasts of islands of recent volcanic origin, or where rapid uplift or steep drop-offs preclude the development of coral reefs. The intertidal zones are frequented by people collecting gastropods for food. River mouths and sandy beaches often form small lagoons, which are important spawning sites for amphidromous fish. The river mouths themselves are important for larval/juvenile fish exchange between marine and freshwater ecosystems, and thus are favourite sites for fishing during “whitebait” runs, with people targeting both the larval fish themselves and the large predatory fish chasing them, such as trevallies. Intertidal zones on coral reef flats, mangrove mudflats, rocky shores and river mouths are important habitats for migratory waders (families Charadriidae and Scolopacidae), which migrate from breeding grounds mostly in Siberia but also in Alaska, and include species such as the Bristle-thighed Curlew (Numenius taitensis). Most species recorded from the hotspot are passage migrants en route to or from “wintering” (i.e. northern hemisphere winter) grounds in New Zealand but a few are regular winter visitors, which remain in the islands through the non-breeding season, and, in some cases, the first few years of life. These include Whimbrel (Numenius phaeopus), Ruddy Turnstone (Arenaria interpres), common Sandpiper (Actitis hypoleucos) and Pacific Golden Plover (Pluvialis fulva). 3.4.2 Threats While the oceans offer great potential in terms of sustainable economic development, they are also under increasing pressure from many uses and impacts. Changes in the marine environment resulting from human activities are occurring faster than previously anticipated, affecting, especially, vulnerable marine ecosystems such as coral reefs. Major threats to the marine ecology of Vanua t u include: impacts associated with climate change including rising ocean temperatures, acidity and sea level rise; coastal and offshore developments (e.g. from Deep Sea Mining, shipping) and the destruction of marine ecosystems such as coral reefs and mangroves; unsustainable and destructive fisheries practices; pollution from land-based and offshore sources including from ships and damage from shipwrecks;; conflicting uses and the increasing intensity of hurricanes and other storm events, as recently experienced. Many stretches of coastline, notably some important tourism areas within Vanuatu, have experienced dramatic rates of coastal erosion with considerable economic costs to owners and the nation. Nevertheless, significant areas remain relatively pristine and are targeted for tourism and other development. The marine environment’s ability to maintain its diversity and productivity, and to provide a wide array of valuable services to people, is therefore increasingly being compromised. Designing and implementing effective governance and management strategies is critical to address the challenges posed by the increasing impacts of human activities on the marine environment and to ensure the effective management and sustainable use of living and non-living marine resources (Vanuatu’s National Ocean Policy, 2017). 20 | P a g e 3.5 Species Under the IUCN Red List of Endangered Species, 65 species endemic to Vanuatu have been assessed for their conservation status. Of these, 18 were found to be of conservation concern. This includes 12 bird species, one of which, the Tanna Ground Dove (Gallicolumba ferruginea) is considered extinct. Five are considered ‘vulnerable’: the Santo Mountain Starling (Aplonis santovestris), Green Palm Lorikeet (Charmosyna palmarum), Royal Parrotfinch (Erythrura regia), Vanuatu Mountain Pigeon (Ducula bakeri) and Vanuatu Megapode (Megapodius layardi). Of the mammals, the Banks Flying Fox (Pteropus fundutas) is ‘endangered’ and the Vanuatu Flying Fox (Pteropus anetianus) is ‘vulnerable’. There are nine endemic reptiles of which the Anatom Emo Skink (Emoia aneityumensis), found only on Aneityum, is endangered and the common Emo Skink (E. erronan), found only on Futuna and Aniwa, is endangered. One endemic land snail (Partula milleri) is critically endangered and P. eurania is endangered. There are 38 recorded endemic freshwater species, of which only the Lobed River Mullet (Cestraeus plicatilis) is listed on the IUCN Redlist. The rest still need to be assessed. These endemic species are threatened with extinction by a variety of factors and invasive species are likely to be one of the most important. Rats, particularly the ship or Black Rat (Rattus rattus) which is a very good climber, are known to prey on the eggs and chicks of many birds and take lizards. They are implicated in the extinction of the Tanna ground dove. Big leaf rope (Merremia peltata) (or locally, Big Lif) and other weeds damage the forest habitats in which most of these species live, and rats and Mice (Mus musculus) eat the fruits and seeds of trees and alter the composition of the forest. Native partulid land snails have been wiped out in several countries by the Rosy Wolf-Snail (Euglandina rosea). Lizards are a favourite food of feral cats though this is not an issue for the two threatened skinks as they live up in trees, but they will be vulnerable to rats. Yellow Crazy Ants (Anoplolepis gracilipes) have been recorded, for example, on Australia’s Christmas Island) killing crabs, lizards and nestling birds and can change the forest structure leading to declines in other native species. Important terrestrial ecosystems occupied by a range of species can also be threatened by invasive species. For example, the Vatthe Conservation Area covers 2,720 ha of Big Bay, on the Island of Espiritu Santo and is Vanuatu’s biodiversity hot spot. It is the most significant area of extensive alluvial and limestone forest left in Vanuatu. It provides habitat for a diversity of wildlife, including six of Vanuatu’s endemic bird species, including the globally endangered Santa Cruz Ground Dove (Galliclumba santecrusis), three vulnerable or near threatened endemic bird species (the Vanuatu Megapode, Royal Parrotfinch, Chestnut-bellied Kingfisher (Todirampus farquahri)), three of Vanuatu’s six endemic skinks and three endemic freshwater fish. The conservation area hosts many culturally significant tabu sites for the communities nearby. The people from Matantas and Sara depend on this area for their daily activities, including tourism, bean tree seed harvesting and copra production. However, this massive primary forest is now threatened by the Big Lif vine, which is smothering and killing the native trees. This vine is seen as the number one killer of intact forest in the islands where they exist in Vanuatu. The Teouma River is also a critical ecosystem that was threatened by water hyacinth, which covered a large surface area of the river. The Water Hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) has been removed through biocontrol processes however the losses that it may have caused is still to be confirmed. Many communities have concerns about the impact of crown-of-thorn starfish on reef habitats in the country. This species is considered native to Vanuatu but it can occasionally build up in large numbers, usually if the reefs are under stress from pollution or the impacts of natural disasters such as cyclones 21 | P a g e and tsunamis. Some parts of the country have experienced unusual outbreaks lasting several seasons. Reef cleaning for crown-of-thorns is happening in some communities with funding from outside donors but that is limited and is not able to fund all the infested reef areas. 4.0 MEASURES IN PLACE TO ADDRESS THREATS TO BIODIVERSITY 4.1 Traditional Governance and Management In Vanuatu, constitutionally vested, inalienable land ownership rights rests with customary tenure, with recognised leasing arrangements under ministerial consent. All land in Vanuatu belongs to the indigenous 'custom owners' and almost all land is held under customary tenure, whether leased (9.3%) or un-leased (89.7%). A National Land Summit resolution in 2006, resulted in wider recognition and inclusion of mandatory consultative processes with traditional governance systems, from the national to local (community/village/land owning unit) levels. These recommendations will drive the call for major Constitutional changes giving more jurisdiction to traditionally instituted forums at local levels (and less to the Courts) for land dispute determination/settlement. Under the National Land Use Planning Policy (GOV, 2013) “Kastom” provides one of three pillar foundations informing the way forward for land use planning. Vanuatu’s traditional societies and the inter-relationships between units of family, clans, and tribes is organised in meaningful patterns of customary resource access rights, which are communally shared, and which in turn supports a highly resilient traditional economy. Of particular note is that such access rights are inextricably linked to kinship ties, which transcend the physical boundaries of defined localities. Although direct and physical access to land and its produce is guaranteed to those that hold active stewardship over customary land/marine areas, participation and access (to land/sea and its produce) is open to kin-folk in urban areas. Regenvanu (2007) notes: The ill-considered alienation of land from the traditional economy in Vanuatu through leasehold title, for example, is removing the means for ordinary people to be economically productive and enjoy food and social security, in addition to often massively degrading our natural environment. Protected Areas (marine and terrestrial) as conservation measures are being increasingly used, by villages/communities, as unique and time-tested customary tools in resource management, accepted and understood by the indigenous population. 4.2 Protected Areas or Conservation Areas There has generally been little progress towards the establishment of formal protected areas. In part this reflects the limitations of conventional protected area approaches in a context of customary land ownership and resource tenure and limited government capacity, and in part, it reflects conflicting land uses, especially logging in lowlands and mining in highlands. The World Database on Protected Areas (WDPA) lists four formal protected areas, covering 98 km2 or 1 per cent of the total land area: Erromango Kauri Forest Conservation Area; Nguna-Pele Marine Protected Area; President Coolidge and Million Dollar Point Marine Reserve; and Vatthe Forest Conservation Area, the latter two on Santo. Although established with government support, these areas are typically managed by, or in collaboration with, customary land owners. 22 | P a g e As an alternative to conventional, government-managed protected areas, various approaches to community-managed conservation areas have been piloted in Vanuatu’s Key Biodiversity Areas (KBAs) for both terrestrial and marine areas. Government and civil society partners have promoted LMMAs, which are seen as a way to empower local people to manage their marine and coastal resources, while similar approaches have been promoted for terrestrial forests, including community conserved areas (CCAs) and the Emua Marine Protected Area and Vatthe Forest Conservation Area. 4.2.1 Community Conservation Areas (CCAs) The Pacific has experienced a proliferation of Locally Managed Marine Areas (LMMAs) in the last decade. The approaches being developed at national levels are built on the unique features of the region, customary tenure and resource access, and make use of existing community strengths in traditional knowledge, traditional resource management techniques and traditional governance, combined with a local awareness of the need for action. Govan (2009) reported that many communities in Vanuatu have preserved traditional management in the form of ‘tabu’ areas and, in others, this tradition has been revived with the support of fisheries officers, environment officers, other government organisations and NGOs. Over 40 villages have been reported to manage their marine resources in this manner in Vanuatu but the real numbers may be significantly higher. An estimated 80 traditional LMMAs exist in Vanuatu, and there is evidence that they have been effective at increasing size and abundance of target species, but they are not well documented. There has been significant buy-in from local communities and organisations to the model of community based protected areas, Community Conservation Areas (CCAs), as reflected in the considerable number established to date. These models present an alternative that allows community members to continue to use the areas in accordance with their traditions and needs and have been piloted in the Key Biodiversity Areas (KBAs) for Vanuatu in both terrestrial and marine areas. There are around 50 listed sites which are currently considered to be legally recognised as conservation areas (but not legally registered under the Environment Protection and Conservation Act CAP 283.). This has been supported by initiatives such as GEF 4 Forest Protected Areas Management (FPAM) project which supported sites such as Lake Letas on Gaua Island and Kauri Reserve in Erromango including other projects such as the Nakau Programme and Critical Ecosystem Partnership Fund (CEPF). 4.2.2 Terrestrial Protected Areas Vanuatu has a total land area of 12,189 km2. Terrestrial habitat losses from deforestation, urban, agricultural and industrial expansion as well as pollution, pose serious risks.The magnitude of these risks is compounded through a combination of demographic growth, pressure for economic development, changes in natural resource management models and climate change. Vanuatu has set ambitous national targets under the National Sustainable Development Plan (NSDP) and the NEPIP to effectively conserve 15% of natural forest and 10% of wetland areas through community and government management measures by 2030. Targets include 90% of community management committees complying with their CCA reporting obligations by 2020 and 10 registered CCAs in Vanuatu by 2020. The Vanuatu Forestry Policy has set a target to actively manage 30% of Vanuatu’s forest by 2030 and the Vanuatu Ocean policy has set a goal to establish, by 2020, a national ecologically representative system of marine protected areas (GOV, 2012 and 2016). 23 | P a g e The WDPA lists four formal protected areas, covering 98 km2 or 1% of the total land area, however the Department of Environment Protection and Conservation (DEPC) has registered three formal forest areas and one mangrove area covering an estimated area of 11,000 ha. Protected terrestrial and inland waters comprise only 4.2% of the total land area and only approximately 45 km2 of coastal and marine areas are covered by some form of Protected Area status. This largely reflects the limitations of formal approaches to protected areas in Vanuatu’s context of customary land ownership and limited government capacity and the CCA approach, as described above, appears to present a better model. 4.2.3 Marine Protected Areas In spite of 98% of Vanuatu’s total area consisting of ocean there has been very little progress towards the establishment of formal marine protected areas nor traditional management areas in the wider EEZ. Near-shore areas remain focused on local interests but there are significant opportunities to prioritise and plan for the wider EEZ. The Government has outlined a clear way forward under the Vanuatu Ocean policy, including a comprehensive consultation process to ensure all competing interests are taken into account. This will require significant inputs for progress but has the potential to significantly expand the protected area coverage and protect Vanuatu’s critical marine biodiversity and ecosystem services. Currently, approximately 45 km2 of coastal and marine areas are covered by some form of Protected Area status in Vanuatu (Integrated Biodiversity Assessment Tool (IBAT) 2013). DEPC has to date, registered one marine managed area as a conservation area registered under the EPC Act. Initiatives such as the Marine and Coastal Biodiversity Management in Pacific Island Countries project (MACBIO) are assisting the government to carry out assessments to identify important bioregions or areas of high biodiversity, which may help guide priority areas for a network of MPAs. Also included is the GEF 5 National Ridge to Reef project, which aims to expand MPAs and integrated land and coastal management on sites such as Aneityum, Tanna, Efate and South Pentecost. 4.2.4 Species Conservation The Alliance for Zero Extinction (AZE), a joint initiative of biodiversity conservation organisations from around the world, aims to prevent extinctions by identifying and safeguarding key sites, each one of which is the last remaining refuge of one or more Endangered or Critically Endangered species. AZE is first focusing on species that face extinction either because their last remaining habitat is being degraded at a local level, or because their tiny global ranges make them especially vulnerable to external threats. In order to be designated as an AZE site, a site must meet all of the three criteria: it must contain at least one Endangered (EN) or Critically Endangered (CR) species, as listed on the IUCN Red List; it must be the only area where an EN or CR species occurs, and contain the overwhelmingly significant known resident population (>95%) of the EN or CR species and it must have a definable boundary. There is one AZE site in Vanuatu on Vanua Lava and Mota for the Vanikoro Flying Fox (Pteropus tuberculatus). 4.3 Vanuatu International Conventions and Commitment to Biodiversity Vanuatu has obligations under the following list of international biodiversity conventions and commitments. 24 | P a g e Table 1: Environment-related International Agreements to which Vanuatu is party. Convention/Treaty/MOU Date Signed Date Ratified United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) December 1982 August 1999 Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of wild Flora and Fauna (CITES) July 1989 October 1989 United Convention on Biological Diversity (UNCBD) June 1992 March 1993 United Nations Convention Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) June 1992 March 1993 United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD) September 1995 August 1999 Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage (WHC) June 2002 The Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) for the Conservation of Cetaceans and their Habitats in the Pacific Island Region September 2006 The Memorandum of Understanding on the Conservation and Management of Dugongs and their Habitats throughout their Range (Dugong MoU). October 2010 The Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) on the Conservation of Migratory Sharks. February 2013 Nagoya Protocol on Access to Genetic Resources and the Fair and Equitable Sharing of Benefits Arising from their utilization November 2014 March 2015 Convention on Wetlands of International Importance (Ramsar) 2018 MARPOL Convention 1986 25 | P a g e 4.4 Vanuatu Environment-Related Legislation Aimed to Protect Biodiversity and Promote Sustainable-Use The table below lists legislation and policies that are relevant to the sustainable use and protection of biodiversity in Vanuatu. Table 2: Legislation and policies of relevance to biodiversity protection and management in Vanuatu. Name of Instrument Purpose Import of Plants Act 1964 Regulates the movement of plants into and within the country Cocoa Act 1982 Licensing and export of cocoa Animal Imports Act 1986 Regulates movement of animals into and within the country Mines and Minerals Act 1986 Regulates the mining industry Alienated Land Act 1983 Regulates the alienation of land in certain circumstances and to provide for matters connected therewith. Definition of Land Boundaries Act Allows the Minister to decide that the boundary of land or of any portion thereof should be more clearly defined or ascertained. International Trade (Flora and Fauna) Act No. 56 of 1989 [Cap 210]. This Act relates to the CITES which is an international agreement between governments. Its aim is to ensure that international trade in specimens of wild animals and plants does not threaten their survival. Physical Planning Act 1987 Planning Act – no environmental references – needs amending Plant Protection Act1997 Provides for the exclusion and effective management of plant pests Forestry Act 2001 The main piece of legislation regulating the forestry industry. Water Resources Management Act 2002 Provides for management plans, committees and protection zones for the management of water resources Environmental Protection and Conservation Act (2002) no. 12. Provides for the conservation, sustainable development and management of the environment of Vanuatu and the regulation of related activities. Forest Sector Plan Legally recognised within the Plant and Forest Act–informs stakeholders of roles and responsibilities. Industrial Development Act Makes provision for the implementation of the National Industrial Policy to promote, facilitate and support the growth of sustainable and value added industry in Vanuatu and to provide for related matters. 2010 Decentralization Act An Act to amend the Decentralization and Local Government Regions. EIA Regulation 2011 A regulation under section 45 of the Environmental Protection and Conservation Act, concern (preliminary) environmental impact assessment and environmental audit regarding schedueled projects, proposals or development activities. Trade Policy Framework 2011 Mainstream trade into Vanuatu’s national development strategy; enhance development through increased exports of goods and services; guide and inform the workings of Vanuatu’s National Trade and Development Committee and inform trade negotiations. Land Reform Amendment Act 2013Use Planning Policy 2013 Sustainable land use based on Kastom 26 | P a g e Name of Instrument Purpose Foreshore Development Act (amended 2013) Regulates the carrying out of works on the foreshore. National Industry Policy 2010-15 Permits private sectors access of usage; will create more access to markets; and will assist producers to operate in a sustainable environment. Vanuatu Forest Policy 2013-2023 Sets clear policy directives for the management of Vanuatu's forests and forest resources for the next 10 years (2013 – 2023). Fisheries Act 2014 Makes provision for management, development and regulation of fisheries in nearshore, offshore and aquaculture and for the control of fishing vessels entitled to fly the flag of Vanuatu outside of Vanuatu waters in a manner consistent with Vanuatu’s international obligations, and for related matters. Vanuatu’s National Ocean Policy 2016 Government's policy for the management of its sovereign water and marine ecosystems through to 2030. Deep Sea Mineral Policy 2016 Sets out Vanuatu’s vision and strategic goals in relation to its deep sea minerals, and will form the basis for future drafting of laws in line with the policy. Vanuatu Forestry Act 2014 Makes provision for the protection, development and sustainable management of forests and the regulation of the forestry industry in Vanuatu, and for related purposes. Overarching Productive Sector Policy Pomotes private sector-led agriculture growth which recognises that the private sector - including farmers and fishers (big and small), traders, food vendors, processors and exporters - are the major sector output generators. National Environment Policy and Implementation Plan Is an illustration of the Government's commitment to environmental sustainability and meets the requirements of a national policy and plan set out in the Environmental Protection and Conservation Act [CAP 283]. Vanuatu National Sustainable Development Plan Its vision is: Building a stable, sustainable and prosperous nation. It focuses on three main pillars: society, environment and economy. Vanuatu Sustainable Tourism Policy 2018 This is important as sustainable tourism is not a discrete special form of tourism, rather, all forms of tourism should strive to be more responsible and sustainable. Vanuatu National Livestock Policy 2015-2030 Recognizes the major stakeholders in the livestock sector and it defines their respective roles. It also recognizes the impact of livestock activities on the environment and the availability of other natural recourses such as land, water, and wildlife/livestock interaction on livestock production. Vanuatu Agriculture Sector Policy This Policy, underpinned by social, economic, ecological and cultural principles and sustainable development pillars, is organized around 13 thematic areas. Vanuatu National Fisheries Policy 2016-2031 Sets out the vision, high level formal policy directions and implementation strategic framework for the sustainable conservation, management and development of fisheries and aquaculture in the Republic of Vanuatu. With regard to regulating development activities with potential negative environmental impacts, the key pieces of legislation are the Environmental Protection and Conservation (EPC) Act 2002 CAP 283 and 27 | P a g e the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Regulation of 2011. These specify the requirements of an EIA and lay out the process to be followed when carrying one out. The act applies to all development activities that either impact or are likely to impact on the environment of Vanuatu, and which require any license, permit or approval under any law (Clarke et al. 2008). 5.0 VANUATU NATIONAL BIODIVERSITY STRATEGY AND ACTION PLAN (NBSAP) 5.1 Mission Statement 1. To manage and safeguard biological resources through government, provinces and local communities so as to maintain fully our natural and cultural heritage for all Ni-Vanuatu. 2. Guide governments, provinces, local communities, landowners and landholders in the sustainable management of Vanuatu’s natural resources. 3. Ensure that all Ni-Vanuatu, including future generations, are able to benefit from biodiversity and enjoy its use. 4. Protect the custom, intellectual and legal rights of Ni-Vanuatu as resource custodians and users. There are various measures that can be used to meet these goals. In developing this strategy and action plan priority has been given to activities that are: affordable, within the capacity of existing government or community institutions, and that meet established needs. It is also recognised that conservation of biodiversity is an ongoing and evolving process. 5.2 Principles Underpinning the Strategy Principle 1. Community participation and ownership Most natural resources in Vanuatu are owned and used by indigenous and local communities. Conservation of biodiversity in Vanuatu is greatly dependent on the manner in which landowners, landholders and local user communities choose to manage their landholdings ownership and fishing rights. Community property rights include traditional rights over natural resources, indigenous intellectual property relating to natural resources and cultural knowledge. Any conservation or development work should ensure respect for community decision-making structures, equal participation and ownership of resource owners and active involvement in planning, implementation, monitoring and evaluation. Principle 2. Biodiversity is the foundation for all development and inter-generational equity Biodiversity conservation is the collective responsibility of all levels of government, the private sector, resource users and landowners. This principle places biodiversity at the heart of policy, legislation, plans and projects, highlighting the benefits of taking biodiversity into account – and the associated costs – and the risk of business as usual. This is to ensure that future generations of landowners and citizens, as well as today’s youth and children, all have an equal opportunity to use and enjoy Vanuatu’s biodiversity. Principle 3. Biodiversity mainstreaming and ownership This Principle is based on the understanding that lasting conservation in Vanuatu can only be achieved if: 28 | P a g e  Biodiversity is mainstreamed into national development and poverty reduction efforts,  Sectors and development partners (including communities) take responsibility for leadership of the design, implementation and evaluation of all conservation programmes in their respective areas and,  Sectors and development partners commit to biodiversity-development mainstreaming and cross-sector coordination. Principle 4: Gender mainstreaming and equality Gender perspective must be mainstreamed or integrated into all NBSAP related policies, strategies actions and project stages. It must also ensure equal rights, possibilities and obligations for both men and women in society. It will ensure that stereotyped concepts of gender roles must not restrict the opportunities of individuals and equal appreciation of the values, choices and life experiences typical of women and men. It does not mean seeking to make women and men the same. Principle 5: Adopting an ecosystem-based management approach All conservation and development programmes should adopt an ecosystem-based, ridge to reef or island-system approach to ensure an integrated approach that sustains healthy, productive and resilient ecosystems and restores connectivity between social, economic and cultural values. Involvement of stakeholders must be ensured through participatory governance, adaptive management and integration of scientific, traditional and local knowledge in designing and implementing conservation programmes. Principle 6: Managed and Protected Areas for species protection, forest, watersheds and marine should be comprehensive and representative The establishment of a comprehensive and representative system of marine and terrestrial reserves and conservation areas at the national and local levels is critical to successful biodiversity conservation. A comprehensive and representative system includes examples of all habitats and species. Principle 7: Improving knowledge, capacity and intellectual property The intellectual property rights to biodiversity, genetic resources, and bio-derivate knowledge about biodiversity must be recognised and appropriate mechanisms established to ensure that fair remuneration, credit or other benefits are received by local communities, the discoverer or developer, and the nation. Improved scientific knowledge of biodiversity and enhanced ethnobiological understanding is required for improved conservation management and sustainable use. Education, public awareness and local knowledge are essential for enabling the conservation of biodiversity and ensuring conservation is continuously improved by recording, disseminating and incorporating lessons learned and best practices Principle 8. Financial sustainability and accountability This principle reflects the fact that conservation initiatives must be adequately resourced over time if they are to be successful and that conservation programmes should be of a scale and budget appropriate to the local context. Long-term strategic planning and resource mobilisation that sustains conservation over time is needed. International and national partners will need to be accountable to the communities and countries they work in for their investment and engagement in conservation programmes. 29 | P a g e 5.3 NBSAP Link to NSDP The Vanuatu NBSAP will be the main implementing strategy for the Environment Pillar of the National Sustainable Development Goals and Policies 2016-2030 environment goals and policy objectives which are:  ENVIRONMENT 1: A nation that ensures our food and nutrition security needs are adequately met by all people through increasing sustainable food production.  ENVIRONMENT 2: An economy which fosters sustainable growth and development through low impact industries and modern technologies to ensure the well-being of future generations systems.  ENVIRONMENT 3: A strong and resilient nation in the face of climate change and risks posed by hazards and natural disasters and improving household production.  ENVIRONMENT 4: A nation which utilizes and sustainably manages our land, water and natural resources.  ENVIRONMENT 5: A nation committed to ensuring the conservation and sustainable management of our biodiversity and ecosystems. The National Sustainable Development Plan 2016-2030 30 | P a g e 6.0 VANUATU NBSAP STRATEGIC AREAS In 2015, Vanuatu reviewed the focal areas of the 1999 NBSAP and identified the following strategic areas of focus. The strategic areas define the key priorities which the NBSAP will focus on to achieve national targets. Through these measures, the NBSAP is responding to the requirements of the CBD and related multilateral environment agreements (MEAs). Strategic Area 1: Conservation Area Management Strategic Area 2: Forest and Inland Waters Ecosystems Conservation and Management Strategic Area 3: Coastal and Marine Ecosystems Conservation and Management Strategic Area 4: Species and Genetic Diversity Conservation Strategic Area 5: Invasive Species Eradication and Control Strategic Area 6: Mainstreaming Biodiversity across sectors and society Strategic Area 7: Resource Mobilisation Motri Primary School Children playing, Pont-Cross, South Pentecost © D.Kalfatak 31 | P a g e 6.1 STRATEGIC AREA 1: CONSERVATION AREA MANAGEMENT Aichi Strategic Focus Area: Safeguard ecosystems, species, genes and improving the status of biodiversity to support national income and livelihoods Aichi Strategic Goal C: To improve the status of biodiversity by safeguarding ecosystems, species and genetic diversity Aichi Target 11: By 2020, at least 17 per cent of terrestrial and inland water, and 10 per cent of coastal and marine areas of particular importance for biodiversity and ecosystem services, are conserved through effectively and equitably managed, ecologically representative and well-connected systems of protected areas and other effective area-based conservation measures, and integrated into the wilder landscapes and seascapes. VANUATU CONSERVATION AREAS TARGET 1. By 2030, representative examples of at least 17% of terrestrial and 10% of coastal and marine areas to support 100% of local communities’ livelihoods and kastom importance are conserved through effective community and government management measures. 2. By 2020, there are 10 legally registered CCAs and 50% of CCAs are effectively supported and managed in Vanuatu. 3. By 2030, 90% of CCA management committees are complying with their reporting obligations to DEPC (NEPIP, 2016). 4. Targets for conservation areas set in provincial strategic plans are achieved. Indicators:  Total area of representative coverage of legally recognised, other effective conserved areas and locally managed areas in terrestrial and marine areas including sites of particular importance for biodiversity.  Percentage of terrestrial and marine protected areas that are effectively managed based on agreed national and international protected area conditions and management effectiveness.  Measure of ecosystem service values and equity of benefits from CAs.  Level of connectivity of CAs and other area based approaches with broader landscapes and seascapes. IUCN’s “Guidelines for Applying Protected Area Management Categories” defines a protected area as: A clearly defined geographical space, recognised, dedicated and managed, through legal or other effective means, to achieve the long-term conservation of nature with associated ecosystem services and cultural values. The IUCN guidelines provide an opportunity for Vanuatu to ensure that our CA efforts towards sustainable resource management qualify as protected areas and therefore meet our international commitments and obligations. Well-governed and effectively managed protected areas are a proven method for safeguarding both habitats and populations of species and for delivering important ecosystem services. Protected areas should be integrated into the wider land and seascape, and relevant sectors, bearing in mind the importance of complementarity and spatial configuration. In doing so, the ecosystem approach should be applied, taking into account ecological connectivity and the concept of ecological networks, including connectivity for migratory species (through, for example, “fly-ways” for migratory birds). 32 | P a g e Protected areas should also be established and managed in close collaboration with, and through equitable processes that recognise and respect the rights of indigenous and local communities, and vulnerable populations. Vanuatu has a rudimentary system of conservation areas, however, none of the areas have been selected through formal planning processes on the basis of ecological knowledge or biodiversity values. In most cases, their existence is historical, traditional or opportunistic. Nonetheless, these sites in combination with other priority sites which have been identified for their biodiversity values, have the potential to provide the basis of a representative system of protected areas. The intention is for the representative system of protected areas to be strengthened by a large number and variety of protected areas which are important at the national, provincial or local level. FOCUS AREA CA1: EXPANDED NATIONAL REPRESENTATIVE NETWORK OF CONSERVATION AREAS IN MARINE, TERRESTRIAL AND INLAND WATERS. Objective CA1a: To carry out marine, terrestrial and inland waters biodiversity rapid assessment, inventories and threat identification, gap analyses and prioritisation to guide the development of a national representative network of CAs. ACTION PLANS: CA1.1 Carry out gap analysis and prioritisation in terrestrial, marine and inland waters ecosystems to identify key biodiversity areas for biodiversity protection to meet our national targets. CA1.2 Analyse and map the occurrence and status of all existing conservation areas, including their governance structures. CA1.3 Prioritise key biodiversity areas for focal species, species/groups, habitats and important ecological connectivity and processes. CA 1.4 Identify sites that can achieve not just biodiversity conservation but also social and economic outcomes to do with, for example, fisheries, culture and heritage, agriculture, timber resources, watershed protection, sustainable tourism, to ensure they provide benefits to local people. Objective CA 1b: To develop and apply an implementation plan to meet Vanuatu’s CA targets in terrestrial, marine and inland waters protected areas systems. ACTION PLANS: CA1.5 Conduct a national planning process to develop a CA action and implementation plan for land, marine and inland waters. CA1.6 Develop priority biodiversity areas maps for terrestrial, marine and inland waters. CA1.7 Describe the entirety of Vanuatu’s natural terrestrial, coastal and marine environment as a basis for selecting ecologically representative areas. CA1.8 Develop terrestrial and marine protected area typologies. 33 | P a g e CA1.9 Describe protected area design criteria to guide placement of different types of protected areas. FOCUS AREA CA2: Improve Information Management and Monitoring Conservation Area Management Effectiveness and Practice. Objective CA2a: Develop a national information system, database and monitoring framework for Vanuatu’s CAs to assess the management effectiveness of CAs, and promote adaptive management. ACTION PLANS: CA2.1 Adopt a national 100% target to support all communities, provinces and districts in Vanuatu through government policies, provincial endorsements and supported by national sector strategies and plans. CA2.2 Use some of the Conservation Areas as role models whether they are formally registered or not. CA2.3 Monitor and evaluate protected areas to ensure they are effective and are achieving their core objectives. CA2.4 Ensure monitoring and evaluation is fed into the national CA network plans for learning and adaptive management. Objectives CA2b: To develop context specific co-management plans, recognising both informal and formal CA sites at national, provincial and local level. ACTION PLANS: CA2.5 For each priority CA, establish opportunities for mutually beneficial co-management arrangements, which takes into account and builds upon good governance practices where they exist. CA2.6 Ensure at each CA there are wide participatory discussions with local communities and key stakeholders to discuss opportunities for co-management. CA2.7 Build capacity at all levels, with strong focus on supporting provincial and district level committees to implement PAs. CA2.8 Apply, as appropriate, a diversity of governance arrangements that include recognition of Indigenous and Community Conserved Areas (ICCA) through national legislation or other effective means of formal inclusion in the national systems. Objective CA2c: To maintain the integrity of PA networks by ensuring they are recognised and supported by other sectors including in the National Sustainable Development Plan and other government policies and frameworks. ACTION PLANS: CA2.9 Coordination between relevant natural resource management sectors such as environment and conservation, agriculture, forestry, fisheries, biosecurity and tourism sector-specific sustainable natural resource management activities to support CA management and systems. 34 | P a g e CA2.10 Incorporate CA planning (marine, inland waters and terrestrial) within broader national planning exercises including spatial planning and frameworks such as the National Sustainable Development Plan. CA2.11 Assess the value and contribution of Protected Areas to national and local economies and to achieving the SDGs. CA2.12 Develop a Conservation Registry and regularly update this. FOCUS AREA CA3: Develop Sustainable Finance Mechanisms for New and Existing Protected Areas Objective CA3: To establish sustainable financing mechanisms to support the establishment, management and long-term effectiveness of protected areas. ACTION PLANS: CA3.1 Calculate financial costs for managing a comprehensive and representative CA network for Vanuatu’s land, sea and freshwater, including establishment as well as long term management costs. CA3.2 Identify innovative sustainable financing mechanisms to support the establishment and management of CAs in Vanuatu. These may include initiatives such as green tax, tax benefit systems for CAs, establishment of trust or endowment funds, etc. CA3.3 Set up the legal, policy and institutional framework for establishing the financial structures and mechanism for a national CA network. CA3.4 Ensure meaningful participation and provide equitable incentives and remuneration to resource owners for CA establishment and management. FOCUS AREA CA4: National awareness and education on conservation areas to share best practices and lessons learned to improve management effectiveness and governance. Objective CA4: To develop and collate best practice guidelines and disseminate among local and national conservation area sites. ACTION PLANS: CA4.1 Collate best practices for management, governance and sustainable financing from existing protected area sites in Vanuatu. CA4.2 Identify key lessons learned for distribution to management authorities across national protected area sites. CA4.3 Develop appropriate awareness, information kits, manuals, toolkits specific to different stakeholders such as planners, community leaders, researchers and practitioners. CA4.4 Promote Vanuatu’s best practices for CA management, governance and sustainable financing at national, regional and international fora. CA4.5 Develop nationally appropriate capacity development programmes, including peer networks, for exchange of experiences in conservation practice. 35 | P a g e CA4.6 Develop a CA management national communication strategy, awareness and campaigns. Coastal Forest of Vatthe Conservation Area, Big Bay, Santo © R. Baereleo 36 | P a g e 6.2 STRATEGIC AREA 2: FOREST AND INLAND WATERS ECOSYSTEMS CONSERVATION AND MANAGEMENT Aichi Strategic Goal B: Reduce the direct pressures on biodiversity and promote sustainable use Target 5: By 2020, the rate of loss of all natural habitats, including forests, is at least halved and where feasible brought close to zero, and degradation and fragmentation is significantly reduced. Target 6: By 2020, all fish and invertebrate stocks and aquatic plants are managed and harvested sustainably, legally and applying ecosystem based approaches, so that: overfishing is avoided, recovery plans and measures are in place for all depleted species, fisheries have no significant adverse impacts on threatened species and vulnerable ecosystems and the impacts of fisheries on stocks, species and ecosystems are within safe ecological limits. Target 7: By 2020 areas under agriculture, aquaculture and forestry are managed sustainably, ensuring conservation of biodiversity. Target 8: By 2020, pollution, including from excess nutrients, has been brought to levels that are not detrimental to ecosystem function and biodiversity. Target 11 (Aichi Goal C): By 2020, at least 17 per cent of terrestrial and inland water, and 10 per cent of coastal and marine areas of particular importance for biodiversity and ecosystem services, are conserved through effectively and equitably managed, ecologically representative and well-connected systems of protected areas and other effective are-based conservation measures, and integrated into the wilder landscapes and seascapes. Vanuatu Forest and Inland Waters Target 1. By 2030, at least 17% of important biodiversity areas, livelihoods and kastom importance are conserved through community and government effective management measures. 2. By 2030, at least 15% of natural forest and 10% of wetland areas are conserved through effective community and government management measures. 3. By 2030, 30% of Vanuatu’s natural forest (Forestry) is being actively managed and protected. Indicators:  Trends in forest and inland waters species diversity including traded ones.  Trend to which biodiversity and ecosystem service values are incorporated into government accounting reporting.  Percentage of forest and inland waters conservation areas to meet national and global targets.  Impact of threats to forest and inland waters such as invasive species, deforestation, logging and other threats. 