National Invasive Species Strategy and Action Plan (NISSAP) (2019-2029)

THE UNITED REPUBLIC OF TANZANIA VICE PRESIDENT’S OFFICE JUNE, 2019 N A TIO N A L IN V A SIV E SPEC IES STR A TEG Y A N D A C TIO N PLA N (N ISSA P) (2019 - 2029) PERMANENT SECRETARY VICE PRESIDENT'S OFFICE GOVERNMENT CITY P. O. Box 2502, DODOMA, TANZANIA Tel. No. : + (255) 026 2352038 Fax No. : + (255) 026 2350002 Email: ps@vpo.go.tz / km@vpo.go.tz NATIONAL INVASIVE SPECIES STRATEGY AND ACTION PLAN (NISSAP) (2019 - 2029) JUNE, 2019 THE UNITED REPUBLIC OF TANZANIA VICE PRESIDENT’S OFFICE NATIONAL INVASIVE SPECIES STRATEGY AND ACTION PLAN (NISSAP) (2019 - 2029) NATIONAL INVASIVE SPECIES STRATEGY AND ACTION PLAN (NISSAP)ii National Invasive Species Strategy and Action Plan (NISSAP) (2019-2029 Published by The Vice President’s Office, DODOMA Copyright© 2019, Vice President’s Office ISBN: This document may be reproduced in whole or in part in any form for educational or non-profit purposes without special permission from the copyright holder, provided acknowledgement of the source is made. For bibliographic purposes this report may be cited as: National Invasive Species Strategy and Action Plan (2019). For further information, please contact: Vice President’s Office, P.O BOX 2502, 40406 Dodoma TANZANIA. Phone: +255-026 2329 006 Fax: +255-026 2329 007 E-mail: ps@vpo.go.tz NATIONAL INVASIVE SPECIES STRATEGY AND ACTION PLAN (NISSAP) iii FOREWORD Tanzania is one of few countries endowed with natural resources rich in biodiversity. Like many other developing countries, Tanzania’s development largely depends on the use of its natural resources for ecosystem services. For example, the livelihoods of about 80% of rural population depend on land for agriculture and livestock grazing. The country economy mostly depends on agriculture, which accounts for more than one quarter of GDP and provides 85% of exports. The livestock sector contribute about 4% of the GDP, with an estimated population of 30.5 million cattle, 18.8 million goats, 5.3 million sheep, 1.9 million pigs, 38.2 million local chickens, 36.6 million commercial chickens and 0.6 million donkeys. About 90% of major livestock feed resources come from the rangelands of about 50 million ha of which land for grazing is about 10.5%. Tourism sector has been a major source of foreign revenue contributing up to 17.5% of the GDP and providing about 4.3% of total employment in Tanzania. While the aforementioned economic sectors are important for our country’s development, the natural systems they depend on are threatened by invasive species. The current data indicate that, there are 75 invasive and 145 potentially invasive, altogether making a total of 220 species in the country, which may result to increased threat on the country’s natural ecosystems. Currently, the natural vegetation in wildlife reserved areas such as National Parks and Ngorongoro Conservation Area is being replaced by invasive species, disrupting the resilience of wildlife habitats, affecting animal distribution and abundance which ultimately affect tourism. In some reserved forest such as Kimboza Forest Reserve, invasive species are replacing native species affecting natural biodiversity and ecosystem services. Furthermore, more than 350 indigenous fish species have disappeared since the introduction of Nile Perch and water hyacinth in Lake Victoria, posing serious threats not only to the biodiversity of the Lake but also interfering with transportation in the Lake. Generally, biological invasions are serious threats to people’s livelihoods, livestock, health and biodiversity conservation. The problem of invasive species is therefore a matter of grave concern to the country. Management of invasive species in Tanzania started several decades ago through fragmented efforts by various conservation institutions. By the year 2000 various sectoral acts, policies and guidelines were enacted, and some did include issues of invasive species. However, the outcomes of these efforts are difficult to gauge due to lack of a national strategy on invasive species. Sectoral approaches currently used in the management of biological invasions in the country have not been effective enough in managing the ever increasing invasions. In some instances, these approaches have resulted in duplication of efforts and reduction of efficiency. Therefore, there is a strong need for a national strategy which among others will provide effective and coordinated framework for prevention further introduction and spread of invasive species as well as to develop sustainable plans to managing the existing and potential invasions. This Strategy provides an overview of invasive species in Tanzania, their impacts, existing and potential plans for management. It addresses the important aspects related to introductions, pathways, and management options of priority invasive species in each sector. Important aspects such as the need for effective intra- and- inter sectorial communication and co-ordination; improved operationalization and enforcement of laws and regulations; and capacity building in research and monitoring have also been covered in the Strategy. I call upon all stakeholders to participate fully in the implementation of the National Invasive Species Strategy and Action Plan in order to prevent new introductions and reduce the impacts of existing invasions so as to improve community livelihoods while ensuring environmental sustainability for the present and future generations George B. Simbachawene (MP) Minister of State, Vice President’s Office (Union Affairs and Environment) NATIONAL INVASIVE SPECIES STRATEGY AND ACTION PLAN (NISSAP)iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The development of this Strategy was initiated and supported by the Vice President’s Office. The Minister of State-Union Affairs and Environment by then Hon. January Makamba (MP) took an upper hand to establish a National Task Force which was officially inaugurated on 28th September, 2018 by Hon. Samia Suluhu Hassan, the Vice President of the United Republic of Tanzania. Thanks to various Sectorial Ministers and Permanent Secretaries that took part in the initial and consultative meetings and who have been tirelessly involved in the accomplishment of this Strategy. My sincere gratitude goes to the Multi Sectoral Task Force and the Technical Review Panel, under the co-ordination of the Vice President’s Office, Division of Environment. These include experts from the President’s Office– Regional Administration and Local Government Authority; Vice President’s Office; Ministry of Agriculture; Ministry of Water; Ministry of Natural Resources and Tourism; Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries; University of Dar es Salaam–Institute of Resource Assessment; Sokoine University of Agriculture-College of Forestry, Wildlife and Tourism; Tanzania Wildlife Research Institute; Tanzania Wildlife Management Authority; Tanzania Forestry Research Institute; Tanzania Fisheries Research Institute; The Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology; College of African Wildlife Management-Mweka; Tanzania National Parks; Ngorongoro Conservation Area Authority; Tanzania Commission for Science and Technology and Tropical Pesticide Research Institute. I also extend my sincere gratitude to all stakeholders for their valuable inputs during field surveys, data collection and during the consultative workshop in Morogoro. Special thanks go to all who were involved in reviewing the draft reports of the strategy. Finally, I thank the Ngorongoro Conservation Area Authority; Tanzania National Parks Authority; Tanzania Forest Services Agency, Tanzania Forest Fund; World Wide Fund for Nature; and USAID PROTECT for their financial support. Eng. Joseph K. Malongo Permanent Secretary, Vice President’s Office NATIONAL INVASIVE SPECIES STRATEGY AND ACTION PLAN (NISSAP) v EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This Strategy was developed in response to the growing concern on the negative impacts of Invasive Species (IS) to the country’s economy, socio-cultural aspects, human and animal health as well as physical environment. Invasive species cause major economic, environmental and social impacts in Tanzania. The IS are among of the serious threats to biodiversity; crop and pasture production; human and animal health; water resources and economic development. It has been estimated that the invasion by five IS in mixed maize farming systems has costed Tanzania about US$ 155.6-190 million dollars. Moreover, it has been established that Tanzania National Parks and Ngorongoro Conservation Area Authority spend more than TZS 1 billion annually to control IS. Such a large amount of money spent for fighting IS could have been used to invest in development activities. The Minister responsible for Union Affairs and Environment by then, Hon. January Makamba (MP), therefore decided to organize stakeholders meeting in Arusha on 4th September, 2018 during which the need for a National Task Force (NTF) on IS was given emphasis. It was agreed that, among others, the NTF should develop a National Invasive Species Strategy and Action Plan (NISSAP) for Tanzania. Thus the NTF was formed and officially inaugurated on 28th September, 2018 by Hon. Samia Suluhu Hassan, the Vice President of the United Republic of Tanzania. A survey by NTF on invasive species found 75 invasive and 145 potential invasive species, a total of 220 species in the country. This large number of species makes Tanzania vulnerable to IS risk on human and natural resources. There has been little success of efforts taken to manage IS in Tanzania due to:- increased international trade, low awareness, insufficient human and financial capacity, lack of effective control methods and lack of specific regulations for management and coordination of IS. Furthermore, climatic changes and unsustainable land use practices exacerbated by increase in human activities are expected to increase the number and spread of IS across the country. This document therefore presents the national strategy for managing invasive species in Tanzania, over a time horizon of 10 years (2019-2029). The strategy constitutes a national level plan for the cost-effective achievement of the specific objectives in an environment of uncertainty. Various methods were used in developing the Strategy. A rigorous literature review was undertaken to obtain information on types and number of IS, pathways, impacts, existing management practices as well as regional and international efforts. Existing legislatives and institutional frameworks in Tanzania were reviewed to ensure that the strategy was carried out in line with the existing legal and regulatory frameworks, but also to identify strengths and gaps that need to be covered for a successful implementation of this Strategy. Additionally, field visits were conducted to some agro-ecological zones of Tanzania. The selection of sites for field visits was based on available information on invasive species. Individuals/ organizations known to have information on invasive species were purposively contacted and/or visited. A consultative workshop was carried out to seek for stakeholders’ opinions and inputs on the strategy before the final draft was produced. The strategy contains six strategic objectives to be implemented over the period of 10 years. The targets and actions for each strategic objective were developed as summarised below: OBJECTIVE 1: PREVENT INTRODUCTION AND SPREAD OF NEW INVASIVE SPECIES Target 1.1 At least 90% of all biological materials introduced to Tanzania are inspected against IS threats by 2024 NATIONAL INVASIVE SPECIES STRATEGY AND ACTION PLAN (NISSAP)vi Action 1.1.1 Identify and manage priority pathways and vectors of IS introduction and spread Action 1.1.2 Conduct risk assessment of potential IS Action 1.1.3 Strengthen and Enforce Regulations dealing with importation and movement of live materials at national and regional/international borders Action 1.1.4 Capacitate border posts with adequate resources to manage invasive species Target 1.2 At least 95 % of emerging IS are detected and eradicated by 2029 Action 1.2.1 Develop and implement EDRR procedures for IS management Action 1.2.2 Develop and implement a national surveillance system for managing IS Action 1.2.3 Develop and disseminate invasive species “watch lists” OBJECTIVE 2: REDUCE NEGATIVE IMPACTS OF EXISTING PRIORITY INVASIVE SPECIES Target 2.1 The abundance and spread of all national priority invasive species are reduced by at least 50% by 2029 Action 2.1.1 Identify, map and reduce abundance of IS in their established and invaded areas Action 2.1.2 Action 2.1.3 Building on the management know-how from within and other countries Develop and promote integrated approaches to control IS Action 2.1.4 Develop and strengthen a centralized national IS database Target 2.2 At least 50% of critical ecosystems impacted by invasive species are restored by 2029 Action 2.2.1 Integrate restoration actions in all IS management approaches Action 2.2.2 Develop and implement framework for restoration of degraded areas by invasive species Action 2.2.3 Build and strengthen community capacity to conduct restoration of degraded ecosystems Target 2.3 At least 50% invasive species management efforts are monitored and evaluated by 2029 Action 2.3.1 Develop and implement a national IS management monitoring and evaluation framework Action 2.3.2 Improve existing monitoring standards and protocols for managing IS OBJECTIVE 3: ENHANCE NATIONAL CAPACITY TO MANAGE AND RESEARCH ON INVASIVE SPECIES Target 3.1 At least 70% of fund proposed for management of invasive species is secured and implemented by 2024 Action 3.1.1 Leverage funds to address IS management Action 3.1.2 Develop fund allocation guidelines for managing IS Action 3.1.3 Establish an emergency response funding model for managing IS Target 3.2 By 2025, research on invasive species increased by 50% Action 3.2.1 Support research on priority IS and areas Action 3.2.2 Mainstream IS management into existing research agenda of academic, research and development institutions Action 3.2.3 Strengthen National Environmental Trust Fund for funding research on IS NATIONAL INVASIVE SPECIES STRATEGY AND ACTION PLAN (NISSAP) vii OBJECTIVE 4: ENHANCE STAKEHOLDER’S EDUCATION AWARENESS AND PARTICIPATION ON MANAGEMENT OF IS Target 4.1 At least 50% of stakeholders are aware of various invasive species management options by 2024 Action 4.1.1 Action 4.1.2 Develop and implement community educational and awareness programs on IS management Promote behavioural change to mitigate introduction and spread of IS Action 4.1.3 Mainstream IS modules from primary to higher learning institutions Action 4.1.4 Strengthen technical capacity of Extension Service Providers on IS management Target 4.2 At least 50% of stakeholders participated in managing invasive species by 2024 Action 4.2.1 Mainstream IS management into national communication strategy Action 4.2.2 Recognize and award exemplary performance in IS management Action 4.2.3 Incorporate IS management actions in national and international environmental events Action 4.2.4 Create consistent and timely messaging platforms on IS management OBJECTIVE 5: MAINSTREAM INVASIVE SPECIES MANAGEMENT INTO REGULATORY TOOLS Target 5.1 At least 50% of all regulatory tools in Tanzania are revised and operationalized by 2022 Action 5.1.1 Review and mainstream IS management into regulatory tools Action 5.1.2 Harmonize conflicting regulatory tools for managing IS Action 5.1.3 Mainstream IS issues into local charters, sectorial ministries, local government and private sector plans and guidelines Target 5.2 All existing regulatory tools dealing with invasive species management are enforced effectively by 2020 Action 5.2.1 Actions 5.2.2 Identify and capacitate agencies responsible for enforcement of regulatory tools on invasive species Develop risk assessment process for effective enforcement of regulatory tools Action 5.2.3 Define roles and responsibilities of all agencies responsible for regulating invasive species OBJECTIVE 6: STRENGTHEN AND PROMOTE STRONG COLLABORATION AND CO-ORDINATION WITH STAKEHOLDERS ON MANAGEMENT OF INVASIVE SPECIES Target 6.1 By 2025, collaboration and coordination on the management of IS among stakeholders increased by at least 50% Action 6.1.1 Strengthen trans-boundary partnerships on the management of IS Action 6.1.2 Establish coordination and communication mechanism for effective management of invasive species to all relevant stakeholders. Target 6.2 By 2025, collaboration and co-ordination on the management of IS among stakeholders promoted by at least 50% Action 6.2.1 Develop and implement an effective system for collaboration and coordination on IS management among stakeholders NATIONAL INVASIVE SPECIES STRATEGY AND ACTION PLAN (NISSAP)viii Action 6.2.2 Monitor and evaluate cross-sectorial coordination and collaboration on the IS management Action 6.2.3 Develop and implement a framework for quarterly reporting on IS issues The actions were categorized into three levels of implementation priorities namely: Critical, high priority and medium priority actions. Critical actions are those essential to successful implementation of the Strategy and should be implemented immediately after the endorsement of the Strategy. High priority actions are those essential to the successful implementation of the Strategy and should also be initiated as soon as possible but their implementation is contingent upon prior actions being undertaken; and medium priority actions are actions that are deemed important but not essential for successful implementation of the Strategy. Strategies for long-term management of invasive species will mean deriving lessons and feedback from the implemented short-term strategies. These will then be used to develop long-term forecasting of managing the invasion process and mechanisms that are beyond the already emerged and spread of existing invasive species and this would include aspects such as climate change, population increase, increased free market economy and unsustainable land conversion. The Implementation of the NISSAP will be guided by the National Environmental Management Act (EMA), 2004. The overall coordination, communication and reporting of the Strategy will be under the Vice President’s Office (VPO), Division of Environment, Biodiversity and Conservation. The implementation of the strategy over a period of 10 years is estimated to cost a total of TZS 73.86 billion. The funds are expected to be raised from the government and various development partners. NATIONAL INVASIVE SPECIES STRATEGY AND ACTION PLAN (NISSAP) ix TABLE OF CONTENTS FOREWORD .......................................................................................................................iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT .....................................................................................................iv EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ......................................................................................................v LIST OF TABLES ................................................................................................................xi LIST OF FIGURES .............................................................................................................xii LIST OF PLATES ...............................................................................................................xii LIST OF APPEDICES .......................................................................................................xiii ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS ............................................................................ xvii CHAPTER ONE ...................................................................................................................1 INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................1 1.1 Background ....................................................................................................................1 1.2 Rationale ........................................................................................................................1 1.3 The NISSAP formulation process ...................................................................................3 1.4 Structure of the NISSAP .................................................................................................3 CHAPTER TWO ...................................................................................................................5 2.0 SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS .............................................................................................5 2.1 CURRENT STATUS OF INVASIVE SPECIES IN TANZANIA.........................................5 2.2 PATHWAYS FOR INVASIVE SPECIES ..........................................................................8 2.3 THE IMPACTS OF INVASIVE SPECIES IN TANZANIA ...............................................10 2.3.1 Agriculture Sector ......................................................................................................10 2.3.2 Livestock Sector ........................................................................................................ 11 2.3.3 Fisheries Sector.........................................................................................................14 2.3.4 Forestry Sector ..........................................................................................................16 2.3.5 Wildlife Sector............................................................................................................18 2.3.6 Tourism Sector ...........................................................................................................20 2.3.7 Health Sector .............................................................................................................20 2.4 APPROACHES FOR MANAGING INVASIVE SPECIES IN TANZANIA .......................24 2.4.1 Agriculture Sector ......................................................................................................24 2.4.2 Livestock Sector ........................................................................................................25 2.4.3 Fisheries Sector.........................................................................................................25 2.4.4 Forestry Sector ..........................................................................................................26 2.4.5 Wildlife Sector............................................................................................................26 2.5 CHALLENGES FOR MANAGING INVASIVE SPECIES IN TANZANIA .......................27 2.5.1 Lack of harmonization of IS in policy and regulatory tools, and poor enforcement of the existing ones....................................................................................................28 2.5.2 Inadequate inter sectoral collaboration and coordination ..........................................30 2.5.3 Inadequate management of Invasive Species pathways to the country ...................30 2.5.4 Inadequate knowledge on Invasive Species management in Tanzania ....................30 2.5.5 Inadequate capacity to manage invasive species .....................................................31 NATIONAL INVASIVE SPECIES STRATEGY AND ACTION PLAN (NISSAP)x 2.6 PROPOSED SOLUTIONS FOR MANAGING INVASIVE SPECIES IN TANZANIA .....31 2.6.1 Mainstreaming Invasive Species into regulatory tools...............................................31 2.6.2 Strengthen information system sharing .....................................................................34 2.6.2.1 Existing Institutional Framework for Environmental Management in Tanzania ......35 2.6.2.2 Existing Institutional Framework to deal with disasters in Tanzania .......................38 2.6.2.3 Existing Institutional Framework to deal with Invasive species in Tanzania ...........40 2.6.2.4 Proposed reporting channel in institutional framework for management of IS in Tanzania ................................................................................................................41 2.6.3 Strengthening identification and management of IS in Tanzania ...............................42 2.6.4 Prioritisation of Invasive species for management ...................................................43 2.6.5 Roles and Responsibilities ........................................................................................51 CHAPTER THREE ............................................................................................................ 54 3.0 NATIONAL INVASIVE SPECIES STRATEGY AND ACTION PLAN (NISSAP) ......... 54 3.1 Vision ............................................................................................................................54 3.2 Mission .........................................................................................................................54 3.3 Goal ..............................................................................................................................54 3.4 Scope ...........................................................................................................................54 3.5 Strategic objectives, targets and actions ......................................................................54 3.6 Action Plan....................................................................................................................63 CHAPTER FOUR .............................................................................................................. 79 4.0 IMPLEMENTATION, MONITORING AND EVALUATION PLAN ................................ 79 4.1 Implementation of the NISSAP .....................................................................................79 4.1.1 Prioritization of Actions and Areas .............................................................................79 4.1.2 Co-ordination .............................................................................................................79 4.2 Monitoring, Evaluation and Learning ............................................................................79 4.2.1 Monitoring Plan..........................................................................................................80 4.2.1.1 Multi-sectoral Reviews............................................................................................80 4.2.1.2 Performance Review Meetings...............................................................................80 4.2.1.3 Indicators Review ...................................................................................................80 4.2.1.4 Performance Evaluation Plan .................................................................................81 4.2.1.5 Performance Reporting and Outreach Plan ...........................................................81 4.2.5.1.1 Internal Reporting Plan ........................................................................................81 4.2.5.1.2 External Reporting Plan.......................................................................................81 4.2.2 Evaluation Plan..........................................................................................................82 CHAPTER FIVE ................................................................................................................ 83 5.0 INDICATIVE EXPENDITURE BUDGET ...................................................................... 83 5.1 Resource Mobilization for Implementation ...................................................................83 5.2 Proposed Indicative budget ..........................................................................................83 BIBLIOGRAPHY ............................................................................................................... 85 APPENDICES ................................................................................................................... 94 NATIONAL INVASIVE SPECIES STRATEGY AND ACTION PLAN (NISSAP) xi LIST OF TABLES Table 1: Invasive and potential invasive species of Tanzania ...........................................6 Table 2: List of species found in protected areas of Tanzania ...........................................6 Table 3: Description of invasive species pathways ...........................................................8 Table 4: Estimated reduction in number of cattle to be supported due to invasion of Kongwa weed (Astropomoea hyscamoedes) in paddocks with established stand of Buffel grass (Cenchrus ciliaris) at TALIRI Kongwa, during 2017/2018 ...............................................................................................13 Table 5: Estimated amount of money received from Hay bales made from paddocks with established stand of Buffel grass (Cenchrus ciliaris) at the farm without and with invasion of Kongwa weed (Astropomoea hyscamoedes) at TALIRI Kongwa, during 2017/2018 ................................................................13 Table 6: Summary of reported water invasive species in Lake Victoria Zone .................14 Table 7: Summary of control mechanisms applied in some selected IS in Tanzania ......21 Table 8: A summary of reviewed National Policies and Legal Frameworks ....................28 Table 9: A summary of reviewed Policies and Legal Frameworks showing the current level of addressing invasive species .....................................................30 Table 10: A summary indicating recent legislations amendments and bills in most relevant sectors ................................................................................................33 Table 11: An analysis of strength, weakness, opportunities and challenges (SWOC) .......37 Table 12: Logical Framework Matrix ..................................................................................64 Table 13: Performance Review Meeting Plan....................................................................80 Table 14: Internal Reporting Plan ......................................................................................81 Table 15: External Reporting Plan .....................................................................................82 Table 16: A summary of indicative budget for Implementation of the NISSAP ..................84 NATIONAL INVASIVE SPECIES STRATEGY AND ACTION PLAN (NISSAP)xii LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1: Pathway for introduction of selected group of invasive species to Tanzania ......9 Figure 2: Cedrela odorata invading and replacing native species in Kimboza Forest Reserve. Source: Kilawe, (2017, unpublished report) ......................................17 Figure 3: Invasive Acaciainsulae-iacobi affecting abundance and diversity of birds in Mpwapwa (Source: Werema, 2017) ..................................................................17 Figure 4: Showing years where some national Policies, Acts and Regulations started to fully address alien and invasive species ...........................................33 Figure 5. The existing institutional arrangement for environmental management in Tanzania ............................................................................................................36 Figure 6: A quick decision support tool to guide management actions against IS in Tanzania. ...........................................................................................................43 Figure 7. Distribution of ten priority invasive species in Tanzania (symbols indicate some of the areas where the species is known to occur). Source: Bukombe J and Mrosso H, 2019. ......................................................................45 LIST OF PLATES Plate 1: Fall armyworms infesting maize (Source: Mwinyimkuu H and Chidege M, 2018)..............................................................................................46 Plate 2: Invasion of Prosopis juliflora in (a) Kahe and (b) Nyumba ya Mungu dam in Kilimanjaro, Tanzania (Source: Kilawe C, 2017) ......................46 Plate 3: Phenology of Parthenium hysterophorus (Carrot weed or white top) as seen in Arusha (Source: Bukombe J, 2016) .................................................47 Plate 4: Phenology of Chromolaena odorata (Source: Witt A and Mwilawa A, 2018) ..48 Plate 5: A pile of ripe tomatoes infested by Tomato leaf miner (Source: Chidege M, 2018) .................................................................................................................48 Plate 6: Phenology of Astripomoea hyoscyamoides (left) and site infested by Kongwa weed in Dodoma (right) (Source: Mwilawa A, 2018) ...........................49 Plate 7: Gutenbergia cordifolia as shown during its flowering stage (a) and its invasion in most areas of Ngorongoro Crater (b) (Source: Ngondya I, 2018). ................................................................................................................49 Plate 8: Indian House Crow as seen in Muheza district in Tanga region (Source: Nkwabi A, 2017). ................................................................................50 Plate 9: A Mauritius thorn as seen in Arusha National Park (Source: Ng’umbi G, 2018) ...............................................................................51 Plate 10: Spreading Water hyacinth in the Ugalla River (a) and Lake Victoria (b) (Source: Bukombe J, 2011 and Mbwambo J, 2018). ........................................51 NATIONAL INVASIVE SPECIES STRATEGY AND ACTION PLAN (NISSAP) xiii LIST OF APPENDICES Appendix 1: A list of National Task Force Team Members who took part in the preparation of NISSAP 2019-2029 ............................................................94 Appendix 2: Visited sites during fieldwork consultations and observations ...................95 Appendix 3: A summary of some of projects on Invasive Species implemented in Tanzania.....................................................................................................99 Appendix 4: A summary of reviewed policies, legal frameworks, strategies and ratified multilateral agreements ................................................................ 111 Appendix 5: A list of consulted individuals and their organizations ..............................130 Appendix 6: Dodoso Kuhusu Viumbe Vamizi/Wageni kwa Kushirikisha Wadau na Viongozi wa Taasisi Mbalimbali Nchini ....................................................132 Appendix 7: List of Participants in the Consultative Workshop conducted between 8th and 9th January 2019 in Morogoro ....................................................133 Appendix 8: List of invasive and potential invasive species of Tanzania .....................135 Appendix 9: List of species that are known to be invasive in Tanzania .......................141 Appendix 10: List of species that are potentially invasive in Tanzania ...........................144 Appendix 11: A template form for reporting invasive species incidences ......................148 Appendix 12: A list of pririority invasive species for management in Tanzania as ranked by Stakeholders ...........................................................................149 Appendix 13: A list of priority invasive species for management as ranked by Task Force Team members. ....................................................................152 Appendix 14: Evaluation Plan Matrix ON CONSTRUCTION TO SYNC WITH THE STRATEGY FLOW ..................................................................................154 Appendix 15: Prioritization of Actions.............................................................................161 Appendix 16: Indicative budget for implementation of NISSAP (2019-2029) ...............162 NATIONAL INVASIVE SPECIES STRATEGY AND ACTION PLAN (NISSAP)xiv DEFINITION OF TERMS Alien species species, subspecies or lower taxon whose presence in a region is attributable to human actions that enabled it to overcome fundamental biogeographical barriers. Biological diversity (Biodiversity) variability among living organisms and the ecological complexes of which they are part; this includes diversity within species, between species and of ecosystems. Biological invasions phenomenon of, and suite of processes involved in determining, the following: i) the transport of organisms, through human activity , to areas outside the potential range of those organisms as defined by their natural dispersal mechanisms and biogeographical barriers; and ii) the fate of such organisms in their new ranges, including their ability to survive, establish, reproduce, disperse, spread, proliferate, interact with resident biota and exert influence in many ways on and in invaded ecosystems. Control reducing the population of an invasive species. Ecosystem a community of organisms interacting with one another and with the environment in which they live. Ecosystem services benefits essential to human survival that natural ecosystems provide through their structures and functional processes. Endemic species unique species not naturally found elsewhere. Eradication permanent removal of the entire population of a species within a specific time and area. Establishment the process of a species in a new habitat successfully producing viable offspring with the likelihood of continued survival. Established species (Naturalized species) alien species that sustain self- replacing populations for several life cycles or a given period of time without direct intervention by people, or despite human intervention. Impact description or quantification of how an alien species affects the physical, chemical and biological environment. Impact can be conceptualized as the product of the range size of the invader, its average abundance per unit area across that range and the effect per individual or per biomass unit of the invader. NATIONAL INVASIVE SPECIES STRATEGY AND ACTION PLAN (NISSAP) xv Introduction the movement by human agency, indirect or direct, of a species outside of its natural range (past or present). This movement can be either within a country or between countries or areas beyond national jurisdiction. Intentional introduction (Deliberate introduction) the deliberate movement and/or release by humans of an alien species outside its natural range. Introduced species Plants, animals and other organisms taken beyond their natural range by people, deliberately or unintentionally. Invasive Alien species species introduced deliberately or unintentionally outside their natural habitats where they have the ability to establish themselves, invade, out-compete natives and take over the new environments. These are also referred to as species whose introduction and/or spread threaten biological diversity. Key sectorial ministries sectors affected by IS in each of the ministries in which they fall. Management activities related to prevention, Early Detection and Rapid Response (EDRR), and Control of invasive species. Native species (Indigenous species) a species that have evolved in a given area or that arrived there by natural means (through range expansion), without the intentional or accidental intervention of humans from an area where they are. Naturalization (establishment) the process of establishment of an alien species in its area of introduction. Pathways (also invasion pathways) means that allows the entry or spread of an invasive species. Sanitary and phytosanitary measures measures applied to protect human, animal or plant health in an area or region of introduction, establishment or spread or pests, diseases or vectors. Regulatory tools National Policies, Acts and Regulations. Restoration efforts to re-establish the biodiversity, ecosystem functioning and ecosystem services in a degraded area to the state that existed before degradation. Rehabilitation reparation of ecosystem processes, services, and productivity but it does not mean to restore the ecosystem to its pre-existing condition. NATIONAL INVASIVE SPECIES STRATEGY AND ACTION PLAN (NISSAP)xvi Surveillance monitoring for the purpose of detecting the arrival of new invasive species. Sustainability maintaining or improving the functioning of social-ecological systems, including environmental sustainability, the wellbeing of society and economic prosperity. Unintentional introduction refers to all introductions of invasive species which are not intentional. Vectors agents responsible for the transport of species to new areas where they did not previously occur. NATIONAL INVASIVE SPECIES STRATEGY AND ACTION PLAN (NISSAP) xvii ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS AEWA African-Eurasian Migratory Water Bird CABI Centre for Agriculture and Biosciences International CAWM College of African Wildlife Management-Mweka CBD Convention on Biological Diversity CBO Community-Based Organization COSTECH Tanzania Commission for Science and Technology CSO Civil Society Organization DE Director of Environment EDRR Early Detection And Rapid Response IAS Invasive Alien Species IRA Institute of Resource Assessment IS Invasive Species ISSG Invasive Species Specialist Group ISPM International Standard for Phytosanitary Measures IUCN International Union for Conservation of Nature LVEMP Lake Victoria Environmental Management Programme MDA Ministries, Departments and Agencies MLF Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries MLND Maize Lethal Necrosis Disease MOA Ministry of Agriculture MNRT Ministry of Natural Resources and Tourism MP Member of Parliament NBSAP National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan NCA Ngorongoro Conservation Area NCAA Ngorongoro Conservation Area Authority NEAC National Environmental Advisory Committee NEMC National Environment Management Council NGO Non-Governmental Organization NISSAP National Invasive Species Strategy and Action Plan NM-AIST The Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology PORALG President’s office Regional Administration and Local Government Authority PROTECT Promoting Tanzania’s Environment, Conservation and Tourism PRA Pest Risk Assessment SADC Southern African Development Community SDG Strategic Development Goals SUA Sokoine University of Agriculture SWOC Strengths-Weaknesses-Opportunities-Challenges TaFF Tanzania Forest Fund TAFIRI Tanzania Fisheries Research Institute TAFORI Tanzania Forestry Research Institute NATIONAL INVASIVE SPECIES STRATEGY AND ACTION PLAN (NISSAP)xviii TALIRI Tanzania Livestock Research Institute TANAPA Tanzania National Parks Authority TAWA Tanzania Wildlife Management Authority TAWIRI Tanzania Wildlife Research Institute TFS Tanzania Forest Service’s Agency TLU (ha/LU/yr) Tropical Livestock Unit (hector/Livestock Unit/years URT United Republic of Tanzania TPRI Tropical Pesticide Research Institute VPO Vice President’s Office GISP Global Invasive Species Programme WWF World Wide Fund for Nature NATIONAL INVASIVE SPECIES STRATEGY AND ACTION PLAN (NISSAP) 1 CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background Tanzania is one of few countries endowed with natural resources rich in biodiversity. Like many other developing countries in the world, Tanzania’s development largely depends on the use of its natural resources for ecosystem services. For example, the livelihoods of about 80% of rural population depend on land for agriculture and livestock grazing. The country economy mostly depends on agriculture, which accounts for more than one quarter of GDP and provides 85% of exports. The livestock population which is estimated at 30.5 million cattle, 18.8 million goats, 5.3 million sheep, 1.9 million pigs, 38.2 million local chickens, 36.6 million commercial chickens and 0.6 million donkeys, contribute about 4% of the GDP (MLF, 2017). The major feed resources (90%) come from the rangelands of about 50 million ha of which land for grazing is about 10.5% (NAFORMA, 2015). While the aforementioned economic sectors are important for our country’s development, the natural systems they depend on are threatened by invasive species. Invasive species have major ecological health and economic impacts in Tanzania. Impacts include threat to biodiversity, crops and pasture production and water resources. For example, invasion by Cedrela odorata in Kimboza Forest Reserve has colonized larger part of the forest and replaced native species, including the habitat of critically endangered Turquoise Dwarf Gecko (Lygodactylus williamsi) (Flecks et al., 2012). The invasion of Astripomoea spp (Kongwa weed) and Chromolaena spp (Amacha-bongo) in grazing lands reduce forage availability that causes livestock weight loss and encourages mobility among pastoralists in search for pastures elsewhere which ultimately causes conflict with other rangeland users. Furthermore, more than 350 indigenous fish species have disappeared since the introduction of Nile Perch and water hyacinth in Lake Victoria, creating a serious threats not only to the biodiversity of the Lake but also interfering with transportation in the Lake. The health impacts occur in both human and animals. Some of IS such as Parthenium hysterophorus have been described to cause health problems to both human and animals. Parthenium hysterophorus causes allergenic rhinitis, asthma, bronchitis, dermatitis, and hay fever to humans (Gnavel, 2013). With regards to economic loss, for example in Tanzania, it has been estimated that the invasion by five major IS in mixed maize farming systems is already costing Tanzania economy about US$ 155.6-190 million a year (Pratt et al. 2017). It has also been established that Tanzania National Parks (TANAPA) and Ngorongoro Conservation Area Authority (NCAA) has spent more than 1 billion Tanzanian shillings for managing IS in the financial year 2018/2019. Such large amounts of money set aside to fight IS could have been directed to improve infrastructures in the tourism sector and contribute to the national economy. Generally, biological invasions pose serious threats to people’s livelihoods, livestock, health and biodiversity conservation. The problem of IS is therefore a big challenge to the country. This Strategy therefore provides means and ways to mananage the negative impacts caused by invasive species. 1.2 Rationale Tanzania has ratified international conventions and enacted national legislations which are focused at addressing IS. The country ratified the International Plant Protection (IPP) Convention since 1951 in order to facilitate inspection of consignments with plants and/or plant parts moving across international borders. To operationalize the IPP convection, the Plant Protection Act (1997) and Regulations (1998) were enacted. Section 8 (1) of the Act NATIONAL INVASIVE SPECIES STRATEGY AND ACTION PLAN (NISSAP)2 requires that no plant or plant products, harmful organism, beneficial organism, or soil, may be imported into Tanzania except in accordance with the conditions on a plant importation permit previously obtained from, and signed by the Inspector in-charge. Furthermore, in 2003, Tanzania enacted another act to prevent and control animal diseases (Animal Diseases Act No 17 of 2003). The Act makes provision for control and prevention of animal diseases, monitoring production of animal products, for disposal of animal carcases and for other related matters. While the legislative and regulatory environment to prevent introduction of IS in Tanzania are in place, there exist a number of shortcomings that lead to low effectiveness in IS management: • Inspection agencies have inadequate equipment such as diagnostic tools for inspections. Currently inspection is based on visual assessment, hand lenses or simple microscope, which may be difficult to identify pests and seeds. • Regulation of cross-border movement of livestock has often been viewed by the public as a political rivalry between neighbouring countries rather than a regulatory process to prevent introduction of IS. • Low awareness among communities and experts including those responsible for importation procedures of biological materials. • Inadequate human and financial capacity. Furthermore, there have been inadequate enforcement of available legislations on IS which are under specific sectors, this is due to low knowledge and skills on how to identify species, quantify impacts and control/manage IS. There is also lack of co-ordinated effort among sectors on managing IS, leading to highly fragmented efforts. Some of the economic sectors have not included issues of IS in their regulatory tools hence pose challenges in enforcement. Thus in view of the existing inadequacies, there is strong need for a national strategy which among others will guide towards an effective and coordinated framework and efforts to prevent further introduction, spread of invasive species as well as to develop sustainable solutions to manage the existing invasions. The strategy also addresses the important aspects related to introduction, pathways and management options of the priority invasive species in each sector. Important aspects such as the need for effective intra and inter sectorial communication and co-ordination; improved operationalization and enforcement of laws and regulations; and capacity building in research and monitoring are also covered in the Strategy. In his recognition of the negative impacts of IS on the environment and in many sectors of Tanzania’s economy including the socio-cultural impacts, the Minister responsible for Union Affairs and Environment Hon. January Makamba (MP), made visits to some of the areas affected by IS in the country to understand the scale of the problem and efforts undertaken to address it, in order to form a basis for finding long term solutions. It is from these visits, Hon. Makamba decided to call stakeholders meeting in Arusha on 4th September 2018 during which that the need for a National Task Force (NTF) on IS was highly emphasized, and was proposed that the NTF should develop a National Strategy and Action Plan to Manage Invasive Species (NISSAP). In response to the resolutions of the stakeholders meeting, the Minister of Union Affairs and Environment, Hon. Makamba elected NTF that was officially inaugurated on 28th September 2018 by Hon. Samia Suluhu Hassan, Vice President of the United Republic of Tanzania (Appendix 1). A total of 14 Terms of References (ToRs) were assigned to the NTF team by the Vice President including six which emerged during the inauguration session. Among the expected deliverables was a National strategy and action plan for managing IS. NATIONAL INVASIVE SPECIES STRATEGY AND ACTION PLAN (NISSAP) 3 1.3 The NISSAP formulation process Various approaches, methods and techniques were used both in combination and/or singly to generate information and data used in the preparation of this Strategy. These include; learning and understanding the terms of references/tasks assigned to the team, preparation of an Inception Report and consulting key stakeholders. A table indicating areas visited during stakeholders consultations and list of reviewed research. projects on IS is presented on Appendix 2 & 3 respectively. The steps involved in development of this NISSAP listed below: 1) Review of existing information on IS in gray and published literature, 2) Review of existing legislatives and institutional frameworks and strategies on invasive species for Tanzania and other countries, 3) Consultation with key stakeholders using focused group discussions and field visits across sectors and geographical areas in Tanzania 4) Review by relevant experts, the scientific knowledge on issues related to IS, 5) Stakeholders’ consultative workshop. Rigorous literature review was undertaken to identify the existing information on type, number, pathways, impacts, management practices, legislatives and institutional frameworks on IS. Existing legislatives and institutional frameworks in Tanzania were reviewed to identify strengths and gaps that can be working out for insuring that the stratergy comply with legal and regulatory frameworks (Appendix 4). Literature on preparation of such strategies was also consulted in order to get a regional and international format and also mainstream cross cutting issues. Extensive consultation with key stakeholders was conducted to obtain information not available in the publications. At least 50 key stakeholders were consulted either through face to face discussions or through questionnaire administered through e-mail as indicated in Appendix 5 & 6. The selection of the stakeholders was based on experience in issues related to IS or impacted sectors/communities. The draft NISSAP document was subjected to review sectoral and institutional experts at a structured consultative workshop. The workshop was attended by 34 participants representing crosscutting sectors, NGOs, private sector, academic and research institutions within Tanzania, who shared their knowledge and skills to improve the draft NISSAP. A list of the participants who attended the workshop has been attached hereto as Appendix 7. 