Zanzibar Fisheries Policy 2022

ZANZIBAR FISHERIES POLICY 2022 | i THE MINISTRY OF BLUE ECONOMY AND FISHERIES THE REVOLUTIONARY GOVERNMENT OF ZANZIBAR ZANZIBAR FISHERIES POLICY 2022 ii | ZANZIBAR FISHERIES POLICY 2022 | iii 2022 ZANZIBAR FISHERIES POLICY 2022 iv | The Zanzibar Fisheries Policy 2022 was prepared by the Ministry of Blue Economy and Fisheries in Zanzibar. The typesetting, editing and publishing were made possible with the support of the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) in Tanzania Photos by Ministry of Blue Economy and Fisheries in Zanzibar ZANZIBAR FISHERIES POLICY 2022 | v The Fisheries sector is a crucial contributor to the social and economic development of Zanzibar, and it plays a significant role in the development of Blue Economy. However, there is a potential for the sector to contribute even more to the national economy if issues related to fisheries governance and management are compre- hensively addressed. The Ministry of Blue Economy and Fisheries (MoBEF) is currently working on a policy to improve fisheries governance and management in Zanzibar, which will be the primary instrument for the development of the fisheries sector. It is worth noting that Fisheries sector contributes 5.1 percent of Zanzibar’s GDP and plays a significant role in providing animal protein to the majority of people in Zanzibar, particularly those in lower income groups. With the annual per capita consumption of around 23 kg, Zanzibar surpasses the African average of 9.4 kg per capita per year. The Fisheries sector also has an obligation to meet export targets for marine products, but there is still much work to be done to achieve these targets. Therefore, this policy has been designed to address the challenges facing the Fisheries sector and stimulate economic growth through expanded aquacul- ture, processing, value addition and market linkages to coastal communities. The overall objective of the Zanzibar Fisheries Policy is to promote sustainable development of the Fisheries sector, contributing to Blue Economy development, food security, social wellbeing, resource management, marine conservation and climate adaptation. The policy emphasizes the need for a robust management frame- work that sustains productivity in the sector while promoting its long-term viability. Hon. Suleiman Makame Minister, MINISTRY OF BLUE ECONOMY AND FISHERIES FOREWORD vi | Foreword ZANZIBAR FISHERIES POLICY 2022 | vii The Ministry of Blue Economy and Fisheries (MoBEF) expresses its gratitude to all stakeholders who were involved and contributed to the preparation of the Zanzibar Fisheries Policy of 2022. The hard work, dedi- cation, and involvement of these individuals have made it possible to formulate this Policy. Although it is not possible to name everyone who provided input, their contributions are greatly appreciated. MoBEF extends special appreciation and gratitude to the World Bank through its SWIOFish Programme for the financial support provided. MoBEF would like to thank all Government, Development partners, Private Sector, Academic institutions, civil society organizations and fishers’ communities for their active participation in the development of the Policy. The ministry hope that this Policy will provide guidance to enable Zanzibaris in effectively manage their fisheries resources towards sustainable development. Therefore, the MoBEF urges all stakeholders to be actively involved in the implementation of this policy. Finally, MoBEF extends special thanks to the technical team of the Ministry of Blue Economy staffs for their dedicated efforts in successfully completing the policy process. Dr. Aboud Jumbe Principal Secretary, MINISTRY OF BLUE ECONOMY AND FISHERIES ACKNOWLEDGMENT viii | Acknowledgment ZANZIBAR FISHERIES POLICY 2022 | ix TABLE OF CONTENTS FOREWORD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . V ACKNOWLEDGMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VII TABLE OF CONTENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IX ABBREVIATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XI DEFINITION OF KEY TERMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XIII CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 BACKGROUND . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1.2 RATIONALE FOR THE FISHERIES POLICY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1.3 SCOPE OF THE POLICY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1.4 POLICY LINKAGES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 CHAPTER TWO: SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS 7 2.1 INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 2.2 FISHERIES MANAGEMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 2.3 AQUACULTURE DEVELOPMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 2.4 MARINE RESOURCES PROTECTION AND CONSERVATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 2.5 MARINE RESOURCES RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 2.6 MARKET ACCESS, VALUE ADDITION AND INFRASTRUCTURE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11 2.7 CROSS-CUTTING AND EMERGING ISSUES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 CHAPTER THREE: VISION, MISSION AND OBJECTIVES 13 3.1 INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 3.2 Vision and Mission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 3.3 POLICY OBJECTIVES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 3.4 GUIDING PRINCIPLES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 CHAPTER FOUR: POLICY ISSUES, STATEMENTS AND STRATEGIES 15 4.1 INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 4.2 FISHERIES MANAGEMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 4.3 AQUACULTURE DEVELOPMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 4.4 MARINE RESOURCES PROTECTION AND CONSERVATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 4.5 MARINE RESOURCES RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT (R&D). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 4.6 MARKET ACCESS, VALUE ADDITION, INFRASTRUCTURE, QUALITY CONTROL AND STANDARDS. . . . . . . . . . 20 4.7 CROSS-CUTTING AND EMERGING ISSUES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 CHAPTER FIVE: LEGAL AND INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK 25 5.1 INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 5.2 LEGAL FRAMEWORK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 x | 3.4 Guiding principles 14 5.3 ROLE OF DIFFERENT PLAYERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 CHAPTER SIX: MONITORING AND EVALUATION 29 6.1 IMPLEMENTATION FRAMEWORK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 6.2 MONITORING AND EVALUATION (M&E) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 6.3 POLICY REVIEW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 6.4 BUDGET AND FINANCIAL RESOURCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 6.5 COMMUNICATIONS STRATEGY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 6.6 HUMAN RESOURCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 ZANZIBAR FISHERIES POLICY 2022 | xi ABBREVIATIONS AIMS Africa’s Maritime Strategy AU African Union CBO’s Community-based Organization CCM Chama Cha Mapinduzi CEDAW The Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women CHABAMCA Changuu-Bawe Marine Conservation Area CMORDBS Centralized Marine and Oceanographic Research Database System CSO Civil Society Organization DFD Department of Fisheries Development DRC Democratic Republic of Congo DSFA Deep Sea Fishing Authority EAMFRO East African Marine Fisheries Research Organization EEZ Exclusive Economic Zone EPZ Economic Processing Zone FAD Fish Aggregating Device FAO Food and Agriculture Organization FMP Fisheries Management Plan GDP Gross Domestic Product GMP General Management Plan HIV/AIDS Human Immuno-Deficiency Virus ICZM Integrated Coastal Zone Management IMO International Maritime Organization IMS Institute of Marine Sciences IORA Indian Ocean Rim Association IOTC Indian Ocean Tuna Commission IPOA International Plan of Action to Prevent, Deter and Eliminate Illegal Unreported & Unreg- ulated Fishing IUU Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated Fishing KMKM Kikosi Maalum cha Kuzuia Magendo (Anti-Smuggling Coast Guard) LGAs Local Government Authorities MBCA Menai Bay Conservation Area MCA Marine Conservation Area MCS Monitoring, Control and Surveillance MCU Marine Conservation Unit xii | Abbreviations MIMCA Mnemba Island Marine Conservation Area MoBEF Ministry of Blue Economy and Fisheries MSME Micro, Small and Medium Enterprise MSP Marine Spatial Planning MSY Maximum Sustainable Yield MTEF Medium Term Expenditure Framework NGOs Non-Governmental Organizations OCGS Office of Chief Government Statistician PECCA Pemba Channel Conservation Area PFRS Policy Framework and Reform Strategy for Fisheries and Aquaculture in Africa PHL Post-Harvest Losses PPP Public-Private Partnership PSE Priority measures for Strong Enforcement RGoZ Revolutionary Government of Zanzibar SDGs Sustainable Development Goals SFCs Shehia Fisheries Committees SIDS Small Island Developing State SME Small and Medium Enterprises SST Sea Surface Temperatures SWIOFish South West Indian Ocean Fisheries Governance and Shared Growth SWM Solid Waste Management TASAC Tanzania Shipping Agency Corporation TUMCA Tumbatu Marine Conservation Area TZS Tanzanian Shilling UN United Nations UNCLOS United Nations Convention on the Laws of the Seas URT United Republic of Tanzania ZADEP Zanzibar Development Plan ZAFIRI Zanzibar Fisheries and Marine Resources Research Institute. ZDV Zanzibar Development Vision ZMA Zanzibar Maritime Authority ZRA Zanzibar Research Agenda ZANZIBAR FISHERIES POLICY 2022 | xiii Aquaculture — The cultivation or practice of rearing or raising of fish or other aquatic flora and fauna in the water environment. Coral reef — A natural aggregation of coral skeleton, with or without living coral polyps, occurring in intertidal and subtidal marine waters. Coral — The hard calcareous substance made up of the skeleton of marine coelenterate polyps, including any form of artificial corals. Endangered, rare or threatened Species — The aquatic plants, animals including some varieties of corals and sea shells in danger of extinction as provided for existing fishery laws, rules, regulations and in the Convention of the International Trade of Endangered Species of Flora and Fauna (CITES). Fisheries — All marine and fresh water fishing and cultivation of flora and fauna and related activities. Industrial fishing— A fishing activity which includes processing or semi processing of the marine resources. Internal waters — The waters on the landward side from the baseline of the territorial water and the water of equidistant between Tanzania Zanzibar and mainland Tanzania. Marine resources — The resources found in the ocean such as biological diversity, oil, sand, and coral reefs. Fish processing — The act of cleaning, filleting, chilling, icing, packing, canning, freezing, smoking, salting, drying or otherwise preparing fish or fish products for marketing. Territorial waters — The water within the area extending across the sea to a distance of twelve nautical miles measured from the mean low water line along the coast of Zanzibar and the adjacent islands. DEFINITION OF KEY TERMS xiv | Definition of key terms ZANZIBAR FISHERIES POLICY 2022 | 1 1 CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1 BACKGROUND The Fisheries Policy, developed in accordance with the Zanzibar Development Vision 2050, aims to trans- form the Fisheries sector from a subsistence-based to a competitive, commercially-oriented production system. The Revolutionary Government of Zanzibar (RGoZ) intends to achieve a cohesive transformation of the sector by adopting appropriate policies and enabling legislation that will stimulate industrial, technological and scientific development. This Policy strategically captures the Zanzibar Development Vision 2050 aspi- ration towards industrial value addition, including the commercialization of fisheries and aquaculture in line with domestic and export market demand. It serves as a guiding framework for all existing and future fisheries policies, frameworks and strategies. This policy provides guidance to all actors in the fisheries sector to increase fisheries incomes, reduce poverty, improve household food and nutrition security, create employment and stimulate economic growth, through appropriate investments across the entire commodity value chain, spanning from production, processing, and marketing. The aim is to address constraints faced by the private sector through improved access to fisheries and aquaculture technologies, promote better fishing practices, encourage value addition technologies, enhance financial services, and foster markets link- ages. This will be achieved through the development of improved infrastructure, particularly in rural areas. The fisheries sector in Zanzibar is composed of capture fisheries and aquaculture. Artisanal fisheries dominate the capture fisheries sector, while seaweed dominates the aquaculture sector. Despite the declining contribu- tion of the fisheries sector to the national economy in recent years, it remains an important sector for food security and employment. The sector employs over 78,000 people, accounting for 8.5% of Zanzibar’s total workforce. In 2021, the fisheries sector reported a total fish catch of 47,114 tonnes, valued at TZS 237.1 billion, which represents a growth rate of 3.5%. 