Uganda Standard for Potable Water (US EAS 12: 2014)

UGANDA STANDARD US EAS 12 First Edition 2014-10-15 Reference number US EAS 12: 2014 © UNBS 2014 Potable water — Specification US EAS 12: 2014 ii © UNBS 2014 - All rights reserved Compliance with this standard does not, of itself confer immunity from legal obligations A Uganda Standard does not purport to include all necessary provisions of a contract. Users are responsible for its correct application © UNBS 2014 All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilised in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without prior written permission from UNBS. Requests for permission to reproduce this document should be addressed to The Executive Director Uganda National Bureau of Standards P.O. Box 6329 Kampala Uganda Tel: 256 41 505 995 Fax: 256 41 286 123 E-mail: unbs@infocom.co.ug Web: www.unbs.go.ug mailto:unbs@infocom.co.ug US EAS 12: 2014 © UNBS 2014 - All rights reserved iii National foreword Uganda National Bureau of Standards (UNBS) is a parastatal under the Ministry of Tourism, Trade and Industry established under Cap 327, of the Laws of Uganda. UNBS is mandated to co-ordinate the elaboration of standards and is (a) a member of International Organisation for Standardisation (ISO) and (b) a contact point for the WHO/FAO Codex Alimentarius Commission on Food Standards, and (c) the National Enquiry Point on TBT/SPS Agreements of the World Trade Organisation (WTO). The work of preparing Uganda Standards is carried out through Technical Committees. A Technical Committee is established to deliberate on standards in a given field or area and consists of representatives of consumers, traders, academicians, manufacturers, government and other stakeholders. Draft Uganda Standards adopted by the Technical Committee are widely circulated to stakeholders and the general public for comments. The committee reviews the comments before recommending the draft standards for approval and declaration as Uganda Standards by the National Standards Council. This Uganda Standard, US EAS 12: 2014, Potable water — Specification, is identical with and has been reproduced from an East African Standard, EAS 12: 2014, Potable water — Specification, and adopted as a Uganda Standard. This standard cancels and replaces US 201:2008, Drinking (potable) water – Specification, which has been technically revised. Wherever the words, “East African Standard" appear, they should be replaced by "Uganda Standard." EAS 12: 2014 ICS 13.060.20 © EAC 2014 Second Edition 2014 EAST AFRICAN STANDARD Potable water — Specification EAST AFRICAN COMMUNITY EAS 12: 2014 ii © EAC 2014 – All rights reserved Copyright notice This EAC document is copyright-protected by EAC. While the reproduction of this document by participants in the EAC standards development process is permitted without prior permission from EAC, neither this document nor any extract from it may be reproduced, stored or transmitted in any form for any other purpose without prior written permission from EAC. Requests for permission to reproduce this document for the purpose of selling it should be addressed as shown below or to EAC’s member body in the country of the requester: © East African Community 2014 — All rights reserved East African Community P.O.Box 1096 Arusha Tanzania Tel: 255 27 2504253/8 Fax: 255 27 2504481/2504255 E-mail: eac@eachq.org Web: www.eac-quality.net Reproduction for sales purposes may be subject to royalty payments or a licensing agreement. Violators may be persecuted EAS 12: 2014 © EAC 2014 – All rights reserved iii Contents Page Foreword ............................................................................................................................................................ iv 1 Scope ...................................................................................................................................................... 1 2 Normative references ............................................................................................................................ 1 3 Terms and definitions ........................................................................................................................... 3 4 Requirements for potable water .......................................................................................................... 4 4.1 General requirements ........................................................................................................................... 4 4.2 Specific quality requirements .............................................................................................................. 4 4.2.1 Physical characteristics ....................................................................................................................... 4 4.2.2 Chemical characteristics ...................................................................................................................... 