1.4 Structure of the NISSAP This Strategy is divided into five chapters. Chapter one is introduction. This chapter provides background information on IS including scale of the problem and its impacts. This chapter also provides information on the genesis and rationale for the strategy and the process of formulating the strategy. Chapter two provides the current state of invasive species in Tanzania. In particular this chapter provides a list of invasive and potential invasive species for Tanzania and through a set of criteria identifies a list of priority IS for interventions. This chapter identifies pathways for IS introduction and vectors for spread in the country. It also provides information on impacts of invasive species on the economy, environment, human and animal health and existing approaches to management of IS in Tanzania. The chapter also provides analysis of policy, legislative and regulatory tools so as to show the existing gap and propose areas NATIONAL INVASIVE SPECIES STRATEGY AND ACTION PLAN (NISSAP)4 for improvement on issues of IS. The analysis identified those regulatory tools which fully address issues of IS, partially address and those which do not address issues of IS. The results of this analysis have been used to set objectives and targets to be addressed in the Strategy. In addition, this chapter presents the proposed plans for management of IS in Tanzania. Generally, the chapter provide baseline information of the problem mentioned in the rationale section and highlight the need to be addressed in the Strategy. Chapter three is the strategic plan. This chapter, based on information from situational analysis provides the vision, mission and goal for the Strategy. It also provides six strategic objectives and actions required for each strategic objective. This chapter also presents the logical framework matrix which summarizes strategic objectives, actions, provides timelines for implementation and identifies responsibilities and indictors of performance. Chapter four is the implementation, monitoring and evaluation plan for the NISSAP. It provides information required for successful implementation of the Strategy. Such information includes: Prioritization of actions and areas, coordination, monitoring, evaluation and learning. Chapter five is the indicative expenditure budget. This chapter specifically intends to provide the government and all relevant stakeholders with the clue on the potential budget that may be required to implement the NISSAP for the period of 10 years. NATIONAL INVASIVE SPECIES STRATEGY AND ACTION PLAN (NISSAP) 5 CHAPTER TWO 2.0 SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS 2.1 CURRENT STATUS OF INVASIVE SPECIES IN TANZANIA There is inadequate documentation of the current status of invasive species in Tanzania (Ngondya et al., 2017). Most of the fairly documented invasive species are those which have impacted the forest and wildlife sectors. Little is known about IS in other sectors such as livestock, agriculture, water, health and fisheries. Following this gap, the Task Force Team undertook an assessment of the current list of IS in each sector and prepared a master list across all sectors. The Task Force Team appreciate some of the existing standard definitions of alien species, native species and invasive species. However, for convenience, these key terms were customized considering the Tanzanian context as shown in text Box 1. Box 1: Customized definitions i) Alien species refer to a species, subspecies or lower taxon whose presence in a region is attributable to human actions that enabled it to overcome fundamental biogeographical barriers ii) Native species refer to a species that have evolved in a given area or that arrived there by natural means (through range expansion), without the intentional or accidental intervention of humans from an area where they are native iii) Invasive species means all species (alien and native) that were found to have the following characteristics: 1) wide spread and abundant or localized but abundant, 2) high rate of spread, and 3) cause negative impacts to economy, environment or health iv) Potential invasive species means alien species that have been recorded as invasive in other countries but have not yet displayed the invasiveness characteristics (as described above (iii)) in Tanzania The NTF conducted a critical review of existing of various databases, publications and reports on IS, consultations with other experts and field surveys to some of areas known to be affected by IS. The analyses of data from various databases, review of publications, field surveys and expert information found that, currently Tanzania has a total of 220 invasive and potential invasive species (Table 1, Appendix 8). Seventy five (75) are invasive species, of which 87% are aliens and 13% native (Table 1, Appendix 9). The alien invasive species (AIS) fall under various life forms: animals (15), plants (49) and fungi (1). However, native invasive species (NIS) fall only under one life form: plants (10). Out of the 145 potential invasive species, approximately 94% were alien plant species (Appendix 10). About one third (32%) of the potential invasive alien plants are found in protected areas (Table 2). The NTF recommends immediate control of these species so as to avoid future spread to other areas and affect the integrity of the natural protected ecosystems. It is also worth noting that of the potential invasive species, 8 species (3 animal and 5 plant species) are species native to Tanzania. NATIONAL INVASIVE SPECIES STRATEGY AND ACTION PLAN (NISSAP)6 Table 1: Invasive and potential invasive species of Tanzania Organism Invasive Potential invasive Total Alien Native Alien Native Animalia 15 21 3 39 Bird 1 1 2 Fish 6 14 1 24 Insect 7 5 1 13 Mammal 1 1 Mollusca 2 Fungi 1 1 2 Fungi 1 2 Plantae 49 10 115 5 179 Aquatic 3 2 Algae 3 4 Bamboo 1 Cactus 2 1 3 Climber 1 1 4 6 Fern 2 1 3 Grass 3 8 3 13 Herb 11 6 40 1 61 Palm 3 2 4 Shrub 7 2 15 23 Tree 16 1 41 1 55 Grand Total 65 10 137 8 220 Table 2: List of species found in protected areas of Tanzania S/N Scientific name Common name Local Name Life form Organism Alien/ Native 1 Agave sisalana Sisal plant Katani, mkonge Herb Plantae Alien 2 Amaranthus hybridus Green amaranth Mchicha pori Herb Plantae Alien 3 Amphidinium carterae Algae Plantae Alien 4 Anacardium occidentale Cashew tree Mkorosho Tree Plantae Alien 5 Annona senegalensis African custard apple Mandopi, Mdape,Msirisiri, Tree Plantae Alien 6 Artocarpus heterophyllus Jackfruit Mfenesi Tree Plantae Alien 7 Arundo donax Giant cane Grass Plantae Alien 8 Austrocylindropuntia subulata Devil’s rope,long spine cactus Cactus Plantae Alien 9 Azadirachta indica Nimtre, Indian lilac Mwarobaini Tree Plantae Alien 10 Bidens kilimandscharica Bidens Herb Plantae Alien 11 Camellia sinensis Tea plant Chai Shrub Plantae Alien 12 Capsella bursa pastoris Coffee senna Herb Plantae Alien NATIONAL INVASIVE SPECIES STRATEGY AND ACTION PLAN (NISSAP) 7 S/N Scientific name Common name Local Name Life form Organism Alien/ Native 13 Cascabela thevetia Yellow oleander Shrub Plantae Alien 14 Cassia occidentalis Coffee senna Shrub Plantae Alien 15 Catharanthus roseus Madagascar periwinkle Vinka Herb Plantae Alien 16 Citrus aurantium Sour orange Tree Plantae Alien 17 Citrus limon Bitter Orange Mlimao Tree Plantae Alien 18 Cupressus lusitanica White cedar Msanduku, Mturako,Mkrismasi Tree Plantae Alien 19 Dalbergia sissoo Indian rosewood Tree Plantae Alien 20 Eriobotrya japonica Loquat Msambia, Kipirha Tree Plantae Alien 21 Eucalyptus maidenii subsp. Globulus Southern blue gum Mkaratusi Tree Plantae Alien 22 Eucalyptus saligna Sydney blue gum Mkaratusi Tree Plantae Alien 23 Grevilea robusta Silk oak Mwerezi, mgrevilea Tree Plantae Alien 24 Hevea brasiliensis Rubber tree Mpia Tree Plantae Alien 25 Hovenia dulcis Oriental raisin tree Tree Plantae Alien 26 Hura crepitans Sandbox tree Mbaika Tree Plantae Alien 27 Ipomoea cairica Morning glory Herb Plantae Native 28 Jacaranda mimosifolia Blue jacaranda Mjakaranda Tree Plantae Alien 29 Jatropha curcas Physic nut Shrub Plantae Alien 30 Mangifera indica Mango Mwembe Tree Plantae Alien 31 Manihot carthaginensis Ceara Rubber Tree Herb Plantae Alien 32 Manihot esculenta Bitter cassava Mhogo Herb Plantae Alien 33 Musa paradisiaca Madake Mgomba Herb Plantae Alien 34 Pinus caribaea Caribbean Pine, Msindano Tree Plantae Alien 35 Pinus patula Spreading leaved pine Msindano Tree Plantae Alien 36 Pinus radiata Peruvian pepper Msindano Tree Plantae Alien 37 Psidium guajava Common guava Mpera Shrub Plantae Alien 38 Psidium guineense Sour guava Mpera pori Tree Plantae Alien 39 Schinus molle Bronze bug Tree Plantae Alien 40 Senna multijuga Golden shower Shrub Plantae Alien 41 Senna siamea Siamese cassia Mjoholo Tree Plantae Alien 42 Spathodea campanulata African tuliptree Kifabakazi,Mfabakazi Tree Plantae Native 43 Syzygium aromaticum Clove Tree Plantae Alien 44 Syzygium jambos Champakka, Mountain Apple Tree Plantae Alien 45 Tectona grandis Teak Mtiki, Msaji, Majani mapana Tree Plantae Alien 46 Theobroma cacao Cocoa tree Tree Plantae Alien 47 Toona ciliate Red cedar Msederera-toona Tree Plantae Alien NATIONAL INVASIVE SPECIES STRATEGY AND ACTION PLAN (NISSAP)8 2.2 PATHWAYS FOR INVASIVE SPECIES Pathways of introduction describe how a species is transported, intentionally or unintentionally, outside its natural geographical range (Turbelin et al., 2017). Pathways also include physical means by which an invasive species is transported to a new region by humans, either deliberately or accidentally outside their natural geographical range. The arrival and entry of alien species is largely associated with human transport via one or more vectors (including ship, train, aircraft and automobile). The pathways of invasive species identified in Tanzania are grouped into six categories namely: Escape, transport-contaminant, transport-stowaway, corridors, release, and unaided. More description of each pathway category is provided in Table 3. Table 3: Description of invasive species pathways Pathway category Examples i) Release Species introduced as a result of biological control, conservation activities, erosion control/ dune stabilization, fishery in the wild, hunting in the wild, landscape/flora/fauna improvement, other Intentional release, release in nature for use, ii) Escape Species introduced through activities in agriculture, aquaculture/ mariculture, botanical garden/zoo/aquaria, farmed animals, forestry, fur farms, horticulture, ornamental purpose, pet/aquarium species, research (in facilities),live food and live baits, later escape boundaries of introduction to other areas, iii) Transport Contaminant Species introduced as contaminants in nursery material, contaminants on animals, contaminant on plants, contaminated bait, food contaminants, parasites on animals, parasites on plants, seed contaminant, timber trade, transportation of habitat material, iv) Transport stowaway Species introduced due to importation/transportation of angling/ fishing aquaculture equipment, container/bulk, hitchhikers in or on plane, hitchhikers on ship/boat, machinery/equipment, organic packing material, people and their luggage, ship/boat ballast water and vehicles, v) Corridors Species introduced/spread through Interconnected waterways/ basins/seas, vi) Unaided Species introduced/spread through natural dispersal across borders. Source: ISSG-IUCN Based on literature, each of five sectors namely wildlife, livestock, agriculture, forestry and water are affected by five pathway types (i.e. escape, transport contaminant, transport stowaway, corridors and release (Figure 1). The escape category had the highest contribution on introduction of alien species in various sectors in Tanzania. The wildlife sector recorded the highest number of species escaped after introduction. The remaining sectors (health, fisheries, transport and infrastructure) are mainly affected differently by escape, transport contaminant and release. Transport contaminants and transport stowaways ranked the second in the list of recorded pathways (Figure 1). The result was similar to the analysis conducted by the IUCN analysis at global and regional levels in 2014. Invasive species which come in through corridors or unaided were relatively few but the latter is the most frequent pathway in fisheries and transport sectors. NATIONAL INVASIVE SPECIES STRATEGY AND ACTION PLAN (NISSAP) 9 Figure 1: Pathway for introduction of selected group of invasive species to Tanzania Although the use of information from different databases on invasive alien species to analyze pathways has helped the NTF to identify existing pathways, there is a need to prioritize the most significant means of arrival and spread of invasive species at the sectoral levels. Experiences from other countries show that analysis of pathways is a process that needs in-depth assessment of the routes by which an invasive species is transferred from one ecosystem to another. In general, nearly all pathways identified by the NTF play part in enhancing introduction and spread of IS. Although, currently, sectoral specific pathways have not been clearly analysed, it is the opinion of the NTF that most of the sectors in the country have little or no capacity to manage these pathways effectively. The challenges related to capacity for managing this by various sectors include; limited knowledge and awareness of IS, lack of co-ordinated mechanism in communication and implementing policy and legal framework both within and across borders and sectors, lack of intra-and inter-sectoral guidelines on managing IS, lack of facilities and limited funds to enforce regulations for managing IS. Therefore, as a first step, an analysis of pathways at the sectoral level is needed, which will provide way for their proper management. Secondly, when the pathways are clearly understood at the level of sectors, they should be incorporated into an effective monitoring program that considers the process of introduction and spread of particular invasive species. A monitoring program can be made effective by making it regularly and/or seasonally implemented depending on the nature of species under consideration and the sector itself. For example, in the livestock sector, several alien invasive species are being introduced and spread through the transfer of animals from one area to another. To manage the transfer of alien plants transferred through transfer of animals, this will need to have a monitoring program that monitors all areas involved in animals (livestock) holding bomas. Another example is that, to manage invasive species that are coming through Horticulture (gardening) will need putting an emphasis on use of alternative native species that can save the same and/or similar purpose as the alien invasive plants. Other areas that need great consideration in the process of pathways analysis include analysis of all ports of entry and the type of species that possibly get into the country borders through them including all the technicalities involved in managing such species. NATIONAL INVASIVE SPECIES STRATEGY AND ACTION PLAN (NISSAP)10 2.3 THE IMPACTS OF INVASIVE SPECIES IN TANZANIA A review of available literature revealed that not all 220 invasive and potential invasive species identified causes negative impacts to ecosystems and economic loss in the country. In spite of inadequate availability of quantifiable data, the impacts of invasive species are apparent in almost every sector. In the recognition of this, the government of the United Republic of Tanzania has initiated sectoral efforts to deal with the specific cases of invasive species in the respective affected sectors. Among this include; the on-going effort to control the invasive species in Ngorongoro Conservation area and in some Tanzanian National Parks such as Saadani National Park, Serengeti National Park and Arusha National Park. Some of the efforts being done here include mapping of the areas affected by the invasives, mechanical removal of the invasives in the affected areas, prescribed burning as a way of suppressing invasives, and development of eco-friendly and cost-effective sustainable approaches that would realize the long-term solutions to managing this. At Ministerial level, some policies are being reviewed to further mainstreaming the management of IS in a much more effective way and the initiatives around this are recognized within the sectoral ministry of natural resources. The preliminary analysis indicates that, the Agricultural sector may be the most affected followed by Wildlife and Livestock sectors. The general sectoral impacts of invasive species have been itemized in the subsections below. 2.3.1 Agriculture Sector The agriculture sector is the key contributor by 25.88% of the national economy (Congela, 2015). The Ministry of agriculture has reported that the problem of invasive alien species was first reported in Tanzania in 1945, and occurred in sisal plantations and later in groundnuts and bananas (Lyimo et al., 2009). However, awareness on invasive species and their impacts was very low until mid-1980s to 1990s when there was much public concern about Cassava mealy bugs (1985/1990), water hyacinth (1990s), and the Large Grain Borer (LGB) Prostephanus truncatus, in the 1980s that was noted for the first time in Tabora, and later spread to other parts of Tanzania. Other IAS affecting the agricultural sector includes weed species like Lantana camara, Datura stramonium and Argemone mexicana. Substantial studies have also reported on the impact of Parthenium weed in crops in many parts of the world including Tanzania (Kilewa & Rashid, 2012; 2013). Parthenium weed has allelopathic chemicals with high competitive ability for soil moisture and nutrients found to inhibit germination and growth of adjacent crops such as wheat, sorghum and other plant species. The impacts of Parthenium are diverse, it takes only 4 weeks for Parthenium to develop from germination to flowering and flowering can persist for 6-8 months in favourable conditions. Parthernium invade and reduce land available for grazing and agriculture, suppress growth of other vegetation and cause health problems in human and livestock. Ecological impacts are such as loss of pasture for livestock and wildlife, and reduction of crop production. The invasion and colonization of IS such as Parthenium hysterophorus, Prosopis juliflora, Lantana camara and Clidemia hirtha in areas potential for agriculture reduces land for cultivation or make farming more costly (Kilewa & Rashid, 2013; Ngondya et al., 2016; Kilawe et al., 2017). Economically, it is estimated that in East Africa, Parthenium cause losses of about US$81,9 million/annum to small scale farmers (Pratt et al., 2017). Tanzania’s smallholder farmers play a major role in food security. However, infestation of croplands by invasive species reduces land potential for agriculture and food production which sometimes makes food production more costly. For example, in Kenyamonta village, about 90% the croplands have been invaded by Chromolaena odorata, which have caused reduced land for agricultural activities but also, lowered yield production yearly (Pers.comm.). Because of their adaptive and dominance characteristics invasive plant species (e.g. the NATIONAL INVASIVE SPECIES STRATEGY AND ACTION PLAN (NISSAP) 11 Chromolaena odorata) have ability to out-compete the native species and grow extensively in croplands. The Chromolaena odorata in the Kenyamota village have so far outcompeted the agricultural crops in most of the village land. Sustained introductions and spread of invasions by fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda), tomato leafminer (Tuta absoluta), Oriental fruit fly (Bactrocera dorsalis), papaya mealybug (Paracoccus marginatus), maize lethal necrosis disease (MLND) and Spotted stem borer (Chilo partellus) is threatening food security in the country. Tomato loss due to Tuta absoluta invasion can reach up 100%. Largely, the impacts of invasive species in the agriculture sector have been generalized to be: reduced cash income from crop production, increased farming costs, reduced food security, increased livelihood insecurity and increased public expenditure e.g. on food relief and breeding of disease resistant varieties (Lyimo et al., 2009; Kilewa & Rashid, 2012; 2013; Khan et al., 2014; Ngondya et al., 2016 a & b; Kilawe et al., 2017). In East Africa, it is estimated that the impacts of five major IS in mixed maize farming systems is US$ 0.9-1.1 billion and is expected to increase significantly in the next 5-10 years (Pratt et al., 2017). It has been estimated that in Africa, women spend on average 200 hours per annum weeding and about 70% of school children spend substantial amount of time helping their parents in efforts to fight IS. The FAW is however, considered to be major insect pest causing loss in maize estimated to be around US$ 339 million in East Africa (Pratt et al., 2017) and US$3 billion in Africa (Cock et al., 2017). During field consultations, these species were reported by various consulted stakeholders. Of the most mentioned invasive species in the field were the Fall army worms (FAW) and the Tomato leafminer (Tuta absoluta). Some farmer stakeholders in Mwanza and Iringa indicated that they had to abandon their farms because of invasion by pests like FAW and Tomato leafminer. In Tanzania, it is estimated that the impacts of five major IS (Chilo partellus, Maize Lethal Necrosis Disease (MLND), Parthenium hysterophorus, Liriomyza spp. and Tuta absoluta) in mixed maize farming systems to be US$ 155.6-190 million and is expected to increase significantly in the next 5-10 years (Pratt et al. 2017). 2.3.2 Livestock Sector Noxious invasive plant species have been reported to spread in most grazing lands of Tanzania. Some of the most frequently reported invasive plants in the livestock sector include: Astripomoea hyoscyamoides known as Kongwa weed and locally known as Mahata. The Astripomoea hyoscyamoides is known to spread in Kongwa and other parts of central Tanzania. Other noxious plants include: Chromolaena odorata commonly known as Siam weed and locally known as Amachabongo which spread in Serengeti and other parts of Lake zone; Gutenbergia cordifolia and Eleusine jaegeri, spread in Ngorongoro Conservation Authority (NCAA) and other neighboring areas which are overgrazed areas (Ngondya et al, 2016); Prosopis juliflora locally known as Mrashia, which is spreading in Rombo, Moshi, and Mwanga districts and some other parts of North-Eastern Tanzania and Lantana camara, which is spreading in many overgrazed semi-arid areas. In north-western Tanzania (Tarime-Serengeti Districts) farmers and livestock keepers have complained that Siam weed (Amachabongo) is killing palatable species and other pastures and in addition is causing eye blindness and other menace to livestock. Farmers are seeking solution using indigenous technical knowledge (ITK) and are seeking scientific help as it is threatening their livestock existence and hence their livelihoods (DLOs Serengeti Districts reports; Antony Mayunga - Mwananchi Newspaper -July 15, 2014; Mtambuki et al., 2013; Mwilawa et al., 2013; Anderson, 2005). Forage production has been adversely affected by NATIONAL INVASIVE SPECIES STRATEGY AND ACTION PLAN (NISSAP)12 the spread of this weed, making the already existing problem of forage scarcity in the area more serious, especially during the dry season. Earlier work from other countries have reported that the Siam weeds have negative effects to livestock and wildlife on reducing available pastures and associated plants on grazing lands, negative effects on livestock and others have argued the possibility of using it as feed (Koutika and Rainey, 2010; Dumalisile, 2008). It induces allelochemicals to the soil, reduces grazing potential, and increases the intensity and frequency of fires in natural forested areas. Mwilawa et al., (2015) have reported that, invasion of Chromolaena in Serengeti district reduces pasture which ultimately affects forage availability and crop growth for ruminant animals. The invasion have reduced the forage available for livestock from a total forage yield of 2,750 kgDM/ha to 1,150 kg DM/ha in areas with Amachabongo at Kenyamonta ward, Serengeti District hence affecting the potential grazing capacity. The most invaded areas with Amachabongo (in areas used to be grazing site) greatly lowered the livestock carrying capacity to about 15 TLU (ha/LU/yr) at Kenyamonta ward, Serengeti District. Other areas with moderate infestation the livestock carrying capacity is 6 TLU (ha/LU/yr). The commonly average livestock carrying capacity in semi-arid was reported to be 3 TLU (ha/LU/ yr). It is noted that continuous grazing in such areas reduces the TLU due to forage loss. The Amachabongo invasion causes deficit of forage and enhances bush encroachment. It equally implies that in order to meeting forage supply needed to animal demand, large piece of land is highly needed. This situation usually results to risk of overgrazing, encourages livestock movement in search of pasture which has ultimate danger to conflict with other users of land. Morever, the invasion of Chromolaena odorata locally decrease the abundance of native species such as Themeda triandra and Hyperrhenia sp. Siam weed is also included in the World’s worst tropical weeds due to its ability to invade and out-compete native vegetation thus reducing grazing potential for wildlife and livestock through allelopathy. Astripomoea hyoscyamoides is highly competitive, and has become one of the noxious weed dominating cropland and rangelands, particularly in the district of Kongwa in central Tanzania. The species is recently spreading towards Eastern, Central and northern parts of Tanzania (Nkombe et al., 2018). In its infested areas, the species is outcompeting native species for nutrients, light and space. The invasion of Astripomoea hyscamoiedes (Kongwa weed) on grazing lands for Livestock and wildlife inhibits the forage growth and decreases the carrying capacity of the land, and in cropping lands it increases weeding costs (Nkombe et al., 2018). Discussions with Authorities at TALIRI in Kongwa indicate that the invasion by Kongwa weed (Astripomoea hyoscyamoides) in established Buffel grass (Cenchrus ciliaris) stand has significant loss in the farm. The estimated costs showed that if paddocks were invaded at least by 15 percent then the numbers of animals to be kept in the paddocks were reduced from 260 cattle to 225 growing Boran cattle with average of 250 kg live weight (Table 4). Similarly, the farm conserve forage in terms of hay bales which is usually sold to smallholder dairy farmers and urban smallholder dairy keepers. It was estimated that if the same paddocks the forage was conserved for hay bales the total amount of money that could have lost due to Kongwa weed invasion was about Tshs 25.1 million annually with input costs of Tshs 14.5 million (Table 5). NATIONAL INVASIVE SPECIES STRATEGY AND ACTION PLAN (NISSAP) 13 Table 4: Estimated reduction in number of cattle to be supported due to invasion of Kongwa weed (Astropomoea hyscamoedes) in paddocks with established stand of Buffel grass (Cenchrus ciliaris) at TALIRI Kongwa, during 2017/2018 Parameter Buffel grass Production kg DM/100 ha/year1 Potential forage graze2 (kg DM/ha/yr) No of cattle to graze / year No Invasion 1,220,000 732,000 260 With Invasion (15%) 1,037,000 622,200 225 1Prodn 1ha Buffel grass ≡ 12,200 kg DM/ha/yr (Mero et al., 1995); 1 yr ≡ 365 dys; 2 1 TLU (cattle -growing Boran) ≡ consumes 7.5 kgDM/d; Consumption Table 5: Estimated amount of money received from Hay bales made from paddocks with established stand of Buffel grass (Cenchrus ciliaris) at the farm without and with invasion of Kongwa weed (Astropomoea hyscamoedes) at TALIRI Kongwa, during 2017/2018 Parameter Buffel grass Production kg fresh/100 ha/year1 Potential forage hay bales (kg DM/ha/yr Amount (Tshs ‘000) No Invasion 1,326,000 88,400 265,200 With Invasion (15%) 199,000 13,200 39,600 1 Prodn 1ha Buffel grass ≡ 13,260 kg DM/ha/yr; 1 Bale of hay ≡ 15 kg; Price Tshs 3000/= per Bale Other invasive species is Prosopis juliflora tree which have invaded in Rombo and Mwanga districts spreading from the bordering town of Taveta Kenya (Mtambuki et al., 2013; Mwilawa et al., 2013). During the field visit it was indicated that, the P. Juliflora has so far spread in parts of Holili and is spreading to Mwanga, Rural Moshi and other parts of Same Districts. Farmers have reported that the shrub forms impenetrable thickets that are preventing other plants from growing. Also goats get bad teeth after eating the sugary pods from trees, which leads to teeth loss and thus starving goats. Also, thorns of P. juliflora may cause injuries on people and livestock. Similar observations were reported in Kenya (Lenachuru, 2003; Andersson, 2005). The documentation of the P. juliflora spread and its negative effects has been more intensively conducted in Kenya and in IUCN’s list of invasive alien species (Mwangi and Swallow, 2005). Due to its known threats it is extremely important that investigation be done to prevent /control it from spreading wider in Tanzania. Owing to the difficulties in eradicating the Prosopis species, experiences from elsewhere that could be employed to control the invasions may be considered for implementation in Tanzania. Caesalpinia decapitala is an aggressive exotic plant that invades grazing land, riparian vegetation, forest margins and savannas, which forms impenetrable, prickly thickets, injures animals and humans, causes trees to collapse, uses excessive amounts of water and increases fire risk. The dense leaf canopy overshadows other plants and ousts the natural vegetation. In plantations, the species seriously hampers activities. Parthenium is another invasive plant that affect livestock sector. It has been shown that in rangelands, Parthenium can reduce pasture production by 90%, threatening pastoral livelihoods. Loss of pasture to livestock may also increase livestock movements and therefore conflicts with other rangelands users particularly the farming communities. NATIONAL INVASIVE SPECIES STRATEGY AND ACTION PLAN (NISSAP)14 2.3.3 Fisheries Sector It is important to recognize that, the aquatic systems harbor the largest diversity as compared to the terrestrial environment although the latter stands to be the most studied. Furthermore, the fisheries sector has equally high contribution to the National GDP. For example, in 2014 the fishery sector including aquaculture contributed 2.4% to gross domestic product, and has been growing at the rate of 5.5 per cent (Economic Survey Report, 2014; Benard et al., 2018). Despite its importance, the sector has been highly affected by IS. Most reported of the IS in the fisheries sector is the Nile Perch that has been reported to deplete more than 350 fish species in Lake Victoria. Introduction of Oreochromis nilotica, O. zilii and O. Leucostictus reduced native tilapiines particularly O. variabilis and O. esculentus through competition for habitat (Ogutu-Ohwayo & Hecky, 1991) and hybridization (Kudhongania & Chitamwebwa, 1995; Ogutu-Ohwayo and Hecky, 1991). Some of the species that have been heavily impacted in Lake Victoria include: Oreochromis esculentus and O. variabilis (Lyimo et al., 2009). The Nile perch was introduced in the lake in the 1950’s as a management measure, to utilize Haplochromines which were in abundance, commercially unimportant and almost regarded as ”trash fish’’ (Witte et al., 1992). With time, Nile Perch has become invasive although also regarded as economically important thus creating a potential conflict of interest when it comes to its management (Table 6). Water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) is one of the invasive aquatic weed affecting the environment and the overall fisheries in the Lake Victoria as well as other lakes in Tanzania. Both the introduction of Nile perch and the invasion by water hyacinth in the lake have had impacts on the lake biodiversity and on the local community livelihoods, especially those whose main livelihood activity is fishing. Furthermore, spread of Water hyacinth in Lakes Victoria, Jipe and Prosopis juliflora in Nyumba ya Mungu have blocked access to water resources and fisheries and jeopardize the livelihoods of thousands of fishermen. Another not very commonly reported water invasive species that is quite dangerous is the species known as Trapa natans. The species is said to have very dangerous spines that once they prick human body, the wound can persist for period of more than three months (Pers comm). During site visitation in the lake zone, a number of species were reported with indicative impacts thereof. The list has been summarized on Table 6 below. Table 6: Summary of reported water invasive species in Lake Victoria Zone S/N Species Impact Area/Scale of the Problem Management Strategies and community involvement 1 Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) Has significantly boosted the fisheries industry in the Lake Victoria. Across Lake Victoria and satellite lakes in the region. Also found in other great lakes in Tanzania None 2 Nile perch (Lates niloticus) Has significantly boosted the fisheries industry in the Lake Victoria. Known to cause decline to extremely low levels or vanished of more than 350indigenous fish from the Lake Victoria. Lead to imbalances of components of trophic levels. Across Lake Victoria None NATIONAL INVASIVE SPECIES STRATEGY AND ACTION PLAN (NISSAP) 15 S/N Species Impact Area/Scale of the Problem Management Strategies and community involvement 3 Trapa natans Very sharp thorns which pierce people and wounds take > 3 month to heal. The weed displaces native and severely impede recreational activities, fishing from the shoreline, watering animals Reported in the Lake Victoria Tanzania in 2001 in Biharamulo District. In July 2003 the weed had already spread to Geita, Misungwi and Bukoba rural. Manual removal Trials so far seem expensive. . 4 Water Hyacinth Water bodies (Lakes and dams). Affect mobility/ water navigation/ transportation and fish production sites. Harbor dangerous animals like Crocodile and snakes. Bukoba municipal, Bukoba rural, Misenyi, Karagwe, Chato, Sengerema, Misungwi, Magu, Ilemela, Nyamagana, Musoma urban, Musoma rural, Rorya, Bunda. Integrated Pest Management (IPM) strategies by applying bio control. Manual/physical removal). 5 Azolla filiculoides Prevent light from penetrating hence create anaerobic conditions detrimental to aquatic organisms. Reduce water quality and increase siltation. Water invaded with Azolla is very unpalatable to people and animals. Water bodies (lakes, dams and slow moving water around Lake Victoria). Although not yet estimated, but spread very fast in the regions. Controlled manually by raking in the water bodies. Water hyacinth proliferation is dependent on nutrient availability, a condition offered by the eutrophic Lake Victoria. In the 1980’s the percentage cover of the weed in the lake was relatively low compared to the 1990’s when it reached a maximum in 1998. At the inception of LVEMP activities for controlling water hyacinth in 1997, the weed covered 700 ha. It extended to over 2,000 ha of the Tanzanian part of the Lake covering over 75% in some sheltered bays and gulfs, threatening the livelihood of many households in the Lake Victoria Basin (LVEMP, 1999). Despite the negative economic impacts on the economies of the riparian communities, quantification of economic losses is not established. Efforts to reduce the rate of infestation have been made at national and local levels. At national level, through the Lake Victoria Environmental Programme (LVEMP) the weed was successfully brought under control using biological, mechanical and manual methods. The total cost of LVEMP was about USD 8.3 million for the three countries (Kenya, Tanzania and Uganda). Different fish species responded differently to the effects of water hyacinth. A study in Lake Victoria – Kenya showed that catches of some indigenous fish species increased with water hyacinth cover (Njiru et al., 2004). This pattern is unexpected calling for a similar but more thorough study in the Tanzania part of the lake and other waterbodies affected by water hyacinth. The invasion of water hyacinth dramatically affects water flow, blocks sunlight from reaching NATIONAL INVASIVE SPECIES STRATEGY AND ACTION PLAN (NISSAP)16 native aquatic plants which often die. During its decay processes it depletes dissolved oxygen in the water, often killing fish. The plants also create a prime habitat for mosquitos, the classic vectors of malaria and other diseases, and a species of snail known to host a parasitic flatworm which causes schistosomiasis (snail fever). Water Hyacinth in Lake Victoria covering approximately 518 ha, has changed fish habitat through deoxygenating of water and reduction of nutrients in sheltered bays, which are breeding and nursery grounds (NBSAP, 2014). In Lake Victoria, about 350 species of haplochromines have been predated to disappearance by Nile perch (Lates niloticus) (LVEMP, 2005; Shechonge, 2017). About US$8.3 million were used to control Water Hyacinth in Lake Victoria (LVEMP, 1999). Translocation of fish species between waterbodies within the country has caused disaster to some native fish species. For example, Oreochromis hunter, endemic to Lake Chala, was once abundant but has been pulled down to insignificant numbers following introduction of other three species into the lake from other waterbodies in the upper Pangani drainage (Moser et al., 2018). However, some of IS have positive impacts to the economy if well managed. Nile Tilapia has been used as the major source of nutrients and income in the lake zones and beyond. Presence of the species can thus strengthen or create new economic opportunities (employment and income). Despite large potential for utilization of some IS already in Tanzania, these opportunities have not been well explored. With the fast-growing aquaculture subsector, the country is facing new challenges related to introduction of exotic species or even translocation species between water basins and associated waterbodies. This requires strict monitoring and regulation of fish seed movement. One of the suitable strategies to prevent invasion and unwanted translocation the government should put in place regulatory mechanisms to restrict importation of fish seed while promoting farming of local fish species. Establishment of hatchery facilities within water basins will add the efforts against further invasion and the consequent effects on local biodiversity. 2.3.4 Forestry Sector In the forestry sector there are various invasive species that have been reported to cause impacts on the environment. These include the Cedrela odorata in Kimboza Forest Reserve, Acacia mearnsii in Chome Nature Reserve and Maesopsis eminii in Amani Nature Forest Reserve. The Cedrela odorata was introduced in more than 40 years ago (Hagen et al., 2006) and so far has been reported to have colonized a large part of the forest, suppressing the native species and almost replacing the indigenous tree species (Figure 2). The existence of these species is therefore threatening the existence of native species in country’s top biodiversity hotpots. Important to note is that, the IS does modify the soil conditions in such a way that no successful regeneration of primary tree species may occur. Most reported impacts of the forest sector are also interconnected to those in the agriculture and the rangeland in general. NATIONAL INVASIVE SPECIES STRATEGY AND ACTION PLAN (NISSAP) 17 Figure 2: Cedrela odorata invading and replacing native species in Kimboza Forest Reserve. Source: Kilawe, (2017, unpublished report) Biological invasion by Cedrela odorata in Kimboza Forest Reserve has colonised larger parts of the forest and replaced native species (Figure 2). Invasion of Prosopis juliflora in Kenya, Ethiopia and Tanzania has been associated with increased mortality of native Acacia erioloba. Replacement of indigenous plants by IS has serious repercussion on other organisms (Shackleton et al., 2015). For example invasion by Acacia insulae-iacobi significantly reduced abundance and diversity of birds in Mpwapwa District (Figure 3). Similar effects have been reported for Cedrela odorata on the population of critically endangered lizard in Kimboza Forest Reserve (Fleck et al., 2012), and Azadirachta indica on diversity and abundance of small mammals in Saadani National Park (Silayo and Kiwango, 2010). Figure 3: Invasive Acaciainsulae-iacobi affecting abundance and diversity of birds in Mpwapwa (Source: Werema, 2017) NATIONAL INVASIVE SPECIES STRATEGY AND ACTION PLAN (NISSAP)18 Acacia mearnsii commonly known as Black Wattle is estimated to occupy about 210 condensed hectares of Chome Nature Reserve in Same District (condensed area means area covered when the plant is assumed to occupy 100% of the area). This area is equivalent to 1.5% of the total area of Chome Nature Reserve. In this case 210 hectares of native vegetation has completely been displaced by the plant A. mearnsii. The cost of clearing A. mearnsii and allow for regeneration of native species was estimated to be TZS 164.7 million. This is done by clearing the invasive species and two follow ups by removing the regenerating seedlings of A. mearnsii which come after rain seasons. The cost has not included enrichment planting by native vegetation or tree species, although in some areas of the reserve, enrichment planting is inevitable to hasten regeneration. Prosopis juliflora (Mrashia, Mgunga taveta in Kiswahili language) is considered a serious threat in grazing and agricultural lands in Rural Moshi, Mwanga, Simanjiro, Mkinga, Same, Monduli and Kilindi Districts (Kilawe et al., 2017). In 2018, the Woody Weeds project (www. woodyweeds.org) estimated the cost to control P. juliflora in agricultural areas around Kahe Moshi Rural. It was established that it costs TZS 2,135,000/= to clear one hectare invaded with P. juliflora in order to prepare it for agriculture. The tree species has been observed in Mvomero Morogoro nearby Miombo and Acacia woodlands. There is big risk that the species could be introduced to nearby Miombo forests due to movement of livestock. Control of Prosopis involves physical methods by cutting and uprooting stumps, whereby roots must be removed at least 15 cm below the ground. Chemical methods involves: application of herbicides on cut stumps and the bark of the stem up to 75 cm (basal bark). The preferred chemical is Triclopyr. Biological method uses a leaf tying moth of the genus Evippe that has been tried in Australia and South Africa and found effective. Awareness creation is being done to ensure that the species is destroyed once observed in nearby reserved forests Some IS however, have positive impacts to the economy if well managed. For example Prosopis juliflora and Cedrela odorata produce wood that can be used for timber, poles and charcoal; Leucaena leucocephala is widely used to enrich soil fertility, and provide supplementary fodder for livestock, living fences and timber. 2.3.5 Wildlife Sector Analyses have indicated that, there is quite high number of potential and invasive species in the protected areas (i.e National Parks, NCA, Forest and Nature Reserves). According to various consultations and the compiled data, it appears that most of the protected areas are infested by invasive and potential invasive species thus threatening the sustainability of tourism and forest industry in the country. In total, 116 species (both invasive and potentially invasive) have been documented in these sensitive areas which are the main source of income in the tourism sector (Appendix 8). The number of IS identified in the areas differ between them although some have similar species. The available data have further indicated that, so far the NCA have the highest number of invasive species (38), followed by the Serengeti National Park (30) while Amani Nature Reserve had the lowest number (i.e. 29 species). Among the potential invasive species that may cause serious impact include Parthenium hysterophorus which produces allelo chemicals which inhibit germination and growth of adjacent native species. Similar effects have been observed for Chromolaena odorata (Siam weed) on abundance of Themeda triandra and Hyperrhenia sp. These species are well known as serious threats and are included in the top 100 worst global invasive species list. It has been estimated that Parthenium causes losses of about US$81.9 million/annum to small scale farmers (Pratt et al., 2017). The Indian house crow is detrimental to indigenous bird species through predation or NATIONAL INVASIVE SPECIES STRATEGY AND ACTION PLAN (NISSAP) 19 competitive displacement by attacking, mobbing birds and destroying eggs as well as nests (Chongomwa, 2011). Crow predation on reptiles and amphibians, taking eggs and chicks of free-range poultry, attacking new-born kids and calves (West, 2010; Fraser et al, 2015). Currently, plant IS have been observed to result into changed hydrological patterns hence leads to displacement of wildlife. Due to their ability to change soil characteristics such as pH, IS leads to disappearance of some delicate and palatable species, and replacement with resistant, less palatable species to wildlife. This also leads to wild animals’ displacement. Some IS have poisonous characteristics which cause death when consumed in large amounts by wildlife. In the Ngorongoro conservation area, invasive species have been reported to cause negative impacts on wildlife by reducing forage and biodiversity. They invade relatively large grazing area replacing the native species with unpalatable or non edible species while reducing potential land for forage production. According to Ngondya et al., (2016) the spread of IS in wildlife protected areas may lead to overgrazing in some areas and may force wildlife out of protected areas and hence causing increased human-wildlife conflicts and potential poaching. Gutenbergia cordifolia, Biden schemperi, and Tagetes minutes have for instance invaded the Ngorongoro crater floor covering almost half of its size i.e. 250 km2. This invasion has significantly reduced grazing area for herbivore and in turn redistributes the local wildlife to other areas in search for forage. A more recent detailed ground surveys conducted by TAWIRI in the NCA crater area in 2018 show that, of the total crater area (~260 km2 or 26000 ha), 27.113 ha are covered by invasive species (squeezing all invasive species together). Gutenmbergia cordifolia covers 18.246 ha equivalent to 67.30 % of the total area infested by invasive species in the crater. The remaining infested area is occupied by other invasive species including Baggartics (Bidens schimperi) which covers 4.14 ha or 15.28 % of the total infested area, Marigold (Tagetes minuta) covers 2.656ha or 9.80% of infested area and Thorn apple (Solanum incanum) covers 1.984 ha or 1% of infested crater area. These species have occupied areas which were previously used by wildlife for foraging. The replacement of these area with invasive species have caused changes in animal movements within the crater, a fact which is supported by the recently published research finding by Ogutu et al. (2019), which showed that wildlife abundance continue to decline in the crater area. Other research work have shown that the vegetation structure in the Ngorongoro crater changed from being predominately short grassland in 1967 to mid and tall grasses dominating in 1995 (Ogutu et al. 2019). This is due to the fact that most of the invading species are herbs which are relatively tall than the indigenous grass species. In the Serengeti ecosystem, a study conducted by TAWIRI in 2012 show that the area occupancy of invasive plant species Opuntia sp estimated to a total of 5.16 ha out of the total 45.2 ha surveyed. Further expansion of the same species continues to new areas as per recent observations. In Saadani National Park the rapid invasion of grassland patches by Acacia zanzibarica threat the existence of grazers in the park. For example, during field visits in the Saadani National Park it was noted that, some areas were overgrown into thickets which eventually destructed wildlife visibility and blocked penetrability as they move in searching for food or when hunting. Similar effect by Caesalpinia decapetala and Acacia zanzibarica is reported in Arusha National Park and Selous Game Reserve (Selous Matambwe block Z1), respectively. Therefore, altering grazing opportunities for wildlife forces wild animals to squeeze into the remaining habitable area, or move outside protected areas. Long term data (Veldhuis et al., 2019), suggest that squeezing wildlife into the core of Serengeti National Park is damaging habitation and disrupting the migration routes of wildebeest, zebra and gazelle. This has happened in areas around other protected areas in the country whereby when wildlife is displaced from their natural areas, they sometimes move into community land, where they can find water and pasture. This leads to human-wildlife conflicts as well as escalated poaching incidences. In areas where there are rare and endangered species, NATIONAL INVASIVE SPECIES STRATEGY AND ACTION PLAN (NISSAP)20 such as Chimpanzees in Mahale and Gombe National Parks, displacement of wildlife can have dire impacts whereby the chimpanzees move into communal land, where they increase the probability of contacting infectious zoonotic diseases, which can decimate their population or endanger human life. In addition, IS on water surface prevent the infiltration of sun rays leading into drop of oxygen levels, which have a direct impact on the abundance and diversity of aquatic organisms. Effects of IS could potentially make ecosystems less resilient to future shocks such as drought or further climate change. Directly and indirectly, tourism is finally negatively affected by loss of revenue to the nation. Economically, invasive species continue to cause serious monetary loss through the wildlife sector. Although there is scant literature regarding impacts of IS to the tourism/wildlife sector, TANAPA and NCAA are spending quite a large sum of money in managing the IS. According to discussions with NCAA and TANAPA representatives it appears that, quite large amount of money has so far been spent in the managing the invasive species in these areas. For example, the NCAA reported that they had set aside about 500 million for invasive species management in the NCA while TANAPA had allocated TZS 567,600,000/- only for the 2018/19 fiscal year. Cumulatively, TANAPA said that they had spent 1.5 billion TZS during the last ten years to manage invasive vegetation in their areas. Therefore, for the past 11 years, TANAPA has spent about 2 billion TZS on invasive species problem in the Tanzanian parks indicating the magnitude of the problem. 2.3.6 Tourism Sector Chromolaena odorata, Gutenbergia cordiafolia and Parthenium hysterophorus are among the species that are replacing natural vegetation preferred by wildlife in Ngorongoro and Serengeti at an alarming rate (c.f. Mwilawa et al., 2015; Ngondya et al, 2017). The over dominance of Gutenbergia cordifolia in more than half of the Ngorongoro crater (Ngondya et al., 2016) has led to poor distribution of animals and reduced land for forage production thus causing serious threat to sustainability of forage production in both the livestock and wild animal areas of Tanzania. This is seriously threatening tourism sector which is one of the biggest foreign currency earners for Tanzania. So far, IS impact to the tourism sector has not been well documented. 