1.2 RATIONALE OF THE POLICY In 2002, the Revolutionary Government of Zanzibar (RGoZ) developed comprehensive Agricultural Sector Policy framework, which included other sub-sectors like crops, livestock, fisheries, cooperatives, forestry and environment. Since then, rapid changes in policy, structural reforms, legal and institutional environment to support sustainable development have ensued. The RGoZ has also implemented several sub-sector policies including the Zanzibar Forestry Policy and Implementation Plan (1995), the Zanzibar Food Security and Nutrition Policy and Program (2008), the Zanzibar Livestock Policy and Strategy 2012), the Zanzibar Agri- cultural Marketing Policy (2012). In line with the Zanzibar Development Vision 2050, the government formulated Zanzibar Blue Economy Policy in 2022. The policy identifies fisheries and aquacul- ture sector among the five Strategic Priority Areas in the Blue Economy. The formulation of Zanzibar Fish- eries Policy has been influenced by global, regional and national level policy frameworks that are in coherence with fisheries resource management, aquaculture development, marine environmental conservation as well as regional and international cooperation. 1.3 SCOPE OF THE POLICY The Zanzibar Fisheries Policy aims to promote sustain- able management and development of fisheries resource in internal and territorial waters of Zanzibar. The policy seeks to enhance the capacity to fishers to access deep sea fishing grounds while also creating an enabling environment for private sector investment in fisheries resources, processing, and value addition. Additionally, the policy emphasizes the importance of marine conservation; stakeholder engagement; fisheries knowledge and information; fish and fishery products utilization and marketing; fisheries and aqua- culture research and technologies, extension and training services; as well as infrastructure develop- ment. To achieve these objectives, the policy advocates for institutional strengthening and public-private part- nership (PPP) to support service delivery. Fisheries employs over 78000, accounting for 8.5% of Zanzibar’s total workforce. 2 | Policy linkages 1.4 POLICY LINKAGES The Zanzibar Fisheries Policy is a comprehensive framework developed to guide the sustainable devel- opment of the fisheries sector in Zanzibar. It takes into account the national, regional and global development contexts, and is guided by various legal regimes that govern policy implementation. These legal regimes include, among others, international agreements, national laws, and regional policies. 1.4.1 INTERNATIONAL AND REGIONAL POLICY LINKAGES 1.4.1.1 The UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) UNCLOS sets out the legal framework for conservation and sustainable use of all areas of the oceans and their resources. These include maritime rights and obliga- tions of states, including maritime space and resources. 1.4.1.2 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) SDG 14 calls for the conservation and sustainable use of oceans, seas, and marine resources for sustain- able development, and is interlinked with SDG 1 (End Poverty); SDG 2 (End Hunger), SDG 5 (Gender Equality), SDG 7 (Affordable and Clean Energy), SDG 8 (Decent Work and Economic growth) and SDG 13 (Climate Action). 1.4.1.3 African Union (AU) Agenda 2063 Under the Agenda 2063, the Fisheries sector is aligned with the Goal 6 (Ocean Economy for accelerated economic growth) and Goal 7 (Environmentally sustain- able climate and resilient economies and communities) of Aspiration 1. 1.4.1.4 2050 Africa’s Integrated Maritime Strategy (AIMS 2050) The overarching vision of the 2050 AIM Strategy is to foster increased wealth creation from Africa’s oceans and seas by developing a sustainable and thriving blue economy in a secure and environmentally sustainable manner. 1.4.1.5 African Union Blue Economy Strategy The Strategy guides inclusive and sustainable Africa-wide growth in coastal and marine sectors through advancing knowledge on sustainable fisheries, aquaculture, tourism, energy, maritime transport, energy, minerals, marine research, environmental sustainability, climate adaptation and social inclusion. 1.4.1.6 Protocol on Fisheries of the Southern African Development Community (SADC) The Protocol aims at conservation and sustainable use of living aquatic resources and aquatic ecosystems that are of interest to the members of SADC that are Party to this Protocol. 1.4.1.7 Lomé Charter The Charter addresses maritime safety and secu- rity and promotes sustainable resource utilization by preventing and suppressing Illegal Unreported and Unregulated Fishing (IUU) , marine pollution, and mari- time crimes while promoting early warning systems, coordination, training and capacity building, and sustainable development of the coastal and marine biodiversity. 1.4.1.8 Indian Ocean Rim Association (IORA) Blue Economy Declarations IORA promotes sustainable growth, job creation, envi- ronmental protection and optimal financing for Blue Economy development among IORA Member States. 1.4.1.9 Policy Framework and Reform Strategy for Fisheries and Aquaculture in Africa (PFRS) The Framework focuses on fisheries and related opportunities for livelihoods enhancement, based on the recognition that the sustainability of the fisheries depends upon better maritime governance. 1.4.1.10 Convention on the Elimination of all forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) CEDAW requires countries to eliminate discrimina- tion against women and girls in all areas, and promote women’s and girls’ equal rights. ZANZIBAR FISHERIES POLICY 2022 | 3 1.4.2 NATIONAL POLICIES AND STRATEGIES 1.4.2.1 Zanzibar Development Vision 2050 The Vision focuses on raising living standards and social wellbeing to achieve upper middle-income status for Zanzibar by 2050, and on the sustainable use of coastal and ocean resources. The Vision’s link to the Fisheries sector is through effective ocean manage- ment and ocean resource development for significant contribution to economic prosperity. 1.4.2.2 Zanzibar Development Plan (ZADEP) 2021-2026 The Plan aims to use the comparative advantages of Zanzibar as an island nation to transform livelihoods using sustainable blue economy opportunities. 1.4.2.3 CCM Election Manifesto (2020 - 2025) The Section 162(f) of Manifesto advocates Blue Economy implementation for socio-economic development across sectors of fisheries, aquaculture, maritime transport, conservation of coastal and marine biodiver- sity, marine spatial planning, oil and gas development, energy, and tourism. 1.4.2.4 Zanzibar Blue Economy Policy (2022) The Policy focuses on five Strategic Priority Areas, including Fisheries and Aquaculture, and seeks to promote inclusive economic growth, social devel- opment and environmental sustainability within the framework of coastal and ocean governance. It addresses fisheries and aquaculture challenges through sustainable utilization of fisheries resources while enhancing available opportunities and benefits. 1.4.2.5 Zanzibar National Forest Policy (1995) The Policy emphasizes on biodiversity conservation and soil and watershed protection, especially the conservation of mangroves, and coastal and marine species. 1.4.2.6 Agricultural Sector Policy (2002) The Policy emphasizes on the empowerment of local communities in sustainable agriculture, which is funda- mental to a sustainable fisheries development. 1.4.2.7 Zanzibar Water Policy (2004) The Policy promotes access to clean and safe water and ensures the protection of water sources and catchment areas including fragile coastal and ground- water aquifers. 1.4.2.8 Zanzibar HIV/AIDS Policy (2004) The Policy aims to prevent new HIV infections and provides support to infected populations within fish- eries communities. 1.4.2.9 Zanzibar Information Policy (2005) The Policy promotes community awareness and knowl- edge, including on fisheries development activities. 1.4.2.10 Zanzibar Youth Development Policy (2005) The Policy promotes awareness, capacity development and entrepreneurship among youth. This includes inno- vation and entrepreneurship, and access to capital, equipment, and markets in the Fisheries sub-sectors. 1.4.2.11 Trade Policy (2006) The Policy emphasizes a community-based devel- opment approach to encourage social cohesion in investment, increased local involvement and adoption of modern practices and systems. 1.4.2.12 Investment Policy (2005) The Policy promotes investment in fish processing industries and develops investment opportunity in deep sea fishing. It also emphasizes on easiness of investment through one stop centre institution of Zanzibar Investment Promotion Agency (ZIPA). 1.4.2.13 Zanzibar Education Policy (2006) The Policy has a role in mainstreaming fisheries and ocean governance, and in highlighting and promoting fisheries education in curriculum development. 1.4.2.14 Employment Policy (2008) The Policy promotes employment in the Fisheries sector to lift local communities out of poverty. It acknowledges fisheries and aquaculture as an important source of employment for local communi- ties, especially women and the youth. It emphasizes on 4 | Policy linkages private sector investment to increase national income and employment opportunities in the sector. 1.4.2.15 The Zanzibar Food Security and Nutrition Policy (2008) The Policy promotes equitable access to safe and nutritious food and endorses product certification. It acknowledges that increased food and nutrition secu- rity is largely dependent on increased fish and fishery products based on the sustainable development of the Fisheries sector. 1.4.2.16 Transport Policy (2008) The Policy advocates maritime infrastructure develop- ment linked to fisheries, particularly the development and modernization of maritime infrastructure (landing sites), services, trade, safety and security. 1.4.2.17 Zanzibar Energy Policy (2009) The Policy emphasizes safe, sustainable, and afford- able energy systems. It aims at satisfying the energy demand within the growth sectors of the economy, including fisheries. 1.4.2.18 Zanzibar Good Governance Policy (2011) The Policy aligns fisheries governance with the Sustain- able Development Goals. 1.4.2.19 Disaster Management Policy (2011) The Policy focuses on disaster management with emphasis on erratic rainfall patterns, food short- ages, marine accidents, fire outbreaks, terrestrial and marine degradation, depletion of mangrove resources, and the control of hazardous waste. 1.4.2.20 Zanzibar Health Policy (2011) The Policy regulates health and sanitation standards for marine commodities, including in export. 1.4.2.21 Zanzibar Local Government Policy (2012) The Policy promotes local-level good governance and socio-economic programs of the Government. 1.4.2.22 Zanzibar Environmental Policy (2013) The Policy focuses on environmental management through an appropriate governance framework on the coastal and marine environment, stressing on waste management, climate adaptation, integrated coastal zone management and combating marine pollution. 1.4.2.23 Zanzibar Agricultural Marketing Policy (2013) The Policy advocates for specific and concrete agri- cultural and market-related actions linked with the Fishery sector. 1.4.2.24 Zanzibar ICT Policy (2013) The Policy aims to transform Zanzibar into an informa- tion-based, digital economy society for investment and development. ICT Policy plays a major role in fisheries development. 1.4.2.25 Zanzibar Public-Private Partnership Policy (2014) The Policy promotes investments, financing, and modern infrastructure and public services through Public-Private Partnership (PPP). 1.4.2.26 Zanzibar Cooperative Development Policy (2014) The Policy promotes community empowerment, gender mainstreaming and cooperative development. 1.4.2.27 Zanzibar Climate Change Strategy (2014) The Policy addresses climate-induced risks and vulner- abilities related to the coastal and marine environment including sea level rise, beach erosion, coral bleaching, sea surface temperature rise, and climate-related diseases, and outlines adaptation plans. 1.4.2.28 Zanzibar Oil and Gas (Upstream) Policy (2016) The Policy focuses on the exploration and development of oil and gas (O&G) resources. Offshore O&G is linked to other blue economy areas such as Marine Spatial Plan- ning (MSP), fisheries and tourism. 1.4.2.29 Zanzibar Gender Policy (2016) The Policy aims to eliminate all forms of discrimina- tion among women and men; addresses gender gaps ZANZIBAR FISHERIES POLICY 2022 | 5 in access to marine resources, financial services and labour markets and promotes women’s empowerment across sectors, including seaweed farming, fisheries, aquaculture, maritime transport, oil & gas develop- ment and tourism. 1.4.2.30 Zanzibar Occupational Safety Policy (2017) The Policy promotes safe and healthy workplace conditions towards achieving increased national productivity. 1.4.2.31 Zanzibar Land Policy (2018) The Policy promotes sustainable land use aligned with the present and future needs of coastal zone and marine domain management. 