37 | P a g e FOCUS AREA FIW1: Reduce major threats to forest and inland waters ecosystems such as unsustainable logging, agriculture, mining and human settlements. Objective FIW1: The forest and inland waters ecosystem are managed in an integrated and sustainable manner to maintain the ecosystem functions of forest and inland waters and contribute to local and national economies and social well-being. ACTION PLANS: FIW1.1 Improve and update information on status of forest and inland waters biodiversity. FIW1.2 Carry out forest and inland waters resource inventory, biological rapid assessments and identify high biodiversity areas, important cultural sites and other sites of national significance in forest and inland waters. FIW1.3 Identify the root causes of major threats to forest and inland waters ecosystems at local and national level. FIW1.4 Develop and implement a national forest and inland waters conservation management plan to address threats and, where possible, their root causes. FIW1.5 Conduct valuation of wetland services so that they are properly accounted for in decision making FIW1.6 Conduct awareness and education at local and national level on the importance of conservation and sustainable use of forest and inland waters ecosystems. FIW1.7 Capture best practice and lessons learning to improve management of forest ecosystems. FOCUS AREA 2: Establishment of Forest and Inland Waters Conservation Areas in important biodiversity areas such as KBAs. Objective 2: Establishment of effective forest and inland waters conservation in important biodiversity areas with effective sustainable financing to support management in the long term. FIW2.1 Support establishment of Forest and inland waters conservation areas at important biodiversity areas. FIW2.2 Improve effective management of existing forest and inland waters conservation areas. FIW2.3 Support internal significant forest and inland waters to be registered as Ramsar and heritage sites. FIW2.4 Establish sustainable financing mechanisms such as payment of ecosystem services, alternative income generating best practices and national financing mechanisms. FIW2.5 Increase capacities of government departments and ministries such as Forestry, Agricultures, DEPC and Biosecurity to carry out their roles and responsibilities in sustainable management of forest and inland waters 38 | P a g e FOCUS AREA 3: Design and facilitate a nationally implemented forest landscape restoration (FLR) project in Vanuatu. Objective FIW3: To reverse trends in deforestation, enhance land degradation neutrality and improve biodiversity through improved policy support and governance framework, knowledge management and by implementing a strategic forest landscape restoration project to enable long term ecological recovery and increased economic benefits for all forest stakeholders. FIW3.1 National Forest Landscape Restoration plans and strategies developed with wide stakeholder consultation at island, provincial and local levels based on land tenure systems. FIW3.2 Soil fertility is improved through the conduct of soils schools and establishing soil improvement nurseries that are established and functioning at community level. FIW3.3 An increase in subsistence or commercial agricultural activities is recorded in areas when soil fertility has been improved and income from crops are assisting local livelihoods and food security. Cascades at the proposed East Eden Conservation Area, North Santo © EDA 39 | P a g e 6.3 STRATEGIC AREA 3: COASTAL AND MARINE ECOSYSTEMS CONSERVATION AND MANAGEMENT (CME) Aichi Strategic Focus Area : Safeguard ecosystems, species, genes and improving the status of biodiversity to support national economy and livelihoods Aichi Strategic Goal C: To improve the status of biodiversity by safeguarding ecosystems, species and genetic diversity Aichi Target 11: By 2020, at least 17 per cent of terrestrial and inland water, and at least 10 per cent of coastal and marine areas of particular importance for biodiversity and ecosystem services, are conserved through effectively and equitably managed, ecologically representative and well-connected systems of protected areas and other effective are-based conservation measures, and integrated into the wilder landscapes and seascapes. VANUATU COASTAL AND MARINE ECOSYSTEMS TARGET 1. By 2030, at least 10% of important marine biodiversity areas, and areas of livelihood and kastom importance are conserved through effective community and government management areas. Indicators:  Total area of representative coverage of legally recognised, other conserved areas and locally managed areas in marine areas including sites of particular importance for biodiversity  Total number of marine protected areas that are effectively managed based on agreed national protected area conditions and management effectiveness  Measurement of ecosystem services and equitable benefits from CAs  Account for Payment of Ecosystem Service (PES) and other sustainable financing strategies  Measure if trends in connectivity of CAs and other area based approaches integrated into landscapes and seascapes  Assess impact of coastal developments through EIAs and measures of EIA enforcements and compliance 40 | P a g e FOCUS AREA CME1: Reduce major threats to Vanuatu’s coastal and marine ecosystems such overharvesting, reclamation, unsustainable tourism development, natural disaster impacts, climate change impacts, river dredging and pollution. Objective CME1: Improve understanding and status of coastal and marine ecosystems through research, resource assessments, threat identification and mitigation and information management ACTION PLANS: CME1.1 Carry out coastal and marine resource inventories, biological rapid assessments and identify high biodiversity areas, important cultural sites and other sites of national significance including information on local scale fisheries, conservation area tabu sites, and locally managed area. Use MACBIO report on Vanuatu’s special, unique marine areas to inform this work. CME1.2 Identify root causes of major threats to coastal and marine ecosystems at local and national level. CME1.3 Develop and implement a national coastal and marine conservation management plan to address major threats and, where possible, their root causes. CME1.4 Promote recommendations of MACBIO coastal and marine ecosystem service valuation report to government to ensure national budgets and accounting considers and implement recommendations. CME1.5 Conduct awareness raising and education at local and national levels on the importance of conservation and sustainable use of coastal and marine ecosystems. CME1.6 Capture best practices and lessons learned about improving management of coastal and marine ecosystems. CME1.7 Develop and promote partnerships between government, communities and private sector towards sustainable management of coastal and marine ecosystems. CME1.8 Strengthen national mangrove management through legislation, awareness raising, priority site management and rehabilitation. CME1.9 Monitor and evaluate effect of coastal developments at different scales including consideration of cumulative impacts. FOCUS AREA CME2: Inshore Fisheries Management: strengthen management of coastal fisheries to reduce overharvesting and destructive fishing methods to maintain and improve coastal and coral reef ecosystems. Objective CME2: Scale up successes in sustainable fisheries management in customary fishing grounds including use of locally managed marine areas tools (e.g. tabus) and put in place supportive enabling mechanisms. ACTION PLANS: CME2.1 Support the development of inshore fisheries management plans at national, provincial and village levels. Increase production and food security, aquaculture and alternative livelihoods. 41 | P a g e CME2.2 Promote tools such as the ‘Community Based Adaptive Management’ (CBAM) in developing integrated community management plans which include managing locally managed marine areas within customary fishing grounds. CME2.3 Strengthen science and research in inshore fisheries management including regarding aquaculture, target species management, licensing, and marine managed areas. CME2.4 Support the effective establishment of provincial and district level customary and traditional environment committees to support inshore fisheries management at provincial level. CME2.5 Encourage coastal rehabilitation in post-disaster/climate change affected areas. CME2.6 Promote restrictions on illegal importation of illegal fishing gear. FOCUS AREA CME3: Integrated Offshore fisheries management Objective CME3: Improve management of Vanuatu’s marine resources within the EEZ. CME3.1 Strengthen surveillance, enforcement and monitoring within Vanuatu’s EEZ through strengthened partnerships with international stakeholders and neighbouring states. CME3.2 Strengthen, support and secure data and information collation, establish central repository, for better decision making. CME3.3 Conduct valuation of offshore marine ecosystem services so that they are properly accounted for in decision making. CME3.4 The Government will build on existing spatial planning mechanisms, including traditional spatial management systems (e.g. tabus), for improving management of maritime space to achieve economic development, cultural, social and environmental objectives. CME3.5 Collate and audit existing marine data to determine data gaps. CME3.6 Map biological information, including biological regions, and existing and possible future uses of the marine environment by different activities and prioritisation of high biodiversity areas to establish MPAs and other sustainable use areas. CME3.7 Facilitate workshops and consultations to evaluate and synthesise the data and to start generating a Marine Spatial Plan which provides for zoning of Vanuatu’s ocean. CME3.8 Protected areas within the EEZ, shall be established to ensure the future sustainability of Vanuatu’s ocean environment and so established on the basis of, inter alia, ecosystem function, ecological adequacy, representativeness, critical habitats, natural genetic resources, connectivity and scenic values. CME3.9 Promote the sustainable development of offshore fisheries for large pelagic species including through the development of appropriate regulations for the fishery and manage the fisheries to maximize benefits to Vanuatu. 42 | P a g e Amazing coral formation – Mark a d A e s “aili g Ad e tures 43 | P a g e 6.4 STRATEGIC AREA 4: SPECIES MANAGEMENT (SM) FOCUS AREA SM1: Establish effective management arrangement for the conservation of endemic, endangered and culturally important species and habitats. Objective SM1: To work with local communities, government, non-government organisations, private sector and research institutions to develop habitat and species management plans and ensure relevant conservation measures are in place. ACTION PLANS: SM1.1 Conservation of forest in the area of Homo Bay and Ranwas in South Pentecost (high species diversity and vulnerable). SM1.2 Document and describe remnant vegetation on Tanna and work with TAFEA and interested landowners to establish an appropriate conservation plan. SM1.3 Establish a conservation plan for the Petaview catchment on Epi. SM1.4 Prepare conservation and rehabilitation plans for mangroves on Malekula, Efate, Moso, Emau, Emae, Aneityum, Tanna, Santo and Vanua Lava. SM1.5 Manage the catchment of Creek Ai, Efate, to protect its high biodiversity value. SM1.6 Royal Parrot-finch, Wedge-tailed Shearwater, Vanuatu Flying Fox and Megapode - work with chiefs, community leaders and landholders of the Shefa Province to encourage the protection of the birds and their habitat by raising awareness of the rarity of these birds and their limited distribution. Aichi Strategic Goal C: To improve the status of biodiversity by safeguarding ecosystems, species and genetic diversity Aichi Target 12: By 2020 the extinction of known threatened species has been prevented and their conservation status, particularly of those most in decline, has been improved and sustained. Aichi Target 13: By 2020, the genetic diversity of cultivated plants and farmed and domesticated animals and of wild relatives, including other socio-economically as well as culturally valuable species, is maintained, and strategies have been developed and implemented for minimizing genetic erosion and safeguarding their genetic diversity. Vanuatu Target 1. By 2030, the conservation status of at least 10 known threatened species has been improved and sustained, particularly for those most in decline. Indicators:  Reduced trend in extinction risks of Vanuatu’s five national priority species.  Increased trend in population of the five priority threatened species for Vanuatu.  Increased trends in distribution of the five selected (priority) species. 44 | P a g e SM1.7 Flying Foxes on Mota Lava –raise awareness of the Mota Lava community that it is the only island supporting four species of flying foxes. Encourage chief, community leaders and landholders to manage the flying foxes and the habitat by implementing conservation site/s and delivering information and education. SM1.8 Crocodile on Vanua Lava – Facilitate local monitoring of the crocodile population. Prepare a management plan that considers the needs of the local people, financial resources and international scientific concerns. SM1.9 Conservation of coconut crab habitat on Hui, Tegua, Loh, Toga Linua and Metoma in the Torres Group. SM1.10 Conservation of bat roosting caves and feeding areas on Malo, northwest Malekula, Vanua Lava, Santo and Efate. SM1.11 Support the implementation of the Lake Letas management plan noting that it is a registered CCA, one of the national wetland sites as well as the first Ramsar Site for Vanuatu. SM1.12 Conservation of Megapode bird (Namalau) on Tongoa, Ambrym, Efate and Epi. SM1.13 Conservation of Collared Petrel on Tanna and Vanua Lava, and of the Vanuatu petrel on Vanua Lava. SM1.14 Conservation of natural stands of Carpoxylon macrospermum on the islands where they exist. SM1.15 Conservation of Anietyum Skink (Emoia aneityumensis). SM1.16 Conservation of the six hot spots (IUCN Red list/ CBF Ecosystem profile): Aneityum, Futuna, Tanna, Tongoa Laika Island Santo Mountain Range, Gaua (Banks). SM1.17 Conservation of leatherback, green and hawksbill turtles (Aneityum, Tanna, Erromango, Efate and offshore islands, Epi, Malekula, Santo, Malo, Aore, Gaua, Vanua Lava, Ureparapara and Torres Groups). SM1.18 Conservation of dugongs (sea grass areas on Aneityum, Efate, Epi, Malekula, Vanua Lava, Santo, Gaua and Vanua Lava). FOCUS AREA SM2: Establish data collection and storage systems for endemic, endangered, threatened and critical species. Objective SM2: To establish, maintain and update the National Resource Inventory (NRI) database for all species and their status and link to other relevant global databases.. SM2.1 Conduct appropriate research to develop resource inventory on terrestrial (including insects) and freshwater/marine biodiversity and establish NRI database. SM2.2 Link the NRI database to Biodiversity Clearing House Mechanism (CHM) and other databases to support MEAS, UNCBD, UNCCD and UNFCCC such as the Vanuatu CCCD national information system maintained by DEPC in collaboration with relevant stakeholders. SM2.3 Undertake conservation management-oriented research on prioritised species that are threatened or exploited for cultural/subsistence and economic purposes. 45 | P a g e SM2.4 Explore potential sustainable use of non-threatened and endangered species in collaboration with Conservation Officers, tourism, customs, biosecurity and community representatives SM2.5 Develop a national biodiversity database at DEPC of all species; classifying level of significance and status (IUCN Red List). The database must be accessible to all stakeholders inclusive but not limited to government, non-government organisations, and private business and communities. SM2.6 Draw up an appropriate framework and mechanism for identifying, monitoring and documenting the status of rare and endangered species. FOCUS AREA SM3: Decrease in trade of endangered and threatened species Objective SM3a: To assist in improving enforcement of border control and monitoring, and increase support and capacity for enforcement and monitoring of EPC Act and CITES. ACTION PLANS: SM 3.1 Formalise relationships/collaborations with border control and enforcement authorities through memoranda of understanding (Biosecurity, Customs, Border control and DEPC). SM 3.2 Empower authorised officers from DEPC, Customs, Border control and Biosecurity, to enforce EPC related Acts effectively. Objective SM3b: To increase capacity for enforcement of the International Trade of Flora and Fauna Act 1989 and its regulations, and increase monitoring of endangered protected species. ACTION PLANS: SM 3.3 Quarterly surveillance of markets, traders etc. by trained and gazetted officers under the International Trade (Flora and Fauna) Act No. 56 of 1989 [Cap 210]. SM 3.4 Review all native species and other related provisions in the International Trade (Flora and Fauna) Act No. 56 of 1989 [Cap 210]. SM 3.5 Establish administrative responsibilities and strengthen capacity within relevant line ministries and authorities. SM 3.6 Appoint of authorised officers under International Trade (Flora and Fauna) Act No. 56 of 1989 [Cap 210]. SM 3.7 Establish an effective electronic CITES permitting system to manage and ease annual reporting. FOCUS AREA SM4: Extend Government contribution to conservation activities at community levels Objective SM4: To develop mechanisms for facilitating community feedback to DEPC on management of species of special concern. ACTION PLANS: SM4.1 Increase DEPC representation/participation/presentation at islands and provincial governance mechanisms and forums and private sectors. 46 | P a g e SM4.2 Develop a reporting mechanism in collaboration with Provincial Councils and other user groups such tourists, farmers and others. SM 4.3 Increase resources to support communities to annually report to DEPC on their CCA activities. Endemic Vanuatu Fruit Dove, Ptilinopus tannensis. 47 | P a g e 6.5 STRATEGIC AREA 5: MANAGEMENT OF INVASIVE Alien SPECIES (MIAS) Aichi Strategic Goal B. Reduce the direct pressures on biodiversity and promote sustainable use Aichi Target 9: By 2020, invasive alien species and pathways are identified and prioritized, priority species are controlled or eradicated, and measures are in place to manage pathways to prevent their introduction and establishment. Vanuatu Goal (from NISSAP) “Yumi ol man Vanuatu I mas wok tugeta blong lukaotem gud envaeromen blong yumi long ol rabis sik blong ol animol mo ol plant, ol rabis kras, wud, rop mo ol animol we I stap afektem laef blo yumi mo hem ya we I no stap yet long Vanuatu blong mekem se yumi save stap gud” - Vanuatu NISSAP. To facilitate and guide the protection of the pristine biodiversity and livelihoods of Vanuatu from impacts of invasive alien species through strong collaboration. Vanuatu Target 1. By 2030 Vanuatu’s invasive alien species and pathways are identified and prioritised, priority species are controlled or eradicated, and measures are in place to manage pathways to prevent their introduction and establishment. 2. Emphasis will be placed on maintaining current status of native species, improving border control, developing inter-island biosecurity programmes, IAS eradication and control. 3. Communities’ understanding and knowledge on invasive alien species is increased. Indicators:  Assessment and measure of impact of invasive alien species on biodiversity and food security.  Impact of policy responses, legislation and management plans to control and prevent spread of invasive alien species.  Required information and data on invasive alien species are available.  National government commitment through financing of management of IAS.  Level of invasive alien species understanding increased.  More improve legal frameworks and policies are available.  International border control system improved and internal quarantine system established.  Invasive alien species population density are reduced.  The population density of invasive species in Conservation Areas are reduced. 48 | P a g e Definition: Invasive Alien Species (IAS) are defined by the CBD as organisms found outside their native geographical ranges that have spread and become invasive in their new habitats and cause harm to biodiversity and other things that humans value. IAS include a wide range of weeds, vertebrate and invertebrate animals and micro-organism sand diseases that constitute a “living pollution” just as serious, but often harder to prepare for and recover from than natural disasters, overexploitation, environmental degradation and economic downturns. It should be noted that some indigenous, non-alien, organisms can, given environmental degradation or change, also become invasive. Invasive alien species are a major threat to agriculture, tourism and biodiversity and ecosystem services, and increasing trade and travel means that this threat is likely to increase unless additional action is taken. Pathways for the introduction of invasive alien species can be managed through improved border controls and quarantine, including through better coordination with national and regional bodies responsible for plant and animal health. Given the multiple pathways for invasive alien species introductions and that multiple alien species are already present in many countries in the region, it will be necessary to prioritise control and eradication efforts on those species and pathways which will have the greatest impact on biodiversity and/or which are the most resource effective to address. While well-developed and globally-applicable indicators are lacking, some basic methodologies do exist which can serve as a starting point for further monitoring or provide baseline information. Many introduced species have been found to be invasive and pose threats to Vanuatu’s native flora and fauna. These include Cordia allidora (Cordia), Panicum maximum (Elephant Grass), Cycling sp. (Agriculture Rope), the freshwater fish Gampusia sp. (Gampusia), Oreochromis sp. (Tilapia) and Poecilia sp., Acridothere tristis (Indian Mynah Bird), Euglandina rosea (Predatory Snail). The Vanuatu NISSAP 20142020 identifies 20 national priority species for focus on management, control and eradication. These species were brought to Vanuatu for commercial cultivation, biological control purposes or as curiosities or pets. Once in Vanuatu, species are spread from one island to another for similar reasons. Travel within the Vanuatu group is increasing rapidly too and there is a need for measures to be introduced to prevent the spread of invasive alien species within Vanuatu’s 80+ islands. Currently there is only very limited awareness of internal quarantine requirements and this is confined to species of agricultural or economic significance; biodiversity values are not included. Biodiversity issues need to be very thoroughly evaluated in the licencing of introduced plants and in biocontrol programmes. The NISSAP outlines key invasive alien species, their pathways of introduction and possible ways of controlling future introductions. The actions below mirror the Vanuatu National Invasive Species Strategy and Action Plan (NISSAP) 20142020. Note that the NISSAP generally uses the term “invasive species” (IS) rather than “invasive alien species”. The terms are used interchangeably here in the NBSAP. FOCUS AREA MIAS1: Building a strong foundation for effective invasive alien species management Objective MIAS1a: To increase understanding of the impacts of priority invasive alien species on biodiversity, economies, livelihoods and health and actions to manage them are supported. ACTION PLANS: 49 | P a g e MIAS 1.1 Raise awareness and carry out outreach on impacts of IAS on biodiversity, economy, health and cultural values. MIAS 1.2 Develop community focused education awareness resources and materials for the wider public. MIAS 1.3 Develop syllabus in schools on IAS. MIAS 1.4 Develop materials on marine invasive alien species of most threat to Vanuatu. MIAS 1.5 Develop Island-specific materials as part of inter-island biosecurity management. MIAS 1.6 Encourage collaboration in the management of IAS between Vanuatu and other regional countries and institutions. Objective MIAS1b: To build capacity and develop institutions, skills, infrastructure, technical support, information management, networks, and exchanges required to manage IAS effectively. ACTION PLANS: MIAS 1.7 Establish a Vanuatu IAS national committee to provide overall coordination of IAS work and initiatives in Vanuatu. MIAS 1.8 Upgrade national invasive alien species database and make it accessible for public viewing and information input. MIAS 1.9 Identify knowledge gaps and prioritise terrestrial, freshwater and marine invasive alien species surveys for Vanuatu. MIAS 1.10 Collect baseline data for terrestrial, aquatic and marine invasives. MIAS 1.11 Put in place an IAS Information review process to continually assess capacity, skills, information and research gaps. MIAS 1.12 Identify training and capacity needs and develop and implement training programmes for key invasives management issues such as inter-island and border control biosecurity. MIAS 1.13 Encourage environmental science studies for Ni-Vanuatu students. MIAS 1.14 Provide training for harbour masters, custom officers and other port staff on identifying invasive species issues associated with shipping and border controls. MIAS 1.15 Provide training to community leaders to identify invasive alien species in the communities. MIAS 1.16 Upgrade government and NGO technical skills and knowledge on management of invasive alien species. MIAS 1.17 Advocate for the establishment of a Melanesian IAS council in partnership with the Melanesian Spearhead Group (MSG) with support by the Vanuatu Government. Objective MIAS1c: To ensure appropriate policies, legislations, protocols and procedures are in place and operating to underpin the effective management of IAS. ACTION PLANS: MIAS 1.18 Enact the current draft Biosecurity Bill and translate it into local language. 50 | P a g e MIAS 1.19 Include management of invasive alien species in Agriculture, Livestock, Forestry and Fisheries Acts. MIAS 1.20 Amend the Environmental Protection and Conservation Act to include additional regulations on IAS and regulations of importation of new organisms that are a risk to the environment. MIAS 1.21 Revise national regulations (DEPC) and the provincial legislation for DEPC Act to override provincial laws and by-laws. MIAS 1.22 Amend legislation (e.g Ports Act) to address management of ballast water, ship cleaning and the use of anti-fouling paints in line with international conventions. MIAS 1.23 Revise and update NISSAP. MIAS 1.24 Develop island or province-based regulations to assist inter-island biosecurity programmes. MIAS 1.25 Enforce current livestock regulations to prevent cattle spreading weed and seeds between islands. MIAS 1.26 Revise Public Works Departmetn policy and legislation for clean machinery for new roads developments and inter-island movements. FOCUS AREA MIAS2: Establish national baselines and monitoring of IAS in Vanuatu. Objective MIAS2a: Systems are in place to generate baseline information on the status and the distribution of invasive alien species, detect trends and emerging impacts. ACTION PLANS: MIAS 2.1 Identify priority islands (e.g Malekula, Santo) to carry out surveys to identify full range of priority IAS at initial stages and then target all islands. MIAS 2.2 Carry our surveys to delimit priority IAS such as fire-ants, climbing vines (Merremia peltata), including others. MIAS 2.3 Develop an invasive alien species alert system for Vanuatu. MIAS 2.4 Secure sustainable funding mechanisms for surveillance, monitoring and enforcement. Objective MIAS2b: Improve research and knowledge for priority IAS biology and impacts and development of effective management techniques. ACTION PLANS: MIAS 2.5 Assess and review existing national response framework. MIAS 2.6 Develop control programmes for priority invasive alien species. MIAS 2.7 Train government and NGOs on management aspects of IAS. MIAS 2.8 Secure adequate financial and technical resources for management of invasive alien species. MIAS 2.9 Develop protocols which require an EIA by an independent body before the introduction of exotic species, in line with theEPC Act. 51 | P a g e FOCUS AREA MIAS 3: Improve management of established Invasive Alien Species Objective MIAS 3: To eliminate or reduce and manage impact of priority established invasive alien species by eradication or control. ACTION PLANS: MIAS 3.1 Control/eradicate little fire ants and other invasive ants’ species at priority sites following surveys. MIAS 3.2 Control Mynah to reduce range on locations where control is still feasible on Malekula if recommended following surveys. MIAS 3.3 Implement biocontrol for African tulip tree when programme and bio-control agent is available. MIAS 3.4 Encourage spreading of established bio-control agents onto other islands and locations. MIAS 3.5 Develop biocontrol options for further priority weeds (as part of Melanesian sub-region projects). MIAS 3.6 Encourage and support the local community to eradicate Hyptis brevipes currently found at confined manageable areas on islands. MIAS 3.7 Include IAS management in protected areas management plans and control priority invasives identified in additions to Merremia, pigs, cats and dogs. MIAS 3.8 Dispatch of clean machinery by PWD for new road developments to prevent spreading of invasives MIAS 3.9 Disseminate implementation of control protocol to rural communities. MIAS 3.10 Develop an IAS Management model for community management of Merremia peltata. MIAS 3.11 Restore sites and biodiversity after IAS management occurs. MIAS 3.12 Strengthen IAS related policies and legislations to support effective eradication, introduction on new invasive alien species and inter-island introduction of invasive alien species. Invasion of Meremia peltata at Forari, North East Efate ©M.Bethel 52 | P a g e 6.6 STRATEGIC AREA 6: MAINSTREAMING BIODIVERSITY ACROSS SECTORS AND SOCIETY (MB) Aichi Strategic Goal A. Address the underlying causes of biodiversity loss by mainstreaming biodiversity across government and society Target 4: By 2020, at the latest, Governments, business and stakeholders at all levels have taken steps to achieve or have implemented plans for sustainable production and consumption and have kept the impacts of use of natural resources well within safe ecological limits. Vanuatu Target 1. By 2020, government has put in place relevant legislations and policies and Access and Benefit-Sharing (ABS) protocols to support NBSAP implementation; businesses and production sectors are adopting Vanuatu’s National Sustainable Development Plan; and stakeholders at all levels have taken steps and implemented plans for sustainable production and consumption. Indicators:  Trends in population and extinction risk of utilised species, including species in trade.  Trends in ecological footprint and/or related concepts.  Ecological limits assessed in terms of sustainable production and consumption.  Trends in biodiversity of cities (decision X/22).  Trends in extent to which biodiversity and ecosystem service values are incorporated into organisational accounting and reporting. Bringing the use of natural resources within safe ecological limits will be an integral part of Vanuatu’s NBSAP. Reducing total demand and increasing resource use and energy efficiency contribute to the target which can be pursued through government regulations and/or incentives, education and research, and social and corporate responsibility. Mainstreaming will be achieved through dialogue among sectors and stakeholders, supported by planning tools such as strategic environmental impact assessment and economic tools, such as incentive measures, that integrate biodiversity issues. Initially, process indicators, such as the establishment of plans with clear and measurable targets and the presence of strategic environmental impact assessment or similar assessment tools, would be the main indicators to monitor progress towards this goal. A further possible indicator is the number of companies (or their market share) with polices for biodiversity-friendly practices. One relevant outcome indicator is the ecological footprint (and related concepts) for which baseline data is available. The Vanuatu NBSAP will be the main implementing strategy for the Environment Pillar of the National Sustainable Development Goals and Policies 2016-2030 environment goals and policy objectives which are: 53 | P a g e ENVIRONMENT 1: A nation that ensures our food and nutrition security needs are adequately met by all people through increasing sustainable food production ENVIRONMENT 2: An economy which fosters sustainable growth and development through low impact industries and modern technologies to ensure the well-being of future generations systems ENVIRONMENT 3: A strong and resilient nation in the face of climate change and risks posed by hazards and natural disasters and improving household production ENVIRONMENT 4: A nation which utilises and sustainably manages our land, water and natural resources ENVIRONMENT 5: A nation committed to ensuring the conservation and sustainable management of our biodiversity and ecosystems. FOCUS AREA EEM1: Strengthen legal, policy and institutional frameworks that support implementation of Vanuatu’s NBSAP. Objective EEM1a: Ensure environment and related policy frameworks are in place. ACTION PLANS: MB 1.1 Carry out the review of environment-related Acts, Regulations and Environment Policies. MB 1.2 Establish and strengthen an effective and efficient enforcement system of environment laws at national, provincial and local levels. MB 1.3 Increase public awareness on environment related Acts, Regulations and Policies. MB 1.4 Increase political awareness and will to support environmental good governance and implementation. MB 1.5 Carry out an institutional and capacity building assessment of the environment sector and develop an institutional development strategy to support NBSAP implementation. MB 1.6 Strengthen enforcement and identify gaps for effective implementation of EIA guidelines/standards and strengthen national capacities of EIA practitioners and enforcement officers. FOCUS AREA EEM2: Strengthen application and operationalisation of the Nagoya Protocol on Access to Genetic Resources and Benefit Sharing (ABS) in Vanuatu. Objective EEM2a: Strengthen inter-agency collaboration to put in appropriate ABS policies, legislations and institutional arrangements for Vanuatu and strengthen links at regional level for lesson learning and to support regional mechanisms. ACTION PLANS: MB2.1 Define the overall ABS strategy, policies and action plan for Vanuatu. MB2.2 Put in place the appropriate ABS regulation in Vanuatu including review of existing Environmental Protection and Conservation (EPC) Act to cover ABS. MB2.3 Establish institutional arrangements and assignment of role and responsibilities within national institutional landscape to implement ABS. MB2.4 Review and define procedures and rules for access to traditional knowledge, to protect the rights of indigenous and local communities and to ensure equitable sharing of 54 | P a g e benefits such as Prior Informed Conscent (PIC) and Mutually Agreed Terms (MAT). MB2.5 Work at regional level with other countries and partners to define common level of ABS arrangements, e.g. model laws, guidelines and principles. MB2.6 Integrate an education and awareness programme on ABS through government ministries, NGOs, schools and provincial government. MB2.7 Compile an inventory of all ABS-related industries or biotrade industries and strengthen partnership and awareness on ABS related activities. Objective MB2b: Review and put in place appropriate protocols and procedures for different ABS related activities. ACTION PLANS: MB2.8 Strengthen role of the competent authority, focal point and National Biodiversity Advisory Council1 established under EPC Act to review protocols and procedures of ABS. MB 2.9 DevelopABS contract agreements, interim guidelines, negotiation procedures and legal/customary protocols in accordance with the Nagoya Protocol and the Traditional Knowledge and Expressions of Culture Act. MB2.10 Establish national and regional networks amongst research stakeholders (researchers, food security, medicinal, bio-prospecting, community interests including government, NGO's, private sector and community groups). MB2.11 Organise awareness raising amongst government departments, divisions and provincial level workshops on ABS for stakeholders and facilitate site/field visits where appropriate. MB2.12 Establish benefit sharing mechanism (e.g. Trust Fund) for ABS and strengthen availability of resources towards the conservation of biological diversity. MB 2.13 Establish and strengthen administrative systems/procedures for ABS agreement negotiations between the government and relevant Mutually Agreed Terms (MATs) and other relevant agreements. 1 Has been established, known as the National Biodiversity Advisory Council.Represented by Dept of Forest, Dept of Agriculture, Vanuatu Cultural Centre, Dept of Fisheries, Dept of foreign affairs and DEPC. Other relevant agencies are invited based on the nature of a research application. This body is established under the EPC Act. 55 | P a g e THE BIOSAFETY ISSUE Biological diversity represents the very foundation on which biotechnology could thrive and flourish. Through biotechnology, important advances for the use of genetic and biological resources can be made for the economic development of nations and for human well-being, as well as for our understanding of the living world. Biotechnology may thus aid in assessing and monitoring the biological diversity upon which human life and existence depend. Because of the potential for great benefits from biotechnology, its use is increasing rapidly and questions about its possible adverse impacts on human health and the environment have been raised. Of particular concern are the questions regarding the capacity of existing regulatory approaches and institutions to effectively address issues related to safety in biotechnological research, development and application, world-wide. Capacity building for safety in biotechnology, particularly in developing countries, has thus been accorded high priority. It requires concerted and co-ordinated global efforts by all stakeholders at the national, subregional, regional and global levels. Although Vanuatu has not acceded to the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety, efforts are under way to address this. ©Vanuatu CB2 Project ©D. Kalfatak 56 | P a g e 6.7 STRATEGIC AREA 7: RESOURCE MOBILISATION FOR THE NATIONAL BIODIVERSITY STRATEGY AND ACTION PLAN Aichi Target 20: By 2020, at the latest, the mobilization of financial resources for effectively implementing the Strategic Plan 2011-2020 from all sources and in accordance with the consolidated and agreed process in the Strategy for Resource Mobilization should increase substantially from the current levels. This target will be subject to changes contingent to resources needs assessments to be developed and reported by Parties. At COP 11, October 2012, the parties agreed to include resource mobilisation into the NBSAP reviews and endeavored to include biodiversity in their national priorities or development plans by 2015. This to include assess/evaluate the intrinsic, ecological, genetic, socioeconomic, scientific, educational, cultural, recreational and aesthetic values of biological diversity and its components. There is no greater challenge for the NBSAP than locating adequate funding for biodiversity management. Current funding for biodiversity conservation is from two principal sources: 1. Government’s annual departmental budget; and 2. Donor assistance. The NBSAP envisages a major ‘step-change’ from the current predominantly passive approach based on resource management for extractive purposes with little inherent biodiversity management capacity, to an active, ‘hands on’ management with adequate domestic technical capacity. Experience with the national environment strategies and plans has shown that although Government may endorse a strategy, it is most unlikely to have funds available to initiate actions other than provide administrative frameworks. This situation is expected to continue for the NBSAP. The majority of the funding can, therefore, be expected to come initially from donor assistance with government providing a more active funding role in the medium term. Significant problems which arise as a result of an undue reliance on donor assistance are:  A lack of continuity in funding and inability to provide recurrent expenditure (i.e. lease-rental and/or management of protected areas; CITES implementation; threatened species management; invasive species management etc.);  Donors are inevitably selective in their choice of projects and their priorities may not coincide with those of the Government;  Undue reliance on expatriate technical specialists;  A lack of flexibility or the ability to meet changing circumstances or emergency situations;  Government neglecting its funding role because of availability of project funding; and  Sustainability of donor funded projects. In these circumstances, the NBSAP envisages the Government’s main initial contribution will be:  To endorse the NBSAP as Government’s policy on biodiversity planning and management; 57 | P a g e  Put in place the required legislative and administrative framework;  To develop a national capacity for biodiversity management with trained specialists; and  Address the issues of a rapidly increasing requirement for recurrent funding for biodiversity management. Financial mechanisms other than trust funds, projects and increased government allocation have also been used by certain countries. Examples of such alternative initiatives are given in Box 5.4. Some of these initiatives have been used to raise funds for a trust, others become part of Government revenue. Some or all of these initiatives may be appropriate in Vanuatu. Certainly for a country with a growing foreign exchange earner is tourism, a sector which cannot exist in the absence of a clean, green and unspoilt environment, a tourist tax would appear to be appropriate. Similarly, the growing dive industry may need to support a Dive Tax, part of which could be used to increase the participation of Ni Vanuatu communities. Developing the user pays principle, water and hydroelectricity users could well be expected to pay for the preservation of the catchments from whence they derive their source of water. Target: The Ministry of Finanace will need to set realistic annual budgetary targets and DEPC to do 3 yearly resource mobilization plan based on realistic NBSAP Actions & Targets. Indicators  Indicator 1: Aggregated financial flows, in the amount and where relevant percentage, of biodiversity related funding, per annum, for achieving the Vanuatu NBSAP National Targets  Indicator 2: Number of assessments values of biodiversity in accordance with CBD,  Indicator 3: Identified and reported funding needs, gaps and priorities.  Indicator 4: Developed National Financial Plans for Biodiversity.  Indicator 5: Amount of national financial support, per annum, in respect of those national activities which are intended to achieve the objectives of NBSAP. 58 | P a g e FOCUS AREA RM1: Stakeholder engagement, awareness, ecosystem valuation, assessments and mapping. Objective RM1a: To increase understading and buy-in from relevant government, NGOs, implementing partners and communities on the resource mobilisation approach, methodology and action plan. ACTIONS: RM1.1: Organise stakeholder engagement to consider biodiversity and ecosystem services to be the key priority areas for economic valuation and assessments. RM1.2: Carry out ecosystem assessments, mapping, indicators and valuation for each focal areas RM1.3: Carry out capacity building activities to equip actors with necessary skills to carry out value-based actions e.g tools to gather information on biodiversity and ecosystem advising them on how to incorporate biodiversity and ecosystem service values into their business plans make economic and financial sense. RM1.4: Engage funders strategically and identify key sectors benefitting from biodiversity and ecosystem service values who are primary users, how will they benefit from investing in biodiversity ecosystem services and what ongoing financial mechanism are available to secure sustained funding RM1.5: Assess financial flows associated with drivers of biodiversity loss such as harmful incentives, and how they can be influenced to reduce their impact. RM 1.6 Conduct annual stakeholders’ meeting to discuss budget and report on progress of NBSAP species component implementation. Species conservation implementation to include enforcement roles of the relevant authorities e.g. biosecurity. RM 1.7 Establish a conservation trust fund to be managed by DEPC under government budgetary process. FOCUS AREA RM2: Development of Vanuatu NBSAP Resource Mobilisation Plan Objective RM2: Develop Resource mobilisation plan using best available data and scenario development ACTIONS: RM2.1 Conduct an ecosystem service mapping to assess state and trend in ecosystem service provision and human well-being, to provide spatial quantification of ecosystem services and their values RM2.2 Conduct economic valuation of ecosystems and biodiversity using variety of economic valuation methods to determine monetary value of biodiversity i.e direct market valuation approaches, revealed preferences and stated preference approaches. 59 | P a g e RM2.3 Assess the cost of NBSAP strategies and action, identify financial gaps and identify and scale up finance mechanism. RM2.4 Integrate values of biodiversity and ecosystems into national accounting frameworks using the Biodiversity Finance (BIOFIN) conceptual framework of public expenditure review, pressure-state-response, scenario development and comparison and root cause analysis. RM2.5 Develop a Vanuatu Resource Mobilisation plan to include policy and institutional analysis, expenditure review, strategies, actions and costs, projected future states with investments, opportunities for mobilisation of resources, making a case of for biodiversity investments and consolidate resource mobilisation plan with finance mechanism, actors and timelines. RM2.6 Integrate resource mobilisation plans into national plans and identify national synergies and entry points. Traditional use of biodiversity. Point Cross custom dancers, South Pentecost ©D.Kalfatak 60 | P a g e 7.0 ACTION STRATEGY IMPLEMENTATION FRAMEWORK The Vanuatu NBSAP Implementation Framework is in two parts. The first is the implementation of each strategic area and the second is the provincial implementation plans. 7.1 THE NBSAP IMPLEMENTATION FRAMEWORK The implementation plan below outlines Strategic Area 1: Conservation Areas Management Strategic Area 2: Forest and Inland Waters Ecosystems Conservation and Management Strategic Area 3: Coastal and Marine Ecosystems Conservation and Management Strategic Area 4: Species and Genetic Diversity Conservation Strategic Area 5: Invasive Species Eradication and Control Strategic Area 6: Mainstreaming Biodiversity across sectors and society Strategic Area 7: Resource Mobilisation Strategic Area 1: Conservation Areas Management TARGET 1. By 2030, representative examples of at least 17% of terrestrial and 10% of coastal and marine areas to support % of lo al o u ities li elihoods a d kasto importance are conserved through effective community and government management measures. 2. By 2020, there are 10 legally registered CCAs and 50% of CCAs are effectively supported and managed in Vanuatu. 