2.3.7 Health Sector As other sectors, the health sector is among affected sectors by IS. Although largely unconfirmed, some of IS has been reported to cause health problems to human and animals. Parthenium hysterophorus for example causes allergenic rhinitis, asthma, bronchitis, dermatitis, and hay fever to humans (Gnavel, 2013). Similarly Cedrela odorata pollens and sawdust has been reported to cause asthma and allergies where tree is planted and timber sawn near settlements (Mashauri, 2017). Prosopis juliflora and Trapa natans thorns cause serious injuries to human and animals-sometimes leading to disabilities. NATIONAL INVASIVE SPECIES STRATEGY AND ACTION PLAN (NISSAP) 21 Ta bl e 7: S um m ar y of c on tr ol m ec ha ni sm s ap pl ie d in s om e se le ct ed IS in T an za ni a S /N N am e/ S co pe o f in va si ve s pe ci es ta rg et ed to c on tr ol Im pa ct s C on tr ol o pt io ns C om m en ts o n pe rf or m an ce (T ec hn ol og y E ff ec tiv en es s) 1 F al l a rm y w or m (S po do pt er a fr un gi pe ta ) R ed uc e ce re al c ro p yi el ds u p to 1 00 % if u nc he ck ed . In 2 01 7/ 18 it w as in iti al ly re po rt ed to th e M O A 7 1, 42 6 he ct ar es w er e af fe ct ed . In te rc ro pp in g of m ai ze va rie tie s w ith p us h an d pu ll te ch no lo gy C he m ic al c on tr ol E ffe ct iv e by m or e th an 8 0% if ti m el y an d ap pr op ria te ly a pp lie d. E xa m pl e, M os hi h as b ee n su cc es sf ul by m or e th an 8 0% d ue to a do pt io n of th e F al l a rm yw or m s ym pt om at ic sp ra yi ng s ch em e fo r T an za ni a (F S S T ) te ch ni qu es w hi ch is ti m el y co nt ro l w ith a pp ro pr ia te p es tic id e, ta ki ng co ns id er at io n ty pe o f d am ag e. 2 P ro so pi s ju lifl or a R ed uc e la nd a va ila bl e fo r gr az in g an d ag ric ul tu re B lo ck a cc es s to w at er re so ur ce s an d fis hi ng C au se h ea lth p ro bl em s in hu m an a nd li ve st oc k Le ad to c on fli ct s be tw ee n fa rm er s an d pa st or al is t M ec ha ni ca l c on tr ol c ut b ef or e flo w er in g an d up ro ot in g C he m ic al c on tr ol – ba sa l b ar k 60 % b ut v er y ex pe ns iv e V er y ef fe ct iv e (9 0 10 0% ) bu t i t i s ex pe ns iv e an d re qu ire s te ch ni ca l kn ow h ow 3 P ar th en iu m hy st er op ho ru s R ed uc e la nd a va ila bl e fo r gr az in g an d ag ric ul tu re S up pr es s gr ow th o f o th er ve ge ta tio n C au se h ea lth p ro bl em s in hu m an a nd li ve st oc k M ec ha ni ca l: U pr oo t a nd b ur n C he m ic al : F ol ia r sp ra y (H er bi ci de s) B io c on tr ol : B ee tle s (Z yg og ra m m a bi co la ta ) E ffe ct iv e if do ne b ef or e flo w er in g or c on tin uo us u pr oo tin g of n ew re ge ne ra te s O n tr ia l b y T P R I i n A ru sh a, b ut fo un d to b e ef fe ct iv e in o th er c ou nt ry ’s tr ia l. 4 A st rip om ea hy sc am oi de s (K on gw a w ee d) R ed uc e la nd a va ila bl e fo r gr az in g an d ag ric ul tu re S up pr es s gr ow th o f o th er ve ge ta tio n M ec ha ni ca l: C ut tin g be fo re flo w er in g M ow in g fr eq ue nt ly w he n st ill yo un g (2 3 ) tim es E ffe ct iv e if co nd uc te d be fo re flo w er in g an d/ or c on tin uo us u pr oo tin g of n ew r eg en er at es NATIONAL INVASIVE SPECIES STRATEGY AND ACTION PLAN (NISSAP)22 S /N N am e/ S co pe o f in va si ve s pe ci es ta rg et ed to c on tr ol Im pa ct s C on tr ol o pt io ns C om m en ts o n pe rf or m an ce (T ec hn ol og y E ff ec tiv en es s) 5 C hr om ol ae na o do ra ta R ed uc e la nd a va ila bl e fo r gr az in g an d ag ric ul tu re Le ad to c on fli ct s be tw ee n fa rm er s an d pa st or al is t, an d pa st or al v er su s pa st or al s S up pr es s gr ow th o f o th er ve ge ta tio n R ed uc e av ai la bi lit y of th at ch in g gr as s C au se e ye a br as io ns a nd it ch y an d ca n le ad to b lin dn es s M ec ha ni ca l: F re qu en t up ro ot in g an d bu rn E ffe ct iv e if co nd uc te d be fo re flo w er in g an d/ or c on tin uo us u pr oo tin g of n ew r eg en er at es 6 G ut en be rg ia c or di fo lia (G ut en be rg ia ) R ed uc e la nd a va ila bl e fo r gr az in g an d ag ric ul tu re S up pr es s gr ow th o f o th er ve ge ta tio n A ffe ct d is tr ib ut io n of a ni m al s M ec ha ni ca l: F re qu en t m ow in g /s la sh /u pr oo tin g be fo re flo w er in g N at ur e ba se d ap pr oa ch ( pl an t pl an t c om pe tit io n) E ffe ct iv e if do ne b ef or e flo w er in g an d/ or c on tin uo us u pr oo tin g/ m ow in g/ sl as hi ng o f n ew r eg en er at es P re lim in ar y as se ss m en t 5 0% 7 E le us in e ja eg er i (E le us in e) R ed uc e la nd a va ila bl e fo r gr az in g S up pr es s gr ow th o f o th er ve ge ta tio n A ffe ct d is tr ib ut io n of a ni m al s Im pa ir an im al v is ib ili ty a nd m ov em en t M ec ha ni ca l : U pr oo t a nd b ur n E ffe ct iv e if do ne b ef or e flo w er in g co nt in uo us u pr oo tin g of n ew re ge ne ra te s E xp en si ve to u nd er ta ke 8 C ae sa lp in ia de ca pe ta la (M au rit iu s th or n) R ed uc e gr az in g an d ra ng in g la nd Im pa ir an im al v is ib ili ty a nd m ov em en t M ec ha ni ca l: C ut , u pr oo t a nd bu rn V er y ef fe ct iv e bu t e xp en si ve NATIONAL INVASIVE SPECIES STRATEGY AND ACTION PLAN (NISSAP) 23 S /N N am e/ S co pe o f in va si ve s pe ci es ta rg et ed to c on tr ol Im pa ct s C on tr ol o pt io ns C om m en ts o n pe rf or m an ce (T ec hn ol og y E ff ec tiv en es s) 9 E ic hi ho rn ia c ra ss ip es (W at er h ya ci nt h) C ut o ff ox yg en s up pl y to aq ua tic o rg an is m s B lo ck a cc es s to w at er re so ur ce s, b ea ch a nd fi sh in g D es tr oy fi sh b re ed in g to aq ua tic o rg an is m P ro vi de g oo d b re ed in g si te fo r di se as e sp re ad in g ve ct or s – M al ar ia , B ilh ar zi a, e tc In te rf er es w ith ir rig at io n an d w at er s up pl y In cr ea se w at er tr ea tm en t c os ts M ec ha ni ca l: U pr oo t,b ur n a nd tr aw lin g B io lo gi ca l : W ea ve rs (N eo ch et in a ei ch ih on ea ) a nd ni te s In te gr at ed p es t m an ag em en t (I P M ): ( B io lo gi ca l a nd ch em ic al ) V er y ef fe ct iv e bu t l ab or in te ns iv e A bo ut 9 0% E ffe ct iv e 10 Tu ta o bs ol ut a (T om at o le af m in er ) To m at o yi el d lo ss o f u p to 10 0% if u nc he ck ed . In te gr at ed p es t m an ag em en t (I P M ) E xc lu si ve n et tin g (s cr ee n ho us e of 0 .4 x 0 .7 m m ), C ro p ro ta tio n, u se o f c le an se ed lin gs , C he m ic al : ( sp in et or am S pi no sa d, im id ac lo pr id , em m am ec tin b en zo at e, ab am ec tin , F lu be nd ia m id e 48 0g /L , a nd C hl or an tr an ili pr ol e 20 0 g/ L, B io p es tic id es : M an is op le a U se o f t he D ou bl e do or b uc ke t m ov em en t ( D D M ) m as s tr ap pi ng te ch no lo gy 80 9 5% 10 0% E ffe ct iv e NATIONAL INVASIVE SPECIES STRATEGY AND ACTION PLAN (NISSAP)24 2.4 APPROACHES FOR MANAGING INVASIVE SPECIES IN TANZANIA Sector specific management practices for managing invasive species in Tanzania exists. Various approaches ranging from sector specific to institutional initiatives have been used in managing IS in Tanzania (Table 7) . At each level the approach has been to address a specific IS at a specific location. Some of management practices of existing IS in each sector is presented below. 2.4.1 Agriculture Sector The Plant Protection Act (PPA) No. 13 of 1997 focuses on prevention of introduction of exotic pests and their spread to manage outbreak pests (URT, 1997). Through the PPA, the Ministry of Agriculture maintains the regulatory control of imported plants and plant materials through crop inspections at all points of entry i.e. harbours and ports, border outstations and airports. All plant and plant products imported and exported from Tanzania are also subjected to inspection for pests at all border points around the country (Lyimo et al., 2009). According to Article No. 9 (2), the scientific materials may be permitted if there are satisfying evidences that the importation will not present significant threat to the agriculture or natural environment of Tanzania (PPA Act, 1997). This shows that the Act is strict in plant importations to safeguard the country from biological invasions. The control of Fall armyworm can be achieved using cultural method that involve intercropping of maize with other less susceptible crops like pigeon peas, cassava, pumpkins etc. The less susceptible crops may interrupt egg laying and increase diversity of natural enemies that attack fall armyworm. Also “push and pull technology” is used whereby Desmodium plant is intercropped with Maize and Napier grass or Brachiaria plants. Desmodium is repellent plant to Fall armyworm, and Napier grass or Brachiaria plants that will be planted surrounding maize field is attracting or pulling plant, therefore fall armyworm will attack Napier or Brachiaria and leave the maize. Also the use of botanical pesticides such as neem extracts, the use of ashes, etc. Chemical control using various recommended pesticides including chemicals with active ingredients of Emamectin benzoate, Lamdacyhalothrin, Profenofos, Deltamethrin, Chlorpyriphos, etc. and Biological control involves use of Bacillus thuringiensis to reduce high abundance of FAW larvae and use of natural enemies or beneficial organism found in our environment including pathogens (disease causing organism) and predators (attacking organism). In the event of knowledge and awareness of the outbreaks, it is possible to control and contain invasive species such as FAW. The good example on this was shown by the Kilimanjaro Regional Authorities during the outbreak of FAW in the last cropping season (Rain season of 2018). The Regional Administrative Secretary informed the NTF that, rapid response by the regional authorities through assistance from Ministry of agriculture, and using district extension systems, knowledge dissemination through awareness creation and use of appropriate pesticides was a secret for success in containing and controlling FAW outbreak in the region. This led to little losses of crop yield by farmers during the season. Parthernium is controlled by physical method which includes pulling to uproot before flowering as well as burning. It can also be controlled by Chemical methods through foliar spray using 2, 4-D; Picloram + 2, 4-D amine; Glyphosate + metsulfuron; Paraquat + diquat. Biological control involved use of leaf eating beetle called Zygogramma bicolorata. Control efforts in Tanzania started about three years back. Biological control trial using Zigogramma currently being coordinated by TPRI. Tuta absoluta can be controlled through integrated pest management (IPM) using chemicals like Spinosad and Imidacloprid. Biological control is done by using Bacillus thuringiensis and mass trapping methods. NATIONAL INVASIVE SPECIES STRATEGY AND ACTION PLAN (NISSAP) 25 2.4.2 Livestock Sector The Grazing-land and Animal Feed Resources Act, 2010 section on item on grazing land development 18.-(1) Any development on the grazing-land, shall be undertaken in a manner that is consistent with sustainable land use planning and management practices. (2) The grazing-land development shall include but not limited to (a) vegetation management practices directly concerned with the use and growth of plants; (b) livestock management and marketing infrastructure; and (c) environmental conservation and development of water sources for livestock use. Furthermore, the Act restricts on the manufacture, importation or sale of animal feed resources. It is described in section 21.-(1) that, a person shall not manufacture, export from or import into Mainland Tanzania any animal feed resources unless he has obtained a permit issued by the competent authority. (2) A person shall not manufacture, sell, export or import into Mainland Tanzania any animal feed resources that may adversely affect animal, human health and the environment or which contain substances listed under the Second Schedule to this Act. The Animal Diseases Act, 2003, also have stipulated in section 17 (13) that no person shall move animals, animal products and waste into or from the buffer area without a written permission of the inspector where part III 54 (1) has restricted that no person may bring or cause or permit or allow to be brought into the country any diseased animal, disease animal product except in accordance with prior authority of the Director or certificate issued by the Director. The Act also restricts movement of animals in that no personal shall (a) move an animal on foot or by use of a vehicle outside the Inspectors’ area of jurisdiction without a permit, or (b) move an animal or animal products or animal wastes from outside of the country or introduce animals into any area without a permit. The control of C. odorata includes; mechanical control which involves frequent uprooting and burn. Chemical control : this involves application of herbicide in two ways, one method is foliar application which is application of herbicide on leaves, and second is basal bark application which is the application of herbicide on stem’s outer layer on lower part (base) of the plant or cut stump. Chemical herbicide which may be used are as follows: Triclopyr 480g/l/, Metsulfuron-methyl 200g/l, Metribuzin 480g/l. Rate of using the herbicide depends on type of method used whether a foliar application or basal bark application. Control of Siam weed is effective if done before flowering. The reported control method for Astripomoea hyoscyamoides involve uprooting, cutting before flowering as well as mowing frequently when still young. All these need enough labor and are costly if control has to be at a large scale (Nkombe et al., 2018). The control of Mauritius thorn can be done mechanically by cutting and burning during the dry season followed by immediate removal by hand of any seedlings that may ermerge. The stems can be girdled close to the ground or stem can be debarked. Alternatively, the species can be controlled by using chemicals namely Glyphosate (L1488) and Triclopyr (L3249). 2.4.3 Fisheries Sector National Fisheries Policy and Strategy Statement of 1998 underscore the importance of protecting fisheries resources and aquatic environment by discouraging the introduction and translocation of exotic species between water systems unless sound scientific evidence guarantees safety of genetic integrity of the water ecosystems. Further, the Fisheries Act No 22 of 2003 section 22 (1) (d) prohibits importing or exporting of fish, fish products, aquatic flora or products of aquatic flora unless one applies for, and granted by the Director or any other authorized officer a license in respect of such activity (URT, 2003:20). Control efforts of Water hyacinth in East Africa was done in the 1990s by using bio-control agents Neochetina species which was implemented under Lake Victoria Environmental NATIONAL INVASIVE SPECIES STRATEGY AND ACTION PLAN (NISSAP)26 Management Programme (LVEMP) and which reduced its rate of spread. Nevertheless, the species is now widely spreading in Lake Victoria and other rivers such as the Ugalla River (Bukombe et al., 2011). Water hyacinth is currently threatening the lives of other organisms and reducing fish production in the area (Masifwa et al., 2001; Gichuki et al., 2012). To prevent importation and translocation of fish for fish farming without negatively impacting on fish farming industry, hatcheries for serving fish farms within watershed should be established. This needs to go along with selective breeding studies to come up with commercially competitive fish breeds against the imported breeds. Promotion of indigenous species in fish farming such as Oreochromis variabilis in the place of Oreochromis nilotica in Lake Victoria Basin is also of critical importance. 2.4.4 Forestry Sector Forest Act No 14 of 2002 Section 69 recognizes the importance of ensuring the sovereignty over biological resources in forests (URT, 2002). The issue of invasive alien species has not been directly addressed by this Act. However, there are some provisions in this Act that indirectly implies the issue of invasive alien species and environmental impact assessment before any development within the area. The provision regarding developments include various ranges of development which aim to improve or change the characteristic of the native species in any area of the land, and this move may include the introduction of the new species in order to develop the desired types of the forest, which in turn will lead to the outbreak of invasive alien species. Acacia mearnsii commonly known as Black Wattle is is removed by clearing the mature trees and a follow up of uprooting regenerating seedlings after rain seasons. Control of Prosopis involves physical methods by cutting and uprooting stumps, whereby roots must be removed at least 15 cm below the ground. Chemical methods involves: application of herbicides on cut stumps and the bark of the stem up to 75 cm (basal bark). The preferred chemical is Triclopyr. Biological method uses a leaf tying moth of the genus Evippe that has been tried in Australia and South Africa and found effective. Awareness creation is being done to ensure that the species is destroyed once observed in nearby reserved forests Cedrela odorata was estimated to cover about 32% of all big trees (Dbh> 10 cm) in Kimboza Forest Reserve. The tree species has also been observed expanding in Amani Nature Forest Reserve. Both mechanical and chemical control of the species has been tried with little success. Efforts are made to ensure that the tree species is prevented from invading other forests and the existing invasions are monitored. 2.4.5 Wildlife Sector Most interesting is that the wildlife sector appears most alert and prepared regarding the problem of invasive species. So far there are more than 100 species that are known to occur in the protected areas and the management of these are within the protected areas monitoring and evaluation programs. The NCA and TANAPA set quite a good example of the invasive species management efforts whereby millions of funds are so far spent annually to fight the problem. Existing protected areas Policies, Acts and Regulations prohibit any alien species into the areas. Management of invasive species in the invaded protected areas poses great challenges as protected areas in Tanzania are meant to enhance nature resilience. Management approaches that in one way or another can cause unintended negative outcomes on wildlife species and habitats cannot be practised within protected areas, especially the National NATIONAL INVASIVE SPECIES STRATEGY AND ACTION PLAN (NISSAP) 27 Parks and Nature Reserves. For example the use of chemicals such as herbicides and even biological control may have strong negative effects on native flora and fauna and hence are not always practical. This calls for emphasis on physical approaches such as uprooting, slashing or mowing. When the physical approaches are costly, other alternative management options that are both ecologically friendly and effective are applied. In the Ngorongoro Conservation Area for example, efforts to control invasive species, especially Gutenbergia cordifolia and Eleusine jaegeri started since the 2000s using mechanical approaches such as frequent mowing /slash /uprooting. Since then, the process has been less successful. Further efforts have been initiated to address the challenge, NCA has established collaborative approaches with experts from the Nelson Mandela-African Institution of Science and Technology (NM-AIST), to try the use of nature based approaches which utilize native plant species Cynodon dactylon and Desmodium intortum as competitors for G. Cordifolia, Tagetes minuta and Bidens schimperi. This approach has been tested successful both in the controlled small scale field environments in the NCA and it is expected that following successful upscale trials of the approach, it will be adopted by NCA and will be extended to other affected areas and ecosystems. As the control of invasive species in protected areas is a more sensitive and expensive process, there is need to ensure all pathways are well understood and incorporated into an early detection mechanism that banks into regular monitoring and management. 2.5 CHALLENGES FOR MANAGING INVASIVE SPECIES IN TANZANIA The management of IS has been difficult as they are a cross-sectoral problem and have challenged the traditional thinking in terms of sectors and geographic boundaries. Some other challenges around this also relate to dynamics around shifts and changes to land use, climate, population, a biotic and abiotic factors that are often not accounted for in the respective sectors and ministries. Therefore, finding far reaching solutions to managing IS would require incorporation of these issues into implementation plans and management actions into the respective sectors including addressing this through better land use planning and other sustainable solutions that can look at this beyond implicit management of IS. In Tanzania, the management of IS have been dealt with by individual sectors and in isolation through a single department or section. In many cases IS management was through various projects and by support of development partners, and hence success has been only in small scale. Furthermore, the problem had not been given due publicity and declared to be a serious problem that require multi sectorial approach to finding solution. So generally, management of IS in Tanzania has encountered a number of challenges including but not limited to; lack of harmonization of IS in policy and regulatory tools, inadequate enforcement of the existing ones, inadequate inter sectoral collaboration and coordination, inadequate management of pathways and vectors of introduction of IS to the country, inadequate knowledge on invasive species management in Tanzania and inadequate capacity to manage invasive species. Strategies for long-term management of invasive species will mean deriving lessons and feedback from the implemented short-term strategies. These will then be used to develop long-term forecasting of managing the invasion process and mechanisms that are beyond the already emerged and spread of existing invasive species and this would include aspects such as climate change, population increase, increased free market economy and unsustainable land conversion. More details about these challenges are presented in the next paragraph. NATIONAL INVASIVE SPECIES STRATEGY AND ACTION PLAN (NISSAP)28 2.5.1 Lack of harmonization of IS in policy and regulatory tools, and poor enforcement of the existing ones. Analysis has shown that there is a wide gap in the policy and legal framework, in addressing the problem of IS in Tanzania. Fortunately, EMA 2004 has a clear framework of implementation from national level to village level. Even though, the issue of IS has been well captured but there is no relevant regulation, to facilitate a collective responsibility. Majority of these sectors have not mainstreamed the issue of IS in their sectorial policies and legislation. Hence, this alone plays a significant role to the fast spread and establishment of IS in the country. Sectoral policies are an important tool for having effective legal frameworks that can effectively address national challenges including alien and invasive species. Analysis of existing policy, legislative, and regulatory tools has revealed that majority of the existing policies that were developed in 1990s and 2000s do not address well the issue of IS (Table 8; Appendix 4). This is due to fact that the impacts of IS have only been recognized in recent years. Of the ten (10) reviewed policies of the most relevant sectors for instance, only 10% fully addressed IS while majority remained almost silent (Table 9). The weaknesses observed under the current policies has further manifested in most of the operating institutional Acts. It was found that the majority of the reviewed Acts (76%) in the most relevant institutions either partially or do not address IS issues (Table 9; Appendix 4). Likewise, the effect is vivid in the existing Regulations, whereby only 25% of the reviewed Regulations fully addressed invasive species (Table 9). The majority of the Conventions / Agreements (47%) which Tanzania has ratified partially address invasive species (Table 9). Furthermore, for those sectors which have Polices, Acts and Regulations with IS included, the level of enforcement has been very low. Some sectors have incomplete regulatory tools regarding IS management. For instance, there are cases where a Policy exists acknowledging the presence of IS, while the respective Act(s) don’t and no Regulations in place to allow for enforcement of the Act(s). Table 8: A summary of reviewed National Policies and Legal Frameworks S/N Policy Acts Regulations 1. National Environmental Policy (1997) National Environmental Management Act (2004) *National Environmental Management Regulation Environmental Impact Assessment and Audit Regulation (2005) The Environmental Regulation (Biosafety) (2009) 2. National Forest Policy (1998) Forest Act (2002) Tanzania Forest Regulation (2004) 3. National Fisheries Policy (2015) Fisheries Act No. 22 of 2003 Fisheries Regulation (2009) Tanzania Fisheries Research Institute Act (2016) *Tanzania Fisheries Research Institute Regulation Deep Sea Fishing Authority Act (1998) Deep Sea Fishing Authority Regulations (2009) 4. National Land Policy (1997) Land Act CAP 113 (1999) *National Land Regulation Village Land Act (1999) Village Land Regulation (2001) NATIONAL INVASIVE SPECIES STRATEGY AND ACTION PLAN (NISSAP) 29 S/N Policy Acts Regulations 5. National Livestock Policy (2006) *National Livestock Act *National Livestock Regulation Grazing land and Animal Feeding Resources Act No. 13 of 2010 Grazing-Lands and Animal Feed Resources (Pasture Management Practices) Regulations (2012) The Grazing-lands and Animal Feed Resources (Safeguarding, Development and Sustainable Use of Grazing-lands) Regulations, 2012 The Animal Disease Act (2003) The Animal Diseases (Appointment and Duties of Inspectors) Regulations, 2005 6. National Agriculture Policy (2013) *The National Agriculture Act *National Agriculture Regulation Plant Protection Act No. 13 of 1997 The Plant Protection Regulation (1998) Seed Act (2003) The Seeds Regulations (2007) Tanzania Agriculture Research Institute Act (2016) *Tanzania Agriculture Research Institute Regulation 7. Wildlife Policy (1998) Wildlife Conservation Act No. 5 of 2009 *Wildlife Conservation Regulation Wildlife Conservation (Wildlife Management Areas) Regulation (2018) 8. The National Policies for Tanzania National Parks (2011) The National Parks Act No. 415 of 1959 *The National Parks Regulation Non-Consumptive Utilization Regulations 2007 9. Construction Industry Policy (2003) The Contractors Registration Act (1997) *Construction Industry Regulation 10. National Transport Policy (2016 Draft) *National Transport Act *National Transport Regulation Surface and Marine Transport Regulatory Authority Act (2001) The Railways (Handling and Transportation of Dangerous Goods) Regulations (2008) Merchant Shipping Act No. 21 of 2003 Merchant Shipping (Ship and Port facility security) regulations (2004) Tanzania Civil Aviation Act (2006) The Tanzania Civil Aviation Ground Handling Services Regulations, 2007 NATIONAL INVASIVE SPECIES STRATEGY AND ACTION PLAN (NISSAP)30 Table 9: A summary of reviewed Policies and Legal Frameworks showing the current level of addressing invasive species Level of addressing alien and invasive species Reviewed policy and legal frameworks National policies (10) National acts (16) National regulations (16) National & Regional strategies (7) Multilateral agreements (17) Not at all 40% 38% 38% 14% 18% Partially 50% 38% 38% 43% 47% Fully 10% 31% 25% 43% 35% 2.5.2 Inadequate inter sectoral collaboration and coordination Many stakeholders from within and outside the country are affected by the problem of IS. There exist a number of independent projects operating at different success levels within the country, trying to prevent, eradicate and manage the impacts caused by IS. Lack of cross-sectoral coordination countrywide, has hampered the success of different projects implemented in the country to curb IS. Isolated efforts are very costly and hardly successfully. There is an insufficient alert system and cooperation among sectors which has caused the problem to extend to unmanageable level resulted to the highest levels of problems in the sectors. The same species can be vectors or weeds, for example, and can as well be pests of agriculture, livestock and of conservation importance. Hence, a continuum of habitats must be recognized, rather than separating for instance, agriculture from conservation. Therefore, a successful fight against IS would require bringing together various stakeholders, knowledge, tools, and approaches from a range of relevant disciplines. Thus, there is a strong need for a National Strategy, which among others to provide effective and coordinated framework and efforts to prevent further introduction and spread of invasive species as well as to develop sustainable solutions to manage the existing invasions. 2.5.3 Inadequate management of Invasive Species pathways to the country Analysis has shown that, generally, there is inadequate knowledge of, and management of the means through which IS enter the country, such as country borders and customs, sea and land ports. The means through which IS spread in the country, or vectors of spread, face a similar non-enforcement against IS. These include fishing gears, animals, vehicles, boats and ships. Transportation of animal feed from one part of the country to another, farm crops, livestock and other material, are often infested with IS and in absence of clear and strategic management, the problem of IS is likely to prevail. Such Strategy should include risk assessment during emergence operations such as during famine and aid missions, in order to ensure that IS are not introduced to the country, or spread from one area to another within the country. On the other hand, there is a huge potential for rapid response if early detection is enabled by the community, whereby they can properly identify IS and take appropriate action rapidly to prevent IS establishment. 2.5.4 Inadequate knowledge on Invasive Species management in Tanzania Generally, the majority of the Tanzanian population are not aware of the economic, social and environmental impacts caused by IS. This inadequacy of knowledge is such that even those who promote environmental protection, government and NGOs, have been promoting afforestation using some of IS. Education curricula in our schools and colleges NATIONAL INVASIVE SPECIES STRATEGY AND ACTION PLAN (NISSAP) 31 lack comprehensive topics on native versus alien invasive species. This situation calls for a strategy towards change in long rooted behavioural practices through multi-spectra approaches to reach all types and levels of stakeholders for a collective action. 2.5.5 Inadequate capacity to manage invasive species Successfully addressing the problem of IS requires both national will and capacity to act. Capacity can be categorized in two: knowledge on what needs to be done, and resources to get it done. Currently there are no guidance priority research areas on the topic of IS in Tanzania. A number of notably significant studies have been conducted and published, but there is a lack of a coordinated forum for information sharing. This situation has contributed to the expenses of IS management, due to the fact that effective management measures are not well known to affected parties. On the other hand, there is a general scarcity of resources to manage IS in terms of required skills and knowledge, equipment and tools as well as funds. Obtaining adequate, stable, long-term funding for IS management is a serious challenge, particularly when the potential economic benefits of managing IS are not fully understood by the public or by all decision-makers. Therefore, research to fill information gaps, as well as resources mobilization and coordination, will go a long way to reducing the IS challenge. 2.6 PROPOSED SOLUTIONS FOR MANAGING INVASIVE SPECIES IN TANZANIA In recent decades, science has seen a gradual increase in invasive species both in land and water due to increase in human population and climate change, human activities, as well as unsustainable land conversions. This observation is challenging the players and stakeholders to think beyond direct ways of dealing with invasive species to ways of developing adaptive capacity and paradigm shift to include aspects such as proper land use planning and habitat management focus that move away from traditional IS management towards balancing the approaches that deal with existing IS with those that address underlying and emerging causes and mechanisms of invasion. Thus, IS management approaches should include issues such as climate change adaptation and mitigation, better land use planning as well as population and water use regulations in relation to the dynamics of this in time and space of both existing and currently unknown IS. The recognition and inclusion of this in the respective sectors and strategic objectives stated in the next section would help realize the achievement of sustainable management of IS. Thus, the NTF has developed proposals for managing IS and these are indicated in the sub-section below but the implementation of this would need recognition of the issues presented in the next section (the Strategy itself). 2.6.1 Mainstreaming Invasive Species into regulatory tools Tanzania has a quite number of Policy and Legal Frameworks that address various issues on biodiversity conservation and management. Majority of these Policy and Legal Frameworks either partially or fully addresses invasive species, therefore provides an opportunity for developing effective IS policy and Legal Frameworks. Although Tanzania has a good number of policy and Legal Frameworks that address various issues on biodiversity conservation and management, currently there is no independent Policy and or Regulation that specifically (solely) address IS. Most of sectoral Policy and Legal Frameworks dealing with biodiversity and ecosystem conservation addresses either partially or not at all issues of IS. A legal framework for IS in Tanzania should as a minimum requirement, cover but not limited to the aspects of early detection, prevention, rapid response, control, awareness creation and capacity building as well as insisting on collective responsibility for invasive species management on privately owned lands. NATIONAL INVASIVE SPECIES STRATEGY AND ACTION PLAN (NISSAP)32 Environment and natural resource management in Tanzania are guided by broader National Strategies and Plans mainly the Tanzania Vision 2025 and the National Five Year Development Plan 2017-2021. Likewise, there are sectoral policies and legal instruments all of which provide policy, strategic and legal basis for the Environment and natural resource management to ensure sustainable development. Other frameworks include strategies as well as various Multilateral Environmental Agreements (MEAs) and their subsequent decisions in which Tanzania has ratified. The main sectoral policy and legal frameworks which govern environment and natural resource management as well as biodiversity conservation in Tanzania include: The Wildlife policy of 1998, Forest policy of 1998, Tanzania National Parks Policy 2011, National Environmental Policy 1997, Wildlife Conservation Act No. 5 of 2009, the Forest Act of 2002, the Environment Management Act, 2004, The National Parks Act No. 11 of 2003, The Ngorongoro Conservation Area Ordinance No. 413 of 1959 and the Marine Parks Reserves Act No. 29 of 1994 and Plant protection act no.13 of 1997. Although these are the most relevant policy and legal frameworks required to address issues of invasive species, most of them are sector-specific and were formulated in different times with different emphasis, depending on the pressing needs of that particular time. Policy formulation is a crucial step in establishing an effective legal framework that can govern respective institutions. It is from effective policies that strong and implementable acts, regulations and guidelines can be formulated. As recently, the impacts of IS have started to manifest, not only in the biodiversity conservation sector but also other sectors including agriculture and fisheries (Ogutu-Ohwayo, 1990). Majority of the existing policies are of long time (Figure 4) in such a way that they do not address well the issue of IS (Appendix 4). Majority of the policy have remained almost silent on issues of IS. For effective control of IS there is a need to mainstream IS in these policies. Effective Acts depends much on existing well formulated policies. Poor Policies normally results into poor Acts. The weakness observed under the current Policies has manifested in most of the operating institutional Acts. Like most Policies, only seven (7) recently Acts: Environmental Management Act 2004, Fisheries Act No. 22 of 2013, Tanzania Agricultural Research Institute Act (2016), Tanzania Fisheries Research Institute Act (2016), The Animal Diseases Act (2003), the Plant Protection Act (1997) and The Electronic and Postal Communications Act (2010) equivalent to 32% fully addressed IS issues. Majority of the Acts partially addresses IS (50%). This gives a clarion call to revise the relevant Acts so as to fully address IS for effective implementation. Specific recommendations for each Act are provided in Appendix 4. Effective Regulations are a product of effective Acts, a weakness was observed in the existing Regulation with regard to IS as majority of Acts either did not address (38%) or partially addressed (38%) issues of IS. Of the reviewed regulations only Seeds Regulations (2007), the Environmental Impact Assessment and Audit Regulations (2005) and Plant Protection Regulation (1998) fully addressed issues of IS 31% (Figure 4). Formulating effective sectoral policies and Acts, therefore is an important step into having effective National Regulations that can effectively address national challenges including IS. Unfortunately, review of the most recently bills and amendments in most relevant sectors (Table 10) indicates that most of amendments and bills did not addressed IS, for instance; The Wildlife Conservation Act 2017 (Amendment bill), The Forest Regulations 2017 (Amendment bill), The National Shipping Agencies Act 2017 (Bill), The Land Transport Regulatory Authority Act 2018 (Bill), The Immigration Act 2014 (Amendment) and the Tourism Agents (Registration and Licencing) Regulations 2015 are silent on IS. It is high time such bills and amendments to take into consideration issues pertaining to IS. NATIONAL INVASIVE SPECIES STRATEGY AND ACTION PLAN (NISSAP) 33 Figure 4: Showing years where some national Policies, Acts and Regulations started to fully address alien and invasive species Table 10: A summary indicating recent legislations amendments and bills in most relevant sectors S/N Sector Legal framework (Bills and amendments) Status of addressing Invasive species 1. Wildlife The Tourism Agents (Registration and Licencing) Regulations 2015 Not addressed The Wildlife Conservation Act 2017 (Amendment bill) Not addressed 2. Forestry The Forest (Amendment bill) Regulations 2017 Not addressed 3. Environment No new bill and or amendment NA 4. Agriculture No new bill and or amendment NA 5. Transportation The National Shipping Agencies Act 2017 (Bill) Not addressed The Land Transport Regulatory Authority Act 2018 (Bill) Not addressed 6. Land No new bill and or amendment NA 7. Immigration The Immigration Act 2014 (Amendment) Not addressed *NA=Not applicable While other national strategies such as Agriculture sector Development Strategy (2016-2025), The Tanzania Development Vision 2025 and Tanzania National Five Year Development Plan 2017 – 2021 (Appendix 4) are partially addressing IS, efforts have to be taken to ensure that they fully address IS for effective implementation. Nevertheless, national effort to formulate NATIONAL INVASIVE SPECIES STRATEGY AND ACTION PLAN (NISSAP)34 sectoral strategies particularly for those sectors whose operations are likely to contribute to the problem of IS is crucial. Tanzania has ratified a number of international agreements associated with environmental and biodiversity conservation (Appendix 4). But only a few of the ratified agreements have been effectively adopted in our existing policy and legal frameworks for implementation. Among others, Tanzania has ratified the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) and the Aichi agreement which she has managed to address both of them by establishing her National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan (NBSAP) (2015-2020) in which under target 9, alien invasive species are well addressed. The way forward for the NBSAP therefore, is to ensure that it is channelled through existing policy and legal frameworks for it to be effective. Tanzania has further ratified Convention on Sustainable Management of Lake Tanganyika (2003), the Agreement of the Conservation of African-Eurasian Migratory Water Birds (AEWA) (1999), the United Nations Convention on Law of the Sea, Montego Bay (1994) and the International Plant Protection Convention (1951) which address both plant and environmental protection. All of these conventions / agreements fully recognize the threat of alien invasive species and call upon effective actions to be taken by member states; moreover majority of conventions / agreements (47%) which Tanzania has ratified partially address alien and invasive species (Table 8) it is therefore our responsibility as a member state to ensure that the goals of these agreements are streamlined in our national policy and legal frameworks so as to achieve desired positive effect (Appendix 4). As member state it is also our responsibility therefore to ensure active representation to the conferences of parties (COP) meetings so that, current issues on invasive/alien species and other environmental challenges are well addressed. 2.6.2 Strengthening Coordination on IS Management and Information System Sharing The capacity of the government to manage IS depends on available scientific and socio economic information. Current management practice of IS is fragmented, that is each sector is doing research and management approach at their own capacity and utilizing information for their own sector, despite the fact that the issue of IS is cross cutting. There is no central coordination and reporting for IS situation and management. Therefore there is a need to establish co ordinated, up to date information sharing platform, in which each sector will share available information to a centralized coordination unit for compilation and the compiled information to be shared to general public. There should be guidance on agreed format for IS reporting. During field visit of the task force and through interviews, it was found that there are a number of activities that are done by sectors in managing invasive species. For example in Wildlife sector, institutions like Tanzania National Parks (TANAPA) and Ngorongoro Conservation Area are doing a tremendous job in IS management, having a plan and budget for control and monitoring IS in their areas. In Forestry, Agriculture, Livestock and Fisheries sectors there is also research and management options that are addressed to community for invasive species control (Appendix 3). Results of the assessment showed that IS issue is not coordinated by environmental sector units in many ministry, but experts in department that are technically responsible for specific invasive species. Example; weed expert, entomologist, ecologist, pathologist, taxonomist, botanists, zoologist etc. In general, sector ministry, academic and research institutions are doing work in research and management of invasive species. In managing this, there are a number of challenges that were observed: 1. Invasive species information sharing across sector is inadequate, NATIONAL INVASIVE SPECIES STRATEGY AND ACTION PLAN (NISSAP) 35 2. Inadequate resources for IS surveillance, research and management programs, 3. Inadequate effective coordination of IS management across sectors. In this case, there is a need to develop a system to share information within and across all sectors. This will ensure avoidance of duplication of efforts among stakeholders and experts, and it will stimulate effective collaboration and coordination among stakeholders including general public and private stakeholders. Information, which is usually in technical and scientific language, should be translated in a language that can be understood by communities. Communication to the general public is important for community to understand the threat and problem of IS. Public awareness will help in identification, early detection, prevention, reporting and control of IS. In this case it is suggested that there should be information available through online bulletin in sector Ministry’s websites. This is important for the employee in the respective sectors to be aware of the problem and the work which is done on invasive species within the ministry and sector in general. 2.6.2.1 Existing Institutional Framework for Environmental Management in Tanzania The institutional arrangement for management of environmental issues in Tanzania has been established by the Environmental Management Act (EMA) No. 20 of 2004 (Figure 5). The EMA confers the task of overall coordination and policy articulation of environmental management in the country and provision of the central support functions to the Ministry Responsible for Environment, which is the Vice President’s Office. In order to effectively facilitate coordination and communication on environmental management issues that includes biodiversity, the Government has established Environmental Coordination Units in all Sector Ministries and designated Environmental Management Officers in Local Government Authorities at City, Municipality, District, Township, Ward, Village, Street and Hamlet levels. The Act establishes the National Environmental Advisory Committee (NEAC) with the role of advising the Minister responsible for environment. It confers the role of enforcement to the National Environment Management Council (NEMC). The Act further directs establishment of Sector Environment Sections with the role of overseeing environmental management to such respective sectors. It also gives power to the Regional Secretariats to designate Regional Environmental Management Expert (REME) charged with responsibility to advice and oversee implementation and enforcement of EMA. Furthermore, the Act empowers Local Government Authorities (LGAs) in the Cities, Municipals, Districts, and Townships and up to Village level to designate or appoint Environmental Management Officers to oversee implementation of EMA at respective levels. In addition, the Act directs the establishment of the Environmental Committees at different LGAs levels to advise and oversee the implementation of EMA within their jurisdiction. NATIONAL INVASIVE SPECIES STRATEGY AND ACTION PLAN (NISSAP)36 Figure 5.The existing institutional arrangement for environmental management in Tanzania Despite good efforts that have been taken to develop the institutional framework, there are a number of challenges that hinder effective coordination and communication of this within and across sectors: i. Inadequate coordination among the key stakeholders, ii. Low capacity (human & financial resources and infrastructure), iii. Low level of public awareness of the existing frameworks, iv. Inadequate financial resources for implementation, monitoring and evaluation, v. Insufficient operational involvement of local authorities and communities in environmental management and conservation, NATIONAL INVASIVE SPECIES STRATEGY AND ACTION PLAN (NISSAP) 37 vi. Lack of management and operational plan for IS network, vii. Inadequate coordination of existing environmental issues including IS, viii. Lack of budget vote in the regional secretariat on environmental management issues. Further to the challenges above, analysis on the Strength, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Challenges (SWOC) was carried out by the NTF and stakeholders during the consultative workshop on the existing environmental coordination and communication framework and the observations summarized on Table 11 below. Table 11: An analysis of strength, weakness, opportunities and challenges (SWOC) Strength Weaknesses Opportunities Challenges • Existence of National and International legal frameworks supportive of the Strategy, • Existence of political will to manage IS, • Existence of a strong need for management of IS, • Existence of a well-defined & operating environmental management system and structures, • Availability of substantial information on IS key species distribution, spread and impacts, • Existence of management solutions for some IS, • Existence of inter-and – intra sectoral and institution system for sharing information on IS, • Existence of National Communication Strategy on Environmental Sustainability, Growth and Poverty Reduction (2015 2019), • Existence of framework for management of environmental issues. • Low level of public awareness, • Inadequate financial resources, • Inadequate extension services, • Inadequate mainstreaming of invasive species issues in sectoral policies and legislations, • Uncoordinated and fragmented management efforts, • Lack of national guidelines for introduction and management of IS, • Unregulated introduction pathways for IS, • Inadequate specialists on IS, • Inadequate research and monitoring, • Inadeguate law enforcement, • Inadequate response to IS. • Inadequate control of goods and services movement across the border, • Weak phytosanitary systems , • Inadequate capacity to detect and implement management measures, • Strong collaborations with sectoral ministries, • Availability of potential partners to support management of IS, • Collaboration with International, regional and local institutions, • Existence of potential options for utilization of IS. • Utilization of IS by the community, • Introduction of new IS species, • Declining Development Partner funding, • Inadequate control of people and livestock movement across national borders. NATIONAL INVASIVE SPECIES STRATEGY AND ACTION PLAN (NISSAP)38 Strength Weaknesses Opportunities Challenges • Low levels of awareness, knowledge on presence and impacts of IS. • Weak and uncoordinated enforcement of IS legislation, • Utility value of IS found in Tanzania remains largely unexplored and un researched, • Lack of component on IS in the communication strategy. It is recommended that, the existing institutional framework for the environmental management in Tanzania (Figure 5) be adopted and operationalized to coordinate and communicate invasive species management. This is due to the fact that, the intra and inter sectoral linkages and communication on environment matters are shown clearly from grass root level up to the Minister responsible for environmental issues. Since issues of invasive species affect all sectors, it is appropriate that they are mainstreamed into this framework. Although, there has been a slow pace on dealing with environmental concerns including IS at these levels, we argue each sector and institutions within this framework to institutionalize and operationalize invasive species matters into this model by mainstreaming them in their sectoral and organization framework. This could be possible by putting up more efforts towards the implementation of the framework including developing and strengthening capacity and awareness of environmental officers and responsible committee of all levels (from grass root level to decision makers). The importance of strengthening capacity and awareness of all stakeholders in addressing and coordinating environmental issues including IS should be emphasized in each of the respective units and Departments to enable effective management of IS. Moreover, it is also recommended to share best practices and success stories on management of IS among Local Government Authorities. Furthermore, the use of uniform reporting format/ template to all environmental and other officers and responsible committee is recommended (Appendix 11). This could help to have clear and consistent information on matters related to IS flow from all stakeholders. The report should include information on the spread and management of the IS, impact and their monitoring and evaluation if known. 