1.4.2.32 Zanzibar Sports Policy (2018) The Policy promotes participation of society in marine and coastal water sports for socio economic and cultural development. 1.4.2.33 Zanzibar Tourism Policy (2018) The Policy promotes sustainable tourism with an emphasis on preserving Zanzibar’s cultural heritage and the environment. 1.4.2.34 Zanzibar Industrial Policy (2019) The Policy promotes inclusive, sustainable and environ- mentally safe industrial development in the Fisheries sector. 1.4.2.35 Zanzibar Maritime Strategy for International Maritime Organization (IMO) Instrument (2019) The Strategy seeks the enforcement of International Maritime Organization (IMO) instruments for maritime safety and security in coastal zones while ensuring compliance and engagement of seafarers in empower- ment and capacity building programs. 1.4.2.36 Zanzibar Marine Oil Spill Response Contingency Plan (2019) The Plan addresses human and ecosystem health concerns in the context of vessel-related marine oil spills and discharge. 1.4.2.37 Zanzibar Integrated Solid Waste Management Strategy (2019) The Strategy addresses the challenges of Solid Waste Management (SWM) for a safe environment in the context of protecting the ocean against land-based pollution sources. 1.4.2.38 Zanzibar Small and Medium Enterprise (SME) Policy (2020) The Policy creates conducive environment for the promotion of small and medium enterprises (SMEs) with a view to increasing employment and income earning opportunities. It highlights improving capacity in quality control and assurance in food processing, specifically for fish and fishery products. 1.4.2.39 Zanzibar Economic Empowerment Policy (2022) The Policy seeks to promote an enabling environ- ment for community economic empowerment in order to improve production, efficiency, productivity and marketing. 6 | Policy linkages ZANZIBAR FISHERIES POLICY 2022 | 7 2 CHAPTER TWO SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS 2.1 INTRODUCTION Zanzibar is an archipelago located about 35 km off the coast of Tanzania Mainland and, is comprised of two islands, Unguja and Pemba, along with approx- imately 50 small islets. The population is estimated to be 1,889,773 people, with an annual growth rate of 3.7 percent (Population census, 2022). Unguja has an area of about 1,666 km² while Pemba is 988 km². The total coastline of Zanzibar extends to 880 km, with an estimated 4,000 km² of fishing grounds for artisanal fisheries. The coastal areas of islands are charac- terized by rocky inlets and sandy beaches, lagoons, mangroves and coral reefs. The Revolutionary Govern- ment of Zanzibar (RGoZ) is responsible for managing the fisheries resources located in internal and terri- torial waters. Zanzibar’s territorial waters extends eastwards across the sea from the established base- line to a distance of twelve nautical miles. Fisheries and aquaculture is considered the stra- tegic sector for economic and social development of Zanzibar. The sectors are recognized in the Zanzibar Development Vision 2050, Zanzibar Blue Economy Policy 2022, Zanzibar Development Plan (2021-2026) and the CCM Election Manifesto 2020-2025 as key contributors to the national economy and employment. The sector has experienced rapid growth in the last two years in terms of production and productivity and is currently seen as a blueprint for the Zanzibar socio economic development. However, the development of both fisheries and aquaculture is still facing unprece- dented challenges. Therefore, there is a need for the functional fisheries policy to address these challenges and achieve the goals of fisheries development. 2.2 FISHERIES MANAGEMENT The Zanzibar Development Vision 2050 recognized the Fisheries sector as a key contributor to the national economy, providing income, employment, and food security. Majority of fishing activities in Zanzibar are small-scale, targeting tuna and tuna-like species, small pelagics, octopus, and coral reef fish. The offshore fishery, which uses long-line, purse seine and drifting gillnets, primarily targets small and medium species. According to the Fisheries Frame Survey (2020), As of 2020, the estimated number of fishermen in Zanzibar was 50,218 with 86 percent being males and 14 percent females. In addition, around 12,782 people are indirectly employed in fishing-related activities such as boat- building, gear repair, fish mongering, fish processing and marketing. Out of the recorded 7,919 fishing craft only 43% were fitted with outboard or inboard engines. Zanzibar’s Total Fish Catch faces a myriad of chal- lenges including lack of modern fishing equipment, overcrowding in inshore fishing zones, and inadequate enforcement of law to prevent the use of detsructive fishing gear. This stagnation in production is attributed to over-fishing in inshore waters and inadequate enforcement of law to prevent the use of destructive fishing gear and techniques. The existence manage- ment tools are proving to be insufficient in regulating the sector, hindered by the remoteness of fishing grounds, large numbers of fishers, and unsustainable fishing practice. The fishing industry is operating below its full poten- tial due to the use of small vessels, which limits fishery development and employment opportunities. In addi- tion, inshore stocks have been depleted while offshore grounds remain relatively untapped. The Deep-Sea Fishing Authority (DSFA) was established in 2009 to manage fishing in the Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) of the United Republic of Tanzania. The EEZ fishing is an important source of employment, hard currency, and government revenues through fisheries agree- ments and taxes. However, the economic value of the long-lining and purse-seining fisheries cannot be accurately measured if support activities occur far from the EEZ areas. Zanzibar has 880 km of coastline and 4,000 km² of fishing grounds for artisanal fisheries. Fisheries is recognized as a key contributor to the national economy and employment in Zanzibar’s development plans and policies. 8 | Aquaculture development Zanzibar, as part of Tanzania, has played a signifi- cant role in establishing effective Monitoring, Control and Surveillance (MCS) of fishing activities in the EEZ through the DSFA. The MCS include a vessel monitoring system, on-board observers, sea, air and shore patrols, monitoring of fish landings, marking of vessels and gear to facilitate monitoring, and reporting obligations by ships. This has been achieved through collaboration with various public agencies and institutions including the Tanzania Shipping Agency Corporation (TASAC), Zanzibar Maritime Authority (ZMA ), Ports Authorities (Mainland and Zanzibar), Police Navy, Tanzania People’s Defence Forces (Navy), Kikosi Maalum cha Kuzuia Magendo (KMKM), and private sector institutions. The DSFA Act and Regulations provide provisions for the inspection of fishing vessels, conducting air and sea patrols, monitoring fish landings to ensure that fishing vessels comply with licensing conditions. Despite the new economic reforms and policies imple- mented in Zanzibar, which have created favourable conditions for rapid economic development, there has been lack of adequately trained and motivated human resources in the Fisheries sector. This deficiency in human resources hinders the enforcement of fisheries laws, regulations, and policy frameworks. Therefore, it is crucial to strengthen the capacity of fisheries management institutions of through targeted training and management efforts. Furthermore, the fisheries sector in Zanzibar faces challenges related to illegal, unreported and unregu- lated (IUU) fishing, primarily due to insufficient capacity and resources for monitoring, control and surveil- lance. To address issue, it is necessary to establish a robust and efficient MCS system in Zanzibar, supported by modern tools and technology. According to the FAO Report, IUU fishing occurs in all type and dimen- sions of fisheries, both on high seas and areas with national jurisdiction. Zanzibar also lacks applied training institutions for the fisheries sector at the vocational, certificate, diploma and tertiary levels. Although progress has been made towards capacity building of Shehia Fisheries Commit- tees (SFCs) at the community level, particularly in the Marine Conservation Areas (MCAs), continuous efforts are required to further enhance capacity building initiatives. At the national level, there are no associa- tions representing fishers and relevant stakeholders. Collaborative management is required for the effec- tive enforcement of fisheries laws and the promote environment conservation education. Therefore, it is essential to improve dialogue between the fisheries administration and fishery stakeholders. 2.3 AQUACULTURE DEVELOPMENT The Aquaculture in Zanzibar includes the farming of seaweed, fish, crabs, sea cucumbers and other marine organisms, which are a viable complement to capture fisheries. Seaweed farming is the most widespread mariculture activity carried out in commercial scale, supporting the livelihoods of thousands of women in the coastal communities. In 2021, seaweed was among Zanzibar’s main cash crops exporting over 12 thou- sands tons with value of over TZS 7.1 billions. As wild fish stock continues to decline, aquaculture systems have become increasingly important for meeting food and employment demands. While aqua- culture is a relatively new entrant in Zanzibar, there are potential areas for its growth, including ponds, cages and intertidal zones. Species with rearing potential include milkfish, mullets, lobsters, oysters, sea cucum- bers and crabs. To promote aquaculture activities, the government has established a mariculture hatchery for the production of fingerlings for marine finfish, sea cucumber and crabs. With the support of the govern- ment and the hard work of coastal communities, aquaculture has the potential to become an even more important industry in Zanzibar in the years to come. Seaweed farming has been practiced in Zanzibar for the past three decades. It is noteworthy that 80% of more than 23,000 seaweed farmers in Zanzibar are women.. Seaweed farming has emerged as a viable alternative source of income for coastal communities. Women run home industries, organised into registered associations, play a significant role in the production and selling of various seaweed-based products such as soaps, oil, balms, sweets and drinks. Shehia Fisheries Committees (SFCs) play a vital role in Marine Conservation Areas (MCAs), where they have been instrumental in capacity building at the community level. Zanzibar exported over 12 thousands tons of seaweed in 2021 valued TZS 7.1 billions ZANZIBAR FISHERIES POLICY 2022 | 9 Seaweed cultivation involves two species of red algae, Eucheuma denticulatum, also known as spinosum, and Kappaphycus alvarezii, known as cottonii. However, almost all of the current output is of spinosum, which fetches a lower market price than cottonii. However, there are several challenges that these farmers face, including diseases such as die-off, ice-ice and epiphytic infection, as well as low prices offered by buyers. Addi- tionally, limited supply of inputs, inadequate technical capacity, and theft and security-related concerns also pose significant challenges to the industry. The expansion of tourist hotels and associated access restrictions placed on farming and drying activities in intertidal and upper shoreline zones is yet another challenge that the industry faces. Inadequate business skills among farmers and the limited market access also place significant economic constraints on mariculture development. To address these challenges, there is a clear role for the private sector in facilitating small-scale farming, identifying new products, introducing new processing technolo- gies, securing market access and shares, and seeking opportunities for value addition. However, inadequate governance systems, and a lack of coordination among ministries also pose challenge to the development mariculture in Zanzibar. 