5 4.2.3 Chemical characteristics affecting the safety of potable water ....................................................... 6 4.2.4 Organic contaminants........................................................................................................................... 7 4.2.5 Microbiological contaminants .............................................................................................................. 8 4.2.6 Radioactive characteristics .................................................................................................................. 9 5 Sampling ................................................................................................................................................ 9 5.1 Sampling requirements......................................................................................................................... 9 5.2 Parameters required for minimum monitoring ................................................................................. 10 Annex A (informative) .................................................................................................................................... 11 Annex B (normative) ...................................................................................................................................... 12 Bibliography ...................................................................................................................................................... 14 EAS 12: 2014 iv © EAC 2014 – All rights reserved Foreword Development of the East African Standards has been necessitated by the need for harmonizing requirements governing quality of products and services in the East African Community. It is envisaged that through harmonized standardization, trade barriers that are encountered when goods and services are exchanged within the Community will be removed. In order to achieve this objective, the Community established an East African Standards Committee mandated to develop and issue East African Standards. The Committee is composed of representatives of the National Standards Bodies in Partner States, together with the representatives from the private sectors and consumer organizations. Draft East African Standards are circulated to stakeholders through the National Standards Bodies in the Partner States. The comments received are discussed and incorporated before finalization of standards, in accordance with the procedures of the Community. East African Standards are subject to review, to keep pace with technological advances. Users of the East African Standards are therefore expected to ensure that they always have the latest versions of the standards they are implementing. FDEAS 12 was prepared by Technical Committee EASC/TC 075, Environment, Health and Safety. This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition (EAS 12:2000), which has been technically revised. EAS 12: 2014 © EAC 2014 – All rights reserved v Introduction The provision of safe and quality drinking-water is high priority for human health. The appearance, taste and odour of drinking-water should be acceptable to the consumer. This will build the confidence of consumers, avoid complaints and, more importantly, prevent consumers from the use of water from sources that may be unsafe. Safety of water is affected by several factors including environmental, the nature of the source, the human activities undertaken on or around the sources and the water harvesting, handling and treatment that may be undertaken. Thus, water may be exposed to physical, chemical and microbiological contamination that may make water unsafe for human consumption. A few chemical contaminants have been shown to cause adverse health effects in humans as a consequence of prolonged exposure through drinking-water however; some inorganic elements are also recognized to be essential elements in human nutrition. Infectious diseases caused by pathogenic bacteria, viruses and parasites (e.g. protozoa and helminths) are the most common and widespread health risk associated with drinking-water. The greatest risk to public health from microbes in water is associated with consumption of drinking-water that is contaminated with human and animal excreta, although other sources and routes of exposure may also be significant. Consumers have no means of judging the safety of their drinking-water themselves. Water producers have a challenge of ensuring the quality and safety of water they provide. Regulators are required to establish health based targets that must be met by water operators. This standard sets minimum requirements for physical, chemicals and microbiological characteristics that affect safety and quality of drinking water. The use of this standard is expected to ensure provision of safe and quality drinking water for human consumption. EAST AFRICAN STANDARD EAS 12:2013 4 © EAC 2014 – All rights reserved 1 Potable water — Specification 1 Scope This Final Draft East African Standard specifies requirements and methods of sampling and test for potable water (treated potable water and natural potable water). 