2.6.2.2 Existing Institutional Framework to deal with disasters in Tanzania Tanzania like any other countries is not immune to disaster occurrence and incidences and these sometimes come without any preparedness in place. However, in case they occur, there is a need to consider options for dealing with such events even when their level of preparations is not perfected. Disaster is an occurrence or series of occurrences, whether natural or man-made calamity that causes or poses a significant disruption or threat to the functioning of a community or caused widespread human, material, economic or environmental loss or impact which exceed the capacity of that community to cope with the disaster using its own resources (The disaster Management Act, 2015). Disaster management department is under Prime Minister’s Office and is responsible for the overall disaster management in the country. In executing its duty it has a system of information and NATIONAL INVASIVE SPECIES STRATEGY AND ACTION PLAN (NISSAP) 39 management from village level to national level. This makes it easy in fulfilling its duty of disaster risk reduction and management. According to Disaster Management Act, 2015 there is establishment of Disaster Management Committee at village level to regional level. And at national level there is Disaster Management Governing Council and Disaster Management Agency. The system works from national to village level. The functions are as follows: • Village Disaster Management Committee: Village committee members are selected based on criteria stated in the Act, their functions are; Ø to oversee and coordinate disaster risk management and emergency operational at village level. Ø to act as clearing house for information related to early warning, mobilize resources. Ø to implement public information and public awareness program in the village. Ø to respond in a coordinated manner to any emergency situation at village level. It is stipulated that in discharge of its functions, the Village Committee shall, as much as practicable use customary law, traditional practices and indigenous methods of warning and communication. • Ward Disaster Management Committee: Ward committee members also are selected based on criteria stated in the Disaster Management Act, 2015. The functions of the committee are: to oversee and coordinate disaster risk management and emergency operations at ward level, facilitates the implementation of disaster management programs for the ward, mobilize resources and to respond in a coordinated manner to any emergency situation at a ward level. • District Disaster Management Committee: At district level there is District Disaster Management Coordinator together with District Disaster Management Committee, District Coordinator serve as a secretary to District Disaster Management Committee. The functions of the committee includes: Advice the District Commissioner on the disaster management matter and activities performed at district, to oversee and coordinate disaster risk management and emergency operations at district level, and to mobilize Aresources in respect of disaster management. Also the Act stipulates the power of Committee that is to direct all institutions in the districts/regions to prepare for, prevent or mitigate disaster. • Regional Disaster Management Committee: Regional Disaster Management Coordinator is a secretary to Regional Disaster Management Committee. The committee have the following functions among others: Advice the Regional Commissioner on the disaster management matter and activities performed at a region, to oversees and coordinate disaster risk reduction, management and emergency operations among government sector institutions, local authorities, communities and other role players involved in disaster risk reduction management, mobilize resources, to align regional early warning system and facilitate the establishment of regional disaster risk information database in coordination with the disaster management agency/department and to coordinate district plan on the prevention of disasters and their mitigation submitted by the District Committee. • National: At national level there is two bodies, one is Disaster Management Agency and the Director and second is Tanzania Disaster Management Governing Council. • Function of the Director: A national focal point for the coordination of disaster NATIONAL INVASIVE SPECIES STRATEGY AND ACTION PLAN (NISSAP)40 risk reduction and management. Responsible for convening emergency meetings of the Council to deliberate the situation, to establish early warning system covering all sectors and maintain close links with different institutions that provide warning services and to coordinate and monitor inter-ministerial, multisectoral entities and technical committees responsible for disaster management at all levels. • Tanzania Disaster Management Governing Council: Members of the Council including others, are Permanent Secretaries in relevant ministries. The functions of the Council among others are to ensure disaster risk reduction interventions are integrated into relevant government institutions, development policies, strategies and programs at national, regional and local levels, to advocate the development of national information and knowledge management strategies and establishment of stakeholders networks for disaster risk management. In analysing the disaster management system and how it works, it shows that the management of the disaster start at a village level, to national level. It shows also that the local level from village have responsibilities in managing disaster at their level which include monitoring and issuing early warning, control and report the intervention information to the next higher level and when the management is beyond their capacity, they report to next higher level for assistance. It is emphasizing also the use of indigenous methods in interventions of disaster which reflect the involvement of the whole community. It is high time that as a country, we consider IS issues as part of inclusion into the disaster and risk management especially when we experience emergency or outbreak of IS at a given location on a given point in time. Such management actions would be adopted by each sector and would be in the form of rapid response, thus, enhancing the effectiveness in the management of the IS. 2.6.2.3 Existing Institutional Framework to deal with Invasive species in Tanzania Invasive species occurrence in Tanzania is not a new phenomenon. It has been there for years, but the magnitude of invasions and impacts have increased in recent years in all sectors as stated in the preceding sections. The aim of this section is to analyses the information on practices on invasive species reporting and interventions. Normally invasive species occurs in our localities, that is village, ward, district and regional levels. Interventions towards control, management, assessment and research to address the problem are carried out in these areas. The interventions are done in collaboration between local community, local authority, sector ministry and sector institutions. Studies on current system through interview of the sectors show that there is relevance in reporting format and interventions. It was found that there is flow of information within the sector and there are interventions with the sector. For example the recent invasion of Fall armyworm in Agriculture sector, Prosopis in forest sector, Gutenbergia in wildlife sector, Kongwa weed in livestock sector etc. Once the invasion is observed in certain locality, local community reports the incidence of the problem to relevant expert at village level for solution. If solution for intervention is not achieved, then the village passes the information to ward level, if at ward level the intervention fail it is passed to district then to region and at a regional level. Where there is no solution it is usually passed to sector ministry or sector institutions (university, research institution or regulatory authority) for identification of the problem and interventions. This is how information moves from village level to higher authority. NATIONAL INVASIVE SPECIES STRATEGY AND ACTION PLAN (NISSAP) 41 2.6.2.4 Proposed reporting channel in institutional framework for management of IS in Tanzania Local community at sub- village, village, ward and district level should report on invasive species concerns to Regional Environmental Management Officers, who report directly to DE. However, Sector ministries after receiving the information on invasive species from Local Government Authorities in respective of their sectors should report to DE. DE will process the received information and produce various documents including reports, brochures and announce early warning where appropriate to the general public. The information to be reported should include but not limited to (Appendix 11); the name of invasive species, its life form, means of spread if known and their potential impacts. When the species is not known to the area, should be reported for identification. The reports should include success stories of any practices carried out in areas of invasion or elsewhere. Furthermore, if the reported case requires more research, DE will forward such information to the respective sectoral research institution for immediate action. Some of the proposed goals that need to be implemented by the Unit within the Division of the Environment may include early detection and rapid response, prevention, eradication and control of invasive alien species as well as capacity building and awareness creation among the stakeholders. All this will involve stakeholder engagement and feedback process that will gather the necessary suggestions for building on the existing strengths and opportunities. Based on the study on three systems above, Environmental management reporting structure, Disaster management system and current information sharing system on invasive species, it is proposed that there should be a central information coordination unit for invasive species (VPO). Also it is suggested that there should be established another objective to the NEAC dealing with IS. This committee should as well discuss issues of IS and provide to the minister advice accordingly. Since the members of NEAC is multi-sectoral and multidisciplinary in nature (members from ministries, academic and research institutions) hence fits very well to the issues of IS. The advice will be used at national level and in respective sectors through sector’s invasive species committee. It is proposed that at each sector ministry, there should be an Invasive species committee coordinated by sector environmental coordinator as established by EMA, 2004, that shall meet at least twice a year to look on status and publish the status of the invasive species in their sector. The sector’s invasive species information should be published in the respective Ministries; relevant and affiliated institute websites upon approval of Permanent Secretary through advice from the Invasive Species Committee. The communication officers in the Ministry should publish or upload the information in their respective ministry websites, and whenever there is new threat respective ministry through Permanent Secretary upon advice from Invasive Species Committee shall offer press release on status, early warning and management options available to general public. The invasive species information to be published in the websites should includ e key information on distribution and abundance, life forms of such species and invasive characteristics; economic, environmental, and human health impacts, research and management techniques. Each sector should issue guideline of invasive species they have, and how to manage them. For cost effectiveness the online publication is suggested, but also simplified information may be printed for community. Also there should be a current list of all invasive species of respective sector and should be updated regularly. In case of local government authority, it is evident that the environmental reporting structure as stipulated in Environmental Management Act 2004 is good, because there is establishment in the Act of committee at all levels; it is responsibilities of these committee to liaise with experts in relevant field within the district when there is suspicion of biological invasion in their areas. Therefore it is suggested that among other functions environmental officers and environmental committee at all level from Hamlet (Kitongoji) to regional level, should also NATIONAL INVASIVE SPECIES STRATEGY AND ACTION PLAN (NISSAP)42 be responsible to manage invasive species, and share information to respective ministries and VPO. 2.6.3 Strengthening identification and management of IS in Tanzania Determining the stages of invasion and management action may be challenging to some of the local communities in Tanzania. Due to low level of awareness on invasive species, some communities cannot identify invasive species at early stages of invasion. However, there exist standard approaches/frameworks on how IS can be managed successfully. For example according to the guideline issued by the Convention of Biological Diversity (CBD), it calls for “hierarchical approach” based on four stages of biological invasion. These approaches are; (1) priority to be given to preventing the introduction of invasive alien species. This approach is generally far more cost-effective and environmentally desirable than measures taken after IS introduction and establishment. Prevention is normally done at national borders to avoid introduction of unwanted species into the country; 2) if prevention is not possible and the species have been introduced and is at early stage of establishment, early detection and rapid response (EDRR) should be carried out to prevent its wider establishment. The preferred EDRR response is often to eradicate the organisms as soon as possible. In the event that eradication is not feasible or resources are not available for its eradication, containment measures should be implemented. Eradication is more effective and lower in cost in the long run than permanent control of IS. Eradication is most effective if a new arrival is detected early while still in small numbers; 3) in the event that an IS has established across a wide range or localised containment is not feasible or resources are not available, long-term control measures be implemented; and 4) restoration and monitoring should be implemented to ensure success of the management program. Some species, habitats and ecosystems may be assisted to recover after an invasion. For convenience, and to fit the local context, the NTF developed a quick guide to aid identification and management of IS in Tanzania. The guide is based on two criteria; extent of spread and negative impacts (Figure 6). However, research and practice have always given more weight to impact because there is little evidence to support that species with wide distribution also have high adverse impacts (Ricciardi and Cohen, 2007). The extent of spread cannot always be used as a proxy for impact because IS may cause high negative impact locally, but they spread only slowly. Thus, a species causing high negative impacts but having low rate of spread should be prioritized for management than a species with a high rate of spread and a low negative impacts. NATIONAL INVASIVE SPECIES STRATEGY AND ACTION PLAN (NISSAP) 43 Extent of Spread Absent Low Medium High N eg at iv e im pa ct s (c ur re nt a nd p ot en tia l) High Prevent introduction of undesired species Eradicate, Restore and Monitor Eradicate, Restore and Monitor Control, Restore and Monitor Medium Prevent introduction of undesired species Eradicate Eradicate, Restore and Monitor Control, Restore and Monitor Low Monitor/Prevent introduction of undesired species Monitor Eradicate Control No recorded Prevent introduction of undesired species Monitor Monitor Monitor Figure 6: A quick decision support tool to guide management actions against IS in Tanzania. Important to note: • High impact refers to intolerable adverse effects caused by invasive species that have been established by scientific evidence and expert opinions. The effects may also include but not limited to reduction by 50% of agricultural productivity and displacement of any native species. • Low impact refers to extremely localised impact to less than 0.05% of individuals in the population. • High extent of spread refers both to high abundance and wide distribution of a particular species in a given region or protected area. A particular species has high extent of spread if it covers more than 10% of habitat it invades or recorded in high abundance in almost all regions of Tanzania. • Low extent of spread refers to low distribution of a species not exceeding 500 m with a local abundance less than 1000 individuals whose age is half the lifespan, or a species found in less than 2 district of Tanzania whose spread is less than 100 m per day. • Medium extent of spread refers to any levels of abundance and distribution in between low and high extent of spread. • Medium adverse impact refers to any impact whose intensity is between the indicated low and high impact levels. 2.6.4 Prioritisation of Invasive species for management Resources for managing IS are limited which makes prioritization unavoidable. Through review of available literature and other reports it has shown that not all 220 invasive and potential invasive species identified cause similar impacts on the ecosystems and economic loss in the country. To identify which ones cause bigger impacts to the environment and economy, a ranking exercise was conducted during stakeholders’ workshop to prioritise a list of IS that requires immediate action to be taken against their impacts to the development of the respective sector (Appendix 12 & 13). Three criteria were used to rank the species; 1) rate of spread, 2) abundance and 3) negative impacts to economy, health or environment. A species was ranked as highest priority if it scored highest among the others in one or more NATIONAL INVASIVE SPECIES STRATEGY AND ACTION PLAN (NISSAP)44 of the criteria, the next score was given to the next lower rank. As a result of this exercise, ten most noxious species across all sectors were identified. The current known distribution of the 10 species is presented in Figure 7. The map shows the region in which the species is known to occur whereby each species is marked by a representative symbol. The species include; • Spodoptera frugiperda (Fall armyworm), • Prosopis juliflora (Prosopis), • Parthenium hysterophorus (Carrot weed), • Astripomoea hyscamoides (Kongwa weed), • Chromolaena odorata (Siam weed, Amachabongo), • Gutenbergia cordifolia (Gutenbergia), • Corvus splendens (Indian house crow), • Caesalpinia decapitala (Mauritius thorn), • Eichihornia crassipes (Water hyacinth), and • Tuta absoluta (Tomato leafminer). Brief description of these species is provided in the next paragraph. NATIONAL INVASIVE SPECIES STRATEGY AND ACTION PLAN (NISSAP) 45 Figure 7. Distribution of ten priority invasive species in Tanzania (symbols indicate some of the areas where the species is known to occur). Source: Bukombe J and Mrosso H, 2019. 1. Spodoptera frugiperda (Fall armyworm) Fall armyworm (FAW) is a species in the order Lepidoptera (Plate 1). It is a polyphagous pest that is native to tropical and subtropical regions of the Americas. It is endemic to the North and South American continents. The term “armyworm” can refer to several species, NATIONAL INVASIVE SPECIES STRATEGY AND ACTION PLAN (NISSAP)46 often describing the large-scale invasive behavior of the species’ larval stage. Larvae are a light green to dark brown with longitudinal stripes. The pest was first detected in Central and West Africa in 2016 and one year later had arrived to Tanzania. The moth has very strong flying ability, reaching up to 100 km/day. FAW has about 6-12 generations and can produce up to 2,000 eggs over its life span. The caterpillars of this moth feed on leaves, stems and reproductive parts (Pogue, 2002). In Tanzania, it prefers maize, millet, rice and sorghum but can feed on more than 80 additional species of cereals including bean, sunflower, coffee, cotton, and tobacco (Pogue, 2002). Plate 1: Fall armyworms infesting maize (Source: Mwinyimkuu H and Chidege M, 2018) 2. Prosopis juliflora (prosopis) Prosopis juliflora is an evergreen, multi-stemmed shrub or small tree with an umbrella-like canopy (Plate 2). It can reach over 10 m in height, and the branches usually carry long thorns. The species origin is Latin America but has been introduced to many countries in Africa including: Ethiopia, Kenya, Sudan and South Africa. In Tanzania, Prosopis also known as Mrashia or Mgunga taveta was accidentally introduced from Kenya in 1988 by traders between Taveta and Moshi (Kilawe et al., 2017). Currently, Prosopis has been recorded in nine districts, but the potential for further spread is significant. (a) (b) Plate 2: Invasion of Prosopis juliflora in (a) Kahe and (b) Nyumba ya Mungu dam in Kilimanjaro, Tanzania (Source: Kilawe C, 2017) 3. Parthenium hysterophorus (Carrot weed) Parthenium hysterophorus which is also called white top is a species of flowering plant in the family Asteraceae which is native to the American tropics (Plate 3). It has been introduced NATIONAL INVASIVE SPECIES STRATEGY AND ACTION PLAN (NISSAP) 47 to Asia, Australia, Pacific islands and Africa. The species grows fast and attains flowering within 3-4 weeks from germination while its flowering persists for 6-8 months in favourable conditions. It is estimated that each plant can produce up to 25,000 seeds with over long seed dormancy. In Tanzania, the species is commonly named as gugu karoti (or carrot weed). The occurrence of Parthenium hysterophorus in the country was for the first time reported in 2010 (Clark and Lotter, 2011). The species is believed to be introduced from Kenya as patches of the species were firstly spotted along the Namanga Road from Arusha towards Kenya. Currently, the actual reported distribution of Parthenium have widened to four regions in the country including Arusha, Kagera, Mara, and Kilimanjaro. It is estimated that each plant can produce up to 25,000 seeds with over long seed dormancy. Plate 3: Phenology of Parthenium hysterophorus (Carrot weed or white top) as seen in Arusha (Source: Bukombe J, 2016) 4. Chromolaena odorata (Siam weed) Chromolaena odorata (Siam weed) is a perennial shrub in the sunflower family which is native to Central and Southern America (Plate 4). It is a rapidly growing perennial herb which is multi-stemmed shrub to 2.5 m (100 inches) tall in open areas. It has soft stems but the base of the shrub is woody. In shady areas it becomes etiolated and behaves as a creeper, growing on other vegetation. It can then grow up to 10 m (33 feet) tall. Siam weed has a growth rate of 20 mm/day and can produce more than 8,700 seeds per plant per season (Sivagnanam and Swamy, 2010). The species has excellent dispersal mechanisms which include wind, water and can stick or attach to vehicles, machinery, clothing, footwear and animals. NATIONAL INVASIVE SPECIES STRATEGY AND ACTION PLAN (NISSAP)48 Plate 4: Phenology of Chromolaena odorata (Source: Witt A and Mwilawa A, 2018) 5. Tuta absoluta (Tomato leaf miner) Tuta absoluta is a species of moth in family Gelechiidae known by the common names Tomato leafminer (Plate 5).It is an insect pest native to South America. In Africa, it was firstly detected in Tunisia in 2008 (Abbes et al., 2012), Sudan and Ethiopia in 2011 (Pfeiffer, 2013) and Kenya and Tanzania in 2014 (Chidege et al., 2016). Tomato is the main host plant, but T. absoluta also attacks other crop plants of the family solanaceae, including potato, eggplant, pepino, pepper and tobacco. The larva feeds voraciously on tomato plants, producing large galleries in leaves, burrowing in stalks, and consuming apical buds and green and ripe fruits. It is capable of causing a yield loss of 100%. In Tanzania, the pest is known as “Kanitangaze” (literally means spread the news). Plate 5: A pile of ripe tomatoes infested by Tomato leaf miner (Source: Chidege M, 2018) 6. Astripomoea hyoscyamoides (Kongwa weed) Astripomoea hyoscyamoides is an annual or short-lived perennial plant covered with greyish hairs, reaching a height of 1.8 m with a potential to grow up to 2 m tall, with alternate simple leaves and showy, white and purple flower (Plate 6). The weed is recognized as “Mahata” NATIONAL INVASIVE SPECIES STRATEGY AND ACTION PLAN (NISSAP) 49 in vernacular. It is a weed that grows extensively in both crop and grazing land of semi-arid lands of Central Tanzania. Plate 6: Phenology of Astripomoea hyoscyamoides (left) and site infested by Kongwa weed in Dodoma (right) (Source: Mwilawa A, 2018) 7. Gutenbergia cordifolia (Gutenbergia) Gutenbergia cordifolia is an annual plant native to Africa (Plate 7). While in Kenya the plant has already been reported as an invasive weed in most farmlands (Anderson and Morales, 2005; Gharabadiyan et al., 2012). In Tanzania the species seems to have invaded and dominated most protected areas of northern Tanzania including more than half of the World Heritage site Ngorongoro crater floor (250 km2) and most parts of the Serengeti ecosystem and Tarangire National Park, negatively affecting forage quantity and quality as well as the abundance and distribution of herbivores (both wildlife and livestock) in the invaded areas (Ngondya et al., 2016). The consequences of this are large and cascade in nature including direct effect in tourism, livestock and agriculture sectors which are the backbone of the country’s economy and livelihood of the people. (a) (b) Plate 7: Gutenbergia cordifolia as shown during its flowering stage (a) and its invasion in most areas of Ngorongoro Crater (b) (Source: Ngondya I, 2018). NATIONAL INVASIVE SPECIES STRATEGY AND ACTION PLAN (NISSAP)50 8. Corvus splendens (Indian house crow) The house crow is a common bird of the crow family that originates in Asia (Plate 8). The species size is approximately 40 cm (16 in) in length but is slimmer than the jackdaw and the carrion crow. The forehead, crown, throat and upper breast are a richly glossed black, whilst the neck and breast are a lighter grey-brown in colour. The wings, tail and legs are black. There are regional variations in the thickness of the bill and the depth of colour in areas of the plumage. The house crow is now found in many parts of the world, where they arrived assisted by shipping. The history of the Indian house crow in Tanzania dates back to the 1890s when it was deliberately introduced to Zanzibar to act as an urban garbage scavenger (Long, 1981). The species spread rapidly onto the mainland along the coast from Malindi in Kenya to Mtwara in Tanzania (Mackworth-Praed and Grant, 1960) and nowadays the species has spread into the whole coastal areas in the mainland of Tanzania, including neighboring countries of Kenya, Somalia and Ethiopia (Sinclair et al., 1981; Shimba and Jonah, 2017). Recently, the specie has been recorded in Morogoro, Korogwe, Mikumi, Ifakara and Dodoma (Wium Anderson and Reid, 2000) as well as in Nzega District (Tabora Region) (Ally Nkwabi Pers. comm., 2017). Plate 8: Indian House Crow as seen in Muheza district in Tanga region (Source: Nkwabi A, 2017). 9. Caesalpinia decapitala (Mauritius thorn) Caesalpinia decapitala is a thorny, woody, clambering shrub with bipinnate leaves and clusters of pale yellow flowers (Plate 9). It has large, globular seeds which are produced in flattened, unsegmented, beaked pods. The origin of Mauritius thorn is unclear but its common name suggests, its native range might include Indonesia and Malesia (including the indo-Malaysian archipelago and northern Australasia). The species was apparently originally introduced to Tanzania as a hedge plant. NATIONAL INVASIVE SPECIES STRATEGY AND ACTION PLAN (NISSAP) 51 Plate 9: A Mauritius thorn as seen in Arusha National Park (Source: Ng’umbi G, 2018) 10. Eichhornia crassipes (Water hyacinth) The common Water hyacinth is a free-floating perennial aquatic plant (or hydrophyte) native to tropical and sub-tropical South America (Plate 10). With broad, thick, glossy, ovate leaves, water hyacinth may rise above the surface of the water as much as 1 meter in height. The leaves are 10–20 cm across on a stem which is floating by means of buoyant bulb like nodules at its base above the water surface. They have long, spongy and bulbous stalks. Water hyacinth is often a highly invasive species outside its native range. The species has become an invasive plant species on Lake Victoria and some rivers such as the Ugalla River in East Africa after it was introduced into the area in the 1980s. (a) (b) Plate 10: Spreading Water hyacinth in the Ugalla River (a) and Lake Victoria (b) (Source: Bukombe J, 2011 and Mbwambo J, 2018). 2.6.5 Roles and Responsibilities Although, invasive species management is a shared responsibility involving people and organization from local to national scale, the overall coordination to fulfill the requirements of the NISSAP is placed under the Vice President Office. The VPO will ensure that all stakeholders undertake their responsibilities in invasive management activities. The Strategy recognizes that roles and responsibilities vary across the invasion stages and there can also NATIONAL INVASIVE SPECIES STRATEGY AND ACTION PLAN (NISSAP)52 be differences between jurisdiction and landscapes, that is why the NISSAP highlight roles and responsibilities of impacted Ministries, Departments and Local authorities. For example, during importation of seeds, the Head of Plant Health and Biosecurity under the MAFSC is accountable to ensure that the consignment are inspected to identify any risks that they may carry and their destination determined for easy tracking and evaluation. For existing species in agricultural and reserved area, the officers in charge of the area are accountable to control and report on the progress. These should work hand in hand with the communities through their local government authorities. For simplicity and clarity some of the responsibilities are spelled out clearly as follows: Vice President Office • coordinate, facilitate and promote national IS management guidelines and programs • provide leadership and coordination for emergency responses to new incursions of national significance • use the NEAC to evaluate progress of the NISSAP Ministry of Natural Resources and Tourism • Coordinating and implementing forest and catchment-based IS management plans for existing and already identifies IS. • Reserve managers under MNRT, should monitor IS impacts and carry out surveillance for detecting high risk IS that pose risks to their reserves or could spread to other regions • Build public awareness and knowledge of invasive species of national significance in the sector. Ministry of Agriculture Food Security and Cooperative • Provide a legislative framework, especially biosecurity legislations, to minimize the risk pre-border and at the border of invasive species incursions including undertaking enforcement actions and regulatory interventions. Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries • Enforce guidelines and regulations requiring proper management of grazing lands • contribute to research and development programs to improve weed management best practice for different agricultural and natural systems, as appropriate • Enforce guidelines and regulations requiring proper management of beach unit and cadge fishing. Local Government Authorities • Lead and coordinate emergency responses to priority IS incursions at local levels and take all reasonable steps to eradicate district and regional IS. • For containment of an established invasive species, work with bordering local authorities to apply guidelines on transport of plant or animal materials with the risks to introduce invasive species. • Undertake enforcement actions and regulatory interventions with respect to individual landholders to support sustained management of widely established IS. NATIONAL INVASIVE SPECIES STRATEGY AND ACTION PLAN (NISSAP) 53 • Support the activities of local groups undertaking IS management Ministry of Education and Vocational Training • support and build public awareness about IS issues • support the collection and collation of national IS data and information • support mainstreaming IS modules from primary to higher learning institutions NATIONAL INVASIVE SPECIES STRATEGY AND ACTION PLAN (NISSAP)54 CHAPTER THREE 3.0 NATIONAL INVASIVE SPECIES STRATEGY AND ACTION PLAN (NISSAP) 3.1 Vision Tanzania’s citizens, ecosystems and resources are secured from invasive species and their negative impacts. 3.2 Mission To reduce negative impacts of invasive species by establishing efficient and effective legal and institution framework; communication, education and public awareness system and technologies for prevention, eradication and control of the species. 3.3 Goal Tanzania’s biodiversity, ecosystem services and livelihood assets are protected from invasive species and their negative impacts. 3.4 Scope This Strategy provides guidance for the management of IS in Tanzania. The scope of this Strategy includes terrestrial and aquatic (freshwater and marine) ecosystems; and invasive plants, animals, microbes (including bacteria), and fungi that have the potential to pose undesirable or detrimental impacts on humans, animals, ecosystems, or the economy. The Strategy will operate for 10 years effectively from 2019/2020. 3.5 Strategic objectives, targets and actions The Strategy identifies six Strategic Objectives that can be used to achieve its Vision. These Strategic Objectives will act as guiding statements towards implementing the Strategy and they are expected to be adopted and implemented by every responsible sectors as indicated and guided by the IS communication and coordination framework. There will be some flexibility around this during the implementation of the actions on the ground and this will depend on how each respective sector/institution is playing its role in dealing with the IS as per these stated objectives. Also, responsible sectors/ministry should try and use these guiding statements to build on long-lasting strategies as the new information and lessons come to light to enable improving on long-term solutions to addressing the problem of IS. Various Targets have been identified for each Strategic Objective as shown below: OBJECTIVE 1: PREVENT INTRODUCTION AND SPREAD OF NEW INVASIVE SPECIES Experience from elsewhere in the world shows that, prevention of invasive species is by far more cost-effective and environmentally desirable management practice when compared to measures taken after introductions of the species. Field survey done by the NTF found that in Tanzania so far the management of invasive species was mainly through control practices. Prevention and early detection and rapid responses (EDRR) are not given adequate attention. Other challenges observed include; unregulated pathways for introduction of IS; weak phytosanitary systems; inadequate control of people and livestock movement across the border; and inadequate control of services and goods movement across the border. NATIONAL INVASIVE SPECIES STRATEGY AND ACTION PLAN (NISSAP) 55 Managing these challenges, with the goal of stopping new species from entering Tanzania and becoming established, is a cornerstone to effective invasive species management. Target 1.1: At least 90% of all biological materials introduced to Tanzania are inspected against IS threats by 2024 Effective inspection of invasive species entering Tanzania requires knowledge of ways in which the species enter the country, risk assessment of potential invasive species across the national boarder and good capacity of the regulating agencies to be able to conduct the risk assessment and enforcement of regulations. Action 1.1.1: Identify and manage priority pathways and vectors of IS introduction and spread At the country level, there is great need to conduct an in-depth analysis of pathways for managing invasive species. As has been explained in section 2.2, an analysis of invasive species pathways and vectors of introduction and spread is important in order to provide information that will guide the choice of appropriate intervention. This will involve working with national and international agencies to ensure that mandatory inspections for vectors such as movement of animals, all-terrain vehicles, boats, ballast water and other modes of transportation are implemented through regulatory tools. At the country level, there is great need to conduct an in-depth analysis of pathways for managing invasive species. As has been shown in section 2.2, five of the total six different pathways (escape, transport contaminant, transport stowaway, corridors and release) are important and need consideration during the implementation of this Strategy. As the pathways affect nearly all sectors, there is need for each sector to obtain an indepth analysis of the specific pathways that affect the specific sector. This analysis will help to provide information that will guide the choice of an appropriate intervention approach. It will also help identifying sectoral linkages among pathways, and thus designing feasible strategies of management. This will involve working with national and international agencies to ensure that mandatory inspections for vectors such as movement of animals, all-terrain vehicles, boats, ballast water and other modes of transportation are implemented through regulatory tools. Action 1.1.2: Conduct risk assessment of potential IS Developing early warning system is important in order to help determine which invasive species are most likely to enter Tanzania and become established. Risk assessment must be conducted holistically and it should consider pathways of introduction and vectors of spread. Action 1.1.3: Strengthen and Enforce regulations dealing with importation and movement of live materials at national and regional/international borders Strengthening and enforcing regulations dealing with importation and movements of lives materials helps to prevent potentials of introductions and spread of invasive species in the country. Action 1.1.4: Capacitate border posts with adequate resources to manage invasive species To prevent entrance of invasive species or goods that are subject to restriction, it is necessary that border posts are capacitated with necessary resources for effective management of invasive species. Target 1.2: At least 95 % of emerging IS are detected and eradicated by 2029 Detection and eradication of emerging invasions is a recommended management practice when prevention is not effective. The practice increases the likelihoods that small and localised invasions are eradicated at an early stage. In Tanzania, effective detection and NATIONAL INVASIVE SPECIES STRATEGY AND ACTION PLAN (NISSAP)56 eradication of new invasions require to have in place a framework for co-ordination and communication on invasive species, surveillance system to identify the species and EDRR procedures to be followed once the invasions are identified. Given low level of awareness on invasive species among the general public, a list of potential invasive species should be prepared and disseminated. Action 1.2.1: Develop and implement EDRR procedures for IS management Early detection and rapid response to new invasions are key to successfully address new invasions and minimize management costs. EDRR procedures will be based on the development of an action plan that clearly identifies key organizations, groups, and agencies that should be involved; roles and responsibilities; communication networks; species identification and reporting systems; risk assessments; treatment options; and monitoring plans. The EDRR plan will enable and support action across all jurisdictions. Action 1.2.2: Develop and implement a national surveillance system for managing IS A national surveillance system that will survey the existing but unknown and detect emerging invasive species across the country should be developed. The surveillance teams should be empowered with necessary resources and facilities including technology, equipment, transportation and reporting system. Action 1.2.3: Develop and disseminate invasive species “watch lists” A list of potential invasive species should be prepared and disseminated in order to alert the public about a new invasion or new behaviour of existing invasive species for enhancing their participation in invasive species management. OBJECTIVE 2: REDUCE NEGATIVE IMPACTS OF EXISTING PRIORITY INVASIVE SPECIES Priority invasive species are those with high rate of spread and impacts as shown in Fig.7. Local abundance and spread of established IS can be reduced through implementation of control practices. Field survey by the NTF found that mechanical control practices which are costly and less effective were the most commonly used in Tanzania (Table 7). Chemical and biological control practices are more effective in control of established invasive species but their use was constrained by long bureaucratic approval procedures. Control of IS by utilization received high community interest and political will but there was no sufficient research conducted on the sustainability of this practice. It was also found that in areas where control was conducted, there was inadequate restoration and monitoring. Restoration accelerates ecosystem recovery with respect to its health, integrity, resistance to disturbance and resilience. By monitoring, we can gather baseline data that will help determine short and long-term trends, as well as make comparisons against standards or targets. Target 2.1: The abundance and spread of all national priority invasive species are reduced by at least 50% by 2029 In order to reduce local abundance and spread of established invasive species in Tanzania, it is important that the species are identified, mapped and quantified. Locally tested and accepted control practices including but not limited to biological, chemical, nature-based and integrated approaches should be developed and promoted. Technical know-how from other countries (e.g. Australia and South Africa) should be established and used but this should go hand in hand with mainstreaming of traditional knowledge and innovations. Research on control of IS by utilization should be conducted to resolve existing concern on sustainability of control by utilization of IS. NATIONAL INVASIVE SPECIES STRATEGY AND ACTION PLAN (NISSAP) 57 Action 2.1.1: Identify, map and reduce abundance of IS in their established and invasion areas Established invasive species should be identified, quantified, and mapped in order to determine effective control measures Action 2.1.2: Building on the management know-how from within and other countries Traditional knowledge, innovation and other practices relevant for management of invasive species should be established, replicated, extended and mainstreamed into scientific knowledge for management of invasive species .Technical know-how from other countries (e.g. Australia and South Africa) should be established and used. Action 2.1.3: Develop and promote integrated approaches to control IS. Not all species can be managed using one method and sometimes approaches foreign to local environment have been rather more problematic and ineffective. Therefore, it is recommended to use nature-based (established and/or customized to local environment) and integrated management practices for effective invasive species management. Action 2.1.4: Develop and strengthen a centralized national IS database Developing and strengthening a centralized database on biodiversity including invasive species is very important. Such database can be used as a forum to record and track invasive species occurrences and management efforts across the country. The database can also be used for sharing data and provide opportunities for identification of gaps and hence funding sources for addressing such gaps in invasive species management. Target 2.2: At least 50% of critical ecosystems impacted by invasive species are restored by 2029 Critical areas and habitats include water catchment forests, national parks, wetlands, nature reserves and pasture land. Restoration is designed to reinstate ecosystem functions and services, and to prevent the opportunity for future invasive species establishment. Habitat (Ecosystem) management may be required to avoid repeated degradation of restored ecosystems. Restoration techniques should be employed in a participatory approach to rehabilitate the habitats and areas impacted by invasive species. Action 2.2.1: Integrate restoration actions in all invasive species management approaches Restoration actions and approaches will facilitate the regeneration of natural habitats, sceneries, ecosystem functions and process to support biodiversity conservation and socio economic development activities. Action 2.2.2: Develop and implement framework for restoration of areas degraded by IS A framework for restoration that can be used by invasive species stakeholders will be developed. The components of the guideline should include an explanation of the problem, and the goals and objectives, planned activities, and post-restoration monitoring and evaluation. Action 2.2.3: Build and strengthen community capacity to conduct restoration of degraded ecosystems Available resources will be identified and shared to strengthen and support restoration efforts. Such resources include but not limited to seeding, seedling, technical knowledge and land management practices. NATIONAL INVASIVE SPECIES STRATEGY AND ACTION PLAN (NISSAP)58 Target 2.3: At least 50% invasive species management efforts are monitored and evaluated by 2029 In areas where eradication or control of invasive species was conducted and restoration done, monitoring should be carried out in order to determine effectiveness. Monitoring invasive species management efforts will reveal short- and long-term trends that can lead to new knowledge and understanding, and subsequently improve management effectiveness and efficiencies. Action 2.3.1: Develop and implement a national invasive species management monitoring and evaluation framework There is a need to develop a framework for monitoring and evaluation of invasive species in Tanzania. Development of this framework should be built upon existing invasive species management monitoring and evaluation tools and work towards answering key invasive species management questions. Action 2.3.2: Improve existing monitoring standards and protocols for managing IS The information accrued from monitoring and evaluation will be used to improve existing M & E standards and protocols so that data collected are useful for determining the effectiveness of invasive species control methods. OBJECTIVE 3: ENHANCE NATIONAL CAPACITY TO MANAGE AND RESEARCH ON INVASIVE SPECIES Sustainable management of invasive species depends on the national capacity on human resources, technology, infrastructure, knowledge and funding. Inadequate capacity to detect and implement management measures, financial resources, specialists in invasive species, research and monitoring were identified as impediments in the management of invasive species. Adequate, stable, long-term investments in the national capacity will reduce negative impacts and increase efficiency in managing invasive species. Target 3.1: At least 70% of fund proposed for management of invasive species is secured and implemented by 2024 Adequate, stable, long-term funding is essential for effective and successful invasive species prevention and control in Tanzania. As described earlier in this strategy, the benefit-cost ratio of preventing infestations or addressing them as soon as possible is significant when compared with allowing an infestation to establish and spread. In short: prevention and early control pay back far more than they cost. Funding is a critical aspect of this invasive species management Strategy, and adequate, stable funding levels must cross fiscal years, and be flexible and accessible. Action 3.1.1: Leverage funds to address invasive species management Funds generated for management can often be applied more effectively across the land base if all resource concerns are being addressed in an integrated fashion. Therefore, opportunities to leverage funds addressing similar management objectives shall be sought, including, but not limited to, species at risk, habitat restoration, education, and research. Action 3.1.2: Develop fund allocation guidelines for managing invasive species The fund allocation guidelines should include: (i) summary of current baseline investments for invasive species management in Tanzania, including financial investment, staff and in kind contributions; (ii) targets for both critical-level (minimum) programs that prevent invasive species impacts from becoming worse, and full-level (desired) programs that, in addition, reduce the impacts of existing invasive species populations; and (iii) propose mechanisms NATIONAL INVASIVE SPECIES STRATEGY AND ACTION PLAN (NISSAP) 59 for obtaining additional funds for management of invasive species. Action 3.1.3: Establish an emergency response funding model for managing IS An emergency response funding model should be established to ensure funds are readily available for immediate response to new invaders. Target 3.2: By 2025, research on invasive species increased by 50% Management of invasive species is heavily based on scientific knowledge of species biology, habitats, control methods, and other aspects of their natural history. Future research efforts should expand existing knowledge and incorporate the needs of stakeholders. Action 3.2.1: Support research on priority invasive species and areas Facilitation should be made possible for carrying out of research on prioritized species and areas to better understand invasive species and their impacts on human health, the environment and ecosystems, and local and national economies, and use this information to facilitate setting management priorities among species or geographic locations. Some preliminary areas this Strategy has identified that require better understanding and additional research include but not limited to: i. Impacts of invasive species on biodiversity, ecosystem services, economy and on human health; ii. Map and predict their potential and actual distribution; iii. Effects of climate change on invasive species introductions and distribution; iv. Effects of invasive species on species at risk (rare, endangered, threatened, vulnerable); v. Restoration techniques; vi. Control by nature-based management approaches of invasive species; vii. Investigate on long-term cost of doing nothing, and viii. Invasive species and ecosystem services. Action 3.2.2: Mainstream invasive species management into existing research agenda of academic, research and development institutions In order to provide a shared vision on the collective needs and priorities for invasive species research in Tanzania, there is need to mainstream invasive species management into existing research agenda in academic, research and development institutions in Tanzania. Action 3.2.3: Strengthen National Environment Trust Funds for funding Research on Invasive species Availability of research funds is key in ensuring that researches are conducted in the field of invasive species. OBJECTIVE 4: ENHANCE STAKEHOLDER’S EDUCATION AWARENESS AND PARTICIPATION ON MANAGEMENT OF IS Low level of education, public awareness, inadequate extension services and poor participation of stakeholders were identified as obstacles to successful management of invasive species. Therefore, deliberate actions should be strategized to ensure stakeholders NATIONAL INVASIVE SPECIES STRATEGY AND ACTION PLAN (NISSAP)60 are effectively involved and participate in the management of invasive species. Target 4.1: At least 50% of stakeholders are aware of various invasive species management options by 2024 Stakeholders’ awareness on introduction, spread, negative impacts and control measures is important for effective management of invasive species. Community education and awareness is key to successful invasive species management. There is need to appropriately design, package and disseminate information for community education and awareness in the management of invasive species. Action 4.1.1: Develop and implement community educational and awareness programs on invasive species management Community education and awareness is key to successful invasive species management. There is need to appropriately design, package and disseminate information