2.4 MARINE RESOURCES PROTECTION AND CONSERVATION Marine Conservation Areas (MCAs) in Zanzibar have been established to protect and conserve local ecosys- tems. These areas play a crucial role in maintaining fish stock, restoring habitat, and promoting tourism activ- ities. Currently, there are five MCAs (Table 1) covering an area of approximately 2161.7km2. It’s worth noting that this area is slightly smaller than the total land area of Zanzibar, which is approximately 2350 km2. The management of MCAs presents opportunities for income generation. However, despite the existence of general management plans, conflicting interests among marine users pose a threat to effective management. MARINE CONSERVATION AREA DATE ESTABLISHED AREA (km2) Pemba Channel Conservation Area (PECCA) 2005 825.8 Menai Bay Conservation Area (MBCA) 1997 717.5 Mnemba Island Marine Conservation Area (MIMCA) 2002 337.3 Tumbatu Marine Conservation Area (TUMCA) 2014 162.9 Changu-Bawe Marine Conservation Area (CHABAMCA) 2014 118.2 Coral reefs are critical habitats that provide shelter, food and spawning grounds for many organisms. These habitats are critical for artisanal fisheries and support over 45 percent of the fishing activity. Unfortunately, the increasing the demand for fishery resources, due to population growth and tourism development, has led to the use of destructive fishing techniques and destructive fishing practices and intensified fishing pressure. The impact of pollution and climate change have also contributed to the degradation of coral reefs. Restoring these habitat requires the collabo- rative efforts of various stakeholders within a strong co-management framework. Despite the poten- tial benefits of recreational fishing, also known as s sport fishing, in advancing fisheries technology and benefiting related industries like marine tourism, its potential has not been widely promoted in Zanzibar. The importance of recreational fishing cannot be over- looked, and therefore, the Zanzibar Fisheries policy 10 | Marine resources research and development and related legislations will regulate broad spectrum of recreational fishing, including aquarium fisheries throughout Zanzibar. Zanzibar is home to variety of endangered marine species including dugongs, whales, dolphins, sharks, rays and turtles. These species are not only important for maintaining biodiversity but also for Eco-tourism activities. Unfortunately, there is a lack of information on their population numbers and status. Additionally, their migratory patterns and movements are not well understood, which makes it difficult to implement sustainable conservation and environmentally-friendly marine tourism. The global demand for coral reef prod- ucts, including shells, sea cucumbers and finfish, and valuable invertebrates like conch, giant clams, cockle shells, mussels, cowries and lobsters, is significant. Consequently, it becomes crucial to manage coral reefs in sustainable manner. Currently, the trade of coral and related species is subject to regulations governed by the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES), and requires special permit. However, there is lack of sufficient capacity to effec- tively manage marine conservation areas and other fishing grounds. The development of a comprehensive approach to marine and coastal zone management that minimize conflicts among users is still pending. Zanzibar needs to create a Marine Spatial Plan, which involves a vital public process that analyzes and allocates the spatial and temporal distribution of human activity in marine areas to achieve ecological, economic and social objectives. Unfortunately, cultural values are not adequately integrated into management regimes, and there is a lack of knowledge sharing and sense of shared ownership. As a result, the existing regulatory framework faces several challenges that must be addressed to ensure effective management and conservation of marine resources. 2.5 MARINE RESOURCES RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT For over 30 years, there has been a significant increase in global research output in fisheries science and aqua- culture. This surge in research is driven by the need for more scientific knowledge to support fisheries management for ecosystem-based approach. Addi- tionally, the growing importance of aquaculture, which involves growing range of species, has also contributed to the emphasis on research in this area. In Zanzibar, intensive research programs focusing on fisheries and marine resources began in the late 1970s. Prominent institutions involved in this research included the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and the East African Marine Fisheries Research Organization (EAMFRO). After the collapse of the East African Community in 1977, the responsibilities of EAMFRO were transferred to the Insti- tute of Marine Sciences of University of Dar-es-salaam (IMS). Research efforts at that time focused on fisheries biology, corals, mangroves and sea grass ecosystems, fishing gears and protected areas. In 2019, the Revolu- tionary Government of Zanzibar (RGoZ) created a new research institute called Zanzibar Fisheries and Marine Resources Research Institute (ZAFIRI). This institute is responsible for overseeing and regulating all fisheries and marine resources research in Zanzibar. ZAFIRI’s goal is to help the government make better decisions about how to manage the fisheries sector. Despite establishment of ZAFIRI, the fisheries research and statistical systems in Zanzibar face several chal- lenges related to data collection and reporting. The process of collecting and analyzing data is expensive and time-consuming. Limited human and financial resources, along with and insufficient data-collection systems have resulted in low-quality information with limited application in fisheries management and policy development. Although the prevalence of marine coral related diseases in Zanzibar and the South-West Indian Ocean (SWIO) region is still relatively low, there are indi- cators of their increasing incidences, potentially due to the introduction of new species from affected areas. One notable constraint in the sector is the absence of a competent authority with suitable infrastruc- ture and capacity to regulate the quality of fisheries and aquaculture products. As a result, there exists a gap between research findings and their translation into effective management practices. In the seaweed farming, research has primarily focused on agronomic and farming aspects. However, there is a significant gap in research regarding the Eucheuma species and the development of new varieties for human consumption, medical purposes and animal and aquaculture feed. Zanzibar Fisheries and Marine Resources Research Institute (ZAFIRI) was founded in 2019 ZANZIBAR FISHERIES POLICY 2022 | 11 2.6 MARKET ACCESS, VALUE ADDITION AND INFRASTRUCTURE The Revolutionary Government of Zanzibar (RGoZ) is actively pursuing the accelerated growth of semi- and fully-industrial fisheries as priority. This focus on industrial fishing encompasses activities within the internal waters, territorial waters and EEZ as well as processing of marine products. Fish processing involves a diverse range of activities such as cleaning, filleting, icing, packing, canning, freezing, smoking, salting, drying, and other methods of preparing prod- ucts for market. The success of these initiatives along the fisheries and aquaculture value chain will stimu- late export and reduce imported fisheries products. Deep-sea fishing presents opportunities for harvesting and processing various marine species for exports. These opportunities include pelagic fish species, crus- taceans, mollusks, mackerels, tuna, wrasses, rays, rock cods, snappers, mullets, eels, and parrotfish. Fish landing sites serve as central hubs for marketing and initial post-harvest processing activities. Typically, fish is sold through auction at these sites. However, a major issues arises from the inadequate storage facilities for marine products, resulting in significant Post-Harvest Losses (PHL). According to FAO (2012), there is an estimated an average of 25% PHL along the value chain. Despite the high local demand for fish, the distribution to consumers faces obstacles due to insufficient marketing channels. The steady rise in fish price is indicative of declining supplies and increased demand, especially from the tourism industry. Buyers and their agents play a significant role in exporting the majority of the small pelagics catch to the Democratic republic of Congo (DRC) , as they directly collect dried or salt-dried fish from beaches. Efforts have been made to enhance the processing and pack- aging of small pelagics fish, resulting in higher prices for processors. However, there are still issues to be addressed regarding local food security and hygiene. The Fishery sector’s contribution to the export market remains low due to various factors. One key factor is the high demand for fish in local markets, leading to limited availability for export. Additionally, poor quality control systems pose challenge in meeting interna- tional standards. Currently, fisheries and aquaculture products are primarily sold raw or with low processing. The value addition and marketing activities are small- scale and of poor quality, partly due to insufficient investments in technology and equipment. There is notable lack of studies conducted on value chains, particularly in relation to the seaweed industry. The seaweed value chain currently concludes with the export of the raw dried product, with farmers receiving 0.26 percent of world prices. The potential for marketing systems and entrepreneurship related to local fishery produce remains largely untapped. Immediate measures are required to address issues such as inadequate skills, technology and facilities for processing and value addition. The lack of capital and expertise has hindered the exploitation of deep-sea resources by local fishers. Determining the Maximum Sustainable Yield (MSY), a crucial aspect of sustainable fisheries management, is still pending, particularly for offshore fisheries. Export volume of significant prod- ucts like seashells and sea cucumbers have declined as the availability in abundance has diminished. Inad- equate storage facilities restrict the distribution, preservation and price of marine products. Export-re- lated procedures are complex and time-consuming, involving multiple financial costs and interactions with various authorities. The distribution system has created opportunities for intermediate traders to buy products at low prices and to sell them at inflated rates. There are no guidelines or institutional mechanisms regulating the marketing of fisheries commodities. Inadequate facilities for product packaging and lack of quality-checking tools further exacerbate the challenges. Artisanal fishers finds fish- eries input supplies and services are unaffordable. Additionally, there is lack of information regarding the nature of the seaweed export market, with monopolies exerting control over seaweed markets. To truly trans- form the fisheries sector into competitive industry, interventions are necessary to change stakeholder mindsets. This includes promoting greater investment and enterprise development within the sector. Estab- lishing world class quality certification and assurance facilities, and developing local, regional and interna- tional market infrastructure and marketing systems are also crucial steps to be taken. According to the FAO, an estimated 25% of fish is lost after harvesting. 12 | Cross-cutting and emerging issues 2.7 CROSS-CUTTING AND EMERGING ISSUES The Fisheries and Aquaculture sector in Zanzibar provides employment to 79,856 people, with women comprising 29 percent of the workforce. Within the sector, at least 62.89 percent are engaged in fish harvesting, of which 14 percent are women. Seaweed farming involves 19.86 percent of the sector, with women constituting 74 percent. Women play a signifi- cant role in the sector. For many coastal communities, fishing and aquacul- ture serve as the primary source of income and food security. These communities often face poverty and limited rights to productive resources. They lack necessary skills and qualifications to access more lucrative sectors of the economy. Therefore, there is a need to enhance the livelihood strategies of fishing communities by promoting better integration into social and economic programs and services, with focus on addressing gender-related concerns. The Zanzibar Blue Economy Policy of 2022 recognizes the impor- tance of active participation of men, women, youth and people with special needs in the fishery sector. The 2014 Strategy for Improved Fisheries Governance and Management in Zanzibar acknowledges the need to prioritize gender issues and recommends conducting value chain analysis to benefit women fishers. Similar to other Small Island Developing States (SIDS), Zanzibar is vulnerable to sea level rise due to its small landmass, concentration of populations, livelihood, and protection against extreme events. Climate change has significant implications for Zanzibar, as rising ocean temperatures and ocean acidification disrupt aquatic ecosystems, fish distribution and the productivity of marine species, impacting the overall sustainability of the sector. Coral bleaching, caused by increasing sea surface temperatures, damage coral reef systems and populations depend on them. Climate change also leads to species migration and sea level rise, which damages mangroves. The Government recognizes the long-term effects of climate change, and the need for disaster manage- ment programme that includes adaptation and preparedness. In 2014, a climate change strategy was approved, and the Nationally Determined Contributions for Tanzania were approved in 2021 to guide climate change mitigation and adaptation efforts. One of the challenges faced is the lack of well-documented and accepted risk profiles for the various sub-sectors, making it difficult to plan and implement mitigation risk and preparedness measures. The costs associated with such measure can be high, while the benefits may appear uncertain. The Policy aims to combat fisheries crime and smuggling through staff capacity building and provision of modern equipment. However, there is limited experience in risk-sensitive public investment planning and risk financing in Zanzibar. Additionally, Capacity in Government institutions for risk manage- ment is underdeveloped. Therefore, there is a need to develop the capacity for risk management within government institutions. Zanzibar, within the frame- work of URT, is a party to a number of Fisheries treaties, voluntary instruments and Institutional frameworks. The key challenge is to strengthen institutional and human capacity to comply with international treaties. ZANZIBAR FISHERIES POLICY 2022 | 13 3 CHAPTER THREE VISION, MISSION AND OBJECTIVES 3.1 INTRODUCTION As per the Zanzibar Development Vision 2050, Zanzibar has set its sights on promoting sustainable fish pro- duction for both domestic consumption and export as means to diversify the economy. This objective rec- ognizes the need to strike a balance between environ- ment considerations, socio-economic structures and the well being of the people. To achieve this, the Zanzi- bar Development Plan (ZADEP) emphasizes the impor- tance of intensifying and diversifying the production of high-quality fisheries and aquaculture products, as well as marine and blue carbon products. The initial focus of ZAPED is on empowering of fisheries and aquaculture communities in sustainable production. This involves providing them with the necessary support, resources, and knowledge to adopt environmentally friendly prac- tices and enhance the quality of their products. 