3. By 2030, 90% of CCA management committees are complying with their reporting obligations to DEPC (NEPIP, 2016). 4. Targets for conservation areas set in provincial strategic plans are achieved. INDICATORS:  Total area of representative coverage of legally recognised, other effective conserved areas and locally managed areas in terrestrial and marine areas including sites of particular importance for biodiversity.  Percentage of terrestrial and marine protected areas that are effectively managed based on agreed national and international protected area conditions and management effectiveness.  Measure of ecosystem service values and equity of benefits from CAs.  Level of connectivity of CAs and other area based approaches with broader landscapes and seascapes. 61 | P a g e IMPLEMENTATION PLAN FOR CONSERVATION AREA MANAGEMENT FOCUS AREA OBJECTIVES ACTIONS SPECIFIC ACTIVITIES COMPLETED BY LEAD AGENCY FOCUS AREA CA1: Expanded National Representative Network of Conservation Areas in Marine, Terrestrial and Inland Waters Objective CA1a: To carry out marine, terrestrial and inland waters biodiversity rapid assessment, inventories and threat identification, gap analyses and prioritisation to guide the development of a national representative network of CAs. CA1.1: Carry out gap analysis and prioritisation in terrestrial, marine and inland waters ecosystems to identify key biodiversity areas for biodiversity protection to meet our national targets.  Carry out terrestrial/ forest ecosystem inventory in identify key biodiversity areas.  Use Vanuatu Bioregions and SUMA data report as a baseline to verify and ground truth inventory actions for inshore, coral, mangrove, offshore Species, habitats and ecosystems of Key Marine Biodiversity Areas in the marine environment.  Carry out gap analysis and prioritisation in in land water ecosystem to identify key biodiversity areas. 2018-2021 2019 2018-2024 DoF DEPC VFD DEPC DoL DGMWR DGMWR DEPC CA1.2: Analyse and map the occurrence and status of all existing conservation areas, including their governance structures. Map out wetland sites, national Key Biodiversity Areas (KBA) and existing effective protected/conservation areas. 2018-2022 DEPC DoL CA1.3: Prioritise key biodiversity areas for focal species, species/groups, habitats and important ecological connectivity and processes. Carry out assessment on animal and plant species that are threatened in CAs and protect their habitats. 2018 - 2020 DEPC 62 | P a g e FOCUS AREA OBJECTIVES ACTIONS SPECIFIC ACTIVITIES COMPLETED BY LEAD AGENCY FOCUS AREA CA1: Expanded National Representative Network of Conservation Areas in Marine, Terrestrial and Inland Waters Objective CA1a: To carry out marine, terrestrial and inland waters biodiversity rapid assessment, inventories and threat identification, gap analyses and prioritisation to guide the development of a national representative network of CAs. CA1.4: Identify sites that can achieve not just biodiversity conservation but also social and economic outcomes to do with, for example, fisheries, culture and heritage, agriculture, timber resources, watershed protection, sustainable tourism, to ensure they provide benefits to local people. Develop map that outlines social and economic sites for example, fisheries, culture and heritage, agriculture, timber resources, watershed protection, sustainable tourism and other sites that hold a value. 2018-2030 DoL Relevant Agencies Objective CA1b: To develop and apply an implementation plan to meet Va uatu s CA targets in terrestrial, marine and inland waters protected areas systems. CA1.5: Conduct a national planning process to develop a CA action and implementation plan for land, marine and inland waters. Update the VANRIS database to outline the national planning areas for R2R CAs using field verification methods. 2018-2025 DoL CA1.6: Develop priority biodiversity areas maps for terrestrial, marine and inland waters. Review, update and map Key Biodiversity Areas (KBA) on important terrestrial and marine areas. 2018-2025 DEPC CA1.7: Describe the e tiret of Va uatu s natural terrestrial, coastal and marine environment as a basis for selecting ecologically representative areas. Review and update Vanuatu Wetlands Directory. 2018-2024 DEPC CA 1.8: Develop terrestrial protected area typologies. Carry out terrestrial protected areas typology. 2018-2030 DEPC DoF 63 | P a g e FOCUS AREA OBJECTIVES ACTIONS SPECIFIC ACTIVITIES COMPLETED BY LEAD AGENCY FOCUS AREA CA1: Expanded National Representativ e Network of Conservation Areas in Marine, Terrestrial and Inland Waters Objective CA1b: To develop and apply an implementatio n plan to meet Va uatu s CA targets in terrestrial, marine and inland waters protected areas systems. CA 1.9: Describe protected area design criteria to guide placement of different types of protected areas. Develop protected area maps according to their placements and thematic areas. 2018 DEPC FOCUS AREA CA2: Improve Information Management and Monitoring Conservation Area Management Effectiveness and Practice. Objective CA2a: Develop a national information system, database and monitoring framework for Va uatu s CAs to assess the management effectiveness of CAs, and promote adaptive management. CA2.1: Adoption of a national 100% target to support all communities, provinces and districts in Vanuatu through government policies, provincial endorsements and supported by national sector strategies and plans. Review and update existing policies and corporate plans with all NBSAP Stakeholders and Provincial Governments. 2018-2025 DEPC & NBSAP Stakeholde rs CA2.2: Use some of the Conservation Areas as role models whether they are formally registered or not Showcase all existing role model Conservation Areas like; Vatthe, Penoru, Eden Hope, Loru, Kerepua, President Coolidge, other Sunset Network CCAs and other potential CCAs. 2018 - 2019 DEPC CA2.3: Monitor and evaluate protected areas to ensure they are effective and are achieving their core objectives. Carry out CCA Annual Reports on management of Community Conservation Areas (CCA) on an annual basis. Ongoing DEPC CA2.4: Ensure monitoring and evaluation is fed into the national CA network plans for learning and adaptive management. Providemonitoring and evaluation information to include in the national CA network plans. Ongoing DEPC 64 | P a g e FOCUS AREA OBJECTIVES ACTIONS SPECIFIC ACTIVITIES COMPLETED BY LEAD AGENCY FOCUS AREA CA2: Improve Information Management and Monitoring Conservation Area Management Effectiveness and Practice. Objectives CA2b: To develop context specific co management plans, recognising both informal and formal CA sites at national, provincial and local level. CA2.5: For each priority CA, establish opportunities for mutually beneficial co management arrangements, which takes into account and builds upon good governance practices where they exist. Setup co-management arrangement for outstanding existing registered and effective managed CCAs. Ongoing DEPC CA2.6: Ensure at each CA there are wide participatory discussions with local communities and key stakeholders to discuss opportunities for co-management. Engage local communities to participate in discussions with key stakeholders to consider co management for their CAs. Ongoing DEPC CA2.7: Build capacity at all levels, with strong focus on supporting provincial and district level committees to implement PAs.  Deploy Provincial Environment Officers to work with local communities and support implementation of PAs.  Provide training to building capacity of provincial and district level committees to implement PAs. 2018-2020 2018-2025 DEPC DEPC CA2.8: Apply, as appropriate, a diversity of governance arrangements that include recognition of Indigenous and Community Conserved Areas (ICCA) through national legislation or other effective means of formal inclusion in the national systems. NBSAP Stakeholders to recognise Indigenous and Community Conserved Areas (ICCA) in relevant policies and national legislations. 2018-2030 DEPC Relevant Agencies 65 | P a g e FOCUS AREA OBJECTIVES ACTIONS SPECIFIC ACTIVITIES COMPLETED BY LEAD AGENCY FOCUS AREA CA2: Improve Information Management and Monitoring Conservation Area Management Effectiveness and Practice. Objectives CA2c: : To maintain the integrity of PA networks by ensuring they are recognised and supported by other sectors including in the National Sustainable Development Plan and other government policies and frameworks. CA2.9: Coordination between relevant natural resource management sectors such as environment and conservation, agriculture, forestry, fisheries, biosecurity and tourism sector specific sustainable natural resource management activities to support CA management and systems. Promote sustainable use of resources and livelihood activities by natural resources management sectors to support conservation area management and systems. Ongoing DEPC Relevant Agencies CA2.10: Incorporate CA planning (both marine, inland waters and terrestrial) within broader national planning exercises including spatial planning and frameworks such as the National Sustainable Development Plan. Implement relevant policy objectives of Environment Pillar in the National Sustainable Development Plan (NSDP). 2018-2030 DEPC Relevant Agencies CA2.11: Assess the value and contribution of Protected Areas to national and local economies and to achieving the SDGs. Carry out periodic assessments to determine the value and contribution of Pas and CCAs to national and local economies to achieving SDGs. 2018-2030 DEPC CA2.12: Develop a Conservation Registry and regularly update this. Develop and regularly update national CCA database Ongoing DEPC 66 | P a g e FOCUS AREA OBJECTIVES ACTIONS SPECIFIC ACTIVITIES COMPLETED BY LEAD AGENCY FOCUS AREA CA3: Develop Sustainable Finance Mechanism for new and Existing Protected Areas. Objective CA3: To establish sustainable financing mechanisms to support the establishment, management and long-term effectiveness of protected areas. CA3.1: Calculate financial costs for managing a comprehensive and representative CA et ork for Va uatu s land, sea and freshwater, including establishment as well as long term-management costs. Conduct study on financial costs for management of CA network representative. 2018-2025 DEPC CA3.2: Identify innovative sustainable financing mechanisms to support the establishment and management of CAs in Vanuatu. These may include initiatives such as green tax, tax benefit systems for CAs, establishment of trust or endowment funds, etc. Review working documents/papers and existing PA financing initiatives to establish national PA financing mechanisms. 2018-2022 DoF CA3.3: Set up the legal, policy and institutional framework for establishing the financial structures and mechanism for a national CA network. Review EPC Act CAP 283 to mandate legal establishment of PA financing mechanism. 2018 DEPC CA3.4: Ensure meaningful participation and provide equitable incentives and remuneration to resource owners for CA establishment and management. Develop incentives for management of established CA resources owners. 2018-2030 DEPC 67 | P a g e FOCUS AREA OBJECTIVES ACTIONS SPECIFIC ACTIVITIES COMPLETED BY LEAD AGENCY FOCUS AREA CA4: National Awareness and Education on Conservation Areas to Share Practices and Lessons Learned to Improve Management Effectivenes and Governance. Objectives CA4: To develop and collate best practice guidelines and disseminate among local and national conservation area sites. CA4.1: Collate best practices for management, governance and sustainable financing from existing protected area sites in Vanuatu. Collate and document best practices for CCA management. 2019 DoF DoT CA4.2: Identify key lessons learned for distribution to management authorities across national protected area sites.  Document lessons learned from existing CCAs to manage and encourage new CCAs and protected areas.  Disseminate lessons learned to communities and national protected areas authorities. 2018-2020 Ongoing DEPC DEPC CA4.3: Develop appropriate awareness, information kits, and manuals, toolkits specific to different stakeholders such as planners, community leaders, researchers and practitioners.  Adapt marine tool kit, guide to fishing communities and bioblitz survey toolkit from existing projects and disseminate to tabu or protected areas.  Develop basic biodiversity monitoring toolkit for community conservation area communities to assess changes of resources population in their CCAs.  Develop and disseminate awareness posters, pamphlets and media information on importance of CCA Sites. 2018-2020 2018-2019 Ongoing DEPC DEPC DEPC 68 | P a g e FOCUS AREA OBJECTIVES ACTIONS SPECIFIC ACTIVITIES COMPLETED BY LEAD AGENCY FOCUS AREA CA4: National Awareness and Education on Conservation Areas to Share Practices and Lessons Learned to Improve Management Effectivenes and Governance. Objectives CA4: To develop and collate best practice guidelines and disseminate among local and national conservation area sites. CA4.4: Promote Va uatu s est practices for CA management, governance and sustainable financing at national, regional and international fora. Show case best practices achieved in registered Community Conservation Areas (CCA) and protected under the EPC Act 2019 DEPC CA4.5: Develop nationally appropriate capacity development programmes, including peer networks, for exchange of experiences in conservation practice. Develop capacity development programme for peer to peer exchange. 2018-2022 DEPC CA4.6: Develop a CA management national communication strategy, awareness and campaigns. Develop a national CA management communication strategy, awareness and campaigns. 2018-2025 DEPC STRATEGIC AREA 2: FOREST AND INLAND WATERS ECOSYSTEMS CONSERVATION AND MANAGEMENT TARGET 1. By 2030, at least 17% of important biodiversity areas, livelihoods and kastom importance are conserved through community and government effective management measures. 2. By 2030, at least 15% of natural forest and 10% of wetland areas are conserved through effective community and government management measures. 3. By 2030, 30% of Vanuatu s atural forest Forestr is ei g a ti el a aged a d prote ted. INDICATORS:  Trends in forest and inland waters species diversity including traded ones.  Trend to which biodiversity and ecosystem service values are incorporated into government accounting reporting.  Percentage of forest and inland waters conservation areas to meet national and global targets.  Impact of threats to forest and inland waters such as invasive species, deforestation, logging and other threats. 69 | P a g e IMPLEMENTATION PLAN FOR FOREST AND INLAND WATERS ECOSYSTEMS CONSERVATION AND MANAGEMENT FOCUS AREAS OBJECTIVES ACTIONS SPECIFIC ACTIVITIES COMPLETED BY LEAD AGENCY FOCUS AREA: FIW1: Reduce Major Threats to Forest and Inland Waters Ecoystems such as Unsustainable Logging, Agriculture, Mining and Human Settlements. Objective FIW1: The forest and inland waters ecosystem are managed in an integrated and sustainable manner to maintain the ecosystem functions of forest and inland waters and contribute to local and national economies and social well being. FIW1.1: Improve and update information on status of forest and inland waters biodiversity.  Update botanical data base for National herbarium using information from FIW 2.2.  Update wetlands inventory using information from FIW 2.2. Ongoing Ongoing DoF DoF FIW1.2: Carry out forest and inland waters resource inventory, biological rapid assessments and identify high biodiversity areas, important cultural sites and other sites of national significance in forest and inland waters.  Update 1991 forest inventory (forest cover, volume of timber) through REDD + program-Forest resources.  Carry botanical assessment – Also refer to CA 1.1.  Carry out fauna assessment on forest and inland water areas not covered in assessment for ecosystems. Also refer to CA 1.1.  Expand current inventory of Wetlands to include new areas. 2019 Ogoing Ongoing 2018-2025 DEPC DoF RAMSAR FIW1.3: Identify the root causes of major threats to forest and inland waters ecosystems at local and national level.  Review analytical studies on drivers of deforestation and degraded forest to identify root causes of deforestation.  Carry out analytical study on inland waters ecosystems to identify root causes of their major threats. 2018-2030 2018-2030 DoF DEPC FIW1.4: Develop and implement a national forest and inland waters conservation management plan to address threats and, where possible, their root causes.  Develop wetlands and forest management plans and include ways to address threats affecting these systems.  Review Livestock and agriculture policy of agricultural clearance and livestock to ensure they comply with EIA standards.  Develop legislation/bylaws to address areas that need to strengthen compliance for EIA. 2018-2030 2018-2030 2018-2030 DEPC DoF DoLIV DEPC 70 | P a g e FOCUS AREA OBJECTIVES ACTIONS SPECIFIC ACTIVITIES COMPLETED BY LEAD AGENCY FOCUS AREA: FIW1: Reduce Major Threats to Forest and Inland Waters Ecoystems such as Unsustainable Logging, Agriculture, Mining and Human Settlements. Objective FIW1: The forest and inland waters ecosystem are managed in an integrated and sustainable manner to maintain the ecosystem functions of forest and inland waters and contribute to local and national economies and social well being. FIW1.5: Conduct valuation of wetland services so that they are properly accounted for in decision making. Carry out valuation of wetlands in Vanuatu. 2018-2025 DEPC FIW1.6: Conduct awareness and education at local and national level on the importance conservation and sustainable use of forest and inland waters ecosystems.  Develop awareness resource materials on importance of wetlands and sustainable forest use.Increase awareness on importance of wetlands and sustainable use. Ongoing DEPC DoF FIW1.7: Capture best practice and lessons learning to improve management of forest ecosystems.  Develop alternative livelihoods best practices e.g eco-tourism.  Disseminate best practices such as case studies on Kauri Project in Erromango, Lake Letas in Gaua including other sites. 2018-2024 Ongoing DEP DoF DEPC DoF FOCAL AREA 2: Establishment of Forest and Inland Waters Conservation Areas Established in Important Biodiversity Areas such as KBAs. Objective FIW2: Establishment of effective forest and inland waters conservation in important biodiversity areas with effective sustainable financing to support management in the long term. FIW2.1: Support establishment of Forest and inland waters conservation areas at important biodiversity areas Set up forest and inland waters conservation areas at important biodiversity sites. 2018-2030 DEPC FIW2.2: Improve effective management of existing forest and inland waters conservation areas.  Review existing forest management plan.  Review management systems of existing forest and inland waters conservation areas. 2018-2025 2018-2030 DoF DEPC FIW2.3: Support internal significant forest and inland waters to be registered as Ramsar and heritage sites. Promote wetland sites to become national Ramsar and world heritage sites. 2018-2030 DEPC VKS 71 | P a g e FOCUS AREA OBJECTIVES ACTIONS SPECIFIC ACTIVITIES COMPLETED BY LEAD AGENCY FOCAL AREA 2: Establishment of Forest and Inland Waters Conservation Areas Established in Important Biodiversity Areas such as KBAs. Objective FIW2: Establishment of effective forest and inland waters conservation in important biodiversity areas with effective sustainable financing to support management in the long term. FIW2.4: Establish sustainable financing mechanisms such as payment of ecosystem services, alternative income generating best practices and national financing mechanisms.  Create incentives to generate PA financing.  Develop framework to address PES with resources owners.  Develop trust funds to address PA financing. 2018-2030 2018-2030 2018-2030 DEPC DEPC DEPC FIW 2.5: Increase capacities of government departments and ministries such as Forestry, Agricultures, DEPC and Biosecurity to carry out their role and responsibilities in sustainable management of forest and inland waters. Encourage collaboration and participation of all productive sectors. 2018-2030 Relevant Agencies FOCAL AREA 3: Design and Facilitate National Implemented Forest Landscape Restoration (FLR) Project in Vanuatu. Objective FIW3: To reverse trends in deforestation, enhance land degradation neutrality and improve biodiversity through improved policy support and governance framework, knowledge management and by implementing a strategic forest landscape restoration project to enable long term ecological recovery and increased economic benefits for all forest stakeholders. FIW 3.1: National Forest Landscape Restoration plans and strategies developed with wide stakeholder consultation at island, provincial and local levels based on land tenure systems. Develop a national forest restoration strategy in Vanuatu. Ongoing DoF FIW3.2: Soil fertility is improved through the conduct of soils schools and soil improvement nurseries established and functioning at community level. Encourage best agricultural practices such as agroforestry to address soil fertility. Ongoing DARD DoF FIW3.3: An increase in subsistence or commercial agricultural activities is recorded in areas when soil fertility has been improved and income from crops are assisting local livelihoods and food security.  Undertake study in areas where soil fertility has been improved to determine if subsistence and commercial agriculture activities have recorded an increase income from crops contributing to improve livelihoods and food security.  Develop sustainable land management practices. 2018-2030 2018-2030 DARD DoF DoL DoF 72 | P a g e STRATEGIC AREA 3: COASTAL AND MARINE ECOSYSTEMS CONSERVATION AND MANAGEMENT (CME) TARGET: 1. By 2030, at least 10% of important marine biodiversity areas, and areas of livelihood and kastom importance are conserved through effective community and government management areas. INDICATORS: IMPLEMENTATION PLAN FOR MARINE ECOSYSTEMS CONSERVATION AND MANAGEMENT FOCUS AREAS OBJECTIVES ACTIONS SPECIFIC ACTIVITIES COMPLETED BY LEAD AGENCY FOCUS AREA CME1: Reduce Major Threats to Vanuatu’s Coastal and Marine Ecosystems such as Overharveting, Reclamation, Unsustainable Tourism Development, Natural Disaster Impacts, Climate Change, River Dredging and Pollution. Objective CME1: Improve understanding and status of coastal and marine ecosystems through research, resource assessments, threat identification and mitigation and information management. CME1.1: Carryout coastal and marine resource inventories, biological rapid assessments and identify high biodiversity areas, important cultural sites and other sites of national significance including information on local scale fisheries, conservation areas, tabu sites, and LMMAs. Use MACBIO report on Va uatu s spe ial, unique marine areas to inform this work.  Carry out Special Unique Marine Areas (SUMA) with work conducted to identify high biodiversity areas.  Conduct marine biological assessments on Marine Protected Areas (MPA) and identify special fishing grounds, cultural sites, and conservation sites. 2018 Ongoing VFD MACBIO Project VFD  Total area of representative coverage of legally recognised, other conserved areas and locally managed areas in marine areas including sites of particular importance for biodiversity.  Total number of marine protected areas that are effectively managed based on agreed national protected area conditions and management effectiveness.  Measurement of ecosystem services and equitable benefits from CAs.  Account for Payment of Ecosystem Service (PES) and other sustainable financing strategies.  Measure if trends in connectivity of CAs and other area based approaches integrated into landscapes and seascapes.  Assess impact of coastal developments through EIAs and measures of EIA enforcements and compliance. 73 | P a g e FOCUS AREAS OBJECTIVES ACTIONS SPECIFIC ACTIVITIES COMPLETED BY LEAD AGENCY FOCUS AREA CME1: Reduce Major Threats to Vanuatu’s Coastal and Marine Ecosystems such as Overharveting, Reclamation, Unsustainable Tourism Development, Natural Disaster Impacts, Climate Change, River Dredging and Pollution. Objective CME1: Improve understanding and status of coastal and marine ecosystems through research, resource assessments, threat identification and mitigation and information management. CME1.2: Identify root causes of major threats to coastal and marine ecosystems at local and national level.  Ensure that marine and coastal environment root causes analysis are part of development planning e.g. EIAs, foreshore development permits.  Identify, collect and prioritise all threats to coastal and marine biodiversity. Ongoing 2018 DEPC VFD CME1.3: Develop and implement a national coastal and marine conservation management plan to address major threats and, where possible, their root causes. Ensure the development and implementation of coastal and marine conservation management plan is carried out at community site level. Ongoing DEPC CME1.4: Promote recommendations of MACBIO coastal and marine ecosystem service valuation report to government to ensure national budgets and accounting considers and implements recommendations. Integrate recommendations of MACBIO coastal and marine valuation to national government decision making bodies. 2018-2019 DEPC 74 | P a g e FOCUS AREAS OBJECTIVES ACTIONS SPECIFIC ACTIVITIES COMPLETED BY LEAD AGENCY FOCUS AREA CME1: Reduce Major Threats to Vanuatu’s Coastal and Marine Ecosystems such as Overharveting, Reclamation, Unsustainable Tourism Development, Natural Disaster Impacts, Climate Change, River Dredging and Pollution. Objective CME1: Improve understanding and status of coastal and marine ecosystems through research, resource assessments, threat identification and mitigation and information management. CME1.5: Conduct awareness raising and education at local and national levels on the importance of conservation and sustainable use of coastal and marine ecosystems. Carry out awareness in media mediums, community awareness and posters on the importance of marine conservation and ecosystems. Ongoing DEPC CME1.6: Capture best practices and lessons learned about improving management of coastal and marine ecosystems. Showcase best practices for outstanding marine conservation areas in management and long term sustainability. Ongoing DEPC VFD CME1.7: Develop and promote partnership between government, communities and private sectors towards sustainable management of coastal and marine ecosystems. Collaborate with government, NGOs and communities in building strong relationship links in management and sustainability of coastal and marine ecosystems. Ongoing DEPC CME1.8: Develop and promote partnerships between government, communities and private sectors towards sustainable management of coastal and marine ecosystems. Create a map layer on mangrove occurrence around Vanuatu islands and develop a national mangrove management plan/ strategy. 2018-2019 DoL DEPC 75 | P a g e FOCUS AREAS OBJECTIVES ACTIONS SPECIFIC ACTIVITIES COMPLETED BY LEAD AGENCY FOCUS AREA CME1: Reduce Major Threats to Vanuatu’s Coastal and Marine Ecosystems such as Overharveting, Reclamation, Unsustainable Tourism Development, Natural Disaster Impacts, Climate Change, River Dredging and Pollution. CME1.9: Monitor and evaluate effect of coastal developments at different scales including consideration of cumulative impacts. Develop monitoring and evaluation on the effects of foreshore developments to assess mangrove density and threats. Ongoing DEPC FOCUS AREA CME 2: Inshore Fisheries Management: Strengthen Management of Coastal Fisheries to Reduce Overharvesting and Destructive Fishing Methods to Maintain and Improved Coastal and Coral Reef Ecosystems. Objective CME2: Scale up successes in sustainable fisheries management in customary fishing grounds including use of locally managed marine areas tools (e.g. tabus) and put in place supportive enabling mechanisms. CME2.1: Support the development of inshore fisheries management plans at national, provincial and village levels. Increase production and food security, aquaculture and alternative livelihoods. Strengthen, enforce and monitor Fisheries Management Plans according to established species management plans. Ongoing VFD CME2.2: Promote tools such as the Co u it Based Adaptive Ma age e t (CBAM) in developing integrated community management plans which include managing locally managed marine areas within customary fishing grounds Promote traditional fishing methods and traditional ways of establishing tabu areas. 2019 VKS DEPC 76 | P a g e FOCUS AREAS OBJECTIVES ACTIONS SPECIFIC ACTIVITIES COMPLETED BY LEAD AGENCY FOCUS AREA CME 2: Inshore Fisheries Management: Strengthen Management of Coastal Fisheries to Reduce Overharvesting and Destructive Fishing Methods to Maintain and Improved Coastal and Coral Reef Ecosystems. Objective CME2: Scale up successes in sustainable fisheries management in customary fishing grounds including use of locally managed marine areas tools (e.g. tabus) and put in place supportive enabling mechanisms. CME2.3: Strengthen science and research in inshore fisheries management including regarding aquaculture, target species management, licensing, and marine managed areas. Conduct research studies on target species for proper licencing and management for sustainability of species in marine managed areas. 2019-2030 VFD CM2.4: Support the effective establishment of provincial and district level customary and traditional environment committees to support inshore fisheries management at provincial level. Placement of new Environment Extension Officers at TORBA, PENAMA and SHEFA provinces to support inshore fisheries management at provincial level. 2019-2020 DEPC CME2.5: Encourage coastal rehabilitation in post disaster/climate change affected areas. Conduct coral reef, mangrove and other marine ecosystems assessments to conduct rehabilitation (coral replanting and mangrove replanting) on post –disaster and climate change issues. Ongoing DEPC VFD CME2.6: Promote restrictions on illegal importation of illegal fishing gear. Conduct awareness on restriction of importation of illegal fishing gears. Ongoing VFD DEPC 77 | P a g e FOCUS AREAS OBJECTIVES ACTIONS SPECIFIC ACTIVITIES COMPLETED BY LEAD AGENCY FOCUS AREA CME 3: Integrated Offshore Fisheries Management Objective: CME3: Improve management of Va uatu s marine resources within the EEZ. CME3.1: Strengthen surveillance, enforcement and monitoring within Va uatu s EE) through strengthened partnerships with international stakeholders and neighbouring states. Improve and strengthen surveillance, enforcement and monitoring within the Vanuatu EEZ. Ongoing VFD CME3.2: Strengthen, support and secure data and information collation, establish central repository, for better decision making. Identify sources and type of marine environment data for both inshore and offshore, collate and set up central repository. 208-2019 DEPC DoL DoFA VFD CME3.3: Conduct valuation of offshore marine ecosystem services so that they are properly accounted for in decision making. Utilize Special Unique Marine Areas (SUMA) and Bioregions of the Vanuatu EEZ. Reports, data and information, and MACBIO MESV report to inform MSP to assist in proper valuation of offshore marine ecosystem services. 2019 VFD DEPC CME3.4: The Government will build on existing spatial planning mechanisms, including traditional spatial management systems (e.g. tabus), for improving management of maritime space to achieve economic development, cultural, social and environmental objectives. Development marine spatial planning. 2018-2020 DEPC 78 | P a g e FOCUS AREAS OBJECTIVES ACTIONS SPECIFIC ACTIVITIES COMPLETED BY LEAD AGENCY FOCUS AREA CME 3: Integrated Offshore Fisheries Management Objective: CME3: Improve management of Va uatu s marine resources within the EEZ. CME3.5: Collate and audit existing marine data to determine data gaps. Collate and audit existing marine data to determine data gaps. 2019 VFD CME3.6: Map biological information, including biological regions, and existing and possible future uses of the marine environment by different activities and prioritisation of high biodiversity areas to establish MPAs and other sustainable use areas. Finalise map of biological information and bioregions and report and SUMA maps and report, and marine Zone Typology report. 2018 DEPC CME3.7: Facilitate workshops and consultations to evaluate and synthesize the data and to start generating a Marine Spatial Plan which provides for zo i g of Va uatu s ocean. Develop draft Marine Spatial Plan. 2018 DEPC CME3.8: Protected areas within the EEZ, shall be established to ensure the future sustainability of Va uatu s o ea environment and so established on the basis of, inter alia, ecosystem function, ecological adequacy, representativeness, critical habitats, natural genetic resources, connectivity and scenic values.  Support the implementation of offshore Fisheries Management Plans to increase sustainability of resources.  Increase awareness of the offshore Fisheries Management plans.  Establish PAs in the EEZ using MSP guidelines. Ongoing Ongoing DEPC DEPC CME3.9: Promote the sustainable development of offshore fisheries for large pelagic species including through the development of appropriate regulations for the fishery and manage the fisheries to maximize benefits to Vanuatu. Strengthen Fisheries Management Plans and enhance regulations of offshore fisheries species. 2019 VFD 79 | P a g e STRATEGIC AREA 4: SPECIES MANAGEMENT (SM) TARGET 1. By 2030, the conservation status of at least 10 known threatened species has been improved and sustained, particularly for those most in decline. INDICATORS:  ‘edu ed tre d i e ti tio risks of Va uatu s fi e priorit spe ies.  Increased trend in population of the five priority threatened species for Vanuatu.  Increased trends in distribution of the five selected species. IMPLEMENTATION PLAN FOR SPECIES MANAGEMENT FOCUS AREAS OBJECTIVES ACTIONS SPECIFIC ACTIVITIES COMPLETED BY LEAD AGENCY FOCUS AREA SM1: Establish Effective Management Arrangement for the Conservation of Endemic, Endangered and Culturally Important Species and Habitats. Objective SM1: Strengthen IAS related policies and legislations to support effective eradication, introduction on new invasive alien species and inter-island introduction of invasive alien species. SM1.1: Strengthen IAS related policies and legislations to support effective eradication, introduction on new invasive alien species and inter-island introduction of invasive alien species. Finalise draft Homo Bay CCA management plan. Register Homo Bay CA. 2018-2019 2018-2019 DEPC DEPC SM1.2: Strengthen IAS related policies and legislations to support effective eradication, introduction on new invasive alien species and inter-island introduction of invasive alien species. Conduct Desktop review of existing literature on remnant vegetation of Tanna and prepare report on status of vegetation. Develop conservation plans for all the remnant sites. Update current vegetation map of Vanuatu. 2018 2018-2024 2018-2030 DEPC DEPC DoF SM1.3: Establish a conservation plan for the Petaview catchment on Epi. Conduct community consultation to get their consent to protect Petaview waterfall area on Epi and develop management Plan for the site. 2018-2019 DEPC 80 | P a g e FOCUS AREAS OBJECTIVES ACTIONS SPECIFIC ACTIVITIES COMPLETED BY LEAD AGENCY FOCUS AREA SM1: Establish Effective Management Arrangement for the Conservation of Endemic, Endangered and Culturally Important Species and Habitats. Objective SM1: Strengthen IAS related policies and legislations to support effective eradication, introduction on new invasive alien species and inter-island introduction of invasive alien species. SM1.4: Establish a conservation plan for the Petaview catchment on Epi.  Develop specific site mangrove management plans for each island.  Develop mangrove occurrence map layer for mangrove sites around Vanuatu. 2018-2025 2018-2025 DEPC DEPC DoL SM1.5: Establish a conservation plan for the Petaview catchment on Epi. Conduct community consultation to get their consent to protect the area and develop management plan for Creek Ai towards registration for CCA. 2018-2020 DEPC SM1.6: Establish a conservation plan for the Petaview catchment on Epi.  Make awareness on proposal for establishing areas on Tongoa as CCA for protection of Royal Parrot Finch and Megapode.  Work with local communities to initiate establishment of the CCAs. 2018-2019 DEPC SM1.7: Flying Foxes on Mota Lava –raise awareness of the Mota Lava community that it is the only island supporting four species of flying foxes. Encourage chief, community leaders and landholders to manage the flying foxes and the habitat by implementing conservation site/s and delivering information and education. Conduct survey on Banks Flying Fox on Banks Islands. 2018 DEPC 81 | P a g e FOCUS AREAS OBJECTIVES ACTIONS SPECIFIC ACTIVITIES COMPLETED BY LEAD AGENCY FOCUS AREA SM1: Establish Effective Management Arrangement for the Conservation of Endemic, Endangered and Culturally Important Species and Habitats. Objective SM1: Strengthen IAS related policies and legislations to support effective eradication, introduction on new invasive alien species and inter-island introduction of invasive alien species. SM1.8: Crocodile on Vanua Lava – Facilitate local monitoring of the crocodile population. Prepare a management plan that considers the needs of the local people, financial resources and international scientific concerns. Assess status of Crocodile population; develop its monitoring tool and its management plan. 2018-2030 DEPC SM1.9: Conservation of coconut crab habitat on Hui, Tegua, Loh, Toga Linua and Metoma in the Torres Group.  Strengthen the existing local CC conservation initiatives with the enforcement of Fisheries Regulation on Coconut Crab.  Carry out awareness to Tourism Product owners and develop information materials. 2018-2030 2018-2030 VFD DEPC DoT SM1.10: Conservation of bat roosting caves and feeding areas on Malo, northwest Malekula, Vanua Lava, Santo and Efate. Conduct community consultation to get their consent to protect the area, establish sites as conservation area and develop the sites (Malo, Malekula, Santo, Vanua Lava and Efate caves) for eco-tourism. 2018-2030 DEPC DoT SM1.11: Support the implementation of the Lake Letas management plan as one of the national wetland sites and the- first Ramsar Site for Vanuatu and is also a registered CCA. Register Lake Letas as CCA and implement its management plan. 2018-2019 DEPC SM1.12: Conservation of Megapode bird (Namalau) on Tongoa, Ambrym, Efate and Epi. Conduct community consultation on Efate, Tongoa, Ambrym and Epi to get their consent to protect and establish megapode sites as CCAs. 2019-2030 DEPC 82 | P a g e FOCUS AREAS OBJECTIVES ACTIONS SPECIFIC ACTIVITIES COMPLETED BY LEAD AGENCY FOCUS AREA SM1: Establish Effective Management Arrangement for the Conservation of Endemic, Endangered and Culturally Important Species and Habitats. Objective SM1: Strengthen IAS related policies and legislations to support effective eradication, introduction on new invasive alien species and inter-island introduction of invasive alien species. SM1.13: Conservation of Collared Petrel on Tanna and Vanua Lava, and of the Vanuatu petrel on Vanua Lava. Conduct community consultation to get their consent to protect and establish Collared Petrels on Tanna and Vanua Lava and Vanuatu Petrels on Vanua Lava as CCAs. 2018-2022 DEPC SM1.14: Conservation of natural stands of Carpoxylon macrospermum on the islands where they exist.  Finalise management plan for Nusumetu Conservation Area, Tanna and register to protect Carpoxylon macrospermum stands at Nusumetu CCA forest.  Develop management and recovery plan for the Carpoxylon macrospermum species. 2018-2022 2018-2030 DEPC DEPC SM1.15: Conservation of Anietyum Skink (Emoia aneityumensis). Carry out awareness on Aneityum Skink and habitat, develop information/awareness materials and include in draft specified species regulation. 2018- 2020 DEPC SM1.16: Conservation of the six hot spots (IUCN Red list/ CBF Ecosystem profile): Aneityum, Futuna, Tanna, Tongoa Laika Island Santo Mountain Range, Gaua (Banks). Develop information/awareness materials on the biodiversity Hot Spots (Aneityum, Futuna, Tanna, Tongoa-Laika, Santo Mountain Range and Gaua), set up conservation areas and finalise draft specified species regulation. 2018-2030 DEPC 83 | P a g e FOCUS AREAS OBJECTIVES ACTIONS SPECIFIC ACTIVITIES COMPLETED BY LEAD AGENCY FOCUS AREA SM1: Establish Effective Management Arrangement for the Conservation of Endemic, Endangered and Culturally Important Species and Habitats. Objective SM1: Strengthen IAS related policies and legislations to support effective eradication, introduction on new invasive alien species and inter-island introduction of invasive alien species. SM1.17: Conservation of leatherback, green and hawksbill turtles (Aneityum, Tanna, Erromango, Efate and offshore islands, Epi, Malekula, Santo, Malo, Aore, Gaua, Vanua Lava, Ureparapara and Torres Groups). Set up CCAs on turtle nesting and feeding grounds at specific sites in Vanuatu. 2018-2030 VFD DEPC SM1.18: Conservation of dugongs (sea grass areas on Aneityum, Efate, Epi, Malekula, Vanua Lava, Santo, Gaua and Vanua Lava). Implement dugong management plan and finalize Specified species regulation with wildlife standards. 2018-2030 DEPC VFD FOCUS AREA SM2: Establish Data Collection and storage systems for Endemic, Endangered, Threatened and Critical Species. Objective SM2: To establish, maintain and update the National Resource Inventory (NRI) database for all species and their status and link to. SM2.1: Conduct appropriate research to develop resource inventory on terrestrial (including insects) and freshwater/marine biodiversity and establish NRI database. Develop resource inventory on terrestrial and freshwater/marine biodiversity and establish NRI database. 2018-2030 DEPC SM2.2: Link the NRI database to Biodiversity Clearing House Mechanism (CHM) and other databases to support MEAS, UNCBD, UNCCD and UNFCCC such as the Vanuatu CCCD national information system maintained by DEPC in collaboration with relevant stakeholders. Link the NRI database to Biodiversity Clearing House Mechanism (CHM) and other databases to support MEAS, UNCBD, UNCCD and UNFCCC such as the Vanuatu CCCD national information system maintained by DEPC in collaboration with relevant stakeholders. 2018-2022 DEPC SM2.3: Undertake conservation management oriented research on prioritised species that are threatened or exploited for cultural/subsistence and economic purposes. Undertake research on species for cultural, subsistence and economic uses. 2019 DEPC 84 | P a g e FOCUS AREAS OBJECTIVES ACTIONS SPECIFIC ACTIVITIES COMPLETED BY LEAD AGENCY FOCUS AREA SM2: Establish Data Collection and storage systems for Endemic, Endangered, Threatened and Critical Species. Objective SM2: To establish, maintain and update the National Resource Inventory (NRI) database for all species and their status and link to. SM2.4: Explore potential sustainable use of non threatened and endangered species in collaboration with Conservation Officers, tourism, customs, biosecurity and community representatives. Develop the framework and mechanism for identification of the status of rare and endangered species of Vanuatu. 2018-2030 DEPC SM 2.5: Develop a national biodiversity database of all species at DEPC; classifying level of significance and status (IUCN Red List) that is accessible to all stakeholders inclusive but not limited to government, non-government organisations, and private business and communities. Link all flora, fauna and environment databases to the national environment information system. 2018-2025 DEPC SM 2.6: Draw up an appropriate framework and mechanism for identifying, monitoring and documenting the status of rare and endangered species. Draw up an appropriate national framework and mechanism for identifying, monitoring and documenting the status of rare and endangered species. 2018-2025 DEPC FOCUS AREA SM3: Decrease in Trade of Endangered and Threatened Species. Objective SM3a: To assist in improving enforcement of border control and monitoring, and increase support and capacity for enforcement and monitoring of EPC Act and CITES. SM3.1: Formalise relationships/collaborations with border control and enforcement authorities through memoranda of understanding (Biosecurity, Customs, Border control and DEPC). Follow up with the current status of the MOU in place and have it formalise between DEPC and Biosecurity and Customs with the respective sectors. 2018 DEPC SM3.2: Empower authorised officers from DEPC, Customs, Border control and Biosecurity, to enforce EPC related Acts effectively. Amend EPC Act to empower authorized officers from DEPC, customs, border control and biosecurity, to enforce EPC related Acts. 2018-2025 DEPC 85 | P a g e FOCUS AREAS OBJECTIVES ACTIONS SPECIFIC ACTIVITIES COMPLETED BY LEAD AGENCY FOCUS AREA SM3: Decrease in Trade of Endangered and Threatened Species. Objective SM3b: To increase capacity for enforcement of the International Trade of Flora and Fauna Act 1989 and its regulations, and increase monitoring of endangered protected species. SM 3.3: Quarterly surveillance of markets, traders etc. by trained and gazetted officers under the International Trade (Flora and Fauna) Act No. 56 of 1989 [Cap 210]. Carry out quarterly surveillance of markets, traders etc. by trained and gazetted officers under the International Trade (Flora and Fauna) Act No. 56 of 1989 [Cap 210]. 2018-2030 Relevant Agencies SM 3.4: Review all native species and other related provisions in the International Trade (Flora and Fauna) Act No. 56 of 1989 [Cap 210]. Review all native species and other related provisions in the International Trade (Flora and Fauna) Act No. 56 of 1989 [Cap 210]. 2018 DEPC SM 3.5: Establish administrative responsibilities and strengthen capacity within relevant line ministries and authorities. Carry out establishment of administrative responsibilities and strengthen capacity within the NBSAP Stakeholders. 2018-2028 DEPC SM 3.6: Appoint of athourized officers under International Trade (Flora and Fauna) Act No. 56 of 1989 [Cap 210]. Appoint of athourized officers under International Trade (Flora and Fauna) Act No. 56 of 1989 [Cap 210]. 2018-2024 DEPC SM 3.7: Establish an effective electronic CITES permitting system to manage and ease annual reporting. Set up an effective electronic CITES permitting system to manage and ease annual reporting. 2018-2024 DEPC FOCUS AREA SM4: Extend Government contribution to Conservation activities at community levels. Objective SM4: To develop mechanisms for facilitating community feedback to DEPC on management of species of special concern. SM4.1: Increase DEPC representation/participation /presentation at islands and provincial governance mechanisms and forums and private sectors. Carry out capacity building in the Provinces to mechanism representation of DEPC in the provinces and the communities. 