for community education and awareness in the management of invasive species. Action 4.1.2: Promote behavioural change to mitigate introduction and spread of invasive species Behavioural change is critical for effective invasive species management. Traditional approaches to education and awareness have demonstrated that, while people’s understanding of an issue may increase, this does not always translate into changes in their behaviour or actions. Therefore, promoting actions that aim directly at changing people’s behaviour is important for management of invasive species in Tanzania. Action 4.1.3: Mainstream invasive species modules from primary to higher learning institutions A cadre of trained professionals is needed for effective implementation of invasive species management strategies. Introducing invasive species modules in primary education, academic and training institutions will help build capacity for invasive species management in Tanzania. Action 4.1.4: Strengthen technical capacity of Extension Service Providers on IS management Disseminating the management options to wide numbers of smallholder farmers will require working through existing structures and leveraging opportunities that exist to reach large numbers of smallholder farmers from district to village levels. Local government entities have the closest regular contact with the farmers hence the need to build their capacity in managing IS that found in their areas. Agricultural Advisers and Extension Officers will conduct training and village rallies in their villages. They will be equipped with posters, leaflets, brochures, training manual and other training materials to effectively undertake their functions. Village authorities and opinion leaders will help mobilize communities to develop community management plans. Target 4.2: At least 50% of all stakeholders participated in managing invasive species by 2024 Participation of stakeholders is vital at all levels of invasive species management from prevention, introduction, eradication, control and restoration. Therefore, actions that aim at promoting stakeholder’s participation in invasive species management are needed. Action 4.2.1: Mainstream invasive species management into national communication strategy A National Communication Strategy (2015-2019) on environmental sustainability, growth and poverty reduction has been developed. The Strategy does not capture invasive species NATIONAL INVASIVE SPECIES STRATEGY AND ACTION PLAN (NISSAP) 61 management. Mainstreaming invasive species in the Strategy during its review will enhance community education, awareness and participation in management of invasive species in Tanzania. Action 4.2.2: Recognize and award exemplary performance in invasive species management Formally recognizing positive actions and behaviours motivates people, by setting good examples, demonstrating leadership, hence improving stewardship in invasive species management. Actions that are geared towards enhancing stakeholder’s participation such as incentives in invasive species management are needed. Action 4.2.3: Incorporate invasive species management actions in national and international environmental events National and international environment events such as National Tree Planting day and World Environment Day should be used as platform for raising awareness and seeking stakeholder’s participation in prevention, control, eradication of invasive species and restoration of affected ecosystems and sites. Action 4.2.4: Create consistent and timely messaging platforms on invasive species management It is important to create consistent and timely messaging platforms about invasive species management for all stakeholders in Tanzania. In order to reach wide audience, websites and smart phone apps should be developed to enable identification, reporting and management. OBJECTIVE 5: MAINSTREAMING INVASIVE SPECIES MANAGEMENT INTO REGULATORY TOOLS Policy and legislations are important guiding and regulatory tools for effective management of IS. One of the biggest impediments towards management of invasive species in Tanzania is inadequate mainstreaming and harmonization of invasive species management in policy and enforcement of regulatory tools. Therefore, the Strategy highlights the importance of mainstreaming and harmonization of invasive species into existing sectoral policies and legislations, establishing regulatory and enforcing regulatory tools, in order to facilitate management of invasive species impacted areas. Target 5.1: At least 50% of all regulatory tools in Tanzania are revised and operationalized by 2022 Regulatory tools are mandatory to guide management of invasive species and must be reviewed, prepared and operationalized. Action 5.1.1: Review and mainstream IS management into regulatory tools It is of paramount importance to ensure that relevant regulatory tools are revised and mainstream invasive species. Action 5.1.2: Harmonize conflicting regulatory tools for managing IS Effective management of invasive species requires harmonisation of regulatory tools across all sectors. It is important to ensure that any conflicts in these regulations are harmonized in order to promote cross-sectorial operations among sectoral ministries and other stakeholders. Action 5.1.3: Mainstream IS issues into local charters, sectorial ministries, local government and private sector plans and guidelines Effective management of invasive species requires that all relevant stakeholders and NATIONAL INVASIVE SPECIES STRATEGY AND ACTION PLAN (NISSAP)62 sectors are fully involved. In this case mainstreaming invasive species issues into local charters, sectoral and local government plans as well as those of other stakeholders is key to successful management. Target 5.2: All existing regulatory tools and bodies dealing with invasive species management are enforced effectively by 2020 In order to ensure effective management of invasive species, all eight regulatory tools which address issues of invasive species (1 National Policy, 5 National Acts and 2 National Regulations – Appendix 4) should be enforced. Action 5.2.1: Identify and capacitate agencies responsible for enforcement of regulatory tools on IS It is important to identify and capacitate the agencies responsible for enforcement and ensure that they are actively enforcing the legislation. Enforcement of regulatory tools should promote voluntary compliance over legal action. Action 5.2.2: Develop risk assessment process for effective enforcement of regulatory tools It is important to conduct risk assessment on the regulatory tools to check if they are effective in the management of IS. Action 5.2.3: Define roles and responsibilities of all agencies responsible for regulating IS Roles and responsibilities for all organizations, groups, agencies, and individuals involved in invasive species management in Tanzania should be established for effective management of invasive species. For example, the roles for selection of trees for afforestation, seed regulation and seed importation should be clearly defined. OBJECTIVE 6: STRENGTHEN AND PROMOTE STRONG COLLABORATION AND CO ORDINATION WITH RELEVANT STAKEHOLDERS ON MANAGEMENT OF INVASIVE SPECIES Lack of communication and coordination framework was identified among the constraints hindering effective management of invasive species in the country. Given that most stakeholders from within and outside the country are affected by invasive species, it is important to have a mechanism that will ensure effective collaboration and coordination for management of invasive species. Target 6.1: By 2025, collaboration and coordination on management of IS among stakeholders increased by at least 50% Strong collaboration and coordination require bringing together all organizations, agencies, groups, and individuals involved in invasive species management in Tanzania and beyond, and working together towards shared goals. This includes supporting current partnerships and fostering new ones, and building cross-jurisdictional collaboration. Action 6.1.1: Strengthen trans-boundary partnerships on management of IS There is need to strengthen partnerships with bordering national jurisdictions to encourage management efficiencies, and promote mutual understanding and support for the management of invasive species. Action 6.1.2: Establish coordination and communication mechanism for effective management of IS to all relevant stakeholders Given the many stakeholders from within and outside the country are affected by invasive species, it is important to have a mechanism that will ensure effective collaboration and NATIONAL INVASIVE SPECIES STRATEGY AND ACTION PLAN (NISSAP) 63 coordination for management of invasive species. Target 6.2: By 2025, collaboration and co-ordination on the management of IS among stakeholders promoted by at least 50% One of the setbacks to the current practice in management of invasive species is poor collaboration and co-ordination across sectors. Strong collaboration and coordination are important factors contributing to effective management of invasive species. Action 6.2.1: Develop and implement an effective system for collaboration and coordination on IS management among stakeholders In order to have multi-sectorial coordination, developing and implementing a system for coordination is important for achieving a common goal in managing invasive species. A mechanism for sharing best practices for managing invasive species should be developed and implemented. Action 6.2.2: Monitor and evaluate cross-sectorial coordination and collaboration on the IS management In order to ensure effective management of invasive species, monitoring, evaluation of coordination and collaboration between sectors should be conducted. Action 6.2.3: Develop and implement a framework for quarterly reporting on IS issues In order to ensure that all stakeholders are effectively implementing the Strategy, quarterly reports shall be prepared and submitted to the responsible entity as shown in Figure 5. 3.6 Action Plan This Action Plan consists of actions to be implemented at national level in order to achieve the Strategic Objectives and Targets. The Plan has been formulated and is again open for improvement by each responsible players and actors who should try to relate this with the real observations they find on the ground. While logical consideration was taken into account in linking this framework with the Strategic Objectives, it should be understood that the adoption and operationalization of this are assumed not to be uniform but rather case by case, depending on the situation of each of the actors. Hence, this Plan needs to be used with modifications of the observed situation during the course of implementation. Furthermore, monitoring and evaluation of this Matrix is expected to have some flexibility when some of the assumptions used are critically evaluated and consolidated using the real situation as it occurs on the ground. NATIONAL INVASIVE SPECIES STRATEGY AND ACTION PLAN (NISSAP)64 Ta bl e 12 : Lo gi ca l F ra m ew or k M at ri x TA R G E T A C TI O N R E S P O N S IB IL IT Y TI M E FR A M E IN D IC A TO R S O B JE C TI V E 1 : P R E V E N T IN TR O D U C TI O N A N D S P R E A D O F N E W IN VA S IV E S P E C IE S 1. 1: A t l ea st 9 0% of a ll bi ol og ic al m at er ia ls in tr od uc ed to Ta nz an ia a re in sp ec te d ag ai ns t IS th re at s by 2 02 4 1. 1. 1: Id en tif y an d m an ag e pr io rit y pa th w ay s an d ve ct or s of IS in tr od uc tio n an d sp re ad R es ea rc h an d ac ad em ic in st itu tio ns , M in is tr y re sp on si bl e fo r E nv iro nm en t, W ild lif e, W at er , Tr an sp or t, W or ks , A gr ic ul tu re , F or es tr y, L iv es to ck , a nd T ou ris m B y 20 24 P at hw ay s a nd v ec to rs o f in tr od uc tio n of in va si ve s pe ci es to T an za ni a ar e id en tifi ed a nd m an ag ed 1. 1. 2: C on du ct ris k as se ss m en t o f po te nt ia l I S M in is tr y re sp on si bl e fo r E nv iro nm en t, A gr ic ul tu re B y 20 22 R is k as se ss m en t p ro to co ls in p la ce an d op er at io na l N ew in va si ve s pe ci es a re n ot in tr od uc ed to T an za ni a 1. 1. 3 S tr eg th en an d E nf or ce re gu la tio ns d ea lin g w ith im po rt at io n an d m ov em en t o f liv e m at er ia ls a t na tio na l a nd r eg io na l/ in te rn at io na l b or de rs M in is tr y re sp on si bl e fo r E nv iro nm en t, Im m ig ra tio n, Tr an sp or t, W ild lif e, F or es tr y, A gr ic ul tu re , F is he rie s, L iv es to ck & D ev el op m en t p ar tn er s, R es ea rc h an d ac ad em ic in st itu tio ns , N E M C B y 20 22 D ec re as e in th e ra te o f i nt ro du ct io n of n ew in va si ve s pe ci es to T an za ni a In cr ea se in c om pl ia nc e to r ul es a nd re gu la tio ns u nd er ly in g in tr od uc tio n/ m ov em en t o f b io lo gi ca l m at er ia ls S uc ce ss fu l p ro se cu tio ns o f of fe nd er s 1. 1. 4: C ap ac ita te bo rd er p os ts w ith ad eq ua te r es ou rc es to m an ag e in va si ve sp ec ie s M in is tr y re sp on si bl e fo r E nv iro nm en t, Im m ig ra tio n, Tr an sp or t, W ild lif e, F or es tr y, A gr ic ul tu re , F is he rie s, L iv es to ck , F in an ce & D ev el op m en t p ar tn er s B y 20 24 D ec re as e in th e ra te o f i nt ro du ct io n of n ew in va si ve s pe ci es to T an za ni a S op hi st ic at ed e qu ip m en t f or id en tifi ca tio n of b io lo gi ca l m at er ia ls in p la ce a nd o pe ra tio na l NATIONAL INVASIVE SPECIES STRATEGY AND ACTION PLAN (NISSAP) 65 TA R G E T A C TI O N R E S P O N S IB IL IT Y TI M E FR A M E IN D IC A TO R S 1. 2: A t l ea st 9 5 % o f e m er gi ng in va si ve s pe ci es ar e de te ct ed a nd er ad ic at ed b y 20 29 1. 2. 1: D ev el op a nd im pl em en t E D R R pr oc ed ur es fo r IS m an ag em en t M in is tr y re sp on si bl e fo r In du st rie s, Tr an sp or t, Lo ca l G ov er nm en t, Im m ig ra tio n, D ee p se a, N E M C , A ca de m ic a nd R es ea rc h In st itu tio ns , P riv at e S ec to r, N G O s an d C B O s an d re le va nt st ak eh ol de rs B y 20 19 E m er ge nc y re sp on se p ro ce du re s an d pl an s in p la ce In va si ve s pe ci es s pr ea d to n ew ar ea s is m in im is ed . 1. 2. 2: D ev el op a nd im pl em en t a n at io na l su rv ei lla nc e sy st em fo r IS m an ag em en t M in is tr y re sp on si bl e fo r E nv iro nm en t, A gr ic ul tu re , F is he rie s, F or es tr y, L iv es to ck , M in in g, In fr as tr uc tu re , In du st rie s, T ra ns po rt , Lo ca l G ov er nm en t, Im m ig ra tio n, D ee p se a, N E M C , A ca de m ic a nd R es ea rc h In st itu tio ns , P riv at e S ec to r, N G O s an d C B O s an d re le va nt s ta ke ho ld er s B y 20 21 N at io na l s ur ve ill an ce s ys te m in pl ac e an d op er at io na l In va si ve s pe ci es a re d et ec te d at e ar ly s ta ge o f i nv as io n an d ad dr es se d 1. 2. 3: D ev el op a nd di ss em in at e in va si ve sp ec ie s “w at ch li st s” M in is tr ie s re sp on si bl e fo r E nv iro nm en t, F or es t, W ild lif e, To ur is m , A gr ic ul tu re , W at er , Li ve st oc k an d F is he rie s, W or ks , Tr an sp or t a nd C om m un ic at io n, H ea lth , C om m un ity D ev el op m en t, G en de r, E ld er ly a nd C hi ld re n, La nd s, H ou si ng a nd H um an S et tle m en t D ev el op m en t, In du st rie s & T ra de , E du ca tio n, S ci en ce , Te ch no lo gy a nd V oc at io na l T ra in in g, F in an ce a nd P la nn in g, D ee p se a, Im m ig ra tio n, a nd A ca de m ic a nd re se ar ch in st itu tio ns , LG A s, P riv at e se ct or s, N G O s, C B O s, R es ea rc h an d ac ad em ic in st itu tio ns & D ev el op m en t p ar tn er s B y 20 20 S pe ci es “ w at ch li st ” in p la ce a nd op er at io na l NATIONAL INVASIVE SPECIES STRATEGY AND ACTION PLAN (NISSAP)66 TA R G E T A C TI O N R E S P O N S IB IL IT Y TI M E FR A M E IN D IC A TO R S O B JE C TI V E 2 : R E D U C E N E G A TI V E IM PA C TS O F E X IS TI N G P R IO R IT Y IN VA S IV E S P E C IE S 2. 1: T he ab un da nc e an d sp re ad o f a ll na tio na l p ri or ity in va si ve s pe ci es ar e re du ce d by a t le as t 5 0% b y 20 29 2. 1. 1: Id en tif y, m ap an d re du ce a bu nd an ce of in va si ve s pe ci es in th ei r es ta bl is he d an d in va de d ar ea s M in is tr y re sp on si bl e fo r W at er , E nv iro nm en t, W ild lif e, F is he rie s, A gr ic ul tu re , F or es tr y, L iv es to ck an d Lo ca l G ov er nm en t, R es ea rc h In st itu tio ns , N G O s, C B O s B y 20 20 D ec re as e in a re a oc cu pi ed b y pr io rit y lis te d in va si ve s pe ci es In fo rm at io n on p rio rit y s pe ci es di st rib ut io n an d ab un da nc e is av ai la bl e 2. 1. 2: B ui ld in g on th e m an ag em en t k no w ho w fr om w ith in a nd ot he r co un tr ie s M in is tr y re sp on si bl e fo r W at er , E nv iro nm en t, W ild lif e, F is he rie s, A gr ic ul tu re , F or es tr y, L iv es to ck an d Lo ca l G ov er nm en t, R es ea rc h In st itu tio ns , N G O s, C B O s 20 24 B es t p ra ct ic e fo r in va si ve s pe ci es m an ag em en t i s ad op te d T he im pa ct s of in va si ve s pe ci es ar e re du ce d th ro ug h im pr ov ed m an ag em en t p ra ct ic es 2. 1. 3: D ev el op a nd pr om ot e in te gr at ed ap pr oa ch es to c on tr ol IS . M in is tr y re sp on si bl e fo r W at er , E nv iro nm en t, W ild lif e, F is he rie s, A gr ic ul tu re , F or es tr y, L iv es to ck an d Lo ca l G ov er nm en t, R es ea rc h In st itu tio ns , N G O s, C B O s B y 20 19 A pp ro pr ia te a pp ro ac he s ar e ad op te d fo r m an ag em en t o f in va si ve s pe ci es 2. 1. 4: D ev el op an d st re ng th en a ce nt ra liz ed n at io na l I S da ta ba se M in is tr y re sp on si bl e fo r E nv iro nm en t, W ild lif e, F is he rie s, F or es tr y, C O S T E C H , R es ea rc h an d A ca de m ic In st itu tio ns , P riv at e se ct or , N G O s an d C B O s B y 20 19 A fu nc tio na l n at io na l p la tfo rm in pl ac e N um be r of in fo rm at io n pr od uc ts ad op te d by p ol ic y m ak er s N um be r of a ct iv e w eb si te s, p or ta ls an d da ta ba se NATIONAL INVASIVE SPECIES STRATEGY AND ACTION PLAN (NISSAP) 67 TA R G E T A C TI O N R E S P O N S IB IL IT Y TI M E FR A M E IN D IC A TO R S 2. 2: A t l ea st 50 % o f c ri tic al ec os ys te m s im pa ct ed b y in va si ve s pe ci es ar e re st or ed b y 20 29 2. 2. 1: In te gr at e re st or at io n ac tio ns in al l I S m an ag em en t ap pr oa ch es M in is tr y re sp on si bl e fo r F or es tr y, F is he rie s, E nv iro nm en t, Lo ca l G ov er nm en t, P riv at e S ec to r, N G O s an d C B O s, R es ea rc h a nd ac ad em ic In st itu tio n B y 20 19 P ro po rt io n of a re a in va de d by in va si ve s pe ci es u nd er a ct iv e m an ag em en t 2. 2. 2: D ev el op a nd im pl em en t a fr am ew or k fo r re st or at io n of de gr ad ed a re as b y IS M in is tr y re sp on si bl e fo r F or es tr y, F is he rie s, E nv iro nm en t, Lo ca l G ov er nm en t, P riv at e S ec to r, N G O s an d C B O s, R es ea rc h a nd ac ad em ic In st itu tio n B y 20 29 F ra m ew or k in p la ce a nd o pe ra tio na l 2. 2. 3: B ui ld a nd st re ng th en c om m un ity ca pa ci ty to c on du ct re st or at io n of d eg ra de d ec os ys te m s S ec to r M in is tr ie s; A ca de m ic a nd R es ea rc h In st itu tio ns , D ev el op m en t pa rt ne rs , N G O s an d C B O s B y 20 20 C om m un iti es a ct iv el y pr ot ec t t he ir as se ts a nd v al ue s. 2. 3: A t l ea st 5 0% in va si ve s pe ci es m an ag em en t ef fo rt s ar e m on ito re d an d ev al ua te d by 2 02 9 2. 3. 1: D ev el op a nd im pl em en t a n at io na l IS m an ag em en t m on ito rin g an d ev al ua tio n fr am ew or k M in is tr y re sp on si bl e fo r E nv iro nm en t 20 23 E ffe ct iv en es s of c ur re nt r es to ra tio n pr og ra m is k no w n R es to ra tio n gu id el in es a re re vi ew ed . 2. 3. 2: Im pr ov e ex is tin g m on ito rin g st an da rd s an d pr ot oc ol s fo r IS m an ag em en t M in is tr y re sp on si bl e fo r E nv iro nm en t 20 20 E xi st in g pr ot oc ol s re vi ew ed a nd up da te d NATIONAL INVASIVE SPECIES STRATEGY AND ACTION PLAN (NISSAP)68 TA R G E T A C TI O N R E S P O N S IB IL IT Y TI M E FR A M E IN D IC A TO R S O B JE C TI V E 3 . E N H A N C E N A TI O N A L C A PA C IT Y T O M A N A G E A N D R E S E A R C H O N IN VA S IV E S P E C IE S 3. 1: A t l ea st 70 % o f f un ds pr op os ed fo r m an ag em en t o f in va si ve s pe ci es is s ec ur ed a nd im pl em en te d by 20 24 3. 1. 1: L ev er ag e fu nd s to a dd re ss in va si ve sp ec ie s m an ag em en t M in is tr ie s re sp on si bl e fo r E nv iro nm en t, F or es t, W ild lif e, To ur is m , A gr ic ul tu re , W at er , Li ve st oc k an d F is he rie s, W or ks , Tr an sp or t a nd C om m un ic at io n, H ea lth , C om m un ity D ev el op m en t, G en de r, E ld er ly a nd C hi ld re n, La nd s, H ou si ng a nd H um an S et tle m en t D ev el op m en t, In du st rie s & T ra de , E du ca tio n, S ci en ce , Te ch no lo gy a nd V oc at io na l T ra in in g, F in an ce a nd P la nn in g, D ee p se a, Im m ig ra tio n, a nd A ca de m ic an d re se ar ch in st itu tio ns , LG A s, P riv at e se ct or s, N G O s, C B O s, D ev el op m en t p ar tn er s B y 20 24 In cr ea se in fu nd in g av ai la bl e fo r m an ag em en t o f i nv as iv e sp ec ie s 3. 1. 2: D ev el op fu nd al lo ca tio n gu id el in es fo r m an ag in g IS M in is tr ie s re sp on si bl e fo r E nv iro nm en t, F or es t, W ild lif e, To ur is m , A gr ic ul tu re , W at er , Li ve st oc k an d F is he rie s, W or ks , Tr an sp or t a nd C om m un ic at io n, H ea lth , C om m un ity D ev el op m en t, G en de r, E ld er ly a nd C hi ld re n, La nd s, H ou si ng a nd H um an S et tle m en t D ev el op m en t, In du st rie s & T ra de , E du ca tio n, S ci en ce , Te ch no lo gy a nd V oc at io na l T ra in in g, F in an ce a nd P la nn in g, D ee p se a, Im m ig ra tio n, a nd A ca de m ic a nd re se ar ch in st itu tio ns , LG A s, P riv at e se ct or s, N G O s, C B O s an d de ve lo pm en t p ar tn er s B y 20 24 F un di ng a llo ca te d to r el ev an t re se ar ch p ro je ct s an d or in st itu tio ns NATIONAL INVASIVE SPECIES STRATEGY AND ACTION PLAN (NISSAP) 69 TA R G E T A C TI O N R E S P O N S IB IL IT Y TI M E FR A M E IN D IC A TO R S 3. 1. 3: E st ab lis h an em er ge nc y re sp on se fu nd in g m od el fo r m an ag in g IS M in is tr ie s re sp on si bl e fo r E nv iro nm en t, F or es t, W ild lif e, To ur is m , A gr ic ul tu re , W at er , Li ve st oc k an d F is he rie s, W or ks , Tr an sp or t a nd C om m un ic at io n, H ea lth , C om m un ity D ev el op m en t, G en de r, E ld er ly a nd C hi ld re n, La nd s, H ou si ng a nd H um an S et tle m en t D ev el op m en t, In du st rie s & T ra de , E du ca tio n, S ci en ce , Te ch no lo gy a nd V oc at io na l T ra in in g, F in an ce a nd P la nn in g, D ee p se a, Im m ig ra tio n. B y 20 24 E m er ge nc y re sp on se o n ne w in va si on s im pl em en te d 3. 2: B y 20 25 , re se ar ch o n in va si ve s pe ci es in cr ea se d by 5 0% 3. 2. 1: S up po rt re se ar ch o n pr io rit y in va si ve s pe ci es a nd ar ea s M in is tr y re sp on si bl e fo r E nv iro nm en t, R es ea rc h an d ac ad em ic in st itu tio ns , P riv at e se ct or s, N G O s, D ev el op m en t pa rt ne rs , A ca de m ic a nd r es ea rc h in st itu tio ns , LG A s, P riv at e se ct or s, N G O s, C B O s, N E M C B y 20 24 R es ea rc h on in va si ve s pe ci es is un de rt ak en b as ed o n pr io rit y ne ed s In ve st m en t i n in va si ve s pe ci es re se ar ch in cr ea se s. 3. 2. 2: M ai ns tr ea m IS m an ag em en t in to e xi st in g re se ar ch a ge nd a of ac ad em ic , r es ea rc h an d de ve lo pm en t in st itu tio ns M in is tr ie s re sp on si bl e fo r E du ca tio n, S ci en ce a nd T ec hn ol og y, V oc at io na l Tr ai ni ng , A ca de m ic a nd r es ea rc h in st itu tio ns , T ea ch er ’s tr ai ni ng C ol le ge s B y 20 24 In cr ea se in th e nu m be rs o f ap pr op ria te ly t ra in ed p eo pl e (a t te rt ia ry o r po st g ra du at e le ve ls ) in vo lv ed in th e m an ag em en t o f in va si ve s pe ci es NATIONAL INVASIVE SPECIES STRATEGY AND ACTION PLAN (NISSAP)70 TA R G E T A C TI O N R E S P O N S IB IL IT Y TI M E FR A M E IN D IC A TO R S 3. 2. 3: S tr en gt he n N at io na l E nv iro nm en t Tr us t F un ds fo r fu nd in g R es ea rc h on In va si ve sp ec ie s M in is tr ie s re sp on si bl e fo r E nv iro nm en t, F or es t, W ild lif e, To ur is m , A gr ic ul tu re , W at er , Li ve st oc k an d F is he rie s, W or ks , Tr an sp or t a nd C om m un ic at io n, H ea lth , C om m un ity D ev el op m en t, G en de r, E ld er ly a nd C hi ld re n, La nd s, H ou si ng a nd H um an S et tle m en t D ev el op m en t, In du st rie s & T ra de , E du ca tio n, S ci en ce , Te ch no lo gy a nd V oc at io na l T ra in in g, F in an ce a nd P la nn in g, D ee p se a, Im m ig ra tio n, a nd A ca de m ic a nd re se ar ch in st itu tio ns , LG A s, P riv at e se ct or s, N G O s an d de ve lo pm en t pa rt ne rs B y 20 24 R es ea rc h on in va si ve s pe ci es is un de rt ak en b as ed o n pr io rit y ne ed s O B JE C TI V E 4 : E N H A N C E S TA K E H O LD E R ’S E D U C A TI O N , A W A R E N E S S A N D M A N A G E M E N T O F IN VA S IV E S P E C IE S 4. 1: A t l ea st 5 0% of s ta ke ho ld er s ar e aw ar e of v ar io us in va si ve s pe ci es m an ag em en t op tio ns b y 20 24 4. 1 1: D ev el op a nd im pl em en t c om m un ity ed uc at io na l a nd aw ar en es s pr og ra m s on in va si ve s pe ci es M in is tr ie s re sp on si bl e fo r F or es t, W ild lif e, T ou ris m , A gr ic ul tu re , W at er , Li ve st oc k an d F is he rie s, W or ks , Tr an sp or t a nd C om m un ic at io n, H ea lth , C om m un ity D ev el op m en t, G en de r, E ld er ly a nd C hi ld re n, La nd s, H ou si ng a nd H um an S et tle m en t D ev el op m en t, M in in g, In du st rie s & T ra de , E du ca tio n, S ci en ce , T ec hn ol og y an d V oc at io na l Tr ai ni ng , F in an ce a nd P la nn in g, D ee p se a, Im m ig ra tio n, In fo rm at io n, Yo ut h, C ul tu re a nd S po rt s, Te ac he r’s tr ai ni ng C ol le ge s, a nd A ca de m ic a nd r es ea rc h in st itu tio ns , LG A s, D ev el op m en t p ar tn er s, P riv at e se ct or s, N G O s, C B O s, F ai th ba se d or ga ni za tio n. B y 20 24 S ta ke ho ld er b as e is in cr ea se d an d st ak eh ol de r aw ar en es s of a nd m an ag em en t o f i nv as iv e sp ec ie s is im pr ov ed . NATIONAL INVASIVE SPECIES STRATEGY AND ACTION PLAN (NISSAP) 71 TA R G E T A C TI O N R E S P O N S IB IL IT Y TI M E FR A M E IN D IC A TO R S 4. 1. 2: P ro m ot e be ha vi ou ra l c ha ng e to m iti ga te in tr od uc tio n an d sp re ad o f i nv as iv e sp ec ie s M in is tr ie s re sp on si bl e fo r E du ca tio n & V oc at io na l T ra in in g, H om e af fa irs , I nf or m at io n, Y ou th , C ul tu re a nd S po rt s, A ca de m ic a nd re se ar ch in st itu tio ns , F ai th b as ed or ga ni za tio n, C B O s, N G O s, L G A s, Te ac he rs ’ t ra in in g C ol le ge s an d D ev el op m en t p ar tn er s. B y 20 24 D ec re as e in th e ra te o f i nt ro du ct io n an d sp re ad o f n ew in va si ve s pe ci es 4. 1. 3: M ai ns tr ea m in va si ve s pe ci es m od ul es fr om p rim ar y to h ig he r le ar ni ng in st itu tio ns M in is tr ie s re sp on si bl e fo r Li ve st oc k, F is he rie s, F or es t, W ild lif e, To ur is m , A gr ic ul tu re , H ea lth a nd S oc ia l W el fa re , I nd us tr ie s & Tr ad e, C om m un ic at io n & S ci en ce an d Te ch no lo gy , E du ca tio n & V oc at io na l T ra in in g, A ca de m ic a nd re se ar ch in st itu tio ns , F ai th b as ed or ga ni za tio n, P riv at e se ct or s, N G O s, C B O s, D ev el op m en t pa rt ne rs . B y 20 24 D ec re as e in th e ra te o f i nt ro du ct io n an d sp re ad o f n ew in va si ve s pe ci es In cr ea se in th e nu m be rs o f ap pr op ria te ly t ra in ed p eo pl e (a t te rt ia ry o r po st g ra du at e le ve ls ) in vo lv ed in th e m an ag em en t o f in va si ve s pe ci es 4. 1. 4. S tr en gt he n te ch ni ca l c ap ac ity o f E xt en si on S er vi ce P ro vi de rs o n IS m an ag em en t M in is tr ie s re sp on si bl e fo r Li ve st oc k, F is he rie s, F or es t, W ild lif e, T ou ris m , A gr ic ul tu re , T ra de , W at er , L an d, H um an S et tle m en ts , E du ca tio n, S ci en ce a nd T ec hn ol og y, V oc at io na l Tr ai ni ng , T ra ns po rt , I nf ra st ru ct ur e, D ee p se a, Im m ig ra tio n, H ea lth , C om m un ity D ev el op m en t, G en de r, E ld er ly a nd C hi ld re n, F in an ce , A ca de m ic a nd r es ea rc h in st itu tio ns , LG A s, P riv at e se ct or s, N G O s, C B O s, F ai th b as ed o rg an iz at io ns , D ev el op m en t p ar tn er s B y 20 24 In cr ea se d sk ill s in th e m an ag em en t of in va si ve s pe ci es NATIONAL INVASIVE SPECIES STRATEGY AND ACTION PLAN (NISSAP)72 TA R G E T A C TI O N R E S P O N S IB IL IT Y TI M E FR A M E IN D IC A TO R S 4. 2: A t l ea st 5 0% of s ta ke ho ld er s pa rt ic ip at ed in m an ag in g in va si ve s pe ci es by 2 02 4 4. 2. 1: M ai ns tr ea m in va si ve s pe ci es m an ag em en t in to n at io na l co m m un ic at io n st ra te gy M in is tr ie s re sp on si bl e fo r E nv iro nm en t, F or es t, W ild lif e, To ur is m , A gr ic ul tu re , W at er , Li ve st oc k an d F is he rie s, W or ks , Tr an sp or t a nd C om m un ic at io n, H ea lth , C om m un ity D ev el op m en t, G en de r, E ld er ly a nd C hi ld re n, La nd s, H ou si ng a nd H um an S et tle m en t D ev el op m en t, In du st rie s & T ra de , E du ca tio n, S ci en ce , Te ch no lo gy a nd V oc at io na l T ra in in g, F in an ce a nd P la nn in g, D ee p se a, Im m ig ra tio n, a nd A ca de m ic a nd re se ar ch in st itu tio ns , LG A s B y 20 24 E xt en t o f p re se nc e of in va si ve sp ec ie s m an ag em en t i ss ue s in to th e re vi ew ed N at io na l C om m un ic at io n S tr at eg y on en vi ro nm en ta l s us ta in ab ili ty , g ro w th an d po ve rt y re du ct io n 4. 2. 2: R ec og ni ze ex em pl ar y pe rf or m an ce in in va si ve s pe ci es m an ag em en t M in is tr ie s re sp on si bl e fo r E nv iro nm en t, F or es t, W ild lif e, To ur is m , A gr ic ul tu re , W at er , Li ve st oc k an d F is he rie s, W or ks , Tr an sp or t a nd C om m un ic at io n, H ea lth , C om m un ity D ev el op m en t, G en de r, E ld er ly a nd C hi ld re n, La nd s, H ou si ng a nd H um an S et tle m en t D ev el op m en t, In du st rie s & T ra de , E du ca tio n, S ci en ce , Te ch no lo gy a nd V oc at io na l T ra in in g, F in an ce a nd P la nn in g, D ee p se a, Im m ig ra tio n, a nd A ca de m ic a nd re se ar ch in st itu tio ns , A ca de m ic a nd r es ea rc h in st itu tio ns , LG A s. B y 20 23 C om m un iti es in cr ea se th ei r i nv as iv e sp ec ie s m an ag em en t e ffo rt s B es t l es so ns r ec or de d an d ad op te d Le ve l o f c om m un ity a w ar en es s on m an ag em en t o f i nv as iv e sp ec ie s NATIONAL INVASIVE SPECIES STRATEGY AND ACTION PLAN (NISSAP) 73 TA R G E T A C TI O N R E S P O N S IB IL IT Y TI M E FR A M E IN D IC A TO R S 4. 2. 3: In co rp or at e in va si ve s pe ci es m an ag em en t in to n at io na l a nd in te rn at io na l en vi ro nm en ta l e ve nt s M in is tr ie s re sp on si bl e fo r E nv iro nm en t, F or es t, W ild lif e, To ur is m , A gr ic ul tu re , W at er , Li ve st oc k an d F is he rie s, W or ks , Tr an sp or t a nd C om m un ic at io n, H ea lth , C om m un ity D ev el op m en t, G en de r, E ld er ly a nd C hi ld re n, La nd s, H ou si ng a nd H um an S et tle m en t D ev el op m en t, In du st rie s & T ra de , E du ca tio n, S ci en ce , Te ch no lo gy a nd V oc at io na l T ra in in g, F in an ce a nd P la nn in g, D ee p se a, Im m ig ra tio n, a nd A ca de m ic a nd re se ar ch in st itu tio ns , LG A s B y 20 24 S ta ke ho ld er b as e is in cr ea se d an d st ak eh ol de r aw ar en es s of a nd m an ag em en t o f i nv as iv e sp ec ie s is im pr ov ed . 4. 2. 4: C re at e co ns is te nt a nd ti m el y m es sa gi ng p la tfo rm s on in va si ve s pe ci es M in is tr ie s re sp on si bl e fo r E nv iro nm en t, F or es t, W ild lif e, To ur is m , A gr ic ul tu re , W at er , Li ve st oc k an d F is he rie s, W or ks , Tr an sp or t a nd C om m un ic at io n, H ea lth , C om m un ity D ev el op m en t, G en de r, E ld er ly a nd C hi ld re n, La nd s, H ou si ng a nd H um an S et tle m en t D ev el op m en t, In du st rie s & T ra de , E du ca tio n, S ci en ce , Te ch no lo gy a nd V oc at io na l T ra in in g, F in an ce a nd P la nn in g, D ee p se a, Im m ig ra tio n, a nd A ca de m ic a nd re se ar ch in st itu tio ns , LG A s B y 20 24 S ta ke ho ld er b as e is in cr ea se d an d st ak eh ol de r aw ar en es s of a nd m an ag em en t o f i nv as iv e sp ec ie s is im pr ov ed . NATIONAL INVASIVE SPECIES STRATEGY AND ACTION PLAN (NISSAP)74 TA R G E T A C TI O N R E S P O N S IB IL IT Y TI M E FR A M E IN D IC A TO R S O B JE C TI V E 5 : M A IN S TR E A M IN G IN VA S IV E S P E C IE S M A N A G E M E N T IN TO R E G U LA TO R Y T O O LS 5. 1: A t l ea st 5 0% of a ll re gu la to ry to ol s in T an za ni a ar e re vi se d a nd op er at io na liz ed by 2 02 2 5. 1. 1: R ev ie w a nd m ai ns tr ea m in va si ve sp ec ie s m an ag em en t in to r eg ul at or y to ol s M in is tr ie s re sp on si bl e fo r E nv iro nm en t, F or es t, W ild lif e, To ur is m , A gr ic ul tu re , W at er , Li ve st oc k an d F is he rie s, W or ks , Tr an sp or t a nd C om m un ic at io n, H ea lth , C om m un ity D ev el op m en t, G en de r, E ld er ly a nd C hi ld re n, La nd s, H ou si ng a nd H um an S et tle m en t D ev el op m en t, In du st rie s & T ra de , E du ca tio n, S ci en ce , Te ch no lo gy a nd V oc at io na l T ra in in g, F in an ce a nd P la nn in g, D ee p se a, Im m ig ra tio n, a nd A ca de m ic a nd re se ar ch in st itu tio ns , LG A s, P riv at e se ct or s, N G O s B y 20 22 D ec re as e in th e ra te o f i nt ro du ct io n of n ew in va si ve s pe ci es to T an za ni a In cr ea se in c om pl ia nc e to r ul es a nd re gu la tio ns u nd er ly in g in tr od uc tio n/ m ov em en t o f b io lo gi ca l m at er ia ls S uc ce ss fu l p ro se cu tio ns o f of fe nd er s 5. 1. 2: H ar m on iz e co nfl ic tin g re gu la to ry to ol s fo r m an ag in g IS M in is tr ie s re sp on si bl e fo r E nv iro nm en t, F or es t, W ild lif e, To ur is m , A gr ic ul tu re , W at er , Li ve st oc k an d F is he rie s, W or ks , Tr an sp or t a nd C om m un ic at io n, H ea lth , C om m un ity D ev el op m en t, G en de r, E ld er ly a nd C hi ld re n, La nd s, H ou si ng a nd H um an S et tle m en t D ev el op m en t, In du st rie s & T ra de , E du ca tio n, S ci en ce , Te ch no lo gy a nd V oc at io na l T ra in in g, F in an ce a nd P la nn in g, D ee p se a, Im m ig ra tio n, a nd A ca de m ic a nd re se ar ch in st itu tio ns , LG A s, P riv at e se ct or s, N G O s B y 20 22 R eg ul at or y to ol s ar e co m pl em en ta ry a nd n ot c on fli ct in g NATIONAL INVASIVE SPECIES STRATEGY AND ACTION PLAN (NISSAP) 75 TA R G E T A C TI O N R E S P O N S IB IL IT Y TI M E FR A M E IN D IC A TO R S 5. 1. 3: M ai ns tr ea m in va si ve s pe ci es is su es in to lo ca l c ha rt er s, se ct or ia l m in is tr ie s, lo ca l g ov er nm en t a nd pr iv at e se ct or p la ns an d gu id el in es M in is tr ie s re sp on si bl e fo r E nv iro nm en t, F or es t, W ild lif e, To ur is m , A gr ic ul tu re , W at er , Li ve st oc k an d F is he rie s, W or ks , Tr an sp or t a nd C om m un ic at io n, H ea lth , C om m un ity D ev el op m en t, G en de r, E ld er ly a nd C hi ld re n, La nd s, H ou si ng a nd H um an S et tle m en t D ev el op m en t, In du st rie s & T ra de , E du ca tio n, S ci en ce , Te ch no lo gy a nd V oc at io na l T ra in in g, F in an ce a nd P la nn in g, D ee p se a, Im m ig ra tio n, a nd A ca de m ic a nd re se ar ch in st itu tio ns , LG A s, P riv at e se ct or s, N G O s B y 20 19 D ec re as e in th e ra te o f i nt ro du ct io n of n ew in va si ve s pe ci es to T an za ni a S ta ke ho ld er b as e is in cr ea se d an d st ak eh ol de r aw ar en es s of a nd m an ag em en t o f i nv as iv e sp ec ie s is im pr ov ed 5. 2: A ll ex is tin g re gu la to ry to ol s on in va si ve sp ec ie s ar e en fo rc ed ef fe ct iv el y by 20 20 5. 2. 1 Id en tif y an d ca pa ci ta te a ge nc ie s re sp on si bl e fo r en fo rc em en t o f re gu la to ry to ol s on in va si ve s pe ci es M in is tr ie s re sp on si bl e fo r E nv iro nm en t, F or es t, W ild lif e, To ur is m , A gr ic ul tu re , W at er , Li ve st oc k an d F is he rie s, W or ks , Tr an sp or t a nd C om m un ic at io n, H ea lth , C om m un ity D ev el op m en t, G en de r, E ld er ly a nd C hi ld re n, La nd s, H ou si ng a nd H um an S et tle m en t D ev el op m en t, In du st rie s & T ra de , E du ca tio n, S ci en ce , Te ch no lo gy a nd V oc at io na l T ra in in g, F in an ce a nd P la nn in g, D ee p se a, Im m ig ra tio n, a nd A ca de m ic a nd re se ar ch in st itu tio ns , LG A s, P riv at e se ct or s, N G O s B y 20 19 D ec re as e in th e ra te o f i nt ro du ct io n of n ew in va si ve s pe ci es to T an za ni a S ta ke ho ld er b as e is in cr ea se d an d st ak eh ol de r aw ar en es s of a nd m an ag em en t o f i nv as iv e sp ec ie s is im pr ov ed NATIONAL INVASIVE SPECIES STRATEGY AND ACTION PLAN (NISSAP)76 TA R G E T A C TI O N R E S P O N S IB IL IT Y TI M E FR A M E IN D IC A TO R S 5. 2. 2: D ev el op ris k as se ss m en t pr oc es s fo r ef fe ct iv e en fo rc em en t o f re gu la to ry to ol s M in is tr ie s re sp on si bl e fo r E nv iro nm en t, F or es t, W ild lif e, To ur is m , A gr ic ul tu re , W at er , Li ve st oc k an d F is he rie s, W or ks , Tr an sp or t a nd C om m un ic at io n, H ea lth , C om m un ity D ev el op m en t, G en de r, E ld er ly a nd C hi ld re n, La nd s, H ou si ng a nd H um an S et tle m en t D ev el op m en t, In du st rie s & T ra de , E du ca tio n, S ci en ce , Te ch no lo gy a nd V oc at io na l T ra in in g, F in an ce a nd P la nn in g, D ee p se a, Im m ig ra tio n, a nd A ca de m ic a nd re se ar ch in st itu tio ns , LG A s, P riv at e se ct or s, N G O s B y 20 20 N um be r of id en tifi ed r is ks o n in va si ve s pe ci es a nd le ve l o f m iti ga tio n 5. 2. 3: D efi ne r ol es a nd re sp on si bi lit ie s of a ll ag en ci es r es po ns ib le fo r re gu la tin g in va si ve sp ec ie s M in is tr ie s re sp on si bl e fo r en vi ro nm en t B y 20 20 R eg ul at or y ag en ci es a re co m pl em en ta ry a nd n ot c on fli ct in g O B JE C TI V E 6 : S TR E N G TH E N A N D P R O M O TE S TR O N G C O LL A B O R A TI O N A N D C O O R D IN A TI O N W IT H R E LE VA N T S TA K E H O LD E R S O N M A N A G E M E N T O F IN VA S IV E S P E C IE S 6. 1: B y 20 25 , co lla bo ra tio n an d co or di na tio n on th e m an ag em en t of IS a m on g st ak eh ol de rs in cr ea se d by a t le as t 5 0% 6. 1. 1: S tr en gt he n tr an s b ou nd ar y pa rt ne rs hi ps on m an ag em en t o f I S M in is tr ie s re sp on si bl e fo r E nv iro nm en t, F or ei gn A ffa irs an d E as t A fr ic an C oo pe ra tio n, LG A s, N G O s, P riv at e se ct or s & D ev el op m en t p ar tn er s B y 20 19 In cr ea se in th e nu m be r of jo in t op er at io ns to m an ag e IS D ec re as e in r at e of in tr od uc tio n of ne w in va si ve s pe ci es NATIONAL INVASIVE SPECIES STRATEGY AND ACTION PLAN (NISSAP) 77 TA R G E T A C TI O N R E S P O N S IB IL IT Y TI M E FR A M E IN D IC A TO R S 6. 1. 2: E st ab lis h co or di na tio n an d co m m un ic at io n m ec ha ni sm fo r ef fe ct iv e m an ag em en t of in va si ve s pe ci es fo r al l r el ev an t st ak eh ol de rs M in is tr ie s re sp on si bl e fo r E nv iro nm en t, F or es t, W ild lif e, To ur is m , A gr ic ul tu re , W at er , Li ve st oc k an d F is he rie s, W or ks , Tr an sp or t a nd C om m un ic at io n, H ea lth , C om m un ity D ev el op m en t, G en de r, E ld er ly a nd C hi ld re n, La nd s, H ou si ng a nd H um an S et tle m en t D ev el op m en t, In du st rie s & T ra de , E du ca tio n, S ci en ce , Te ch no lo gy a nd V oc at io na l T ra in in g, F in an ce a nd P la nn in g, D ee p se a, Im m ig ra tio n, a nd A ca de m ic a nd re se ar ch in st itu tio ns , LG A s, P riv at e se ct or s, N G O s, C B O s B y 20 19 S ta ke ho ld er b as e is in cr ea se d an d st ak eh ol de r aw ar en es s of a nd m an ag em en t o f i nv as iv e sp ec ie s is im pr ov ed D ec re as e in th e ra te o f i nt ro du ct io n of n ew in va si ve s pe ci es to T an za ni a E ar ly d et ec tio n of n ew in va si on s 6. 2: B y 20 25 co lla bo ra tio n an d co or di na tio n am on g st ak eh ol de rs pr om ot ed b y at le as t 5 0% 6. 2. 1: D ev el op an d im pl em en t a n ef fe ct iv e sy st em fo r co lla bo ra tio n an d co or di na tio n on IS m an ag em en t a m on g st ak eh ol de rs M in is tr ie s re sp on si bl e fo r E nv iro nm en t, F or es t, W ild lif e, To ur is m , A gr ic ul tu re , W at er , Li ve st oc k an d F is he rie s, W or ks , Tr an sp or t a nd C om m un ic at io n, H ea lth , C om m un ity D ev el op m en t, G en de r, E ld er ly a nd C hi ld re n, La nd s, H ou si ng a nd H um an S et tle m en t D ev el op m en t, In du st rie s & T ra de , E du ca tio n, S ci en ce , Te ch no lo gy a nd V oc at io na l T ra in in g, F in an ce a nd P la nn in g, D ee p se a, Im m ig ra tio n, a nd A ca de m ic a nd re se ar ch in st itu tio ns , LG A s, P riv at e se ct or s, N G O s & D ev el op m en t pa rt ne rs . B y 20 19 N um be r of s ta ke ho ld er s an d av ai la bi lit y of c om m un ic at io n st ra te gy a nd a ct iv e fo ru m s on m an ag em en t o f i nv as iv e sp ec ie s NATIONAL INVASIVE SPECIES STRATEGY AND ACTION PLAN (NISSAP)78 TA R G E T A C TI O N R E S P O N S IB IL IT Y TI M E FR A M E IN D IC A TO R S 6. 2. 2: M on ito r an d ev al ua te c ro ss se ct or ia l c oo rd in at io n an d co lla bo ra tio n on th e IS m an ag em en t M in is tr ie s re sp on si bl e fo r E nv iro nm en t, F or es t, W ild lif e, To ur is m , A gr ic ul tu re , W at er , Li ve st oc k an d F is he rie s, W or ks , Tr an sp or t a nd C om m un ic at io n, H ea lth , C om m un ity D ev el op m en t, G en de r, E ld er ly a nd C hi ld re n, La nd s, H ou si ng a nd H um an S et tle m en t D ev el op m en t, In du st rie s & T ra de , E du ca tio n, S ci en ce , Te ch no lo gy a nd V oc at io na l T ra in in g, F in an ce a nd P la nn in g, D ee p se a, Im m ig ra tio n, a nd A ca de m ic a nd re se ar ch in st itu tio ns , LG A s, C B O s B y 20 19 N um be r of p er io di ca l r ev ie w s co nd uc te d an d re so lu tio ns d ra w n fr om m on ito rin g an d ev al ua tio n re su lts o n in va si ve s pe ci es m an ag em en t 6. 2. 3: D ev el op a nd im pl em en t a fr am ew or k fo r qu ar te rly r ep or tin g on IS is su es M in is tr ie s re sp on si bl e fo r E nv iro nm en t, F or es t, W ild lif e, To ur is m , A gr ic ul tu re , W at er , Li ve st oc k an d F is he rie s, W or ks , Tr an sp or t a nd C om m un ic at io n, H ea lth , C om m un ity D ev el op m en t, G en de r, E ld er ly a nd C hi ld re n, La nd s, H ou si ng a nd H um an S et tle m en t D ev el op m en t, In du st rie s & T ra de , E du ca tio n, S ci en ce , Te ch no lo gy a nd V oc at io na l T ra in in g, F in an ce a nd P la nn in g, D ee p se a, Im m ig ra tio n, a nd A ca de m ic an d re se ar ch in st itu tio ns , LG A s, P riv at e se ct or s, N G O s an d re le va nt st ak eh ol de rs B y 20 19 N um be r of q ua rt er ly r ep or ts pr ep ar ed a nd s ha re d to st ak eh ol de rs Le ve l o f i m pl em en ta tio n of th e IS S tr at eg y NATIONAL INVASIVE SPECIES STRATEGY AND ACTION PLAN (NISSAP) 79 CHAPTER FOUR 4.0 IMPLEMENTATION, MONITORING AND EVALUATION PLAN 4.1 Implementation of the NISSAP 4.1.1 Prioritization of Actions and Areas Resources for managing IS are limited, which makes prioritization unavoidable. In this regard, the proposed implementation actions shall be categorized into three levels, namely critical, high priority and medium priority as elaborated hereunder and in Appendix15. i) Critical actions Those essential to the successful implementation of the Strategy and should be initiated as soon as possible, within one year of the endorsement of the Strategy; ii) High priority actions Those essential to the successful implementation of the Strategy and should also be initiated as soon as possible but in many cases their implementation is contingent upon prior actions being undertaken; and iii) Medium priority actions Those actions that are deemed to be of value but are not essential to the successful implementation of the Strategy. In some cases contingent upon the undertaking of high priority actions. In other cases, it is deemed that they would be of value but are not essential to the successful implementation of the Strategy. Likewise, areas with critical ecosystem services such as nature reserves, national parks, catchment forests, game reserves, riverine, wetland and marine and coastal ecosystems are highly categorized for management programmes to target well-established invaders, but also give appropriate attention to emerging problems. 4.1.2 Co-ordination The implementation of this Strategy will be guided by the National Environmental Management Act (EMA), 2004 and shall be operated and institutionalized following the institutional arrangement as described in Chapter Two (Section 2.10). The overall coordination of the Strategy will be under the Vice President’s Office (VPO). At national level, the Biodiversity Conservation Section within VPO shall work with sector ministries for implementation of the Strategy. The Ministries shall formulate sectoral policies and legislations and shall be responsible for mainstreaming of NISSAP into their sectors. Regional secretaries and Local Government Authorities (LGAs) should mainstream and implement the strategic interventions at their areas of jurisdictions. Private sectors, NGOs, Civil Society Organizations, Religious Organizations, Education and Research Institutions shall participate by facilitating the implementation of specific actions at a community level. 4.2 Monitoring, Evaluation and Learning This section provides the mechanism for monitoring, evaluation and learning implementation framework for the period of ten years of the NISSAP covering the period from financial year 2019/20 to 2029/30. Furthermore, this section will provide information on periodic reviews, NATIONAL INVASIVE SPECIES STRATEGY AND ACTION PLAN (NISSAP)80 assessment and evaluation of the effectiveness, efficiency, impact and sustainability on implementation. Monitoring and Evaluation shall be a participatory process. A framework for monitoring and evaluation (M & E) plan of invasive species in Tanzania is a crucial step and an essential mechanism to ensure this NISSAP achieve the anticipated results. Monitoring and evaluation provides the public, government and other concerned resource agencies and partners with information on the progress and results of NISSAP implementation. 4.2.1 Monitoring Plan Monitoring will involve continuous and systematic data collection, analysis, indicator assessment, interpreting and reporting based on set indicators (Table 12). This will further provide information to the Ministry responsible for Environment and stakeholders on ongoing interventions, for the purpose of assessing the extent of progress and achievements made over the objectives and the use of allocated resources. 4.2.1.1 Multi-sectoral Reviews The planned reviews will be conducted by the Ministry responsible for Environment and other stakeholders. This will consist of review meetings, planned indicators reviews and rapid appraisals including their frequencies. This will help to improve management, decision making, encouraging internal and external transparency and accountability. 4.2.1.2 Performance Review Meetings Performance review meetings will be conducted by the Ministry responsible for Environment and other stakeholders to track the progress against Targets and Indicators set (Table 13). Table 13: Performance Review Meeting Plan No. Type of Meeting Frequency Chairperson Participants 1 Division Meetings/ VPO* Quarterly DE** Assistant Directors and Officers - DE and DPP*** 2 Sector Directors Meetings Quarterly DE Sector Directors 3 Steering Committee Meetings Bi-annual Permanent Secretary Sector Permanent Secretaries 4 Sector Ministers Meetings Annual Minister for Environment Sector Ministers 5 Stakeholders Meeting Annual Permanent Secretary Relevant Stakeholders Note: VPO *= Vice President’s Office; **DE=Director of Environment; DPP*** = Director of Policy and Planning 4.2.1.3 Indicators Review Indicator review will focus on determining whether or not the planned activities are being implemented towards achieving the Annual Targets and will find out if the implementation is on track, off track, or at risks. The findings obtained from the Indicators reviews will be used to adjust the implementation Strategies and Targets accordingly. NATIONAL INVASIVE SPECIES STRATEGY AND ACTION PLAN (NISSAP) 81 4.2.1.4 Performance Evaluation Plan Performance evaluation will be a periodic assessment on achievement of NISSAP Objectives and Targets. During the ten years of the Implementation of the NISSAP, five annual evaluations will be conducted after every two years. These evaluations will assess progress towards attainment of NISSAP Objectives and Targets. The final evaluation will be conducted to obtain evidence as to whether the NISSAP Objectives and Targets have been achieved. The approach with which evaluation of the Strategy will be done has been developed and summarized as the Evaluation Plan Matrix which provides among other things, methods and indicators for establishing and assessing the level of success and effectiveness of the Strategy by responsible stakeholders. Again this should be adjusted and be made specific by each sector/stakeholder during the implementation of this Strategy. 4.2.1.5 Performance Reporting and Outreach Plan The institutional arrangement established in EMA will be used for reporting performance and outreach. This will involve reporting on performance progress towards attainment of NISSAP Objectives and Targets or implementation of Targets against expenditures focusing on the impacts to stakeholders and community at large. The report shall also include reports on sighting of unusual plant/animals at every administrative level. The Reporting Plan will detail on internal and external reporting. 4.2.5.1.1 Internal Reporting Plan Ministries, Departments and Agencies (MDAs) and Local Government Authorities (LGAs) shall report to the VPO on implementation of the Strategy and any other issues on IS quarterly and annually (Table 14). In addition Regional and District Environmental Management Officers (REME/DEMO) shall report on implementation of the Strategy and any other issues on IS to MDAs. Finally sub-village (Kitongoji) Environmental Management Officers (EMO) shall report on implementation of the Strategy to Village, Wards and Districts Environmental Management Officers. However, information on unusual plant or animal species seen at Sub-village (Kitongoji) level shall immediately be reported to the Environmental Officer of the respective Sub-village who shall fill in the reporting form (Appendix 11). These reports will provide an overview of implementation progress of NISSAP Objectives and Target against used resources and any emerging issue regarding IS. Table 14: Internal Reporting Plan No. Type of Reports Frequency R e p o r t initiator R. 1 R.2 R. 3 Final Recipient Prog ress reports Quarterly EMO DEMO REME MDAs VPO Prog ress reports Annually EMO DEMO REME MDAs VPO Note: R= Recipient; EMO=Environmental Management Officer; DEMO=District Environmental Management Officer; REME= Regional Environmental Management Expert; MDAs= Ministries, Departments and Agencies; VPO= Vice President’s Office. 4.2.5.1.2 External Reporting Plan The external reporting will be done by the VPO and will involve compilation of annual and midterm reports on implementation of the Strategy and any other issue regarding to IS. The VPO shall disseminate the report to MDAs and further to REME, DEMO and EMO (Table NATIONAL INVASIVE SPECIES STRATEGY AND ACTION PLAN (NISSAP)82 15). Dissemination to the general public shall be in the form of reports published in the VPO official website or addressed through educational platforms such as, workshops, seminars, public meetings, conferences, tours, and participation in national and international days with themes related to environment. Mass Media platforms like radio, television, newspapers, sectoral websites, social media and e-mail shall also be used. Table 15: External Reporting Plan No. Type of Reports Frequency Report disseminator R. 1 R. 2 R. 3 R. 4 Final recipient Mid-term once VPO MDAs REME DEMO EMO General public Annual once VPO MDAs REME DEM EMO General public Note: R= Recipient; VPO= Vice President’s Office; EMO=Environmental Management Officer; DEMO=District Environmental Management Officer; REME= Regional Environmental Management Expert; MDAs= Ministries, Departments and Agencies. 