3.2 VISION AND MISSION The fisheries sector is a key component of Zanzibar’s Blue Economy. It contributes to the national economy through employment, exports, and government rev- enue. The sector also plays an important role in food security and nutrition. The VISION of the fisheries sec- tor is that the and the MISSION is 3.3 POLICY OBJECTIVES The primary goal of the Zanzibar Fisheries Policy is to facilitate the sustainable development of the Fisher- ies sector. The policy has specific objectives, which include to: 1. Enhance Fisheries sector performance through improved fisheries initiatives that meet the needs of fisheries and aquaculture stakeholders. 2. Promote fish and aquaculture production by employing modern fisheries and aquaculture technologies. 3. Promote environmental management through ocean restoration, protection and conservation of marine biodiversity and ecosystems. 4. Promote state-of-the-art cutting-edge research innovations in fisheries and ocean science to unleash blue economy opportunities. 5. Improve the quality of fisheries value chains through reduction in post-harvest losses, enhancement of safety and hygiene standards, marketing, and infrastructure services to meet international acceptability. 6. Improve household food and nutritional security through sustainable management of fisheries resources; and 7. Promote and improve social inclusion in fisher- ies through local community support, women’s empowerment and the engagement of youth and people with special needs.” Fisheries as the leading blue economy sector contributing to better socio-economic standards of the Zanzibaris and increased GDP“ ” To achieve the development of sustainable fisheries initiatives through marine and aquaculture resources management and conservation, value addition infrastructure, while ensuring social wellbeing and environmental sustainability and protection against climate change “ 14 | Guiding principles 3.4 GUIDING PRINCIPLES The guiding principles of the Fisheries Policy are aligned with national development priorities below: 1. Sustainability: The policy focuses on promot- ing sustainable practices that avoid negative social, economic and environmental impacts. It aims to strengthen community capacity to man- age coastal and marine resources, through the co-management approach. 2. Conservation: The policy seeks to ensure the effective management of marine ecosystems, with the goal of preserving the integrity of sen- sitive ecosystems and marine biodiversity. 3. Research: The policy emphasizes the impor- tance of demand-driven scientific research to inform decision making in the development and management of fishery and aquaculture resources. 4. Poverty reduction: Poverty reduction is closely linked to the improvement of fisheries manage- ment and the control of fishing capacity. The policy promote pro-poor initiatives in fishing and related activities. 5. Gender and Equity: The policy strives for equita- ble participation of men, women and youth in the fishery sector and is sought through transparent and equitable rules and frameworks. 6. Partnership: The policy encourages stakeholder involvement in decision-making for the man- agement of fisheries and aquaculture initiatives is sought through Public-Private Partnership arrangements. 7. Co-Management: In line with the current prac- tice of marine conservation, participatory man- agement with local fishers, Local Government Authorities (LGAs), non-governmental organi- zations (NGOs), community-based organizations (CBOs), public institutions, private sector insti- tutions, development partners, and environment champions is encouraged. 8. Extension Services: Special attentions is given to education, awareness raising and training of private and community-based institutions to promote more formalized economic sector activities in the fisheries. 9. Monitoring, Control and Surveillance in fisheries management: The policy emphasizes effective monitoring control and surveillance in fisheries development and management. The application of Priority measures for Strong Enforcement (PSE) is given particular attention. 10. Transparency and accountability: The policy promotes mainstreaming of good governance principles to guide public action to improve deci- sion-making. 11. Empowerment: The Policy ensures active par- ticipation of fishers including women, youth and other vulnerable groups in the management of fisheries sector. 12. Competition: The policy aims to ensure fair com- petition in the fishery industry so as to maximize social returns for the current and future gener- ation. 13. Corporate social responsibility: The Policy will advocate for corporate social responsibility to the potential actors. 14. Strong governance and Poverty reduction: The Policy promotes good governance in the course of implementation. ZANZIBAR FISHERIES POLICY 2022 | 15 4 CHAPTER FOUR POLICY ISSUES, STATEMENTS AND STRATEGIES 4.1 INTRODUCTION The Zanzibar Fisheries Policy focuses on six strategic areas, with each detailed in terms of policy matters, statements and strategies as outlined below: 4.2 FISHERIES MANAGEMENT 4.2.1 INSTITUTIONAL CAPACITY Policy Issue: The enforcement of fisheries law and related policy framework is hindered by defi- ciencies in institutional, technological, human and financial capacities, which pose chal- lenges to the effective management of fisher- ies resources. Although the recent economic reforms have created conditions for rapid eco- nomic growth, the availability of sufficiently trained and motivated human resources on large scale remains limited in Zanzibar. The absence of strong training institutions specific to the sector exacerbates this issue, while the lack of the national level for fishers and other relevant further contribute to the challenges faced. Policy Statement: In collaborative effort with the pri- vate sector, The government will work toward developing mechanisms aimed at enhancing the institutional , technological, financial and human resources capacity of the sector. Implementation Strategies: 1. Strengthen fisheries management institutions for efficient service delivery; 2. Invest in human resources recruitment and development; 3. Establish and maintain public fisheries and aquaculture training infrastructure; 4. Encourage private sector to invest in fisheries and aquaculture technologies and training insti- tutions; 5. Improve stakeholder involvement mechanisms to enhance fisheries development; 6. Facilitate access to finance to fisher folks and aqua–farmers; 7. Encourage for the establishment of insurance schemes across Fisheries sector; 8. Promote and support establishment of fisher- ies-related saving and credit cooperative soci- eties and associations; 9. Establish and operationalize dedicated funds for the development of the fisheries sector. 4.2.2 COLLABORATIVE MANAGEMENT Policy Issue: The existing collaborative management approach is insufficient to enforce fisheries laws and promote environment conservation education. As a result, communities have limited technological access, and their fishing activ- ities are limited to inshore and shallow waters. The fishing industry therefore operates below its potential. This hampers the fishing industry from operating at its full potential. The exist- ing system lacks strong connections between research and extension services, as well as inadequate approaches for disseminating infor- mation. Additionally, there is shortage of skilled personnel, and limited information is available on crucial aspects such as credit, prices, mar- kets, post-harvest management, quality and safety standards. Policy Statement: The Government shall enhance active community participation in fisheries through collaborative management to ensure compliance, improve fisheries management and exploit the potential for enhancing the develop- ment, adaptation and adoption of appropriate technologies and decision-making process. Implementation Strategies: 1. Encourage community participation in decision making process in fisheries management; 2. Promote a collaborative and gender-responsive ecosystem approach to fisheries management; 3. Promote community participation through pro- vision of extension services to enhance devel- opment, adaptation and adoption of efficient technologies. 16 | Fisheries management 4. Promote formation of fisher-folks and aqua– farmers cooperatives and associations to enhance delivery of extension service; 5. Design and implement mechanisms for gather- ing information on fisheries resources manage- ment; 6. Advocate community engagement on the use of information and communication technologies; 7. Promote community participation on alternative livelihood options in order to reduce the pres- sure on fisheries. 4.2.3 CAPITAL INVESTMENT Policy Issue: Despite the significant potential for industrial fishing and fish processing, there is lack of adequate capital for investment in the fisheries sector. Furthermore, the necessary mechanisms to transform artisanal fishery into industrial fishing have not been established yet. Policy Statement: The Government shall promote investment in industrial fishing to capitalize on available processing and marketing potentials. Implementation Strategies: 1. Promote investment in industrial fishing and processing facilities; 2. Facilitate construction of fishing harbours and landing sites; ; 3. Support the transformation of the artisanal fish- ery into industrial fishing. 4.2.4 PRODUCTION AND PRODUCTIVITY Policy Issue: Fisheries in Zanzibar is primarily con- fined in the reefs and has experienced several challenges that could be by several factors including increased use of destructive fishing practices that destroy marine ecosystems and reduce productivity, inadequate supply of fish- ery inputs and services, failure to exploit eco- nomic benefits from industrial fisheries, lim- ited technologies to determine the Maximum Sustainable Yield (MSY). Zanzibar has yet to fully harness economic benefits from the industrial fisheries operating within the Tanzania Exclu- sive Economic Zone (EEZ). Traditional fisheries knowledge promote sustainable utilization of marine resources, and its wider integration into sustainable fisheries management. Policy Statement: The Government shall promote the development of domestic offshore industrial fishing and enhance the capacity of artisanal fishers while preserving a traditional knowledge to undertake productive and sustainable fishing harmonized with the offshore industrial fishing fleet to enhance decent job. Implementation Strategies: 1. Develop and manage integrated Fish Aggregat- ing Device (FAD) programme; 2. Enhance development of fishers’ associations to facilitate access to finance for modern fishing. 3. Promote the development of a domestic off- shore industrial fishing fleet targeting tuna and tuna-like species; 4. Sensitize financial institutions to provide access to inputs, services and credit facilities to fisher folks and aqua–farmers; 5. Promote fisheries training and on-the-spot demonstrations to enhance quick technology adoption and transfer; 6. Establish and maintain robust catch monitoring and stock assessment systems to ensure realis- tic allocation of catch targets; 7. Promote and encourage the use of traditional knowledge to enhance sustainable fishing; 8. Protect critical habitats to enhance fish repro- duction and therefore maintain fisheries sus- tainability. 4.2.5 MONITORING, CONTROL AND SURVEILLANCE (MCS) Policy Issue: The effectiveness of the current Moni- toring, Control, and Surveillance (MCS) system is hindered by a lack of skilled personnel and surveillance facilities, which in turn impairs its ability to monitor and control of illegal fishing activities. The remote nature of fishing areas, coupled with the increasing numbers of fish- ers and open-access fishing regimes, necessi- tates the establishment of robust MCS systems. Over-fishing in inshore waters, non-compliance with fishing regulations and inadequate law enforcement against the use of destructive ZANZIBAR FISHERIES POLICY 2022 | 17 fishing gear and techniques have resulted in a decline in fish catch. Policy Statement: The Government shall enhance the capacity of the MCS system to ensure compli- ance with management regulations and mea- sures. Implementation Strategies: 1. Invest in MCS-skilled human resources develop- ment; 2. Equip the MCS system with sufficient and effi- cient facilities. 