2018-2019 DEPC 86 | P a g e STRATEGIC AREA 5: MANAGEMENT OF INVASIVE ALIEN SPECIES TARGET: 1. B Va uatu s i asi e alie spe ies a d path a s are ide tified a d prioritised, priorit spe ies are controlled or eradicated, and measures are in place to manage pathways to prevent their introduction and establishment. 2. Emphasis will be placed on maintaining current status of native species, improving border control, developing inter-island biosecurity programmes, IAS eradication and control. 3. Co u ities u dersta di g o i asi e alien species is increased. INDICATORS:  Assessment and measure of impact of invasive alien species on biodiversity and food security.  Impact of policy responses, legislation and management plans to control and prevent spread of invasive alien species.  Required information and data on invasive alien species are available.  National government commitment through financing of management of IAS.  Level of invasive alien species understanding increased.  More improve legal frameworks and policies are available.  International border control system improved and internal quarantine system established.  Invasive alien species population density are reduced.  The population density of invasive alien species in Conservation Areas are reduced. FOCUS AREAS OBJECTIVES ACTIONS SPECIFIC ACTIVITIES COMPLETED BY LEAD AGENCY FOCUS AREA SM4: Extend Government contribution to Conservation activities at community levels. Objective SM4: To develop mechanisms for facilitating community feedback to DEPC on management of species of special concern. SM4.2: Develop a reporting mechanism in collaboration with Provincial Councils and other user groups such tourisms, farmers and others. Develop reporting mechanism for the Provicial councils and other user groups to use in reporting conservation status and budgeting. 2019 DEPC SM4.3: Increase resources to support communities to annually report to DEPC on their CCA activities. Carry out capacity building and support resources for CCAs on annual reporting. 2018 DEPC 87 | P a g e IMPLEMENTATION PLAN- MANAGEMENT OF INVASIVE ALIEN SPECIES FOCUS AREAS OBJECTIVES ACTIONS SPECIFIC ACTIVITIES COMPLETED BY LEAD AGENCY FOCUS AREA MIAS1: Building a strong foundation for effective Invasive Alien Species Management. Objective MIAS1a: To increase understanding of the impacts of priority invasive alien species on biodiversity, economies, livelihoods and health and actions to manage them are supported. MIAS1.1: Raise awareness and carry out outreach on impactof IAS on biodiversity, economy, health and cultural values. Conduct awareness and inventory on Invasive Alien Species in the Provinces and communities. Ongoing DEPC BV DARD MIAS1.2: Develop community focused education awareness resources and materials for the wider public. Develop national priority invasive alien species community tool kit and farmers pocket guide to address awareness resources. 2018-2022 DEPC MIAS1.3: Develop syllabus in schools on IAS. Assess Tea her s guide o Invasive alien species and update sections on Invasive Alien Species Impacts and management control measures. 2018 DEPC MIAS1.4: Develop materials on marine invasive alien species of most threat to Vanuatu.  Develop awareness materials for COTs.  Develop guideline on management measures for COTs eradication. 2018-2020 2018-2025 VFD DEPC VFD 88 | P a g e FOCUS AREAS OBJECTIVES ACTIONS SPECIFIC ACTIVITIES COMPLETED BY LEAD AGENCY FOCUS AREA MIAS1: Building a strong foundation for effective Invasive Alien Species Management. Objective MIAS1a: To increase understanding of the impacts of priority invasive alien species on biodiversity, economies, livelihoods and health and actions to manage them are supported. MIAS1.5: Develop Island-specific materials as part of inter-island biosecurity management. Develop Island-specific materials as part of inter island biosecurity management. 2018-2020 BV DEPC MIAS1.6: Encourage collaboration in the management of IAS between Vanuatu and other regional countries and institutions. Work with MSG secretariat to establish the Melanesian Invasive species council. 2018-2030 DEPC Objective MIAS1b: To ensure appropriate policies, legislations, protocols and procedures are in place and operating to underpin the effective management of IAS. MIAS1.7: Upgrade national invasive alien species database and make it accessible for public viewing and information input. Update the Vanuatu Invasive Alien Species Database, Van Invasive. Ongoing DEPC MIAS1.8: Identify knowledge gaps and prioritise terrestrial, freshwater and marine invasive alien species surveys for Vanuatu. Carry out assessment to find out distribution of national priority IAS in Vanuatu. Ongoing DEPC MIAS1.9: Collect baseline data for terrestrial, aquatic and marine invasives. Collection and update out baseline data for terrestrial, aquatic and marine invasive alien species. 2018-2030 DEPC MIAS1.110: Put in place an IAS Information review process to continually assess capacity, skills, information and research gaps. Analyse data in the VanInvasive species database and provide informationand research gaps. Ongoing DEPC 89 | P a g e FOCUS AREAS OBJECTIVES ACTIONS SPECIFIC ACTIVITIES COMPLETED BY LEAD AGENCY FOCUS AREA MIAS1: Building a strong foundation for effective Invasive Alien Species Management. Objective MIAS1b: To ensure appropriate policies, legislations, protocols and procedures are in place and operating to underpin the effective management of IAS. MIAS1.11: Put in place an IAS Information review process to continually assess capacity, skills, information and research gaps. Identify inter island biosecurity capacity training needs and develop training programme. 2018-2025 DEPC BV MIAS1.12: Encourage environmental science studies for Ni-Vanuatu students. Liaise with Vanuatu Scholarship Office to promote studies in invasive alien species management. Ongoing DEPC MIAS1.13: Provide training for harbour masters, custom officers and other port staff on identifying invasive species issues associated with shipping and border controls. Develop trainings for harbour masters and customs officer on Vanuatu priority Invasive Alien Species. Ongoing DEPC MIAS1.14: Provide training to community leaders to identify invasive alien species in the communities. Develop training programmes for community leaders on Vanuatu priority Invasive Alien Species. 2018-2020 DEPC MIAS1.15: Upgrade government and NGO technical skills and knowledge on management of invasive alien species. Develop trainings for government and NGOs on identifying Vanuatu priority Invasive Alien Species. 2018-2020 DEPC 90 | P a g e FOCUS AREAS OBJECTIVES ACTIONS SPECIFIC ACTIVITIES COMPLETED BY LEAD AGENCY FOCUS AREA MIAS1: Building a strong foundation for effective Invasive Alien Species Management. Objective MIAS1b: To ensure appropriate policies, legislations, protocols and procedures are in place and operating to underpin the effective management of IAS. MIAS1.16: Advocate for the establishment of a Melanesian IAS council in partnership with the Melanesian Spearhead Group (MSG) with support by the Vanuatu Government. Refer to MIS 1.6 By 2020 DEPC Objective MIS1c: To ensure appropriate policies, legislations, protocols and procedures are in place and operating to underpin the effective management of IAS. MIAS1.17: Enact the current draft Biosecurity Bill and translate it into local language. Finalise and enact Biosecurity Bill. 2018 BV MIAS1.18: Include management of invasive alien species in Agriculture, Livestock, Forestry and Fisheries Acts. Incorporate management of invasive Alien species in Agriculture, Livestock, Forestry and Fisheries Policy review. 2018 & 2030 DEPC MIAS1.19: Amend the Environmental Protection and Conservation Act to include additional regulations on IAS and regulations of importation of new organisms that are a risk to the environment. Develop regulation to control importation of foreign organisms and management of invasive alien species. 2018-2020 DEPC 91 | P a g e FOCUS AREAS OBJECTIVES ACTIONS SPECIFIC ACTIVITIES COMPLETED BY LEAD AGENCY FOCUS AREA MIAS1: Building a strong foundation for effective Invasive Alien Species Management. Objective MIS1c: To ensure appropriate policies, legislations, protocols and procedures are in place and operating to underpin the effective management of IAS. MIAS1.20: Revise national regulations (DEPC) and the provincial legislation for DEPC Act to override provincial laws and by-laws. Amend EPC Act to recognise the provincial by laws on management of invasive alien species. 2018-2020 DEPC, Province MIAS1.21: Amend legislation (e.g Ports Act) to address management of ballast water, ship cleaning and the use of anti-fouling paints in line with international conventions. Amend Ports and Harbour Maritime Act to include ballast water and ship cleaning and use of antifouling paints. 2018-2030 Ports and Harbour MIAS1.22: Revise and update NISSAP. Revise and updateew of NISSAP in 2019. 2019-2020 DEPC MIAS1.23: Develop island or province based regulations to assist inter-island biosecurity programmes. Develop island or province-based regulations to assist inter island biosecurity programmes. 2018-2025 DEPC BV MIAS1.24: Enforce current livestock regulations to prevent cattle spreading weed and seeds between islands. Amend Livestock Policy to regulate cattle transport in weed spreading. 2019 DLiv MIAS1.25: Revise Public Works Department policy and legislation for clean machinery for new roads developments and inter-island movements. Collaborate with PWD to ensure clean machinery for new road developments and inter island movements include in inspection by DEPC and BV prior departure is included in the next revised PWD policy. PWD 92 | P a g e FOCUS AREAS OBJECTIVES ACTIONS SPECIFIC ACTIVITIES COMPLETED BY LEAD AGENCY FOCUS AREA MIS2: Establish National Baselines and Monitoring of IAS in Vanuatu Objective MIS2a: To ensure appropriate policies, legislations, protocols and procedures are in place and operating to underpin the effective management of IAS. MIAS2.1: Identify priority islands (e.g Malekula, Santo) to carry out surveys to identify full range of priority IAS at initial stages and then target all islands. Carry out IAS survey on Malekula and Santo to identify full range of priority IAS. 2018-2024 DEPC BV MIAS 2.2: Carry our surveys to delimit priority IAS such as fire-ants, climbing vines (Merremia peltata), including others. Carry out survey and map out priority invasive alien species in all islands of Vanuatu. 2018-2024 DEPC BV MIAS2.3: Develop an invasive alien species alert system for Vanuatu Develop an invasive alien species alert system for Vanuatu. 2018-2030 DEPC BV MIAS2.4: Secure sustainable funding mechanisms for surveillance, monitoring and enforcement. Include sustainable financing mechanism component in regulation to control importation of foreign organisms and management of invasive alien species. 2018-2030 DEPC Objective MIS2b: Improve research and knowledge for priority IAS biology and impacts and development of effective management techniques. MIAS2.5: Assess and review existing national response framework. Assess and review existing national response framework. Ongoing DEPC BV MIAS2.6: Develop control programmes for priority invasive alien species. Develop control programmes for priority invasive alien species. Ongoing DEPC BV MIAS2.7: Train government and NGOs on management aspects of IAS. Train government and NGOs on management aspects of IAS. Ongoing DEPC BV 93 | P a g e FOCUS AREAS OBJECTIVES ACTIONS SPECIFIC ACTIVITIES COMPLETED BY LEAD AGENCY FOCUS AREA MIS2: Establish National Baselines and Monitoring of IAS in Vanuatu Objective MIS2b: Improve research and knowledge for priority IAS biology and impacts and development of effective management techniques. MIAS2.8: Secure adequate financial and technical resources for management of invasive alien species. Secure adequate financial and technical resources for management of invasive alien species. 2018-2030 DEPC MIAS2.9: Develop protocols which require an EIA by an independent body before the introduction of exotic species, in line with the EPC Act. Develop protocols for EIA by an independent body prior introduction of exotic species. 2018-2030 DEPC BV FOCUS AREA MIAS3: Improve Management of established Invasive Alien Species Objective MIAS3: To eliminate or reduce and manage impact of priority established invasive alien species by eradication or control. MIAS3.1: Control/eradicate little fire ants and other invasive a ts species at priority sites following surveys. Carry out surveys to indicate fire ants and apply control measures. 2018-2030 DEPC MIAS3.2: Control Mynah to reduce range on locations where control is still feasible on Malekula if recommended following survey. Develop and provide training for government and NGOs on management of invasive alien species. 2018-2030 DEPC BV MIAS3.3: Implement biocontrol for African tulip tree when programme and bio-control agent is available . Refer to MIS 2.5 MIA3.4: Encourage spreading of established bio control agents onto other islands and locations. Develop protocols for EIA by an independent body prior introduction of exotic species. 2018-2030 DEPC BV 94 | P a g e FOCUS AREAS OBJECTIVES ACTIONS SPECIFIC ACTIVITIES COMPLETED BY LEAD AGENCY FOCUS AREA MIAS3: Improve Management of established Invasive Alien Species. Objective MIAS3: To eliminate or reduce and manage impact of priority established invasive alien species by eradication or control. MIAS3.5: Develop biocontrol options for further priority weeds (as part of Melanesian sub region projects). Work with regional institutions or CROP agencies to develop biocontrol for other priority invasive alien species. 2018-2030 BV DEPC MIAS3.6: Develop an invasive alien species alert system for Vanuatu Develop control programme for Hyptis brevipes and train local communities to eradicate the species. 2018-2022 DEPC BV MIAS3.7: Include IAS management in protected areas management plans and control priority invasives identified in additions to Merremia, pigs, cats and dogs. Ensure that invasive species found in the PAs are included in the management plan for eradication. 2018 DEPC MIAS3.8: Dispatch of clean machinery by PWD for new road developments to prevent spreading of invasives. Dispatch of clean machinery by PWD for new road developments to prevent spreading of invasive alien species. Ongoing DEPC BV MIAS3.9: Disseminate implementation of control protocol to rural communities. Provide training to local communities on control method for COTs. Ongoing VFD MIAS3.10: Develop an IAS Management model for community management of Merremia peltata. Assess existing models for Merremia peltta control and develop handbook for management of the species. 2018-2024 DEPC 95 | P a g e FOCUS AREAS OBJECTIVES ACTIONS SPECIFIC ACTIVITIES COMPLETED BY LEAD AGENCY FOCUS AREA MIAS3: Improve Management of established Invasive Alien Species. Objective MIAS3: To eliminate or reduce and manage impact of priority established invasive alien species by eradication or control. MIAS3.11: Restore sites and biodiversity after IAS management occurs. Promote rehabilitation programmes for restoration sites and biodiversity affected by invasive alien species. Ongoing DEPC MIAS3.12: Strengthen IAS related policies and legislations to support effective eradication, introduction on new invasive alien species and inter-island introduction of invasive alien species. Support enforcement of invasive alien species related policies and legislations to support effective eradication, introduction on new invasive alien species and inter-island introduction of invasive alien species. Ongoing DEPC BV STRATEGIC AREA 6: MAINSTREAMING BIODIVERSITY ACROSS SECTORS AND SOCIETY (MB) TARGET: 1. By 2020, government has put in place relevant legislations and policies and Access and Benefit Sharing (ABS) protocols to support NBSAP implementation; businesses and production sectors are adopti g Va uatu s Natio al “ustai a le Development Plan; and stakeholders at all levels have taken steps and implemented plans for sustainable production and consumption. INDICATOR:  Trends in population and extinction risk of utilized species, including species in trade.  Trends in ecological footprint and/or related concepts.  Ecological limits assessed in terms of sustainable production and consumption.  Trends in biodiversity of cities (decision X/22).  Trends in extent to which biodiversity and ecosystem service values are incorporated into organizational accounting and reporting. 96 | P a g e IMPLEMENTATION PLAN- MAINSTREAMING BIODIVERSITY ACROSS SECTORS AND SOCIETY FOCUS AREA OBJECTIVES ACTIONS SPECIFIC ACTIVITIES COMPLETED BY LEAD AGENCY FOCUS AREA EEM1: Appropriate Legal, Policy and Institutional Frameworks that support Implementation of Vanuatu’s NBSAP in place. Objective EEM1: Ensure environment and related policy framework are in place. MB1.1: To carry out the review of environment related Acts, Regulations and Environment Policies Review existing legislations and policies that supports implementation of NBSAP. 2018-2030 Relevant Agencies MB 1.2: Establish and strengthen an effective and efficient enforcement systems of environment Laws at national, provincial and local levels Support enforcement of environment related legislations and regulations by empowering authorised officers. 2018-2030 Relevant Agencies MB 1.3 Increased public awareness on environment related Acts, Regulations and Policies Carry out nation-wide awareness on related environment Acts, regulations and policies. Ongoing DEPC VFD DoF MB 1.4: Increase political awareness and will to support environmental good governance and implementation. Carry out awareness with member of parliaments on environment related Acts. 2018-2025 DEPC MB M1.5: Carry out an institutional and capacity building assessment of the environment sector and develop an institutional development strategy to support NBSAP implementation. Conduct institutional assessment Review organisational structure to support implementation of NBSAP. 2020-2018 DEPC 97 | P a g e FOCUS AREA OBJECTIVES ACTIONS SPECIFIC ACTIVITIES COMPLETED BY LEAD AGENCY FOCUS AREA EEM1: Appropriate Legal, Policy and Institutional Frameworks that support Implementation of Vanuatu’s NBSAP in place. Objective EEM1: Ensure environment and related policy framework are in place. MB 1.6: Strengthen enforcement and identify gaps for effective implementation of EIA guidelines/standards and strengthen national capacities of EIA consultants. Amend the EIA Regulations to prescribe set penalties for EIA related offences by the end of 2020: Update the DEPC Guide to Compliance and Enforcement 2018-2020 DEPC FOCUS AREA EEM2 : Strengthen application and operationalisation of the Nagoya Protocol on Access to Genetic Resources and Benefit Sharing (ABS) in Vanuatu Objective EEM2a: Strengthen inter-agencies collaboration to put in appropriate ABS policies, legislations and institutional arrangements for Vanuatuand strengthen links at regional level for lesson learning and to support regional mechanisms. MB 2.1: Define the overall ABS strategy, policies and action plan for Vanuatu. Develop the ABS strategy, policy and action plan for Vanuatu. 2020-2030 DEPC MB 2.2: Put in place the appropriate ABS regulation in Vanuatu including review of existing Environmental Protection and Conservation (EPC) Act covering ABS.  Review Bioprospecting provision EPC Act of 2018.  Develop national PIC for Vanuatu on ABS.  Develop national contract for Mutually Agreed Terms (MAT). 2018-2022 DEPC 98 | P a g e FOCUS AREA OBJECTIVES ACTIONS SPECIFIC ACTIVITIES COMPLETED BY LEAD AGENCY FOCUS AREA EEM2 : Strengthen application and operationalisation of the Nagoya Protocol on Access to Genetic Resources and Benefit Sharing (ABS) in Vanuatu Objective EEM2a: Strengthen inter-agencies collaboration to put in appropriate ABS policies, legislations and institutional arrangements for Vanuatuand strengthen links at regional level for lesson learning and to support regional mechanisms. MB 2.3: Establish institutional arrangements and assignment of role and responsibilities within national institutional landscape to implement ABS.  Develop national institutional arrangements and assignment of roles and responsibilities framework.  Recruit Research Officer. 2018-2022 2019 DEPC MB 2.4: Review and define procedures and rules for access to traditional knowledge, to protect the rights of indigenous and local communities and to ensure equitable sharing of benefits such as Prior Informed Conscent (PIC) and Mutually Agreed Terms (MAT).  Develop national PIC for Vanuatu on ABS.  Develop national contract for Mutually Agreed Terms (MAT). 2018-2022 2018-2020 DEPC MB 2.5: Define with regional level countries and partners of common level of ABS arrangements. Eg. Model laws, guidelines and principles. Develop regional level model for ABS. 2020-2030 DEPC Relevant Agencies 99 | P a g e FOCUS AREA OBJECTIVES ACTIONS SPECIFIC ACTIVITIES COMPLETED BY LEAD AGENCY FOCUS AREA EEM2 : Strengthen application and operationalisation of the Nagoya Protocol on Access to Genetic Resources and Benefit Sharing (ABS) in Vanuatu Objective EEM2a: Strengthen inter-agencies collaboration to put in appropriate ABS policies, legislations and institutional arrangements for Vanuatuand strengthen links at regional level for lesson learning and to support regional mechanisms. MB 2.6: Integrate an education and awareness programme on ABS through government ministries, NGOs, schools and provincial government. Involve other ministries with awareness of ABS. 2018-2030 DEPC MB 2.7: Compile and Inventory of all ABS related industries or biotrade industries and strengthen partnership and awareness on ABS related activities. Conduct inventory of biotrade. 2018-2020 DEPC VANIPO Objective MB2b: Review and put in place appropriate protocols and procedures for different ABS related activities. MB 2.8: Strengthen role of the competent authority, focal point and 2National Biodiversity Advisory Council established under EPC Act to review protocols and procedures of ABS. Assess capacity building needs for ABS focal point and BAC. 2018-2022 DEPC 100 | P a g e FOCUS AREA OBJECTIVES ACTIONS SPECIFIC ACTIVITIES COMPLETED BY LEAD AGENCY FOCUS AREA EEM2 : Strengthen application and operationalisation of the Nagoya Protocol on Access to Genetic Resources and Benefit Sharing (ABS) in Vanuatu Objective MB2b: Review and put in place appropriate protocols and procedures for different ABS related activities. MB 2.9: ABS contract agreements, interim guidelines, negotiation procedures and legal/customary protocols developed in accordance with the Nagoya Protocol and the Traditional Knowledge and Expressions of Culture Act. Develop appropriate contracts, interim guidelines, negotiation procedures and legal customary protocols in accordance with NP. 2018-2025 DEPC VANIPO VKS MB2.10: Establishment of national and regional networks amongst research stakeholders (researchers, food security, medicinal, bio-prospecting, community interests including government, NGO's, private sector and community groups). Set up the national network first and expand to include regional network for research stakeholders 2019-2030 DEPC MB 2.11: Organise awareness raising amongst government departments, divisions and provincial levels workshops on ABS for stakeholders and facilitate site/field visits where appropriate. Conduct awareness raising on ABS at provincial and community levels. 2018-2030 DEPC 101 | P a g e FOCUS AREA OBJECTIVES ACTIONS SPECIFIC ACTIVITIES COMPLETED BY LEAD AGENCY FOCUS AREA EEM2: Strengthen application and operationalisation of the Nagoya Protocol on Access to Genetic Resources and Benefit Sharing (ABS) in Vanuatu. Objective MB2b: Review and put in place appropriate protocols and procedures for different ABS related activities. MB 2.12: Establish benefit sharing mechanism (e.g. Trust Fund) for ABS strengthened contributes to the conservation of biological diversity. Set up national ABS trust fund. 2022-2030 DEPC MB 2.13: Establish and strengthen administrative systems / procedures for ABS agreement negotiations between the government and relevant MATs and other relevant agreements. Strengthen ABS agreement for negotiations between government and other relevant MATs. 2018-2030 DEPC Strategic Area 7: RESOURCE MOBILISATION FOR THE NATIONAL BIODIVERSITY STRATEGY AND ACTION PLAN TARGET: The Ministry of Finanance will need to set realistic annual budgetary targets and DEPC to do 3 yearly resource mobilisation plan based on realistic NBSAP Actions & Targets. INDICATORS:  Aggregated financial flows, in the amount and where relevant percentage, of biodiversity related funding, per annum, for achieving the Vanuatu NBSAP National Targets,  Number of assessments values of biodiversity in accordance with CBD,  Identified and reported funding needs, gaps and priorities,  Developed National Financial Plans for Biodiversity,  Amount of national financial support, per annum, in respect of those national activities which are intended to achieve the objectives of NBSAP. 102 | P a g e IMPLEMENTATION PLAN RESOURCE MOBILISATION FOR THE NATIONAL BIODIVERSITY FOCUS AREA OBJECTIVES ACTIONS SPECIFIC ACTIVITIES COMPLETED BY LEAD AGENCY FOCUS AREA RM1: Resource Mobilisation for the National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan. Objective RM1: To increase understading and buy-in from relevant government, NGOs, implementing partners and communities on the resource mobilisation approach, methodology and action plan. RM1.1: Organise stakeholder engagement to consider biodiversity and ecosystem services to be the key priority areas for economic valuation and assessments.  Conduct awareness to relevant government sectors such as fisheries and forestry on ecosystem valuation principles and approaches.  Develop and costing of ecosystem valuation for marine, terrestrial and wetlands in collaboration with relevant stakeholders. 2019-2030 2019-2030 DEPC DEPC Relevant Agencies RM 1.2: Carry out ecosystem assessments, mapping, indicators and valuation for each focal areas.  Undertake ecosystem assessments and valuation of each ecosystem types such as marine, terrestrial and wetlands ecosystems.  Conduct costing of each focal area of the NBSAP.  Develop sustainable financing strategies for implementing the NBSAP. 2020-2030 2020-2030 2020-2030 DEPC Relevant Agencies DEPC DEPC DoFT 103 | P a g e FOCUS AREA OBJECTIVES ACTIONS SPECIFIC ACTIVITIES COMPLETED BY LEAD AGENCY FOCUS AREA RM1: Resource Mobilisation for the National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan. Objective RM1: To increase understading and buy-in from relevant government, NGOs, implementing partners and communities on the resource mobilisation approach, methodology and action plan. RM1.3: Carry out capacity building activities to equip actors with necessary skills to carry out value based actions e.g tools to gather information on biodiversity and ecosystem advising them on how to incorporate biodiversity and ecosystem service values into their business plans make economic and financial sense. Carry out the capacity building training to equip relevant actors with required skills to carry out value-based actions as indicated in RM 1.3. 2019-2030 DEPC Relevant Agencies RM1.4: Engage funders strategically and identify key sectors benefitting from biodiversity and ecosystem service values who are primary users, how will they benefit from investing in biodiversity ecosystem services and what ongoing financial mechanism are available to secure sustained funding. Carry out a study or survey on this action to map out sectors benefiting from biodiversity and ecosystem service values, who are primary users, how will they benefit from investing in biodiversity ecosystem services and what ongoing financial system are in place to secure sustained funding. 2019-2030 DEPC Relevant Agencies 104 | P a g e FOCUS AREA OBJECTIVES ACTIONS SPECIFIC ACTIVITIES COMPLETED BY LEAD AGENCY FOCUS AREA RM1: Resource Mobilisation for the National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan. Objective RM1: To increase understading and buy-in from relevant government, NGOs, implementing partners and communities on the resource mobilisation approach, methodology and action plan. RM1.5: Assess financial flows associated with drivers of biodiversity loss such as harmful incentives, and how they can be influenced to reduce their impact. Carry out the financial assessment with biodiversity loss drivers and how they can be influenced to reduce their impacts. 2019-2030 DEPC DoFT RM1.6: Conduct annual stakeholders meeting to discuss budget and report on progress of NBSAP species component implementation. Species conservation implementation to include enforcement roles of the relevant authorities e.g. biosecurity. Carry out annual meetings with NBSAP Stakeholder Administration to assess update on species implementation work. 2019-2030 DEPC Relevant Agencies RM1.7: Establish a conservation trust fund to be managed by DEPC under government budgetary process. Initiate the idea of developing a Conservation Trust Fund. 2019-2030 DEPC 105 | P a g e FOCUS AREA OBJECTIVES ACTIONS SPECIFIC ACTIVITIES COMPLETED BY LEAD AGENCY FOCUS AREA RM2: Development of Vanuatu NBSAP Resource Mobilisation Plan. Objective RM2: Develop Resource mobilisation plan using best available data and scenario development. RM2.1: Conduct an ecosystem service mapping to assess state and trend in ecosystem service provision and human well being, to provide spatial quantification of ecosystem services and their values. Undertake ecosystem service mapping to assess state and trend in ecosystem service provision and human well-being. 2020-2030 DEPC Relevant Agencies RM2.2: Conduct economic valuation of ecosystems and biodiversity using variety of economic valuation methods to determine monetary value of biodiversity i.e direct market valuation approaches, revealed preferences and stated preference approaches. Carry out economic valuation of biodiversity and ecosystems different methods to determine monetary value of biodiversity. 2019-2030 DEPC DoFT RM2.3: Assess the cost of NBSAP strategies and action, identify financial gaps and scale up finance mechanism. Carry out assessment of the NBSAP strategies and actions cost to find out financial gaps and scale up the finance mechanism 2020-2030 DEPC DoFT 106 | P a g e FOCUS AREA OBJECTIVES ACTIONS SPECIFIC ACTIVITIES COMPLETED BY LEAD AGENCY FOCUS AREA RM2: Development of Vanuatu NBSAP Resource Mobilisation Plan. Objective RM2: Develop Resource mobilisation plan using best available data and scenario development. RM2.4: Integrate values of biodiversity and ecosystems into national accounting frameworks using the Biodiversity Finance (BIOFIN) conceptual framework of public expenditure review, pressure state-response, scenario development and comparison and root cause analysis. Develop project proposal to use the BIOFIN conceptual framework to integrate values of biodiversity and ecosystems into national accounting frameworks. 2019-2030 DEPC DoFT RM2.5: Develop a Vanuatu Resource Mobilisation plan to include policy and institutional analysis, expenditure review, strategies, actions and costs, projected future states with investments, opportunities for mobilisation of resources, making a case of for biodiversity investments and consolidate resource mobilisation plan with finance mechanism, actors and timelines. Develop national Resource Mobilisation plan to implement the NBSAP and address this action. 2019-2030 DEPC DoFT 107 | P a g e FOCUS AREA OBJECTIVES ACTIONS SPECIFIC ACTIVITIES COMPLETED BY LEAD AGENCY FOCUS AREA RM2: Development of Vanuatu NBSAP Resource Mobilisation Plan. Objective RM2: Develop Resource mobilisation plan using best available data and scenario development. RM2.6: Integrate resource mobilisation plans into national plans and identify national synergies and entry points. Integration resource mobilisation plan into national plans and find out national strategies and entry point. 2019-2030 DEPC 8.0 PROVINCIAL PLANS Most of the NBSAP work will be implemented in partnerships with communities through their provincial government and administration in collaboration with DEPC and national level stakeholders. The six provincial implementation plans provide the background of each province, the population, and total land and sea areas under provincial management. It then provides the provincial vision and mission of the whole province. The key components are: a. MARINE: (i) Existing conservation areas, (ii) Proposed conservation areas, (iii) Marine biodiversity, (iv) Threat to marine species, (v) Action to address threats. b. FOREST AND INLAND WATERS (i) Existing conservation areas, (ii) Proposed conservation areas, (iii) Forest and inland biodiversity, (iv) Threat to forest and inland species, (v) Action to address threats. c. PROVINCIAL TARGET FOR 2018 2030 The following provincial NBSAP Implementation plans were developed through an extensive consultation process based on the current NBSAP. 8.1 Torba Province– NBSAP Implementation Plan 8.2 Sanma Province - NBSAP Implementation Plan 8.3 Penama Province - NBSAP Implementation Plan 8.4 Malampa Province - NBSAP Implementation Plan 8.5 Shefa Province - NBSAP Implementation Plan 8.6 Tafea Province - NBSAP Implementation Plan 108 | P a g e 8.1 TORBA PROVINCIAL NBSAP IMPLEMENTATION FRAMEWORK 8.1.1 Background Torba Province is one of the six provinces in Vanuatu that is located far north of Vanuatu. Torba province is a chain of small islands that include two island groups - the Banks and the Torres group. The name of this province is comprise of these two groups of islands: Tor from Torres and Ba from Banks. The islands of Vanuatu were formed in a series of geological activities over three geological time periods, resulting in newer and older islands within Vanuatu. There has been 3 major geological periods of activity resulting in island formation and Torres group of islands were the first islands to form along with Malekula and Espiritu Santo. The Banks group were formed later with some of the other younger islands in the central part of Vanuatu. 109 | P a g e 8.1.1.1 Population & total land area The total population of Torba province from the 2016 mini census is 9,875 people with a total land area of 882 km2 (VNSO, 2016). The main source of income for Torba people comes from copra, cacao, kava, sale of fish, food and root crops, handicrafts and other invertebrates like coconut crab in Torres Islands. The largest single landmass area of Torba province is the island of Vanua Lava which is where the Torba Provincial headquarters is located in Sola. 8.1.1.2 Torba Provincial Government Provincial Governments have been established through the Decentralisation Act of 1994. Through this decentralisation system, government extension offices were then established at the provincial headquarters. The department extension services form a Technical Advisory Group (TAG) that makes decisions along with the key personnel of Torba province for the development of the province. Torba Province with the advice of the TAG has developed a provincial policy that guides development of this province for the good of the province and its people. 8.1.1.3 Vision Torba s future generations enjoying abundant natural resources by 2060 through wise use, improve livelihoods, maintaining custom values and healthy island ecosystems. 8.1.1.4 Mission To have a healthy, wealthy and sustainable environment by year 2050. 8.1.2 Marine Torba Province has a large marine area with small land mass. The small islands of Torba are surrounded with a high density of coral reefs. Some of the islands are not inhabited with people and so nearby habited islands use these islands as fishing grounds. Torba province has classified Key Biodiversity Areas /Hotspots wthin its islands according to the Critical Ecosystem Partnership Fund (CEPF). There is a vast marine biodiversity with different habitats but coral reefs dominate most of the small islands with invertebrates and fishes. Turtles and coconut crabs and various marine mammals are well known in Torba Province especially in the Torres group. Habitats listed for Torba are seagrass beds, coral reefs and mangrove areas with diversity of marine organisms. Offshore having areas of good pelagic and benthic fisheries such as tuna, poulet, snapper, seamounts, canyons, trench, etc. The only management system that is used to protect the marine resources is by community or landowners emphasizing tabu systems on the resources. The following are the list of areas listed as being protected with community or landownership management system. 8.1.2.1 List of Existing Marine Conservation Areas for Torba Province Existing Marine Area Location (Island) Important to the community National Priority Losalava Marine Park (MPA Gaua Big lagoon with great fringing reef with marine resource Process for CCA Turtle Sanctuary (Northeast Vanualava) Vanualava Turtle nesting site and eco tourism activity Process for CCA Crocodile Conservation Vanualava Protect marine crocodile species Process for CCA Rah Motalava Protect fish breeding/ fish nursery ground, coconut crab and MPA Totonglang Motalava Protect marine resources and fishing grounds 110 | P a g e Existing Marine Area Location (Island) Important to the community National Priority Qeremangde Motalava Protect marine resources and fishing grounds Avar Motalava Protect nursery grounds Nerenigman Motalava Protect nursery grounds and MPA Rah Rock Motalava Protect fishing ground Reef Island Conservation Area Reef Island Protect marine resources around the island and also good fishing ground Process for CCA Toga Torres Coconut Crab protection and MPA Loh – Lenua Coconut Crab Torres Coconut Crab protection and MPA Lilepe Coconut Crab Torres Coconu Crab protection Metoma – Coconut Crab Conservation Area Torres Coconu Crab protection and MPA Process for formal registration Proposed Marine sites Location (Island) Important to the community National Priority Lembot- Mangrove Gaua Mangrove protection Dundu-Mangrove Gaua Mangrove protection Aver- Mangrove Gaua Mangrove protection Casca- Mangrove Gaua Mangrove protection Masivona – Turtle nesting Gaua Protect turtle nesting Matanoda- Turtle nesting Gaua Protect turtle nesting Taplon- Turtle nesting Gaua Protect turtle nesting Biam – Turtle nesting Gaua Protect turtle nesting Kerebuak-Mangrove Vanualava Mangrove protection Aligator river-Mangrove & seagrass Vanualava Mangrove and seagrass protection Quanglap - Mangrove & seagrass & turtle nesting Vanualava Mangrove, seagrass and turtle nesting protection Leon Bay- Mangrove Vanualava Mangrove protection Mosina- Mangrove Vanualava Mangrove protection Divers Bay -Mangrove Ureparapara Mangrove protection Ambek- Turtle nesting Vanualava Protect turtle nesting Ravenga – Turtle nesting Vanualava Protect turtle nesting Honeymoon beach (Lenua)– turtle nesting Loh, Torres Protect turtle nesting Loh lagoon- Mangrove & seagrass Torres Mangrove, seagrass, turtle nesting and coconut crab protection The above list is created as a list of important marine sites that are of great significance to the people of Torba Province. Their livelihood is entirely dependent on marine resources for consumption and earning money. 8.1.2.2 Marine Species Biodiversity Marine biodiversity in Torba is diverse where coral reefs are covered with invertebrates and fishes sea mammals, reptiles, sea birds and other marine species of importance to the Torba people. Offshore having areas of good pelagic and benthic fisheries such as tuna, poulet, snapper, seamounts, etc Marine biodiversity has been 111 | P a g e observed to be slowly decreasing over the past few years and today some of the species that were once plentiful are rarely seen. The species on the list are of importance to the Torba people and all the species are common in most of the islands and suggested marine areas. The ecosystems listed are those that are supporting a good population of marine resources, and hence identified as needed to be protected. 8.1.2.3 List of important Marine Species in Torba Fish Invertebrates Mammals/ birds Marine Ecosystems Eelfish Fish Marine Crocodile Turtle Crabs Green snail Lobster Octopus Sea cucumber Shells Trochus Dugong Sea Birds Wild Ducks Beaches Coral Reefs Mangrove Seagrass bed 8.1.2.4 Threats to the Marine Species Marine resources have been decreasing slowly in this province as seen in the smaller sizes and lower numbers of fish catches. Human consumption is stressed as being the major contributing factor that drives the decline of marine resources in Torba and concern was raised during the discussions that fishing grounds extend to the uninhabited islands where resources are currently plentiful. 8.1.2.5 Key Actions to Address Decrease of Marine Resources The people of Torba know that their marine resources are declining. The chiefs and communities have taken some measures to manage the rate at which resources are declining through initiation of marine tabu areas. Threats to marine resources identified during the validation workshop are population pressure on resources, lack of respect for conservation or tabu areas, lack of technical knowledge on risk of depletion of marine resources, and Crown of Thorns (COTs) infestation on coral reefs. Threats Action Plans to Address Threats Agency responsible Timeframe Overfishing/ over harvesting due to rapid population growth Ban one finger fishing net VFD Torba Province 2020 Lack of finance Ecotourism activities DoT Torba Province 2020 Lack of respect of conservation areas  Enforcement of conservation management laws  Higher penalties VFD Torba Province 2020 Lack of Information and technical advice on the risk of depletion of marine resources Consider registering areas with the Department of Environment VFD DEPC Torba Province 2030 Crown of Thorn starfish invasion Eradication method VFD Torba Province 2020 112 | P a g e 8.1.3 Forest and Inland Waters T Torba Province is made up largely of small islands with less land area and thus limited terrestrial resources. Most of the large forest area can be found on the larger islands, of Vanua Lava and Gaua. Since the land mass is scarce, and resources limited there is no real consideration of forest conservation, as every piece of land is vital and can be utilized. There are a number of inland water areas that have given rise to consideration for forest conservation. Inland water are interconnected with forest areas, therefore the inland waters that are listed are very much linked with their surrounding forests/watersheds and catchment areas. The list below shows the inland water areas that needs to be protected due to their importance as alternative water sources for daily household uses. The surrounding forests must also be conserved to protect these water sources. 8.1.3.1 List of Existing and Proposed Forest and Inland Water Conservation Areas in Torba Existing Forest/ Inland Waters Location (Island) Important to Community National Priority Lake Letes Gaua Protect forest, water source, lake and species Process for Ramsar Doctor Mark Special need school Gaua Protect Forest Vanualava Geological Park (Volcano Area) Vanu Lava Protect site for tourist activity Valua Telvet Mota Lava Protect forest and water catchment Melebay Mota Lava Protect forest Abet Mota Lava Protect water catchment Sleeping Mountain Mota Lava Protect forest Mountain Bird Conservation Mere Lava Protect special bird to this island Sletes Conservation Area Ureparapara Protect forest Proposed forest / inland water areas Nebehei River Mota Lava Protect forest and water catchment Tinision Lake Vanu Lava Protect forest and water catchment Blue lake Vanu Lava Protect forest and water catchment Port Patterson Vanu Lava Protect forest and water catchment Alligator River Vanu Lava Protect mangrove forest, fish, coconut crab and crabs Twin Waterfall Vanu Lava Protect forest and water catchment Moi River Ureparapara Protect forest and water catchment Sirifall Waterfall Gaua Protect forest and water catchment Mount Gharat Boiling Mud Gaua Protect geological features Hiu Hiu Island Protect forest Tegua Tegua Island Protect forest Toga Toga Island Protect forest Linua Loh Island Protect forest 113 | P a g e 8.1.3.2 Forest and Inland Water Species Biodiversity The two larger islands of Torba Province, Gaua and Vanua Lava harbours high numbers of endemic species of flora and fauna. Torba province has classified Key Biodiversity Areas /Hotspots wthin its islands according to Critical Ecosystem Partnership Fund (CEPF) with Gaua being a priority KBA. On Gaua, can be found the largest volcanic lake in Vanuatu and in the Pacific region outside of Papua New Guinea and New Zealand. Lake Letas sits at 450m altitude and Mt Garet is at 600m above sea level. Lake Letas is now a conservation area with a finalized mangement plan ready for legal registration as a recognized CCA. It is also the first Vanuatu national Ramsar wetland sites resultant from the accompanying signing document for Vanuatu to accede to the Ramsar Convention on Wetlands in 2018. The lake is also in the World Heritage tentative listing for Vanuatu as a national World Heritage natural site. Lake Letas has 33 water sources feeding into the 12km by 2km lake. A healthy population of three freshwater eel fish species and freshwater prawn species of Macrobrachium lar are found in the Lake. A number of rivers are found in Vanua Lava, including Selva River and Alligator River which are both national wetland sites for Vanuatu and only habitats in Vanuatu which are home to saltwater crocodile populations. The Island constitutes various suitable habitats and ecosystems for endemic sea bird species, such as the Vanuatu Petrel. Mota Island is home to four flying fox species including the endemic Vanuatu Flying Fox and the Banks Flying Fox. Terrestrial species are restricted to the confines of the land mass areas that make up Torba Province. In addition to diversity of species found in this province, there are also some local lianas/bush ropes and wild cane species of siginificance to the people of Torba which are used for making traditional baskets and traditional house materials and construction. These vines and wild cane must be protected to enable the continuous use and practice of traditional knowledge. This province has a unique traditional way of preserving breadfruit and Canarium nut (Nangae) that can still be consumed months after their fruiting seasons. 