2 Normative references The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. ASTM D 5907, Standard test methods for filterable matter (total dissolved solids) and non-filterable matter (total suspended solids) in water EAS 39, Hygiene in the food and drink manufacturing industry ━ Code of practice ISO 10359, Water quality -- Determination of fluoride ISO 10523, Water quality -- Determination of pH ISO 11423, Water quality -- Determination of benzene and some derivatives ISO 11732, Water quality -- Determination of ammonium nitrogen -- Method by flow analysis (CFA and FIA) and spectrometric detection ISO 11885, Water quality -- Determination of selected elements by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) ISO 11923, Water quality -- Determination of suspended solids by filtration through glass-fibre filters ISO 11969, Water quality -- Determination of arsenic -- Atomic absorption spectrometric method (hydride technique) ISO 12020, Water quality -- Determination of aluminium ━ Atomic absorption spectrometric methods ISO 12846, Water quality -- Determination of mercury -- Method using atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) with and without enrichment ISO 13877, Soil quality -- Determination of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons -- Method using high performance liquid chromatography ISO 14402, Water quality -- Determination of phenol index by flow analysis (FIA and CFA) ISO 14911, Water quality -- Determination of dissolved Li+, Na+, NH4+, K+, Mn2+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Sr2+ and Ba2+ using ion chromatography -- Method for water and waste water ISO 15061, Water quality -- Determination of dissolved bromate -- Method by liquid chromatography of ions EAS 12: 2014 2 © EAC 2014 – All rights reserved ISO 15089, Water quality -- Guidelines for selective immunoassays for the determination of plant treatment and pesticide agents ISO 15681, Water quality -- Determination of orthophosphate and total phosphorus contents by flow analysis (FIA and CFA) ISO 16265, Water quality -- Determination of the methylene blue active substances (MBAS) index -- Method using continuous flow analysis (CFA) ISO 16266, Water quality -- Detection and enumeration of Pseudomonas aeruginosa ━ Method by membrane filtration ISO 21567, Microbiology of food and animal feeding stuffs ━ Horizontal method for the detection of Shigella spp. ISO 22743, Water quality -- Determination of sulfates -- Method by continuous flow analysis (CFA) ISO 4832, Microbiology of food and animal feeding stuffs ━ Horizontal method for the enumeration of coliforms ━ Colony-count technique ISO 5961, Water quality -- Determination of cadmium by atomic absorption spectrometry ISO 6059, Water quality -- Determination of the sum of calcium and magnesium -- EDTA titrimetric method ISO 6222, Water quality -- Enumeration of culturable microorganisms ━ Colony count by inoculation in nutrient agar culture media ISO 6332, Water quality -- Determination of the chemical oxygen demand ISO 6333, Water quality -- Determination of manganese -- Formaldoxime spectrometric method ISO 6461, Water quality -- Detection ad enumeration of the spores of sulphite-reducing anaerobes (clostridia) ━ Method by membrane filtration ISO 6703, Water quality -- Determination of cyanide ISO 6777, Water quality -- Determination of nitrite -- Molecular absorption spectrometric method ISO 6785, Milk and milk products -- Detection of Salmonella spp. ISO 6888, Microbiology of food and animal feeding stuffs ━ Horizontal method for the enumeration of coagulass-positive staphylococci (Staphylococcus aureus and other species) ISO 7027 Water quality -- Determination of turbidity ISO 7393, Water quality -- Determination of free chlorine and total chlorine ISO 7887, Water quality -- Determination of colour ISO 7888, Water quality -- Determination of electrical conductivity ISO 7890, Water quality -- Determination of nitrate -- Part 3: Spectrometric method using sulfosalicylic acid ISO 7899, Water quality -- Detection and enumeration of intestinal anterccocci ISO 7980, Water quality -- Determination of calcium and magnesium -- Atomic absorption spectrometric method ISO 8165, Water quality -- Determination of selected monovalent phenols EAS 12: 2014 © EAC 2014 – All rights reserved 3 ISO 8245, Water quality -- Guidelines for the determination of total organic carbon (TOC) and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) ISO 8288, Water quality -- Determination of cobalt, nickel, copper, zinc, cadmium and lead -- Flame atomic absorption spectrometric methods ISO 9174, Water quality -- Determination of chromium -- Atomic absorption