4.2.6 REVIEW EXISTING FISHERIES LAWS AND REGULATIONS. Policy issue: The Fisheries sector has experienced Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated (IUU) fishing, associated with low level of compliance in Fish- eries legislations and inadequate trans-bound- ary coordination in small scale fisheries. Policy Statement: The Government shall strengthen technical competence of fisheries sector as well as provision of modern tools and equipment including awareness for local fishers and pro- mote Regional Cooperation. Implementation Strategies: 1. Raising awareness and capacity building for fishers and local community ; 2. Invest in MCS-skilled human resources develop- ment; 3. Equip the MCS system with sufficient and effi- cient facilities; 4. Review and operationalized fisheries laws and regulations; 5. Enforce air and sea patrol; 6. Enhance National and regional cooperation 4.3 AQUACULTURE DEVELOPMENT 4.3.1 AQUACULTURE MANAGEMENT Policy Issue: The management of aquaculture faces various challenges, particularly in terms of gov- ernance systems that are often characterized by opacity and conflicting policies. Moreover, conflicts arise between fishing and seaweed communities and other marine users, such as tourism and hotel ventures, when access to farming and drying sites in intertidal and upper shoreline zones are blocked. Occupational health issues related to aquaculture production, and prevalence of seaweed diseases pose fur- ther challenges. The potential for investment in coastal aquaculture remains largely untapped. Consequently, the Government will collaborate with private sector and community to promote aquaculture, with the aim of addressing these challenges and fostering sustainable aquacul- ture practices. Policy Statement: The Government shall strengthen aquaculture governance systems to ensure efficient coordination among actors, mitigate conflicts over resource use and improve health conditions while promoting decent employment. Implementation Strategies: 1. Develop and implement coordination mecha- nisms to promote good governance and conflict resolution; 2. Strengthen surveillance and control of health conditions of producers, and of flora and fauna; 3. Promote aquaculture and generate income for all actors along its value chain; 4. Encourage local community in coastal aquacul- ture practices; 5. Promote collaboration with private sector in coastal aquaculture investment; 6. Promote capacity of local staff and fishers and link them with incubation centres. 18 | Marine resources protection and conservation 4.3.2 AQUACULTURE TECHNOLOGY Policy Issue: Insufficient technology capacity and support, limited value addition for aquaculture products, weak business skills and limited mar- ket access are key factors contribution to the inadequacies aquaculture development. These challenges are interrelated and impede the progress of the aquaculture sector. Policy Statement: The Government shall promote and regulate the advancement, innovation and appli- cation of efficient technologies in aquaculture development. Implementation Strategies: 1. Promote and strengthen capacity for effective management with adequate skills in production technologies, aqua-farms and aqua-business management, post-production technologies and marketing of aquaculture products; 2. Promote the use of Traditional Knowledge and ensure effective information dissemination to various actors; 3. Establish and enhance a conducive environment for investment in appropriate aquaculture tech- nologies and technology development. 4.3.3 AQUACULTURE INPUTS Policy Issue: The development of aquaculture in Zanzi- bar faces challenges due to lack of quality input supplies. The limited availability of essential inputs compel fish farmers to rely on collecting seeds from the wild. This situation not only ham- pers the growth and sustainability of aquacul- ture but also poses risks to the natural environ- ment. Adequate access to quality input supplies is crucial for the successful development and long-term viability of the aquaculture sector in Zanzibar. Policy Statement: The Government shall encour- age and support private sector-led initiatives towards enhancing availability of quality inputs, strengthening technical support services and initial investment capital for the development of the aquaculture industry. Implementation Strategies: 1. Promote and support private sector engage- ment towards timely acquisition of quality aqua feeds, seeds and other related inputs; 2. Regulate and control the quality of aquaculture inputs; 3. Support actors to access appropriate aquacul- ture inputs. 4.4 MARINE RESOURCES PROTECTION AND CONSERVATION 4.4.1 MARINE CONSERVATION Policy Issue: There is lack of adequate capacity to effectively manage marine conservation areas and other fishing grounds. The vulnerability of most coral reef populations is a concern, and our understanding of the extent of their influence on the reefs is limited. Additionally, the migra- tory patterns of critical species remain poorly known. It is essential to implement measures for environmentally friendly marine tourism, rec- reational fishing (sport fishing) and the preven- tion of destructive fishing practices. Achieving these goals necessitate cooperation from a wide range of stakeholders within a strong co-man- agement framework. By strengthening capac- ity, improving research and understanding, and fostering collaboration among stakeholders, we can enhance the management of marine conservation areas and fishing grounds for the long-term conservation and sustainable use of marine resources. Policy Statement: The Government shall enhance sec- toral capacity in managing marine conservation areas by promoting appropriate fishing methods and gears, marine tourism including recreational fishing (sport fishing) within conservation areas to arrest degradation, restore habitat and con- serve the quality of the environment. Implementation Strategies 1. Review and implement General Management Plans (GMPs) in Marine Conservation Areas (MCAs), parks and sanctuaries for efficient man- agement; ZANZIBAR FISHERIES POLICY 2022 | 19 2. Encourage the use of appropriate fishing meth- ods and gears in Marine Conservation Areas; 3. Promote recreational fishing including sport fishing and game fishing; 4. Promote private sector financing and commu- nity participation in conserving and managing aquatic resources; 5. Develop and implement special plans for safe- guarding vulnerable and endangered species and their habitats; and 6. Enhance the creation of refugia through imple- mentation of agreed zoning within Marine Con- servation Areas, parks and sanctuaries; 7. Enhance life safety and occupational health to fishers; 8. Promote life insurance to fishers. 4.4.2 MARINE RESOURCES PLANNING Policy Issue: To ensure effective coastal zone man- agement and promote conservation, a compre- hensive and holistic approach is required. This approach should address potential conflicts among different users and prioritize conserva- tion efforts. Merely having information about key ecosystems is inadequate, especially consider- ing the globalization of marine resource prod- ucts, which often leads to unsustainable levels of demand. Therefore, it is crucial to integrate cultural values into management strategies to ensure that the diverse perspectives and tra- ditions of local communities are respected and preserved. Policy Statement: The Government shall facilitate co-management of coastal zone areas to ensure sound environmental management. Implementation Strategies 1. Review and implement Integrated Coastal Zone Management Plans (ICZM); 2. Develop and implement programs to impart environmental knowledge to local communities; 3. Establish and maintain linkages and coordina- tion for an integrated approach to coastal man- agement; 4. Promote the use of area-based management tools in Marine Resources Planning. 4.4.3 MARINE SPATIAL PLANNING (MSP) Policy Issue: The demand for fishery resources has been steadily increasing due to population growth and tourism development. However, con- flicting interests among various marine users pose significant challenges to achieve sustain- able management practices. The lack of effec- tive law enforcement further exacerbates these issues. The depletion of marine resources in certain areas has forced fishers to seek alterna- tive fishing grounds, leading to conflicts among different user groups. Policy Statement: The Government shall facilitate marine spatial planning by contributing neces- sary fisheries-related information towards the planning process. Implementation Strategies 1. Promote awareness-raising, technical and man- agerial capacity, and expertise on MSP fisher- ies-related data acquisition; 2. Conduct comprehensive fisheries-related MSP consultation and research; 3. Implement and enforce MSP. 4.5 MARINE RESOURCES RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT (R&D) 4.5.1 CAPACITY AND TECHNOLOGY Policy Issue: The capacity for research and develop- ment (R&D) related to fisheries, aquaculture, and other marine resources is currently insufficient. This inadequacy arises from several factors, including limited human and financial capacity, weak access to research and analytical capac- ity, poor data collection and reporting systems, and lack of information on marine species. These limitations significantly impact the deci- sion-making processes involved in fisheries and aquaculture management. Policy Statement: The government shall enhance capacity for research and development in the Fisheries sector to adequately inform sectoral management. 20 | Market access, value addition, infrastructure, quality control and standards. Implementation Strategies 1. Strengthen fisheries-related R&D capacity to match future development needs; 2. Enhance a knowledge-based Fisheries Informa- tion and Data Management system; 3. Advocate for the introduction of Fisheries and Aquaculture-based programs in the national education system; 4. Undertake stock assessments; 5. Engage with reputable research institutions. 4.5.2 RESEARCH FUNDING Policy Issue: Limited funds allocated to research and development limit progress, restrict research efforts to a business-as-usual approach. In the specific context of Zanzibar and the South-West Indian Ocean (SWIO), there is limited availability of research on marine diseases. Additionally, most databases contain limited information on fish catch and effort data. Policy Statement: The Government shall strengthen an enabling environment to attract funding for priority fisheries-related research areas. Implementation Strategies 1. Develop Fisheries-related R&D partnerships; 2. Develop innovative financing mechanisms to support fisheries-related research at all levels; 3. Partner with Universities and other institutions for joint research. 4.5.3 INFORMATION MANAGEMENT Policy Issue: The current Fisheries Information Man- agement System is insufficient, and there is a need more systematic improvement. To address this issue, the government should prioritize the promotion and implementation of and efficient and robust system that aligns with e-govern- ment principles. This system should encompass Fisheries and Marine ecosystem monitoring sys- tems, ensuring the collection, management, and dissemination of relevant information. Policy Statement: The Government shall establish a dedicated fisheries and marine ecosystem information management system to provide support for various aspects including Monitor- ing, Control, and Surveillance (MCS), catch data management, licencing and marketing. Implementation Strategies 1. Designate market information system for fisher- ies and fishery product; 2. Integrate a system to support early warning, and Licencing; 3. Designate Monitoring Control and surveillance System; 4. Promote capacity building for fisheries informa- tion management system; 5. Integrate quality control and certification data into a Fisheries Information Management system. 4.6 MARKET ACCESS, VALUE ADDITION, INFRASTRUCTURE, QUALITY CONTROL AND STANDARDS. 4.6.1 MARKET ACCESS Policy Issue: Insufficient marketing channels have hin- dered marketing systems and entrepreneurship opportunities in the local fishery produce. The information regarding the export market’s char- acteristics remains limited. The distribution sys- tem is susceptible to exploitation by intermedi- ate traders who take advantage of the absence of regulations. Policy Statement: The Government shall improve the marketing systems and establish stronger connections for fisheries products to promote transparency. Implementation Strategies 1. Create an enabling environment for private sector engagement in the trade of fisheries products; 2. Improve market infrastructure and communica- tion systems to ensure the smooth movement of products to market destinations; 3. Promote and diversify output and the marketing of aquaculture products in a sustainable manner; 4. Streamline export procedures to encourage and promote exports; ZANZIBAR FISHERIES POLICY 2022 | 21 5. Explore and link regional and international market. 