4.2.2 Evaluation Plan The evaluation process provides the feedback that triggers adjustments to actions, plans and budgets, to ensure that they are realistic and are being adhered to. The implementation of NISSAP provides a management direction in terms of goals, objectives, actions, standards and guidelines, all of which are based on underlying working assumptions about the scientific knowledge on IS. The NISSAP national implementation team will continue to strengthen the collaborative working relationships between stakeholders responsible for the implementation of this strategy and action plan. A joint committee of stakeholders will implement this M & E Plan and conduct implementation monitoring and evaluation including: preparing an annual monitoring program, collecting data for implementation, effectiveness, and validation monitoring; collaborating with responsible stakeholders for data collection, and analyzing and interpreting monitoring data and reporting monitoring results, conclusions and evaluation recommendations to respective responsible stakeholder, and making these reports available to the public and other agencies. To achieve this, the Objectives and Targets of the Strategy have been used to formulate the M & E by translating them into Goals and Objectives in one level that has enabled the development of Evaluation Plan Matrix. This Evaluation Plan Matrix is presented in Appendix 14. NATIONAL INVASIVE SPECIES STRATEGY AND ACTION PLAN (NISSAP) 83 CHAPTER FIVE 5.0 INDICATIVE EXPENDITURE BUDGET 5.1 Resource Mobilization for Implementation Effective Implementation of the NISSAP in Tanzania shall depend on various sources including government subventions, bilateral and multilateral agreements, grants, private sector and individual contributions. Potential sources of internal funds shall include revenue collected by the Government through taxes and charges from various investments associated with biodiversity and ecosystem utilization. Such funds shall be allocated to various Ministries, Departments and Agencies (MDAs) and Local Government Authorities (LGAs) through their Expenditure Framework that will be reflected in their budgets. Implementation of sectoral NISSAPs shall be supported under this arrangement. Other sources of domestic funds shall include established funds such as National Environmental Trust Fund, Tanzania Wildlife Protection Fund, Tanzania Forest Fund, Payments for Environmental Services (for example, Payment for Ecosystem Services-PES); funds obtained through Public Private Partnerships and funds from local NGOs. Potential sources of funds for NISSAP implementation from the international community shall include GEF, the World Bank, EU, USAID, CIDA, SIDA, DANIDA, among others. GEF serves as financial mechanism for a number of conventions including Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD). In undertaking its activities, GEF operates with its agencies that include: the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP); United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP); UK Research and Innovation Fund; Food and Agricultural Organization of United Nations (FAO), United Nations Industrial Development Organizations (UNIDO), International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD), Global International Water Association Fund (GIWA), the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development and the Inter-American Development Bank. Other potential sources of funds include Bilateral Funds and General Budget Support (GBS). NISSAP implementation shall also benefit from financial support directed at specific themes such as climate change. 5.2 Proposed Indicative budget The summary of indicative costs for implementation of NISSAP is shown in Table 16 and detailed budget description has been presented in Appendix 16. In order to execute this Strategy and Action Plan approximately TZS 73,860,000,000.00 is required. The budget is distributed in a manner that shows the amount required to achieve each of the stated six Strategic Objectives. A large proportion of the budget (33.6%) is allocated to attain the fourth Objective which aims at enhancing stakeholder’s education, awareness and management of invasive species. Another substantial amount (26%) will be used to attain the third Strategic Objective which aims at enhancing capacity in management, training and research on invasive species. Since an Objective 5 & 6 has to do with regulatory issues, it is proposed that these areas have to be fully supported by the government. For other remaining Objectives other stakeholders can take part in collaboration with the government. It is therefore proposed that a ratio of 0.5 (50%) be applied for Objective 1, 2 and 3 and a ratio of 0.7 (70%) for Objective 4. This means 50% and 70% be contributed by the Government while the rest be contributed by other stakeholders. In this case 63% of the budget has to be fully supported by the Government and the remaining 37% can be contributed from other sources. NATIONAL INVASIVE SPECIES STRATEGY AND ACTION PLAN (NISSAP)84 Table 16: A summary of indicative budget for Implementation of the NISSAP S/ no. Strategic objective Estimated cost (Tzs) % of the total budget Government (TZS) Others (TZS) 1 SO1: Prevent introduction and spread of new invasive species 9,580,000,000 13.0 4,790,000,000 4,790,000,000 2 SO2: Reduce negative impacts of existing priority invasive species 11,440,000,000 15.5 5,720,000,000 5,720,000,000 3 SO3: Enhance national capacity in management and research on invasive species 19,235,000,000 26.0 9,617,500,000 9,617,500,000 4 SO4: Enhance stakeholder’s education, awareness and management of invasive species 24,845,000,000 33.6 17,391,500,000 7,453,500,000 5 SO5: Mainstreaming invasive species management into regulatory tools 7,920,000,000 10.72 7,920,000,000 0 6 SO6: Strengthen and promote strong collaboration and co-ordination with stakeholders on management of invasive species 840,000,000 1.14 840,000,000 0 GRAND TOTAL 73,860,000,000 100.00 46,279,000,000 27,581,000,000 Note: SO = Strategic Objective NATIONAL INVASIVE SPECIES STRATEGY AND ACTION PLAN (NISSAP) 85 BIBLIOGRAPHY ABBES K, HARBI A, CHERMITI B. 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Washington DC, USA: Smithsonian Institution. NATIONAL INVASIVE SPECIES STRATEGY AND ACTION PLAN (NISSAP) 91 AFRICAN PLANT DATABASE (VERSION 3.4.0). Conservatoire et Jardin botaniques de la Ville de Genève and South African National Biodiversity Institute, Pretoria, “Retrieved [set month and year]”, from <http://www.ville-ge.ch/musinfo/bd/cjb/ africa/>. BIMT (2016): Tanzania Biodiversity Information Management Tool administered by the Tanzania Commission for Science and Technology (COSTECH). http://bimt. costech.or.tz/ BioNET-EAFRINET, (2016): Invasive plants of East Africa (Kenya, Uganda and Tanzania). Lucid v. 3.5 key and fact sheets: Macfadyena unguis-cati (Cat’s Claw). National Museums of Kenya, Makerere University, BioNET-EAFRINET, CABI &The University of Queensland. CABI Invasive Species Compendium online data sheet. Lantana camara (lantana).CABI Publishing 2011. www.cabi.org/ISC. Accessed March 2011. CABI Invasive Species Compendium online data sheet. Leucaena leucocephala (leucaena). CABI Publishing 2011.www.cabi.org/ISC. Accessed March 2011. Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). www.ars-grin.gov/npgs/index.html. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, National Genetic Resources Program, Agricultural Research Service (ARS), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Beltsville, Maryland, USA. Accessed March 2011. GISD (2006): Global Invasive Species Database. Elaeis guineensis (palm). www.issg.org/ database. Invasive Species Specialist Group. GLOBAL COMPENDIUM OF WEEDS. www.hear.org/gcw. Hawaiian Ecosystems at Risk Project. Accessed March 2011. Global Invasive Species Database (2018): Species profile: Elaeis guineensis. Downloaded from http://www.iucngisd.org/gisd/speciesname/Elaeis+guineensis on 10-10 2018. GOVAERTS R. (ED). For a full list of reviewers see: http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/ compilersReviewers.do (2018):. WCSP: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (version Aug 2017). In: Roskov Y., Ower G., Orrell T., Nicolson D., Bailly N., Kirk P.M., Bourgoin T., DeWalt R.E., Decock W., De Wever A., Nieukerken E. van, Zarucchi J., Penev L., eds. (2018). Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life, 24th September 2018. Digital resource at www.catalogueoflife.org/col. Species 2000: Naturalis, Leiden, the Netherlands. ISSN 2405-8858. HASSLER M. (2018): World Plants: Synonymic Checklists of the Vascular Plants of the World (version Apr 2018). In: Roskov Y., Ower G., Orrell T., Nicolson D., Bailly N., Kirk P.M., Bourgoin T., DeWalt R.E., Decock W., De Wever A., Nieukerken E. van, Zarucchi J., Penev L., eds. (2018). Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life, 24th September 2018. Digital resource at www.catalogueoflife.org/col. Species 2000: Naturalis, Leiden, the Netherlands. ISSN 2405-8858.; INVASIVE SPECIES SPECIALIST GROUP ISSG (2015): The Global Invasive Species Database. Version 2015.1 http://www.iucngisd.org/gisd/> Downloaded on October 09 2018 ISSG, (2012): Global Invasive Species Database (GISD). Auckland, New Zealand: University of Auckland. http://www.issg.org/database TERRY PJ; MICHIEKA RW, (1987): Common Weeds of East Africa. Rome, Italy: Food and NATIONAL INVASIVE SPECIES STRATEGY AND ACTION PLAN (NISSAP)92 Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.; African Plant Database (version 3.4.0). Conservatoire et Jardin botaniques de la Ville de Genève and South African National Biodiversity Institute, Pretoria, “Retrieved [set month and year]”, from <http://www.ville-ge.ch/musinfo/bd/cjb/africa/>. ULLOA C, (2016): World checklist of Bignoniaceae. London, UK: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/ USDA-ARS, (2016): Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). Online Database. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, USA. http://www.ars-grin. gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/tax search.pl. Web Links visited 1. http://lta.iwlearn.org/ 2. http://www.invasivespecies.net/ 3. https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/ 4. http://www.invasivespecies.net/ 5. https://keys.lucidcentral.org/keys/v3/eafrinet/weeds/.net/ 6. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/http://keys.lucidcentral.org/keys/v3/eafrinet/weeds/key/ weeds/Media/Html/Macfadyena unguis-cati %28Cats Claw Creeper%29.htm NATIONAL INVASIVE SPECIES STRATEGY AND ACTION PLAN (NISSAP) 93 List of strategies and guidelines reviewed A National Strategy on dealing with biological invasions in South Africa, 2014 An Invasive Alien Species Strategy for Northern Ireland (2013) Department of the Environment. European strategy on invasive alien species, 2004 Invasive Alien Plants Strategic Management Plan, 2011. Ngorongoro Conservation Area Invasive Alien Species Action Plan for Dublin City 2016-2020. Dublin City Council Invasive Alien Species Management Guidelines 2017.Tanzania National Parks. Arusha Invasive Alien Species Strategy for the Greater cape Floristic region (2009) Western cape Nature conservation Board t/a capeNature. Invasive Species Strategy For British Columbia 2018 – 2022 Monaco, A., Genovesi, P. (2014) European Guidelines on Protected Areas and Invasive Alien Species, Council of Europe, Strasbourg, Regional Parks Agency – Lazio Region, Rome National Advisory Committee on Invasive Species (2010) National strategy on invasive species in Mexico, prevention, control and eradication. National Invasive Alien Species Strategy & Action Plan for Jamaica 2014-2020 (2013) National Environment and Planning Agency. National Invasive Species Strategy and Action Plan 2013-2020, 2014. Kingdom of Tonga National Invasive Species Strategy and Action Plan 2014-2020. Department of Environmental Protection and Conservation of the Republic of Vanuatu. National Tree Planting and Management Strategy 2016 – 2021. URT, (2015). National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan 2015-2020. URT, Dar es Salam, 154pp. Strategy on Invasive Alien Species (2007) Norwegian Ministry of the Environment. Invasive Non-Native Species Framework Strategy for Great Britain (2008) Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs. London. The National Invasive Alien Species Strategy For The Republic Of Mauritius 2008-2017. The National Policy on Invasive Alien Species (IAS) and the Strategies & Action Plan for it’s implemention in Sri Lanka (2016). Biodiversity Secretariat Ministry of Mahaweli Development & Environment Sampathpaya, Battharamulla. NATIONAL INVASIVE SPECIES STRATEGY AND ACTION PLAN (NISSAP)94 APPENDICES Appendix 1: A list of National Task Force Team Members who took part in the preparation of NISSAP 2019-2029 S/N Name Position Organisation/ Institutional Affiliation Email address Area of Expertise 1. Dr. Ezekiel E. Mwakalukwa Chair Forestry & Beekeeping Division ezedwa@gmail. com; ezekiel. mwakalukwa@ maliasili.go.tz Plant Ecology& Forest Governance 2. Dr. Maurus J. Msuha Assistant Chair Ngorongoro Conservation Authority (NCA) maurus.msuha@ gmail.com Wildlife ecology & social science, Strategic planning 3. Dr. Catherine A. Masao Secretary University of Dar es salaam Institute of Resources Assessment ndeutz@yahoo. com; catherine. mmbaga@gmail. com Applied Ecology, Biodiversity/ Tropical Ecosystems Management, policy analysis & socio ecological surveys 4. Dr. William Kindeketa Assistant Secretary COSTECH william.kindeketa@ gmail.com Biodiversity, forester, database management (content), policy analysis 5. Mr. Sanford Kway Member PO-RALG Sanford.Kway@ tamisemi.go.tz Forester, policy analysis and social analysis 6. Eng. Simlizi Kissina Member Ministry of Water kissinae90@yahoo. com Water Resources specialist 7. Mr. Juma Mwinyimkuu Member Ministry of Agriculture allymmm@yahoo. com Plant protection (phytosanitary issues), project management 8. Dr. Angello Mwilawa Member Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries Ajmwilawa@yahoo. com; angello.mlawa@ mifugo.com Pastures & Range management, monitoring of range management, improvement of rangelands, Social analysis 9. Mr. Maneno Chidege Member TPRI mchidege@yahoo. com; maneno.chidege@ tpri.go.tz Pest management specialist (IPM techniques), insect inventories 10. Ms. Yustina A. Kiwango Member TANAPA ykiwango@yahoo. com; yustina.kiwango@ tanzaniaparks.go.tz Ecosystem health and management, (Wetlands management), strategic plan 11. Dr. Bukombe John Member TAWIRI bukombe2017@ gmail.com; bukombe.john@ tawiri.or.tz Wildlife Ecology (foraging), mapping & impact assessments of invasive species NATIONAL INVASIVE SPECIES STRATEGY AND ACTION PLAN (NISSAP) 95 S/N Name Position Organisation/ Institutional Affiliation Email address Area of Expertise 12. Dr. John R. Mbwambo Member TAFORI jorijomb@yahoo. com; john.richard@tafori. or.tz Plant ecology/ Invasion Biology, risk assessment, plant identification 13. Dr. Linus Munishi Member NM-AIST linus.munishi@nm aist.ac.tz Evolutionary & Restoration Ecology, natural resource management & Climate change, bio statistician & animal genetics, Research Policy interface 14. Ms. Fainahappy Kimambo Member VPO fainahappy. kimambo@vpo.go.tz Animal Science & Natural Resource Management, strategic plan, policy analysis 15. Dr. Charles J. Kilawe Member SUA ckilawe@sua.ac.tz Spatial Ecology & Geography, participatory mapping, Sustainable Land Management Practice, data analysis 16. Dr. Oliver C. Nyakunga Member CAWM, Mweka onyakunga@ mwekawildlife.ac.tz; onyakunga@gmail. com Wildlife & Fire Ecology, plant response, planning & management; Biostatistics 17. Mr. Hillary Mroso Member TAFIRI hillarymrosso@tafiri. go.tz; hjmrosso@yahoo. com Aquatic ecology, database content management & GIS 18. Dr. Isakwisa Ngondya Member TAWA ingondya@yahoo. com; ngondya@gmail. com Restoration Ecology, plant ecology, traditional techniques to manage invasive species, Prosecution (Wildlife related cases) Appendix 2: Visited sites during fieldwork consultations and observations S/ No. Name of Institution/ Individuals Location Type of Institution Species/ Habitat Reason (s) for Visit 1. Lake Victoria Environmental Management Project II (LVEMPII) Mwanza Government Aquatic Scale and nature of the problem (it touches issues of water, industries and fisheries activites) Water hyacinth Abundant, success stories, list of projects, information, challenges of BC, option for utilisation, management costs NATIONAL INVASIVE SPECIES STRATEGY AND ACTION PLAN (NISSAP)96 S/ No. Name of Institution/ Individuals Location Type of Institution Species/ Habitat Reason (s) for Visit Sangara Utilisation challenges, control projects, community perceptions, Impacts Sato Utilisation challenges, control projects, community perceptions, impacts 2. National Agricultural Ranch Cooperation (NARCO), TALRI, Kongwa DC and Kibaigwa Community Kongwa Government Pastures Work with a range of IAS in pasturelands Astrapomea First introduction and magnitude of the problem including spread and impacts, existance of detailed research information 3. Serengeti NP Serengeti Government Conserved area (Guternbergia and Chromolaena) Seek for support and partnership in prevention, eradication and control of IAS, Scale and nature of the problem Serengeti DC SEDEREC Government Farmland/ Grazinglands Impacts on livelihood activities, distribution, management 4. Grunnet Serengeti Community Conserved area Seek for support and cooperation/ partnership in eradication, prevention and control of IAS, Success stories, Management techniques, challenges Serengeti Community NGO Chromolaena Impacts on livelihood activities 5. Ngorongoro Conservation Area Ngorongoro Government Guternbergia Nature and extent of the problem to both livestocka nd Wildlife, First evidence based IS management initiatives in Pas in Tanzania, success stories Bidens spp Impacts, management techniques NATIONAL INVASIVE SPECIES STRATEGY AND ACTION PLAN (NISSAP) 97 S/ No. Name of Institution/ Individuals Location Type of Institution Species/ Habitat Reason (s) for Visit Tagetes Impacts, management techniques Acacia Shieldburg Rapid response to IAS, Experience on use of Chemicals to control IAS in Pas Lodges and Hotels Support and Cooperation/ partnership in prevention, eradication and control 6. Tropical Pestcides Research Institute-TPRI Government Variety Custodian of useful options for radip response and effective management options, success stories, Bio control experiences and management Tuta absoluta Observa magnitude, control success stories, impacted communities Fall armyworm Observa magnitude, control success stories, impacted communities Pesticides Uses and impacts, experience and community perceptions 7. Nyumba ya Mbungu Pangani Basin Water Body Moshi Office Mwanga Government Water and Grazinglands Prosopis Magnitude of problem of hydro power production, livestock and fisheries activities 8. Same DC (Mohamed Enterprises and TANROADS Moshi Office) Same Callotropis sp Mode of dispersal, impact and control 9. Arusha NP Government Caesalpinia One of most affected NP and has expereince on effectiveness of various approaches Lantana Datura NATIONAL INVASIVE SPECIES STRATEGY AND ACTION PLAN (NISSAP)98 S/ No. Name of Institution/ Individuals Location Type of Institution Species/ Habitat Reason (s) for Visit Lodges and Hotels Support and Cooperation/ partnership in prevention, eradication and control 10. SAO Hill Government Acacia mearnsii Experience and effectiveness of management strategies, Climber Economic Impact on Forest Plantations Effect of fire on Forest plantation management, Distribution and Status 11. Dar es Salaam Government Marine Parks (IMS) Places to find information about sea IAS, management techniques, projects underataken Dar City DCC (Indian House crow, flying nursery) Managemnet project, Impacts and perceptions, Bio control effect WWF/IUCN/ DFID/Jane Goodall Institution Seek for their support, opinions and experience from other places on Management of IAS, projects undertaken, Impact established 12. Flying nurseries (in big cities) Community Champions of change, Regulation of activities, pathways, demand 13. Mahale Ecosystem Kigoma National Parks Senna spectabilis Experience on management of conflict species Muyoyosi/ Malagarasi/ Ugalla Wetland Aquatic invasive Ramsar site - Potential source of invasion for Lake Tanganyika NATIONAL INVASIVE SPECIES STRATEGY AND ACTION PLAN (NISSAP) 99 A pp en di x 3: A s um m ar y of s om e of p ro je ct s on In va si ve S pe ci es im pl em en te d in T an za ni a S /N N am e/ Ti tle o f th e R es ea rc h P ro je ct / C on su lta nc y D ea lin g w ith in va si ve s pe ci es In st itu tio n N am e & C on ta ct pe rs on Lo ca tio n of th e pr oj ec t (s ) P ro je ct ai m a nd O bj ec tiv es N am e/ S co pe of in va si ve sp ec ie s w or ke d (w or ki ng ) o n K ey fi nd in gs /M an ag em en t is su es R ec om m en da tio ns 1. C on tr ol o f A st rip om oe a hy os ca m oi de s a no xi ou s w ee d in pa st ur es o f c en tr al TA LI R I M pw ap w a; Te m u, V e t al . 2 00 2 O n S ta tio n T A LI R I M pw ap w a an d TA LI R I K on gw a To s tu dy di ffe re nt ch ar ac te ris tic s of th e w ee d as re ga rd s gr ow th an d se ed pr od uc tio n S pr ea d of K on gw a w ee d (M ah at a) is th ro ug h se ed s; P re lim in ar y re su lts s ho w ed th at sl as hi ng a t t he a ct iv e gr ow th st ag e al on e co ul d re du ce th e w ee d de ns ity fr om 5 to 2 p la nt s / m 2. T hi s im pl ie s th at th er e is a po ss ib ili ty o f c on tr ol lin g th e w ee d by m ec ha ni ca l m ea ns , w hi ch w ill pr ev en t i t f ro m s et tin g se ed s. T he re w as a ls o an in cr ea se in th e yi el d of g ra ss es o f a bo ut h al f a to ne /h a. F ur th er R es ea rc h on B io lo gi ca l a nd C he m ic al C on tr ol ; D id N O T co nt in ue du e to li m ite d fu nd s an d re se ar ch er s 2. A ss es sm en t of F ar m er s P er ce pt io ns o n th e S ta tu s of A st rip om oe a H ys ca m oi de s (K on gw a W ee d) In va si ve ne ss in C en tr al T an za ni S U A N ko m be B , S an ge da A , S ib ug a K , H er m an se n J (2 01 8) K on gw a D is tr ic t To d et er m in e th e gr ow th st ag e at w hi ch th e w ee d is m os t vu ln er ab le to di ffe re nt A st rip om oe a H ys ca m oi de s (K on gw a W ee d M ah at a) C ur re nt ly , t he w ee d is m an ag ed th ro ug h up ro ot in g; fr eq ue nt o f cu tti ng p rio r to s ee d se tti ng ; C om m un ity is a w ar e of th e so ur ce o f s pr ea d; l itt le in iti at iv e to w ar d co nt ro l o f t he w ee d. H ow ev er , f ar m er s ar e po si tiv e to c on tr ib ut e to w ar ds th e co nt ro l of th e w ee d th ro ug h su st ai na bl e la nd m an ag em en t s tr at eg ie s or in te gr at ed w ee d m an ag em en t ap pr oa ch es , i f. re le va nt te ch ni ca l a ss is ta nc e is of fe re d; n ee d of b as el in e da ta fo r m on ito rin g th e di re ct io n of sp re ad a nd a bu nd an ce ; in o rd er to s tr at eg ic al ly c on tr ol fu rt he r U se th e m ec ha ni ca l C on tr ol u pr oo tin g an d fr eq ue nc y of c ut ; R an ge m an ag em en t; F ur th er r es ea rc h w ith C he m ic al a nd B io lo gi ca l c on tr ol m et ho ds ; K no w le dg e di ss em in at io n on IA S an d C ap ac ity b ui ld in g ab ou t t he w ee d NATIONAL INVASIVE SPECIES STRATEGY AND ACTION PLAN (NISSAP)100 S /N N am e/ Ti tle o f th e R es ea rc h P ro je ct / C on su lta nc y D ea lin g w ith in va si ve s pe ci es In st itu tio n N am e & C on ta ct pe rs on Lo ca tio n of th e pr oj ec t (s ) P ro je ct ai m a nd O bj ec tiv es N am e/ S co pe of in va si ve sp ec ie s w or ke d (w or ki ng ) o n K ey fi nd in gs /M an ag em en t is su es R ec om m en da tio ns in va si on s an d se le ct a pp ro pr ia te m an ag em en t o pt io ns in th e al re ad y af fe ct ed a re as 3. In va si ve pl an t s pe ci es (C ro m ol ae na od or at a) th re at to li ve st oc k pr od uc tio n in th e la ke a nd n or th ea st er n zo ne s of Ta nz an ia ; TA LI R I, M ab uk i; M w ila w a, A .J . et a l 2 01 7 K en ya m o ta w ar d, S er en ge ti D is tr ic t C on tr ol m ea su re s. E ffe ct es o f C . O do ra ta “A m ac ha bo ng o” ; M os t o f t he vi lla ge s in K en ya m ot a an d ot he r m an y vi lla ge s vi si te d w er e in fe st ed T he in va si ve s pp A m ac ha bo ng o w er e he av ily in fe st ed in m or e th an 2 1 vi lla ge s bu t i s sp re ad in m an y ot he r vi lla ge s; C ur re nt ly co nt ro l i s th ro ug h m ec ha ni ca l re m ov al ; T he in fe st ed a re a ha s so ils e m an at in g fr om a ll th re e ty pe s of r oc ks ( Ig ne ou s, M et am or ph ic , a nd S ed im en ta ry ) as p ar en t m at er ia ls ; A lth ou gh C hr om ol ae na o do ra ta w as th e le as t p re fe rr ed b y go at s bu t i t w as r ea so na bl y ea te n F ur th er r es ea rc h to le af m ea l u se in g oa ts fe ed ra tio ns ; T ra in in g on R an ge la nd s m an ag em en t a m on g fa rm er s; G ov er nm en t to s tr en gt he n th e pr op er u se o f co m m un al g ra zi ng la nd s th ro ug h by la w ; 4. H ab ita t M an ag em en t f or B io di ve rs ity a nd Im pr ov em en t o f To ur is m in A ru sh a N at io na l P ar k an d E nh an ce m en t of L iv el ih oo ds of L oc al C om m un iti es ’ M w ek a M O S H I a nd A R U S H A N P A ru sh a N a tio na l P ar ks (s ite s w er e: K us ar e ar ea cl os e to K us ar e ro ad ju nc tio n; .c lo se to M lim a S ad i ki .; U w an ja w a M bo go To d et er m in e th e m os t ef fe ct iv e m et ho d fo r th e co nt ro l o f t he w ee d. G ro w in g th ic k ve ge ta tio n of so m e in va si ve sp ec ie s hi nd er in g vi si bi lit y of N P to to ur is t T he m ec ha ni ca l r em ov al o f th ic ke ts o f t he in va si ve s pe ci es ha s re ve al ed e nh an ce m en t o f vi si bi lit y of to ur is t a ttr ac tio ns an d he nc e vi si to rs ’ s at is fa ct io n; • C on tr ol o f h um an w ild lif e co nfl ic ts u si ng n on le th al m et ho ds in li ne w ith v ar io us su pp or ts o n co m m un ity b as ed to ur is m in th e ar ea s en ha nc es po si tiv e at tit ud es o f l oc al co m m un iti es to w ar ds th e pa rk an d he nc e go od r el at io ns hi p be tw ee n th e tw o. M ec ha ni ca l r em ov al of C . d ec ap et al a sh ou ld s ta rt a t t he hi gh a lti tu de s to w ar ds th e lo w a lti tu de s so as to a vo id s ee ds r e di sp er sa l b y w at er to m ec ha ni ca lly tr ea te d si te s. NATIONAL INVASIVE SPECIES STRATEGY AND ACTION PLAN (NISSAP) 101 S /N N am e/ Ti tle o f th e R es ea rc h P ro je ct / C on su lta nc y D ea lin g w ith in va si ve s pe ci es In st itu tio n N am e & C on ta ct pe rs on Lo ca tio n of th e pr oj ec t (s ) P ro je ct ai m a nd O bj ec tiv es N am e/ S co pe of in va si ve sp ec ie s w or ke d (w or ki ng ) o n K ey fi nd in gs /M an ag em en t is su es R ec om m en da tio ns 5. A lle lo pa th ic e ffe ct of C hr om ol ae na od or at a aq ue ou s le af e xt ra ct o n se ed g er m in at io n an d se ed lin g gr ow th o f s el ec te d cr op s an d pa st ur es s pe ci es S U A ; M te ng et i a nd M uz zo , La b at D A A R s S U A ; K en ya m ot a, S er en ge ti To d et er m in e th e ec on om ic s of th e di ffe re nt co nt ro l m ea su re s. O do ra ta aq ue ou s le af ex tr ac t o n ot he r cr op s C . o do ra ta le af e xt ra ct in hi bi te d se ed g er m in at io n an d se ed lin g gr ow th o f s om e cr op s an d pa st ur e sp ec ie s F ur th er in ve st ig at io n is n ee de d on th e al le lo pa th ic b eh av io r un de r fie ld c on di tio ns an d in hi bi to ry m ec ha ni sm in vo lv ed 6. P re di ct io n of S ui ta bl e H ab ita t fo r P ot en tia l In va si ve P la nt S pe ci es P ar th en iu m hy st er op ho ru s in Ta nz an ia TA W IR I, A ru sh a; J . B u ko m be K ija et a l., 2 01 3: A S ho rt C om m un ic at io n A ru sh a an d A ru m er u di st ric ts in A ru sh a re gi on , no rt he rn Ta nz an ia To id en tif y ar ea s of bi oc lim at ic va ria bl es th at ar e su ita bl e fo r th e gr ow th of P ar th en iu m hy st er op ho ru s O nl y fif te en o f th e ni ne te en bi oc lim at ic va ria bl es w er e im po rt an t f or th e gr ow th o f P . hy st er op ho ru s in th e co un tr y T he r es ul ts s ug ge st ed th at M ax E nt m od el in g an d ja ck kn ife w er e su ita bl e ap pr oa ch es in id en tif yi ng a re as o f p ot en tia l in va si on in T an za ni a. P ro m pt u se o f t he cu rr en t r es ul ts m ay he lp in fi el d su rv ey s an d pr io rit iz at io n of co ns er va tio n an d re st or at io n ef fo rt s 7. D is tr ib ut io n of In va si ve W ee d P ar th en iu m hy st er op ho ru s in N at ur al a nd A gr o E co sy st em s in A ru sh a Ta nz an i T P R I, A ru sh a; R am ad ha n K ile w a an d A m za th R as hi d N jir o su b ur b, A ru sh a K ili m an ja ro bo rd er a nd A ru sh a A irp or t i n A ru sh a Tw o ob je ct iv es : 1) to id en tif y ar ea s in fe st ed w ith pa rt he ni um w ee d in A ru sh a re gi on in T an za ni a 2) to d et er m in e T he w ee d w as fo un d gr ow in g al on g th e ro ad si de s, ne ar r es id en tia l ar ea s; c ro p la nd an d gr az in g la nd s in a ll th re e lo ca tio n T he d en si ty , f re qu en cy a nd ab un da nc e of p ar th en iu m w ee ds w er e hi gh a t N jir o su bu rb co m pa re d to A ru sh a K ili m an ja ro bo rd er a nd a t A ru sh a ai rp or t. F ur th er r es ea rc h to de ve lo p ef fe ct iv e m an ag em en t st ra te gi es to c on tr ol . NATIONAL INVASIVE SPECIES STRATEGY AND ACTION PLAN (NISSAP)102 S /N N am e/ Ti tle o f th e R es ea rc h P ro je ct / C on su lta nc y D ea lin g w ith in va si ve s pe ci es In st itu tio n N am e & C on ta ct pe rs on Lo ca tio n of th e pr oj ec t (s ) P ro je ct ai m a nd O bj ec tiv es N am e/ S co pe of in va si ve sp ec ie s w or ke d (w or ki ng ) o n K ey fi nd in gs /M an ag em en t is su es R ec om m en da tio ns de ns ity , f re qu en cy a nd ab un da nc e of pa rt he ni um w ee d in a re as in fe st ed w ith pa rt he ni um w ee d. 8. P ro je ct :B ui ld in g S ur ve ill an ce a nd M an ag em en t C ap ac ity to E ffe ct iv el y R es po nd to F al l A rm yw or m s (F A W ) in T an za ni a M oA : S er ge i M ut ah iw a N ot s pe ci fie d T he F A W m on ito rin g an d m an ag e m en t s ys te m at C om m un ity le ve l s tr en gt h en ed , a nd ou tb re ak s re du ce d si g ni fic an tly a t al l l ev el s. 2. To c on du ct su rv ei lla nc e to m on ito r th e m ag ni tu de o f sp re ad /d am ag e of F A W in T an za ni a an d A ss es s qu al ita tiv e an d qu an tit at iv e im pa ct s of F A W (t im e, m on ey , am ou nt a nd na tu re o f p es tic id es u se s, an d fo od in se cu rit y) F al l a rm yw or m W or k on P ro gr es s Im m at ur e NATIONAL INVASIVE SPECIES STRATEGY AND ACTION PLAN (NISSAP) 103 S /N N am e/ Ti tle o f th e R es ea rc h P ro je ct / C on su lta nc y D ea lin g w ith in va si ve s pe ci es In st itu tio n N am e & C on ta ct pe rs on Lo ca tio n of th e pr oj ec t (s ) P ro je ct ai m a nd O bj ec tiv es N am e/ S co pe of in va si ve sp ec ie s w or ke d (w or ki ng ) o n K ey fi nd in gs /M an ag em en t is su es R ec om m en da tio ns 9. R es to ra tio n P ilo t P ro gr am o n N at ur e B as ed A pp ro ac he s fo r M an ag in g In va si ve P la nt s B id en s sc hi m pe ri an d G ut en be rg ia co rd ifo lia in N go ro ng or o C on se rv at io n A re a 20 18 /2 01 9 T he N el so n M an de la A fr ic an In st itu tio n of S ci en ce a nd Te ch no lo gy D r. Is sa kw is a N go nd ya an d D r. Li nu s M un is hi N go ro ng or o C on se rv a tio n A re a (N C A ) To c on tr ib ut e to e ffe ct iv e an d su st ai na bl e M an ag em en t of In va si ve S pe ci es w ith in an d ar ou nd N go ro ng or o C on se rv at io n A re a by an al yz in g th e re sp on se o f tw o in va si ve pl an ts G . co rd ifo lia n a B . s ch im pe ri to v ar yi ng de ns iti es a nd cr ud e ex tr ac t tr ea tm en ts of C yn od on da ct yl on a nd D es m od iu m sp ec ie s re sp ec tiv el y B id en s sc hi m pe ri an d G ut en be rg ia co rd ifo lia O ve r 50 % s up pr es si on o f in va si ve p la nt s B id en s sc hi m pe ri an d G ut en be rg ia c or di fo lia in pi lo t p lo ts W or k st ill in p ha se I NATIONAL INVASIVE SPECIES STRATEGY AND ACTION PLAN (NISSAP)104 S /N N am e/ Ti tle o f th e R es ea rc h P ro je ct / C on su lta nc y D ea lin g w ith in va si ve s pe ci es In st itu tio n N am e & C on ta ct pe rs on Lo ca tio n of th e pr oj ec t (s ) P ro je ct ai m a nd O bj ec tiv es N am e/ S co pe of in va si ve sp ec ie s w or ke d (w or ki ng ) o n K ey fi nd in gs /M an ag em en t is su es R ec om m en da tio ns 10 S ur ve y an d di gi ta l m ap pi ng of in va si ve a lie n pl an t s pe ci es in th e N go ro ng or o cr at er , T an za ni a (F un de d by N C A A : T sh s 52 m ill ) TA W IR I, A ru sh a; J . B uk om be , H am za K ija , et a l., 2 01 3 N go ro ng or o C ra te r us e a co m bi na tio n of b ot h re m ot e se ns in g an d gr ou nd su rv ey s to id en tif y, m ap an d qu an tif y ar ea c ov er ag e fo r in va de d ar ea s an d as so ci at ed pa th w ay s fo r ta rg et in g pr ev en ta tiv e m ea su re s. A m ar an th us hy br id us , B id en s pi lo sa , B id en s sc hi m pe ri, D at ur a st ra m on iu m , G ut en be rg ia co rd ifo lia , S ol an um in ca nu m , Ta ge te s m in ut a, A ss ig nm en t i s st ill in p ro gr es s: P re lim in ar y an al ys is : im po rt an t p at hw ay s (s pe ci es a s or na m en ta ls , v eh ic le s, tr an sp or t co nt am in an ts , r oa d co ns tr uc tio n, gr ad in g, s el ec tiv e gr az in g. N at ur al s pr ea d ( in cl ud in g w at er , an d an im al m ov em en t r ou te s) P la n fo r p hy si ca la p pr oa ch es (u pr oo t a nd bu rn ) es pe ci al ly in gr id s w ith l ow in fe s ta tio ns . Im pl em en t a m on ito rin g of in tr od uc tio ns a nd sp re ad th ro ug h th e im po rt an t p at hw ay s 11 F ire r eg ul at es th e ab un da nc e of al ie n pl an t s pe ci es ar ou nd r oa ds an d se ttl em en ts in th e S er en ge ti N at io na l P ar k A ct iv ity c on du ct ed by T A W IR I i n co lla bo ra tio n w ith S E N A PA e co lo gy de pa rt m en t TA W IR I J. B uk om be , E m ili an K ih w el e et a l 20 18 S er en ge ti N at io na l P ar k es ta bl is h a lis t o f a lie n pl an ts in th e S er en ge ti; es tim at e ab un da nc e as in flu en ce d by fir e fr eq ue nc y an d hu m an ac tiv iti es co nt rib ut in g to th ei r sp re ad in o rd er to in fo rm at io n m an ag em en t au th or iti es on p rio rit y ar ea s at r is k of in va si on Li st ed 1 5 al ie n sp ec ie s H um an a ct iv iti es : r oa d co ns tr uc tio n, r oa d gr ad in g, co ns tr uc tio n of s et tle m en ts a nd fir e di ffe re nt ia lly h el p to r eg ul at e th e sp re ad o f a lie n pl an ts in th e P ar k. ex ce pt Ta ge te s m in ut a ot he r sp ec ie s ca n be c on tr ol le d by fi re . P la n fo r ph ys ic al re m ov al NATIONAL INVASIVE SPECIES STRATEGY AND ACTION PLAN (NISSAP) 105 S /N N am e/ Ti tle o f th e R es ea rc h P ro je ct / C on su lta nc y D ea lin g w ith in va si ve s pe ci es In st itu tio n N am e & C on ta ct pe rs on Lo ca tio n of th e pr oj ec t (s ) P ro je ct ai m a nd O bj ec tiv es N am e/ S co pe of in va si ve sp ec ie s w or ke d (w or ki ng ) o n K ey fi nd in gs /M an ag em en t is su es R ec om m en da tio ns 12 T he im pa ct of in va si ve tr ee s pe ci es C ed re la o do ro ta on p op ul at io n of c rit ic al ly en da ng er ed Li za rd s pe ci es Ly go da ct yl us w ill ia m si a t K im bo za F or es t R es er ve , T an za ni a S U A C ha rle s J. K ila w e K im bo za F or es t R e se rv e (1 ) A ss es s m en t o f t he ex te nt o f in va si on of C ed re la od or at a in to P an da nu s ra ba ie ns is ve ge ta tio n (2 ) A ss es s m en t o f t he in va si on im pa ct s of C ed re la od or at a on po pu la tio n of L yg od ac ty lu s w il lia m s 1) C ed re la c ov er ed 3 5% o f a ll tr ee s pe ci es w ith d ia m et er >1 0 cm . e xc ep t, fe w th ic k st an ds o f P an da nu s, C ed re la w as fo un d al m os t ev er y ve ge ta tio n ty pe . T he re w as a v er y st ro ng ne ga tiv e co rr el at io n be tw ee n ab un da nc es o f C ed re la a nd P an da nu s su gg es tin g th at C ed re la c ou ld b e su pp re ss in g /r ep la ci ng P an da nu s. 2) T he re w as n ot s uf fic ie nt ev id en ce to c on cl ud e th at C .o do ra ta w as a ffe ct in g in an yw ay th e po pu la tio n of liz ar d sp ec ie s, L .w ill ia m si . G en er al ly , s ig ni fic an t l ar ge r po pu la tio ns o f L yg od ac ty lu s w ill ia m si w er e fo un d in o pe n ca no py tr ee s th an d en se , re ga rd le ss o f v eg et at io n ty pe 13 P ot en tia l S pr ea d an d G en et ic C ha ra ct er iz at io n of th e In va si ve Tr ee S pe ci es M ae so ps is e m in ii al on g th e E as te rn A rc M ou nt ai ns , Ta nz an ia N el so n M an de la A fr ic an In st itu tio n of S ci en ce a nd Te ch no lo gy , A ru sh a B ea tu s M w en dw a A m an i N a tu re F or es t R es er ve To d et er m in e po te n tia l s pr ea d, pa tte rn a nd pr og re ss iv e di st rib ut io n of in va si ve tr ee s pe ci es M ae so p si s em in ii ov er th e pa st tw en ty ye ar s. O ng oi ng NATIONAL INVASIVE SPECIES STRATEGY AND ACTION PLAN (NISSAP)106 S /N N am e/ Ti tle o f th e R es ea rc h P ro je ct / C on su lta nc y D ea lin g w ith in va si ve s pe ci es In st itu tio n N am e & C on ta ct pe rs on Lo ca tio n of th e pr oj ec t (s ) P ro je ct ai m a nd O bj ec tiv es N am e/ S co pe of in va si ve sp ec ie s w or ke d (w or ki ng ) o n K ey fi nd in gs /M an ag em en t is su es R ec om m en da tio ns 14 La ke V ic to ria E nv iro nm en ta l M an ag em en t P ro je ct P ha se 1 (L V E M P I) V ic e P re si de nt O ffi ce La ke r e gi on s (i. e M w an za , K ag er a, S hi ny an ga ) W at er H ya ci nt h In tr od uc tio n of s us ta in ab le an d en vi ro nm en ta lly fr ie nd ly m an ag em en t o f W at er h ya ci nt h in L ak e V ic to ria u si ng b io lo gi ca l an d m ec ha ni ca l c on tr ol U se o f B io c on tr ol to r ed uc e W at er hy ac in th C ov er ag e Im po rt an ce o f ef fe ct iv e m on ito rin g an d su rv ei lla nc e 15 La ke V ic to ria E nv iro nm en ta l M an ag em en t P ro je ct P ha se 2 (L V E M P II ) V ic e P re si de nt O ffi ce a nd M in is tr y of W at er La ke r e gi on s (i. e M w an za , K ag er a, G ei ta , S im iy u) W at er H ya ci nt h In tr od uc tio n of s us ta in ab le an d en vi ro nm en ta lly fr ie nd ly m an ag em en t o f W at er h ya ci nt h in L ak e V ic to ria u si ng b io lo gi ca l an d m ec ha ni ca l c on tr ol U se o f B io c on tr ol to r ed uc e W at er hy ac in th C ov er ag e Im po rt an ce o f ef fe ct iv e m on ito rin g an d su rv ei lla nc e 16 W oo dy in va si ve al ie n sp ec ie s in E as t A fr ic a: as se ss in g an d m iti ga tin g th ei r ne ga tiv e im pa ct on e co sy st em se rv ic es a nd r ur al liv el ih oo d TA F O R I D r. Jo hn R . M bw am bo S U A P ro f. G eo rg e K aj em be a nd D r. C ha rle s. J. K ila w e A m an i N at ur e R e se rv e an d K ah e W ar d in M os hi D is tr ic t C ou nc il • A ss es si ng th e re la tio ns hi p be tw ee n ab un da nc e of th e in va si ve an d th ei r im pa ct s at a lo ca l l ev el P ro so pi s ju lifl or a an d La nt an a ca m ar a • D is tr ib ut io n m ap s of a re as in va de d w ith P ro so pi s ju lifl or a in T an za ni a. • D is tr ib ut io n m ap s of a re a in va de d w ith L an ta na in E as t U sa m ba ra O N G O IN G NATIONAL INVASIVE SPECIES STRATEGY AND ACTION PLAN (NISSAP) 107 S /N N am e/ Ti tle o f th e R es ea rc h P ro je ct / C on su lta nc y D ea lin g w ith in va si ve s pe ci es In st itu tio n N am e & C on ta ct pe rs on Lo ca tio n of th e pr oj ec t (s ) P ro je ct ai m a nd O bj ec tiv es N am e/ S co pe of in va si ve sp ec ie s w or ke d (w or ki ng ) o n K ey fi nd in gs /M an ag em en t is su es R ec om m en da tio ns • M ap pi ng cu rr en t a nd po te nt ia l f ut ur e di st rib ut io n of s el ec te d w oo dy in va si ve a lie n sp ec ie s in ca se s tu dy ar ea s on lo ca l an d co un tr y le ve l a nd us in g th is in fo rm at io n to r ai se aw ar en es s of th e pr ob le m • D ev el op in g an d ev al ua tin g m an ag em en t op tio ns : bi ol og ic al , ph ys ic al a nd ch em ic al co nt ro l NATIONAL INVASIVE SPECIES STRATEGY AND ACTION PLAN (NISSAP)108 S /N N am e/ Ti tle o f th e R es ea rc h P ro je ct / C on su lta nc y D ea lin g w ith in va si ve s pe ci es In st itu tio n N am e & C on ta ct pe rs on Lo ca tio n of th e pr oj ec t (s ) P ro je ct ai m a nd O bj ec tiv es N am e/ S co pe of in va si ve sp ec ie s w or ke d (w or ki ng ) o n K ey fi nd in gs /M an ag em en t is su es R ec om m en da tio ns 17 C om ba tin g al ie n in va si ve p la nt s th re at en in g th e E as t U sa m ba ra m ou nt ai ns in Ta nz an ia Tr op ic al B io lo gy A ss oc ia tio n, C en tr e fo r E co lo gy a nd H yd ro lo gy , B an ch or y, F or es tr y an d B ee ke ep in g D iv is io n, S ok oi ne U ni ve rs ity o f A gr ic ul tu re , Ta nz an ia F or es tr y R es ea rc h In st itu te E as t U sa m ba ra M ou n ta in s A ss es si ng R is ks as so ci at ed w ith p la nt in tr od uc tio ns IA S m an ag em en t st ra te gy o f th e E as t U sa m ba ra M ou nt ai ns In va si on in th e B ot an ic al G ar de ns a nd ot he r in te nt io na l in tr od uc tio n • S pe ci es li st o f e xo tic s pe ci es of A m an i • D is tr ib ut io n an d ab un da nc e of 2 16 e xo tic s pe ci es in A m an i N at ur e R es er ve • E as t L ev el s of h er bi vo ry d id no t v ar y be tw ee n in va si ve an d no n in va si ve tr ee sp ec ie s. (i) R is k as se ss m en t of S pe ci es in A m an i N at ur e R es er ve (ii ) E st ab lis hm en t of m an ag em en t tr ia ls (m ec ha ni ca l, m an ua l/ ph ys ic al ) be fo re u p sc al in g to la rg e sc al e 18 In va si on o f C ed re la o do ra ta in th e U lu gu ru M ou nt ai ns Ja ss on J oh n, C he le st in o B al am a & E dw ar d . M w ak al uk w a U lu gu ru • To as se ss in g di st rib ut io n an d ab un da nc e of C ed re la od or at a in U lu gu ru M ou nt ai ns . • A ss es si ng U til iz at io n po te nt ia l an d pe op le op in io n on in va si on s C ed re la o do ra • C ed re la o do ra ta is co ns id er ed a s a re lia bl e al te rn at iv e tim be r tr ee sp ec ie s af te r a ba n to h ar ve st fr om n at ur al fo re st . • C ed re la o do ra ta is es ta bl is hi ng in m an y fa rm la nd s in U lu gu ru P la nt in g of C ed re la od or at a sh ou ld be li m ite d to o nl y fa rm la nd s bu t n ot fo r ga p en ric hm en t i n fo re st r es er ve s. NATIONAL INVASIVE SPECIES STRATEGY AND ACTION PLAN (NISSAP) 109 S /N N am e/ Ti tle o f th e R es ea rc h P ro je ct / C on su lta nc y D ea lin g w ith in va si ve s pe ci es In st itu tio n N am e & C on ta ct pe rs on Lo ca tio n of th e pr oj ec t (s ) P ro je ct ai m a nd O bj ec tiv es N am e/ S co pe of in va si ve sp ec ie s w or ke d (w or ki ng ) o n K ey fi nd in gs /M an ag em en t is su es R ec om m en da tio ns 19 A lie n In va si ve S pe ci es M an ag em en t P ro je ct P ro je ct C os t: T hi s fis ca l y ea r, 20 18 /2 01 9, F un de d by TA N A PA , T Z S 56 7, 60 0, 00 0/ (a nd 2 b ill io n in th e pa st te n ye ar s) . TA N A PA ; C on ta ct M r M ar tin L oi bo ok i ( D ire c to r of C on se rv at io n) S ix te en N a tio na l P ar ks na m el y A ru sh a, G om be K at av i, K itu lo , K ili m an ja ro , M an ya ra , M ah al e, M ko m az i, M ik um i, R ua ha , R ub on do Is la nd , S aa da ni , S aa na ne Is la nd , S er en ge ti, Ta ra ng ire an d U d zu ng w a N at io na l P ar ks . i) E ra di ca te ne w in va si on s ii) C on tr ol / M an ag e es ta bl is he d in va si on s iii ) P re ve nt ne w in tr od uc tio ns iv ) P re ve nt sp re ad o f es ta bl is he d in va si ve s to ot he r ar ea s v) P ro vi de co nt in uo us in va si ve sp ec ie s ed uc at io n to ad ja ce nt lo ca l co m m un iti es 71 s pe ci es (li st a va ila bl e se pa ra te ly ) w or ke d on us in g ch em ic al , m ec ha ni ca l an d cu ltu ra l ap pr oa ch es i) In te gr at ed a pp ro ac h w or ks be st ii) S am e m an ag em en t a pp ro ac h fo r a ce rt ai n sp ec ie s do es n ot ne ce ss ar ily y ie ld th e sa m e su cc es s ra te a t a no th er s ite ( du e to d iff er en ce s in w ea th er ) iii ) In te rr up tio n of fu nd in g fo r pr oj ec ts is c at as tr op hi c to a su cc es sf ul m an ag em en t. iv ) F ol lo w u p m on ito rin g is m an da to ry , f or a t l ea st 3 y ea rs , at a s ite w he re e ra di ca tio n se em s to h av e be en a ch ie ve d, in or de r to d et ec t a ny r e em er gi ng in va si ve s an d he nc e co nd uc t ea rly e ra di ca tio n. i) C on tin uo us m on ito rin g an d re m ov al ii) R es ea rc h on vi ab le o pt io ns o f m an ag em en t iii ) P re ve nt io n is ch ea pe r, re so ur ce s sh ou ld b e di re ct ed in to p re ve nt io n of IS iv ) E ng ag em en t of c om m un iti es to ta ck le th is p ro bl em in th ei r ar ea s ad ja ce nt P ro te ct ed A re as . S /N N am e/ Ti tle o f th e R es ea rc h P ro je ct / C on su lta nc y D ea lin g w ith in va si ve s pe ci es In st itu tio n N am e & C on ta ct pe rs on Lo ca tio n of th e pr oj ec t (s ) P ro je ct ai m a nd O bj ec tiv es N am e/ S co pe of in va si ve sp ec ie s w or ke d (w or ki ng ) o n K ey fi nd in gs /M an ag em en t is su es R ec om m en da tio ns 17 C om ba tin g al ie n in va si ve p la nt s th re at en in g th e E as t U sa m ba ra m ou nt ai ns in Ta nz an ia Tr op ic al B io lo gy A ss oc ia tio n, C en tr e fo r E co lo gy a nd H yd ro lo gy , B an ch or y, F or es tr y an d B ee ke ep in g D iv is io n, S ok oi ne U ni ve rs ity o f A gr ic ul tu re , Ta nz an ia F or es tr y R es ea rc h In st itu te E as t U sa m ba ra M ou n ta in s A ss es si ng R is ks as so ci at ed w ith p la nt in tr od uc tio ns IA S m an ag em en t st ra te gy o f th e E as t U sa m ba ra M ou nt ai ns In va si on in th e B ot an ic al G ar de ns a nd ot he r in te nt io na l in tr od uc tio n • S pe ci es li st o f e xo tic s pe ci es of A m an i • D is tr ib ut io n an d ab un da nc e of 2 16 e xo tic s pe ci es in A m an i N at ur e R es er ve • E as t L ev el s of h er bi vo ry d id no t v ar y be tw ee n in va si ve an d no n in va si ve tr ee sp ec ie s. (i) R is k as se ss m en t of S pe ci es in A m an i N at ur e R es er ve (ii ) E st ab lis hm en t of m an ag em en t tr ia ls (m ec ha ni ca l, m an ua l/ ph ys ic al ) be fo re u p sc al in g to la rg e sc al e 18 In va si on o f C ed re la o do ra ta in th e U lu gu ru M ou nt ai ns Ja ss on J oh n, C he le st in o B al am a & E dw ar d . M w ak al uk w a U lu gu ru • To as se ss in g di st rib ut io n an d ab un da nc e of C ed re la od or at a in U lu gu ru M ou nt ai ns . • A ss es si ng U til iz at io n po te nt ia l an d pe op le op in io n on in va si on s C ed re la o do ra • C ed re la o do ra ta is co ns id er ed a s a re lia bl e al te rn at iv e tim be r tr ee sp ec ie s af te r a ba n to h ar ve st fr om n at ur al fo re st . • C ed re la o do ra ta is es ta bl is hi ng in m an y fa rm la nd s in U lu gu ru P la nt in g of C ed re la od or at a sh ou ld be li m ite d to o nl y fa rm la nd s bu t n ot fo r ga p en ric hm en t i n fo re st r es er ve s. NATIONAL INVASIVE SPECIES STRATEGY AND ACTION PLAN (NISSAP)110 S /N N am e/ Ti tle o f th e R es ea rc h P ro je ct / C on su lta nc y D ea lin g w ith in va si ve s pe ci es In st itu tio n N am e & C on ta ct pe rs on Lo ca tio n of th e pr oj ec t (s ) P ro je ct ai m a nd O bj ec tiv es N am e/ S co pe of in va si ve sp ec ie s w or ke d (w or ki ng ) o n K ey fi nd in gs /M an ag em en t is su es R ec om m en da tio ns 20 B la ck W at tle (A ca ci a m ea rn si i) in va si on in C ho m e N at ur e R es er ve : es tim at in g its co ve ra ge a nd co nt ro l c os ts TA F O R I, D r. Jo hn R . M bw am bo C ho m e N at ur e R es er ve , S am e D is tr ic t, K ili m an aj ro • To e va lu at e th e po ss ib ili ty of co nt ro lli ng A ca ci a m ea rn si i in C ho m e N at ur e R es er ve , a pa rt o f E A M s. • To e st im at e th e co ve ra ge an d im pa ct of A ca ci a m ea rn si i in va si on in C ho m e N at ur e R es er ve . • To e st im at e th e co st s th at a re ne ed ed to co nt ro l t he sp ec ie s. B la ck W at tle – A ca ci a m ea rn si i • A ca ci a m ea rn si i i s es tim at ed to o cc up y ap pr ox im at el y 21 0 co nd en se d ha ct ar es . • T he e st im at ed m ea n w at er us e of 9 .2 × 1 05 m 3 / ye ar im pl ie s th at A . m ea rn si i re du ce s st ea m fl ow o f M ko m az i b as in b y 0. 14 % . • T he e st im at ed a m ou nt o f m on ey n ee de d to c on tr ol A ca ci a m ea rn si i i n C ho m e N at ur e R es er ve is T Z S 16 4. 64 M ill io n A lth ou gh A ca ci a m ea rn si i i s w id el y us ed fo r ta nn in an d fu el w oo d, it is n ot d es ira bl e in rip ar ia n an d fo re st re se rv es th er ef or e m an ag em en t s ho ul d be p ra ct ic ed n ow be fo re to p re ve nt fu rt he r sp re ad . NATIONAL INVASIVE SPECIES STRATEGY AND ACTION PLAN (NISSAP) 111 A pp en di x 4: A s um m ar y of r ev ie w ed p ol ic ie s, le ga l f ra m ew or ks , s tr at eg ie s an d ra tifi ed m ul til at er al a gr ee m en ts S /N P ol ic y & le ga l fr am ew or k ca te go ry S ec tio n of R el ev an cy D eg re e of re le va nc y to In va si ve s pe ci es R ec om m en da tio ns N at io na l P ol ic ie s 1 N at io na l E nv iro nm en ta l P ol ic y (1 99 7) S ec t. 12 ( d) In fo rm s on w ild lif e ha bi ta t l os s th at th re at en th e na tio na l h er ita ge a nd c re at io n of a n un ce rt ai n fu tu re fo r th e to ur is t i nd us tr y; S ec t. 18 (c ) ca lls f or c on se rv at io n an d en ha nc em en t of ou r na tu ra l an d m an m ad e he rit ag e in cl ud in g th e bi ol og ic al d iv er si ty o f un iq ue e co sy st em o f Ta nz an ia P ar tia lly ad dr es se d T he p ol ic y sh ou ld ( i) In tr od uc e in va si ve s pe ci es a s a m at te r of c on ce rn ( ii) s ta te t he r es po ns ib ili ty o f an y de ve lo pm en ta l pr oj ec t on i ss ue s pe rt ai ni ng t o al ie n/ in va si ve sp ec ie s (n o in tr od uc tio n) , (ii i) st at e cl ea rly is su es on al l th e fo ur st ag es of IS m an ag em en t (p re ve nt io n, e ra di ca tio n, c on tr ol a nd r es to ra tio n) 2 N at io na l F or es t P ol ic y (1 99 8) S ec t. 4. 1. 1 In fo rm s ab ou t da m ag e by d is ea se s an d pe st s of e xo tic w oo d sp ec ie s re su lti ng in to re du ce d st oc k an d w oo d qu al ity ; S ec t. 4. 1. 3 In fo rm s on t he i nc re as ed p ro m ot io n of e xo tic sp ec ie s pl an tin g co m pa re d to n at iv e sp ec ie s N ot a dd re ss ed (i) T he re s ho ul d be a c om pr eh en si ve s ec tio n de ta ili ng on i ss ue s pe rt ai ni ng t o in va si ve s pe ci es m an ag em en t (ii ) sh ou ld de ta il on pr ot ec tio n of fo re st la nd s fr om ex ot ic /a lie n/ na tiv e in va si ve sp ec ie s as a co lle ct iv e re sp on si bi lit y (ii i) S ho ul d in cl ud e a se ct io n th at p ro m ot e re fo re st at io n by u si ng n at iv e sp ec ie s ra th er th an e xo tic / al ie n sp ec ie s 3 N at io na l F is he rie s P ol ic y (2 01 5) S ec t. 3. 2 (v ) P ro vi de s fo r pr ot ec tio n of c rit ic al ha bi ta ts to en ha nc e fis h re pr od uc tio n an d th er ef or e fis he rie s su st ai na bi lit y; S ec t. 3. 6 (ii i iv ) P ro vi de s fo r re gu la tio n of th e qu al ity o f a qu a fe ed s an d s ee ds ; a nd c on tr ol o f fi sh d is ea se s an d es ca pe es N ot a dd re ss ed T he p ol ic y sh ou ld f ur th er e nl ig ht en o n th e fo llo w in g: ( i) P ro te ct io n of fi sh a nd t he ir ha bi ta ts f ro m e xo tic /a lie n/ na tiv e in va si ve s pe ci es ( ii) s ta te t he r es po ns ib ili ty o f ev er y st ak eh ol de r on is su es pe rt ai ni ng to in va si ve sp ec ie s m an ag em en t, (ii i) st at e cl ea rly i ss ue s on t he m an ag em en t o f i nv as iv e sp ec ie s 4 N at io na l L an d P ol ic y (1 99 7) S ec t. 6. 