spectrometric methods ISO 9297, Water quality -- Determination of chloride ━ Silver nirate titration with chromate indicator (Mohr’s method) ISO 9308, Water quality -- Detection and enumeration of Escherichia colli and coliform bacteria ISO 9390, Water quality -- Determination of borate -- Spectrometric method using azomethine-H ISO 9696, Water quality -- Measurement of gross alpha activity in non-saline water -- Thick source method ISO 9697, Water quality -- Measurement of gross beta activity in non-saline water -- Thick source method ISO 9964, Water quality -- Determination of sodium and potassium ISO 9965, Water quality -- Determination of selenium -- Atomic absorption spectrometric method (hydride technique) 3 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this standard, the following terms and definitions shall apply. 3.1 potable water water that is safe and suitable for human consumption 3.2 drinking water potable water intended for human consumption 3.3 treated water water that has undergone through processes such as flocculation, coagulation, sedimentation, filtration and disinfection 3.4 natural potable water water that is from natural sources that is fit for human consumption without undergoing any form of treatment which will alter its original chemical composition and bacteriological purity 3.5 conventional treatment process involving deliberate coagulation, flocculation sedimentation, filtration, and disinfection to improve the safety and quality of the finished drinking water to consumers 3.6 water quality the chemical, physical and biological characteristics of water in respect to suitability for human consumption EAS 12: 2014 4 © EAC 2014 – All rights reserved 3.7 safe water water that is free from physical, chemical and/or biological substances in concentrations which could cause illness or injury to consumers 3.8 surveillance an independent continuous, specific measurement, observation and reporting for the purpose of water quality management and operational activities 3.9 disinfection reduction by means of chemical agents and/or physical methods, of the number of micro-organism to a level that does not compromise public health 3.10 potable water distribution system public or private water systems providing consumers with tap water suitable for direct consumption 3.11 approved water supply source of water that has been inspected and approved by the competent authority for human consumption 4 Requirements for potable water 4.1 General requirements 4.1.1 Potable water shall be free from organisms and chemical substances that are hazardous and injurious to human health and shall comply with requirements in Table 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6. 4.1.2 The location, construction, operation and supervision of water supply source, its reservoirs and its distribution system shall be such that they exclude any possible pollution of the water in compliance with relevant national regulations. 4.1.3 Potable water shall be handled under hygienic conditions as stipulated in EAS 39. 4.2 Specific quality requirements 4.2.1 Physical characteristics Potable water shall conform to the physical characteristics in Table 1. EAS 12: 2014 © EAC 2014 – All rights reserved 5 Table 1— Physical requirements for potable water 4.2.2 Chemical characteristics Potable water shall conform to the chemical characteristics affecting quality indicated in Table 2. Table 2 — Quality requirements for potable water Sl. No. Substance or characteristic Treated potable water (mg/L max.) Natural potable water (mg/L max.) Method of test i) Total dissolved solids 700 1500 ASTM D 5907 ii) Total hardness, as CaCO3, 300 600 ISO 6059 iii) Aluminium, as Al+++, 0.2 0.2 ISO 12020 iv) Chloride, as Cl- 250 250 ISO 9297 v) Total Iron as Fe 0.3 0.3 ISO 6332 vi) Sodium, as Na+ 200 200 ISO 9964-1 vii) Sulphate SO4 400 400 ISO 22743 Sl. No. Characteristic Treated potable water Natural potable water Method of test i) Colour (TCUa max) 15 50 ISO 7887 ii) Turbidity (NTU max) 5 25 ISO 7027 iii) pH 6.5 – 8.5 5.5-9.5 ISO 10523 iv) Taste Not objectionable Not objectionable v) Odour Odourless Odourless vi) Conductivity (µS/cm)max 1500 2500 ISO 7888 vii) Suspended matter Not detectable Not detectable ISO 11923 a) True colour units (TCU) mean 15 hazen units after filtration. EAS 12: 2014 6 © EAC 2014 – All rights reserved viii) Zinc, as Zn++ 5 5 ISO 8288 ix) Magnesium, as Mg++ 100 100 ISO 7980 x) Calcium, as Ca++ 150 150 ISO 7980 4.2.3 Chemical characteristics affecting the safety of potable water 4.2.3.1 Inorganic contaminants Potable water shall conform to the limits of inorganic contaminants affecting safety indicated in Table 3. EAS 12: 2014 © EAC 2014 – All rights reserved 7 Table 3 — Limits for inorganic contaminants in natural and treated potable water Sl. No. Substance Treated potable water limit of concentration mg/L, max. Natural potable water Method of test i) Arsenic, as As 