8.1.3.3 List of important Forest and Inland Water Species in Torba Plant Animal Bara Palm tree Blue Water Breadfruit Bush Vines Cordia allidora Flowers Glyricidia Loya cane Nangai (Ngali nut) Namele Oil Palm Palms Birds Coconut crab (Birgus latro) Crocodile Eel fish Flying fox Marine Birds Megapod- Incubator bird Water prawns Snakes Vanuatu mountain pigeon Wild duck Wild pigs/ cows 8.1.3.4 Threats to Forest and Inland Waters The people of Mere Lava have raised concerns over flying foxes and birds that feed on the ripe Canarium fruits. As they are consumed, and the nuts arey dispersed away from the fruiting trees and thus causing a reduction on the local harvest from the fruiting trees, as the canarium nut is an important food source to the people of Mere Lava. Threats that have impacts on the forest and inland waters biodiversity include over harvesting, population pressure on resource due to low income, clearing forest for gardening activities, weak governing system by village chiefs, invasive Merremia peltata and Little Red Fire Ant, and natural disasters such as earthquakes, volcanic ashes and climate change. The provincial validation workshop also set actions to address these threats in the matrix below. 114 | P a g e 8.1.3.5 Key Actions to Address Decrease of Forest and Inland Water Resources Forest and Inland waters maintanence are not really a highlighted problem to Torba people for now. The disappearance of some of these important species draws attention to taking actions in conserving their forest and inland waters. The list of measures below is what Torba Province put together to address these threats. 8.1.3.6 List of important Forest and Inland Water Species in Torba Threats Action Plans to Address Threats Agency Responsible Timeframe Human being (users) Environment must be taught in schools syllabus and awareness raised to all people of Vanuatu. DoE Torba Province 2017- 2030  Population growth  Low income rate  Seek for donor support  Integrated farming system (Aquaculture) DEPC Torba Province 2020 Invasive species (Big leaf & fire ants) Environment should e part of e er o e s business DEPC Torba Province 2020 Governing system Custom governance Strengthen existing chiefly governance (enforcement) DEPC Torba Province 2020  Land dispute  Garden clearing Producers cooperative (Agriculture) Torba Province 2020 8.1.4 Torba Provincial Target for 2018 to 2030 During the NBSAP Torba Provincial Validation Workshop, there was a lot of discussions on existing protected sites and new ones in the marine and terrestrial environment. Torba province decided to put up some of its areas as target sites to contri ute to the prote tio of Va uatu s natural environment with the timeframe from 2018 until 2030. 115 | P a g e 8.1.4.1 Forest and Inland Waters Target Forest Types Conservation Objectives Target by 2030 1. Dark Bush: Towlap Hill Forest and catchment (VL) Protect water catchment, plus source of water supply Provincial area Community Management 2. Metoma Hill and forest Torres Protect wild life Community Management 3. Forest interior of land Touvetman- Motalava Protect coconut crab, protect wildlife, benefit through project (Carbon credit- climate change project) Community Management 4. Vanua Lava Geo Park Geological landscape Formal Registration Inland Waters 1. Tingsion – Vanua Lava, 2. Twin waterfall plus source (Vanua Lava), 3. Melebay (Mota Lava), 4. Moi (Ureparapara) Breeding ground for marine life Formal Registration 5. Blue lake- Vanua Lava 6. Port Nawono (Aligator) Vanua Lava Habitat for crocodile- sea crocodile in Vanuatu Formal Registration 7. Mota-Lava- Melebay Tourist hotspot Formal Registration 8. Valua Telvet – Mota Lava Protection of water source/ catchment Formal Registration 9. Abit River- Ureparapara- Main water source, supply for the community Protect water catchment Community Management 10. Moi River- Ureparapara Same as above- continue reason Community Management 11. Lake Letas Largest volcanic lake in the Pacific and unique plants and animals in the forest. World heritage site and wetland site Formal Registration Replanting of trees to protect water source Total: Formal – 10 & Informal - 5 116 | P a g e 8.1.4.2 Marine Areas Target Potential Marine Area Conservation Objective Target by 2030 1. Reef Island Trochus, green snail, giant clam, sea cucumber- for restock purpose/ tourist attraction Formal Registration 2. Mangrove area- alligator river (Vanua Lava) 3. Dundu (Gaua) 4. Lembot (Gaua) 5. Aver (Gaua) 6. Divers bay (Ureparapara) Fish nursery grounds, coastal protection from erosion and cyclone Formal Registration 7. Metoma Island (Torres) 8. Black Rock- Toga, Island (Torres) 9. Linua (Loh, Torres) 10. Lilepe conservation area (Loh, Torres) Coconut crab reserve Formal Registration 11. Masivunu (Gaua) 12. Matanda (Gaua 13. Quanglap (Vanua Lava) 14. Ravenga (Vanua Lava) 15. Ambek (Vanua Lava) 16. Ontar Marine ParK (Gaua) Turtle Nesting Community Management through MPA 17. Trochus conservation (Gaua Island) Continues breeding for economic benefits On and off conservation 18. Vetangde Stone Island Fish Breeding & tourism Formal Registration 19. Losolava (Gaua) Fish breeding & tourism Community management 20. Rah Island Fish breeding Community management 21. Vetvai Conservation – Mota Lava Fish breeding Community management Total: Formal – 11 & Informal 10 8.1.5 TORBA Provincial Target Statement Torba Provincial will protect 11 marine areas and 10 forest and inland waters with a formal management system under the Environmental Protection & Conservation Act CAP 283 Act for Community Conservation Areas by 2030 and 5 forest & inland waters and 10 marine areas will be under traditional resource management system by the community and land owners. 8.1.6 Reference Coleman, P. J. 1970: Geology of the Solomon and New Hebrides Islands, as part of the Melanesian Re-entrant, Southwest Pacific. Pacific science 24: pp. 289-314. Vanuatu National Statistics Office. (2016). 2016 Post- TC PAM Mini- Census Report, Port Vila, Vanuatu 117 | P a g e 8.2 SANMA PROVINCIAL NBSAP IMPLEMENTATION FRAMEWORK 8.2.1 Background Sanma Province is located to the northern region of Vanuatu. It has the largest island in Vanuatu, Espiritu Santo, with its neighbouring islands, of Malo and Aore and a number of other offshore islands. The name Sanma is formed from the beginning of the two first letters of the main islands, San from Santo and Ma from Malo. Geologically, the islands of Sanma province areamong the oldest islands in the Vanuatu archipelago, comprised of ancient volcanic rock dating back from Late Eocene until the middle Miocene Era (Coleman, 1970). 118 | P a g e 8.2.1.1 Population & Total Land Area Sanma Province has a population of 52,145 people with a total land area of 4,248 km². Santo Island is the largest land mass of the province and Vanuatu as a whole with a total of 4,010 km2. The highest peak in Vanuatu stands at 1,879 m and is named Mount Tabwemasana in west-central Espiritu Santo. Santo, Malo and Aore are the three main islands with ten more small offshore islands. The people of Sanma rely on subsistence farming for food, raising cattle, pigs and chicken with yams, taro, root crops and vegetables. The main source of income is from copra, cacao (being the largest exporting island), kava and sale of crops in the market. The neighbouring islands sell fish catches to earn money. Handicraft is becoming one of the increasing sources of income due to increase in tourism. Tourism is on the rise and has developed in Sanma tremendously, now also with upgraded access entry of cruise ships to an improved Luganville harbor, which generates a good source of income for the handicraft markets. In the previous years, Santo received a decent number of cruise ships. However eleven crusise ships are scheduled to arrive in Santo in 2018. 8.2.1.2 Sanma Provincial Government The headquarters of Sanma Province is located in Luganville Town; which is the second largest township in Vanuatu after Port Vila. All government offices and private businesses are located in Luganville town. The establishment of Sanma provincial government is through the Decentralization Act of 1994. The Provincial Government of Sanma has established area secretaries (Administrators) according to district areas. Sanma Province has 12 area secretaries. The appointed area secretaries represent the voices of their respective areas to the provincial government for different development initiatives including the protection of natural resources. The validation workshop helped the people of Sanma through the area secretaries to raise important areas for protection. Sanma Province has a Corporate Plan that states that each area secretary has to register at least 1 or 2 conservation area (s) with the Environmental Protection and Conservation Act CAP 283 by 2020. 8.2.1.3 Vision The Sanma Provincial Government Council (SPGC) envisages; building a stronger, developed and self-sustaining province, while sustainably managing its unique abundant natural resources and Key Biodiversity to benefit all its citizens. 8.2.1.4 Mission To ensuring the conservation and sustainable management of its unique, abundant natural resources and Key Biodiversity for the people of Samna Province and Luganville in a coherent manner: ensuring that resources are utilized efficiently and sustainably. 8.2.2 Marine Sanma Province constitutes the largest land area in Vanuatu, subsequently with very long stretch of coastline area. Sanma also possesses some of the largest marine areas compared to other provinces in Vanuatu. . The main island has about twelve (12) surrounding smaller sentinel islands. The island of Santo is a tourist diving hotspot ith a ship re k di e sites like the orld re o ed preside t oolidge hi h is also a ari e reserve), healthy rich, coral reefs and nice stunning white sandy beaches like the famous champagne beach with its crystal clear water. People of Sanma province also depend on marine resources for food and income, however, not as heavily dependent on it, as they tend to use more of the resources on land rather than those of their marine environment due to the large size and abundance of resources on Espiritu Santo Island. Participants at the validation workshop however, felt that measures should be taken now to protect the marine resources, even though people do not heavily depend on it at this stage yet. This idea of protection and conservation measures seems to be important at this present time as more immigrants from neighbouring islands are moving to Luganville to live and find job, with rural to urban drift. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount Tabwemasana 119 | P a g e Conservation is not a new approach for Sanma Province, as it also has the greatest number of four registered conservation areas that are found in Sanma Province. These are Vatthe Conservation area, covering both terrestrial and marine areas, Loru Protected area (forest); Penoru conservation area (forest and inland waters) and Edehope (forest) conservation area. The list below shows the existing marine areas that are protected under private/ landownership or community managements with proposed marine areas that are considered important for protection and are threatened in some ways are also listed. 8.2.2.1 List of Existing and Proposed Conservation Areas in Sanma Province Existing Marine areas Location (Island) Importance to the Community National Priority East Malo Malo Fisheries resource Loru Conservation Area (registered) Santo Forest Conservation Registered CCA Tutuba Tutuba island Nursery and fishing ground Araki Araki island Protect fisheries resources Bokisa Bokisa Island Protection of marine resource on the island Keven Anderson Plantation Santo Private owner Process to CCA registration Malo pass Malo Island Protection for fishing ground with rich marine biodiversity Proposed for MPA Olpoe Santo Protection of Marine life Pasena Santo Protection of Marine life Baigaragara Santo Protection of Marine life Tamalum Santo Protection of coral reef and fishes Ratua Ratua Island Private Island Process for CCA Oyster Oyster Island Private Island Pilotin Pilotin island Private Tangis Santo Natawa (Nerenit fish feeding) Santo Tourism, fish feeding Banban (Traditional Tabu) Santo Overharvesting Saint Michelle (Private) Santo Private to protect environment Cape Quaros (Traditional Tabu) Santo Protection of marine resource Lajmoli (Traditional Tabu) Santo Protection of marine resource Beao (Traditional Tabu) West Malo Protection of marine resource Savakas Plantation (Traditional tabu) Santo Protection of marine resource Belvus (Traditinal Tabu) Big bay, Santo Protection of marine resource 120 | P a g e Proposed Marine Areas Locations Sarakata River (Formal) Santo Over harvesting Unity Park Seafront (Formal) Santo Protection of marine and freshwater species Beachfront (Red corner near oil mill) Santo Protection of Marine resource Samansin to Banban Santo Protection of Marine resource Elephant Island Santo Protect the Island marine resource Dolphin Island Santo Protection of Marine resource 8.2.2.2 Marine Species Biodiversity Marine ecosystems that are found in Sanma are mangrove areas, lagoons, seagrass beds largely on the East Coast o the South. Estuarine environments. In parts deep water is close to coast ,as a result benthic and pelagic fishing grounds are close to coast, evidently, also rocky coastline, cliffs, boulder bank areas and long stretches of black sand beaches that drop off into deep are found all along the west coast. Most widely common ecosystem found throughout are rich with different types of coral reef systems. These ecosystems are populated with a vast great diversity of marine species of vertebrates and invertebrates, fish, sea mammals, sea reptiles, seabirds from coastline to the reefs crest and beyond. Offshore having areas of good pelagic and benthic fisheries such as tuna, marlin, poulet, snapper, proximity to trench, canyons, seamounts, (notably the seamount off the Southwest Coast being protected under fisheries regulation) , etc Marine species are very important for food and generating income. 8.2.2.3 List of important Marine Species in Sanma Invertebrates Fish Sea Mammals Marine Ecosystems Clam Coconut crab Crab Green snail Lobster Octopus Prawns Sea Cucumber Shellfish Squid Triton Shell Trochus Eel fish Dolphin Turtle Dugong Whale Coral reefs Mangrove Sand (beaches) Sea grass bed 8.2.2.4 Threats to the Marine Species The main threat to the sizes and population of marine resources resources is the catch of undersized fish, which are regularly caught in large numbers for subsistence, food and consumption and sale at the stores and local market outlets. This has caused pressure on marine resources especially fish stock. COTs is also one of the natural threats to coral reefs. In 2015 a huge outbreak of COTs was encountered within and along the main channel between Luganville and Aore Island. 121 | P a g e 8.2.2.5 Key Actions to Address Decrease of Marine Resources Different management methods were used to manage different threats. The Fisheries Department for example, has used trialed and tested injection methods using feld tested and locally developed serum and technologies to eliminate COTs along Luganville coastline. (Dumas et al. 2014). Threats Action Plans to Address Threats Agency Responsible Timeframe Overharvest of resources Register Areas (CCA/ MPA) DEPC VFD 2020 Crown of Thorns invasion Stop invasive species with management plans Remove Crown of Thorns VFD 2020 2 (two) finger net Stop foreign uses of fishing gear VFD 2020 Soil erosion (Coastal erosion) Replanting of mangroves DoF VFD 2020 High population growth Register CCA DEPC 2020 Cutting and clearing of mangroves Create by-laws DoF DEPC VFD 2020 Lack of respect on tabu areas  Consultation of laws to community  Enforcement of tabu laws  Improve awareness VFD Chiefs 2020 Snorkelling with fish gear Ban snorkelling with fish gear VFD DEPC 2020 8.2.3 Forest and Inland Waters Sanma Province has an immense vast expanse of forest area and forest type and inland water systems, that range from coastal to mountain/cloud forest, wet to dry, and deciduous forest, grassland, swamp, marshland, large river systems,(having the largest river in Vanuatu; Jordan River, Big Bay) lakes. water bodies, limestone geology of the island include karst systems that make up vast largely unknown interconnected subterranean ater a s so e ru i g a kilo eters e eath the isla d, also i orporati g the fa ous lue holes the large bodiesof freshwater found mostly on the eastern part of Santo with theirclear prisitine, fresh water, giving it its famous blue hue. Below are list of different forest areas and water zones that are being protected and will be considered for legal protection. 122 | P a g e 8.2.3.1 List of Existing and Proposed Forest and Inland Water Conservation Areas for Sanma Province Existing Forest area Location (Island) Importance to the Community National Priority Kole/ Loru (registered) Santo Forest Area Conservation with birds and coconut crab Registered CCA Matantas (registered) Santo Forest Area conservation Registered CCA Penauro (registered) Santo Protect for Agathis & Sandalwood Forest, Water Catchment, Endemic & Endangerd Spp Registered CCA Tasmate (registered) Santo Forest Area conservation Registered CCA Botmas (On process for registration) Santo Protect for Forest, water Catchment, Endemic & Endangered Spp In process for CCA registration Mt Tabwemasana (On process for registration) Santo Endemic bird- Santo Mountain Starling IBA and in process from CCA registrations Hydro Sarakata River and forest Santo Protection of water source hydropower Buevunsupe – Eden Hope (Private) Santo Protection of forest- Private ownership Tawifield (on process for registration) Malo Protect forest In process for CCA registration Freshwater plantation (Private & landowner) Aore Private ownership Bokisa Bokisa Island Protection of the whole island and its environment Proposed Forest and Inland water Area Location (Island) Saroa Catchment area (Sarakata River) Santo Protection of water sources Kerewia River (West Santo) to Lopelope (South East Santo) Santo Protection of water sources Navaka Catchment South Santo Protection of water catchment Belie River North West Santo Protection of water catchment Karaifas river & catchment Santo Protection of water catchment Lape river &catchment Big Bay, Santo Protection of water catchment Wanamput catchment & river Santo Protection of water catchment Jordan river Big bay, Santo Protection of water catchment Vanuatu Wetland Site Valampil Catchment & river South East Santo Protection of water catchment Raovi River, Matevulu River Big Bay, Santo Protection of water catchment, Tourist site Wailapa Catchment & river South Santo Protection of water catchment 123 | P a g e Existing Forest area Location (Island) Importance to the Community National Priority Tavol River, Riri blue hole (Matevulu) Santo Protection of water catchment, tourist and recreational site Wailo catchment & river Big Bay, Santo Protection of water catchment Beilapa river Big Bay Santo Protection of water catchment Bufo Catchment & river South Santo Protection of water catchment Bua river North West Santo Protection of water catchment Venua River South Santo Protection of water catchment Sauriki River West Santo Protection of water catchment Benavos river West Coast Santo Protection of water catchment Malo Pass Catchment & river Malo Protection of water catchment 8.2.3.2 Forest and Inland water species biodiversity Larger and older islands generally support both a greater diversity of terrestrial ecosystems, and a greater diversity of plants and animals (Taiki et al, 2002. Unpublished). Sanma Province has a wide range of species diversity due to its largeness, the large mass area of land, with its vast and varied terrain. Santo being the the oldest island and largest island in Vanuatu, it it hosts a greater diversity of plant and animal species which allows for high endemism, some are listed in the endemic species list (Annex 8). For example, some of the palm tree species on Santo are special and unique, and have adapted to exist primarily according to the temperature, climate and altitude gradient experienced in the mountain range on the island. It is also home to the Santo Mountain Starling, an endemic bird confined to and aroundthe highest peak in Santo and Vanuatu, Mt Ta e asa a. “a a is listed as ha i g a u er of Ke Biodi ersit Areas KBA s . The “a to Mou tai hai being the largest KBA, and priority KBA in Vanuatu (according to CEPF classification status), is therefore a highly important KBA as a number of endemic and threatened species are found within this area and warrant significant attention for protection. Conservation is not new to Sanma Province as having the most number of the conservation areas legally registered, and exhibiting special and unique flora and fauna due to high rate ofendemism. Below is the list of plants and animals that are important to Sanma Province; 8.2.3.3 List of important Forest and Inland Water Species in Sanma Plants Animals Bamboo Banyan Tree Black Palm Canoe Namele Bush Ropes Watercress Other trees Birds Coconut crab Eel fish Flying fox Freshwater crabs Fresh water fishes Prawns Santo Starling - Mataweli 124 | P a g e 8.2.3.4 Threats to Forest and Inland waters Sanma is the largest and the geologically speaking oldest province in Vanuatu. Its geological age and greater land mass, it harbours abundant terrestrial biodiversity and has a high levelof endemism of plants and animals. Large parts of the island still have intact coastal forests and much of the inland areas still have primary forest remaining, considering size of land area to population density. Alot of the eastern and southern parts of the islands primary forests have been logged in the past and until recentlyand converted into coconut plantations with cattle farms. It is understood that the Merremia peltata (Big Lif), the invasive vine regenerates prolifically in areas of disturbed vegetation. This is evident on coastal, middle and high altitude regions of Santo where the invasive vine is invading a lot of garden areas, secondary forest areas, as well as encroaching the primary forests from these disturbed areas. This is creating loss of forest trees as the vine encompasses o ers a d ro ds out large tracts of forest. It is spreading at an alarming rate as no management action has been taken in many areas of Santo and in other islands where the vine exists. Other threats indentified during the consultation workshop include, bush fires, extensive gardening, domestic and feral livestock farming, overharvest of resources, population pressure on resources, agricultural activities, soil erosion and Taccidental introduction of Tilapia into rivers. 8.2.3.5 Key actions to address decrease of forest and inland water resources Some intact forest areas in Sanma Province have been lost due to M. peltata and some measures were taken to manage the invasion of this invasive species in (2005-2006). M. peltata has destroyed forests structures and ecology particularly impacted are the large, elder, mature important trees of the forests. Threats Action Plans to Address Threats Agency Responsible Timeframe Logging operations  Registration of forest areas to stop cutting of trees  Management plan for logging operations DoF 2020 Bush fires  No burning for gardening  Agro-forestry DARD 2020 Gardening/ Farming Agro-forestry DARD 2020 Invasive species (big rope (Meremia), Piko plant, mahu bird, pengali)  DEPC and Forestry to deal with big leaf invasion  Stop invasive species with management plans DEPC DEPC 2020 Overharvest Register sites to restrict access. DEPC 2020 Population growth and pressure on forest Integrated farming; livestock, tilapia farming and crop gardening DoF DARD 2020 Agricultural activities Intergraded farming DARD 2020 Soil erosion Reforestation DoF 2020 Tilapia in rivers Awareness on side effects of tilapia farming VFD 2020 125 | P a g e 8.2.4 Sanma Provincial Target for 2016 to 2030 During the NBSAP Sanma Provincial Validation Workshop, a lot of discussions were on existing protected sites from the Marine and Terrestrial environment. Sanma province has shown a good trend with registration of conservation areas since 2004 to date. . Sanma province has decided to put up some of its areas as target sites to contribute to the protection of the natural environment within the timeframe from 2018 until 2030. 8.2.4.1 Forest and Inland Waters Conservation Areas Target In-land waters Conservation Objective Target by 2030 Santo 1. Soroa River & catchment 2. Karaefas River & catchment 3. Wanamput River catchment 4. Valampil river catchment  Oli link wetem Sarakata river Main water source blong Luganville  Main source blo hydro powerHome blong wild life  Blong usum long future Formal Registration Santo 1. Navaka Catchment (S. Santo) 2. Waialo river 3. Ajone river 4. Wailapa river 5. Bufo river 6. Venue river 7. Kerewai river (W. Santo) 8. Sauriki river (W. santo) 9. Penafos river (W. Santo) 10. Belie river NW. santo) 11. Lape river (BBay) 12. Jordan River (BBay) 13. Apuna River (BBay) 14. Aovi river (BBay) 15. Tavol River (BBay) 16. Beilapa river (BBay) 17. Lopelope river (SE Santo) 18. Riri Blue Hole (SE santo)  Main water source  Home to wildlife inside forest  For future use Informal Malo 1. Green river – Navura river 2. Malopass river – wailapa river 3. Sevtirtir river- wainawetu river 4. Assersere river 5. Watabelo river 6. Vathwere river 7. Wairus River Same as above Informal Formal Registration 8. Botmas (Canal Fanafo) Animals and forest area Formal Registration 9. Nampauk (C/Fanafo) Sustain living things in forest Formal Registration 10. Mt, Tabwemasana (W. Santo) Protect trees and animals Formal Registration 11. Tawi Field (W. Malo Protect trees and animals Formal Registration 12. Hydro Site (C/Fanafo) Protectem ol plants/ trees and animals Formal Registration Total: Formal- 10 Informal - 24 126 | P a g e 8.2.4.2 Marine Targets Areas Marine Areas Conservation Objective Target by 2030 1. Malo Pass to waesale (E. Malo) 2. Tutuba Island (SE Santo) 3. Sarakata River, PB Wharf, college De Santo, Rotary Park and Samansin Wharf 4. Hog Harbour 5. Port Olry 6. Lolot 7. Tangis Mainland Protect water source Protection of Forest Protection of Environment Protection of Fisheries Protection of Coral Protection of Nursery areas Protection of Coral reef Protection/ increase stock of fish Protection of Mangrove and fisheries 2017 – 2030 to legally registered 8. Belvus (Big Bay) 9. Nokuku (NW Santo) 10. Hokua (NW Santo) 11. Pesena (BBay) 12. Wusi Protect of water source Protection of Forest Protection of Environment Protection of Fisheries Protection of Coral Protection of Nursery areas Protection of Coral reef Protection/ increase stock of fish Protection of mangrove and fisheries 2017 – 2025 to Informal management 13. Malo pass (E. Malo) Protect mangrove and species that live within Formal Registration 14. Tasmalum (S/S AI)- South Santo Area 1 Protect fish and reef Formal Registration 15. Ambakura (E. Malo) Fish and reef protection Formal Registration 16. Tutuba Island (SE) Reproduction of marine life Traditional Tabu 17. Baigaragar (S/S AI) Reproduction of marine life Traditional Tabu 18. Olpoe (N/W Santo) Reproduction of marine life Traditional Tabu 19. Pesena (Big Bay Coast) Reproduction of marine life Traditional Tabu Total Formal: 10 Informal: 9 8.2.5 SANMA Provincial Target Statement By 2030, Sanma Province will legalise ten (10) forest and inland water areas and ten (10) marine areas. There will be twenty four (24) forest and inland water areas and nine (9) marine areas to be protected under tabu management with landowners or communities. Sanma Province has a corporate plan that includes a plan for all 12 area councils to register at least one (1) terrestrial or marine conservation area by 2020. 8.2.6 Reference Coleman, P. J. 1970: Geology of the Solomon and New Hebrides Islands, as part of the Melanesian Re-entrant, Southwest Pacific. Pacific science 24: pp. 289-314. Dumas, P., Ham, J. and Kaku, R. (2014). Community-based management of Crown-of-Thorns Outbreak in Santo (Vanuatu) - Project Report, Port Vila. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/267271300 Community-based management of Crown-of Thorns outbreak in Santo Vanuatu - PROJECT REPORT Taiki N.L., Whyte J., Phillips B and Kalfatak D. (Unpublished). Updated in 2011. A Review of Literature about Va uatu s Biodi ersit . Vanuatu National Statistics Office. (2016). 2016 Post- TC PAM Mini- Census Report, Port Vila, Vanuatu https://www.researchgate.net/publication/267271300 Community-based management of Crown-of-Thorns outbreak in Santo Vanuatu - PROJECT REPORT https://www.researchgate.net/publication/267271300 Community-based management of Crown-of-Thorns outbreak in Santo Vanuatu - PROJECT REPORT 127 | P a g e 8.3 PENAMA PROVINCIAL NBSAP IMPLEMENTATION FRAMEWORK 8.3.1 Background Penama Province is one of the six province of Vanuatu comprising the three islands of Pentecost, Ambae, and Maewo. Penama is located on the northeast of Vanuatu, east of Sanma Province. The name Penama derives from the beginning of each of the three islands, Pen from Pentecost, A from Ambae and Ma from Maewo. The islands of Pentecost and Maewo were formed during the period of Late Eocene until Pliocene (Coleman, 1970) and Ambae was formed later with the Central Chain of islands at the age of Late Miocene. 128 | P a g e 8.3.1.1 Population & total land area Penama Province has a population of 31,334 people and land area of 1,198 km2. Penama is one of the provinces in Vanuatu where their traditions and culture is highly valued, maintained and respected. The people of Penama depend upon their natural resources to sustain their livelihood. The main source of income is the sale of marine fish, garden crops, livestock and their traditional handicrafts of mats and baskets. 8.3.1.2 Penama Provincial Government Penama Provincial government was established through the Decentralization Act 1994. The main headquarter for Penama Province is in Saratamata, Ambae. Some of the government departments established their extension services under the Penama Provincial government in order to implement the National Policy right down to the community level. The department extension services form a Technical Advisory Group (TAG) that make decisions along with the key personnel of Penama province for the development of the province. Area secretaries are elected to govern their people in remote areas to represe t a d oi e their respe ti e areas need to the provincial government. All of the area secretaries were present at the NBSAP provincial validation workshop. 8.3.1.3 Vision A diverse and prosperous Penama founded upon good governance respecting and protecting nature for tomorrow. 8.3.1.4 Mission A sustainable environment and ecosystem to support social and economic development for the people of Penama by 2050, where culture and nature live in harmony. 8.3.2 Marine Marine ecosystems in Penama province are restricted, to the layout and geological and topographical form and features of the islands in this province, due to the geological formation and biophysical attributes of two islands of Pentecost and Ambae in particular where most coastline are comprised of volcanic rocks as opposed to the more common limestone substrate, on most islands throughout Vanuatu. Some coral reef areas are found in some parts of the islands, mostly on Pentecost and Maewo, with ambae having the least, due to its volcanic nature. There are areas of pelagc, deep water benthic, offshore species, that are a utilized fishery.. Currently there is no traditional marine tabus or marine conservation areas but some landowners have interests to protect their adjacent marine areas. 129 | P a g e 8.3.2.1 List of Existing and Proposed Conservation Areas in PENAMA Existing Marine Areas Location (Island) Importance to Community National Priority Laone North Pentecost Nice beach, good fishing ground Baie Omo South Pentecost R2R- Forest, watershed, tourist activity and marine resources GEF 4/ GEF 5 Project site, SUMA Site Matasavi Navanda East Ambae Black stone- sand mining Ambae Mining of sand Tabu system on its marine resource Proposed Marine Areas 1. Devils Rock Ambae Fish feeding upwelling, fishing ground and tourist activity SUMA Site 2. Lolowai Harbor Central Ambae Fishing ground 3. Losarai Sese Reef East Ambae Fishing ground 4. Red cliff South Ambae Fishing ground 5. Tahimamaui North Ambae Fisheries resource 6. Wansa Conservation North Pentecost 7. Lawai Reef Conservation North Pentecost 8. Lavatmangemu reef North Pentecost Fishing ground 9. Laone reef conservation North Pentecost 10. Warugu reef conservation North Pentecost 11. Van Rewerep reef Central Pentecost 12. Point Cross South Pentecost 13. East Pentecost Pentecost Geothermal site and Hot Spring SUMA Sites 14. Pangi Pentecost 15. Ranputur – yellow eel Pentecost Yellow eel 16. Naone Bay North Maewo Geothermal site and Hot Spring SUMA Site 17. Asanvari reef conservation South Maewo Protection of marine resources and tourist activity 18. Kerebei reef conservation Maewo Protection of marine resources 19. Nasoa Maewo 20. Naumumu Maewo Fishing ground 8.3.2.2 Marine Species Biodiversity Like other proviinces, Penama communities also rely on coastal and marine resources for food and they recognise the importance of managing marine ecoystems and protection of marine biodiversity. 130 | P a g e 8.3.2.3 List of important Marine Species in Penama Fish Invertebrates Birds Marine Ecosystems Eel fish Finfish Fish Sharks Turtle Coconut Crab Crabs Octopus Trochus Sea Cucumber Shellfish Comorants Petrels Reef Heron Shearwaters Other sea birds Coral reefs Mangrove site Sea grass beds Upwelling reefs (feeding ground) 8.3.2.4 Threats to the Marine Species Penama workshop participants indicated in the consultation that the main threat is overfishing. People are continuously harvesting the resources, not knowing or being informed by expertise on technical information on the different marine species, the life cycles of the species, stockand management measures. Such information can help the communities to find ways to sustainably manage their resources. Other threats raised in the workshop are poaching in tabu areas, inland water discharge, runoff, floating debris (waste), and Crown of Thorns. 8.3.2.5 Key Actions to Address Depletion of Marine Resources It was learnt from the validation workshop that not enough awareness on importance of biodiversity and conservation has been conducted at Penama province. Information and knowledge from awareness could have helped them to focus more efforts on protection and conservation of their natural resources. Threats Action Plans to Address Threats Agency Responsible Timeframe Overfishing  Make awareness about seasons and species life cycles  Include marine environment information in school curriculum.  Introduce aquaculture farming to relieve pressure on natural systems DEPC VFD Penama Province 2020 Inland water discharges Reforestation reduce soil erosion up land VFD Penama Province 2020 Floating debris on coastal areas of east Pentecost DEPC and Province to implement clean up DEPC Penama Province 2018-2030 Crown of thorn starfish Eradication method VFD Penama Province 2018-2030 Poaching  Formalise conservation areas  Province to enforce traditional management systems to conserve and manage resources DEPC VFD Penama Province 2018-2030 131 | P a g e 8.3.3 Forest and Inland Waters Penama has reasonably good forest cover overall, amongst the three isands with patches of intact forest on Pentecost Island and dark bush, and primary forest found around Ambae and Maewo Island. These forests protect different water sources, watersheds and catchment areas, springs, streams, creeks, rivers and lakes (notably Lake Manaro and vuigesa on ambae). Ambae Island and Pentecost Island have less surface water of the three islands with most water sources being derived from ground water and rain water stored in cement tanks. Maewo Island has the most surface water in Penama Province, with big rivers, streams waterfalls and cave waterways.to be found littered throughout the island These waters are protected by the vegetaion density of forest areas. 8.3.3.1 List of Existing and Proposed Forest and Inland water Conservation Areas in PENAMA Existing Forest and Inland Water Areas Location Importance to Communities National Priority Lini Memorial College (LMC) North Pentecost Cultural Site- Father Walter Hadye Lini Grave Site Cultural Site Vatumagemu East Pentecost Protect forest Abutuntora North Pentecost Red cliff South Ambae Nanigama East Ambae Naone North Maewo Protection of forest and coconut crab Naomumu North Maewo Diamond River & Catchment South Pentecost Protection of watershed Potential mineral resource Baie Omo South Pentecost Protection of marine and forest wildlife R2R with GEF 4/GEF 5 Project site Duviara Conservation Area North Ambae Protection of forest and water catchment Proposed Forest and Inland Water Areas Location Talise River & catchment South Maewo Potection of water source Proposed mini Hydro power Asanvari river & catchment South Maewo Protection of watershed, tourism site Nasawa river & catchment South Maewo Protection of water source and wildlife Naviso river & catchment East Maewo Protection of watershed, Forest and wildlife Narovorovo South Maewo Nasawa to Baetora South Maewo Protection of watershed Manaro Lake forest Central Ambae Sacred lake and volcanoe National Wetland Site Waisala, wai lawua, wainasasa – creek & catchments Ambae Protection of watershed Lolobanga lake & catchment West Ambae Protection of watershed 132 | P a g e Existing Forest and Inland Water Areas Location Importance to Communities National Priority Wai Memea lake & catchment Ambae Protection of watershed Wai Lebutaga Lake & catchment Ambae National Wetland Site Wai meuri catchment, Lomanga North Ambae Protect water source and wildlife Matamata mei quro (Ambanga Wai Maeto) North Ambae Protect water source Akihito- Endemic freshwater species Lolovoli Community Conservation Area (forest) South Ambae Protect water source and wildlife Matawando catchment South Ambae Protect water source and wildlife Wai Sine catchment South Ambae Vatinaqili to Lologaro South to West Ambae Wairoro catchment Aute Village North Pentecost Protection of watershed Banmatmat river catchment South Pentecost Wanur Forest South Pentecost Waet Water catchment, Ranmawot School South Pentecost Protection of watershed Waterfall catchment South Pentecost Protection of watershed & waterfall Melsisi river catchment Central Pentecost Protection of watershed Patnafni river catchment Central Pentecost Metanami forest (near Levaka Village) Central East Pentecost Aliku river & catchment East Pentecost Protection of watershed Walbongi river& catchment North East Pentecost Protect water source and wildlife Tuleo forest North Pentecost Protect Forest Namaram river & catchment, Surukavien area Central Pentecost Protection of watershed Loltong river & catchment North Pentecost Protection of watershed Waiboe lake North East Pentecost Protection of watershed 8.3.3.2 Forest and Inland Water Species Biodiversity Penama forest and freshwater systems contain some endemic species of plants and animals. One such is the freshwater gobby species, Akihito vanuatu, which is only found on Ambae and Pentecost. Some Important Plants and Animals Species that are important to the people of Penama are listed below. 133 | P a g e 8.3.3.3 List of important Forest and Inland Water Species in Penama Plant Animals Black Palm Bush vines (ropes) Cane - Rattan Namele Cycad Palm trees (Niniu) Verns Wild Orchids Akihito Vanuatu Flying fox Freshwater prawn Green Palm Lorikeet Incubator bird Lolowai fish Other wild life 8.3.3.4 Threats to Forest and Inland Waters The main threat to forest and inland waters is the pressure on resources due to high population growth in the three islands. Resources are being used faster than they are able to be replenished resulting in their decline. At present Ambae Island is facing natural disaster threats through volcanic ash fall from the eruptions of Lobenben volcano, which also has impacted severly on vegetation, forests and water sources watersheds and systems. Below are some of the the threats that affect these resources and actions to address them. 8.3.3.5 Key actions to address decline of Forest and Inland Water Resources Threats Action Plans to Address Threats Agency Responsible Timeframe Population pressure on resources Educate on natural resource management Educate through schools DoE DEPC Penama Province 2020 Fire Reforestation DoF DEPC Penama Province 2020 Gardening system clearing and burning Integrated farming system DARD Penama Province 2020 Over-harvesting of resources Formalise conservation areas DEPC DoF Penama Province 2020 Forest clearing close to water sources for building materials Set water buffer zones Carry out awarenss on impact of clearing close to water sources DoF DGMWR DEPC Penama Province 2020 Big Lif impact on forest biodiversity Eradicate Big Lif DEPC Penama Province Invasive Shrub, Solanum torvum (Piko) impact on secondary forests Eradicate the shrub DEPC BV Penama Province 2020 Lack of knowledge on objective of conservation Implementing and promote local or custom governance to help zoning or planning how each activity to take place Strengthening custom Tabu Develop by laws to help or control hunting, fishing or harvesting of some resources. Eg: coconut crab & birds. Local Chiefs Penama Province DEPC 2020 134 | P a g e 8.3.4 Penama Provincial Target for 2016 to 2030 During the NBSAP Penama Provincial Validation Workshop, the discussions were directed at focus on protectingof marine and forest areas as target plans for the NBSAP Provincial plan. Penama province decided to put some of its forests and inland waters areas as target sites to contribute to the protection of the natural environment. Some of the sites have been categorised timeframes for legal registration under the EPC Act, while some sites have not been given timeframes for registration. 8.3.4.1 Existing Conservation Areas Target in Terrestrial and Marine Conservation Area Phase 1: 2016 2022 Conservation Objective Management System Status of Conservation Area Target by 2030 1. Hot Water (South Pentecost)  Protect water source,  Potential site for geo thermal energy,  Proposed PPA Informal, custom governance, Ulinsalean Council of Chief – AC: Robinson T Informal Formal Registration 2. Matamwado Water ways (South Ambae)  Protect water source,  Protect habitat,  Proposed PPA Provincial Tourism site Informal custom governance Vatueulu AC: Annalyn Informal Formal Registration 3. Big Wota Qwilorua, Naone North Maewo  Protect water source,  Habitat protection,  Hydro power generation,  Proposed PPA (Tourism Site, Fish farming, Fresh water prawn farming Informal custom governance, Bangun Vanua AC: Nanu Bani Informal Formal Registration 4. Manaro Gesa & Manaro Vui (Central Ambae)  Tourism attraction,  Habitat for Orchid protection & other protection species In formal Custom governance, AC: Stanley & Morris & Edmond Hoke, Tokotara, Vatuerlu, Lungei Takaro, Vatubuebulei Takaro Informal Formal Registration 135 | P a g e Conservation Area Conservation Objective Management System Status of Conservation Area Target by 2030 Phase 2: 2022-2030 5. Ambanga Water ways (North Ambae)  Endemic fish protection,  Tourism site,  Cultural village Lolosori Vatuboiboleitakaro Informal custom governance Informal Formal Registration 6. Vatmangemu (North East Pentecost)  Protect marine and forest habitat,  Custom Village/ Tourism. Vatumalanvanua Informal custom governance AC: Marsden Rongo Informal Formal Registration Phase 3: 2016 – 2030  Waterfall (S.P)  Waimemea/ Wailembutaka (NE Ambae)  Forestry Area (NE Ambae)  Nanigama (E Ambae)  Qwala Stone (W Ambae)  Vilakalaka (SW Ambae)  Tawate Forest (North Ambae) Custom Governance Custom Governance (Informal) Total: Formal = 6 Informal =8 136 | P a g e 8.3.4.2 Forest and Inland Waters Area Target Forest Area / Types Inland Water/ Types Existing Conservation Objective Target by 2030 1. Diamond River (South Pentecost)  Potential mineral site  Protection of water source and catchment Informal- custom tabu (Malbangbang AC) 2. Duviara Conservation Area (Forest & water Catchemnt & creek- waimaeto, Ambanga N.Ambae  Protect forest water catchment  Protect water and special endemic fish (Akihito) Formal Registration (Vatuboe bulei Tagaro AC) 3. Waimeuri Water Catchment (Lomalonga, N.Ambae)  Protect safe drinking water sources  Prepare for population growth  Protect wild life Formal Registration (Vatubue bulei Tagaro AC 4. Vutinaqili to Lolokaro Conservation Area (S/W Ambae)  Protect intact forest and water catchment  Protect wildlife (corridors) Formal Registration (Togatara & Vatueulu AC) Proposed – Pentecost 5. Wairoro Water Catchment (Aute, N. Pentecost)  Protect water source for majority of N. Pentecost  Protect water catchment and wild life Formal Registration ( Vatumalanvanua AC) 6. Loltong water source  Protect water source saving over 2000 people  protect wild life Formal Registration (Vatumalanvanua AC) 7. Melsisi River and Catchment  Protect water source  Main water source for health center  Water saving over 2000 people Formal Registration (Central Pentecost 2, Ulinsalean AC) Proposed – Maewo 8. Talise River (S. Maewo)  Protect water source & catchment  Mini hydro power site  Protect wild life Formal Registration (roronda AC) 9. Naviso river (E. maewo)  Protect water source & catchment  Protect wild life  Cultural site Formal Registration (Baganvanua AC) Total: Formal: 8 Informal: 1 137 | P a g e 8.3.4.3 Marine Areas Target Marine Area Conservation Objectives Target by 2030 Loltong Mangrove Conservation (N. Pentecost)  Rare in Penama  Habitat long marine species mo inland  Hemi wan breeding siteProtectem marine life Formal Registration (Vatunmalauvanua Area Council) De il s ‘o k Co ser atio W. Ambae)  Natural Habitat blo marine species  Upwelling cause feeding grounds  Protectem existing resources we I stap lo hem Formal Registration (Tokutara Area Council) Assanvari Conservation (S. Maewo)  Unique reef blo protectemHabitat blong marine  Protectem coral reef Formal Registration (Roronda Area Council) Ranputor reef (S. Pentecost)  Yellow eel fish  habitat blong marine life  snorkelling site for tourist Formal Registration (Malbangbang AC) Naone Bay (N. Maewo)  Habitat blong marine mo freshwater species  Passage blo namarae mo naura blo release egg  Bay I aggregate fish mo nara marine species Formal Registration ( Bugauvahua AC) Lawai (Aligu, E. Pentecost) Habitat blong difren marine species Formal Registration (Vatunmalanvanua AC) Lolowai Harbor (E. Ambae)  Protect from open sea  frequent by mangru,  spawning area blong fish Informal (Lungei Tagaro AC) East Pentecost (Nokat vilij between Metaname to Levetlis vilij)  Special reef blo ol fresh wota species  Protectem coral reef Informal (Suru AC and Ulinsalean AC) Laone (N. Pentecost)  Protectem Coral reef  Habitat blong marine life Informal (Vatunmalanvanua AC) Total : Formal: 6 Informal: 3 8.3.5 Penama Provincial Target Statement Penama Provincial Target for 2018 to 2013 is 14 forest and inland water areas and 6 marine areas for legal registration. Some of the areas are set as targets to be registered as custom tabu areas, 6 marine areas and 6 forest areas. 8.2.6 References Coleman, P. J. 1970: Geology of the Solomon and New Hebrides Islands, as part of the Melanesian Reentrant, Southwest Pacific. Pacific science 24: pp 289-314. Vanuatu National Statistics Office. (2016). 