10 .1 (ii i) In fo rm s on vi lla ge la nd us e pl an s in g ui di ng fo r e xt en si on s er vi ce s in cl ud in g w ild lif e, fo re st ry , fis he rie s an d en vi ro nm en ta l co ns er va tio n S ec t. 7. 7. 1 ca lls f or e st ab lis hi ng C oa st al Z on e In te gr at ed D ev el op m en t an d M an ag em en t P ro gr am m e fo r co ns er va tio n of bo th la nd a nd a qu at ic e nv iro nm en ts N ot a dd re ss ed T he p ol ic y sh ou ld : (i) D efi ne n at iv e, e xo tic /a lie n an d in va si ve sp ec ie s (ii ) S tr ic tly pr oh ib it in tr od uc tio n of ex ot ic /a lie n sp ec ie s (ii i) S ta te on er ad ic at io n an d co nt ro l/m an ag em en t ap pr oa ch es o nc e an i nt ro du ct io n ha s oc cu rr ed ( iv ) P ro vi de f or a s ec tio n on c ol le ct iv e re sp on si bi lit y in fi gh tin g ex ot ic /in va si ve s pe ci es (v i) S ho ul d in si st o n th e fo rm ul at io n of a n at io na l re gu la tio n th at w ill a dd re ss th e m an ag em en t o f a lie n an d in va si ve sp ec ie s NATIONAL INVASIVE SPECIES STRATEGY AND ACTION PLAN (NISSAP)112 S /N P ol ic y & le ga l fr am ew or k ca te go ry S ec tio n of R el ev an cy D eg re e of re le va nc y to In va si ve s pe ci es R ec om m en da tio ns 5 N at io na l L iv es to ck P ol ic y (2 00 6) S ec ts . 3. 11 .1 2 In fo rm s on an im al he al th se rv ic es a nd c on tr ol o f tr an s bo un da ry an im al di se as es o f e co no m ic im po rt an ce P ar tia lly ad dr es se d T he p ol ic y sh ou ld p ro vi de ( i) a co m pr eh en si ve s ec tio n de ta ili ng on is su es pe rt ai ni ng to in va si ve sp ec ie s m an ag em en t (ii ) sh ou ld d et ai l on p ro te ct io n of n at iv e liv es to ck f ro m e xo tic /a lie n/ a nd n at iv e in va si ve s pe ci es as a c ol le ct iv e re sp on si bi lit y (ii i) A s ec tio n th at r eq ui re fo r a de ta ile d re se ar ch o n in va si ve li ve st oc k (a ni m al s) 6 N at io na l A gr ic ul tu re P ol ic y (2 01 3) S ec t. 3. 1. 3 (ii i) P ro vi de s fo r su pp or t fo r an y in iti at iv es th at ai m at ad dr es si ng ag ro bi od iv er si ty de te rio ra tio n; S ec t. 3. 3. 3 (iv ) P ro vi de s fo r pr ot ec tio n in a s us ta in ab le w ay su ch th at , th e pr od uc tiv ity po te nt ia l of cr op ge rm p la sm an d re la te d bi od iv er si ty in th e ex is tin g ag ro e co sy st em is no t en da ng er ed by t he i nt ro du ct io n of g en et ic al ly e ng in ee re d pl an ts ; S ec t. 10 S ta te g en er al c on tr ol o f p es t a nd di se as es ; S ec t. 3. 10 .3 s ta te o n st re ng th en in g su rv ei lla nc e sy st em a nd s an ita ry a nd p hy to sa ni ta ry a nd p la nt in sp ec to ra te s er vi ce s P ar tia lly ad dr es se d T he p ol ic y do n ot a dd re ss e no ug h ex ot ic /a lie n/ in va si ve sp ec ie s is su es , it sh ou ld (i) pr ov id e a se ct io n fo r pr ot ec tio n of fa rm la nd / ra ng el an ds fr om ex ot ic /a lie n in va si ve s pe ci es ( ii) c le ar ly s ta te o n is su es r eg ar di ng im po rt at io n of e xo tic /a lie n se ed s fo r ag ric ul tu ra l us e (ii i) sh ou ld ca ll fo r al l ag ric ul tu ra l se ct or s A ct s an d R eg ul at io ns t o co nd uc t ex ot ic /a lie n/ i nv as iv e sp ec ie s m an ag em en t 7 W ild lif e P ol ic y (1 99 8) S ec t. 3. 3. 3 (v ii) In fo rm s on re gu la tin g th e im po rt at io n of ex ot ic /a lie n sp ec ie s an d re in tr od uc tio n of a s pe ci es k no w n to b e in di ge no us to th e ar ea in or de r to sa fe gu ar d ag ai ns t ne ga tiv e ef fe ct s re su lti ng fr om th ei r in tr od uc tio n an d re in tr od uc tio n in to th e w ild P ar tia lly ad dr es se d T he po lic y on ly ad dr es se s pr ev en tio n st ag e of IS m an ag em en t, th er ef or e (i) R ev ie w o f th e po lic y to a ls o ad dr es s er ad ic at io n, c on tr ol a nd r es to ra tio n st ag es o f IS m an ag em en t sh ou ld b e do ne . (ii ) M ai ns tr ea m I S m an ag em en t i ss ue s in to th e W ild lif e M an ag em en t A ct . 8 T he N at io na l P ol ic ie s fo r T an za ni a N at io na l P ar ks ( 20 11 ) S ec t. 3. 7 (3 .7 .7 ) D efi ne s w ha t e xo tic s pe ci es a re , an d pr oh ib its in tr od uc tio n of n ew e xo tic s pe ci es . It pr ov id es f or c on tr ol i nc lu di ng e ra di ca tio n of ex ot ic s pe ci es w he re ve r su ch s pe ci es th re at en / im pa ct s on p ar k re so ur ce s or p ub lic h ea lth a nd w he n co nt ro l i s fe as ib le F ul ly a dd re ss ed T he p ol ic y sh ou ld ( i) ad dr es s on t he c on tr ol o f n at iv e in va si ve s pe ci es ( ii) I ss ue s re ga rd in g al ie n in va si ve sp ec ie s m an ag em en t a dd re ss ed b y th is p ol ic y ne ed s to be in cl ud ed u nd er th e N at io na l P ar ks A ct 9 C on st ru ct io n In du st ry P ol ic y (2 00 3) S ec t. 3. 5. 3. In si st s on so un d en vi ro nm en ta l m an ag em en t in cl ud in g bu t no t lim ite d to : un de rt ak in g of E nv iro nm en ta l Im pa ct A ss es sm en t fo r al l de ve lo pm en ta l pr oj ec ts , en vi ro nm en ta l a w ar en es s in r el at io n to p eo pl e, la nd a nd w ild lif e P ar tia lly ad dr es se d T he re s ho ul d be a c om pl et e se ct io n th at a dd re ss s ol el y on i nv as iv e sp ec ie s m an ag em en t as t hi s se ct or h as a di re ct c on ne ct io n w ith a ct iv iti es s uc h as c on st ru ct io n an d im po rt at io n th at a re d ire ct ly li nk ed to a lie n In va si ve sp ec ie s in tr od uc tio n NATIONAL INVASIVE SPECIES STRATEGY AND ACTION PLAN (NISSAP) 113 S /N P ol ic y & le ga l fr am ew or k ca te go ry S ec tio n of R el ev an cy D eg re e of re le va nc y to In va si ve s pe ci es R ec om m en da tio ns 10 N at io na l T ra ns po rt P ol ic y (2 01 6) N o re le va nt s ec tio n ad dr es si ng A lie n/ i nv as iv e sp ec ie s N ot a dd re ss ed (i) T he re s ho ul d be a c om pr eh en si ve s ec tio n de ta ili ng on i ss ue s pe rt ai ni ng t o in va si ve s pe ci es m an ag em en t (ii ) sh ou ld de ta il on pr ot ec tio n of fo re st la nd s fr om ex ot ic /a lie n/ na tiv e in va si ve sp ec ie s as a co lle ct iv e re sp on si bi lit y (ii i) S ho ul d in cl ud e a se ct io n th at p ro m ot e re fo re st at io n by u si ng n at iv e sp ec ie s ra th er th an e xo tic / al ie n sp ec ie s N at io na l A ct s 1 E nv iro nm en ta l M an ag em en t A ct (2 00 4) S ec t.6 7( 2) (h ) In fo rm s on th e pr ev en tio n an d er ad ic at io n of a lie n sp ec ie s S ec t.2 29 (1 )( b) I nf or m s on t he p re pa ra tio n of gu id el in es F ul ly a dd re ss ed T he m in is tr y sh ou ld ( i)e ns ur e R eg ul at io ns a nd b yl aw s th at a dd re ss o n al ie n / in va si ve s pe ci es a re f or m ul at ed an d en fo rc ed ( ii) s ho ul d st at e th e re sp on si bi lit y of a ny pr oj ec t t ea m to e ns ur e no in tr od uc tio n of a lie n/ in va si ve pl an ts (ii ) st at e m od al iti es to en su re th at pe na lti es as si gn ed t o an y pr oj ec t th at c on tr av en es t he s ec tio n ar e ef fe ct ed ( iv ) S ho ul d pu t in p la ce p ro ce du re s fo r m on ito rin g pr oj ec ts co m pl ia nc e w ith th e re gu la tio n se ct io n( s) ( v) s ho ul d en qu ire e co lo gi st /w ee d/ in va si ve sp ec ie s ex pe rt r ec om m en da tio n on a ny p ro je ct t ha t is a ss oc ia te d w ith t he e nv iro nm en t (v i) sh ou ld e ns ur e fo rm ul at io n of a lie n an d in va si ve s pe ci es R eg ul at io ns an d gu id el in es 2 F or es t A ct ( 20 02 ) S ec t. 18 ( 1 2) E IA f or p ro je ct s w ith p ot en tia l of i nt ro du ci ng i nv as io n su ch a s m in in g, r oa d an d da m c on st ru ct io n, a gr ic ul tu re / ho rt ic ul tu re / aq ua cu ltu re N ot a dd re ss ed (i) T he re s ho ul d be a c om pr eh en si ve s ec tio n de ta ili ng on is su es p er ta in in g to in va si ve s pe ci es ( m an ag em en t/ co nt ai nm en t et c. ) (ii ) sh ou ld de ta il on pr ot ec tio n of fo re st la nd s fr om e xo tic /a lie n/ n at iv e in va si ve s pe ci es a s a co lle ct iv e re sp on si bi lit y (ii i) S ho ul d en su re c om pl ia nc e w ith t he l aw b y st at in g pe na lti es t o w ho ev er c au se d in tr od uc tio n of ex ot ic /a lie n sp ec ie s (iv ) it sh ou ld ac kn ow le dg e th e E nv iro nm en ta l M an ag em en t A ct NATIONAL INVASIVE SPECIES STRATEGY AND ACTION PLAN (NISSAP)114 S /N P ol ic y & le ga l fr am ew or k ca te go ry S ec tio n of R el ev an cy D eg re e of re le va nc y to In va si ve s pe ci es R ec om m en da tio ns 3 F is he rie s A ct N o 22 of 2 00 3 S ec t.1 3 S ta te on re st ric tio n of eg gs , se ed , ex ot ic a du lt fis h w ith ou t p er m is si on ; S ec t. 17 (k ) st at e on c on tr ol lin g of i m po rt at io n of fi sh a nd in tr od uc tio n of e xo tic s pe ci es F ul ly a dd re ss ed T he A ct sh ou ld ad dr es s th e fo llo w in g is su es : (i) F or m ul at io n of p ro ce du re s fo r r eg ul at in g th e im po rt at io n of ex ot ic /a lie n fis h sp ec ie s (ii ) st at e m od al iti es to en su re t ha t pe na lti es a ss ig ne d to a ny s ta ke ho ld er w ho co nt ra ve ne s th e se ct io n ar e ef fe ct ed ( iii ) S ho ul d pu t in pl ac e pr oc ed ur e fo r m on ito rin g st ak eh ol de r’s c om pl ia nc e w ith t he r eg ul at io n se ct io n( s) . T he A ct s ho ul d eq ua lly st ra te gi ze o n co nt ro lli ng n at iv e in va si ve s pe ci es s ho ul d th er e be s uc h an in va si on . 4 La nd A ct C A P 1 13 (1 99 9) N o re le va nt s ec tio n on a lie n/ in va si ve s pe ci es N ot a dd re ss ed T he A ct s ho ul d: ( i) D efi ne e xo tic /a lie n in va si ve s pe ci es (ii ) S tr ic tly p ro hi bi t in tr od uc tio n of e xo tic /a lie n sp ec ie s (ii i) S ta te o n th e co nt ro l/m an ag em en t a pp ro ac he s on ce an i nt ro du ct io n ha s oc cu rr ed ( iv ) P ro vi de f or a s ec tio n on c ol le ct iv e re sp on si bi lit y in fi gh tin g ex ot ic /in va si ve sp ec ie s V ill ag e La nd A ct N o. 5 of 1 99 9 S ec t. 6. ( I) D ec la ra tio n of ha za rd la nd (3 ), ha za rd l an d is l an d th e de ve lo pm en t of w hi ch is li ke ly to p os e a da ng er to li fe o r to le ad to th e de gr ad at io n N ot a dd re ss ed T he A ct sh ou ld : (i) D efi ne ex ot ic /a lie n sp ec ie s (ii ) S tr ic tly p ro hi bi t in tr od uc tio n of e xo tic /a lie n sp ec ie s (ii i) S ta te o n th e co nt ro l/m an ag em en t ap pr oa ch es o nc e an in tr od uc tio n ha s oc cu rr ed ( iv ) S ta te o n th e pe na lti es t o w ho ev er c au se d in tr od uc tio n of e xo tic /a lie n sp ec ie s ( v) E ns ur e co m pl ia nc e w ith th e la w (v i) S ho ul d in si st o n th e fo rm ul at io n of r eg ul at io n an d ru le s fo r th e m an ag em en t of in va si ve s pe ci es 5 G ra zi ng L an d an d A ni m al F ee di ng R es ou rc es A ct N o. 13 o f 2 01 0 S ec t. 37 ( c) F or t he p ur po se o f pr ot ec tin g a gr az in g la nd , th e po lic y re qu ire s fo rm ul at io n of by la w s on i nt ro du ct io n or r em ov al o f flo ra o r fa un a P ar tia lly ad dr es se d T he re s ho ul d be (i ) a c om pr eh en si ve s ec tio n ad dr es si ng so re ly on is su es pe rt ai ni ng to in va si ve sp ec ie s (m an ag em en t/c on ta in m en t et c. ) (ii ) sh ou ld st at e th e re sp on si bi lit y of s ta ke ho ld er s in e ns ur in g no in tr od uc tio n of al ie n/ in va si ve sp ec ie s (v i) st at e m od al iti es to en su re t ha t pe na lti es a ss ig ne d to a ny s ta ke ho ld er w ho co nt ra ve ne s th e se ct io n ar e ef fe ct ed ( v) S ho ul d pu t in pl ac e pr oc ed ur e fo r m on ito rin g st ak eh ol de rs c om pl ia nc e w ith th e A ct NATIONAL INVASIVE SPECIES STRATEGY AND ACTION PLAN (NISSAP) 115 S /N P ol ic y & le ga l fr am ew or k ca te go ry S ec tio n of R el ev an cy D eg re e of re le va nc y to In va si ve s pe ci es R ec om m en da tio ns T he A ni m al D is ea se s A ct ( 20 03 ) S ec t. 43 . N o pe rs on s ha ll( b) m ov e an a ni m al o r an im al p ro du ct s or a ni m al w as te s fr om o ut si de of th e co un tr y or in tr od uc e an im al s in to a ny a re a w ith ou t a pe rm it. S ec t. 45 . (1 ) M ig ra tin g he rd s, tr ad e liv es to ck s ha ll be c on tr ol le d at o bl ig at or y bo rd er p os t an d in te rn al c he ck p oi nt s w he re of fic ia l V et er in ar y in sp ec tio n sh al l be c ar rie d ou t.5 8. T he M in is te r m ay a fte r co ns ul ta tio n w ith th e M in is te r re sp on si bl e fo r w ild lif e, m ak e re gu la tio ns re la tin g to t he i nt ro du ct io n an d sp re ad o f ex ot ic a nd na tu ra l be e di se as es a nd b y su ch r eg ul at io ns (a ) re gu la te an d m on ito r th e in tr od uc tio n in cl ud in g th e im po rt at io n of e xo tic b ee s fr om ot he r co un tr ie s w hi ch m ay ca rr y ba ct er ia l, vi ra l, pa ra si tic an d fu ng al in fe ct io ns th at w ill af fe ct na tu ra l ho ne y be e co lo ni es F ul ly a dd re ss ed N ee ds t o be i m pl em en te d ef fe ct iv el y. It sh ou ld a ls o ac kn ow le dg e th e E nv iro nm en ta l M an ag em en t A ct . 6 P la nt P ro te ct io n A ct N o. 1 3 of 1 99 7 S ec t.3 . T he M in is te r m ay m ak e ru le s fo r th e pu rp os es o f pr ev en tin g an d co nt ro lli ng a tta ck s by or th e sp re ad of ha rm fu l or ga ni sm s or di se as es i n Ta nz an ia S ec t. 8. 2. A ny p la nt o r pl an t pr od uc t, ha rm fu l or ga ni sm , be ne fic ia l or ga ni sm , or s oi l im po rt ed i nt o Ta nz an ia , sh al l be c le ar ly i de nt ifi ed , de cl ar ed t o an i ns pe ct or an d be m ad e av ai la bl e fo r an in sp ec tio n or a ny su bs eq ue nt a ct io n pr ov id ed b y th is A ct . S ec t 13 . (1 ) S ub je ct to s ub s ec tio n (2 ) o f t hi s se ct io n, an yt hi ng im po rt ed in to T an za ni a co nt ra ry to th is A ct s ha ll be s ei ze d by a n in sp ec to r, an d, a t th e im po rt er ’s e xp en se , be t re at ed , de st ro ye d; o r m ay b e ta ke n to a p os t en tr y qu ar an tin e st at io n fo r su ch fu rt he r in sp ec tio n, tr ea tm en t an d di sp os al a s m ay b e re qu ire d. F ul ly a dd re ss ed T he A ct (i) co ve rs co nt ro l of pe st an d di se as e in ge ne ra l in cl ud in g al ie n in va si ve s pe ci es ( ii) G ui de lin es sh ou ld b e de ve lo pe d to m ak e im pl em en ta tio n ea sy ( iii ) Im pl em en ta tio n an d ca pa ci ty is r eq ui re d NATIONAL INVASIVE SPECIES STRATEGY AND ACTION PLAN (NISSAP)116 S /N P ol ic y & le ga l fr am ew or k ca te go ry S ec tio n of R el ev an cy D eg re e of re le va nc y to In va si ve s pe ci es R ec om m en da tio ns S ee d A ct ( 20 03 ) S ec t. 13 (2 ) T he D ire ct or s ha ll, b ef or e gr an tin g th e pe rm it or li ce ns e re qu ire d un de r s ub se ct io n( l) en su re t ha t th e st an da rd s an d co nd iti on s fo r se ed im po rt at io n, pr od uc tio n, pr oc es si ng , di st rib ut io n sa le o r ad ve rt is em en t fo r sa le , as pr ov id ed f or i n th e P la nt P ro te ct io n A ct a nd i n th is A ct , h av e be en c om pl ie d w ith P ar tia lly ad dr es se d T he A ct s ho ul d: (i ) D efi ne e xo tic /a lie n sp ec ie s (ii ) S tr ic tly pr oh ib it in tr od uc tio n of ex ot ic /a lie n sp ec ie s (ii i) fo r P en al tie s, it s ho ul d re fe r t o th e pr op os ed E nv iro nm en ta l M an ag em en t of A lie n an d In va si ve S pe ci es R eg ul at io n ab ov e (u nd er E nv iro nm en ta l M an ag em en t A ct ) Ta nz an ia A gr ic ul tu ra l R es ea rc h In st itu te A ct ( 20 16 ) 3r d S ch ed ul e (a d ), R es ea rc h sh ou ld fo cu s on : In te gr at ed P es t M an ag em en t; W ee ds a nd in va si ve s pe ci es m an ag em en t an d an y ot he r em er gi ng is su es F ul ly a dd re ss ed T he re is a n ee d fo r e ffe ct iv e re gu la tio n an d ru le s th at a lig n w ith b ot h th e N at io na l A gr ic ul tu re P ol ic y a nd T an za ni a A gr ic ul tu ra l R es ea rc h In st itu te A ct t o be f or m ul at ed f or ef fe ct iv e im pl em en ta tio n of b ot h th e P ol ic y an d th e A ct 7 W ild lif e C on se rv at io n A ct N o. 5 o f 2 00 9 S ec t.3 5( 1 3) T he p ro sp ec tiv e de ve lo pe r sh al l pr ep ar e an d su bm it to t he s at is fa ct io n of t he M in is te r re sp on si bl e fo r E nv iro nm en t a re po rt on E nv iro nm en ta l Im pa ct A ss es sm en t (E IA ) of th e pr op os ed de ve lo pm en t; S ec t.3 5( 5) (a ). T he E IA s ha ll pr ov id e a st at em en t of t he ex is tin g or a nt ic ip at ed e co no m ic im pa ct s to t he co ns er va tio n of w ild lif e, in cl ud in g an a cc ou nt o f th e sp ec ie s, c om m un iti es a nd h ab ita ts a ffe ct ed an d th e ex te nt t o w hi ch t he y ar e or m ay b e th re at en ed ; P ar tia lly ad dr es se d T he A ct sh ou ld (i) H av e a co m pr eh en si ve se ct io n ad dr es si ng s ol el y on a lie n/ in va si ve s pe ci es a s a m at te r o f co nc er n an d di re ct o n IS p re ve nt io n, e ra di ca tio n, c on tr ol an d re st or at io n of i m pa ct ed e co sy st em s (ii ) F or m ul at e pr oc ed ur es fo r re gu la tin g th e im po rt at io n of e xo tic /a lie n sp ec ie s an d re in tr od uc tio n of a s pe ci es k no w n to b e in di ge no us t o th e ar ea ( iii ) st at e m od al iti es t o en su re th at pe na lti es as si gn ed to an y de ve lo pm en t/p ro je ct th at c on tr av en es t he s ec tio n ar e ef fe ct ed ( iv ) S ho ul d pu t in p la ce p ro ce du re s fo r m on ito rin g de ve lo pm en t/ pr oj ec ts c om pl ia nc e w ith t he r eg ul at io n se ct io n( s) in or de r to s af eg ua rd a ga in st n eg at iv e ef fe ct s re su lti ng fr om t he ir in tr od uc tio n an d re in tr od uc tio n in to t he w ild (v ) i n th e de fin iti on o f t er m s, re de fin e “w ild lif e’ to e xc lu de “e st ab lis he d ex ot ic s pe ci es ”, i ns te ad , us e su ch w or ds as “ na tu ra liz ed e xo tic s pe ci es ”. NATIONAL INVASIVE SPECIES STRATEGY AND ACTION PLAN (NISSAP) 117 S /N P ol ic y & le ga l fr am ew or k ca te go ry S ec tio n of R el ev an cy D eg re e of re le va nc y to In va si ve s pe ci es R ec om m en da tio ns 8 T he N at io na l P ar ks A ct N o. 1 1, 2 00 3 S ec t. 29 (4 ) In fo rm s th at , th e In tr od uc ed ve ge ta tio n to be de st ro ye d or de al t w ith ac co rd in gl y P ar tia lly ad dr es se d T he ac t ne ed s to ad dr es s is su es as ra is ed in th e N at io na l P ol ic ie s fo r Ta nz an ia N at io na l P ar ks ( 20 11 ) as fo llo w s: (i ) D efi ne e xo tic /a lie n sp ec ie s (ii ) S tr ic tly p ro hi bi t in tr od uc tio n of e xo tic /a lie n sp ec ie s (ii i) S ta te o n th e co nt ro l/m an ag em en t ap pr oa ch es o nc e an i nt ro du ct io n ha s oc cu rr ed ( iv ) S ta te o n th e pe na lti es t o w ho ev er ca us ed i nt ro du ct io n of e xo tic /a lie n sp ec ie s (v ) D efi ne in va si ve s pe ci es a nd th ei r m an ag em en t a pp ro ac he s (v i) E ns ur e co m pl ia nc e w ith th e la w (v ii) S ho ul d in si st o n th e fo rm ul at io n of r eg ul at io n an d ru le s fo r th e m an ag em en t of in va si ve s pe ci es 9 T he C on tr ac to rs R eg is tr at io n A ct (1 99 7) N o re le va nt s ec tio n on a lie n/ in va si ve s pe ci es N ot a dd re ss ed T he A ct s ho ul d: ( i) D efi ne e xo tic /a lie n in va si ve s pe ci es (ii ) S tr ic tly p ro hi bi t in tr od uc tio n of e xo tic /a lie n sp ec ie s (ii i) S ta te o n th e co nt ro l/m an ag em en t a pp ro ac he s on ce an i nt ro du ct io n ha s oc cu rr ed ( iv ) P ro vi de f or a s ec tio n on c ol le ct iv e re sp on si bi lit y in fi gh tin g ex ot ic /in va si ve sp ec ie s 10 S ur fa ce a nd M ar in e Tr an sp or t R eg ul at or y A ut ho rit y A ct ( 20 01 ) S ec t. 5. (f ) It sh al l be t he d ut y of t he A ut ho rit y th at in c ar ry in g ou t i ts fu nc tio ns it s ha ll st riv e to en ha nc e th e w el fa re o f Ta nz an ia s oc ie ty b y( f) ta ki ng i nt o ac co un t th e ne ed t o pr ot ec t an d pr es er ve th e en vi ro nm en t. P ar tia lly ad dr es se d T he A ct s ho ul d: (i ) D efi ne e xo tic /a lie n sp ec ie s (ii ) S tr ic tly pr oh ib it in tr od uc tio n of ex ot ic /a lie n sp ec ie s (ii i) fo r P en al tie s, it s ho ul d re fe r t o th e pr op os ed E nv iro nm en ta l M an ag em en t A lie n an d In va si ve S pe ci es R eg ul at io n ab ov e (u nd er E nv iro nm en ta l M an ag em en t A ct ) M er ch an t S hi pp in g A ct N o. 2 1 of 2 00 3 S ec t. 25 3 (2 )( h) r eq ui rin g in fo rm at io n re la tin g to t he s ta bi lit y of a ny s hi p to w hi ch f re eb oa rd s ar e as si gn ed , an d th e lo ad in g an d ba lla st in g of an y sh ip , a s m ay b e sp ec ifi ed b y th e re gu la tio ns pr ov id ed f or t he g ui da nc e of t he m as te r of t he sh ip . N ot a dd re ss ed T he A ct (i ) sh ou ld in co rp or at e ex ot ic /a lie n sp ec ie s is su es (ii ) S tr ic tly p ro hi bi t in tr od uc tio n of e xo tic /a lie n sp ec ie s th ro ug h sh ip pi ng ( iii ) S ta te o n th e co nt ro l/m an ag em en t ap pr oa ch es on ce an in tr od uc tio n ha s oc cu rr ed (iv ) S ta te o n th e pe na lti es t o w ho ev er c au se d in tr od uc tio n of e xo tic /a lie n sp ec ie s ( v) E ns ur e co m pl ia nc e w ith th e la w ( vi ) i t sh ou ld a ck no w le dg e th e E nv iro nm en ta l M an ag em en t A ct S /N P ol ic y & le ga l fr am ew or k ca te go ry S ec tio n of R el ev an cy D eg re e of re le va nc y to In va si ve s pe ci es R ec om m en da tio ns S ee d A ct ( 20 03 ) S ec t. 13 (2 ) T he D ire ct or s ha ll, b ef or e gr an tin g th e pe rm it or li ce ns e re qu ire d un de r s ub se ct io n( l) en su re t ha t th e st an da rd s an d co nd iti on s fo r se ed im po rt at io n, pr od uc tio n, pr oc es si ng , di st rib ut io n sa le o r ad ve rt is em en t fo r sa le , as pr ov id ed f or i n th e P la nt P ro te ct io n A ct a nd i n th is A ct , h av e be en c om pl ie d w ith P ar tia lly ad dr es se d T he A ct s ho ul d: (i ) D efi ne e xo tic /a lie n sp ec ie s (ii ) S tr ic tly pr oh ib it in tr od uc tio n of ex ot ic /a lie n sp ec ie s (ii i) fo r P en al tie s, it s ho ul d re fe r t o th e pr op os ed E nv iro nm en ta l M an ag em en t of A lie n an d In va si ve S pe ci es R eg ul at io n ab ov e (u nd er E nv iro nm en ta l M an ag em en t A ct ) Ta nz an ia A gr ic ul tu ra l R es ea rc h In st itu te A ct ( 20 16 ) 3r d S ch ed ul e (a d ), R es ea rc h sh ou ld fo cu s on : In te gr at ed P es t M an ag em en t; W ee ds a nd in va si ve s pe ci es m an ag em en t an d an y ot he r em er gi ng is su es F ul ly a dd re ss ed T he re is a n ee d fo r e ffe ct iv e re gu la tio n an d ru le s th at a lig n w ith b ot h th e N at io na l A gr ic ul tu re P ol ic y a nd T an za ni a A gr ic ul tu ra l R es ea rc h In st itu te A ct t o be f or m ul at ed f or ef fe ct iv e im pl em en ta tio n of b ot h th e P ol ic y an d th e A ct 7 W ild lif e C on se rv at io n A ct N o. 5 o f 2 00 9 S ec t.3 5( 1 3) T he p ro sp ec tiv e de ve lo pe r sh al l pr ep ar e an d su bm it to t he s at is fa ct io n of t he M in is te r re sp on si bl e fo r E nv iro nm en t a re po rt on E nv iro nm en ta l Im pa ct A ss es sm en t (E IA ) of th e pr op os ed de ve lo pm en t; S ec t.3 5( 5) (a ). T he E IA s ha ll pr ov id e a st at em en t of t he ex is tin g or a nt ic ip at ed e co no m ic im pa ct s to t he co ns er va tio n of w ild lif e, in cl ud in g an a cc ou nt o f th e sp ec ie s, c om m un iti es a nd h ab ita ts a ffe ct ed an d th e ex te nt t o w hi ch t he y ar e or m ay b e th re at en ed ; P ar tia lly ad dr es se d T he A ct sh ou ld (i) H av e a co m pr eh en si ve se ct io n ad dr es si ng s ol el y on a lie n/ in va si ve s pe ci es a s a m at te r o f co nc er n an d di re ct o n IS p re ve nt io n, e ra di ca tio n, c on tr ol an d re st or at io n of i m pa ct ed e co sy st em s (ii ) F or m ul at e pr oc ed ur es fo r re gu la tin g th e im po rt at io n of e xo tic /a lie n sp ec ie s an d re in tr od uc tio n of a s pe ci es k no w n to b e in di ge no us t o th e ar ea ( iii ) st at e m od al iti es t o en su re th at pe na lti es as si gn ed to an y de ve lo pm en t/p ro je ct th at c on tr av en es t he s ec tio n ar e ef fe ct ed ( iv ) S ho ul d pu t in p la ce p ro ce du re s fo r m on ito rin g de ve lo pm en t/ pr oj ec ts c om pl ia nc e w ith t he r eg ul at io n se ct io n( s) in or de r to s af eg ua rd a ga in st n eg at iv e ef fe ct s re su lti ng fr om t he ir in tr od uc tio n an d re in tr od uc tio n in to t he w ild (v ) i n th e de fin iti on o f t er m s, re de fin e “w ild lif e’ to e xc lu de “e st ab lis he d ex ot ic s pe ci es â€�, i ns te ad , us e su ch w or ds as “ na tu ra liz ed e xo tic s pe ci es â€�. NATIONAL INVASIVE SPECIES STRATEGY AND ACTION PLAN (NISSAP)118 S /N P ol ic y & le ga l fr am ew or k ca te go ry S ec tio n of R el ev an cy D eg re e of re le va nc y to In va si ve s pe ci es R ec om m en da tio ns Ta nz an ia C iv il A vi at io n A ct ( 20 06 ) S ec t. 25 . It sh al l be t he d ut y of t he A ut ho rit y th at i n ca rr yi ng o ut i ts f un ct io ns i t sh al l st riv e to e nh an ce t he w el fa re o f Ta nz an ia s oc ie ty b y: (f )t ak in g in to a cc ou nt t he n ee d to p ro te ct a nd pr es er ve th e en vi ro nm en t P ar tia lly ad dr es se d T he A ct ( i) sh ou ld b e re vi se d to a dd re ss ex ot ic / al ie n in va si ve s pe ci es ( ii) s ho ul d se t pe na lti es t o w ho ev er un la w fu l fo un d in p os se ss io n of e xo tic s pe ci es ( se ed , liv e or g er m p la sm ) (ii i) sh ou ld e ns ur e pe na lti es a re du lly p ai d (iv ) sh ou ld e ns ur e co m pl ia nc e w ith th e la w a t al l e nt ry p oi nt s (p or ts , a irp or ts a nd b or de rs ) (v ) it sh ou ld ac kn ow le dg e th e E nv iro nm en ta l M an ag em en t A ct 11 D ee p S ea F is hi ng A ut ho rit y A ct ( 19 98 ) N o re le va nt s ec tio n on a lie n/ in va si ve s pe ci es N ot a dd re ss ed T he A ct s ho ul d: ( i) D efi ne e xo tic /a lie n in va si ve s pe ci es (ii ) S tr ic tly p ro hi bi t in tr od uc tio n of e xo tic /a lie n sp ec ie s (ii i) S ta te o n th e co nt ro l/m an ag em en t a pp ro ac he s on ce an i nt ro du ct io n ha s oc cu rr ed ( iv ) P ro vi de f or a s ec tio n on c ol le ct iv e re sp on si bi lit y in fi gh tin g ex ot ic /in va si ve sp ec ie s N at io na l R eg ul at io ns 1 T he E nv iro nm en ta l Im pa ct A ss es sm en t an d A ud it R eg ul at io ns ( 20 05 ) S ec t. (1 ) (v , vi , V II) I nf or m s on E IA u nd er ta ki ng fo r th e pr oj ec ts t ha t in vo lv es : B io lo gi ca l P es t C on tr ol ; In tr od uc tio n of n ew b re ed s of c ro ps ; an d In tr od uc tio n of G en et ic al ly M od ifi ed O rg an is m s (G M O s P ro je ct s. S ec t. 2. ( ii) a nd (ii i) In tr od uc tio n of n ew b re ed s of li ve st oc k an d fo re ig n al ie n s pe ci es p ro je ct s. F ul ly a dd re ss ed (i) E nf or ce m en t is r eq ui re d in t he i m pl em en ta tio n of va rio us p ro je ct w hi ch E IA i s a M an da to ry . A w ar en es s ra is in g is im po rt an t fo r th e co nt ro l a nd m an ag em en t of al ie n an d in va si ve s pe ci es ( ii) F or m ul at io n of A lie n an d In va si ve S pe ci es R eg ul at io n is c ru ci al T he E nv iro nm en ta l M an ag em en t ( B io sa fe ty ) R eg ul at io ns (2 00 9) T he r eg ul at io n is d ea lin g w ith t he i ss ue s of G M O s N ot a dd re ss ed To al ig n w ith th e E nv iro nm en ta l M an ag em en t A ct (2 00 4) , t he r eg ul at io n (i) s ho ul d ha ve a s pe ci fic s ec tio n de ta ili ng on ex ot ic /a lie n in va si ve sp ec ie s (ii ) sh ou ld st at e th e re sp on si bi lit y of st ak eh ol de rs in e ns ur in g no in tr od uc tio n of a lie n/ in va si ve s pe ci es (i ii) s ta te m od al iti es to e ns ur e th at p en al tie s as si gn ed t o an y st ak eh ol de r w ho c on tr av en es t he s ec tio n ar e pr ac tic ed ( iv ) S ho ul d pu t in pl ac e pr oc ed ur e fo r m on ito rin g st ak eh ol de rs co m pl ia nc e w ith th e re gu la tio n NATIONAL INVASIVE SPECIES STRATEGY AND ACTION PLAN (NISSAP) 119 S /N P ol ic y & le ga l fr am ew or k ca te go ry S ec tio n of R el ev an cy D eg re e of re le va nc y to In va si ve s pe ci es R ec om m en da tio ns 2 Ta nz an ia F or es t R eg ul at io n (2 00 4) S ec t 19 : In fo rm s on t he r es po ns ib ili ty o f th e D ire ct or t o es ta bl is h re st ric tio ns o n ac tiv iti es re la te d to i nt ro du ct io n of a b io lo gi ca l re so ur ce th at is lik el y to ca us e am on g ot he r ef fe ct s; en vi ro nm en ta l i m pa ct s w hi ch a re u nd es ira bl e or di ffi cu lt to c on tr ol P ar tia lly ad dr es se d (i) T he re s ho ul d be a c om pr eh en si ve s ec tio n de ta ili ng on is su es p er ta in in g to in va si ve s pe ci es m an ag em en t/ co nt ai nm en t ( ii) s ho ul d de ta il on p ro te ct io n of fo re st la nd s fr om e xo tic /a lie n/ n at iv e in va si ve s pe ci es a s a co lle ct iv e re sp on si bi lit y (ii i) S ho ul d en su re c om pl ia nc e w ith th e la w by s ta tin g pe na lti es t o w ho ev er c au se d in tr od uc tio n of ex ot ic /a lie n sp ec ie s (i v) S ho ul d in si st o n th e fo rm ul at io n of r eg ul at io n an d ru le s fo r th e m an ag em en t of in va si ve sp ec ie s in f or es tla nd s (v ) sh ou ld d et ai l o n pr ot ec tio n of fo re st la nd s fr om e xo tic /a lie n/ n at iv e in va si ve s pe ci es a s a co lle ct iv e re sp on si bi lit y (v i) S ho ul d in cl ud e a se ct io n th at pr om ot e na tiv e sp ec ie s re st or at io n ra th er th an pl an tin g ex ot ic / a lie n sp ec ie s (v ii) it s ho ul d ac kn ow le dg e th e E nv iro nm en ta l M an ag em en t A ct 3 F is he rie s R eg ul at io n (2 00 9) S ec t. 25 ( 1) N o pe rs on s ha ll, w ith ou t ob ta in in g a w rit te n pe rm it or ot he r au th or iz at io n fr om th e D ire ct or an d ex ce pt in ac co rd an ce w ith th e co nd iti on s sp ec ifi ed i n th e pe rm it or o th er au th or iz at io n: ( a) im po rt a ny li ve fi sh o r aq ua tic flo ra in to th e co un tr y P ar tia lly ad dr es se d To a lig n w ith t he N at io na l F is he rie s P ol ic y (2 01 5) a nd F is he rie s A ct N o 22 o f 2 00 3, th e re gu la tio n sh ou ld fo cu s on t he f ol lo w in g: ( i) P ro te ct io n of fi sh a nd t he ir ha bi ta ts fr om e xo tic /a lie n/ n at iv e in va si ve s pe ci es ( ii) s ta te t he re sp on si bi lit y of e ve ry s ta ke ho ld er o n is su es p er ta in in g to a lie n/ i nv as iv e sp ec ie s (n o in tr od uc tio n) , (ii i) st at e cl ea rly is su es o n th e m an ag em en t of in va si ve s pe ci es (iv ) s ta te m od al iti es t o en su re t ha t pe na lti es a ss ig ne d to a ny s ta ke ho ld er w ho c on tr av en es t he r eg ul at io n ar e ef fe ct ed ( iv ) it s ho ul d ac kn ow le dg e th e E nv iro nm en ta l M an ag em en t A ct 4 V ill ag e La nd R eg ul at io n (2 00 1) N o re le va nt s ec tio n on e xo tic / i nv as iv e sp ec ie s N ot a dd re ss ed T he r eg ul at io n sh ou ld : (i) D efi ne e xo tic /a lie n in va si ve sp ec ie s (ii ) S tr ic tly pr oh ib it in tr od uc tio n of ex ot ic / al ie n sp ec ie s (ii i) S ta te on th e co nt ro l/m an ag em en t ap pr oa ch es on ce an in tr od uc tio n ha s oc cu rr ed (iv ) P ro vi de fo r a se ct io n on co lle ct iv e re sp on si bi lit y in fig ht in g ex ot ic /in va si ve s pe ci es ( v) s ta te p en al tie s to in di vi du al s w ho c on tr av en es w ith t he r eg ul at io n ( vi ) st at e m od al iti es t o en su re t ha t pe na lti es a ss ig ne d to an y st ak eh ol de r w ho c on tr av en es t he r eg ul at io n ar e ef fe ct ed ( vi i) it s ho ul d ac kn ow le dg e th e E nv iro nm en ta l M an ag em en t A ct NATIONAL INVASIVE SPECIES STRATEGY AND ACTION PLAN (NISSAP)120 S /N P ol ic y & le ga l fr am ew or k ca te go ry S ec tio n of R el ev an cy D eg re e of re le va nc y to In va si ve s pe ci es R ec om m en da tio ns 5 T he A ni m al D is ea se s (A pp oi nt m en t a nd D ut ie s of In sp ec to rs ) R eg ul at io ns , 2 00 5 O bj ec tiv e 4( i): A im s ke ep in g ex ot ic an im al / zo on ot ic d is ea se s ou t o f T an za ni a P ar tia lly ad dr es se d T he r eg ul at io n sh ou ld : (i) D efi ne e xo tic /a lie n in va si ve sp ec ie s (ii ) S tr ic tly pr oh ib it in tr od uc tio n of ex ot ic / al ie n sp ec ie s (ii i) S ta te on th e co nt ro l/m an ag em en t ap pr oa ch es on ce an in tr od uc tio n ha s oc cu rr ed (iv ) P ro vi de fo r a se ct io n on co lle ct iv e re sp on si bi lit y in fig ht in g ex ot ic /in va si ve s pe ci es ( v) s ta te p en al tie s to in di vi du al s w ho c on tr av en es w ith t he r eg ul at io n ( vi ) st at e m od al iti es t o en su re t ha t pe na lti es a ss ig ne d to an y st ak eh ol de r w ho c on tr av en es t he r eg ul at io n ar e ef fe ct ed ( vi i) it s ho ul d ac kn ow le dg e th e E nv iro nm en ta l M an ag em en t A ct G ra zi ng L an ds an d A ni m al F ee d R es ou rc es ( P as tu re M an ag em en t P ra ct ic es ) R eg ul at io ns , 2 01 2 S (1 )( c) an d 5t h sc he du le re qu ire s th e ra ng el an d ow ne r to W ee d th e gr az in g la nd w he re a pp lic ab le P ar tia lly ad dr es se d T he r eg ul at io n sh ou ld : (i) D efi ne e xo tic /a lie n in va si ve sp ec ie s (ii ) S tr ic tly pr oh ib it in tr od uc tio n of ex ot ic / al ie n sp ec ie s in to r an ge la nd s (ii i) S ta te o n th e co nt ro l/ m an ag em en t ap pr oa ch es on ce an in tr od uc tio n ha s oc cu rr ed (iv ) P ro vi de fo r a se ct io n on co lle ct iv e re sp on si bi lit y in fig ht in g ex ot ic /in va si ve sp ec ie s (v ) st at e pe na lti es t o in di vi du al s w ho c on tr av en es w ith t he re gu la tio n ( vi ) st at e m od al iti es to e ns ur e th at p en al tie s as si gn ed to an y st ak eh ol de r w ho co nt ra ve ne s th e re gu la tio n ar e ef fe ct ed ( vi i) it s ho ul d ac kn ow le dg e th e E nv iro nm en ta l M an ag em en t A ct T he G ra zi ng la nd s an d A ni m al F ee d R es ou rc es (S af eg ua rd in g, D ev el op m en t a nd S us ta in ab le U se of G ra zi ng la nd s) R eg ul at io ns , 2 01 2 N o re le va nt s ec tio n on in va si ve a nd e xo tic p la nt sp ec ie s N ot a dd re ss ed T he r eg ul at io n sh ou ld : (i) D efi ne e xo tic /a lie n in va si ve sp ec ie s (ii ) S tr ic tly pr oh ib it in tr od uc tio n of ex ot ic / al ie n sp ec ie s (ii i) S ta te on th e co nt ro l/m an ag em en t ap pr oa ch es on ce an in tr od uc tio n ha s oc cu rr ed (iv ) P ro vi de fo r a se ct io n on co lle ct iv e re sp on si bi lit y in fig ht in g ex ot ic /in va si ve s pe ci es ( v) s ta te p en al tie s to in di vi du al s w ho c on tr av en es w ith t he r eg ul at io n ( vi ) st at e m od al iti es t o en su re t ha t pe na lti es a ss ig ne d to an y st ak eh ol de r w ho c on tr av en es t he r eg ul at io n ar e ef fe ct ed ( vi i) it s ho ul d ac kn ow le dg e th e E nv iro nm en ta l M an ag em en t A ct NATIONAL INVASIVE SPECIES STRATEGY AND ACTION PLAN (NISSAP) 121 S /N P ol ic y & le ga l fr am ew or k ca te go ry S ec tio n of R el ev an cy D eg re e of re le va nc y to In va si ve s pe ci es R ec om m en da tio ns 6 T he P la nt P ro te ct io n R eg ul at io ns ( 19 98 ) S ec t 13 . D ec la ra tio n on ar riv al (1 ) T he de cl ar at io n to a n in sp ec to r of a ny p la nt , pl an t pr od uc ts , so il, or pl an t pr ot ec tio n su bs ta nc e im po rt ed i nt o Ta nz an ia a s re qu ire d by t he A ct . S ec t. 48 ( 1) S ub je ct to th e pr ov is io ns o f t he A ct an d th es e R eg ul at io ns , no p er so n sh al l im po rt pl an t or p la nt p ro du ct s ex ce pt i n ac co rd an ce w ith th e co nd iti on s on a p la nt im po rt at io n pe rm it pr ev io us ly o bt ai ne d fr om , an d si gn ed b y th e In sp ec to r in c ha rg e. F ul ly a dd re ss ed T hi s re gu la tio n is co m pr eh en si ve do cu m en t fo r ph yt os an ita ry a nd q ua ra nt in e m ea su re s, i t sh ou ld b e st ric tly im pl em en te d fo r co un tr y pr ot ec tio n ag ai ns t al ie n in va si ve s pe ci es . C ap ac ity a t en tr y po in t fo r ea rly de te ct io n sh ou ld b e st re ng th en ed T he S ee ds R eg ul at io ns ( 20 07 ) S ec t. 33 (4 ) A ny se ed im po rt ed un de r th is re gu la tio n sh al l n ot b e so ld u nl es s its q ua lit y ha s be en e xa m in ed a nd a pp ro ve d by T O S C I o r an y ot he r ce rt ifi ca tio n ag en cy w hi ch i s in b ila te ra l ag re em en t w ith T an za ni a as r eg ar d to s ee d ce rt ifi ca tio n. S ec t. 33 (5 ) A ny im po rt ed se ed sh al l be ac co m pa ni ed b y ce rt ifi ca te o f q ua lit y is su ed b y a R ec og ni ze d C er tifi ca tio n A ge nc y, p hy to s an ita ry ce rt ifi ca te a nd s ha ll m ee t T an za ni an q ua ra nt in e re qu ire m en ts a s pr ov id ed in th e P la nt P ro te ct io n A ct F ul ly a dd re ss ed T he re gu la tio n (i) sh ou ld ha ve a sp ec ifi c se ct io n de ta ili ng on ex ot ic /a lie n in va si ve sp ec ie s (ii ) sh ou ld st at e th e re sp on si bi lit y of st ak eh ol de rs i n en su rin g no i nt ro du ct io n of a lie n/ i nv as iv e sp ec ie s (ii i) ne ed t o be f ul ly i m pl em en te d (iv ) i t sh ou ld a ck no w le dg e th e E nv iro nm en ta l M an ag em en t A ct 7 W ild lif e C on se rv at io n (W ild lif e M an ag em en t A re as ) R eg ul at io n (2 01 8) S . 51 . P ro hi bi t in tr od uc tio n or r e in tr od uc tio n of no n in di ge no us o f w ild lif e, b ee s, t re es o r fis h in w ild lif e m an ag em en t ar ea s un le ss a w rit te n ap pr ov al o f a c om pe te nt a ut ho rit y in a cc or da nc e w ith w rit te n la w s is o bt ai ne d. F ul ly a dd re ss es T he re gu la tio n (i) sh ou ld ha ve a sp ec ifi c se ct io n de ta ili ng on ex ot ic /a lie n in va si ve sp ec ie s (ii ) sh ou ld st at e th e re sp on si bi lit y of st ak eh ol de rs i n en su rin g no i nt ro du ct io n of a lie n/ i nv as iv e sp ec ie s (ii i) ne ed t o be f ul ly i m pl em en te d (iv ) i t sh ou ld a ck no w le dg e th e E nv iro nm en ta l M an ag em en t A ct NATIONAL INVASIVE SPECIES STRATEGY AND ACTION PLAN (NISSAP)122 S /N P ol ic y & le ga l fr am ew or k ca te go ry S ec tio n of R el ev an cy D eg re e of re le va nc y to In va si ve s pe ci es R ec om m en da tio ns 8 N on C on su m pt iv e U til iz at io n R eg ul at io ns 2 00 7 N o re le va nt s ec tio n on e xo tic / i nv as iv e sp ec ie s N ot a dd re ss ed T he r eg ul at io n sh ou ld : (i) D efi ne e xo tic /a lie n in va si ve sp ec ie s (ii ) S tr ic tly pr oh ib it in tr od uc tio n of ex ot ic / al ie n sp ec ie s (ii i) S ta te on th e co nt ro l/m an ag em en t ap pr oa ch es on ce an in tr od uc tio n ha s oc cu rr ed (iv ) P ro vi de fo r a se ct io n on co lle ct iv e re sp on si bi lit y in fig ht in g ex ot ic /in va si ve s pe ci es ( v) s ta te p en al tie s to in di vi du al s w ho c on tr av en es w ith t he r eg ul at io n ( vi ) st at e m od al iti es t o en su re t ha t pe na lti es a ss ig ne d to an y st ak eh ol de r w ho c on tr av en es t he r eg ul at io n ar e ef fe ct ed ( vi i) it s ho ul d ac kn ow le dg e th e E nv iro nm en ta l M an ag em en t A ct 9 T he R ai lw ay s (H an dl in g an d Tr an sp or ta tio n of D an ge ro us G oo ds ) R eg ul at io ns ( 20 08 ) S ec t. 27 (1 ) M is ce lla ne ou s da ng er ou s su bs ta nc es an d ar tic le s sh al l in cl ud e, in te r al ia : a) e nv iro nm en ta lly h az ar do us s ub st an ce s; b) el ev at ed te m pe ra tu re su bs ta nc es ; c) G en et ic al ly M od ifi ed M ic ro O rg an is m s or G en et ic al ly M od ifi ed O rg an is m s w hi ch d o no t m ee t t he d efi ni tio n of in fe ct io us s ub st an ce s bu t w hi ch a re c ap ab le o f al te rin g an im al s, p la nt s or m ic ro bi ol og ic al su bs ta nc es in a w ay no t no rm al ly th e re su lt of n at ur al r ep ro du ct io n P ar tia lly ad dr es se d T he r eg ul at io n sh ou ld : ( i) D efi ne e xo tic /a lie n sp ec ie s (ii ) S tr ic tly p ro hi bi t in tr od uc tio n of e xo tic /a lie n sp ec ie s (ii i) it sh ou ld a ck no w le dg e th e E nv iro nm en ta l M an ag em en t A ct M er ch an t S hi pp in g (S hi p an d P or t f ac ili ty se cu rit y) r eg ul at io ns (2 00 4) N o re le va nt s ec tio n on a lie n/ in va si ve s pe ci es N ot a dd re ss ed T he re gu la tio n (i) sh ou ld in co rp or at e ex ot ic /a lie n sp ec ie s is su es (ii ) S tr ic tly pr oh ib it in tr od uc tio n of ex ot ic /a lie n sp ec ie s th ro ug h sh ip pi ng ( iii ) S ta te o n th e co nt ro l/m an ag em en t ap pr oa ch es o nc e an i nt ro du ct io n ha s oc cu rr ed ( iv ) S ta te o n th e pe na lti es t o w ho ev er ca us ed in tr od uc tio n of e xo tic /a lie n sp ec ie s ( v) E ns ur e co m pl ia nc e w ith th e la w (v i) S ho ul d in si st on th e fo rm ul at io n of g ui de lin es a nd r ul es fo r th e m an ag em en t of in va si ve s pe ci es in s ea s an o ce an s T he T an za ni a C iv il A vi at io n G ro un d H an dl in g S er vi ce s R eg ul at io ns , 2 00 7 S . 2 2 R eq ui re s gr ou nd h an dl in g se rv ic e pr ov id er s ha ll ta ke th e ne ce ss ar y m ea su re s to en su re p ro te ct io n of th e en vi ro nm en t P ar tia lly ad dr es se d T he r eg ul at io n sh ou ld : ( i) D efi ne e xo tic /a lie n sp ec ie s (ii ) S tr ic tly p ro hi bi t in tr od uc tio n of e xo tic /a lie n sp ec ie s (ii i) it sh ou ld a ck no w le dg e th e E nv iro nm en ta l M an ag em en t A ct NATIONAL INVASIVE SPECIES STRATEGY AND ACTION PLAN (NISSAP) 123 S /N P ol ic y & le ga l fr am ew or k ca te go ry S ec tio n of R el ev an cy D eg re e of re le va nc y to In va si ve s pe ci es R ec om m en da tio ns 10 D ee p S ea F is hi ng A ut ho rit y R eg ul at io ns (2 00 9) N o re le va nt s ec tio n on a lie n/ in va si ve s pe ci es N ot a dd re ss ed T he re gu la tio n (i) sh ou ld in co rp or at e ex ot ic /a lie n sp ec ie s is su es ( ii) S tr ic tly p ro hi bi t i nt ro du ct io n of e xo tic / al ie n sp ec ie s th ro ug h sh ip pi ng / fi sh in g (ii i) S ta te o n th e co nt ro l/m an ag em en t ap pr oa ch es o nc e an i nt ro du ct io n ha s oc cu rr ed ( iv ) S ta te o n th e pe na lti es t o w ho ev er ca us ed in tr od uc tio n of e xo tic /a lie n sp ec ie s ( v) E ns ur e co m pl ia nc e w ith th e la w (v i) S ho ul d in si st on th e fo rm ul at io n of g ui de lin es a nd r ul es fo r th e m an ag em en t of in va si ve s pe ci es in s ea s an o ce an s N at io na l a nd R eg io na l S tr at eg ie s 1 S tr at eg y on U rg en t A ct io ns fo r th e C on se rv at io n of M ar in e an d C oa st al E nv iro nm en t, La ke s an d R iv er s E co sy st em s an d D am s (2 00 8) In fo rm s on ; pr ev en tio n of i nt ro du ct io n, c on tr ol or e ra di ca tio n of a lie n sp ec ie s w hi ch t hr ea te n aq ua tic e co sy st em s an d ha bi ta ts F ul ly a dd re ss ed Im pl em en ta tio n is r eq ui re d. I t sh ou ld b e co m pl im en te d by t he M ar in e P ar ks a nd R es er ve s A ct N o. 2 9 of 1 99 4 by a dd in g se ct io n on t he A ct t ha t ad dr es s ex ot ic /a lie n/ in va si ve s pe ci es a s su gg es te d ab ov e (M ar in e P ar ks an d R es er ve s A ct N o. 2 9 of 1 99 4) 2 N at io na l B io di ve rs ity S tr at eg y an d A ct io n P la n (2 01 5 20 20 ) S tr at eg ic g oa l B , t ar ge t 6 : B y 20 20 , a t l ea st th re e Le gi sl at io ns th at g ov er n ex pl oi ta tio n of aq ua tic a nd t er re st ria l re so ur ce s ar e re vi ew ed an d en fo rc ed ta rg et 9: B y 20 20 in va si ve al ie n sp ec ie s an d pa th w ay s ar e id en tifi ed an d pr io rit iz ed , pr io rit y sp ec ie s ar e co nt ro lle d or e ra di ca te d, a nd m ea su re s ar e in p la ce t o pr ev en t t he ir in tr od uc tio n an d es ta bl is hm en t F ul ly a dd re ss ed Im pl em en ta tio n fo r lis te d pr io rit y ac tio ns fo r in te rv en tio n (p ag e 12 0) w hi ch in cl ud e to re vi ew an d im pl em en t re le va nt na tio na l po lic ie s an d le gi sl at io n to a dd re ss is su es o f In va si ve A lie n S pe ci es b y 20 20 , C on du ct in g in ve nt or y of e xo tic in va si ve s pe ci es b y 20 18 a nd a ll ot he r lis te d pr io rit y ac tio ns ( Ta bl e 7 1, T ar ge t 9, p ag e 12 0) ne ed to b e m ai ns tr ea m ed a t a ll le ve ls a nd Im pl em en te d ac co rd in gl y (ii ) be c om pl im en te d st ro ng ly b y th e M ar in e P ar ks a nd R es er ve s A ct N o. 2 9 of 1 99 4, t he W ild lif e C on se rv at io n A ct N o. 5 o f 20 09 , th e F or es t A ct 2 00 2, T he N at io na l P ar ks A ct N o. 1 1 of 2 00 3, N go ro ng or o C on se rv at io n A re a O rd in an ce N o 41 3 of 1 95 9 an d th e E nv iro nm en ta l M an ag em en t A ct of 20 04 by ad di ng se ct io ns o n th e A ct s th at a dd re ss e xo tic /a lie n/ in va si ve sp ec ie s as s ug ge st ed NATIONAL INVASIVE SPECIES STRATEGY AND ACTION PLAN (NISSAP)124 S /N P ol ic y & le ga l fr am ew or k ca te go ry S ec tio n of R el ev an cy D eg re e of re le va nc y to In va si ve s pe ci es R ec om m en da tio ns 3 S tr at eg y on U rg en t A ct io ns o n La nd D eg ra da tio n an d W at er C at ch m en ts (2 00 6) Id en tifi ed 1 2 pr ob le m s on la nd d eg ra da tio n an d w at er ca tc hm en ts an d th ei r im pl em en ta tio n st ra te gi es N ot a dd re ss ed T he s tr at eg y ne ed s (i) t o ad dr es s ex ot ic /a lie n/ in va si ve as it is a m on g th e ca us es o f l an d an d w at er c at ch m en ts de gr ad at io n (ii ) to b e st ro ng ly c om pl em en te d by t he M ar in e P ar ks a nd R es er ve s A ct N o. 2 9 of 1 99 4, W at er R es ou rc e M an ag em en t A ct N o. 1 1 of 2 00 9, t he V ill ag e La nd A ct N o. 5 o f 1 99 9, th e E nv iro nm en ta l M an ag em en t A ct o f 2 00 4 by a dd in g se ct io ns o n th e A ct s th at a dd re ss ex ot ic /a lie n/ in va si ve s pe ci es a s su gg es te d 4 A gr ic ul tu re s ec to r D ev el op m en t S tr at eg y (2 01 6 20 25 ) IR 4. 4 (a ). S ta te on ea rly w ar ni ng sy st em an d pe st a nd d is ea se s ur ve ill an ce s ys te m f or ea rly d et ec tio n of d is as te r; ( e) S tr en gt he ni ng co lla bo ra tio n w ith re gi on al an d in te rn at io na l or ga ni za tio n fo r ea rly d et ec tio n on m ig ra to ry di se as e an d pe st fr om n ei gh bo rin g co un tr y P ar tia lly ad dr es se d T he s tr at eg y ne ed (i ) t o be re vi ew ed to a dd re ss is su es o f ex ot ic /a lie n/ in va si ve s pe ci es c on tr ol a nd m an ag em en t (ii ) to b e st ro ng ly c om pl em en te d by P la nt P ro te ct io n A ct N o. 1 3 of 1 99 7 an d Ta nz an ia A gr ic ul tu ra l R es ea rc h In st itu te A ct o f 2 01 6 5 T he T an za ni a D ev el op m en t V is io n 20 25 Ta rg et s 3. 3: S ta te t ha t, T he f as t gr ow th o f th e co m pe tit iv e ec on om y w ill b e pe rs ua de w hi le ef fe ct iv el y re ve rs in g cu rr en t ad ve rs e tr en ds in t he l os s an d de gr ad at io n of E nv iro nm en ta l R es ou rc es ( su ch a s F or es ts , F is he rie s, F re sh w at er , C lim at e, S oi ls , B io di ve rs ity an d th e ac cu m ul at io n of h az ar do us s ub st an ce s” P ar tia lly ad dr es se d T he v is io n ne ed ( i) to a dd re ss i ss ue s of e xo tic /a lie n/ in va si ve s pe ci es c on tr ol a nd m an ag em en t ( ii) to a dd re ss ef fe ct s of a lie n an d in va si ve s pe ci es o n de ve lo pm en t 6 Ta nz an ia N at io na l F iv e Ye ar D ev el op m en t P la n 20 16 /1 7 – 20 20 /2 1 S ec t. 4. 2. 6 (i) (c ) P ro te ct in g, re st or in g an d pr om ot in g su st ai na bl e us e of te rr es tr ia l ec os ys te m s; su st ai na bl y m an ag in g fo re st s, co m ba tin g de se rt ifi ca tio n, an d ha lti ng an d re ve rs in g la nd de gr ad at io n an d ha lti ng bi od iv er si ty lo ss . ( ii) ( b) E nf or ce m en t of en vi ro nm en ta l im pa ct as se ss m en ts (E IA s) , S tr at eg ic E nv iro nm en ta l Im pa ct A ss es sm en ts (S E IA s) a nd o th er e nv iro nm en ta l l aw s. P ar tia lly ad dr es se d T he p la n ne ed ( i) to a dd re ss i ss ue s of e xo tic /a lie n/ in va si ve s pe ci es c on tr ol a nd m an ag em en t ( ii) to a dd re ss ef fe ct s of a lie n an d in va si ve s pe ci es o n de ve lo pm en t NATIONAL INVASIVE SPECIES STRATEGY AND ACTION PLAN (NISSAP) 125 S /N P ol ic y & le ga l fr am ew or k ca te go ry S ec tio n of R el ev an cy D eg re e of re le va nc y to In va si ve s pe ci es R ec om m en da tio ns 7 S A D C R eg io na l bi od iv er si ty s tr at eg y S ec t. 2. 3. 