0.01 0.01 ISO 11969 ii) Cadmium, as Cd 0.003 0.003 ISO 5961 iii) Lead, as Pb 0.01 0.01 ISO 8288 iv) Copper, as Cu 1.000 1.000 ISO 8288 v) Mercury (total as Hg) 0.001 0.001 ISO 12846 vi) Manganese, as Mn 0.1 0.1 ISO 6333 vii) Selenium, as Se 0.01 0.01 ISO 9965 viii) Ammonia (NH3) 0.5 0.5 ISO 11732 ix) Chromium Total, as Cr 0.05 0.05 ISO 9174 x) Nickel, as Ni 0.02 0.02 ISO 8288 xi) Cyanide, as CN 0.01 0.01 ISO 6703 xii) Barium, as Ba 0.7 0.7 ISO 14911 xiii) Nitrate as NO3 45 45 ISO 7890 xiv) Boron,as Boric acid 2.4 2.4 ISO 9390 xv) Fluoride, as F 1.5 1.5 ISO 10359 xvi) Bromate, as BrO3 0.01 0.01 ISO 15061 xvii) Nitrite 0.003 0.003 ISO 6777 xviii) Molybdenum 0.07 0.07 ISO 11885 xix) Phosphates, as PO4 3- 2.2 2.2 ISO 15681 xx) Residual free Chlorine 0.2-0.5 a Absent ISO 7393 a Under conditions of epidemic diseases, it may be necessary to increase the residual chlorine temporarily. 4.2.4 Organic contaminants Potable water shall conform to the limits of organic contaminants affecting safety indicated in Table 4. EAS 12: 2014 8 © EAC 2014 – All rights reserved Table 4 — Limits for organic contaminants in treated and natural potable water Sl. No. Substance (Arrange alphabetical order) Limit µg/L max. Method of test i) Aromatics Benzene 10 ISO 11423 Toluene 700 Xylene 500 Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbon 0.7 ISO 13877 ii) Chlorinated Alkanes and Alkenes Carbon tetrachloride 2 1,2-Dichloroethane 30 1,1-Dichloroethylene 0.3 1,1-Dichloroethene 30 Tetrachloroethene 40 iii) Phenolic substances Phenols 2 ISO 8165 2,4,6-Trichlorophenol 200 ISO 14402 iv) Trihalomethanes Chloroform 30 v) Pesticides Aldrin/Dieldrin 0.03 “ISO 15089 Chlordane (total) 0.3 2,4- Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid 30 DDT (total) 1 Heptachlor and Heptachlor Epoxide 0.03 Hexachlorobenzene 1 Lindane BHC 2 Methoxychlor 20 vi) Surfactants (reacting with methylene Blue) 200 ISO 16265 vii) Mineral oil 0.01 viii) Organic matter 3 4.2.5 Microbiological contaminants Potable water shall conform to the microbial limits affecting safety as indicated in Table 5. EAS 12: 2014 © EAC 2014 – All rights reserved 9 Table 5 — Microbiological limits for potable water 4.2.6 Radioactive characteristics Potable water shall conform to the limits for radioactive materials stipulated in Table 6. Table 6 — Limits for radioactive materials in treated and natural potable water Sl. No. Radioactive material Limits in Bq/L Method of test i) Gross alpha activity 0.5 ISO 9696 ii) Gross beta activity 1 ISO 9697 5 Sampling 5.1 Sampling requirements Sampling shall be done as guided in Table 7 below. Sl. No. Type of micro-organism Potable water Method of test i) Total viable counts at 22 ºC, in mL, max. a) 100 ISO 6222 Total viable counts at 37 ºC, in mL, max. a) 50 ii) Total Coliforms b) in 100 mL Absent ISO 4832 iii) E. coli b)in 100 mL Absent ISO 9308-1 iv) Staphylococcus aureus in 100 mL Absent ISO 6888-1 v) Sulphite reducing anaerobes in100 mL Absent ISO 6461-2 vi) Pseudomonas aeruginosa fluorescence in 100 mL Absent ISO 16266 vii) Streptococcus faecalis in 100mL Absent ISO 7899-2 viii) Shigella in 100 mL absent ISO 21567 ix) Salmonella in 100 mL Absent ISO 6785 a This parameter is for monitoring the system at source. Total time before analysis should be not more than 6 h at 4 ºC. Determination of total viable counts shall start within 12 h after collection of the potable water sample. b During the bacteriological quality control for different types of water supply, refer to Annex A. EAS 12: 2014 10 © EAC 2014 – All rights reserved Table 7 — Minimum frequency of sampling of water for surveillance Population served (P) Frequency * (minimum) of sampling P >100 000 10 samples every month per 100 000 of population served 25 001 – 100 000 10 samples every month 10 001 – 25 000 3 samples every month 2 500 – 10 000 2 samples every month P <2 500 1 sample every month * During the rainy season, sampling should be carried out more frequently. 5.2 Parameters required for minimum monitoring It is recognized that, in many instances, the cost of performing a full analysis against Table 1, Table 2, Table 3, Table 4, Table 5, Table 6 and Table 7 can be prohibitive. Analysis of the parameters in Table 8 may be deemed acceptable for the purpose of indicating on going levels of operational efficiency in a water treatment plant. However, a relevant authority may require additional tests. Table 8 — Physico-chemical and microbiological parameters required for minimum monitoring If abnormal results are encountered in any of these analyses, sampling frequency shall be increased and/or additional analyses carried out. NOTE A consumer complaints register for the aesthetic qualities of the water should be maintained. Property Methods of test Physicochemical: Conductivity, or dissolved solids Colour Turbidity; Taste Odour See Table 1 Microbiological: Faecal coliform bacteria or E. coli; Shigella spp Salmonella spp