2016 Post- TC PAM Mini- Census Report, Port Vila, Vanuatu 138 | P a g e 8.4 MALAMPA PROVINCIAL NBSAP IMPLEMENTATION FRAMEWORK 8.4.1 Background Malampa Province is situated in the central part of Vanuatu and consists of three main islands; Malekula, Ambrym and Paama (lopevi being uninhabited). Malekula itself has other small islands, Uripiv, Norsup, Uri, Atchin, Vao and the Maskelyne islands and four (4) more along the southern part. Malekula is the second largest island in Vanuatu with a land mass of 2,053km2. The name of Malampa province is derived from the beginning of the three main islands; MALalakula, AMbrym and PAama. The island of Malekula is geologically grouped with Espiritu Santo and Torres group of islands as the oldest formed islands in the late Eocene until the Middle Miocene (Cole, 1970). Ambrym Island is known for its two volcanic craters, Marum and Benbo volcanoes that attract tourists to this island. 139 | P a g e 8.4.1.1 Population & total land area Malampa province has a population of 39,997 people and a land area of 2,779 km2. The main business centre for Malampa is Lakatoro located in the central part of Malekula. The people of Malampa earn their living through the sale of cash crops; copra, cocoa, kava and fish the market at Lakatoro. Tourism has become one of the developing businesses in Malampa with its rich and colorful diversity of strong cultures and traditions still maintained, handicraft being the main product. The people of Ambrym are specialised in carving, using master carvers, they carve with different species of forest trees and common fruit trees like breadfruit tree (renowned for their ‘tamtams’; slit gongs’). Carving is a very good income for the people of this island, which has volcanic ash-enriched soils conducive also for gardening of crops. 8.4.1.2 Malampa Provincial Government Under the Decentralization Act 1994, the country was divided administratively into six provinces and Malampa Province was established. Malampa province has a role play to establish government institutions within its management. All national government extension services have a role to implement the National Plan under provincial governance and they exist under Malampa Provincial umbrella. Malampa province has a President and a Secretary General to head the administration of this province. Malampa Province has a Corporate Plan that was set to guide this province by the Technical Advisory Group (TAG) with the help of the Area council secretary elected by the people under each districts within the three islands of Malampa. 8.4.1.3 Vision Manage and preserve our resources for a clean environment for Malampa future generations. 8.4.1.4 Mission Protect and sustain biological diversity for today and tomorrow and for the enjoyment of natural benefits from our forest, waters and marine resources for Malampa Province. 8.4.2 Marine Malampa Province has many small sandy islands, islets, sand cays that are uninhabited particularly around malekula. These small islands are rich in marine resources. For example the Maskylenes. The marine ecosystems around the three main islands of Malampa constitute mangroves estuarine swamplands, extensive seagrass beds and meadows (the largest in Vanuatu found in Malekula), lagoons, mud flats and most commonly a multitude array of coral reef ypes and systems (fringing, barrier, and atoll) with stretches of white and black sandy beaches. Offshore having areas of good pelagic and benthic fisheries such as tuna, marlin, poulet, snapper, proximity to trench, canyons, and seamounts. Crab Bay is on the east coast of Malekula and it is one of the legally registered conservation areas due to its large pristine mangrove sites that connects land and the marine environment. Crab bay and Port Stanley have the largest mangrove sites in Vanuatu with 2100ha (Baereleo et al. 2013). It was protected for its mangrove density and the high population of crabs inhabiting the site. Some of the small islands to the southern part of Malekula example the maskelynesare home to some of the richest marine life; biota and ecosystems found in Vanuatu and are subsequently also very good fishing grounds generating a large fishery/industry to the locals(with marine produce even being sold to fish markets as far as Port Vila and Luganville) . The islands of Ambrym and Paama have smaller marine resources compare to Malekula Island. 140 | P a g e 8.4.2.1 List of Existing Conservation Areas in Malampa Province Existing Conservation Areas Location (Island) Importance to Community National Priority Vagaus Northwest Malekula Protect for food source Wiawi Northwest Malekula R2R Forest wildlife and marine resources KBA site/ SUMA Site Lasanwei Northwest Malekula R2R Forest, watershed and fisheries resources FPAM Proposed site to CCA Leviamp Northwest Malekula Mangrove site, tourism site & historical site Radek Northwest Malekula Food source/ Economy Tanmial Northwest Malekula Food source/ Economy Rano Northeast Malekula Tourism activity- over exploitation Pinalum Northeast Malekula Over harvest-protect area Betel Northeast Malekula Food source/ Economy Vao Northeast Malekula Food Source & cultural sites Lehuru bay Northeast Malekula Food source/ Economy Uri Central Malekula Marine breeding site (Mangrove)- MPA Amal Crab bay Central Malekula Food source and Mangrove protection & Coastal Forest Registered CCA/ SUMA Site Litzlitz Central Malekula Food source/ Economy Aop Central Malekula Recreational and food source Uripiv Central Malekula Food source/ Economy Mbankir, Tisman South East Malekula Food source/ Economy Unua, Michel South East Malekula Food source/ Economy Benaguai & Ronevie South East Malekula Mangrove conservation & tourism activity Aulua, Batqierv (Sason) South East Malekula Food source/ Economy Ringitesu South Malekula Food source and giant clam conservation/ Tourism site, Turtles SUMA Site Maskelynes South Malekula Fisheries resources and Tourism Pathways Project Site in process for CCA Avock island South Malekula Food source/ Economy Hokai South Malekula Fisheries resource Faru South Malekula Food source/ Economy Lomanya South Malekula Food source/ Economy Akhamb South Malekula Food source/ Economy Lamap Point South Malekula Food source, fisheries resources, Dugong site Proposed for CCA VESS Water Catchment- Lamap South Malekula Watershed Vulai South Malekula Food source/ Economy Sakau Island South Malekula Food source/ Economy Arof South malekula Food source/ Economy Lagoon South West Malekula Food source/ Economy Bamboo bay South West Malekula Bamboo density & marine resources SUMA Site Lawa South West Malekula Food source/ Economy Dixion, Larbang South West Malekula Food source, fisheries resources, Economy SUMA Site 141 | P a g e Existing Conservation Areas Location (Island) Importance to Community National Priority Batpang South West Malekula Coconut crab, flying fox and tourism site Lanen Malekula Food source/ Economy Lake lonwolwol West Ambrym Forest Protection / Economy Deep Point – Namalau West Ambrym Protection of Megapod Proposed for CCA Volcanoe Site West Ambrym Remaining Primary Forest Wild yam Paama Food Source- Wild yam Lopevi Lopevi The whole island not being habitated Volcanoe 8.4.2.2 List of proposed Marine conservation Areas Proposed Marine Areas Location (Island) Importance to Community National Priority Rano Island North East Malekula Due to decrease of marine resource Pinalum North East Malekula Due to decrease of marine resource Bethel North East Malekula Due to decrease of marine resource Vao North East Malekula Due to decrease of marine resource Maskylines South Malekula Marine Protected Area MPA and Pathway sites/ SUMA Site Lamap Point South Malekula Protect Mangrove & Seagrass SUMA Site Hokai South Malekula Protect marine resources - MPA Akhamb South Malekula Protect marine resources - MPA Uri Central Malekula Mangrove, fisheries site Aop Central Malekula Recreational and marine resource Lebinwen Southwest Malekula Protect Lagoon SUMA Site Letohkas Southwest Malekula Due to decrease of marine resource Dixon Southwest Malekula Protect marine resources - MPA Batbang Southwest Malekula Protect Coconut Crab Wiawi Northwest Malekula Protect Marine Resources- MPA KBA Matanvat Northwest Malekula Due to decrease of marine resource Leviamp Northwest Malekula Protect Lagoon and its resources 142 | P a g e Proposed Marine Areas Location (Island) Importance to Community National Priority Lehuru bay Northwest Malekula Protect Marine Resources Luemial Northwest Malekula Protect due to decrease of marine resource Ronevie Southeast malekula Protect Mangrove Banon Bay Southeast malekula Protect due to decrease of marine resource Tisman Southeast malekula Protect due to decrease of marine resource Unua Southeast malekula Protect due to decrease of marine resource Graig Cove Ambrym Protect due to decrease of marine resource Ranverevou Ambrym Protect due to decrease of marine resource Baiap Ambrym Protect due to decrease of marine resource Liro Paama Protect due to decrease of marine resource Lopevi Lopevi Protect the whole island 8.4.2.3 Marine Species Biodiversity Part of Malekula and Western part of Ambrym are categorised as biodiversity hotspot. (Key Biodiversity Areas according to CEPFclassification)Stretches of black sand beaches on Ambrym’s coastline being some of the only remaining nesting beaches in Vanuatu for the endangered Leatherback Turtle.(MACBIO VU SUMA report 2018) A survey of Amal-Crab Bay displays a very healthy mangrove environment with 11 mangrove species, confirmed through the MESCAL project (Baereleo et al. 2013). The name ‘CRAB Bay’ was derived from the area being heavily populated by the land crabs. In the southern part of Malekula, coral reefs have abundance of marine resources. Fishes caught from Maskelyne Island and Lamap, south Malekua are frequently shipped and sold in Port Vila. Marine conservation areas established by landowners and communities have helped repopulate coral reefs around Malekula. These ecosystems flourish with a vast great diversity of marine species of vertebrates and invertebrates, fish, sea mammals (dugongs), sea reptiles (turtles), seabirds from coastline to the reefs crest and beyond. Offshore having areas of good pelagic and benthic fisheries such as tuna, marlin, poulet, snapper, with the proximity to trench, canyons, and seamounts. 8.4.2.4 List of important Marine species in Malampa Fish Invertebrates Mammals/Birds/ marine plants Marine Ecosystems Fish Shark Turtles Clams Crabs Green Snail Octopus Sea cucumber Trochus Dugong Mangroves Marine life Sea birds Sea weed Coral reefs Lagoons Mangrove Mud flats Seagrass beds Swamps 143 | P a g e 8.4.2.5 Threats to the Marine Species Human consumption and lack of respect of tabu marine areas are common threats in Malampa Province. There has not been enough law enforcement to limit both sizes of catches and invertebrates being harvested. Amal Crab bay has been surveyed by Fisheries Department and indicated the invasion of Crown of Thorn starfish (COTs). COTs has had an impact on coral reefs in Malampa. The Department of Fisheries had conducted an assement on its outbreak and also carrid out its clean up. The predation of corals by COTs cause coral mortality that contributed to habitat loss resulting in displacement of marine organisms inhabiting the coral reef ecosystems. 8.4.2.6 Key Actions to Address Depletion of Marine Resources Human pressure on marine resources is regared as one of the most common threats in Malampa province. Participants at the workshop raised concern that the conservation or tabu areas need to go through legal registration with the Environmental Protection and Conservation Act CAP 283 to address these marine resource depletion issues. Below are some of the threats and action to address them. Threats Action Plans to Address Threats Agency Responsible Timeframe Overhavesting of marine resources Carry out awareness on the impact of overharvest. DEPC VFD Malampa Province 2020-2030 Night dive to spear fish cause declining of resources. Work with Fisheries to regulate night diving. VFD Malampa Province 2020-2030 Population pressure on resources.  Conduct awareness about the impact of population increase on resource use.  Register marine areas. DEPC VFD Malampa Province Impact of COT on coral reefs Eradicate COTs in affected areas. VFD Malampa Province 2020-2030 Use of ‘tu finga’ mesh fishing net. Regulate importation of the ‘tu finga’ mesh fishing net. VFD Malampa Province 2020-2030 Development activities on coastal areas Ensure application of EIA on commercial activities. DEPC Malampa Province 2020-2030 Climate change impact on coastal areas Replant mangroves and other coastal plants. DoF VFD Malampa Province 2020-2030 8.4.3 Forest and Inland Waters Malampa Province has a very good forest cover made up of primary forest that covers a number of large rivers, lakes, swamps, streams and brackish lagoons. With reference to the land mass of the three islands, Malekula has 144 | P a g e more forest cover compared to Ambryma and Paama. Primary forest areas are confined to upland and interior of Malekula while most settlements are concentrated along the coastal zones. Malekulas is the second largest island in Vanuatu hosts an abundant diversity of plants and animals. Resources are harvested from food and earning income. Ambrym’s primary forest surrounds the Benbow and Marum volcanoes located in the interior of the island. The volcanic earth of this island creates suitable habitat for a high population of Megapode/Incubator Birds. Hydro-derived electrical energy that supplying over 2000 plus households on malekula is generated from Brenwei, one of the largest Rivers in Malekula Island. 8.4.3.1 List of Existing and Proposed Forest and Inland water Conservation Areas at Malampa Forest and Inland Waters Area Location (Island) Importance to Community National Priority Existing sites Deep Point (Namalau) Ambrym Megapode Site Suggested for CCA Volcanoe Sites Ambrym  Last primary forest.  Harbours Tree Ferns,  Trees used for carvings. Protected through tabu system by local communities Proposed forest sites Sawoh forest Ambrym Primary Forest Yaleada forest Ambrym Primary Forest Ghornaviung Malekula Primary Forest Lasinuei Northwest Malekula  Forest & watershed,  tourist hike site  Under tabu system by landowner Proposed for FPAM project Grassland North Malekula Wiawi North Malekula Forest and Marine Under Tabu system KBA Venabuas Malekula Forest Potwalin, Botko, Lalep Northeast Malekula Forest & watershed Batnier Aulua, Southeast Malekula Forest Asen Southeast Malekula Forest Bangkir Southeast Malekula Forest & Watershed Lakatoro & Aop Source Central Malekula Water source 145 | P a g e 8.4.3.2 List of Forest and Inland Water Species Biodiversity Plants Animal and fish Black palm Bamboo Namariu Nangai (ngali nut) Orchids Coconut crab Crab Flying fox Megapode Mudfish 8.4.3.3 Threats to forest and Inland waters Malampa forest resources are affected by the use of chainsaws brought from New Zealand and Australia by returning workers under the Recognised Seasonal Employer (RSE). These are being used without permits from Department of Forest. . The permit system restricts where in the forest trees may be cut. The current practice is that the chainsaw operators cut wherever they are requested by landowners and so it is affecting the forest and its biodiversity. Merrema peltata, the invasive vine is one of the common threats to the gardening areas as well as secondary and primary forests. The invasive vine, traditional Shifting Agriculture Practices also has impact on primary intact forest and its biodiversity. At present local people tend to clear primary forest for new gardens other than going back to old garden areas that have been in fallow period for some years. 8.4.3.4 Key actions to Address Depletion of Forest and Inland Waters Resources Below are some of the common threats that affect forest and inland waters in Malampa and the key actions to to address the threats. Proposed Inwaters Sites Forest and Inland Waters Area Location (Island) Importance to Community National Priority Brenwei River & catchment – Shared with 4 other rivers; Lasinue, Brenwei, Malua Bay and Palanua River Northwest Malekula Water source Process for hydro power Lonwolwol Lake & Catchment Ambrym Forest & Watershed Beparlif Swamp Malekula Forest & swamp Vao Catchment- Viavor, Belker, Hirang Northeast Malekula Water source Potnanghal catchment Taubih, Lehuru, Lambetbak, Luemial, Ghambalev, Ghimbu – Lue Top, Randun, Luekol Malekula Forest & water source Tinsop Ambrym Forest & watershed Vavua, Hokai, Lamap, Arof, Paroas, Asuk, Levetpao, Aulua, Burbar South malekula Water source Espigils Bay, Malua Bay, Lekan (Utapep) Northwest Malekula Forest & watershed 146 | P a g e 8.4.2.5 List of Threats and Actions for Malampa Threats Action Plans to Address Threats Agency responsible Timeframe Unlawful chainsaw operators – Unregistered under forestry due to purchase in New Zealand by RSE Workers)  Work with Forestry  Extension Officer to ensure that illegal use of chainsaws are registered.  Enforce Forestry Act, provision for licensing and use of chainsaw. DoF Malampa Province 2020-2030 Traditional farming system (bush clearing and burning)  Make awareness about the impact of shifting agriculture practices on forest biodiversity.  Encourage farmers to use Sustaiable Agriculture Practices and Agroforestry system. DARD DoF Malampa Province 2020-2030 Invasive species (Big Lif) and fire ants  Train local communities about existing methods to control or manage Merrimia peltata.  Consult DEPC and biosecurity on fire ants & big leaf DEPC BV Malampa Province 2020-2030 Increased pressure on natural resources due to increased human population.  Conduct awareness on impact of overharvest of natural resources due to high population.  Register conservation sites  Eco-tourism activities  Cultural arts festival DoF VFD DEPC Malampa Province 2020-2030 8.4.4 Malampa Provincial Target for 2016 to 2030 During the NBSAP Malampa Provincial Validation Workshop, there was discussion on existing protected sites from marine and terrestrial environment as conservation is not new to Malampa. There has been a good approach to registration of the biggest mangrove conservation areas in Malekula. Malampa Province has decided to put up some of its areas as target sites to contribute to the protection of the natural environment with the timeframe from 2018 until 2030. 147 | P a g e 8.4.4.1 Existing Conservation Areas Target in Terrestrial and Marine Conservation Area Conservation Objectives Management System Conservation Status Target Wiawi –NW Malekula Forest/ marine Forest-Dark bush, wildlife, coconut crab Marine-Turtle, fish, shell NB: proposed plan – Tourism Informal Process Formal Registration Regentesur – South AC (Maskelyn) Marine – Turtle, fish, shell, tourism, breeding site Informal On going Formal Registration Deep point lake lowalwal (West Ambrym Council) Historical site – Tourism site, breeding site for namalao, carving (rich with natora wood) Informal On-going Formal Registration Bamboo Bay (south west bay area council) Marine – marine life such as fish, turtle etc. Informal On-going Formal Registration Lamap Point (South Area council) Forest/ marine – historical site, cowfish Informal On-going Formal Registration Leviamp (N/W malekula area council) Marine- breeding site, mangroves, tourism, historical site Informal On-going Formal Registration Proposed sites : 2nd phase Lausinwei (N/W Malekula Council) Marine/ Forest Informal On-going Formal Registration Uri Island (Central AC) Marine Informal On-going Formal Registration Benaghai (S/E Malekula area council Forest/ River Informal On-going Formal Registration Lamap, okai, Varum (South Malekula area council) Water sources Informal On-going Formal Registration Lebenwen (SWB South west malekula area council) Tourism/ forest & marine Informal On-going Formal Registration Total: 11 formal regitrations 148 | P a g e 8.4.4.2 Forest and Inland Waters Area Target Forest & Inland Water Area Area of Site Conservation Objective Target by 2030 Venambuas SW Malekula AC- Alester Kensen Increase of population growth Formal Registration Asen SE Malekula AC: Edwin Manron Agricultural activities – forestry & forestry Increase of population growth leads to increase of logging (unregistered) and farming Formal Registration Ghornaviung NW Malekula A AC Wesly Lambi Population growth increasing rapidly and if not careful there will be no more dark bush. It will be the only one in this area. Wild life livestock as pigs & buluks colony Formal Registration Lakatoro water source Central malekula AC: Laurent Malres Shortage of water and main center of malekula and development is increasing. We need to conserve, no logging activity by the surrounding Formal Registration Brenwei North west B Melekula AC Wesly Lambi Proposed Hydro power plant and source area need to be protected Formal Registration Beterlive Swamp NE Malekula AC Tasso Kalep This swamp supplies water to Palamia & Molin river Formal Registration Vao NE Malekula AC: Tasso Kalep Historical site and now natives use for washing Formal Registration Ambrym Sawoh West ambrym AC Bong Massing Over hunting and hunters dong destro s a alau s eggs Formal Registration Volcanoe Surrounding Forest AC: Jackson Willy & Bong Massing & Kereby Norman Tourist visitors increase and natives destroy endemic species on plants (flowers) and killing of wildlife (pigs & buluks) Formal Registration Yalenda forest West Ambrym ( Bong massing) Over logging and yalenda has the only vegetation for conservation Formal Registration Tinsop water source WEST Ambrym AC: Bong Massing No develop for people to use and nee conservation Formal Registration Sesivi/ Baiap Hot spring W Ambrym AC: Bong Massing Tourism attraction Preserve for water management Botanic garden Formal Registration Target : 13 in- land waters & forests areas 149 | P a g e 8.4.4.3 Marine Areas Target Marine area Conservation Objectives Area council Management system Target by 2030 1. East Rano island Tourism activity Fish over exploit NE Malekula AC: Tasso Kalep Informal Formal Registration 2. Banon Bay (Remef) Breeding nursery for marine lives Marine is disappearing Tourism advantage South east Malekula Area council Informal Formal Registration 3. Batbang Protect marine life Tourism, protect coconut crab and fly fox South west Malekula Informal Formal Registration 4. Wiawi Marine & tourism activity NW Malekula Informal Formal Registration 5. Vao, Pinalum High population growth so protect marine life NE Malekula Informal Informal 6. Aop, PRV Mangrove conservation Central Malekula Informal Formal Registration 7. Lamap, Okai High population growth, marine conservation, protect marine life S malekula Informal Formal Registration 8. Tisman, Rowevie Marine protection, mangrove conservation, tourism activity SE Malekula Informal Formal Registration 9. Dixon, Lebinwen High population growth, marine conservation, protect marine life SW Malekula Informal Formal Registration Marine Target: Formal – 8, Informal - 1 8.4.5 Malampa Provincial Target Statement By 2030, Malamp province will legally protect 32 areas of marine, forest and inland waters under the Environmental Protection and Conservation Act CAP 283, and one marine area under the tabu management system. 8.4.6 Reference Baereleo, R.T., Kalfatak, D., Kanas, T., Bulu, M. H., Ham, J., Kaltavara, J., Yuen, L. (2013). Mangrove Ecosystems for Climate Change Adaptation and Livelihoods (MESCAL): Biodiversity Assessments Technical Report (Eratap and Amal/ Crab Bay). Port Vila: Vanuatu Coleman, P. J. 1970: Geology of the Solomon and New Hebrides Islands, as part of the Melanesian Re-entrant, Southwest Pacific. Pacific science 24: pp 289-314. Vanuatu National Statistics Office. (2016). 2016 Post- TC PAM Mini- Census Report, Port Vila, Vanuatu 150 | P a g e 8.5 SHEFA PROVINCIAL NBSAP IMPLEMENTATION FRAMEWORK 8.5.1 Background Shefa Province is one of the six provinces located on the central part of Vanuatu. It consists of the Shepherd group which has many small islands grouped together and the two bigger islands, Epi and Efate. The name Shefa is derived from the initials of Shepherd and Efate. SH from Shepherds and EFA from Efate. The Shepherd groups consist of these small islands; Buninga, Emae, Epi, Makira, Mataso, Tongoa and Tongariki which are formed by volcanic activity. Shefa Islands were formed as Central Chain during the Late Miocene to Early Pliocene to Holocene (V. Hanus & J. Vanek 1983). Due to the young geological age of Efate, its biodiversity is not as diverse as the older islands of the Western Belt and the Eastern Ridge, though a significant number of endemic and 151 | P a g e restricted range species do exist. The Island contains a number of marine conservation areas which ranges from the northern part of the island starting from Takara hot springs with mangrove ecosystems right through to Lelepa Island on the northwest. (Kalfatak D., 2014. Unpublished). 8.5.1.1 Population & total land area The total population of Shefa Province is 96,405 people which includes Epi and the Shepherd group and Efate and the offshore islands. The total land area of all the Shefa province islands is 1,455 km2. The headquarters for Shefa Province is in Port Vila, on Efate. Port Vila is the captal city of Vanuatu. Efate has an area of 899.5km2 and a population in 2009 of 68,829, of which 44,040 lived in the national capital Port Vila. 8.5.1.2 Shefa Provincial Government Shefa Provincial Government was set up through the Decentralization Act 1994 that allows the national government to establish its extension services down to the Provincial level so to implement the National policies and plans at the community level. . The Government of Vanuatu is centred on this island and it is the gate way to the regional and international connections. The Shefa Provincial Government is set up on Efate has extension services within the provincial centre to safeguard the communities of Shefa Province. The Shefa President and Secretary General are the key people that head the Shefa Provincial Administration. It has its council and Area Secretaries (Administrators). The main discussion group for the Shefa Validation Workshop was made up of the Area Secretaries that came from the Villages and nearby islands. The target areas in this provincial NBSAP implementation plan were generated by this group. 8.5.1.3 Vision Living in a green and sustainable environment for the survival of our unique environment and our future generations. 8.5.1.4 Mission To uphold the integrity of harmony and to respect our environment in sustaining, managing, owning and preparing all for the benefit of Shefa Provincial Government Council and its good citizens. 8.5.2 Marine Marine protected area are not a new approach for the Shefa Province, though there are no conservation areas that are currently registered under the Environment act, some are soon to be, and many of them mostly have been initiated from the community level.well known marine reserves like Hideaway island marine sanctuary With Efate having the Capital city of Port Vila, Efate and to a lesser extent somewhat , other islands have had the added benefit of being exposed directly by government services, NGO and foreign aid influence. Thus Efate specifically has the longest history of marine conservation efforts and initiatives, (one such being the Nguna Pele marine protected area Network,the oldest in Vanuatu) in collaboration between communities, government and non-government stakeholders,wih some critics arguing that too much effort has been focused on Efate and shefa at the expense of other provinces, In any case Shefa province hosts a great number of marine ecosystems consisting of mangroves estuarine swamplands, extensive seagrass beds and meadows , lagoons, mud flats and most commonly a multitude array of coral reef ypes and systems (fringing, barrier, and atoll) with stretches of white and black sandy beaches. Offshore having areas of good pelagic and benthic fisheries such as tuna, marlin, poulet, snapper, proximity to trench, canyons, and seamounts. 152 | P a g e 8.5.2.1 List of Existing and Proposed Conservation Areas at Shefa Province Existing Marine Areas Location (Island) Importance to Community National Priority Marae Emae Protection on fishing grounds MPA/ SUMA Site Makatea Emae Protection on fishing grounds SUMA Site Tongomea Emae Protection on fishing grounds Vaitini Emae Protection on fishing grounds SUMA Site Epau Efate Protection on fishing grounds SUMA Site Takara Efate Protection on fishing grounds Siviri Efate Protection on fishing grounds SUMA Site Emau Efate Protection on fishing grounds SUMA Site Nguna/Pele Efate Protection on fishing grounds MPA Network/ SUMA Site Moso Efate Protection on fishing grounds SUMA Site Lelepa Efate Protection on fishing grounds Emau - Marou Efate Protection on fishing grounds SUMA Site Pangnangisu Efate Protection on fishing grounds Ngala East Epi Protection of beaches for turtles nesting Nuvi East Epi Protection on marines resources and long sandy beach SUMA Site Nigaura East Epi Protection on marines resources Moriu East Epi Protection on marines resources and long beach SUMA Site Paya East Epi Protection on marines resources Laman Bay West Epi Protection on dugon and turtles, good fishing ground SUMA Site Laman Island West Epi Protection on marines resources Yopuna West Epi Protection on marines resources Ruo West Epi Protection on marines resources Mavelau North Epi Protection on marines resources long sandy beach SUMA Site Votlo North Epi Protection on marines resources and good anchorage SUMA Site Red Stone South Epi Protection on marines resources Proposed Marine areas Cooks Reef Emae Protection to control fishing activities MPA/ SUMA Site Mataso Monument rock Mataso Protection to prevent illegal fishing and preserve historical site 153 | P a g e Existing Marine Areas Location (Island) Importance to Community National Priority Tongoa/ Shepherds Tongoa To sustain marine resource for future use Tongoa Wall Tongoa Protection on its marine resources and tourist site Mere sauwia Efate To protect seamounts Marine Mammal Sanctuary Eratap & Erakor Mangrove Conservation Efate Mangrove protection SUMA Site Mele, Ifira, Pango Efate Protect marine resources LELEMA MPA Eton Efate Protect marine resources, Tourist sites, recreational site SUMA Site Pangpang Efate Protect marine resources Epule Efate Protect marine resources Mangaliliu Efate Protect marine resources Tanoliu Efate Protect marine resources Siviri Efate Protect marine resources SUMA Site Ngala, Nuvi, Nikaura, Paia, Lemaru, Laman Island, Ruwo, Wampi Epi Protection of turtle nestling beaches, leatherback turtle 8.5.2.2 Marine Species Biodiversity Like all the other islands of Vanuatu, Shefa Province has similar marine biodiversity and marine ecosystems with plentiful marine resources and some good fishing grounds, including Cook Reef on Emae Island.Shefa marine environment comprising coastal lagoons (mangroves) and estuaries with seagrass, hosting shellfish, crab, fishes and grazers, marine mammals/reptiles and seabirds, beaches identified as nesting ground for turtles.(Epi being one of only few nesting beaches for endangered Leatherback turtles). Particular lagoons and mangrove areas identified on Efate were; Eratap mangroves and lagoons, Erakor 1st and 2nd Lagoon, Undine Bay, Moso, Paunganisu and areas of North Efate that have mangroves. Also mangrove stands found on Epi and Emae, Massive corals on the seaward side, good coral reefs, parrotfishes, unicornfishes, strong skin fish sand paper fish), squid, green snail, Trochus, natural barrier to fishing activities on exposed (windward) side. Shepherd Islands: Strong tides from southeast trade winds, tuna and poulet fishing around the area (eg. Monument rock mataso). Seaward/ windward differs from the leeward side; this applies to all islands in this central group. On Efate on the leeward side (from the south to the west), the majority of lagoons, bays, inslets and islands can be found, with barrier and fringing reefs. These physical feature attributes extend to some extent to the other islands located in the central region. Similar biophysical characteristics apply to Epi (MACBIO VU Bioreions report 2018). One of the biggest marine conservation area in Shefa is the Nguna-Pele MPA. It was set up by the two islands and helped in reducing pressure of overharvesting. It is currently managed through traditional resource management system. Listed below are some of the marine species and ecosystems that were listed as being important to the people of Shefa Province. 154 | P a g e 8.5.2.3 List of important Marine Species in Shefa Fish Invertebrates Mammals/ Birds Marine Ecosytems Colourful reef fish Fishes Snapper Turtle Giant Squid Green snail Giant clam shell Nautilus Sea Cucumber Shellfish Trochus Dugong Sea birds Coral Reefs Mangrove Mud flats Swamps Sea grass bed 8.5.2.4 Threats to the Marine Species Shefa Validation workshop participants stated that the most common threat to marine species is human pressure due to increase of population as a result of influx of islanders seeking to earn a living in Port Vila. Surrounding villages on Efate also regularly fished and sell their catch at the Port Vila green market outlets and restaura ts. Fish at h o Cook s ‘eef o E ae Isla d a d so e “hepherd Isla ds are also sold i Port Vila. Crown of Thorns (COT) is a threat to coral on Efate. An outbreak in 2015 on Efate s offshore island of Emau was cleaned up the Department of Fisheries using its new invented lime juice injection method. An awareness activity also took place to help the local communities to understand the biology, impact of the COTs on coral reefs and right method to use to eradicate the COTs. 8.5.2.3 Key Actions to Address Decrease of Marine Resources Threats Actions Plans to Address Therats Agency Responsible Timeframe Population rapid growth cause harvest pressure on resources Over harvest/ overfishing Council of chiefs to produce management plan according to custom/ traditional ways Awareness DEPC Village or Community Chiefs Shefa Province 2020 Undersize harvest Fisheries to regulate and make awareness VFD Shefa Province 2020 Crown of thorns Eradication and management plan VFD Shefa Province 2020 Coastal erosion Replanting of mangrove VFD DoF Shefa Province 2020 Sand mining & coral mining Stop sand extraction DEPC VFD Shefa Province 2020 Urban Drift, Luck of Respect Put up management plan to apply to everybody even the man-come Cooperation with SPGC, environment department to make management plans, Informal management is highly encouraged. Chiefs Shefa Province 2020 155 | P a g e Threats Actions Plans to Address Therats Agency Responsible Timeframe  No Proper Monitoring  Luck of Funds Register sites to allow proper monitoring DEPC Shefa Province 2020  Pouching  Man Come Proper agreement between chiefs to make management plans Chiefs Shefa Province 2020 Mangrove clearing Eratap, Erakor to work together with SPGC Environment for a Mangrove management plan Chiefs VFD Shefa Province 2020 8.5.3 Forest and Inland Waters The main forest cover for Shefa Province exist in the bigger islands, Efate and Epi. The main primary forest on Efate is the Efate Land Management Area (ELMA). It is in the centre of Efate and is in the process of being legally registered as a CCA. The forests on Efate and Epi and some of the small islands cover critical water sources/watersheds/water catchment areas. The Water source for Port Vila town comes from the Tagabe River Catchment area. International Waters (IW) Ridge to Reef (R2R) project is working with relevant government, private and communities surrounding the Tagabe Catchment to protect this water source. Some of the Forest and Inland waters areas are listed below for protection. 8.5.3.1 List of Existing and proposed Forest and Inland Water Conservation Areas for Shefa Province Forest & inland Water Existing Areas Location (Island) Importance to Community National Priority Lokorui East Epi Protect Forest and water source Wampi North Epi Protection of Megapod Vilakara South Epi Protect forest & water source Proposed forest and inland waters ELMA Central Efate Protection of remaining dark forest for Efate Island GEF 5 Project Site Mangaliliu Northwest Efate Protect forest Meten Hill Northwest Efate Protect Forest and water source Epau & Pangpang East Efate Protect Forest and water source Epule North Efate Protect Forest and water source Siviri North Efate Protect Forest and water source Takara North Efate Protect Forest and water source Paunangisu North Efate Protect Forest and water source Mele Efate Protect Forest and water source Melemat Efate Protect Forest and water source Erakor Efate Protect water source and marine Eton Efate Protect Forest and water source Marou – Emau Efate Protection of forest Mapua – Emau Efate Protection of Forest Ngurua Efate Protection of Forest Ifira Island Efate Forest & Bird Protection Tasariki, Moso Efate Protection of Forest Sunai, Moso Efate Protection of Forest Natapau, Lelepa Efate Protection of Forest Nikaura East Epi Protect Forest and water source Ngala East Epi Protect Forest and water source Nuvi East Epi Protect Forest and water source Lokopui East Epi Protect Forest and water source 156 | P a g e Forest & inland Water Existing Areas Location (Island) Importance to Community National Priority Paia East Epi Protect Forest and water source Alak West Epi Protect Forest and water source Wenia West Epi Protect Forest and water source Mafilao West Epi Protect Forest and water source Sara North Epi Protect Forest and water source Votlo North Epi Protect Forest and water source Nul South Epi Protect Forest and water source Vilakara South Epi Protect Forest and water source Roimata Domain- Cultural site Efate Protect Cultural site World Heritage Site Lubukuti South Tongoa Protect Forest Tongalapa South Tongoa Protect Forest Simat South Tongoa Protect Forest & watershed Tavalapa Central Tongoa Protect Forest Lupalea Central Tongoa Protect Forest & watershed Kurumambe North Tongoa Protect Forest & watershed Purao North Tongoa Protect Forest Itakuma North Tongoa Protect forest Merhi/ Bonsabong Tongoa Protect Forest & watershed Makatau Emae Protect Forest & watershed Reisu Emae Protect Forest & watershed 8.5.3.2 Forest and Inland Water Species Biodiversity Shefa forest and inland aters are ho e to so e of Va uatu s listed endemic species. Birds, reptiles, fresh ater fish, pal s a d a ore are listed as spe ial spe ies.A u er of KBA s ha e ee ide tified throughout shefa province, the majority being found on Efate and a priority KBA being Tongoa island for its large number of Megapode congregation around geothermal sites on the island, Diamond birds, and large prescence of Shearwaters on adjacent Laika Island Some of the important species are listed due to their use by the people of Shefa. 157 | P a g e 8.5.3.3 List of important Forest and Inland Water Species in Shefa Plants Animals Bamboo Banyan tree Canoe trees Custom Medicine Ferns Nuts (Wild Ork trees Orchid Pam trees Timber trees Wild yam Vines Birds Coconut Crab Crabs Eels Flying Fox Fresh Water Fish Fresh Water Prawns Megapode (incubator bird) Mud Crab Taputa (Royal Parrot Finch) Wild Pigs 8.5.3.4 Threats to Forest and Inland Waters Efate is experiencing some concentrated and exacerbated threats being host to the main urban centre in Va uatu it fa es the greatest halle ges asso iated ith ha i g this pri e tag of ei g ost de eloped . “o e common threats are increasing subdivisions of land and other developments, including purchase of lands and clearing of primary and secondary forest on it. This is taking place annually at an expansive rate with population increases, many outer island immigrants migrate to Efate and many also illegally squatter on urban and rural land, seeking to find a place to stay, to earn a living and find job in Port Vila associated with urban drift. 158 | P a g e 8.5.3.4 Key Actions to Address Decrease of Forest and Inland Water Resources Key actions below are suggested as to move forward to address the threats and what has been done to manage threat so far within the threat impact areas. Threats Actions Plans to Address Therats Agency Responsible Timeframe  Urban Drift (Illegal settlement)  Luck of Respect  Over harvest  Legally register protected sites  Create Area Committees to oversee resources DEPC Chiefs Shefa Province 2020 No Proper Monitoring Enforce government department laws DEPC VFD Dof Shefa Province 2020 Gardening- Slushing and burning Integrated farming, Agro forestry DARD DoF Shefa Province 2020 Logging Regulate/ manage logging Stop logging DoF Shefa Province 2020 Land Dispute Settle land boundaries DoL Shefa Province 2020 Sub division Development EIA DEPC Shefa Province 2020 Population growth pressure on resource Register site with EPC DEPC Shefa Province 2020 Invasive species Management plan DEPC BV Shefa Province 2020 Climate Change Reforestation DoF Shefa Province 2020 8.5.4 Shefa Provincial Target for 2018 to 2030 During the NBSAP Shefa Provincial Validation Workshop, there was discussions on existing protected sites marine and terrestrial environment as conservation is not new to Shefa Province. There has been a good approach to Community conservation areas in in Efate and Epi. Shefa Province decided to put up some of its areas as target sites to contribute to the protection of the natural environment with the timeframe from 2018 until 2030. 159 | P a g e 8.5.4.1 Forest and Inland Waters Targets Forest Area/ Types Conservation Objectives Area Council Exact Area Target by 2030 Efate: ELMA Conservation of water catchment and forest biodiversity All area councils of Efate Center of Efate Formal Registration Meten Hill Magalili Hat Island To protect water source& forest biodiversity Havannah Area Council North West Efate Formal Registration Emua Ridge to reef & water North efate AC North efate Formal Registration Paungnangisu Ridge to reef & water North Efate AC North Efate Formal Registration Epule & Takara Ridge to reef North Efate AC North Efate Formal Registration Emau – Marou Ridge to reef Emau AC North Efate Formal Registration Emau - Ngurua Protect forest and biodiversity Emau AC North Efate Informal 8. Nguna/Pele *Tapiata (Pele) Protect water source Nguna/ Pele Area council Pele Island Formal Registration 9.Tapu Toara (Nguna) Protect water source Nguna/ Pele Area council Farealapa, Utanlangi Formal Registration 10. Tongoa -protect water source & forest biodiversity reforestation Tongoa AC Kurumambe, Burao Informal 11. Epi R2R Varsu Ngala (Lopevi) Formal Registration 12. Epi Protect forest biodiversity & water source Varsu Nuvi, Ngevin Formal Registration 13. Epi Forest biodiversity and water source Vermali Wenia Informal Epi Protect lake & its biodiversity Varsu Nul, Nalema Informal Epi Forest biodiversity Vermaul Vermaul wampai Formal Registration Epi Forest biodiversity & water catchment Vermaul Mafilau Informal Ifira Bird sanctuary Ifira AC Ifira island Formal Registration Mele Forest & water source Mle/ melemaat Mele Informal Emae R2R Emae Makatea & Rasu Informal Eton R2R & water source East Efate Eton Village Formal Registration Epau R2R & water source East Efate Epau community Formal Registration Lelepa Forest Havannah Lelepa island Formal Registration 160 | P a g e Forest Area/ Types Conservation Objectives Area Council Exact Area Target by 2030 Moso Forest Havannah Moso Island Formal Registration Makira Protect wild goat and forest Mataso/ makira Makira Informal Mataso Marine Same as above Mataso Informal Erakor R2R Erakor Erakor Informal Eratap R2R Eratap AC Eratap Informal Pango R2R Pango AC Pango Village Informal Total: Formal – 16 and Informal - 12 8.5.4.2 Marine Area Target Conservation Area Conservation Objective Area Council Target by 2030 1. Epi (Votlo) 2. Wampi 3. Laman Island  Protect leatherback turtle  Protect scrab duck  Protect marine species Vermali Area Council Formal Registration Tongoa: 4. Laika, 5. Tevala Protect koroliko & marine species Tongoa area council Formal Registration Emae Island: 6. Marae 7. Makatea 8. Tongameu 9. Vaitini Protect marine species (green snail, sea cucumber, turtles, trochus) Emae area council Formal Registration Efate: 10. Epau Protect marine species East efate area council Formal Registration 11. Emau Protect marine species Emau Area Council Formal Registration 12. Siviri Protect marine species North Efate AC Formal Registration 13. Lelepa/ Moso Protect marine species NW Efate Formal Registration 14. Nguna (Mere Sauwia marine & forest) Protect marine species North Efate Formal Registration 15. Cook Reef Control Fishing Activities for future use Emae Formal Registration 161 | P a g e 16. Mataso Monument Rock Prevent illegal fishing and preserve historical site Mataso Formal Registration 17. Tongoa/Shepherds Group To Sustain Marine Resources for future use Tongoa, Emae, Buninga, Tongoariki, Makira/Mata so Formal Registration 18. Tongoa Wall Reef Make it a Conservation Area and a tourist attraction site Tongoa Formal Registration 19. Mere Sauwia (Deep Sea) To protect Sea Mount and make it a Marine/Mamal sanctuary Nguna/Pele Formal Registration 20. Eratap & Erakor, Ifira , Mele Mangrove Conservation Protect Mangrove on these sites Eratap, Erakor, Ifira, Mele Formal Registration 21. Mele, Ifira, Pango Control fishing activities to sustain marine resources for future use Mele, Ifira, Pangoormal Formal Registration 22. Moso & Lelepa (Giant Squid) Protect area to become a tourist attraction West Efate Informal 23. Efate (General) To protect Marine resources and conserve Mangrove species Efate Area Council Informal 24. Epi (General) To protect Marine resources and conserve Mangrove species Epi Area Council Informal 25. Emae Protect Mangrove species Emae Informal Total: Formal – 21 & Informal - 4 8.5.5 SHEFA Provincial Target Statement By 2030, Shefa Province will register 21 marine conservation areas and 16 forest and inland waters. Four marine a d 5 forest a d i la d aters areas ill e esta lished u der usto ar ta u. 8.5.6 Reference Ha uš, V.,& Va ěk, J., Deep stru ture of the Va uatu Ne He rides isla d ar : I ter ediate depth ollisio of subducted lithospheric plates, New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics, 26:2, 133-154, DOI: 10.1080/00288306.1983.10422513 Vanuatu National Statistics Office. (2016). 2016 Post- TC PAM Mini- Census Report, Port Vila, Vanuatu 162 | P a g e 8.6 TAFEA PROVINCIAL NBSAP IMPLEMENTATION FRAMEWORK 8.6.1 Background Tafea Province is the last province in the southern part of Vanuatu. Tafea is made up of the five islands, Tanna, Aneityum, Futuna, Erromango and Aniwa. The name Tafea derives from the initial letter of all of these islands in 163 | P a g e Tafea. The islands of Tafea were geologically formed during the formation of the Central Chain during the Late Miocene to Early Pliocene to Holocene (V. Hanus & J. Vanek 1983). 