4.6.2 VALUE ADDITION Policy Issues: Currently, the value addition and mar- keting of fisheries and aquaculture products are limited in small scale and face significant post-harvest losses. The exploitation of new markets opportunities remains insufficient due to lack of capacity. These products are often sold unprocessed or with minimal processing. Additionally, there is shortage of suitable pack- aging facilities and lack of mechanisms for qual- ity control. Policy Statement: The Government shall promote and adopt advanced technologies in the handling, preservation, processing, and value addition of produce. Implementation Strategies 1. Encourage and promote establishment of pro- cessing plants; 2. Improve value addition in fisheries and aquacul- ture products; 3. Promote the use of modern handling and pack- aging materials; 4. Improve the preservation and storage of fishery products.; 5. Promote small scale value addition for local processors. 4.6.3 INFRASTRUCTURE Policy Issue: The absence of well-equipped fisheries infrastructure, including landing sites, market places and storage facilities, contributes to post-harvest losses. The insufficiency of skills, technology and facilities for value addition in fisheries and aquaculture further exacerbates the situation. Additionally, ownership challenges often result in the conversion of fish landing sites into other land use practices, such as develop- ment. Immediate mitigation measures are nec- essary to address these issues and ensure the sustainable development of the fisheries and aquaculture sector Policy Statement: The Government shall promote and facilitate ownership and investments in fish landing sites, fishing ports, and market infra- structure, including the establishment of fish processing and storage facilities. Implementation Strategies 1. Promote investment in fishing ports, landing sites and market infrastructure with related pro- cessing and storage facilities; 2. Develop and implement incentive mechanisms to attract investors; 3. Promote ownership including provision of title deeds for all fish landing sites; 4. Support assessment studies to identify, develop and formalize fish camping and landing sites. 4.6.4 QUALITY CONTROL AND STANDARDIZATION Policy Issues: The inadequate implementation of qual- ity control accreditation, management and stan- dardization systems has resulted in a decline in quality of fisheries products. As a result, food safety and hygiene are adversely affected. There is lack of a capable authority equipped with the necessary infrastructure and capacity to regu- late and certify the quality of fisheries products. Policy Statement: The Government shall strengthen and improve institutional capacity and proce- dures for quality control and certification. Implementation Strategies 1. Designate and capacitate a competent authority for fisheries products quality control and certi- fication; 2. Develop and implement quality control and cer- tification standards; 3. Establishment of fisheries products and pro- cessing plants; 4. Support the accreditation of national laborato- ries and certification system of fishery-related products; 5. Develop and implement quality control systems for fisheries-related products; 6. Create a structure for capacity and competency building of technical staff along the value chain. 7. Improve fish handling and cold chain infrastruc- ture. 22 | Cross-cutting and emerging issues 4.7 CROSS-CUTTING AND EMERGING ISSUES 4.7.1 VULNERABILITY AND RESILIENCE TO CLIMATE CHANGE Policy Issue: Similar to other Small Island Developing States (SIDS), Zanzibar is vulnerable to climate change impacts due to its geographical char- acteristics and socio-economic factors. These risks are associated with small landmass of Zanzibar with high population that depend on the coastal ecosystem for food, livelihoods, and protection against extreme events. Key risks facing Zanzibar include the impact of rising sea level that may lead to coastal erosion, inundation of low-lying areas, and saltwater intrusion into freshwater sources. Rising ocean temperatures and ocean acidification on aquatic ecosystems that alter fish distribution and the productivity of marine species. In addition, the rising sea sur- face temperatures causes coral bleaching and harm reef-dependent populations, while rising sea level causes mangrove dieback. One of the significant hurdles faced in addressing these challenges is the absence of comprehensive and widely-accepted risk profiles for the various sectors, including the fisheries. This lack of doc- umented and acknowledged risk profiles makes it difficult to formulate effective plan for risk mitigation and preparedness measures. More- over, the capacity for risk management within government institutions is currently insuffi- ciently developed. Policy Statement: To promote sustainable fisheries and aquaculture practices, the government shall integrate adaptation and mitigation measures for addressing climate change. Implementation Strategies 1. Promote blue carbon initiatives to support nationally determined contribution; 2. Increase scientific knowledge, technical cooper- ation and research capacity in ocean and climate related fisheries and aquaculture technology; 3. Strengthen resilience through mainstream- ing climate adaptation and mitigation compli- ance in fisheries-related laws, regulations and guidelines; 4. Promote climate and marine biodiversity related community interventions under Post COVID19 Recovery and Resilience programs; 5. Enhance environmental management through ecosystem and biodiversity conservation. 4.7.2 EMPOWERMENT OF WOMEN, YOUTH AND PEOPLE WITH SPECIAL NEEDS Policy Issue: The level of involvement of women, youth and other vulnerable groups in the Fisheries sec- tor is inadequate. It is crucial to prioritize gender mainstreaming and conduct value chain analysis to facilitate growth strategies that are pro-poor and gender-responsive to gender issues. Such strategies will benefit women and vulnerable groups of the fishing community. Policy Statement: The Government shall promote gen- der mainstreaming in sustainable fisheries and aquaculture initiatives, with a specific focus on enhancing awareness, fostering innovation, improving infrastructure, facilitating access to capital and expanding markets opportunities. Implementation Strategies 1. Strengthen the capacity of women, youth and people with special needs to engage in fisheries and aquaculture initiatives; 2. Enhance market access for women, youth and people with special needs in the fisheries-re- lated initiatives; 3. Enhance the protection of women; youth and people with special needs in the Fisheries sector; 4. Mainstream and integrate initiatives for decent work in fisheries and aquaculture into sector development strategies and programs; 5. Promote awareness to fishers including women and youth to protect them to communicable dis- eases. 4.7.3 COMMUNICABLE DISEASES Policy Issue: In Zanzibar, fishers face the risk of con- tracting communicable diseases during their involvement in the sector. ZANZIBAR FISHERIES POLICY 2022 | 23 Policy Statement: The Government shall support and create enabling environment for fishers and implement preventive measures to safeguard fishers from communicable diseases during fisheries operation. Implementation Strategies 1. Strengthen community health awareness and capacity programs to ensure resilience in small scale fisheries and aquaculture activities; 2. Cooperate with the health Institutions to pro- mote awareness on communicable disease; 3. Advocate with relevant institution to ensure proper and functional sanitation control mea- sures across fisheries and aquaculture sector; 4. Equip fisher camp with functional infrastruc- tures and related social services; 5. Prevent women, youth and vulnerable groups against drugs and social abuse. 4.7.4 ALTERNATIVE PRODUCTIVE RESOURCES Policy Issue: In Zanzibar, the majority of fisheries and aquaculture communities have limited options for alternative livelihoods, which contributes to socio-economic and environmental pres- sure on the fisheries resources. Currently, there are inadequate intervention measures and resources available to develop productive alter- native skills that can enhance community resil- ience and reduce dependency on fisheries. Policy Statement: The Government shall promote and support alternative livelihoods opportunities related to fisheries, aimed at enhancing commu- nity resilience and reducing socio-economic and environmental pressure on fisheries resources. Implementation Strategies 1. Promote a culture of entrepreneurship among fishing communities; 2. Strengthen livelihood strategies of fishing com- munities by promoting better integration in social programs and services; 3. Promote equitable access to productive resources for women, youth and vulnerable groups, including access to finance for small scale investments; 4. Collaborate with private sector institutions and social security organizations to promote job security and social protection. 4.7.5 SAFETY AND SECURITY AT SEA Policy Issue: There is an urgent need to conduct a comprehensive review of the existing legal framework and integrate essential safeguards into regulatory norms governing the rights, wel- fare and well-being of sea users. Urgent atten- tion is required to address safety and security concerns at sea, including the implementation of proper measures for vessel and human safety and ability to respond effectively to environ- mental disasters. Policy Statement: The Government shall ensure envi- ronmental safety and security of fisheries and aquaculture initiatives. Implementation Strategies 1. Encourage community involvement in enhanc- ing maritime security; 2. Promote collaboration in maritime security at all levels; 3. Support the enhancement of law enforcement and the surveillance capacity of regulatory agencies; 4. Support establishment of maritime Academies, search and rescue centres and ship command- ing centres; 5. Adopt maritime disaster preparedness through effective response and recovery measures, including early warning systems; 6. Mainstream disaster loss and insurance system. 4.7.6 NATIONAL, REGIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION 24 | Cross-cutting and emerging issues Policy Issue: Zanzibar faces a significant challenge in keeping pace with the ability and capac- ity to address changing dynamics of national, regional and international fisheries and marine related multilateral agreements. It is crucial to strengthen bilateral and regional coopera- tion and establish coordinated mechanisms to ensure the coherence of fisheries policies and the aquaculture development. This will enable Zanzibar to effectively navigate the chang- ing landscape and meet the demands of these agreements. Policy Statement: The Government shall strengthen its capacity to meet national, regional and inter- national obligations on fisheries-related issues. Implementation Strategies 1. Strengthen multilateral partnerships to improve Fisheries sector governance; 2. Promote empowerment of local authorities to implement fisheries-related initiatives; 3. Support equitable and inclusive participation in the governance of fisheries-related initiatives; 4. Representation on regional and international forum. ZANZIBAR FISHERIES POLICY 2022 | 25 5 CHAPTER FIVE LEGAL AND INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK Considering the multi-dimensional nature of the fisheries sector, it is important to establish an effective coordination mechanism that fosters enhanced syn- ergies across sectors. This can be achieved through strengthening of the legal and regulatory framework, and the implementation of regional and international treaties, protocols, standards and memorandum of understanding to the sector. Such measures will pro- mote cohesive and integrated efforts towards sustain- able fisheries management. 5.1 INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK The responsibility for implementing this policy lies with the institutions under the Ministry responsible for Fisheries, which include the Departments responsible for Fisheries development, Marine Resources Conser- vation and Fisheries and Marine Resources Research. The successful implementation of the Fisheries Pol- icy shall be supported by the MDAs and stakeholders, each with their designated roles and responsibilities as described below: 5.2 LEGAL FRAMEWORK MoBEF, as the Ministry responsible for Fisheries, shall take the lead in ensuring the effective implementation of Fisheries Policy. Their responsibilities include for- mulating and reviewing the existing legislations related to fisheries. This entails reviewing the current Fisher- ies Act 2010, and preparation of new legislations such as Marine Conservation Act and Zanzibar Fisheries Research Act. 5.3 ROLE OF DIFFERENT PLAYERS The active participation of government ministries, pri- vate sectors, non-governmental organizations (NGO’s), and development partners is of importance for effec- tive implementation of this Policy. 