See Table 5 Chemical: Fluoride as F Nitrate Nitrite pH value Aluminum Iron(total) Ammonia Residual chlorine See Table 3 EAS 12: 2014 © EAC 2014 – All rights reserved 11 Annex A (informative) Bacteriological quality requirements for different types of water supplies A summary of bacteriological quality requirements for different types of water supplies is given in Table A.1 below. Table A.1— Bacteriological quality requirements for different types of water supplies Type of supply Number per 100 ml Methods of test Treated water entering the distribution system E. coli Absent ISO 4832 Coliform organisms Absent Untreated water entering the distribution system E. coli Absent 3 coliform organisms in any one sample Absent in any two consecutive samples Absent in 98 % of yearly samples Water in distribution system E. coli Absent 3 coliform organisms in any one sample Absent in any two consecutive samples Absent in 95 % of yearly samples Unpiped supplies E. coli Coliform organisms Absent 10 Emergency supplies of water E. coli Coliform organisms Absent Absent EAS 12: 2014 12 © EAC 2014 – All rights reserved Annex B (Normative) Water safety plans B.1 Drinking water systems operators should develop, implement and maintain a water safety plan taking into consideration the potential risks to the safety of the water from the supply catchment area to the consumer. B.2 A water safety plan should consist of three key components: a) system assessment to determine whether the drinking-water supply chain (up to the point of consumption) as a whole can deliver water of a quality that meets health-based targets; b) identifying control measures in a drinking water system that will collectively control identified risks and ensure that the health-based targets are met; and c) management plans describing actions to be taken during normal operation or incident conditions and documenting the system assessment (including upgrade and improvement), monitoring and communication plans and supporting programmes. B.3 A water safety plan should include: a) measures to protect the source of drinking water from risks of pollution; b) measures to ensure all installations intended for the production of drinking water exclude any possibility of contamination. For this purpose and in particular:  the installation for collection, the pipes and the reservoirs should be made from materials suited to the water and in such a way as to prevent the introduction of foreign substances in water;  the equipment and its use for production should meet hygienic requirements; c) measures to ensure an appropriate treatment such as pre-treatment processes, coagulation, flocculation, sedimentation, filtration and disinfection are undertaken to assure the safety of water for the consumers; d) appropriate operational monitoring system including monitoring parameters that can be measured and for which limits have been set to define the operational effectiveness of the activity; frequency of monitoring and procedures for corrective action that can be implemented in response to deviation from limits. If, during production it is found that the water is polluted, the producer shall stop all operations until the cause of pollution is eliminated; and e) a verification plan to ensure that individual components of a drinking-water system, and system as a whole is operating safely. B.4 Surveillance B.4.1 General surveillance requirements Drinking-water suppliers should ensure, at all times, the quality and safety of the water that they produce. Public health surveillance (that is, surveillance of health status and trends) contributes to verifying drinking water safety. EAS 12: 2014 © EAC 2014 – All rights reserved 13 Adequate infrastructure, proper monitoring and effective planning and management; and a system of independent surveillance are basic and essential requirements to ensure the safety of drinking-water. Surveillance should cover the total supply network from the source of untreated water to the consumer delivery points. A sampling programme that takes into consideration appropriate international recommendations should be established and implemented. The sampling should be regular and its frequency should mainly depend on the following factors a) quality of water harnessed including effects on the water from climatic, human and industrial activities; b) type of treatment for drinking worthiness; c) volume of water processed; d) risks of contamination; e) background of public water supply network; f) population served; and g) capabilities of the analytical facility (both in terms of capacity and in terms of analytical performance) EAS 12: 2014 14 © EAC 2014 – All rights reserved Bibliography [1] Guidelines for drinking water quality, fourth edition 2011, WHO. [2] Code of hygienic practice for bottled/packaged drinking waters (other than natural mineral waters) CAC/RCP 48-2001 EAS 12: 2014 © EAC 2014 – All rights reserved