8.6.1.1 Population & total land area The total population of Tafea Province is 36,799 people. The province has a total land area of 1,627 km2. Tanna Island has a mini township of Lenakel infamously known throughout Vanuatu as Bla k Ma to here the headquarters of the province is situated. The island of Tanna is one of the most fertile islands in Vanuatu and produces kava, coffee, coconut, copra, and other fruits and vegetables from the rich volcanic soils. Recently, tourism has become the main important economic industry on tanna, as tourists flock to visit one of the orld s most accessible active volcano; Mt Yasur Volvano on Tanna and also the rich tannese traditional culture. Aneityum is the southernmost inhabited island of Vanuatu in this province. The island is roughly circular, with an area of 159.2 km2; its highest point is Mount Inrerow Atamein, with a height of 852m. The larger of its two villages is Anelghowhat, on the south side. The adjacent offshore island to Anelghowhat village is Mystery Island, surrounded by its crystal clear waters and healthy coral reefs. The stretch of coral reefs from southeast to west and northwest is designated as a Marine Protected Area managed through traditional resource management system. Cruise ships routinely visit Mystery Island every year, by which Aneityum people earn income through eco-tours, the sale of artifacts and display of cultural activities. Erromango is the most sparsely populated island in Vanuatu. It is famous for its tracts of huge and toweringKauri trees, Agathis macrophylla. The island environment is still intact with abundant resources from both marine and terrestrial ecosystems. Futuna is a raised rock island, land size is smaller to the aforementioned three islands. It is famous for its traditional fishing practice of night fishig for the species of large pelagic ocean going flying fish. Aniwa Island is smaller than all the other four islands of Tafea province. It has a very healthy mangrove lagoon and it is famous of its very sweet native oranges. 8.6.1.2 Tafea Provincial Government Tafea Province was set up as a Province under the Decentralization Act 1994 and like all the other provinces, Tafea has a President and a Secretary General that heads the institution. Councillors and Area Secretaries are also elected by the Provincial Government. A TAG team is represented by extension services from the National Government present in the province. The TAG team and the Area Secretaries fromed the discussion group during the Tafea Provincial Validation Workshop. 8.6.1.3 Vision Terrestrial and Marine resources of Tafea is sustainably managed for healthy environment and for the socioeconomic benefits for the current and future generations 8.6.1.4 Mission By 2050 Tafea will: Formalise every proposed forest and marine conservation areas Grow with friendly people with healthy natural environment Grow in tourism with beautification of marine and forest conservation Become more unique with protection of its endemic species and become resilient to sustain cultural activities in relation to forest and marine areas. 8.6.2 Marine Marine conservation areas in Tafea are administered under custom land tenureship and community tabu area management. Mystery Island in Aneityum is not a legally registered conservation site but is a tourism site which 164 | P a g e receives 5,000 tourists on a cruise ship day. The marine resources from Mystery Island are the main attraction for the tourists and generates a substantial income for aneityum natives. Mystery Island is a classic example of the benefits of conservation of marine areas. The marine species in the protected site become abundant under the locally respected and upheld management regime .Also endowed with picturesque white sandy beaches and vividly clear crystal waters with its healthy coral reefs. The Fisheries Department is using the Mystery Island Conservation area to collect green snails and restock poor resource depleted reefs on Epi Island. 8.6.2.1 List of Existing Marine Conservation Areas for Tafea Province Existing Marine Areas Location Importance to Community National Priority Enafa to Launapaiu North Tanna Protect marine resource, tourism activity Imaelone West Tanna Protect marine resource, tourism activity Kamti East Tanna Protect marine resource, marine park Waisisi East tanna Protect marine resources for tourism activity Cook Bay Erromango Protect Marine resources for tourism activity Ipota Erromango Iuo Erromango Sipyompwi Erromango Itjabo North Aniwa Ikaukau South Aniwa Watatua Aniwa Umei Marine Conservation Aneityum Protect marine resources Mystery Island Conservation Aneityum Generate income through tourism Tourism Site Three mile reef conservation Aneityum Protect Marine Resources Announse Marine Conservation Aneityum Protect Marine Resources Isia Marine Conservation Aneityum Protect Marine Resources Intau anivat conservation Aneityum Port Patrick Aneityum Protect Marine Resources Fisheries Marine Reserve Watatua – VCAP project Aniwa VCAP Project for protection on marine resources Proposed Marine areas Taimarino – VCAP Project Aniwa Protect Marine resource with VCAP Project Lagoon Aniwa Protect Lagoon biodiversity South Aniwa – VCAP Project Aniwa Protect Marine resource with VCAP Project Suvu Erromango Protect Marine Resources Ifo Erromango Protect Marine Resources Isvi Erromango Protect Marine Resources Pota sipsip Erromango Protect Marine Resources Tipnaku South Tanna Protect Marine Resources Nuianatum South Tanna Protect Marine Resources Kumera South Tanna Protect Marine Resources Ienpervar South Tanna Protect Marine Resources 165 | P a g e Existing Marine Areas Location Importance to Community National Priority Shark Bay Southeast Tanna Protect Marine Resources Segau – Coconut crab Futuna Protect Marine Resources Coconut Crab Tafea Coop – White grass – Grace of the sea West Tanna Protect Marine resource with Grace of the Sea Project Kipilpilu Northeast Tanna Protect Marine Resources Kanimasaga Point Southwest Tanna Protect Marine Resources Lainiel Lanamtain Central Tanna Protect Marine Resources Imaelonet West Tanna Protect Marine Resources Laniakpam West Tanna Protect Marine Resources Lawakus West Tanna Protect Marine Resources Ipak West Tanna Protect Marine Resources Anahoya – ridge to reef Aneityum Protect Marine Resources Louanpakel North Tanna Protect Marine Resources 8.6.2.2 Marine Species Biodiversity Like most of the islands of Vanuatu, Tafea islands have similar Marine Ecosystems and marine species. Anelgowhat villagers on Aneityum have dedicated the whole of Mystery Island and its surrounding coral reefs to be under protection or conservation. The initiative by local communities was co-jointly supported by the Coral Garden Project of Foundations of the Peoples of the South Pacific Vanuatu (FSPV) and the Department of Fisheries in mid 1990s. The initiative allows maintenance and increase of marine resources. Port Patrick in the north of Aneityum is also a protected marine reserve under the Fisheries Act, due to restocking of trochus on its reefs. It is protected under Fisheries Regulation. Apart from protection of marine resources, people also depend on them for their daily subsistence and to earn income. Aneityum in particular has abundant pelagic fishes (e.g. tuna) and deep bottom fish. Reef fishes include parrotfishes, surgeonfishes, mullet, mangru (scat fish), giant trevally and rabbitfishes. This bioregion includes the Mystery Island Marine Protected Area, and the southwestern coast of A eit u , here ost of A et u s pro i e t a s and barrier reefs are found. The upper ocean depth is 500m and the lower depth is 3,000m. This area is rich in pelagic (tuna) and deep-water spe ies, parti ularl ear a d arou d A eit u due to a ar pool of ater asso iated ith u der ater volcanoes.(MACBIO VU BIOREGIONSReport 2018) Below are the list of species that are useful to the local communities as well as the species and ecosytems that attention should be given to their protection. 8.6.2.3 List of important Marine Species in Tafea Fish Invertebrates Sea Mammals/ Sea Birds Marine Ecosystems All reef fish Clamshell Crab Lobster Shellfish Sea cucumber Dugong Turtle Coral reef Mangrove Mud flats Sea grass beds 166 | P a g e 8.6.2.4 Threats to the Marine Species Common threat for Tafea Marine species is high human consumption due to high population (this is highly evident on Tanna, being the most densely populated island in Vanuatu). The population is increasing every year which causes a lot of pressure on its Marine Resources. Mystery Island itself indicated that Tourism is a threat to the marine environment. Too many tourist on a cruise ship day enjoys the white sandy beaches, sunbathing and watching cultural performances as well as snorkelling. Local people realised that snorkelling also has impact on coral reefs. Other threats to the marine environment are Crown of Thorns (COTs) infestation, not adherering to Fisheries regulatio o size li its a d la k of respe t o o take rules o spe ies u der prote ted or conservation areas. The Workshop also identified that high number of tourists visiting Mystery Island every year has caused impacts on the coral reefs during snorkelling and also depletion of resources. For example pandanus being used for weaving baskets for sale to tourists is now taken from other neighbouring islands. 8.6.2.5 Key Actions to Address decrease of Marine Resources Some of the key actions are blended according to threats below; Threats Actions Plans to address threats Agency Responsible Timeframe Rapid population increase– overfishing, under size harvest, disrespect  Information & awareness  Develop laws to address  Register areas under Environment laws DEPC VFD Tafea Province 2020-2030 COTs Investation on Coral Reefs Proper assessment/ stock taking on problems VFD Tafea Province 2020-2030 Usage (money, food, breeding fish sites)  Chiefs must organise better and control their people – educate people on how policies/ laws give power to chiefs)  Develop sustainable marine and freshwater farming (aquaculture)  Install FADs DEPC VFD Tafea Province 2020-2030 Poaching in tabu areas due to no respect on tabu system place on resources Chiefs must organise better and control their people – educate people on how policies/ laws give power to chiefs) Chiefs DEPC Tafea Province 2020-2030 High number of toursts visiting Mystery Island on Cruise ship days  Work with Dept of Tourism to find ways to manage 5,000 tourists on cruise ship days.  Review tourism management plan for Mystery Island DoT VFD DEPC Tafea Province 2020-2030 8.6.3 Forest and Inland Waters Forest cover in Tafea Province varies from island to island. , Erromango has larger areas of forest that are still intact. It has prominent Kauri stands within primary forests that are going through the process of legal registration by local communities soon. Tanna is the most heavily populated island in Vanuatu where people live right into the interiors of the island. It has some patches of remnant forest left with the larger tracts being limited to high mountain areas (Mt Tokusmera). Due to the fertile soil of this island, agriculture activities happen 167 | P a g e extensively in most areas of the islands, unknowingly without realising the impact on its forest, inland waters and their associated biodiversity. Tanna has a designated priority Key Biodiversity Area (KBA) in nusumetu due to the wild stands of the critically endangered palm, Carpoxylon macrospermum found there (according to the CEPF Ecosystem Profile). It is a rare and endemic palm and its natural habiat is within theNusumetu Conservation Area on north Tanna. Tanna also has a number of other Key Biodiversity areas with regards to significant endemic plant and animal species. On Aneityum, most of its intact forest is upland. The drier or western side of the island dominated by Acacia spirorbis and Leucaena leucophala and is prone to bushfire and soil erosion. Iniatives have taken place with restoring the vegetation of the degraded and eroded forest areas through establishment of vetiver grass. Aneityum seems rich in its terrestrial biota for its size. Exhibiting endemic flora and Fauna.This Island is interesting because of the compression in altitudinal range of species compared with islands further north. In particular a number of endemic palms on Aneityum. A lot of endemism and restricted range species also exist on this island. With the island being designated as a priority CEPF KBA. 8.6.3.1 List of Existing Forest and Inland Water Conservation Areas for Tafea Province Existing Forest and Inland Water areas Location (Island) Importance to the Community National Priority Green Hill (Nusiematu) North Tanna Protect Forest Launa Milo Central Tanna Protect forest and biodiversity Botanical Garden (GH) North Tanna Protect Forest and endemic plants Keasi Reserve Southeast Tanna Reserve remaining forest Imaus Central Tanna Protect forest and biodiversity Laupukas Central Tanna Protect forest and biodiversity Blue Zone Lanarei Central Tanna Protect forest Lamkail Kil Forest West Tanna Protect forest Lamnatu Forest Central Tanna Protect forest Mt Tukusmera, Mt Melen Tanna Protect remaining dark forest and water source Kauri Reserve South Erromango Reserve primary kauri forest Process to CCA Urantop forest North Tanna Protect forest and wild life Rapunmoungo forest South Erromango Protect forest and wild life Nwalcon North Erromango Protect forest and wild life Anijem hag Forest Aneityum Protect forest and wild life Anahoya forest Aneityum Protect forest and wild life Anumej forest Aneityum Protect forest and wild life Proposed Forest and inland water areas Vekal river Southeast Tanna Protect forest & water source Kasrasir river Southeast Tanna Protect forest & water source Tekiskis Isangel area Protect forest & water source 168 | P a g e Existing Forest and Inland Water areas Location (Island) Importance to the Community National Priority Black beach river & water catchment & waterfall Southwest Tanna Protect forest, water catchment and waterfall Laulri river & catchment Lamnatum, Central Tanna Protect forest and water source Lausialus river & catchment Lamlu Catholic Mission Protect forest and water source Niaulul river & catchment Lounatum, Central Tanna Protect forest and water source Keasi forest, Emaio Southeast Tanna Protect forest and water source Forest close to Yasur Volcano Takoarao, Southeast Tanna Protect forest Latanu river & catchment (Busaini forest) Central Tanna Protect forest and water source Iatapu Forest Southeast Tanna Protect forest Kakuasei forest to Isaka Southeast Tanna Protect forest Louwawila river & catchment Central Tanna Protect forest and water source Lamalipen river & catchment Central Tanna Protect forest and water source Kawiakme forest Central Tanna Protect forest Ipinien forest & water catchment Northeast Tanna Protect forest and water source Iatukei forest and water catchment Southeast Tanna Protect forest and water source Iatepin forest & water catchement Southeast Tanna Protect forest and water source Imarap Cloud forest Tanna Protect primary forest Launipina forest North Tanna Protect forest Lounuou (Nasapil) Southwest Tanna Protect forest Mt Tatafu forest &Water catchment Futuna Protect forest and water source Tafigi Forest Aniwa Protect forest Mt Santop Erromango Protect forest Mt Simrap, Mt Naparo, Mt Melon, Mt Kuarua, Mt Lenmarei REDD + proposed sites South Tanna Protect forest and water source Komera water source South Tanna Protect forest and water source Nuwip water source South Tanna Protect forest and water source Kwakian water source South Tanna Protect forest and water source Mt Lamanikiapen Central Tanna Protect forest Mt inrerou Aneityum Protect forest Mt Tahegjei Aneityum Protect forest Anelwuhat river Aneityum Protect forest and water source Mt Nakapuearip North Tanna Protect forest 169 | P a g e 8.6.3.2 List of important Forest and Inland Water Species Plants Animals Black Palm Pudding leaves Wild cane Bamboo Bush ropes Snake Palm Carpoxylon macrospermum Agathis macrophylla (Logging resource) Birds (Tikirkar) Flying fox Wild chicken Freshwater eel fish Prawns Freshwater fish Snake 8.6.3.3 Threats to Forest and Inland Waters The threats to forest and inland waters identified during the provincial validation workshop are population pressure on resources, no respect for tabus set on resources for maintenance and protection, deforestation due to logging, agricultural practices and bush fires, infrastructure such as road development, traditional gardening practices, impact of invasive species such as guinea grass, Merremia peltata and Mynah Bird. Other threats are natural. 8.6.3.3 Key Actions to Address Decrease of Forest and Inland Water Resources Addressing forest and inland water resource management can be supported through: By-laws, Sectoral analysis/ scoping, Strategic action plan, Tribe council – by-laws, Land management forces Threats Actions to address threats Agency responsible Time frame Populations growth/ pressure on resources Awareness (educational dissemination) Aquaculture DEPC DoF VFD 2020-2030 No respect on tabu/ stealing Enforce heavy penalties Enforcement officer DEPC DEPC DoF VFD 2020-2030 Big leaf, minah bird Management of invasive species - Eradication DEPC DoF BV 2020-2030 Wild bamboo (siwi area, SE Tanna, near volcano) Create alternative resource from wild bamboo DEPC DoF DoT 2020-2030 Kini grass – grows fast/ wild Management DEPC 2020-2030 Deforestation – logging Reforestation Develop management plans (ridge 2 reef) DoF 2020-2030 Traditional gardening system Integrated farming Agro forestry DoF DARD 2020-2030 Infrastructure EIA DEPC PWD 2020-2030 170 | P a g e 8.6.4 Tafea Provincial Target for 2018 to 2030 The workshop participants discussed on existing protected sites for the marine and terrestrial environment. Conservation is not new to Tafea province as protected sites are alreay happening on Tafea through traditional resource management system. There has been a good approach to setting up community conservation areas. For example Mystery Island at Aneityum, and Kauri Resere on Erromango. Tafea Province has a plan to work with local communities to set up some areas as target sites to protect them starting from 2018 until 2030. 8.6.4.1 Forest and Inland Water Target Conservation Area Forest & Inland Water types Conservation Objectives Area Council Target by 2030 1. Nusienmatu conservation area  Water catchment area  Existing endemic species  Forest NTAC (North tanna area council) Formal 2. Keisi – Karpesu Ieniang conservation  Water catchment area  Wildlife habitat area  Existing endemic species (Nalulu) SE AC Formal 3. Loupakas Conservation Area  Endemic Species (Nip)  Water catchment  Wildlife habitat CAC Formal 4. Blue Zone Water Catchment CAC Formal 5. Imarap Cloud forest  Water catchment  Endemic species NEAC Formal 6. Mt Melon, Tokosmera, Kuarua  Water catchment  Endemic species  Wild life sanctuary SEAC, STAC, WTAC Formal 7. Lanamir Conservation Area  Preserve last forest area in west tanna  Wildlife revival  Protection of cultural site WTAC Formal 8. Kauri reserve  Endemic species  Gene pool conservation  Water catchment area  Wild life habitat  Forest resource conservation SEAC Formal 9. Urantop forest  Water catchment  Wildlife habitat NEAC Formal 10. Anahoya (idee isia)  Ridge to reef  Water catchment  Endemic species  Ecosystem  Reserve area Aneityum Informal 171 | P a g e Conservation Area Forest & Inland Water types Conservation Objectives Area Council Target by 2030 11. Mt Tatafu forest and water catchment (futuna)  Main water catchment area  Main water source  Protect wildlife  Protect forest Futuna area council Formal 12. Tafigi forest (aniwa)  Protect coconut crab & habitat  Habitat for wild life Aniwa area council Informal 13. Aneityum (Anumeij forest, Mt Inrerou, Mt Tahegjei, Anelcouhat river) – Ridge to reef GEF 5 FAO project  Protect mountain forest  Protect catchment  Protect water source  Protect wild life  Protect rare species Aneityum area council Informal 14. Rampuntom forest  Protect mountain forest  Protect catchment  Protect water source  Protect wild life  Protect rare species South Erromango AC Informal- formal 15. Mt Lamanikiapen  Protect forest  Protect wild life  Endemic species  Eco-tourism  Protect cultural belief West Tanna Area council Formal 16. Iipinian Hill & catchment  Protect forest  Main water source  Protect wild life  Endemic species NE Tanna Formal 17. Lavri Forest  Protect forest  Main water catchment  Protect birds  Endemic freshwater species Central Tanna Formal 18. Mt Nasienmatu & water catchment  Protect forest  Main water catchment  Protect birds  Endemic freshwater species  Eco-tourism North Tanna Formal Total Formal: 14 & Informal: 4 172 | P a g e 8.6.4.2 Marine Areas Target Conservation Area Conservation Objective Area Council Target by 2023 1. Enafa – Launapaiu  Tourism Attraction  Presevem coral reef  Protect  Marine resource N Tanna AC Formal 2. Imaelone  Tourism attraction  Preserve coral reef  Protect marine and increase marine resource  Ecosystem W Tanna AC Formal 3. Kamti  Protect coral reef  Ecosystem  Marine park NE Tanna AC Formal 4. Shark Bay  Protect marine resource  Eco-tourism SE Tanna AC Formal 5. Mystery island  Pilot project site (fisheries dept)  Marine cultural governance system Aneityum AC Formal 6. Suvu  Eco-tourism  Marine resource protection S Erromango AC informal 7. Cook bay  Eco tourism  Marine protected area N/ Erromango formal 8. Aniwa  Eco tourism  Marine protected area Aniwa Formal 9. Futuna (Isino) Marine protected area Futuna Formal 10. Tafea Coop – Whitegrass (West Tanna)  Overharvesting of marine resource  For future tourist attraction  Stock increase West Tanna Formal 11. Waisis (NE Tanna) Tourism activity NE Tanna Formal 12. Aniwa-VCAP site and lagoon  Increase marine product  Tourism attraction Aniwa Informal 13. Cook Bay (N Erromango)  Increase marine product  Tourism attraction North Erromango Formal 14. Seagau (Futuna) Increase and protect coconut crab Futuna AC Formal 15. Kanmasanga (Tanna) Increase and protect marine resources SE Tanna Formal 16. Sipiopu (Erromango) Protect marine resources Eco-tourism North Erromango Formal Total Formal – 14 & Informal - 2 173 | P a g e 8.6.5 TAFEA Provincial Target statement By 2030, Tafea Province would like to formally register 14 forest and inland water areas, 14 marine areas under the environmental act. Of the proposed sites, 4 of the forest and inland waters and 2 marine areas will be established as community tabu areas. 8.6.6 Reference Ha uš, V.,& Va ěk, J., Deep stru ture of the Va uatu Ne He rides isla d ar : I ter ediate depth collision of subducted lithospheric plates, New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics, 26:2, 133-154, DOI: 10.1080/00288306.1983.10422513 Vanuatu National Statistics Office. (2016). 2016 Post- TC PAM Mini- Census Report, Port Vila, Vanuatu 9.0 NBSAP REPORTING The NBSAP progress update will be done bi-annually but reporting will be done annually where a summary of outcomes on NBSAP will be produced to monitor progress and achievements. This will also include production of communication materials. This information should also be disseminated to other sectors and national strategies to ensure NBSAP achievements are reflected under the NSDP and other national reporting mechanisms. Table 3: NBSAP 2018 Report Template Strategic Area: Objective Actions 2018 Key actions 2018 UPDATE Focus Area CA1: Expanded national representative network of conservation areas in marine, terrestrial and inland waters. To carry out marine, terrestrial and inland waters biodiversity rapid assessment, inventories and threat identification, gap analyses and prioritisation to guide the development of a national representative network of CAs 174 | P a g e 9.1 NBSAP MONITORING AND INDICATORS GUIDELINE Monitoring of the NBSAP will be based on measuring impacts using the indicator guide in Table x. Baselines will be needed in order to assess change. The impact and monitoring results will provide the information for the State of Environment Reports and at least every 5 years to produce a NBSAP Impact Report. Table 4: Indicator Guide NBSAP STRATEGIC AREAS NBSAP INDICATORS CONSERVATION AREA MANAGEMENT  Total area of representative coverage of legally recognised, other effective conserved areas and locally managed areas in terrestrial and marine areas including sites of particular importance for biodiversity  Percentage of terrestrial and marine protected areas that are effectively managed based on agreed national and international protected area conditions and management effectiveness  Measure of ecosystem service values and equity of benefits from CAs  Level of connectivity of CAs and other area based approaches with broader landscapes and seascapes FOREST AND INLAND WATERS ECOSYSTEMS CONSERVATION AND MANAGEMENT  Trends in forest and inland waters species diversity including traded ones  Trend to which biodiversity and ecosystem service values are incorporated into government accounting reporting  Percentage of forest and inland waters conservation areas to meet national and global targets  Impact of threats to forest and inland waters such as invasive species, deforestation, logging and other threats COASTAL AND MARINE ECOSYSTEMS CONSERVATION AND MANAGEMENT (CME)  Total area of representative coverage of legally recognised, other conserved areas and locally managed areas in marine areas including sites of particular importance for biodiversity  Total area number of marine protected areas that effectively managed based on agreed national protected area conditions and management effectiveness  Measurement of ecosystem services and equitable benefits from CAs  Account for Payment of ecosystem service and other sustainable financing strategies  Measure if trends in connectivity of CAs and other area based approaches integrated into landscapes and seascapes  Assessments on coastal development impact and EIAs enforcements and compliance SPECIES MANAGEMENT(SM)  Reduced trend in extinction risks of Vanuatu’s 5 priority species  Increased trend in population of the 5 priority threatened species for Vanuatu  Increased trends in distribution of the 5 selected species MANAGEMENT OF INVASIVE SPECIES (MIS)  Assessment and measure of impact of invasive alien species on biodiversity and food security  Impact of policy responses, legislation and management plans to control and prevent spread of invasive and alien species  Required information and data on invasive species are available 175 | P a g e  National government commitment through financing of management of AIS.  Level of invasive species understanding increased.  More improve legal frameworks and policies are available  International border control system improved and internal quarantine system established.  Invasive species population density are reduced.  The population density of invasive species in Conservation Areas are reduced MAINSTREAMING BIODIVERSITY ACROSS SECTORS AND SOCIETY (MB)  Increased cross-sector engagements with biodiversity  Increased political awareness and support for biodiversity policies  Increased biodiversity communication programmes in actions promoting social corporate responsibility with private sector  Increased engagement and partnerships to raise awareness, evoke active responses, information sharing and cross-sector coordination and communication Women Custom Dancing- Point-Cross, South Pentecost ©D.Kalfatak 176 | P a g e 9.2 IMPLEMENTATION STRUCTURE AND COORDINATION Working groups are assigned to different strategic areas of the NBSAP. Regional partners will be included in these working groups. Figure 1: NBSAP Coordination Structure NGOs and CBOs Relevant Government Stakeholders Private Sectors National NBSAP Forum National Biodiversity Advisory Council Department of Environmental Protection and Conservation NBSAP Coordination Unit DEPC Biodiversity and Conservation Division Ministry of Climate Change and Environment Working Group 2 Working Group 4 Working Group 1 Working Group 3 177 | P a g e 9.3 AMENDING THE NBSAP The NBSAP will be reviewed and revised after five years (2022) to produce the impact report and the review process will be initiated following this. 178 | P a g e References Chambers, M.R., Bani, E. and Barker-Hudson, B.E.T. (1989). The status of the dugong (Dugong dugon) in Vanuatu. South Pacific Commission, Noumea (New Caledonia). Deharveng L. (2011). Caves and soils, in Bouchet P., Le Guyader H. & Pascal O. (eds), The Natural History of Santo. Patrimoines Naturels 70. Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, Paris; IRD, Marseille; Pro-Natura International, Paris: 265–333. Department of Environment and Conservation. (2014). Biodiversity. Retrieved February 6, 2018, from Ministry of Lands and Natural Resources: https://mol.gov.vu/index.php/en/biodiversity/189 biodiversity. FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization). 2010. Global Forest Resources Assessment 2010. Country Report. Vanuatu. Forestry Department, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Rome, Italy. Govan, H. (2009). Achieving the potential of LMMA in the South Pacific Region, SPC Traditional Marine Resource Management and Knowledge Bulletin #25; 2009, http://www.spc.int/DigitalLibrary/Doc/FAME/InfoBull/TRAD/25/Trad25 16 Govan.pdf . Government of Vanuatu (2010). Vanuatu National Assessment Report - 5 Year Review of the Mauritius Strategy for Further Implementation of the Barbados Programme of Action for Sustainable Development Government of Vanuatu (2012). Forest Policy 20132023. Government of Vanuatu (2013). National Land Use Planning Policy. Government of Vanuatu (2016). Vanuatu’s National Ocean Policy 2016. Keith, P., Marquet, G., Lord, C., Kalfatak, D. and Vigneux, E. (2010). Vanuatu Freshwater Fish and Crustaceans. Société Française d’ichtyologie (SFI). King, P. 2007. Regional: Mainstreaming Environmental Consideration in Economic and Development Planning Processed in Selected Pacific Developing Member Countries. Technical Assistance Consultant’s Report for the Asian Development Bank. https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/institutional-document/32201/38031-07-reg-tacr.pdf Marquet, G., Taiki, N., Chadderton, L. and Gerbeaux, P. (2002). Biodiversity and Biogeography of Freshwater Crustaceans (Decapoda: Natantia) From Vanuatu, A Comparison with Fiji and New Caledonia. Bull. Fr. Píche Piscic. (2002) 364: 217-232 — Pascal, N. (2014). Economic valuation of mangrove ecosystem services in Vanuatu: Case study of Crab Bay (Malekula Is.) and Eratap (Efate Is.) - Summary report. IUCN, Suva, Fiji. Pascal, N., Leport, G., Molisa, V. and Wendt, H. (2015). National Marine Ecosystem Service Valuation Summary Report: Vanuatu. MACBIO 2015. Pascal, N., Seidl, A. and Tiwok, T. (2015). Analysis of economic benefits of marine protected areas: case studies in Vanuatu (9 MPAs) and Fiji (5 MPAs), South Pacific, Powerpoint presentation. Regenvanu, R. (2009). The Traditional Economy as Source of Resilience in Vanuatu. Speech made at Pacific Islands and the World Conference, Brisbane, August 2009. Retrieved from http://milda.aidwatch.org.au/sites/default/files/Ralph%20Regenvanu.%20Traditional%20econo my%20as%20a%20source%20of%20resistance%20in%20Vanuatu.pdf https://mol.gov.vu/index.php/en/biodiversity/189-biodiversity https://mol.gov.vu/index.php/en/biodiversity/189-biodiversity https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/institutional-document/32201/38031-07-reg-tacr.pdf 179 | P a g e Scott, D. A. (ed.) 1993. A Directory of Wetlands in Oceania. The International Waterfowl and Wetlands Bureau (IWRB), Slimbridge, U.K. and Asian Wetlands Bureau (AWB), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. SPREP. (2013). State of Conservation in Oceania. Taiki N.L., Whyte J., Phillips B and Kalfatak D. (unpublished). 2003. Updated in 2011. A Review of Literature about Vanuatu’s Biodiversity 2003. United Nations General Assembly. (2010). UNGA Resolution 65/161. Vanuatu Environment Unit Medium Scale Project (MSP). 2003. Facilitating and Strengthening Community Conservation Areas. Vanuatu National Statistics Office. (2016). 2016 Post Pam Mini-Census Report. Port Vila: VNSO. 180 | P a g e ANNEXES ANNEX 1: DEFINITIONS AND TERMS Definitions Bioregions are; areas of relative similarity- Habitats, communities, and physical features within a bioregion (e.g. Fish, invertebrates, seamounts, coral reefs, water column) are more similar to each other than those same features in a different bioregion; away to represent the full range of biodiversity; a classification of habitat and environmental types. Community Conservation Area (CCA) means an area of land and or sea especially dedicated to the protection, maintenance and sustainable use of biological diversity, and of natural and associated cultural resources, and managed through legal or other effective means. Invasive Alien Species (IAS) means an invasive alien species (IAS) is a species that is established outside of its natural past or present distribution, whose introduction and/or spread threaten biological diversity” Convention on Biological Diversity. Marine Spatial Planning (MSP) is a practical way to create and establish a more rational organization of the use of marine space and the interactions between its uses, to balance demands for development with the need to protect marine ecosystems, and to achieve social and economic objectives in an open and planned way. Such spatial planning complements and supports sectoral management and development plans. Mutually Agreed Terms (MAT): Is a term used in Article 15 CBD and establishes that specific benefit sharing conditions must be "mutually agreed" between providers and users of genetic resources. The term is also used in the Nagoya Protocol. Payments for Ecosystem Services (PES) occur when a beneficiary or user of an ecosystem service makes a direct or indirect payment to the provider of that service. The idea is that whoever preserves or maintains an ecosystem service should be paid for doing so. Prior Informed Consent (PIC) - The intention of the CBD is to create regimes in which indigenous and local communities must give prior informed consent or their prior informed approval for the use of such (their) knowledge, and have the right to deny such consent or approval. Protected Area is synonymous with conservation area. Resource Mobilisation means the process of getting resources from resource provider, using different mechanisms, to implement an organization's pre-determined goals. Special Unique Marine Areas (SUMA) are geographically defined areas that may have; threatened, rare, vulnerable habitats or species; important life stages of key species (feeding, breading, nesting, migration); biologically outstanding attributes, eg: high species diversity, endemism; habitats of high complexity or size; other marine areas might be physically unique (geomorphology) e.g. Tongoa Wall. Wetlands - Ramsar Convention on Wetlands define wetlands as: "areas of marsh, fen, peat land or water, whether natural or artificial, permanent or temporary, with water that is static or flowing, fresh, brackish or salt, including areas of marine water the depth of which at low tide does not exceed six metres". 181 | P a g e ANNEX 2: LIST OF PROTECTED AREAS Area # Name Location Island Province 1 Lake Letas Conservation Area Foot of Mt Garet Gaua Torba 2 Mondoro Marine Conservation Area Mondoro Village SE Gaua Torba 3 Butmas Conservation Area South Santo Sanma 4 Edenhope Conservaion Area West Santo Sanma 5 Guyon Reef Marine Conservation Area Melcofee,Luganville Santo Sanma 6 Hog Harbour Marine Conservation Area East Santo Sanma 7 Lolath Marine Conservation Area Northeast Santo Sanma 8 Loru Protected Area Khole Vilage East Santo Sanma 9 Million Dollar Point South Santo Sanma 8 Nabauk Conservation Area South Santo Sanma 9 Penoru Conservation Area Penoru Village NW Santo Sanma 10 Port Olry MPA Northeast Santo Sanma 11 President Coolidge South Santo Sanma 12 Vatthe Conservation Area Matantas Village NE Santo Sanma 13 Wairua Conservation Area South Santo Sanma 14 Amal-Krab Bei Tabu Eria (AKTE) Northeast Malekula Malampa 15 Avok II Island Conservation Area South Malekula Avok Island Malampa 16 Narong-Uri Marine Conservation Area Northeast Malekula Uri Island Malampa 17 Ringi Te Suh Marine Conservation Area South Malekula Pelong,Maskelynes Malampa 18 Wiawi Conservation Area Northwest Malekula Malampa 19 Duviara Conservation Area North Ambae Penama 20 Homo Bay Conservation Area South Pentecost Penama 21 Manaro Tourism Conservation Area West Ambae Penama 22 Moon Cave Conservation Area South Maewo Penama 23 Homo Bay Conservation Area South Pentecost Penama 24 Ranputor Community Conservation Area 25 Nguna-Pele Marine Protected Area North Efate Nguna and Pele Shefa 26 Ngurua Marine Conservation Area Southeast Emau Shefa 27 Efate Land Management Area (ELMA) Central Efate Shefa 28 Epau Conservation Area East Efate Shefa 29 Erwati Marine Protected Area South Efate Erwati Shefa 30 Ifira Marine Managed Area South Efate Efate (Irriki and Ifira Islands) Shefa 31 Lelepa Island Tours MPA NW Efate Lelepa Shefa 32 Lelepa Island Tours MPA NW Efate Lelepa Shefa 33 Marou Conservation Area NE Efate Emau Shefa 34 Mere-Sauwia Conservation Area Northeast Nguna Shefa 35 Unakap MPA South Nguna Shefa 36 Aniwa Marine Tabu Area North Aniwa Tafea 37 Kauri Forest Reserve South Erromango Tafea 38 Keasi Forest Reserve East Tanna Tafea 182 | P a g e 39 Loanamilo Conservation Area West Tanna Tafea 40 Mystery Island South Anietyum Tafea 41 Port Patrick Marine Protected Area North Anietyum Tafea 42 Tipinime Conservation Area North Tanna Tafea 183 | P a g e ANNEX 3: IMPORTANT BIRD AREAS Important Bird Areas 184 | P a g e ANNEX 4: IMPORTANT FOREST AREAS Important Forest Areas Forest Area Location Importance of Site Kauri Reserve Erromango Island Unique population of native species Kauri, Agathis macrophylla South to West Coast Santo Santo Island Habitat of endemic kauri species, Agathis silbae Central, extend to South Pentecost Pentecost Island Habitat and threatened status of Veitchiae brunnae, black palm on Pentecost Loru Connservation Santo Assessment of Carbon stock Matantas Santo Primary forest Millinium Cave Santo Primary Forest Bodmas Santo Primary forest Nabauk Santo Primary forest Lake Letas Gaua Island Primary Forest and Lake Amal Crab Bay Malekula Island Mangrove forest ELMA- Midst of Efate Efate Island Last remaining forest of Efate Vatnebwaratu Maewo Island Primary forest Tukusmera Tanna Island Last primary forest of Tanna with some endemic plants and animal. ANNEX 5: CURRENT IMPORTANT WETLAND AREAS List from Updated Vanuatu National Wetland Inventory Name size (ha) Location island province Alligator river 30 East coast V. Lava Torba Nagpen river 36.5 Central east coast V. Lava Torba Lake Letas 1971 Centre Gaua Torba Jordan River Flood Plain 3335 North central Santo Sanma Santo Blue Holes ?? East Santo Sanma Lake Waimemea 19.5 Northeast Ambae Penama Lake Wai Lembutaga 69.5 Northeast Ambae Penama Ambae Caldera Lakes 1026 Centre Ambae Penama (Lake Manaro Ngoru) 15 Centre Ambae Penama (Lake Vui) 150 Centre Ambae Penama (Lake Manaro Lakua) 170 Centre Ambae Penama Port Stanley, Bushman's Bay & Crab Bay 4132 Northeast Coast Malekula Malampa Southwest Bay Lagoons 194 Southwest coast Malekula Malampa Port Sandwich, Cooks Bay & Maskelyne Islands 7004 Southeastern tip Malekula Malampa Creek Ai 50 Northwest Efate Shefa Duck Lake 76.3 East-north-east Efate Shefa Emaotfer Swamp 192 Southeast Efate Shefa 185 | P a g e ANNEX 6: SIGNIFICANT BIODIVERSITY SITES WITHIN VULNERABLE DISASTER AREAS Key Biodiversity Areas *Reference to the KBA Map is the threat of different natural disasters below that have crucial effect on the KBAs. 186 | P a g e Vanuatu Cyclones 187 | P a g e Vanuatu Tsunami occurance 188 | P a g e Earthquake Occurance 189 | P a g e Reefs at Risk 190 | P a g e Volcanoe Occurrance  191 | P a g e Competing Marine Resource Uses 192 | P a g e ANNEX 7: List of important marine areas – Ecologically and Biologically Significant Areas (EBSAs) 193 | P a g e ANNEX 8 – Vanuatu Endemic & Threatened species List Terrestrial Fauna Scientific Name Common Name Bislama Name IUCN Red List Category Endemic (√) Bird Aplonis santovestris Santo Mountain Starling Mataweli Vulnerable √ Ardenna carneipe Flesh-footed Shearwater Near Threatened Gallicolomba sanctaecrucis Santa Cruz Ground Dove Endangered √ Calidris ruficollis Red-necked Stint (Wader) Near Threatened Charmosyna palmarum Green Palm Lorikeet Grin Nasiviru Vulnerable √ Ducula bakeri Vanuatu Mountain Pigeon Nawimba blo Hil Vulnerable √ Erythrura regia Royal Parrotfinch Near Threatened Esacus magnirostris Beach thick-knee Near Threatened Halycon farquhari Vanuatu Kingfisher Red Nasiko Near Threatened √ Limosa lapponica Bar-tailed Godwit Neart Threatened Limosa limosa Black-tailed Godwit Near Threatened Megapodius layardi Vanuatu Megapode Namalau Vulnerable √ Neolalage banksiana Vanuatu Flycatcher Least Concern √ Nesofregetta fuliginosa Polynesian Storm-petrel Endangered Phylidonyris notabilis Vanuatu Mountain Honeyeater Nalaklak blo Hil Least Concern √ Pterodroma acculta Vanuatu Petrel √ Pterodroma cervicalis White-necked Petrel Vulnerable Ptilinopus tannensis Vanuatu Fruit Dove Bigfala Grin Pijin Least Concern √ Tringa brevipes Grey-tailed Tattler Near Threatened √ Zosterops flavifrons Vanuatu White-eye Yelo Nalaklak Least Concern √ Mammal Chaerephon bregullae Fijian Mastiff Bat Endangered Dugong dugon Dugong Kaofis Vulnerable Emballonura semicaudata Pacific Sheath-taield Bat Endangered Notopteris macdonaldi Fijian Blossom Bat Flaen Foks Vulnerable Pteropus anetianus Vanuatu Flying Fox Flaen Foks Vulnerable √ Pteropus fundatus Baniks Flying Fox Flaen Foks Endangered √ 194 | P a g e Reptile Brachylophus bulabula Fijian Banded Iguana Endangered Caretta caretta Loggerheard Turtle Totel Vulnerable Chelona mydas Green Turtle Grin Totel Endangered Crytobhepharus novohebridicus Snake-eyed Skink Liset √ Dermochelys coriacea Leatherback Turtle Letabak Totel Vulnerable Emoia aneityumensis Aneityum Skink Liset Endangered √ Emoia erronan Futuna Skink Liset Vulnerable √ Emoia nigromarginata Vanuatu Skink Liset Least Concern √ Emoia sanfordi Vanuatu Green Tree Skink Grin Liset Least Concern √ Eretmochelys imbricata Hawksbill Turtle Hoksbil Totel Critically Endangered Lepidochelys olivacea Olive Ridley Totel Vulnerable Perochirus guentheri Saw-tailed Gecko Liset √ Mollusc Ouagapia perryi Ground-dwelling Carnivorous Land Snail Snel Endangered Partula auraniana Aore Tree Snail Snel Endangered √ Partula milleri Land Snail Snel Critically Endangered √ Tridacna derasa Southern Giant Clam Natalae Vulnerable Tridacna gigas Giant Clam Natalae Vulnerable Insect Deudorix matthewi Vanuatu Cornelian Vanuatu Faea √ Polyura sacco Sacco’s Emperor Jif blo Sacco √ Vanuatubasis santoensis Damselfly Wota Insek √ Freshwater Fish Akihito vanuatu Vanuatu’s Emperor Fis Least Concern √ Lentipes Kaaea Red-nose Goby Fis Least Concern √ Schismatogobius vanuatuensis Vanuatu Goby Fis √ Sicyopterus aiensis Greek Ais Goby Fis √ Sicyopus chloe Chloe’s Sicyopus Fis Least Concern √ Sicyopus pentecost Pentecost Goby Fis √ Stenogobius yateiensis Yate’s Goby Fis Least Concern √ 195 | P a g e Stiphodon astilbos Fis √ Stiphodon kalfatak Kalfatak’s Stiphodon Fis √ Stiphodon mele Mele’s Stiphodon Fis √ Stiphoson sapphirinus Sapphire Stiphodon Fis Least Concern √ Rhacichthys guilberti Noreil Rasa Fis √ Terrestrial Flora Scientific Name Common Name Bislama Name IUCN Red List Category Endemic (√) Plant Adiantum aneityensis Maidenhair Fern Blak Pam O Fern √ Agathis silbae Santo Kauri Kauri Near Threatened √ Alpinia nidus-vespae Shrub NA √ Alyxia efatensis Shrub NA √ Amyema artense Amyema artensis Epiphyte NA √ Amylotheca bansksiana Epiphyte NA √ Astronidium aneityensis Tree NA √ Bleasdalea lutea Tree NA √ Caryota ophiophelis Palm Pam Tri NA √ Chisocheton rex Tree NA √ Citrus hebridensis Tree NA √ Claoxylon falcata Euphorbias Tree NA √ Claoxylon gillisonii Euphorbias Tree NA √ Claoxylon neo ebudicum Euphorbias Tree NA √ Clinostigma harlandi Palm Pam Tri NA √ Coelogyne macdonaldii Macdonald's Coelogyne Okid NA √ Corynocarpus similis Karaka Tree NA √ Crossosstylis cominsii Bush Mangrove Natongtong blo bus NA √ Cryptocaria honei Lauraceae Tree NA √ Cryptocaria turpinata Lauraceae Tree NA √ Cyrtandra efatensis Gesneriaceae Shrub NA √ Cyrtandra eneityensis Gesneriaceae Shrub NA √ Cyrtandra obovata Gesneriaceae Shrub NA √ Cyrtandra obovata Gesneriaceae Shrub NA √ Dendrobium calcaratum Orchid Okid NA √ 196 | P a g e Dendrobium greenianum Orchid Okid NA √ Dendrobium mooreanum Moore’s Dendrobium Okid NA √ Dendrobium morrisonii Morrison’s Dendrobium Okid NA √ Dendrobium rarum The Rare Dendrobium Okid NA √ Dendrobium sp Orchid Okid NA √ Donax canniformis Marantaceae Shrub NA √ Dysoxylum aneityensis Meliaceae Tree NA √ Earina santoensis Orchid Okid NA √ Earina sigmoidea Orchid Okid NA √ Freycinetia tannaensis Pandanaceae Parasite NA √ Gacinia sessilis Guttiferae Tree NA √ Gardenia tannaensis Coffee Shrub NA √ Geissois denhamii Cunoniaceae Tree NA √ Glochidion ramifolium Euphorbias Tree NA √ Glochidion stepulare Euphorbias Tree NA √ Glossorhyncha macdonadii Orchid Okid NA √ Gouania efatensis Buckthorn Liane/ Tree NA √ Heterosphate uniformis Arecaceae Pam tree NA √ Hoya aneityensis Milkweed Liane NA √ Ixora asme Coffee Shrub NA √ Kothalsella platycaula Mistletoes Epiphyte NA √ Licuala cabalioni Arecaceae Shrub NA √ Liparis santoensis Orchid Epipyhte NA √ Macaranga megacarpa Euphorbias Tree NA √ Maesa ambrymensis Myrcinaceae Shrub NA √ Maesa eraginnensis Myrcinaceae Shrub NA √ Maesa repandus Myrcinaceae Shrub NA √ Malaxis iwasinae Orchidaceae Epiphyte NA √ Meryta neo ebudicum Araliaceae Tree NA √ Neoveitchia brunnea Palm Pam Tri NA √ Oxera vanuatuensis Verbena Tree NA √ Pandanus halleorum Screw palm Pam Tree Vulnerable √ 197 | P a g e Pandanus onesuaensis Screw palm Pam Tree NA √ Phaleria pentecostalis Thymelaeaceae Shrub NA √ Pittosporum aneityensis Australian laurel Tree NA √ Pittosporum campelli Australian laurel Tree NA √ Pittosporum rhytidocarpum Australian laurel Shrub Least Concern √ Podocarpus affinis Yellowwood Tree Near Threatened √ Polysias cissodendron Island Pine Nalalas NA √ Polysias guilfoylei Island Pine Nalalas NA √ Pseuderanthemum aurbertii Acanthaceae Shrub NA √ Psychotria aneityensis Coffee Shrub NA √ Psychotria fosteriana Coffee Shrub NA √ Psychotria milnei Coffee Shrub NA √ Psychotria necdado Coffee Shrub NA √ Psychotria trichostoma Coffee Shrub NA √ Scaevola neo ebudicum Goodeniaceae Shrub NA √ Schefflera neo ebudicum Island Pine Nalalas NA √ Schefflera neo tannae Island Pine Nalalas NA √ Semecarpus tannaensis Anarcadiaceae Tree NA √ Serianthes aneityensis√ Fabaceae Tree NA √ Spartholoides pacifica Orchidaceae Herb NA √ Sterculia banksiana Sterculiaceae Tree NA √ Sterculia tannaensis Sterculiaceae Tree NA √ Syzygium gracilipes Myrtaceae Shrub NA √ Syzygium kajweskii Myrtaceae Tree NA √ Syzygium nomoa Myrtaceae Tree NA √ Tapernospermum kajewskii Myrsinaceae Shrub NA √ Tapernospermum scrobiculatum Myrsinaceae Shrub NA √ Tarrena efatensis Coffee Shrub NA √ Tmesipteris vanuatuensis Tmesipteridaceae Pteridophyte NA √ Veitchia macdanielsis Palm Pam Tri NA √ Veitchia metiti Palm