5.3.1 MINISTRY RESPONSIBLE FOR FISHERIES AND MARINE RESOURCES 1. Oversee the implementation of the Fisheries Policy; 2. Ensure sustainable development of the fisheries sector; 3. Strengthen legal and regulatory framework of the Fisheries sector; 4. Build capacity to ensure effective implementation of the Fisheries Policy; 5. Create a conducive environment for, and incentivize, artisanal fishers and smallholder seaweed and aquaculture farmers to access technologies; 6. Facilitate market links and promote value addition programs for marine products; 7. Enhance capacity of artisanal fishers and local investors to engage in deep-sea fishing; 8. Safeguard the rights of fishers, and fish landing sites from potentially adverse impacts of integrated economic activities; 9. Facilitate local participation and local content related to the Fisheries sector; 10. Promote research and development in the Fisheries sector; and 11. Facilitate investment in the Fisheries Sector. 5.3.2 MINISTRY RESPONSIBLE FOR FINANCE AND PLANNING 1. Mobilize and allocate resources for the implementation of Fisheries and Aquaculture programs; 2. Implement accounting standards and procedures for Fisheries and Aquaculture initiatives; 3. Extend favourable terms and conditions to local investors; 4. Align financial and procurement regulations to support private enterprises; 5. Support micro-finance institutions to empower MSMEs; 26 | Role of different players 6. Integrate Fisheries and Aquaculture initiatives into national development plans and strategies; 7. Facilitate and coordinate Fisheries-related research and information dissemination; 8. Collect, compile and publish national statistics on Fisheries activities in alignment with the key performance indicators highlighted in Zanzibar Development Vision 2050; 9. Advise MDAs on national economic agendas, strategies and goals; and 10. Ensure coordination and implementation of the Zanzibar Development Plan (ZADEP) priority projects on Fisheries-related initiatives. 5.3.3 MINISTRIES RESPONSIBLE FOR ENVIRONMENT AND DISASTER MANAGEMENT 1. Conserve and protect artisanal and deep-sea fishing from pollution and degradation, in collaboration with other partners; 2. Conserve and rehabilitate MPAs and other marine conservation units; 3. Protect marine migratory species from the adverse effects of ocean mining; 4. Support implementation of marine-related disaster preparedness plans. 5.3.4 MINISTRIES RESPONSIBLE FOR TRADE, INDUSTRIES AND MARKETS 1. Align trade, industry and Fisheries policy for an enabling investment environment; 2. Enhance markets for fisheries products and formalise related businesses; and 3. Facilitate technical support to MSMEs and businesses in the Fisheries sector. 5.3.5 MINISTRIES RESPONSIBLE FOR TOURISM AND SPORTS 1. Implement sustainable tourism focusing on the protection and conservation of marine ecosystems, beach layouts, lagoons and other areas of the marine environment; 2. Facilitate linkages between MDAs and tourism stakeholders; 3. Address tourist safety and security issues; 4. Utilize sustainable tourism for decent employment creation and foreign exchange earnings; 5. Ensure coordination and implementation of safe fisheries sports-related activities; and 6. Promote environmentally friendly marine related sports. 5.3.6 MINISTRY RESPONSIBLE FOR LOCAL GOVERNMENT AUTHORITIES AND SPECIAL DEPARTMENTS OF THE RGoZ 1. Enhance local market infrastructure to support local business and entrepreneurship; 2. Enforce environmental policies through a combination of incentives (such as recognition for investors and local communities) and disincentives (such as penalties and fees); 3. Empower local coastal communities in coastal security and conservation; 4. Invest in capacity building, particularly, Kikosi Maalaum cha Kuzuia Magendo (KMKM), for maritime security and rescue operations; 5. Coordinate with relevant URT agencies to strengthen maritime security; 6. Manage follow-up programs with relevant MDAs on development activities in Zanzibar’s islets; and 7. Mobilise community support to ensure corporate social responsibility. 5.3.7 MINISTRY RESPONSIBLE FOR ENERGY 1. Enhance energy security to safeguard against possible technical and capacity failure from the mainland and ensure energy reliability for Zanzibar; 2. Promote indigenous energy sources in Zanzibar; and 3. Promote grid integration for offshore renewable energy sources in Zanzibar. 5.3.8 MINISTRIES RESPONSIBLE FOR GENDER, YOUTH AND EMPOWERMENT 1. Empower women in fisheries-related initiatives; 2. Create an enabling environment to support women in local business; ZANZIBAR FISHERIES POLICY 2022 | 27 3. Ensure the full participation of women in managing their development programs; 4. Empower and build capacity among youth for development; 5. Support the implementation of Fisheries- related initiatives; 6. Ensure the full participation of youth in managing their development programs; 7. Create an enabling investment environment in support of youth development; and 8. Ensure communities are facilitated with soft micro-entrepreneurship loans and grants to support their fisheries-related initiatives. 5.3.9 MINISTRY RESPONSIBLE FOR MARITIME TRANSPORT AND INFRASTRUCTURE 1. Ensure the implementation and enforcement of applicable maritime laws; 2. Prevent oil spill pollution through the Zanzibar Maritime Authority; 3. Improve maritime infrastructure across the islands; and 4. Ensure functional capacity to handle maritime directives for investors. 5.3.10 MINISTRY RESPONSIBLE FOR HEALTH 1. Ensure control of pandemics and other communicable diseases among fishing communities; and 2. Ensure proper and functional sanitation control procedures and conditions for infrastructure, fish processing facilities and products. 5.3.11 MINISTRIES RESPONSIBLE FOR NATURAL RESOURCES AND LANDS 1. Protect mangroves and wildlife corridors from the adverse effects of anthropogenic pressure. 2. Coordinate in coastal zone management plans for fisheries-related infrastructure and support marine spatial planning; and 3. Formalize fish camping and landing sites. 5.3.12 MINISTRY RESPONSIBLE FOR INVESTMENT 1. Ensure sustainable fisheries-related investments and Public Private Partnership initiatives 5.3.13 5.3.13 MINISTRY RESPONSIBLE FOR EDUCATION AND VOCATIONAL TRAINING 1. Integrate fisheries and aquaculture skills and knowledge in vocational training centres and secondary schools curriculum. 5.3.14 MINISTRIES RESPONSIBLE FOR INFORMATION AND TECHNOLOGY 1. Ensure mobilization and awareness on fisheries-related interventions among stakeholders; 2. Build media competency in reporting on matters pertaining to the Fisheries sector; and 3. Ensure support in the application and adoption of technology in the ocean economy. 5.3.15 RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT (R&D) INSTITUTIONS 1. Conduct research on Fisheries-related issues; 2. Share scientific information with the Ministry responsible for Fisheries; 3. Conduct joint research with the Ministry responsible for Fisheries, regional and international entities; 4. Provide advice on sustainable harvesting of marine-related resources; 5. Establish a Centralized Marine and Oceanographic Research Database System (CMORDBS) and a data sharing ecosystem, and 6. Support the availability of modern marine- based data collection equipment. 5.3.16 SECOND VICE PRESIDENT’S OFFICE 1. Strengthen national and international collaboration; and 2. Collaborate and coordinate with foreign affairs. 28 | Role of different players 5.3.17 PRIVATE SECTORS, NGO’S AND CBO’S 1. Support implementation of the Fisheries Policy and fisheries-related programs; 2. Mainstream Fisheries development initiatives in programs and planning; 3. Advocate and support all RGoZ initiatives and policies related to the Fisheries sector; 4. Collaborate with the RGoZ and other stakeholders to expand investment opportunities; and 5. Support processing, market diversification and product value addition among local business and enterprises. 5.3.18 DEVELOPMENT PARTNERS 1. Support resource mobilization; and 2. Enhance physical and technical capacity building. ZANZIBAR FISHERIES POLICY 2022 | 29 6 CHAPTER SIX MONITORING AND EVALUATION 6.1 IMPLEMENTATION FRAMEWORK The implementation framework of the Fisheries Pol- icy, which aligns with the Zanzibar Development Vision 2050, will have several key elements. These include an implementation plan, monitoring and evaluation framework, policy review requirements, budgetary resources, and an effective communication strategy. The planning and budgeting processes will be coordi- nated with other relevant institutions, and reflected into the Medium-Term Expenditure Framework (MTEF) and sector strategic plans. 6.2 MONITORING AND EVALUATION (M&E) Monitoring and evaluation play a crucial role in both policy implementation and performance assessment. The Ministry responsible for fisheries holds the overall responsibility for monitoring and evaluation activities. An effective monitoring and evaluation system will be established, incorporating key performance indica- tors and data collection tools aligned with national and international indicators on sustainable development. This system will enable tracking and evaluation of the policy implementation progress effectively. 6.3 POLICY REVIEW After five years of policy implementation or as need arise,the Ministry responsible for Fisheries shall con- duct a policy review, in accordance with the required guidelines. The review process will consider the out- comes of monitoring and evaluation activities, as well as feedback from stakeholders. This comprehensive assessment will provide insights and guidance for nec- essary course correction. 6.4 BUDGET AND FINANCIAL RESOURCES The Ministry responsible for Finance will be responsi- ble for resource mobilization for the implementation of the Fisheries Policy. Working in collaboration with relevant stakeholders, the Ministry responsible for Fisheries shall prepare a specific budgetary require- ment that aligns with the implementation targets. This collaborative effort will ensure that adequate financial resources are allocated to effectively execute the pol- icy and achieve its intended objectives. 6.5 COMMUNICATIONS STRATEGY The Ministry responsible for Fisheries shall develop a dedicated Communications Strategy for the imple- mentation of Fisheries Policy. This strategy will encom- pass various elements such as information and com- munication sharing, dissemination of Fisheries policy documents across different sectors, and the communi- cation of implementation targets and goals. Its primary objective shall be to foster coordination and collabora- tion among Government, NGOs and Development Part- ners involved in the implementation process. The com- munication strategy shall also aim to enhance national, regional, and global recognition of Zanzibar’s Fisheries Policy while clearly outlining the roles and responsi- bilities of all stakeholders. To ensure inclusively and wider outreach, the strategy will be produced in both English and Kiswahili, ensuring universal access to information. 6.6 HUMAN RESOURCES A human resources strategy will be implemented that aligns with Monitoring and Evaluation plan. This strat- egy will identify and indicate the necessary resource needed to oversee the implementation of the fisheries sector across the entire value chain. It will outline the human resources requirements, including the finan- cial, technological and infrastructure requirements, necessary for effective policy implementation. The human resources strategy will play a vital role in ensur- ing that the right personnel with the appropriate skills and expertise are available to support and drive the implementation process. THE MINISTRY OF BLUE ECONOMY AND FISHERIES, ZANZIBAR +2550242941195 info@blueeconomysmz.go.tz Maisara Area, ZURA Building Ground Floor, Room No.06 P.O.Box 149 Foreword Acknowledgment Table of Contents Abbreviations DEFINITION OF KEY TERMS 1 chapter one Introduction 1.1 BACKGROUND 1.2 RATIONALE FOR THE FISHERIES POLICY 1.3 SCOPE OF THE POLICY 1.4 POLICY LINKAGES 2 chapter two SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS 2.1 INTRODUCTION 2.2 FISHERIES MANAGEMENT 2.3 AQUACULTURE DEVELOPMENT 2.4 MARINE RESOURCES PROTECTION AND CONSERVATION 2.5 MARINE RESOURCES RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT 2.6 MARKET ACCESS, VALUE ADDITION AND INFRASTRUCTURE 2.7 CROSS-CUTTING AND EMERGING ISSUES 3 chapter three VISION, MISSION AND OBJECTIVES 3.1 INTRODUCTION 3.2 Vision and Mission 3.3 POLICY OBJECTIVES 3.4 GUIDING PRINCIPLES 4 chapter four POLICY ISSUES, STATEMENTS AND STRATEGIES 4.1 INTRODUCTION 4.2 FISHERIES MANAGEMENT 4.3 AQUACULTURE DEVELOPMENT 4.4 MARINE RESOURCES PROTECTION AND CONSERVATION 4.5 MARINE RESOURCES RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT (R&D) 4.6 MARKET ACCESS, VALUE ADDITION, INFRASTRUCTURE, QUALITY CONTROL AND STANDARDS. 4.7 CROSS-CUTTING AND EMERGING ISSUES 5 chapter five LEGAL AND INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK 5.1 INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK 5.2 LEGAL FRAMEWORK 5.3 ROLE OF DIFFERENT PLAYERS 6 chapter six MONITORING AND EVALUATION 6.1 IMPLEMENTATION FRAMEWORK 6.2 MONITORING AND EVALUATION (M&E) 6.3 POLICY REVIEW 6.4 BUDGET AND FINANCIAL RESOURCES 6.5 COMMUNICATIONS STRATEGY 6.6 HUMAN RESOURCES