Pam Tri Least Concern √ 198 | P a g e Veitchia winin Palm Pam Tri NA √ Weinmania Kajewskii Cunoniaceae Tree NA √ Weinmania macgillivrayi Cunoniaceae Tree NA √ NA-Not Assessed Marine Fauna Scientific Name Common Name Bislama Name IUCN Red List Category Sea Cucumber Actinopyga echinites Deepwater redfish Si-kukamba Vulnerable Actinopyga miliaris Hairy blackfish Si-kukamba Vulnerable Actinopyga mauritiana Surf redfish Si-kukamba Vulnerable Holothuria fuscogilva White teatfish Si-kukamba Vulnerable Holothuria lessoni Golden sandfish Si-kukamba Endangered Holothuria nobilis Black Teatfish Si-kukamba Endangered Holothuria scabra Golden sandfish Si-kukamba Endangered Holothuria whitmaei Black teatfish Si-kukamba Endangered Stichopus herrmanni Curryfish Si-kukamba Vulnerable Thelenota ananas Prickly redfish Si-kukamba Endangered Coral Acanthastrea bowerbanki Mussid coral Korel Vulnerable Acanthastrea ishigakiensis Mussid coral Korel Vulnerable Acropora aculeus Acropora coral Korel Vulnerable Acropora anthocercis Acropora coral Korel Vulnerable Acropora aspera Acropora coral Korel Vulnerable Acropora caroliniana Acropora coral Korel Vulnerable Acropora dendrum Acropora coral Korel Vulnerable Acropora donei Acropora coral Korel Vulnerable Acropora echinata Acropora coral Korel Vulnerable Acropora globiceps Acropora coral Korel Vulnerable Acropora horrida Acropora coral Korel Vulnerable Acropora kirstyae Acropora coral Korel Vulnerable Acropora listeri Acropora coral Korel Vulnerable Acropora lovelli Acropora coral Korel Vulnerable Acropora microclados Acropora coral Korel Vulnerable Acropora palmerae Acropora coral Korel Vulnerable 199 | P a g e Acropora paniculata Acropora coral Korel Vulnerable Acropora polystoma Acropora coral Korel Vulnerable Acropora palmerae Acropora coral Korel Vulnerable Acropora paniculata Acropora coral Korel Vulnerable Acropora polystoma Acropora coral Korel Vulnerable Acropora solitaryensis Acropora coral Korel Vulnerable Acropora speciosa Acropora coral Korel Vulnerable Acropora spicifera Acropora coral Korel Vulnerable Acropora vaughani Acropora coral Korel Vulnerable Acropora verweyi Acropora coral Korel Vulnerable Acropora multiacuta Acropora coral Korel Vulnerable Acropora tenella Acropora coral Korel Vulnerable Alveopora allingi Poritid coral Korel Vulnerable Alveopora fenestrata Poritid coral Korel Vulnerable Alveopora verrilliana Poritid coral Korel Vulnerable Anacropora puertogalerae Acroporid coral Korel Vulnerable Anacropora reticulata Acroporid coral Korel Vulnerable Astreopora cucullata Acroporid coral Korel Vulnerable Barabattoia laddi Favid coral Korel Vulnerable Caulastrea curvata Favid coral Korel Vulnerable Cyphastrea ocellina Favid coral Korel Vulnerable Euphyllia cristata Caryophyllid coral Korel Vulnerable Euphyllia paraancora Mussid coral Korel Vulnerable Favia rosaria Favid coral Korel Vulnerable Galaxea acrhelia Oculinid coral Korel Vulnerable Galaxea astreata Oculinid coral Korel Vulnerable Leptoseris incrustans Agaricid coral Korel Vulnerable Leptoseris yabei Agaricid coral Korel Vulnerable Montastrea multipunctata Favid coral Korel Vulnerable Montastrea salebrosa Favid coral Korel Vulnerable Montipora australiensis Acroporid coral Korel Vulnerable Montipora caliculata Acroporid coral Korel Vulnerable Montipora capricornis Acroporid coral Korel Vulnerable Montipora cebuensis Acroporid coral Korel Vulnerable Montipora corbettensis Acroporid coral Korel Vulnerable 200 | P a g e Montipora crassituberculata Acroporid coral Korel Vulnerable Montipora samarensis Acroporid coral Korel Vulnerable Montipora turtlensis Acroporid coral Korel Vulnerable Pachyseris rugosa Agaricid coral Korel Vulnerable Pavona bipartita Agaricid coral Korel Vulnerable Pavona cactus Agaricid coral Korel Vulnerable Pavona decussata Cuctus coral Korel Vulnerable Pavona venosa Agaricid coral Korel Vulnerable Pectinia alcicornis Pectinid coral Korel Vulnerable Pectinia lactuca Pectinid coral Korel Vulnerable Physogyra lichtensteini Caryophyllid coral Korel Vulnerable Porites horizontalata Poritid coral Korel Vulnerable Porites nigrescens Poritid coral Korel Vulnerable Seriatopora aculeata Pocilloporid coral Korel Vulnerable Turbinaria mesenterina Dendrophyllid coral Korel Vulnerable Turbinaria patula Dendrophyllid coral Korel Vulnerable Turbinaria peltata Dendrophyllid coral Korel Vulnerable Turbinaria stellulata Dendrophyllid coral Korel Vulnerable Fish Amblyglyphidodon ternatensis Ternate damsel Damselfis Vulnerable Bolbometopon muricatum Bumphead parrotfish Bigfala Blufis Vulnerable Cheilinus undulatus Humphead wrasse Napoleon Endangered Cromileptes altivelis Humpback grouper Los Vulnerable Epinephelus lanceolatus Queensland grouper Los Vulnerable Hippocampus histrix Spiny seahorse Si Hos Vulnerable Hippocampus kuda Spotted seahorse Si Hos Vulnerable Makaira nigricans Blue Marlin Sofis Vulnerable Mola mola Ocean sunfish Vulnerable Oxymonacanthus longirostris Harlequin filefish Vulnerable Plectropomus areolatus Squaretail coral trout Vulnerable Plectropomus laevis Blacksaddled coral trout Vulnerable Stichopus herrmanni Curryfish Vulnerable Thunnus obesus Bigeye tuna Tuna Vulnerable 201 | P a g e Sharks and Rays Alopias vulpinus Common Thresher Shark Sak Vulnerable Carcharhinus longimanus Oceanic whitetip shark Sak Vulnerable Isurus oxyrinchus Shortfin mako Sak Vulnerable Negaprion acutidens Sharptooth lemon shark Sak Vulnerable Rhincodon typus Whale shark Sak Vulnerable Sphyrna lewini Scalloped hammerhead Sak Endangered Manta alfredi Reef mata ray Stingrei Vulnerable Urogymnus asperrimus Porcupine ray Stingrei Vulnerable Taeniurops meyeni Blotched fantail ray Stingrei Vulnerable Annex 9 – Important Economic and Cultural Species Plant Animal Acasia simplex (Namariu blo solwota) All shellfish species Acasia spiribis (Namariu blo bus) All fish species Agathis macrophylla (Pacific Kauri) Anguillidae spp. (Eel fishes) Agathis silbae (Santo Kauri) Birgus latro (Coconut Crab) Bambusa spp. (Bamboo) Cardisoma spp. (All Land Crabs) Calamus vanuatuensis (Rattan) Charonia tritonis (Trumpet Shell) Callphylum neo ebudicum (Tamanu) Chelonidae spp. (All turtle species) Canarium indicum (Nangae o Ngali nut) Colombus vitiensis (White-throated Pigeon) Carpoxylon macrospermum Dugon dugon (Dugong) Cordyline fruticosa (Nangaria) Ducula bakeri (Vanuatu Mountain Pigeon) Cyatheaceae spp. (Tree Ferns) Ducula pacifica (Pacific Imperial Pigeon) Cycas spp. (Namele) Falco peregrinus (Peregine Falcon) Endospermum medolusum (Whitewood) Gallirallus philippensis (Buff-banded Rail) Entada phaciloides (Snek rop o Nagol vine) Halycon chloris Figus granatum (Nabanga) Hippopus hippopus (Strawberry Clam) Fruits (Breadfruit, Naos, Nantao, etc) and their genetic variants Macrobrachium spp. (Freshwater Prawns) Hibiscus tiliaceus (Coast Hibiscus/Burao) Megapodius freycinet (Incubator Bird) Intsia bijuga (Moluccan Ironwood) Narave Pig Island cabbage and its genetic variants Panulirus spp. (Rock Lobster) Luecaena leucocephala (Kasis) Paribacus caledonicus (Slipper Lobster) Licuala caballoni (Palm) Ptilinopus greyi (Red-bellied Kingfisher) http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/39339/0 202 | P a g e Metroxylon Warbugii (Natangura) Ptilinopus tannensis (Vanuatu Fruit Dove) Pteropus aneitianus (Vanuatu Flying Fox) Neoveitchia brunea (Palm) Pteropus tonganus (Pacific Flying Fox) Orchidaceae spp. Puffinus lherminieri gunax (Audubon Shearwater) Pandanaceae spp. (Pandanus) Puffinus pacificus (Wedge-tailed Shearwater) Piper methysticum (Kava) Scylla spp. (Mud Crab) Pterocarpus indicus (Blu wota) Tridacna spp. (Giant Clams) Root Crops (Yam, wild yam, taro,water taro, kumala) and their genetic variants Trochus niloticus (Trochus) Saccharum maximum (Wild cane) Turbo marmoratus (Green Snail) Santalum astrocaledonicum (Sandalwood) Tyto alba (Barn Owl) Swietenia macrophyllum (Mahagony) Terminalia cattapa (Natavoa) Veitchia spp. (Palm) Wild ‘cabbages’ 203 | P a g e Annex 10 – Important cultural sites, Ecotourism sites and Provincial Target Sites *Refer to Annex 11 for Map Keys and numbers according to sites 204 | P a g e 205 | P a g e 206 | P a g e 207 | P a g e 208 | P a g e 209 | P a g e 210 | P a g e 211 | P a g e 212 | P a g e 213 | P a g e 214 | P a g e 215 | P a g e 216 | P a g e 217 | P a g e 218 | P a g e 219 | P a g e 220 | P a g e 221 | P a g e 222 | P a g e 223 | P a g e 224 | P a g e 225 | P a g e 226 | P a g e 227 | P a g e Annex 11 – Map Keys TORBA MAPPING Green- Land & Forest Conservation Areas # Name Location Important Resource Status 1 Valua Motalava Forest/Water catchment 2 Lake Letes Gaua Water Catchment 3 Flat Stone Hiu Coconut Crabs Site 4 Yau Wotut Hiu Coconut Crabs Site 5 Yaw Wa Hiu Coconut Crabs Site 6 Ye Me Ten We Hiu Coconut Crabs Site 7 Metoma Metoma Island Coconut Crabs Site 8 Aitape Tegua Coconut Crabs Site 9 Tek We Mete Tegua Coconut Crabs Site 10 Rinua Loh Coconut Crabs Site 11 Honeymoon Site Linua 12 Lekal Tegua Coconut Crabs Site 13 Nawila Nanila 14 Sasar Vanua Lava 15 Mangrove Lemet, Gaua 16 Lotawan Mota 17 Veverau Mota 18 Vetande Vetande Island P 19 Merig Merig Island P 20 Reef Island Reef Island P 21 Ravenga Ravenga Island P 22 Kwetenwel Vanua Lava P 23 Alligator River Vanua Lava Mangrove, fish, crabs ,crocodile P 24 Silver River Vanua Lava Fish, crocodile P 25 Hot water/Ambeg Leisa Vanua Lava P 26 Narue Vanua Lava Mangrove P 27 Aver Gaua Mangrove P 28 Kaska Gaua Mangroves P 29 Namasari Gaua Mangroves P 30 Mosina Vanua Lava Mangroves P 31 Wetland Vanua lava P 32 Mota Mota Island P 33 Mota Lava Mountains Mota Lava Water Catchment/ Steep Lands P 34 Rah Rah Island Coconut Crab Sites P 35 Mere Lava Mountains Mere Lava Water Catchment/ Steep Lands P 36 Torres Torres Islands Coconut Crabs Site P 37 Ureparapara- White Grasslands Ureparapara P 38 Dives Bay Ureparapara Mangroves P Blue- Marine Conservation Area, Lakes, Lagoons, Rivers, Swamps # Name Location Important Resource Status 1 Rah MPA MotaLava 2 Nerenigman MPA MotaLava 3 Qeremande MPA MotaLava 4 Totonglang MPA MotaLava 5 Avar MPA MotaLava 6 Telvet MPA MotaLava 7 Kerebeta Vanua Lava Coconut Crab 8 Vatrata Vanua Lava Coconjut Crab P 9 Port Patterson Vanua Lava Coconut Crab P 10 Sola Vanua Lava Coconut Crab P 11 Sisoil Vanua Lava Mangrove 228 | P a g e 12 Mosina Vanua Lava Mangrove 13 Leon Bay, Mosina, Nerekon, Narue, Qeso, Alligator River Vanua Lava Mangrove P 14 Vetimboso Vanua Lava Fresh Water P 15 Laks Vanua Lava P 16 Lake Letes Gaua Volcanic Lake 17 Mundoro East Gaua Eels P 18 Lebot NE Gaua Mangroves P 19 Namasaric MPA NE Gaua 20 Lemanman MPA NE Gaua 21 Vatles North Gaua Coconut Crabs Site P 22 Qetegaveg MPA West Gaua Trochus P 23 Dorig MPA South Gaua 24 Divers bay MPA Ureparapara 25 Divers Bay Ureparapara Crab P 26 Lehannai Ureparapara Fish, Crab, Mangroves P 27 Toga MPA Torres Islands Coconut Crab 28 Loh MPA Torres Islands Coconut Crab 29 Tegua MPA Torres Islands Coconut Crab 30 Metoma MPA Torres Islands Coconut Crab 31 Hiu MPA Torres Islands Coconut Crab 32 Loh MPA Torres Islands Mangroves P 33 Hiu MPA Torres Islands Mangroves 34 Loh MPA Torres Islands Mangroves 35 Whole Island Vetagde Island New Island P 36 Whole Island Reef Island Reef, Marine Resources P 37 Whole Island Revenga Island Marine Resources P 38 Conservation Area Mere Lava Marine P 39 Conservation Area Mere Lava Coconut Crab 40 Beirth Conservation Area Nemerir, Mere Lava P 41 Conservation Area Mota P 42 Conservation Area Mota Coconut Crab P 43 Conservation Area Mota Crab P 44 Conservation Area Mota Flying Fox 45 Conservation Area Pakea Fish P 46 Conservation Area Pakea Crab Nawila P 47 Conservation Area Qetunwer P 48 Conservation Area Linua Coconut Crab, crab, Fish P 49 Whole Island Ngwel Island Marne P 50 Whole Island Nerenow Marine P Yellow- Tourism Sites # Name Location Important Resource Status 1 Mere lava Mere Lava Island Handicraft P 2 Mere Lava Mere Lava Island Historical Site P 3 Mere Lava Mere Lava Island Shear Water Bird P 4 Lake Letes Gaua 5 Garet Volcano 6 Siri Waterfalls 7 Qetion Cave P 8 Monolite Stone P 9 Original Water Music Dolap, Gaua P 10 Marine Conservation Area Navar, Gaua P 11 Forest Conservation Gaua P 12 Handicraft Bengaren, Gaua 13 Custom Play Dolap P 229 | P a g e 14 Game Fishing Merig P 15 Relics Merig P 16 Crocodile Vanua Lava P 17 Volcano Vorawaw 18 Silver River Vanua Lava 19 Twin Waterfall Sasar, Vanua Lava 20 Le Kaltel Cave NE Vanua Lava P 21 Cultural Site Sasar, Vanua Lava P 22 Historical Site Qat, Vanua Lava P 23 Lake Tinsiom, Vanau Lava P 24 Laka Sereama Vanua Lava P 25 Blue Water Seremba, Vanua Lava P 26 AtesWaterfall Vanua Lava P 27 Waga weaving Vetimboso, Vanua Lava P 28 Snorkeling Quakea 29 First Christian Village Veverau, Mota P 30 Cultural Site Mission Bay, Mota P 31 Vatcalecale (Calling Wind) Top Hill, Mota P 32 Mud Fishing Lowotgeg, Mota P 33 Sleeping Mountain Top Hill, Mota Lava P 34 Rock Rah Mota Lava 35 Shell Money Making Qeremgas, Mota Lava 36 Traditional Fishing Mota Lava 37 Mud Fishing Telvet, Mota Lava 38 Marine Conservation Area Telvet, Mota Lava 39 Cultural Village Rah, Mota Lava 40 Traditional Bank (Shell Money) Rah, Mota Lava 41 Cultural, Historical Site Telvet Mota Lava 42 World Heritage Island Ureparapara 43 Local Post Office Lemap, Ureparapara P 44 Lemdai Cave Ureparapara P 45 Snorkelling Ureparapara 46 Dancing Stone Dives Bay, Ureparapara P 47 Shell Money Making Dives Bay, Ureparapara P 48 Traditional Sandal Weaving Ureparapara P 49 Dancing Stone Merig P 50 Snorkelling Reef Island P 51 Game Fishing Reef Island P 52 Leilei nowo Cave Loh 53 Honeymoon Beach Loh 54 Snorkelling Rinuha, Loh 55 Cultural Site Letau, Toga P 56 Snorkelling Tegua P 57 Traditional Drawing Cave Tegua P 58 Marine Conservation Area Tegua 59 Coconut Crab Conservation Metoma P 60 Marine Conservation Area Metoma P 61 Turtle Breeding Site Tokometa, Metoma P 230 | P a g e 62 Yenugu Cave (Drawings) Hiu P 63 Calling Waterfall Bewarwar Hiu P 64 Yemianugu Cave Custom Designs Hiu P 65 Snorkelling Hiu P 66 Marine Conservation Area Yewa, Hiu P 67 Coconut Crab Conservation Area Yawtuk, Hiu P 68 Forest Conservation Area Yautuk, Hiu P RED- Invasive Species # Name 1 Fire ants /little fire ants 2 Crown of thorns 3 Merremia peltata Arrow Stickers Colour Name Blue Over fishing Orange Land degraded areas Green Over Gardening SANMA MAPPING Green- Land & Forest Conservation Areas # Name Location Important Resource Status 1 Nambahuk Conservation Canal /Fanafo Area Forest, Water Catchment 2 Butmas Conservation Canal Fanafo Area Forest, water Catchment, Endemic & Endangered Spp 3 Penaouru North West Santo Agathis & Sandalwood Forest, Water Catchment, Endemic & Endangerd Spp Registerd CCA with DEPC 4 Tasmate (Eden Hope) West Coast Santo 5 Hasevaia South Santo Area 2 Palm Trees/ Flying Foxes, 6 Naone ban Malo Landing, Sout Santo Mangroves, River 7 Usher South Santo Mangroves, River 8 Sarakata River Luganville Mangrove 9 Palekula South East Santo Mangrove, Land Crabs 10 Suranda South East Santo Mangroves, Land craba 11 Lopelope South East Santo Mangroves, River 12 Natanara South East Santo Mangroves 13 Matevulu South East Santo Mangroves, River 14 Valankara Bay South East Santo Mangroves 15 Sararua West Santo Palm Trees 16 Vatradin West Santo Palm Trees 17 Tasmate 1 West Santo Palms 18 Tasmate 2 West Santo Palms 19 Vunajimaro North West Santo Palms 20 Raflepa North West Santo Palms 21 Lolokar Bush North West Santo Palms 22 Velit Bay East Santo Mangroves, Water catchment, River 23 Turtle Island Near Aore Island Mangroves 24 Ratua Near Aore Island Mangroves 25 Banban South East Santo Mangroves 26 Rangar Tutuba Island, South East Santo Mangroves 27 Nabubu South East Santo Mangroves 231 | P a g e 28 Malo Pass East Malo Island Mangroves 29 Amalo East Malo Island Natongtong 30 Nanoku Malo Island Conservation Area Blue- Marine Conservation Area, Lakes, Lagoons, Rivers, Swamps # Name Location Important Resource Status 1 Port Olry MPA Port Olry Marine, Reef 2 Aore Light House Aore Swamp 3 Million Dollar Point South East Santo Reef, Tourist Dive Site 4 Millennium Cave Nambahuk Cave, River, Tourist Attraction 5 Loru Conservaytion Area Khole, East Santo Forest, Birds, Coconut Crabs 6 N tta C ser atio Atrea Cape Queros Forest, Coconut Crabs, Marine 7 Vatthe Conservation Area Matantas, Bigbay Forest, Birds, Jordan River, Marine 8 Tasmate Conservation Area Tasmate Marine 9 Penaouru Conservation Area West Santo River, Marine 10 Palekula South East Santo Mangroves, Crabs, Fish 11 Pakle Marine 12 Para Conservation Area Araki Island Marine 13 Malo Pass Malo Island Marine, Taboo Area 14 Naone Ban Naoneban Landing River, Marine 15 Nanuku Malo Island Marine, Reef 16 Tokar Hill 17 Nanavuso Kevin Anderson Reef, coconut crab farming 18 Perao Marine, Reef 19 Olpoi West Santo Marine 20 Tassiriki South West Santo Marine 21 Belmoli South West Santo Marine 22 Thion Island Port Olry Forest, Coconut Crabs, Lake, Swamp 23 Palisololo Lake 24 Naoneban Lake Naoneban Lake 25 Sarakata River Fanafo River 26 Papai sula Lake 27 NopuWest Lake Yellow- ENDEMIC Species Locations # Name Location Status 1 Santo Mountain Starling- Mataweli Tabwemasana/Santo Peak 2 Kingfisher/Manutu Mt Tombet 3 Green Pigin/Manutu Mt Puama 4 Manutu Mt Teteramaja 5 Manutu Mt Tsuemaja 6 Manutu Mt Vuti mele 7 Manutu Mt Pao 8 Santo Starling Mt Metantan 9 King Fisher ,/ Green Pigin Mt Avuna Leleo 10 Fruit Dove ,Nasiko Mt Avunabulu 11 Green Pigin Asavahas Area 232 | P a g e 12 Manutu, Santo Starling Moragai 13 Santo Starling Mt Tumebu 14 Green Pijin Fanafo Area 15 Scrub Duck Matantas 16 Manuatu Vologigia 17 Green Pigin Jarailan 18 King Fisher Million Dollar Point 19 Scrub Duck Raovi 20 King Fisher, Green Pigin Lathi 21 Green Pigin Malvoro 22 Manutu Lavuslapa 23 Manutu, King Fisher Morkiriv 24 Manutu Lalaholo 25 Santo Starling Malala 26 Santo Starling Nokuvula 27 Manutu, King Fisher Fortsenal RED- Endangered Species Locations # Area Name 1 Hokua 2 Valui 3 Tayon 4 Luiako 5 Cape Queros 6 Yekar 7 Port Olry 8 Lathi-Sakao Island 9 Avunarani 10 Tanovusvus 11 Laororo Island 12 Viuru 13 Naviova 14 Apaone 15 Aviapoe 16 Khole Village 17 Birian 18 Hg Harbour 19 Thion Island 20 Lathu Island 21 Araki Island 22 Navota Farm 23 Vorowoke 24 Urelapa Island 25 Le Tharo Island 26 Le Tharo Island 27 Elia Island & Tangoa Island 28 Neavu 29 Mavea Island 30 Tutuba Island 31 Aore Island 32 Aese Island 33 Kerenavura Island 34 Penaouru & Nokuku 35 Molboe 36 Wunapak 233 | P a g e 37 Vunap 38 Tolo mako 39 Vunareveu 40 Wusi 41 Belmoli 42 Orori 43 Naonevuso 44 Lelek 45 Reger Point 46 Tambun 47 Naru 48 Navava 49 Banban 50 Matantas 51 Tassiriki Degraded Areas # Area Name Activities 1 West Santo Fire, Flood, Gardening, Land Slides 2 South West Santo Coastal Erosion, Fire 3 Ipayato Land Slide, River Bank Erosin 4 South Santo- Hasevaia, Sarete, Narango Land Slide, River Bank Erosin, Heavy Gardening 5 Avunavai Seal Level Rise, Coastal Erision ( Sand Extraction) 6 Wai Sale Heavy Gardening/ Clearing 7 Interior South, SEast Santo Heavy Gardening, Farming 8 Fanafo Canal Heavy Gardening/Farming 9 East Santo Logging, Cattle Crazing, Farming 10 Matantas, Bigbay Logging, Cattle, Heavy Gardening 11 South, SEast, East NEast Santo, Fanafo Canal, Butmas, Bigbay Merremia Peltata PENAMA MAPPING Green- Land & Forest Conservation Areas # Name Location Important Resource Status 1 Lingi Botanical Angoro Walter Hadye Lini Grave Site 2 Anvisilingi Lagatava (North Pentecost) North Pentecost Historical Site/Taboo Site 3 Avatumbwe Lambaru Traditional Site/Forest 4 Onlaba 5 Hingon Vui South Maewo Traditional/Taboo Site 6 Devils Rock West Ambae Forest 7 Redcliff SW Ambae Forest 8 Vuinago East Ambae Forest, Taboo Site P 9 Manaro Bush Central Ambae Forest, 10 Ambore Ambae Forest 11 Vuikalato Noth Ambae Forest/ Steep Lands 12 Ambugarigi Ambae 13 Lawaiboe 14 Maewo Range Maewo Forest/Water Catchments P 15 Hingon Bwagi North Pentecost 16 Lone Bush Ambae 17 Nango bulu 18 Lovus Tovu P 234 | P a g e 19 Bwariri P 20 Naone Maewo 21 Marino 22 Bebarie 23 Wali South Pentecost 24 Wanur South Pentecost 25 Aviriana North Pentecost P 26 Hot wota P 27 Banmatmat P 28 Langatava North Pentecost P Blue- Marine Conservation Area, Lakes, Lagoons, Rivers, Swamps # Name Location Important Resource Status 1 Banmatmat 2 South East Maewo Maewo 3 Laone North Pentecost 4 Red Cliff Area West Ambae 5 Devils Rock West Ambae 6 Lolowai East Ambae 7 Vatavaga 8 Manaro Lake Central Ambae Volcanic Lake 9 Waimemea Saratamata, Esat Ambae Lake 10 Wai Lebutaga East Ambae Lake 11 Anagoi 12 Pangi 13 Antani 14 Anhomba 15 Waluriki 16 Alau 17 Wansa (Waiboe) 18 Naone 19 Lombaha North Ambae 20 Lolovenue East Ambae 21 Navenevene 22 Lian Bay 23 Asanvari 24 Matamata Yellow- Tourism Sites # Name Location Important Resource Status AMBAE 1 Aka Beach Ambae P 2 Vuinako East Ambae 3 Wialebutaga East Ambae Lake P 4 Devils Rock West Ambae Black Beach 5 Manaro Central Ambae Volcanic Lake 6 Vuigalato North Ambae 7 Lolobanga NE Ambae P 8 Lolovoli SE Ambae Forest/Culture 235 | P a g e 9 Nduindui West Ambae Culture 10 Walaha West Ambae Culture 11 Nambagahake West Ambae Culture P MAEWO 1 Asanvari waterfall 2 Hole blong Moon 3 Wongoina Point P 4 Naone P 5 Marino 6 Narovorovo 7 8 Talise 9 Analasi P 10 Boetora 11 Kerebei PENTECOST 1 Laone 2 Anagoi 3 Labwariri 4 Loltong 5 Sara 6 Lavatu Guest House 7 Loli Guest House 8 Abwatuntora Guest House 9 Varvatubae 10 Vatmangemu 11 Aligu 12 Nabaragiut 13 Enar Guest House 14 Bwatnapni 15 Melsisi 16 Lonorore 17 Bunlap 18 Land Diving Ranputor 19 Waet wota 20 Lovetlis RED- Invasive Species # Name 1 Big Leaf Rope- Merremia peltata 2 Giant Mimosa/Grass Nil 3 Cordia 4 African Snail 5 Crown of Thorns Arrow Stickers Colour Name Blue Over Fishing Orange Coastal/ Soil Erosion/Landslides Green Heavy Gardening MALAMPA MAPPING Green- Land & Forest Conservation Areas # Name Location Important Resource Status 236 | P a g e 1 Amal Crab Bay Malekula Mangrove/ Coastal Forest 2 Wiawi NW Malekula Forest & Marine 3 Lousinwe Malekula Forest, River 4 Bamboo Bay Forest P 5 Lopevi Whole Island P 6 Deep Point West Ambrym Namalao P 7 Lonwolwol West Ambrym Forest 8 Metitar Lambunbu Forest 9 Batbank Coconut Crab 10 Ronivie South East Malekula Mangrove 11 Lamap Point Mangrove 12 Limap Wild Buluk Blue- Marine Conservation Area, Lakes, Lagoons, Rivers, Swamps # Name Location Important Resource Status 1 Crab Bay Marine Protected Area MPA 2 Uri MPA 3 Uripiv MPA 4 Maskelyn Pelong MPA 5 Wiawi Big Nambas MPA 6 Vinmavis MPA 7 Akhamb MPA 8 Lamap MPA 9 Okai MPA 10 Umas Batbang/S Malekula MPA 11 Black sand Dixon Bay MPA 12 Malau Vauleli, Paama MPA 13 Lopevi Island MPA 14 Penalum Lake P 15 Wala Lake P 16 Laravat Lake P 17 Dip Point Ambrym Lake P 18 Ranvetokon West Ambrym Lake P 19 Umas Batbang/S Malekula Lake P 20 Lenpenwen SWB Lagoon P 21 Leviamp Lagoon P 22 Toman Toman Main Land Lagoon P 23 Pankumo River P 24 Bushman River P 25 Marit River River P 26 Unua River River P 27 Brenwei River P 28 Malua Bay River P 29 Atchin River P 30 Mapat River River P 31 Unua 4 River River P 32 Unua 2 River River P 33 Malvakal River River P 34 Melip River River P 35 Leru River Vao River P 36 Leviamp River P 237 | P a g e 37 Wiaru River River P 38 Tanmaru River River P 39 Winet River River P 40 Laley River River P 41 Mat lelam River River P 42 Matlevis River P 43 Hingal South Paama River P 44 Espigales Bay River P 45 Lamap Swamp P 46 Akhamb Swamp P 47 Okai Swamp P 48 Avok Mainland Swamp P Yellow- Tourism Sites # Name Location Important Resource Status 1 Wala 2 Uripiv 3 Crab Bay 4 Maskeylines Islands 5 Wiawi NW Malekula 6 South West Bay 7 Lamap 8 West Ambrym Lonwolwol 9 North Ambrym 10 Lopevi 11 Peterbu Atchin Mainland 12 Lousinwe NW Malekula 13 South East Ambrym 14 Tamtam Bangalow Vao 15 Namanki Custom NW Malekula 16 Banan Bay 17 Melken 18 Melken – SWB Hiking Trail Hiking Trail 19 Atchin 20 Toman Island 21 Lakatoro 22 Rano P 23 Vao Island Marine/Culture P 24 Atchin Island P 25 Pitin Village P 26 Akhamb Island P 27 West Ambrym Potvato, Lele, Lolibulo, Meltungon, Vanla, Nofea P 28 Endu SE Ambrym P 29 Pankumo Tisman P 30 Nanude Uripive P 238 | P a g e SHEFA MAPPING Green- Land & Forest Conservation Areas # Name Location Important Resource Status 1 Mere sawia Nguna Forest- Marine 2 Epau Conservation Area Epau, Efate Forest, Water Catchment 3 Efate Land Management Area (ELMA) Central Efate Forest, Water Catchment 4 Nivenue Epi Forest, Water Catchment 5 Greek Ai Lelepa Landing Efate Water Catchment, Endemic freshwater Fish P 6 Havannah Mangrove Havannah, Efate Mamgrove P 7 Undine Bay Undine Bay Mangrove P 8 Paunangisu North Efate Coastal Forest/ Mangrove P 9 Lumbukuti Conservation Area Lumbukuti, Tongoa Spring Water, Cultural Site P 10 Roimata Domain Hat Island Cultural Site 11 Eratap Mangrove Eratap, Efate Mangrove 12 Blue- Marine Conservation Area, Lakes, Lagoons, Rivers, Swamps # Name Location Important Resource Status 1 Nguna Pele Nguna and Pele Is Marine MPA Unregistered 2 Tanoliu North Efate Marine 3 Lelema Lelepa/Mangalilu Marine MPA Unregistered 4 Hat Island Hat Island Marinr P 5 Tuktuk Mangaliliu Marinr P 6 Duck Lake Teouma, Efate Lake P 7 Nikaura Epi Marine MPA Unregistered 8 Meresawia Nguna Marine MPA Unregistered 9 Epau Efate Marine, Mangrove 10 Unakap Nguna Marine 11 Hide Away Mele Bay, Efate Marine 12 Eruity Efate Marine 13 Panita Tongoa Marine 14 Tongamea Emae Marine 15 Sangava Emae Marine 16 Meresawia Nguna Deep Sea P 17 Undine Bay North Efate Mangrove P 18 Marou Emau Lagoon 19 Tagara Nth Efate Marinr 20 Emua Nth Efate Mangrove, Marine 21 Woralapa Nguna Marine 22 Utanlangi Nguna Marine 23 Rewoka Nguna Marine 24 Farealapa Nguna Marine 25 Piliura Pele Marine 26 Worasiviu Pele Marine 27 Laonamoa Pele Marine 28 Nuvi Epi Marine 29 Mapuna Epi Marine 30 Yapuna Epi Marine 239 | P a g e 31 Bokovio Epi Marine 32 Turtle Nestin SDites Moso Marine, Turtle Site 33 Big Bay Epi Marine 34 Sunae Moso Marine 35 Laika Island Tongoa Koroliko 36 Tamesina Epi Lake P 37 Nalema South Epi Lake P 38 Napiko Lelepa, Efate Marine P 39 Mataso Mataso Island Marine P 40 Naririvavanga Lupalea,Tongoa Spring Water P 41 Alolo Lumbukuti, Tongoa Spring Water, Royal Parrot Finch Site P 42 Mangarisu, Tongoa Spring Water P 43 Bongabonga Tongoa Spring Water P 44 Cooks Reef Emae Marine P Yellow- Tourism Sites # Name Location Important Resource Status 1 Hide Away, Beach Bar, Evegreen Mele Bay, Efate Marine , Water fall, Beach 2 Ocean Shore, Benjor Resort, Tara Beach Devils Point Road, Efate 3 Nauramatua Tukutuku, Devils Point 4 Roimata Domain, Pauls Rock, Snorkelling, Feles Cave Mangassi Mangaliliu, Efate 5 Lelepa Island Tours Lelepa, Efate 6 Congoola Cruises, Tranguility Moso 7 Wahoo Bar, Sandy Havannah, Eco Lodge, Havannah Resort Tanoliu, Afate 8 Whispering Resort, Valefa Cave Undine Bay 9 Pool Rock, (Sama), Vatpua (Emua), Sky Deck (Emua), Wharf (Emua) Sama, Emua, Efate 10 Nagar Resort, Kakula, World War II Museum Paonangisu, Efate 11 Piliura Guest House, Worasiviu Guest House, Laonamoa Guest House Pele Island 12 Unakap Bangalow, Tikilasoa Bangalow, Meresawia Conservation Camp Site, Nekapa Bangalow, Nguna 13 Utanlangi Bangalow Nguna 14 Rewoka Extinct Volcano Nguna 15 Hot Spring, Beach comber, Bamboo Resort, Sara Beach Resort Tagara, Sara, Efate 16 Marou, Wiana Guest House Emau 17 Ebule Jungle River Trek, Taka Cultural Tour Ebule, Efate 18 Bethel Resort Ekipe, Efate 19 Sunset Rest Top P 20 Manuro, Karngo Tours Forari, Efate 21 El Gress Tours x 2 Efate 22 Dry Greek to Eton Beaches Eton 23 Crystal Blue Rentabao, Efate 24 Tamanu Beach Teouma Bay, Efate 25 Eratap Beach Resort, Aguana Resort Eratap, Efate 26 Erakor Island Resort Erakor 240 | P a g e 27 Ematpei Limited Resort 28 Breakers Resort, Paradise Cove Pango, Efate 29 Mataso Mataso Island P 30 Nikaura Sunrise Bangalow Nikaura, Epi 31 Lamen Bay Sunset Bangalow Lamen Bay, Epi 32 Allack Guest House 33 Rovo Bay Waterfall Rovo Bay, Epi 34 Epi Guest House Valesdir, Epi 35 Tongoa Wall Lupalea, Tongoa 36 Natorotoro, Kuwae Volcano Kurumambe, Tongoa 37 Mailakom Hill/WWII Site Selembanga, Tongoa 38 Lekiki Paradise, Traditional House 39 Taputi, Royal Parrot Finch Site Lumbukutiu, Tongoa 40 Kamy Guest House Pele, Tongoa 41 Ewose Ewose Island 42 Valea Valea Island 43 Laika Laika Island SHEFA- Endangered Species Location # Species Location 1 Dugong Epi 2 Green Snail Epi 3 Coconut Crab Efate 4 Trochus Epi, Efate 5 Namariu Siviri, Efate 6 Kasis Siviri, Tanoliu, Tagara 7 Wild Cane Pele, Nguma, Emae, Tongoa 8 Bubu Shell SHEFA 9 Turtle Epi, Efate 10 Mangrove Efate, Emae, Epi 11 Whitewood Efate 12 Sea Cucumber Efate, Epi, Emae Biodiversity Threats Mapping (Arrow Sticker) Blue Arrow- Over Fishing # Sites Location 1 Red Stone Epi 2 No. 1 & No. 2 Lagoon, E Erakor 3 Etmat Bay 4 Tukutuku, Havannah, Lelepa, Mosso NW Efate 5 Rentabao Efate 6 Eruity Efate 7 Devils Point- Deep Sea Efate 8 Nguna Pele Nth Efate 9 Epau, Eton, Pangpang East Efate 10 FAD- 6 Miles, Mosso, Hat Island, Lelepa Island NW Efate 241 | P a g e 11 Etan Manu Mataso 12 Undine Bay, Paonangisu Nth Efate 13 Emau Emau Island 14 Lamen Bay Epi 15 Napko, Creek Ai Lelepa Landing 16 Rentabao Efate 17 La Crissenaire El Gress, Efate Green Arrow- Gardening, Agriculture , Cattle 1 Cattle (Abbatoir) Prima, Efate 2 Cattle Devils Point, Efate 3 Forestry, Gardening, Agriculture Snake Hill 4 Gardening Mele 5 Gardening, Cattle, Agriculture Vila Airport 6 Agriculture Mele Plain 7 Mele Cattle Project Mele, Efate 8 Monvoisin Cattle Tanoliu 9 Gardening Port Havannah 10 Cattle Undine Bay Yellow/Orange Arrow- Logging , Mining , Quarry 1 Logging (Efate) Teouma Eton Pangpang Paonangisu Emua Malafau 2 Quarry (Efate) Teouma ERratap Erakor Snake Hill Kakola Samoa Point Meten Hill Emua Ebule Eton 3 Mining (Efate) Forari 4 Quarry (Epi) Nivenue Yapuna Pokovio 5 Quarry (Tongoa) Ere School Lumbukuti Euta Pink Arrow- Uncontrolled Settlement 1 Votlo Epi 2 Sara Epi 3 Wampi Epi 4 Nul Epi 5 Lopalis Epi 6 Etas Efate 7 Snake Hill Efate 8 Teouma Efate 9 Black Sands Efate 10 Manura Efate 242 | P a g e 11 Forari Efate 12 Port Havannah Efate 13 Paonangisu Efate 14 New Govenant Tongoa TAFEA MAPPING Green- Land & Forest Conservation Areas # Name Location Important Resource Status 1 Lounamilo Middle Bush, Tanna Forest Conservation Area 2 Kaiasi Forest Immaiou Forest Conservation Area 3 Iata Fiji Aniwa 4 Kauri Reserve Happy Land, Erromango Last Kauri Reserve 5 Cooks Bay Erromango Forest, River and Sea 6 Uviu Point Erromango Forest , sandalwood 7 Green Hill Tanna Forest, Sandalwood, Birds 8 Loupekas Tanna Forest P 9 Naulamene Tanna Forest P 10 Mount Tukusmera South Tanna Forest, water catchment P 11 Mount Melen Tanna Forest, water catchment P 12 Lamiawe Lounapektuan, Tanna Forest P 13 Lamkahil Tanna Forest P 14 Yanemarei Tanna Forest P 15 Neqwenenepem 1 South West Tanna Forest P 16 Small Island P 17 Mystery Island Bush, Marine Important Tourism Site, Marine Sanctuary P 18 Neqwenenepem 2 South West Tanna Forest P 19 Kwenuaineri Tanna Forest P 20 Ikunava Tanna Forest P 21 Ishiai Tanna Forest P 22 Kakwasai Forest Isaka, Tanna Forest P 23A Imayo Tanna Forest P 23B Iatapu Tanna Forest P 24 Imurai Tanna Water Catchment/Source P 25 Numla Tanna Water Catchment/Source P 26 Tikiskis Tanna Water Catchment/Source P 27 Ming A Tanna Water Catchment/Source P 28 Ming B Tanna Water Catchment/Source P 29 Louwiniou Tanna Water Catchment/Source P 30 Iarou Tanna Water Catchment/Source P 31 Louwanualu Tanna Water Catchment/Source P 32 Isaka Tanna Water Catchment/Source P 33 Ianmilin Tanna Water Catchment/Source P 34 Imayo Tanna Water Catchment/Source P 35 Ikurup Tanna Water Catchment/Source P 36 Isarkei Tanna Water Catchment/Source P 37 Itukei Tanna Water Catchment/Source P 38 Itukuri Tanna Water Catchment/Source P 39 Kwamera Tanna Water Catchment/Source P 40 Imaki South Tanna Water Catchment/Source P 41 Mission Bay Futuna Water Catchment/Source P 42 Harold Bay Futuna Water Catchment/Source P 243 | P a g e 43 Matangi Futuna Water Catchment/Source P 44 Samaria Tanna Water Catchment/Source P 45 Necemtan Aneityum Water Catchment/Source P 46 Ujei Aneityum Water Catchment/Source P 47 Irerora Aneityum Water Catchment/Source P 48 Ihili Aneityum Water Catchment/Source P 49 Anawamet Aneityum Water Catchment/Source P 50 Dillons Bay Erromango Water Catchment/Source P 51 Bonkiri Erromango Water Catchment/Source P 52 South River Erromango Water Catchment/Source P 53 Antioch Erromango Water Catchment/Source P 54 Ipota Erromango Water Catchment/Source P 55 Cooks Bay Erromango Water Catchment/Source P 56 Tuwith Erromango Water Catchment/Source P 57 Port Narvin Erromango Water Catchment/Source P 58 Nepangoria Erromango Water Catchment/Source P 59 Katafu Futuna Water Catchment/Source P Blue- Marine Conservation Area, Lakes, Lagoons, Rivers, Swamps # Name Location Important Resource Status 1 Mystery Island Aneityum Marine 2 Uje Aneityum Marine Traditional 3 Anadawei Aneityum Marine Traditional 4 Anadawei Aneityum Mangrove -MPA 5 Umkalao Aneityum Marine Traditional 6 Anwanhaw Aneityum Mangrove-MPA 7 Anivat Aneityum Marine Traditional 8 Ihilcow Aneityum Mangrove- MPA 9 Aname Aneityum Marine Traditional 10 Inap Aneityum Marine Traditional 11 Anpeke Aneityum Marine Traditional 12 Anawose Aneityum Mangrove- MPA 13 Anawamet Aneityum 14 Whole Tanna Tanna Yam Season conservation Traditional 15 Imaraieu SE Tanna- Sameria (Iakunava MPA 16 Port Resolution Tanna Lake, Mangrove , Fishing area P 17 Weisisi Tanna MPA 18 Loupukas River Tanna Water, Fish, Prawns P 19 Ikurup Tanna Lake, Fish P 20 Iouhanan Tanna Fish Pond 21 Aniwa Lagoon Aniwa Mangrove- MPA 22 Samautu Aniwa Marine P 23 Napora Aniwa Marine P 24 Samnaganie Aniwa Marine P 25 Namsafura Aniwa Marine P 26 Iatoto Aniwa Marine P 27 Cooks Bay Erromango Marine, Mangrove- MPA P 28 South River Erromango River, Fish Mangrove P 29 Ipota Erromango Mangrove-MPA 30 Bongk hill Erromango MPA 31 Sufvu Erromango MPA 32 Upongkor Erromango Mangroves P 33 Rampunalvat Erromango Mangroves P 34 Pontasipsip Erromango Magroves P 244 | P a g e 35 Simbiombu Erromango Mangroves P 36 Port Numa Erromango Mangroves P 37 Imponkor Erromango Mangroves P 38 Ivu Erromango Mangroves P 39 Loanumun Tanna Marine P 40 Iawoka Tanna MPA 41 Tawarmul Tanna MPA 42 Noram Tanna MPA 43 Natwel Tanna MPA 44 Tangalua Tanna MPA 45 Lounalam Tanna MPA 46 Herold Bay Futuna MPA 47 Mission Bay Futuna MPA Yellow- Tourism Sites # Name Location Main Attraction Status 1 Dillons Bay Erromango Forest, History 2 Ijapo Aniwa Lagoon, Culture P 3 Mystery Island Aneityum History, Marine 4 Port Resolution Tanna History, Hot springs, Beaches, Culture, Volcano, Bangalow 5 Yasur Volcano and Surrounding Tanna Active Volcano, Ash Plain, Culture, John Frum Cult 6 Emmilen Waterfall Tanna Waterfall 7 Enpinan Yacht Club Port Resolution, Tanna Safe Harbor, White and black beaches, Hot Springs, Culture 8 Enpinan Guest House Port Resolution, Tanna White and black beaches, Hot Springs, Culture, Volcano 9 Rocky Island Guest House Port Resolution, Tanna White and black beaches, Hot Springs, Culture, Volcano 10 White Beach Restaurant Port Resolution, Tanna White Beach 11 Nesam Bangalows- Island Dream Port Resolution, Tanna White and black beaches, Hot Springs, Culture, Volcano 12 Hot Springs Port Resolution, Tanna Hot Springs 13 Shark Bay Port Resolution, Tanna White and black beaches, Hot Springs, Culture, Volcano 14 Etapu Custom Village Tanna Culture, Forest 15 Jostein Breeze Tanna 16 Robert Guest House Tanna Forest, Volcano, Port Resolution 17 Jungle Oasis Tanna Active Volcano, Ash Plain, Culture, John Frum Cult, Port Resolution 18 Tree Top Lodge Tanna Tree Top Bangalows, Active Volcano, Ash Plain, Culture, John Frum Cult, Port Resolution 19 Philip Guest House Tanna Active Volcano, Ash Plain, Culture, John Frum Cult, Port Resolution 20 Georges Numake Guest House 21 Poeda Guest House 22 Migiel Guest House 23 Richard Guest House 24 Imayo Custom Village Culture, Gardens, Forest 245 | P a g e 25 Imayo Eco-Venture Active Volcano, Ash Plain, Culture, John Frum Cult, Port Resolution 26 John Daiels Guest House Galilee, Tanna Active Volcano, Ash Plain, Culture, John Frum Cult 27 Lava View Guest House Isaka Active Volcano, Ash Plain, Culture, John Frum Cult 28 Napawi Guest House Active Volcano, Ash Plain, Culture, John Frum Cult 29 Friendly Bangalows Whire Sands, Tanna Active Volcano, Ash Plain, Culture, John Frum Cult 30 John Frum Sulphur Bay, Tanna Cargo Cult 31 Waissi Bay 32 Children Chior Middle Bush Local Kids Choir 33 Magic Tour Tanna Custom Magic 34 Kapums Bangalows Tanna Waterfalls 35 Waterfalls Tanna Waterfalls 36 White Grass Ocean Resort White grass Tanna Marine, Volcano, culture tour 37 Evergreen White grass Tanna Marine, Volcano, culture tour 38 Rocky Ridge White grass Tanna Marine, Volcano, culture tour 39 White Grass Plain Tanna Wild Horses 40 Imanaka Bangalows 41 Naunian Guest House Loukas, Tanna 42 Nakon White Beach Bangalows Loukatai, Tanna Forest, Flying foxes, white beach 43 Hidden Treasure 44 Sunset Bangalows Lenakel Tanna Access to black man town 45 Tafea Guest House Lenakel Tanna In Blackman Town, Access to services 46 Talapoa GH Lenakel Tanna In Blackman Town, Access to services 47 Issau GH Lenakel Tanna In Blackman Town 48 Lenakel Lodge Lenakel Tanna In Blackman Town 49 Lenakel Cove Lenakel Tanna In Blackman Town 50 Uma GH Lenakel Tanna In Blackman Town 51 Tafutuna Tour Lenakel Tanna Futuna Cultural Tour 52 Roger GH Lenakel Tanna In Blackman Town 53 Joe Narua GH Lenakel Tanna In Blackman Town 54 Apera GH Lenakel Tanna In Blackman Town 55 David GH Lenakel Tanna In Blackman Town 56 Ikamer GH Lenakel Tanna In Blackman Town 57 Tanna Lodge Lenakel Tanna In Blackman Town 58 Tanna Echo Bethel, Tanna 59 Black Beach Imlau, Tanna Black Beach 60 Rain forest Tour Enata, Tanna Forest, Birds 61 Waterfall Yapilmai, Tanna Waterfall 62 Giant Banyan Tree Napiktan Giant Fig Tree 63 Stirenskahu GH Manuapen 64 Flying Foxes Tour Lamkael Flying Foxes 65 Locarfi 66 Etapu 67 Port Narvin Erromango Forest, Rivers, Culture, Beach P 68 Cooks Bay Erromango Forest, Rivers, Culture, Beach P 69 Ipota Erromango Forest, Rivers, waterfall P 70 Kauri Reserve Happy Land, Erromango Kauri Forest P 246 | P a g e 71 Aniwa 72 Aniwa Ocean View Bangalow 73 Aniwa Vaturere P 74 Black sand Louniel Nice Beach P 75 Nambanga Ikunpu Giant Fig trees P 76 Nambanga Yukumayepse Giant Fig trees P 77 Enkahi Jetty Enkahi P 78 Etapu Custom Village Etapu, Tanna Culture, Forest P 79 Ekel Custom Village Ekel Culture, Forest P 80 Kenneth GH Aneityum 81 Nejom GH Aneityum 82 Louise GH Aneityum 83 Mission Bay Futuna P 84 Mission Bay Futuna P 85 Mission Bay Futuna P 86 Peterson Dan Tanna Red Stickers R1- Merremia Infested Areas R2- Myna Bird Invaded Areas R3- African Snail Invaded Areas R4- Cordia Invaded Areas R5- Giant Nil Grass/ Giant Mimosa R6- Crown of Thorns (COT) R7- Taro Beetle 247 | P a g e Annex 12 – Names OF PARTICIPANTS IN ALL CONSULTATION MEETINGS & WORKSHOPS Torba Province 22. Judah Silas (Torba Police Officer) 23. Amos Tali (Torba PWD Officer) 24. Michael Silona (Torba Planner) 25. Daniel Nenet (Torba Agriculture Officer) 26. Antas John (DARD) 27. Fr. Benjamin Gisapwos (Anglican Priest) 28. Dudley Woksen (Torba Livestock Officer) 29. Frezer Job (Torba) 30. Taylor Stephen (Torba Province) 31. Lendy Joel (Torba Province) 32. Christopher Mackenzie (Torba Province) 33. Arthur Kete (Torba Province) 34. Tommie Bollen (Torba Youth Rep) 35. Salatiel Nava (Torba Water Supply) 36. Tensley Atkin (Torba Youth Rep) 37. Alain Kutos (Torba Livestock Officer) 38. Simon Ambi (Arep J.S.S) 39. Fred Abraham Palas (SDA Church) 40. George. A. Bet (Torba Chief Rep) 41. Shedrack Obed (Arep J.S.S) 42. Lonsdale Coppage (Torba Red Cross) ©NBSAP 1. Stephen Bet (Torba AC) 2. Olivet Dorony (Torba AC) 3. Paul Fidal (Torba Chief Rep) 4. Thomas Simon (Torba AC) 5. Peter Maho (Torba Agriuculture Officer) 6. Joyline Gete (Torba Finance Dept Officer) 7. Aris Apo (Torba AC) 8. Barry Webur (Torba AC) 9. Grace Ralph (Torba Women Rep) 10. Ricky Simeon (Secretary, Lake Letas) 11. Richie Tamata (Torba Customs Officer) 12. Kasen Alick (Torba Forest Officer) 13. Stanly Womack (Torba Church Rep) 14. Kalep Wilkins (Torba Correctional Officer) 15. Henry Wetul (Torba Health Officer) 16. Kipu Loius (Torba Education Officer) 17. Albert Toa (Torba Livestock Officer) 18. Eddie Woksen (Torba Cooperative Officer) 19. Jimmy Willie (Torba Fishery Officer) 20. Albert Rudley (Torba TVET Officer) 21. David Keith (VRSC) 248 | P a g e Sanma Province 62. John Martin (Sanma Fisheries Officer) 63. Ps. Edmo Hasutsele (Sanma Church Rep) 64. Votangi Aru (Sanma Women Rep) 65. Juliet Sumbe (Sanma Officer) 66. Malon Rasu (Sanma Officer) 67. Andre Vaturi (Sanma AC) 68. Vuti Muele (Sanma AC) 69. Bani Landohi (Sanma AC) 70. Kalfao Lum (Sanma AC) 71. Paul Jamaran (Sanma AC) 72. Edmond Ron (Sanma AC) 73. Sammy Kaka (Sanma Forest Officer) 74. Johnny Varangele (Sanma Youth Rep) 75. Shirley Johnson (Sanma Red Cross officer) 76. Johnson Vuti (Sanma Officer) 77. Anaclet Philip (Sanma Environment Officer) 78. Pala Blessing (Sanma AC) 79. Remo Wine (Sanma AC) 43. Alsen Obed (Sanma Fishery Officer) 44. Sompert Gereva (Vanuatu Fisheries Department) 45. Rosette Kalmet (IWRM- Water Dept) 46. Bill Tavue (Vathe CCA) 47. Riman Ser (Loru CCA) 48. Keith Antfalo (Sanma Industry Officer) 49. Michel Tomker (Sanma Province) 50. Sandy H Moel (Sanma Live & Learn) 51. Prosper Buletare (Sanma Province) 52. Marie Avock (Sanma Province) 53. Leon Magareth (Sanma Province) 54. Pakoro Remy (Sanma AC) 55. Solomon Tavue (Matantas, Big Bay) 56. Paul Mark (Big Bay) 57. Jean Pierre (Sanma AC) 58. Vuti Takasi (Sanma AC) 59. James Surai (Sanma AC) 60. Newman Tangis (Sanma Youth Rep) 61. Roselyn Garae (Sanma Women Rep) ©NBSAP 249 | P a g e Penama Province 96. Georgina Faerua (Penama Planner) 97. Gorgewin Garae (Penama Province SG) 98. Marsden Rongo (Penama AC) 99. Jean Paul Toure (Penama Police Officer) 100. Sarah Ahlin (Penama Tourism Volunteer) 101. Dee Dendian (Penama Waste Volunteer) 102. Reginald Tarilaka (Penama Officer) 103. Lesly Mera (Penama Tourism Officer) 104. Benson Tari (Penama FSB) 105. Malcom Tambe (Penama Fisheries Officer) 106. Steward Natu (Penama PWD Officer) 107. Hendry Georges (Penama) 108. Nailyn Abel (Penama Island Court Officer) 109. Kahom James (Penama Save the Children Officer 110. Ralph Lolo (Penama Red Cross Officer) 111. Heguy Tabi (Penama Asst. Planner) 112. Stanley Ngwele (Penama AC) 113. Moris Tari (Penama Officer) 114. Manson Tari (Penama NDMO Officer) ©NBSAP 80. Annaline Tari (Penama AC) 81. Godfrey Daruhi (Penama Officer) 82. Melisa Hinge (Ambulu J.S.S) 83. Tari Lini (Ambulu J.S.S) 84. Tari Sulu (Ambulu J.S.S) 85. Zimaco (Student- Tagaga) 86. Tari Bulu (LMC) 87. Rosan Aru (Vureas High) 88. Lolo (Vureas High) 89. Jim (Ambae Bulu) 90. Roy (Student) 91. Manuel Ure (Penama Officer) 92. Georgina Dimas (Penama SPC Officer) 93. Elvina Henry (Penama SPC Officer) 94. Carolyn Joe (Ambulu J.S.S) 95. Bruce John (Penama Polic Officer) 250 | P a g e Malampa Province 115. Wesley Lamby (Malampa Officer) 116. Tasso Caleb (Malampa AC) 117. Alester Kensen (Malampa AC) 118. Massing Bong (Malampa AC) 119. Lapi Kalmet (Malampa Officer) 120. Ben Nebemiah (Malampa Officer) 121. Jackie Willie (Malamp Police) 122. Edwin Manrou (Malampa AC) 123. Akain Atpatun (Malamp Youth Rep) 124. Mothy Viranmal (Malampa Women Rep) 125. Lulu Leymag (Malampa AC) 126. David Sailas (Malampa Forest Officer) 127. Kalite Tamau (Malampa Youth Council) 128. Daniel Layang (Malampa Forestry Officer 129. Roger Veremaito (Uri/ Uripiv) 130. Beeman Saite (Malapa Police Officer) 131. Maureen Gordon (Malampa NDMO 132. Naomi Malau (Malampa Women Council) 133. Gloria Jeremiah (M.I.C) 134. George Lingtamat (Malampa Agriculture Officer) 135. Grenly Kavodar (Malampa Police Officer) 136. Charles Tari (Malampa Livestock Officer) 137. Cyrus Willie (Malampa AC) 138. Spethy Jonas (Amal Crab Bay Rep) 139. Kalfau Malisa (Uripiv) 140. Kalen Abbie (Amal Crab Bay Rep) 141. Ron Netvurak (Uri Island) 142. Jackson Saimon (Uri Island) 143. Robert Abel (Malampa) ©NBSAP 251 | P a g e Shefa Province 144. Taman Onesmas (Shefa Officer) 145. Christopher Daniel (Shefa AC) 146. Jeffry Daniel (Shefa AC) 147. Janet Orah (Shefa AC) 148. Kalmaire Kalman (Shefa AC) 149. Philip Dick (Shefa AC) 150. Morrison Dick Makau (Shefa AC) 151. Balu Wabayat (Shefa AC) 152. John Tapang (Shefa AC) 153. Anne Marie Sarisets (DoF) 154. Roger Kalpukai (Shefa AC) 155. Edwin Tapasei (Shefa AC) 156. Edson Willie (VKS) 157. Malian Andrew (Shefa AC) 158. Johnny Kaltapiri (Shefa AC) 159. Joseph Kalfau (Shefa AC) 160. Kalpeau Joseph (Shefa AC) 161. Vatu Molisa (Environment Dep.) 162. Alan Sope (Shefa AC) 163. William Billy (Mangaliliu) 164. Charley Kalnasei (Tongoa) 165. Ian Kalsuak (Shefa) 166. Leisara Kalotiti (Mangaliliu) 167. Christine Kapalu (Shefa Industry) 168. Berthy Vireial (Infrstructure) 169. Erick Massing (MIPU) 170. Jack Kallon (Shefa Chief Rep) 171. Ishmael Thomas (Shefa) 172. John Ronneth (NGO) 173. John Firiam (Shefa) 174. Sylverio Bule (Biosecurity) 175. Leonard Kaltonga (Shefa) 176. Anna Bule (DEPC) 177. Chris Bulerop (DEPC) ©NBSAP 252 | P a g e Tafea Province 178. Tokal Iatipu (Tafea AC) 179. Reuben Neriam (Tafea AC) 180. Noel Yalu (AC) 181. Remi Yalu (AC) 182. Henry Saute (AC) 183. Lui Alick (AC) 184. Thomas Simpet (Tafea AC) 185. John Nocklam (Tafea AC) 186. Lenon Luken (Tafea AC) 187. Luke David (Tafea AC) 188. Rassai Jeffet (Tafea AC) 189. Noel Noar (Tafea AC) 190. Stephen Kaveng (Tafea AC) 191. Simon Naupa (Tafea Forest Officer) ©NBSAP 192. Albu Dan (Tafea SPREP Officer) 193. Tom Kiri (Tafea Fishery Officer) 194. Henry Joe Johnson (Police Patrol) 195. Tony Keith (Aneityum) 196. Wendy Tamasi (Tafea Province) 197. Dorothy Pel (Tafea Women Rep) 198. Tom Kawia (Tafea) 199. Sawaram Freeman (Tafea Chief Rep) 200. Nakampta Matua (Tafea Province) 201. Manu Marie (Tafea Education) 202. Dores Oken (Tafea Education) 203. Mayaru (Tafea Education) 204. Andrew Seielce (Tafea PWD) 205. Samuel Lolwe (Tafea Forest Officer) 206. Lislie Rossie (Tafea Live & Learn) ©NBSAP 253 | P a g e National Stakeholder 223. Presly Dovo (Forestry Department) 224. Jessie Kampai (Live & Learn) 225. Touasi Tiwok (DEPC) 226. Lai Sakita (VEAN) 227. Kehana Andrews (Ecotourism Officer) 228. Kaltuk Kalomor (Livestock Department) 229. Lucas Sarvanu (VKS) 230. Godfrey Bome (Forestry Department) 231. Gordon Willie (Lands Department) 232. Roger Smithy (DEPC) 233. Mark Kalotap (Shefa Tourism) 234. Frances Hicky (VKS) 235. Helen Pipette (CEPF) 236. Wensie Naki (Trade Department) 237. Mark Kalotap (NBSAP Coordinator- 2013-2016) 238. Sombert Gereva (VFD) 239. Reedley Tari (DEPC Director) 240. Jill Horry (Forestry) 241. Ioan Viji (Forestry) 242. Richard Shing (VKS) 207. Glarinda Andre (Live & Learn) 208. Kate Mcpherson (DEPC) 209. Wycliff Bakeo (DESPAC) 210. Sylverio Bulero (BV) 211. Amy Yang (DEPC) 212. Donna Kalfatak (DEPC) 213. Trinison Tari (DEPC) 214. Chris Bulerop (DEPC) 215. Kency Bulu (Forestry) 216. Alick Berry (Trade) 217. Jayven Ham (VFD) 218. Urafo Nafuki (PWD) 219. Jerry Spooner (Tourism Department) 220. Christine Kapalu (Shefa Tourism) 221. Vivian Obed 222. Solstice Middleby ©NBSAP 254 | P a g e Ministry of Climate Change Government of Vanuatu Lini Highway Namba 2 Area Port Vila Vanuatu Phone: +678 24686/ 23866 Department of Environmental Protec on and Conserva on Ministry of Climate Change Lini Highway Namba 2 Area Port Vila Vanuatu Phone: +678 25302