7 (b ) S A D C B io di ve rs ity S up po rt P ro gr am m e. I ts o bj ec tiv e is t o en ha nc e an d/ or es ta bl is h ca pa ci ty a nd in st itu tio na l m ec ha ni sm s th at e na bl e M em be r S ta te s to c ol la bo ra te i n re gi on al b io di ve rs ity c on se rv at io n; t o pr ev en t an d co nt ro l t he s pr ea d of In va si ve A lie n S pe ci es ; an d to ap pl y A cc es s an d B en efi t S ha rin g pr in ci pl es F ul l a dd re ss ed N ee d fo r ad op tio n an d im pl em en ta tio n on p re ve nt io n, er ad ic at io n an d co nt ro l m ea su re s of al ie n in va si ve sp ec ie s R at ifi ed M ul til at er al A gr ee m en ts 1 C on ve nt io n on B io lo gi ca l D iv er si ty (1 99 6) A rt ic le 8 ( h) , E ac h co nt ra ct in g pa rt y sh al l as fa r as p os si bl e an d as a pp ro pr ia te p re ve nt t he in tr od uc tio n of , co nt ro l o r er ad ic at e th os e al ie n sp ec ie s w hi ch th re at en e co sy st em s, h ab ita ts o r sp ec ie s F ul ly a dd re ss ed Im pl em en ta tio n of i ts a do pt io n fr om A ic hi a gr ee m en t by N B S A P n ee ds t o be i m pl em en te d an d ch an ne le d ac co rd in gl y 2 In te rn at io na l P la nt P ro te ct io n C on ve nt io n (1 95 1) A rt ic le I( 1) . W ith th e pu rp os e of s ec ur in g co m m on an d ef fe ct iv e ac tio n to p re ve nt t he s pr ea d an d in tr od uc tio n of p es ts o f p la nt s an d pl an t p ro du ct s, an d to p ro m ot e ap pr op ria te m ea su re s fo r th ei r co nt ro l. T he IP P C pr ov id es an in te rn at io na l fr am ew or k fo r pl an t pr ot ec tio n th at in cl ud es de ve lo pi ng I nt er na tio na l S ta nd ar ds f or P hy to sa ni ta ry M ea su re s (I S P M s) fo r sa fe gu ar di ng pl an t r es ou rc es . I S P M s de ve lo pe d as o f 3 1 Ju ly 20 09 i nc lu de s ta nd ar ds f or : pe st s ur ve ill an ce , su rv ey a nd m on ito rin g, i m po rt r eg ul at io ns a nd pe st r is k an al ys is , co m pl ia nc e pr oc ed ur es a nd ph yt o sa ni ta ry i ns pe ct io n m et ho do lo gi es , po st en tr y qu ar an tin e an d ex ot ic p es t em er ge nc y re sp on se , c on tr ol a nd e ra di ca tio n F ul ly a dd re ss ed Im pl em en ta tio n is re qu ire d (i) IP P C co m m un ic at io n ch an ne l f or e ar ly w ar ni ng o n pe st s i.e . p re se nc e of fo ca l po in ts /p er so ns n ee ds to b e ad op te d by r el ev an t s ec to rs (ii ) be c om pl im en te d st ro ng ly b y P la nt P ro te ct io n A ct N o. 1 3 of 1 99 7 an d ot he r re le va nt le ga l f ra m ew or ks b y ad di ng s ec tio ns o n th e A ct s th at a dd re ss e xo tic /a lie n/ in va si ve s pe ci es a s su gg es te d 3 U ni te d N at io ns F ra m ew or k C on ve nt io n on C lim at e C ha ng e (1 99 2) To m iti ga te a nd a da pt t o cl im at e ch an ge t o en su re s us ta in ab le f oo d pr od uc tio n as w el l as su st ai na bl e de ve lo pm en t N ot a dd re ss ed N ee d to ( ii) in cl ud e a co m pr eh en si ve s ec tio n ad dr es si ng so re ly on is su es pe rt ai ni ng to in va si ve sp ec ie s (m an ag em en t/c on ta in m en t et c) (ii ) be co m pl im en te d st ro ng ly b y th e E nv iro nm en ta l M an ag em en t A ct o f 2 00 4 an d ot he r re le va nt le ga l f ra m ew or ks b y ad di ng s ec tio ns on t he A ct s th at a dd re ss e xo tic /a lie n/ in va si ve s pe ci es as s ug ge st ed NATIONAL INVASIVE SPECIES STRATEGY AND ACTION PLAN (NISSAP)126 S /N P ol ic y & le ga l fr am ew or k ca te go ry S ec tio n of R el ev an cy D eg re e of re le va nc y to In va si ve s pe ci es R ec om m en da tio ns 4 T he U ni te d N at io ns C on ve nt io n to C om ba t D es er tifi ca tio n (1 99 6) To c om ba t de se rt ifi ca tio n an d re du ce e ffe ct s of d ro ug ht s in c ou nt rie s ex pe rie nc in g se rio us dr ou gh t an d/ or de se rt ifi ca tio n, pa rt ic ul ar ly in A fr ic a N ot a dd re ss ed N ee d to (i i) in cl ud e a co m pr eh en si ve s ec tio n ad dr es si ng so re ly o n is su es p er ta in in g to i nv as iv e sp ec ie s as a n en vi ro nm en ta l sh oc k (ii ) be c om pl im en te d st ro ng ly b y th e E nv iro nm en ta l M an ag em en t A ct o f 20 04 a nd o th er re le va nt le ga l f ra m ew or ks b y ad di ng s ec tio ns o n th e A ct s th at a dd re ss e xo tic /a lie n/ in va si ve s pe ci es a s su gg es te d 5 R am sa r C on ve nt io n on W et la nd s (1 97 5) In fo rm s co ns er va tio n an d w is e us e of w et la nd s an d th ei r re so ur ce s P ar tia lly ad dr es se d N ee d to (i i) in cl ud e a co m pr eh en si ve s ec tio n ad dr es si ng so re ly on is su es pe rt ai ni ng to in va si ve sp ec ie s (m an ag em en t/c on ta in m en t, et c. ) (ii ) be c om pl im en te d st ro ng ly b y th e E nv iro nm en ta l M an ag em en t A ct o f 2 00 4 an d ot he r re le va nt le ga l f ra m ew or ks b y ad di ng s ec tio ns on t he A ct s th at a dd re ss e xo tic /a lie n/ in va si ve s pe ci es as s ug ge st ed 6 U N E S C O W or ld H er ita ge C on ve nt io n) C on ve nt io n fo r P ro te ct io n of W or ld C ul tu ra l a nd N at ur al H er ita ge ( 19 72 ) In fo rm s of th e es ta bl is hm en t of an ef fe ct iv e sy st em f or t he c ol le ct iv e pr ot ec tio n of c ul tu ra l an d na tu ra l he rit ag e of o ut st an di ng u ni ve rs al va lu e P ar tia lly ad dr es se d N ee d to b e re vi se d to ( ii) i nc lu de a c om pr eh en si ve se ct io n ad dr es si ng so re ly on is su es pe rt ai ni ng to in va si ve s pe ci es ( m an ag em en t/c on ta in m en t et c) (ii ) be co m pl im en te d st ro ng ly by ot he r re le va nt le ga l fr am ew or ks b y ad di ng s ec tio ns o n th e A ct s th at a dd re ss ex ot ic /a lie n/ in va si ve s pe ci es a s su gg es te d 7 C on ve nt io n on In te rn at io na l T ra de in E nd an ge re d S pe ci es of W ild F au na a nd F lo ra ( 19 75 ) In te rn at io na l t ra de in s pe ci m en s of w ild a ni m al s an d pl an ts do es no t th re at en th e sp ec ie s’ su rv iv al . P ar tia lly ad dr es se d N ee d to b e re vi se d to ( ii) i nc lu de a c om pr eh en si ve se ct io n ad dr es si ng so re ly on is su es pe rt ai ni ng to in va si ve sp ec ie s (m an ag em en t/c on ta in m en t et c) (ii ) S ec tio n fo r ha nd lin g sp ec ie s th at a re e nd an ge re d bu t po te nt ia lly i nv as iv e (ii i) be c om pl im en te d st ro ng ly b y ot he r re le va nt le ga l f ra m ew or ks b y ad di ng s ec tio ns o n th e A ct s th at a dd re ss e xo tic /a lie n/ in va si ve s pe ci es a s su gg es te d 8 C on ve nt io n on S us ta in ab le M an ag em en t o f L ak e Ta ng an yi ka ( 20 03 ) S ec t. 10 (1 )( b) . to pr ev en t th e in tr od uc tio n of , co nt ro l an d er ad ic at e ex ot ic s pe ci es t ha t th re at en e co sy st em s, h ab ita ts o r sp ec ie s an d th e ge ne tic r es ou rc es th at fo rm p ar t o f t he L ak e B as in .. to p re ve nt t he d el ib er at e or a cc id en ta l in tr od uc tio n of s pe ci es i nt o ar ea s of t he L ak e B as in in w hi ch th ey d o no t n at ur al ly o cc ur F ul ly a dd re ss ed Im pl em en ta tio n is re qu ire d, sh ou ld be al ig ne d w ith (i) t he E nv iro nm en ta l M an ag em en t A ct o f 20 04 a nd ot he r re le va nt A ct s by a dd in g se ct io ns o n th e A ct s th at ad dr es s ex ot ic /a lie n/ in va si ve sp ec ie s as su gg es te d (ii ) G ui de lin es f or e ar ly d et ec tio n, p re ve nt io n, c on tr ol , aw ar en es s cr ea tio n an d ca pa ci ty b ui ld in g fo r ex ot ic / in va si ve s pe ci es s ho ul d be fo rm ul at ed NATIONAL INVASIVE SPECIES STRATEGY AND ACTION PLAN (NISSAP) 127 S /N P ol ic y & le ga l fr am ew or k ca te go ry S ec tio n of R el ev an cy D eg re e of re le va nc y to In va si ve s pe ci es R ec om m en da tio ns 9 C on ve nt io n C on ce rn in g th e P ro te ct io n of th e W or ld C ul tu ra l a nd N at ur al H er ita ge (T he W or ld H er ita ge C on ve nt io n) ( 19 72 ) E st ab lis h an e ffe ct iv e sy st em f or t he c ol le ct iv e pr ot ec tio n of c ul tu ra l an d na tu ra l he rit ag e of ou ts ta nd in g un iv er sa l v al ue P ar tia lly ad dr es se d N ee d to b e up da te d to ( i) in cl ud e a co m pr eh en si ve se ct io n ad dr es si ng s or el y on in va si ve s pe ci es a s am on g th e th re at s to W or ld c ul tu ra l an d N at ur al h er ita ge ( ii) S ho ul d pr ov id e gu id el in es fo r e ar ly d et ec tio n, p re ve nt io n, co nt ro l, aw ar en es s cr ea tio n an d ca pa ci ty b ui ld in g fo r ex ot ic /in va si ve s pe ci es ( iii ) be c om pl im en te d st ro ng ly by o th er r el ev an t le ga l f ra m ew or ks b y ad di ng s ec tio ns on t he A ct s th at a dd re ss e xo tic /a lie n/ in va si ve s pe ci es as s ug ge st ed 10 W TO S an ita ry a nd P hy to s an ita ry A gr ee m en t A rt ic le 2( 1) M em be rs ha ve th e rig ht to ta ke sa ni ta ry an d ph yt o sa ni ta ry m ea su re s ne ce ss ar y fo r t he p ro te ct io n of h um an , a ni m al o r pl an t l ife o r h ea lth , p ro vi de d th at s uc h m ea su re s ar e no t in co ns is te nt w ith t he p ro vi si on s of t hi s A gr ee m en t F ul ly a dd re ss ed O ur r eg ul at io n sh ou ld a do pt f ul ly t he i ss ue o f sa ni ta ry an d ph yt o sa ni ta ry to a dd re ss a lie n an d in va si ve s pe ci es 11 S A D E C P ro to co l on W ild lif e C on se rv at io n an d La w E nf or ce m en t o f 19 99 T he p ro to co l i s si le nt o n in va si ve s pe ci es N ot a dd re ss ed R ev ie w o f t he p ro to co l is im m in en t s o as to a dd re ss is su es pe rt ai ni ng to ex ot ic / in va si ve sp ec ie s, th e re vi ew ed pr ot oc ol s ho ul d al ig n w ith W ild lif e C on se rv at io n po lic y, re gu la tio ns a nd o th er r el ev an t re gu la tio ns t o ad dr es s ex ot ic /a lie n/ in va si ve s pe ci es a s re co m m en de d ab ov e 12 Lu sa ka A gr ee m en t on C oo pe ra tiv e E nf or ce m en t C oo pe ra tio n D ire ct ed at Il le ga l T ra de o f W ild F au na a nd F lo ra 19 94 G en er al c on se rv at io n of w ild fa un a an d flo ra P ar tia lly ad dr es se d T he p ro to co l s ho ul d be re vi ew ed s o as to a dd re ss is su es pe rt ai ni ng to e xo tic / i nv as iv e sp ec ie s (ii ) sh ou ld in cl ud e a se ct io n on c ol le ct iv e re sp on si bi lit y in c om ba tin g ex ot ic / in va si ve s pe ci es ( iii ) th e re vi ew ed p ro to co l s ho ul d al ig n w ith W ild lif e C on se rv at io n po lic y, r eg ul at io ns a nd o th er re le va nt re gu la tio ns to ad dr es s ex ot ic /a lie n/ in va si ve sp ec ie s as r ec om m en de d ab ov e 13 T he A gr ee m en t o f th e C on se rv at io n of A fr ic an E ur as ia n M ig ra to ry W at er B ird s (A E W A ) ( 19 99 ) A nn ex 3 : (4 ) 4. 3. 11 S ta te o n pa rt ie s to t ak e m ea su re s to t ac kl e th re at s to m ig ra to ry w at er bi rd s on o th er t hi ng s in cl ud in g en vi ro nm en ta l as se ss m en t fo r de ve lo pm en ts th at th re at en w et la nd s of im po rt an ce fo r w at er bi rd s, in tr od uc tio n of no n na tiv e an d po te nt ia lly in va si ve s pe ci es F ul ly a dd re ss ed N ee ds to b e im pl em en te d by a dd re ss in g ex ot ic / i nv as iv e sp ec ie s in a ll re le va nt p ol ic y an d le ga l fr am ew or ks a s su gg es te d un de r p ol ic y, A ct s an d re gu la tio n fie ld s ab ov e NATIONAL INVASIVE SPECIES STRATEGY AND ACTION PLAN (NISSAP)128 S /N P ol ic y & le ga l fr am ew or k ca te go ry S ec tio n of R el ev an cy D eg re e of re le va nc y to In va si ve s pe ci es R ec om m en da tio ns 14 T he C ar ta ge na P ro to co l o n B io sa fe ty ( 20 03 ) A rt ic le 8 . 1. T he P ar ty o f ex po rt s ha ll no tif y, or r eq ui re t he e xp or te r to e ns ur e no tifi ca tio n to , in w rit in g, t he c om pe te nt n at io na l au th or ity of t he P ar ty o f im po rt p rio r to t he i nt en tio na l tr an sb ou nd ar y m ov em en t of liv in g m od ifi ed or ga ni sm s. A rt ic le 1 4. P ar tie s m ay e nt er i nt o bi la te ra l, re gi on al a nd m ul til at er al a gr ee m en ts an d ar ra ng em en ts re ga rd in g in te nt io na l tr an sb ou nd ar y m ov em en ts of liv in g m od ifi ed or ga ni sm s. A rt ic le 1 7. E ac h P ar ty s ha ll ta ke ap pr op ria te m ea su re s to no tif y af fe ct ed or po te nt ia lly a ffe ct ed S ta te s, w he n it kn ow s of an o cc ur re nc e un de r its j ur is di ct io n re su lti ng in a r el ea se t ha t le ad s, o r m ay l ea d, t o an un in te nt io na l tr an sb ou nd ar y m ov em en t of a liv in g m od ifi ed o rg an is m t ha t is l ik el y to h av e si gn ifi ca nt a dv er se e ffe ct s on t he c on se rv at io n an d su st ai na bl e us e of bi ol og ic al di ve rs ity , ta ki ng a ls o in to a cc ou nt ri sk s to h um an h ea lth in su ch S ta te s. O th er a rt cl e, 12 ,1 5, 16 P ar tia lly ad dr es se d T he p ro to co l sh ou ld b e re vi se d so a s to a ls o in cl ud e is su es p er ta in in g to e xo tic / in va si ve s pe ci es ( ii) s ho ul d in cl ud e a se ct io n se ct io ns o n co lle ct iv e re sp on si bi lit y in c om ba tin g ex ot ic /in va si ve s pe ci es ( iii ) th e re vi se d pr ot oc ol sh ou ld al ig n w ith ot he r av ai la bl e re le va nt po lic ie s an d le ga l fr am ew or ks u nd er d iff er en t se ct or / in st itu tio ns 15 T he c on ve nt io n on th e P re ve nt io n of M ar in e P ol lu tio n fr om sh ip s (M A R P O L) (1 97 5) R eg ul at io n 10 , pa ge 8 1 O il ta nk er s en te rin g sp ec ia l ar ea s fo r th e pu rp os e of l oa di ng s ha ll m ak e ev er y ef fo rt t o en te r th e ar ea w ith o nl y cl ea n ba lla st on bo ar d P ag e 24 5 (6 ). T he di sc ha rg e in to th e se a of s ub st an ce s w hi ch h av e no t b ee n ca te go riz ed , p ro vi si on al ly a ss es se d or ev al ua te d as r ef er re d to i n re gu la tio n 4 (1 ) of th is A nn ex , or o f ba lla st w at er , ta nk w as hi ng s, or o th er r es id ue s or m ix tu re s co nt ai ni ng s uc h su bs ta nc es s ha ll be p ro hi bi te d P ar tia lly ad dr es se d T he c on ve nt io n sh ou ld a ls o ad dr es s ex ot ic / in va si ve sp ec ie s m ar in e po llu tio n fr om sh ip s by in cl ud in g a se ct io n/ s ec tio ns t ha t w ill t as k pa rt ie s to e ns ur e no in tr od uc tio n of e xo tic / i nv as iv e sp ec ie s. T he c on ve nt io n ag re em en t sh ou ld be co m pl em en te d by ex is tin g re le va nt p ol ic y an d le ga l f ra m ew or ks NATIONAL INVASIVE SPECIES STRATEGY AND ACTION PLAN (NISSAP) 129 S /N P ol ic y & le ga l fr am ew or k ca te go ry S ec tio n of R el ev an cy D eg re e of re le va nc y to In va si ve s pe ci es R ec om m en da tio ns 16 T he U ni te d N at io ns C on ve nt io n on L aw of th e S ea , M on te go B ay ( 19 94 ) A rt ic le 1 96 . 1. S ta te s sh al l ta ke a ll m ea su re s ne ce ss ar y to pr ev en t, re du ce an d co nt ro l po llu tio n of t he m ar in e en vi ro nm en t re su lti ng fr om th e us e of te ch no lo gi es un de r th ei r ju ris di ct io n or co nt ro l, or th e in te nt io na l or ac ci de nt al in tr od uc tio n of s pe ci es , a lie n or n ew , to a p ar tic ul ar p ar t of t he m ar in e en vi ro nm en t, w hi ch m ay ca us e si gn ifi ca nt an d ha rm fu l ch an ge s th er et o F ul ly a dd re ss ed Im pl em en ta tio n is re qu ire d (i) it s ho ul d be c om pl im en te d st ro ng ly by T he N at io na l P ar ks po lic y an d le ga l fr am ew or ks , M ar in e P ar ks a nd R es er ve s A ct N o. 2 9 of 19 94 , T he S ur fa ce a nd M ar in e Tr an sp or t R eg ul at or y A ut ho rit y A ct 2 00 1 an d ot he r re le va nt le ga l f ra m ew or ks by a dd in g se ct io ns o n th e A ct s th at a dd re ss e xo tic /a lie n/ in va si ve s pe ci es a s su gg es te d (ii ) R el ev an t r eg ul at io ns sh ou ld en su re c om pl ia nc e w ith t he l aw b y st at in g pe na lti es to w ho ev er c au se d in tr od uc tio n of e xo tic /a lie n sp ec ie s 17 M er ch an t S hi pp in g (B al la st W at er M an ag em en t C on ve nt io n) R eg ul at io ns , 2 01 7 S ec t. 5 11 P ro vi de s fo r B al la st w at er m an ag em en t P la n; B al la st w at er r ec or d B oo k; B al la st w at er d is ch ar ge ; ex ch an ge ; Tr ea tm en t; an d D is ch ar ge to r ec ep tio n fa ci lit ie s N ot a dd re ss ed It sh ou ld be co m pl im en te d st ro ng ly by th e M ar in e P ar ks a nd R es er ve s A ct N o. 2 9 of 1 99 4, t he S ur fa ce an d M ar in e Tr an sp or t R eg ul at or y A ut ho rit y A ct 2 00 1 an d ot he r re le va nt le ga l f ra m ew or ks b y ad di ng s ec tio ns on t he A ct s th at a dd re ss e xo tic /a lie n/ in va si ve s pe ci es as s ug ge st ed ( ii) R el ev an t re gu la tio ns s ho ul d e ns ur e co m pl ia nc e w ith th e la w b y st at in g pe na lti es to w ho ev er ca us ed in tr od uc tio n of e xo tic /a lie n sp ec ie s NATIONAL INVASIVE SPECIES STRATEGY AND ACTION PLAN (NISSAP)130 Appendix 5: A list of consulted individuals and their organizations S/No. List of stakeholders Location Mode of information gathering 1. LVEMPII – Lake Victoria Environmental Management Project Mwanza Visit 2. ECHO Tanzania Arusha Visit 3. Tropical Pesticides Research Institute Arusha Questionnaires 4. Woody Weeds Project (CABI) Moshi Visit 5. Ngorongoro Conservation Area Authority Ngorongoro Visit 6. Ngorongoro District Council Ngorongoro Visit 7. National Biological Control Unit Kibaha Visit 8. Tanzania National Park (All) Meru Questionnaires 9. Kongwa District Council Kongwa Visit 10. Amani Nature Reserve Muheza Visit 11. Serengeti District Council Serengeti Visit 12. Marine Parks Authority Dar es Salaam Visit 13. Mweka Wildlife college Kilimanjaro Questionnaires 14. Plant health service (PHS)- MOA Dodoma Questionnaires 15. TACRI Kilimanjaro Questionnaires 16. Tanzania Tree Seeds Agency (TTSA) Morogoro Visit & Questionnaires 17. Tanzania Fisheries Research Institute (TAFIRI) Dare Es Salaam & Kigoma) Visit & Quesrionnaires 18. WWF Dar es Salaam Visit 19. Kilimanjaro Region Head Office (Regional Admistrative Secretary Office) Moshi Visit 20. Saadani National Park Tanga/Pwani Visit 21. TANROADS MOSHI Kilimanjaro Visit 22. TAFORI Moshi Visit 23. Pangani Basin Water Boardy - Moshi Moshi Visit 24. Meru District Council (Ngarenanyuki) Meru Visit 25. Tanzania Fisheries Research Institute (TAFIRI) Dar es Salaam, Headquarters Visit 26. UNEP (Country Office) Dar es Salaam Visit 27. UNDP (Country Office) Dar es Salaam Visit 28. Dr. Benjamin Ngatunga (Ret. TAFIRI CEO) Dar es Salaam Interview 29. Wildlife Conservation Society Tanzania Kitulo NP Questionnaires 30. Chome Nature Reserve Same Questionnaires 31. Tanzania Forest Service Dar es Salaam Questionnaires 32. Tanzania Natural Resource Forum Arusha Visit 33. MVIWATA Morogoro Visit 34. AWF Dar es Salaam Visit 35. UNDP Dar es Salaam Visit 36. ICRAF Dar es Salaam Visit 37. IUCN Dar es Salaam Visit 38. Sopa Lodges Arusha Visit 39. Serena Hotels Arusha Visit 40. Tanzania Wildlife Research Institute Arusha Questionnaires 41. Tanzania Forestry Research Institute Morogoro Questionnaires NATIONAL INVASIVE SPECIES STRATEGY AND ACTION PLAN (NISSAP) 131 S/No. List of stakeholders Location Mode of information gathering 42. Tanzania Fisheries Research Institute Mwanza Questionnaires 43. National Environment Management Council Dar es Salaam Questionnaires 44. Sokoine University of Agriculture Morogoro Visit 45. Institute of Resource Assessment Dar es Salaam Questionnaires 46. University of Dar es Salaam Dar es Salaam Questionnaires 47. Tanzania Tree Seed Agency Morogoro Questionnaires 48. University of Dodoma Dodoma Questionnaires 49. Fisheries Education and Training Agency Mwanza Visit 50. Nelson Mandela University of Science and Technology Arusha Questionnaires 51. Livestock Multiplication Unit Mabuki (Mwanza) Visit 52. TARI Ukirigulu (Mwanza) Visit 53. Missenyi District Council Kagera Visit 54. Burigi, Biharamulo and Kimisi National Parks Lake Zone Visit NATIONAL INVASIVE SPECIES STRATEGY AND ACTION PLAN (NISSAP)132 Appendix 6: Dodoso Kuhusu Viumbe Vamizi/Wageni kwa Kushirikisha Wadau na Viongozi wa Taasisi Mbalimbali Nchini Viumbe Viumbe wageni/vamizi: Viumbe ambao sio wa asili katika eneo husika ambaokuwapo kwake kunaleta madhara katika mazingira, huduma, afya na uchumi. 1. Jina la Mdau au Kundi........................................................... 2. Nafasi yako / Mahali ulipo...................................................... 3. Je unajua nini maana ya viumbe vamizi? ......................................................................................... 4. Ninyi mmejihusisha/mnajihusisha zaidi na viumbe gani vamizi?........................................................................................ 5. Je,viumbe vamizi muwajuao ni wa asili ama wageni katika eneo husika?..................................................................................................... 6. Unadhani ni njia gani zilizopelekea kuingia kwa viumbe hao? Ama nini chanzo cha viumbe hao kuwa vamizi katika eneo husika?....................................................................................................... 7. Je unaona ni sektta ipi imeathiriwa zaidi na viumbe vamizi na ni kwanini unaonahivyo?.................................................................................................. 8. Shughuli /Miradi gani inayofanyika au inayoendelea kufanyika kuhusiana na viumbe wageni na vamizi? .................................................................................................................. 9Tafadhali orodhesha na kututumia takwimu/ taarifa au machapisho yoyotemliyonayo kuhusiana na viumbe wageni na vamizi katika sekta yenu ………………………………………………………………. 10. Je, mmeona madhara gani ya uwepo wa viumbe wageni na vamizi katika sekta yenu na nchi kwa ujumla?............................................................................................................. 11. Je mmeona faida gani ya uwepo wa viumbe wageni na vamizi katika sekta yenu na nchi kwa ujumla? …………………………………………………………………… 12. Eleza njia gani zinatumika/zimetumika kudhibiti viumbe hivyo vamizi na ufanisi wake? ………………… ………………………………………………………………… 13. Je, kuna mbinu zozote za asili zinazotumika kukabiliana na viumbe vamizi/ wageni?........................................................................................... 14. Pamoja na mbinu zinazotumika/tajwa hapo juu, je, nini mapendekezo yako/yenu juu ya mbinu nyingine?..................................................................................... 15. Je, mnapataje taarifa au mnaperekaje taarifa za viumbe wageni na vamizi kwa taasisi nyingine mnazoshirikiana nazo?............................................................................. 16. Eleza aina ya ushirikiano mlio nao baina yenu na wadau wengine katika kukabiliana na viumbe wageni/vamizi.………………………………………………………………………………… 17. Nini maoni yako au yenu juu ya madhara pindi viumbe wageni/vamizi watakapoondolewa au kudhibitiwa?............................................................................ 18. Eleza endapo una/mna mpango kazi wowote wa namna ya kutatua changamoto za viumbe wageni na vamizi katika maeneo yenu/sekta yenu………......................................................................................... 19. Je kuna mapendekezo yoyote ya kisheria kuhusiana na utatuzi wa changamoto za viumbe wageni na vamizi?................………………………………………………………. 20. Eleza ushirikishwaji wa jamii katika maeneo yako/yenu katika kuelimisha jinsi ya kukabiliana na viumbe wageni na vamizi……………………………………...................................................... 21. Nini maoni au ushauri wako/wenu kuhusu hatua za kuchukua katika kudhibiti viumbe wageni/vamizi katika maeneo yenu?.............................. Nakushuru sana kwa muda wako NATIONAL INVASIVE SPECIES STRATEGY AND ACTION PLAN (NISSAP) 133 Appendix 7: List of Participants in the Consultative Workshop conducted between 8th and 9th January 2019 in Morogoro SN. NAME SECTOR MINISTRIES/INSTITUTION REGION Mr. Rogasian Lukoa PO- RALG Dodoma Ms. Imelda Ukugani Vice president’s office; DoE Dodoma Mr.Timotheo Mande Vice president’s office; DoE Dodoma Mr.Said Maurussu Ministry of works, transport and communication (transport sector) Dodoma Eng. Chacha Haroun Ministry of works, transport and communication (works ) Dodoma Ms.Blandina Mkayula Ministry of science, education and higher learning institution Dodoma Ms.Anna Sekiete Ministry of health, gender, community development, elderly and children Dodoma Ms.Beatrice Pallangyo Ministry of agriculture Dodoma Dr. Mary Kishe Ministry of livestock and fisheries development (fisheries), Dodoma Mr.Deogratias Gambago Ministry of livestock and fisheries development (livestock) Dodoma Ms. Praxeda Paul Ministry of Water Dodoma Mr. Ansbert Rwamahe Ministry of natural resources and tourism (wildlife) Dodoma Ms.Flora Akwilapo NEMC DSM Dr. Abel Masota TFS DSM Mr. Harun Makandi COSTECH DSM Dr. Emma Liwenga UDSM – IRA DSM Mr. Godwell Meing’atakI TANAPA Arusha Dr. Anthony Sengeda SUA Morogoro Ms. Beatrice Benjamin Mweka Wildlife Colledge KIlimanjaro Dr. Wilfred Marealle TAWIRI Arusha Mr.Hillary Mushi NCA Arusha Mr.Fandey Mashimba TTSA Morogoro Dr. Ephrem Njau TPRI Arusha Dr. Siima Bakengesa TAFORI Morogoro Dr. Francis Moyo Nelson Mandela African Institute of Science and Technology- NM-AIST Arusha Dr. Ismael Kimerei TAFIRI DSM Mr.Charles Bonaventure ECHO Arusha Mr. Erick Joseph TAHA Arusha Mr. Ndelekwa Kaaya GUGU KAROTI Arusha Dr. Zabron Nziku TALIRI Dodoma Ms.Zena Mwankemwa TOSCI HQ Morogoro Dr. Benjamin Ngatunga Private sector DSM Dr. Evarist Makene TARI Dodoma Mr.Aloyce Mpinge TAWA Morogoro NATIONAL INVASIVE SPECIES STRATEGY AND ACTION PLAN (NISSAP)134 Appendix 8: List of invasive and potential invasive species of Tanzania Organism Origin Total Alien Native Animalia 36 3 39 Bird 1 1 2 Corvus splendens X x Quelea quelea x x Fish 22 2 24 Acanthaster planci X x Anguilla anguilla X x Anguilla bengalensis benglensis X x Clarias gariepinus x x Coptodon rendalli x x Coptodon zillii X x Crassostrea gigas X x Ctenopharyngodon idella X x Cyprinus carpio X x Lates niloticus X x Leiostomus xanthurus X x Lutjanus kasmira X x Macrobranchium idella X x Macrobranchium rosenbergii X x Micropterus salmoides X x Mnemiopsis leidyi X x Musculista senhousia X x Oncorhynchus mykiss X x Oreochromis leucostictus X x Oreochromis niloticus X x Phalloceros caudimaculatus X x Poecilia reticulate X x Procambarus clarkia X x Salmo trutta X x Insect 12 1 13 Alcaeus varicornis X x Bactrocera dorsalis X x Chrysomya bezziana x x Cinara cupressi sensu lato X x Culex quinquefasciatus X x Icerya purchasi X x Leptocybe invasa X x Paranaleptes reticulata X x Phenacoccus manihoti X x Pineus pini X x Spodoptera frugiperda X x Thaumastocoris peregrinus X x Tuta absoluta X x Mammal 1 1 NATIONAL INVASIVE SPECIES STRATEGY AND ACTION PLAN (NISSAP) 135 Organism Origin Total Alien Native Rattus rattus X x Fungi 2 2 Fungi 2 2 Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cubense X x Mycosphaerella fijiensis X x Plantae 164 15 179 Cactus 4 4 Austrocylindropuntia subulata X x Opuntia humifusa var. humifusa X x Opuntia monacantha X x Opuntia vulgaris X x Climber 5 1 6 Cardiospermum grandiflorum X x Cardiospermum halicacabum X x Dolichandra unguis-cati X x Landolphia owariensis x x Mimosa diplotricha X x Pyrostegia venusta X x Fern 3 3 Azolla filiculoides X x Azolla pinnata subsp.africana X x Selaginella biformis X x Grass 9 5 14 Arundo donax X x Chimonobambusa quadrangularis X x Digitaria leucites x x Eleusine jaegeri x x Imperata cylindrica x x Paspalum vaginatum X x Pennisetum clandestinum x x Pennisetum pedicellatum x x Phyllostachys bambusoides X x Phyllostachys nigra X x Phyllostachys reticulata X x Saccharum officinarum X x Sacciolepis indica X x Schizostachyum dullooa X x Herb 54 7 61 Agave americana X x Agave angustifolia X x Agave sisalana X x Ageratum conyzoides X x Ageratum houstonianum X x Alternanthera pungens X x Amaranthus hybridus X x Argemone mexicana X x NATIONAL INVASIVE SPECIES STRATEGY AND ACTION PLAN (NISSAP)136 Organism Origin Total Alien Native Argemone ochroleuca X x Astripomoea hyoscyamoides X x Bidens kilimandscharica X x Bidens pilosa X x Bidens schimperi x x Calotropis procera x x Capsella bursa-pastoris X x Catharanthus roseus X x Cedrella odorata X x Chromolaena odorata X x Cinchona pubescens X x Conyza floribunda X x Cordia alliodora X x Cosmos sulphureus X x Cyperus rotundus X x Datura erecta X x Datura ferox X x Datura metel X x Datura stramonium X x Eclipta alba X x Epipremnum pinnatum X x Erigeron karvinskianus X x Erigeron sumatrensis X x Fimbristylis littoralis X x Gomphrena celosioides X x Gutenbergia cordifolia x x Ipomoea cairica x x Ipomoea hildebrandtii x x Kalanchoe delagoensis X x Manihot carthaginensis X x Manihot esculenta X x Medicago laciniata X x Monstera deliciosa X x Murdannia nudiflora X x Musa paradisiaca X x Nasturtium officinale X x Parthenium hysterophorus X x Phyla nodiflora X x Polygala paniculata X x Sonchus asper X x Stachytarpheta jamaicensis X x Stachytarpheta urticifolia X x Striga asiatica x x Striga hermonthica x x Tagetes minuta X x Thunbergia grandiflora X x NATIONAL INVASIVE SPECIES STRATEGY AND ACTION PLAN (NISSAP) 137 Organism Origin Total Alien Native Tithonia diversifolia X x Trapa natans X x Tridax procumbens X x Verbena bonariensis X x Verbena officinalis X x Xanthium strumarium X x Xanthosoma sagittifolium X x Palm 4 4 Aiphanes horrida X x Areca catechu X x Arenga pinnata X x Elaeis guineensis X x Shrub 22 1 23 Acacia mearnsii X x Acer oblongum X x Caesalpinia decapetala X x Calotropis gigantea X x Camellia sinensis X x Cascabela thevetia X x Cascabela thevetia X x Cassia occidentalis X x Cinnamomum camphora X x Cinnamomum verum X x Clidemia hirta X x Jatropha curcas X x Lantana camara X x Lantana montevidensis X x Mimosa pigra X x Mimosa pudica X x Nicotiana glauca X x Psidium guajava X x Ricinus communis X x Rubus niveus X x Rubus rosifolius X x Senna multijuga X x Solanum incanum x x Tree 56 1 57 Acacia insulae-iacobi X x Acacia mangium X x Acacia melanoxylon X x Acacia zanzibarica X x Acrocarpus frainifolius X x Albizia chinensis X x Anacardium occidentale X x Annona cherimola X x Annona senegalensis X x NATIONAL INVASIVE SPECIES STRATEGY AND ACTION PLAN (NISSAP)138 Organism Origin Total Alien Native Artocarpus heterophyllus X x Azadirachta indica X x Bambusa bambos X x Brugmansia suaveolens X x Castilla elastica X x Casuarina equisetifolia X x Citrus aurantium X x Citrus limon X x Cupressus lusitanica X x Dalbergia sissoo X x Eriobotrya japonica X x Eucalyptus citriodora X x Eucalyptus globulus subsp. bicostata X x Eucalyptus maidenii subsp. globulus X x Eucalyptus panicula X x Eucalyptus saligna X x Euphobia tirucalii X x Grevilea robusta X x Hevea brasiliensis X x Hovenia dulcis X x Hura crepitans X x Jacaranda mimosifolia X x Lagerstroemia speciosa X x Leucaena leucocephala X x Maesopsis eminii X x Mangifera indica X x Melaleuca quinquenervia X x Melia azedarach X x Mutingia calabura X x Pinus caribaea X x Pinus patula X x Pinus radiata X x Piper hispidum X x Prosopis juliflora X x Psidium cattleianum X x Psidium guineense X x Schinus molle X x Schizolobium parahyba X x Senna siamea X x Senna spectabilis X x Spathodea campanulata x x Spondias mombin X x Syzygium aromaticum X x Syzygium jambos X x Syzygium malaccense X x Tectona grandis X x NATIONAL INVASIVE SPECIES STRATEGY AND ACTION PLAN (NISSAP) 139 Organism Origin Total Alien Native Theobroma cacao X x Toona ciliata X x Aquatic 2 2 Eichhornia crassipes X x Pistia stratiotes X x Algae 4 4 Amphidinium carterae X x Gambierdiscus toicus X x Kappaphycus spp X x Protocentrum arenarium X x Grand Total 202 18 220 NATIONAL INVASIVE SPECIES STRATEGY AND ACTION PLAN (NISSAP)140 Appendix 9: List of species that are known to be invasive in Tanzania S/N Scientific name Common name Local Name Life form Organism Alien/ Native 1 Acacia insulae-iacobi Acacia, algarrobo Mkesia Tree Plantae Alien 2 Acacia mangium Forest mangrove Mkesia Tree Plantae Alien 3 Acacia mearnsii Black wattle Mwati, Mbalikiwato Tree Plantae Alien 4 Acacia melanoxylon Blackwood Mtasimana, Mkababu Tree Plantae Alien 5 Acacia zanzibarica Coastal whistling thorn Mpiga mururu Tree Plantae Native 6 Areca catechu Areca palm Mpopoa Palm Plantae Alien 7 Arenga pinnata Black sugar palm Ale, Maale Palm Plantae Alien 8 Argemone mexicana Mexican poppy Herb Plantae Alien 9 Argemone ochroleuca Mexican poppy Herb Plantae Alien 10 Astripomoea hyoscyamoides Kongwa weed Mahata Herb Plantae Native 11 Azolla filiculoides Water fern Fern Plantae Alien 12 Azolla pinnata subsp. africana Mosquito fern Fern Plantae Alien 13 Bactrocera dorsalis Oriental fruit fly Nzi wa matunda Insect Animalia Alien 14 Bambusa bambos Giant Thorny Bamboo Mwanzi Bamboo Plantae Alien 15 Bidens pilosa Blackjark Shona nguo Herb Plantae Alien 16 Bidens schimperi Beggarticks Herb Plantae Native 17 Caesalpinia decapetala Mysore Thorn Lutona, Olmashinga Shrub Plantae Alien 18 Calotropis gigantea Giant Milkweed Mbofubofu, Mbombom Shrub Plantae Alien 19 Calotropis procera Rubber bush Bofubofu,bomubomu Shrub Plantae Native 20 Castilla elastica Panama rubber tree Mpia. Mpira Tree Plantae Alien 21 Casuarina equisetifolia Casuarina Mvinje Tree Plantae Alien 22 Cedrella odorata Cedar Wood Msederea Tree Plantae Alien 23 Chromolaena odorata Siam weed Amachabongo Shrub Plantae Alien 24 Cinara cupressi Cypress aphid Insect Animalia Alien 25 Clidemia hirta Koster’s curse kui Uharage Shrub Plantae Alien 26 Coptodon rendalli redbreast tilapia Fish Animalia Alien 27 Coptodon zillii Redbelly tilapia Fish Animalia Alien 28 Cordia alliodora salmwood Munyamasa Tree Plantae Alien 29 Corvus splendens Indian house crow Kunguru wa Zanzibar Bird Animalia Alien 30 Culex quinquefasciatus southern house mosquito Mbu Insect Animalia Alien 31 Datura erecta Thorn Apple Herb Plantae Alien 32 Datura ferox Long spined thorn apple Herb Plantae Alien 33 Datura metel Thorn Apple Herb Plantae Alien 34 Datura stramonium Devil’s snare Msiafu Herb Plantae Alien NATIONAL INVASIVE SPECIES STRATEGY AND ACTION PLAN (NISSAP) 141 S/N Scientific name Common name Local Name Life form Organism Alien/ Native 35 Eichhornia crassipes Water hyacinth Gugu maji Aquatic plant Plantae Alien 36 Elaeis guineensis African oil palm Muwese Palm Plantae Alien 37 Eleusine jaegeri Goosegrass Makutian Grass Plantae Alien 38 Eucalyptus citriodora Lemon Scented Eucalyptus Mkaratusi Tree Plantae Alien 39 Eucalyptus globulus Southern blue-gum Mkaratusi Tree Plantae Alien 40 Eucalyptus panicula Grey ironbark Mkaratusi Tree Plantae Alien 41 Fusarium oxysporum Fusarium wilt of tomato Fungi Fungi Alien 42 Gutenbergia cordifolia Gutenbergia Herb Plantae Native 43 Imperata cylindrica Cogon grass Grass Plantae Alien 44 Ipomoea hildebrandtii Herb Plantae Native 45 Landolphia owariensis White rubber vine Climber Plantae Native 46 Lantana camara West Indian Lantana Mvuti Shrub Plantae Alien 47 Lates niloticus Nile perch Sangara Fish Animalia Alien 48 Leptocybe invasa Eucalyptus gall wasp Insect Animalia Alien 49 Leucaena leucocephala River tamarind Lukina, Mkusina Tree Plantae Alien 50 Maesopsis eminii Umbrella tree Mlesi, Muhumula, Musira Tree Plantae Alien 51 Micropterus salmoides Largemouth bass Fish Animalia Alien 52 Mimosa diplotricha Giant sensitive plant, Climber Plantae Alien 53 Mimosa pigra Black mimosa Shrub Plantae Alien 54 Opuntia humifusa Devil’s-tongue Dungusi Cactus Plantae Alien 55 Opuntia monacantha Common prickly pear Dungusi Cactus Plantae Alien 56 Oreochromis leucostictus Blue-spotted tilapia Fish Animalia Alien 57 Oreochromis niloticus Tilapia Fish Animalia Alien 58 Paranaleptes reticulata Tree girdling beetle Insect Animalia Alien 59 Parthenium hysterophorus Carrot weed Gugu karoti Herb Plantae Alien 60 Phyllostachys bambusoides small bamboo, Grass Plantae Alien 61 Pistia stratiotes Water cabbage Aquatic plant Plantae Alien 62 Prosopis juliflora Velvet mesquite Mrashia, Mgunga Taveta Tree Plantae Alien 63 Psidium cattleianum Strawberry guava Mpera, mpera ng’ombe Tree Plantae Alien 64 Rattus rattus The black rat Panya Mammal Animalia Alien NATIONAL INVASIVE SPECIES STRATEGY AND ACTION PLAN (NISSAP)142 S/N Scientific name Common name Local Name Life form Organism Alien/ Native 65 Rubus rosifolius Mauritius raspberry Mwiba, Mchaa, Subirikidogo Shrub Plantae Alien 66 Senna spectabilis Popcorn Tree Mjoholo-lua Tree Plantae Alien 67 Solanum incanum Bitter apple, sodom apple Ndulele, Mtula Shrub Plantae Native 68 Spodoptera frugiperda Fall armyworm Kiwavijeshi vamizi Insect Animalia Alien 69 Striga asiatica Asiatic witchweed Kiduha Herb Plantae Native 70 striga hermonthica Witchweed Kiduha Herb Plantae Native 71 Tagetes minuta Marigold Mkomahola Herb Plantae Alien 72 Tithonia diversifolia Tree marigold Herb Plantae Alien 73 Trapa natans Waterchestnut Aquatic plant Plantae Alien 74 Tuta absoluta Tomato leaf miner Kanitangaze Insect Animalia Alien 75 Xanthium strumarium Rough cocklebur Herb Plantae Alien NATIONAL INVASIVE SPECIES STRATEGY AND ACTION PLAN (NISSAP) 143 Appendix 10: List of species that are potentially invasive in Tanzania S/N Scientific name Common name Local Name Life form Organism Alien/Native 1 Acer oblongum Himalayan maple Shrub Plantae Alien 2 Acrocarpus frainifolius Pink cedar Mtikivuli Tree Plantae Alien 3 Agave americana American aloe Katani, mkonge Herb Plantae Alien 4 Agave angustifolia Carribbean agave Herb Plantae Alien 5 Agave sisalana Sisal plant Katani, mkonge Herb Plantae Alien 6 Ageratum conyzoides Goatweed Bukabuka, Herb Plantae Alien 7 Ageratum houstonianum Blueweed Beenge, Herb Plantae Alien 8 Aiphanes horrida Coyupe Palm Palm Plantae Alien 9 Albizia chinensis Chinese albizia Mshai Tree Plantae Alien 10 Alcaeus varicornis Acacia shield bug Insect Animalia Alien 11 Alternanthera pungens Creeping chaffweed Herb Plantae Alien 12 Amaranthus hybridus Green amaranth Mchicha pori Herb Plantae Alien 13 Amphidinium carterae Algae Plantae Alien 14 Anacardium occidentale Cashew tree Mkorosho Tree Plantae Alien 15 Anguilla anguilla European eel Fish Animalia Alien 16 Anguilla bengalensis African mottled eel Fish Animalia Alien 17 Annona cherimola Cherimoya Mtopetope Tree Plantae Alien 18 Annona senegalensis African custard-apple Motope tope,Nkonola Tree Plantae Alien 19 Areca catechu Areca palm Palm Plantae Alien 20 Artocarpus heterophyllus Jackfruit Mfenesi Tree Plantae Alien 21 Arundo donax Giant cane Grass Plantae Alien 22 Austrocylindropuntia subulata Devil’s rope Cactus Plantae Alien 23 Azadirachta indica Nimtre, Indian lilac Mwarobaini Tree Plantae Alien 24 Bidens kilimandscharica Herb Plantae Alien 25 Brugmansia suaveolens Moon flower Tree Plantae Alien 26 Camellia sinensis Tea plant Chai Shrub Plantae Alien 27 Capsella bursa-pastoris Coffee senna Herb Plantae Alien 28 Cardiospermum grandiflorum Balloon vine Burili Climber Plantae Alien 29 Cardiospermum halicacabum Balloon plant Climber Plantae Alien 30 Cascabela thevetia Old World screwworm fly Shrub Plantae Alien 31 Cascabela thevetia Yellow oleander Shrub Plantae Alien 32 Cassia occidentalis Coffee senna Shrub Plantae Alien NATIONAL INVASIVE SPECIES STRATEGY AND ACTION PLAN (NISSAP)144 S/N Scientific name Common name Local Name Life form Organism Alien/Native 33 Catharanthus roseus Madagascar periwinkle Vinka Herb Plantae Alien 34 Chimonobambusa quadrangularis Bamboo Mwanzi Grass Plantae Alien 35 Chrysomya bezziana Screwworm Insect Animalia Native 36 Cinchona pubescens Cinchona tree Herb Plantae Alien 37 Cinnamomum camphora Camphor tree Mkarafuu maiti Shrub Plantae Alien 38 Cinnamomum verum cinnamon Mdalasini Shrub Plantae Alien 39 Citrus aurantium Sour orange Tree Plantae Alien 40 Citrus limon Bitter Orange Mlimao Tree Plantae Alien 41 Clarias gariepinus African sharptooth catfish Mumi Fish Animalia Native 42 Conyza floribunda Horseweed Herb Plantae Alien 43 Cosmos sulphureus ‎Yellow cosmos Herb Plantae Alien 44 Crassostrea gigas Pacific oyster Mollusca Animalia Alien 45 Ctenopharyngodon idella Grass carp Fish Animalia Alien 46 Cupressus lusitanica White cedar Msanduku, Mkrismasi Tree Plantae Alien 47 Cyperus rotundus Nut sedge Herb Plantae Alien 48 Cyprinus carpio Common carp Fish Animalia Alien 49 Dalbergia sissoo Indian rosewood Tree Plantae Alien 50 Digitaria leucites Crabgrass Grass Plantae Native 51 Dolichandra unguis-cati Claw creeper Climber Plantae Alien 52 Eclipta alba Bhringraj Herb Plantae Alien 53 Epipremnum pinnatum Dragon-tail plant Herb Plantae Alien 54 Erigeron karvinskianus Mexican fleabane Herb Plantae Alien 55 Erigeron sumatrensis Tall Fleabane learn Herb Plantae Alien 56 Eriobotrya japonica Loquat Msambia, Kipirha Tree Plantae Alien 57 Eucalyptus maidenii subsp. Globulus Southern blue-gum Mkaratusi Tree Plantae Alien 58 Eucalyptus saligna Sydney blue gum Mkaratusi Tree Plantae Alien 59 Euphobia tirucalii Pencil cactus Ganga, Mlangara Tree Plantae Alien 60 Fimbristylis littoralis Lesser fimbry Herb Plantae Alien 61 Gambierdiscus toicus Algae Plantae Alien 62 Gomphrena celosioides Bachelor’s Button Herb Plantae Alien 63 Grevilea robusta Silk oak Mwerezi, mgrevilea Tree Plantae Alien 64 Hevea brasiliensis Rubber tree Mpia Tree Plantae Alien 65 Hovenia dulcis Oriental raisin tree Tree Plantae Alien NATIONAL INVASIVE SPECIES STRATEGY AND ACTION PLAN (NISSAP) 145 S/N Scientific name Common name Local Name Life form Organism Alien/Native 66 Hura crepitans Sandbox tree Mbaika Tree Plantae Alien 67 Icerya purchasi Cottony cushion scale Insect Animalia Alien 68 Ipomoea cairica Morning glory Herb Plantae Native 69 Jacaranda mimosifolia Blue jacaranda Mjakaranda Tree Plantae Alien 70 Jatropha curcas Physic nut Shrub Plantae Alien 71 Kalanchoe delagoensis Chandelier Plant Herb Plantae Alien 72 Kappaphycus spp elkhorn sea moss Algae Plantae Alien 73 Lagerstroemia speciosa Giant crepe-myrtle Tree Plantae Alien 74 Lantana montevidensis Trailing Lantana Shrub Plantae Alien 75 Leiostomus xanthurus Spot, Norfolk spot Fish Animalia Alien 76 Lutjanus kasmira Bluestripe Snapper Fish Animalia Alien 77 Macrobranchium idella Monsoon river prawn Fish Animalia Alien 78 Macrobranchium rosenbergii Giant freshwater prawn Fish Animalia Alien 79 Mangifera indica Mango Mwembe Tree Plantae Alien 80 Manihot carthaginensis Ceara Rubber Tree Herb Plantae Alien 81 Manihot esculenta Bitter cassava Mhogo Herb Plantae Alien 82 Medicago laciniata Cutleaf medick Herb Plantae Alien 83 Melaleuca quinquenervia Broad-leaved paperbark Tree Plantae Alien 84 Melia azedarach Chinaberry tree Mpopote, Mmelia Tree Plantae Alien 85 Mimosa pudica Touch-me-not Kifachauongo Shrub Plantae Alien 86 Mnemiopsis leidyi Sea walnut Fish Animalia Alien 87 Monstera deliciosa Split-leaf philodendron Herb Plantae Alien 88 Murdannia nudiflora Doveweed Herb Plantae Alien 89 Mutingia calabura Jamaica cherry Tree Plantae Alien 90 Musa paradisiaca Madake Mgomba Herb Plantae Alien 91 Musculista senhousia Pine woolly aphid Konokono Mollusca Animalia Alien 92 Mycosphaerella fijiensis Black leaf streak Fungi Fungi Alien 93 Nasturtium officinale Yellow cress Herb Plantae Alien 94 Nicotiana glauca Tree tobacco Shrub Plantae Alien 95 Oncorhynchus mykiss Granman-ana-oudou Fish Animalia Alien 96 Opuntia vulgaris Prickly pear Herb Plantae Alien 97 Paspalum vaginatum Biscuit grass Grass Plantae Alien 98 Pennisetum clandestinum Kikuyu grass Grass Plantae Native 99 Pennisetum pedicellatum Desho grass Grass Plantae Native NATIONAL INVASIVE SPECIES STRATEGY AND ACTION PLAN (NISSAP)146 S/N Scientific name Common name Local Name Life form Organism Alien/Native 100 Phalloceros caudimaculatus One-spot livebearer Fish Animalia Alien 101 Phenacoccus manihoti Cassava mealybug Insect Animalia Alien 102 Phyla nodiflora Frog fruit Herb Plantae Alien 103 Phyllostachys nigra Black Bamboo Grass Plantae Alien 104 Phyllostachys reticulata Madake, giant timber bamboo Grass Plantae Alien 105 Pineus pini Hill raspberry Mwiba, Msha Insect Animalia Alien 106 Pinus caribaea Caribbean Pine, Msindano Tree Plantae Alien 107 Pinus patula Spreading-leaved pine Msindano Tree Plantae Alien 108 Pinus radiata Peruvian pepper Msindano Tree Plantae Alien 109 Piper hispidum Brazilian fern tree Tree Plantae Alien 110 Poecilia reticulata Guppy Fish Animalia Alien 111 Polygala paniculata Island snake-root Herb Plantae Alien 112 Procambarus clarkii Red swamp crawfish Fish Animalia Alien 113 Protocentrum arenarium Common yellow everlasting Herb Plantae Alien 114 Psidium guajava Common guava Mpera Shrub Plantae Alien 115 Psidium guineense Sour guava Mpera pori Tree Plantae Alien 116 Pyrostegia venusta Flame vine Climber Plantae Alien 117 Quelea quelea Red-billed weaver Bird Animalia Native 118 Ricinus communis Castor oil plant Shrub Plantae Alien 119 Rubus rosifolius Hill raspberry Shrub Plantae Alien 120 Saccharum officinarum Sugarcane Grass Plantae Alien 121 Sacciolepis indica Glen oodgrass Grass Plantae Alien 122 Salmo trutta brown trout Fish Animalia Alien 123 Schinus molle Bronze bug Tree Plantae Alien 124 Schizolobium parahyba Brazilian fern tree Tree Plantae Alien 125 Schizostachyum dullooa Grass Plantae Alien 126 Selaginella biformis Fern Plantae Alien 127 Senna multijuga Golden shower Shrub Plantae Alien 128 Senna siamea Siamese cassia Mjoholo Tree Plantae Alien 129 Sonchus asper Prickly sow-thistle Herb Plantae Alien 130 Spathodea campanulata African tuliptree Kifabakazi Tree Plantae Native 131 Spondias mombin Yellow mombin or hog plum Tree Plantae Alien 132 Stachytarpheta jamaicensis Blue porterweed Herb Plantae Alien 133 Stachytarpheta urticifolia Nettleleaf velvetberry Herb Plantae Alien NATIONAL INVASIVE SPECIES STRATEGY AND ACTION PLAN (NISSAP) 147 S/N Scientific name Common name Local Name Life form Organism Alien/Native 134 Syzygium aromaticum Clove Tree Plantae Alien 135 Syzygium jambos Champakka, Mountain Apple Tree Plantae Alien 136 Syzygium malaccense Malay rose apple Tree Plantae Alien 137 Tectona grandis Teak Mtiki Tree Plantae Alien 138 Thaumastocoris peregrinus Bronze bug Insect Animalia Alien 139 Theobroma cacao Cocoa tree Tree Plantae Alien 140 Thunbergia grandiflora Blue skyflower Herb Plantae Alien 141 Toona ciliata Red cedar Msederera-toona Tree Plantae Alien 142 Tridax procumbens Coat Buttons Herb Plantae Alien 143 Verbena bonariensis clustertop vervain Herb Plantae Alien 144 Verbena officinalis Common verbena Herb Plantae Alien 145 Xanthosoma sagittifolium Arrowleaf elephant’s ear Herb Plantae Alien NATIONAL INVASIVE SPECIES STRATEGY AND ACTION PLAN (NISSAP)148 A pp en di x 11 : A te m pl at e fo rm fo r re po rt in g in va si ve s pe ci es in ci de nc es R ep or te r’ s na m e/ O rg an iz at io n: … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … C on ta ct s: … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … .. R ep or tin g le ve l ( e. g. K ito ng oj i, V ill ag e, W ar d, D is tr ic t e tc .): … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … . D at e: … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … .. Ti m e: … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … .. S /N N am e if kn ow n D es cr ip tio n Lo ca tio n A ct io n ta ke n R em ar ks PA W L FR . P L A L W B PA = P ro te ct ed A re as ( N at io na l P ar ks , G am e R es er ve s, W ild lif e M an ag em en t A re a, N go ro ng or o C on se rv at io n A re a) , W L= W et la nd s, F R = F or es ts , P L= P as tu re L an d, A L= A gr ic ul tu ra l L an d an d W B = W at er B od ie s NATIONAL INVASIVE SPECIES STRATEGY AND ACTION PLAN (NISSAP) 149 Appendix 12: A list of pririority invasive species for management in Tanzania as ranked by Stakeholders Sector Species rank Scientific name Common name Agriculture A. Arthropod pests 1 Spodoptera frugiperda Fall armyworm 2 Tuta absoluta Tomato Leaf Miner 3 Bactrocera dorsalis Fruit flies 4 Aleurodicus disperses Spiralling Whitefly 5 Chilo partellus Spotted Stem borers 6 Busseola fusca Stem borers 7 Paracoccus marginatus Pawpaw mealybug 8 Plutela xylostella Diamond Backmoth 9 Mononychellus tanajoa Green Spider Mites 10 Tetranychus urticae Red Spider Mites 11 Thaumatotibia leucotreta False Codling Moth 12 Melanaphis sacchari Sugarcane Aphid 13 Toxoptera citricida Citrus black aphid B. Diseases 1 Maize Lethal Necrosis (MLN) Maize Lethal Necrosis (MLN) 2 Aspergillus flavus Aflatoxin causing fungi) 3 Xanthomonas campestris Banana Xanthomonas Wilt (BXW) 4 Fusarium oxysporum FOC TR4 5 Cassava Brown Streak Virus (CBSV) C. Weeds 1 Striga asiatica Witch weed, Striga weed 2 Parthenium hysterophorus Carrot weed 3 Astripomoea hyoscyamoides Kongwa weed 4 Chromolaena odorata Siam weed 5 Mimosa diplotricha Nila grass 6 Prosopis juliflora Prosopis 7 Argemone Mexicana Mexican poppy 8 Datura stramonium Thorn aple 9 Tagetes minuta Marigold D. Mammals 1 Rattus rattus House rat Livestock 1 Astripomea hyoscyamoidse Kongwa weed 2 Chromolaena odorata Siam weed 3 Gutenbergia cordifolia Gutenbergia 4 Eleusine jaegeri Goosegrass 5 Lantana camara Tickberry, Lantana 6 Calotropis gigantea Giant calotrope 7 Prosopis juliflora Mesquite NATIONAL INVASIVE SPECIES STRATEGY AND ACTION PLAN (NISSAP)150 Sector Species rank Scientific name Common name Water 1 Eichhornia crassipes Water hycinth 2 Pistia stratiotes Water cabbage 3 Azolla filiculoides Wosquito fern 4 Eucalyptus citriodora Lemon-scented gum Transport 1 Corvus splendens House Crow 2 Eichhornia crassipes Water hyacith 3 Pistia stratiotes Water cabbage 4 Parthenium hysterophorus Whitetop weed 5 Cosmos sulphureus Wellow cosmos Works 1 Calotropis procera Rubber bush 2 Calotropis gigantea Crown flower 3 Dolichandra unguis-cati Cats claw creeper 4 Erigeron karvinskianus Mexican fleabane Forestry 1 Lantana camara Tickberry, Lantana 2 Parthenium hysterophorus White top 3 Datura stramonium Thorn aple 4 Argemone mexicana Mexican Prickly Poppy 5 Caesalpinia decapitala Cat’s claw 6 Tagetes minuta Marigold 7 Bidens pilosa Blackjack 8 Chromolaena odorata Siam weed 9 Eleusine jaegeri Goosegrass 10 Gutenbergia cordifolia Gutenbergia 11 Senna siamea Cassia tree Wildlife 12 Senna spectabilis Weeping Cassia 13 Amaranthus hybridus Green amaranth 14 Acacia mearnsii Black wattle 15 Astripomoea hyoscyamoides Kongwa weed 16 Datura metel Thorn Apple, Angel’s Trumpet 17 Maesopsis eminii Umbrella tree 18 Cinara cupressi sensu lato Cypress aphid 19 Arenga pinnata Black sugar palm 20 Pineus pini Pine woolly aphid 21 Castilla alastica Panama rubber tree 22 Manihot carthaginensis Tree cassava 23 Leptocybe invasa Blue gum chalcid 24 Azadirachta indica Neem Tree 25 Ricinus communis Castor bean/oil plant 26 Tridax procumbens Coat Buttons 27 Verbena officinalis Prostrate verbena 28 Acacia zanzibarica Mpiga mururu 29 Mimosa pudica Shameplant 30 Opuntia monacantha Drooping Prickly Pear NATIONAL INVASIVE SPECIES STRATEGY AND ACTION PLAN (NISSAP) 151 Sector Species rank Scientific name Common name 31 Bidens schimperi Black jack 32 Solanum incanum Thorn apple 33 Leucaena leucocephala White leadtree 34 Lates niloticus Nile perch 35 Eichhornia crassipes Water hyacinth 36 Dolichandra unguis-cati Cats claw creeper Health 1 Parthenium hysterophorus Whitetop weed 2 Culex quinquefasciatus Southern house mosquito 3 Rattus rattus Black rat 4 Corvus splendens Indian house crow Fisheries 1 Eichhornia crassipes Aquatic 2 Acanthaster planci Starfish (COTS) 3 Procambarus clarkii Crayfish 4 Musculista senhousia Mussel 5 Mnemiopsis leidyi Jellyfish 6 White spot syndrome virus (WSSV) White spot syndrome (Viral disease) 7 Amphidinium carterae Dinoflagelate 8 Oreochromis niloticus Tilapia 9 Kappaphycus spp Seaweed 10 Lates niloticus Nile perch NATIONAL INVASIVE SPECIES STRATEGY AND ACTION PLAN (NISSAP)152 Appendix 13: A list of priority invasive species for management as ranked by Task Force Team members. Sector Ranks by sector Scientific name Common name Agriculture 1 Spodoptera frugiperda Fall armyworm 2 Tuta absoluta Tomato Leaf Miner 3 Bactrocera dorsalis Oriental fruit fly 4 Aleurodicus disperses Spiralling Whitefly 5 Xanthomonas campestris Banana Xanthomonas Wilt (BXW) 6 Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cubense 7 Maize Lethal Necrosis (MLN) Maize Lethal Necrosis (MLN) Livestock 1 Astripomoea hyoscyamoidse Kongwa weed 2 Chromolaena odorata Siam weed 3 Gutenbergia cordifolia Gutenbergia 4 Eleusine jaegeri goosegrass 5 Prosopis juliflora Mrashia Water 1 Eichhornia crassipes Water hyacinth 2 Azolla filiculoides mosquito fern 3 Trapa natans 4 Eucalyptus citriodora 5 Eucalyptus globulus Transport 1 Corvus splendens Indian house Crow 2 Eichhornia crassipes water hyacinth 3 Parthenium hysterophorus whitetop weed Works 1 Calotropis procera Rubber bush 2 Calotropis gigantea crown flower Wildlife 1 Chromolaena odorata 2 Gutenbergia cordifolia 3 Eleusine jaegeri 4 Parthenium hysterophorus 5 Caesalpinia decapitala 6 Acacia zanzibarica 7 Acacia mearnsii 8 Maesopsis eminii 9 Leptocybe invasa 10 Cinara cupressi sensu lato NATIONAL INVASIVE SPECIES STRATEGY AND ACTION PLAN (NISSAP) 153 Sector Ranks by sector Scientific name Common name Forest 1 Leptocybe invasa 2 Lantana camara 3 Cedrella odorata 4 Acacia mearnsii 5 Thaumastocoris peregrinus Health 1 Parthenium hysterophorus whitetop weed 2 Ratus rattus black rat 3 Corvus splendens Indian house crow Fisheries 1 Eichhornia crassipes Aquatic 2 Acanthaster planci Starfish (COTS) 3 Procambarus clarkia Crayfish 4 Musculista senhousia Mussel 5 Mnemiopsis leidyi Jellyfish NATIONAL INVASIVE SPECIES STRATEGY AND ACTION PLAN (NISSAP)154 A pp en di x 14 : E va lu at io n P la n M at ri x on C on st ru ct io n to s yn c w ith th e st ra te gy fl ow G oa l 1 : T o ha ve in p la ce e ffe ct ive a nd a de qu at e re gu la to ry a nd m an ag em en t f ra m ew or ks fo r t he p re ve nt io n an d co m ba tin g In va siv e Sp ec ie s co un try wi de O bj ec tiv e 1. 1: M ai ns tre am in g In va siv e Sp ec ie s m an ag em en t i ss ue s in to R eg ul at or y Fr am ew or ks St ra te gi es a nd A ct iv iti es In di ca to rs Ev al ua tio n To ol s Ti m ef ra m e Re sp on si bi lit y Re vie w re gu la to ry t oo ls an d m ai ns tre am In va siv e Sp ec ie s Pr oc es s In di ca to rs St ra te gi es de liv er ed wi th in al lo ca te d tim e # of m ee tin gs c on du ct ed # of re gu la to ry an d m an ag em en t to ol s de ve lo pe d an d up da te d # of re so lve d co nfl ict s # of o ffe nd er s an d ex hi bi ts Ag en cie s sa tis fie d wi th d efi ne d ro le s an d re sp on sib ilit ie s Im pa ct In di ca to rs # of s ta ke ho ld er s re po rti ng u se of IS re gu la to ry fr am ew or k # of s ta ke ho ld er s re po rti ng u se of IS m an ag em en t f ra m ew or k O ut co m e In di ca to r M ai ns tre am ed IS iss ue s in re gu la to ry an d m an ag em en t fra m ew or ks Q ua nt ita tiv e M et ho ds : Re co rd s of im pl em en ta tio n • M in ut es a nd re po rts o f m ee tin gs • To ol s de ve lo pe d an d up da te d St ak eh ol de rs fe ed ba ck s f or m s ( sa tis fa ct io n, aw ar en es s, k no wl ed ge a nd i nt en tio n to ad op t/c ha ng e) Pr e an d Po st st ak eh ol de rs ev al ua tio n su rv ey (s at isf ac tio n, a wa re ne ss , k no wl ed ge an d in te nt io n to a do pt /c ha ng e) Q ua lit at iv e M et ho ds : Re vie w pr oc es s w ith C EO ’s an d em pl oy ee s of i m pl em en tin g ag en cie s th ro ug h Fo cu s G ro up o r In D ep th In te rv ie w (S at isf ac tio n, Ba rri er s to Pa rti cip at e, Pr ef er re d Co m m un ica tio n Ch an ne ls an d Ar ea s of Im pr ov em en t) By 2 02 2 By 2 02 2 En d of th e St ra te gy Be gi nn in g an d En d of th e St ra te gy En d of th e St ra te gy M in ist rie s re sp on sib le fo r En vir on m en t, Li ve st oc k, Fi sh er ie s, Fo re st , W ild life , To ur ism , Ag ric ul tu re , Tr ad e an d In du st rie s, W at er , La nd , Hu m an S et tle m en ts , Ed uc at io n & Vo ca tio na l Tr ai ni ng , Co m m un ica tio n, Sc ie nc e an d Te ch no lo gy , Fo od , Tr an sp or t, In fra st ru ct ur e, De ep Se a, Im m ig ra tio n, W or ks , He al th an d So cia l W el fa re , F in an ce , Ac ad em ic an d Re se ar ch In st itu tio ns , LG A’ s, P riv at e Se ct or , N G O Ha rm on ize co nfl ict in g re gu la to ry to ol s De ve lo p ef fe ct ive m an ag em en t to ol s fo r m an ag in g IS i ss ue s na tio na l w id e M ai ns tre am i nv as ive s pe cie s iss ue s i nt o lo ca l c ha rte rs , p la ns an d gu id el in es of se ct or al m in ist rie s, lo ca l go ve rn m en t an d pr iva te s ec to r Id en tif y an d ca pa cit at e ag en cie s re sp on sib le fo r en fo rc em en t o f r eg ul at or y t oo ls on in va siv e sp ec ie s De ve lo p ris k as se ss m en t pr oc es s fo r ef fe ct ive en fo rc em en t o f r eg ul at or y t oo ls De fin e r ol es an d r es po ns ib ilit ie s of a ll ag en cie s re sp on sib le fo r re gu la tin g in va siv e sp ec ie s NATIONAL INVASIVE SPECIES STRATEGY AND ACTION PLAN (NISSAP) 155 O bj ec tiv e 1. 2: De ve lo p an d eq ui p m ul ti se ct or al c om m itt ee s an d or o rg an s at n at io na l, re gi on al a nd d ist ric t l ev el s of g ui di ng , p la nn in g an d im pl em en t a ct io ns o n IS St ra te gi es a nd A ct iv iti es In di ca to rs Ev al ua tio n To ol s Ti m ef ra m e Re sp on si bi lit y Es ta bl ish a nd m ai nt ai n in va siv e sp ec ie s na tio na l, re gi on al an d di st ric t l ev el m ul ti se ct or al o rg an s Pr oc es s In di ca to rs St ra te gi es de liv er ed wi th in al lo ca te d tim e # of m ee tin gs c on du ct ed # of IS m ul ti se ct or al or ga ns es ta bl ish ed c ou nt yw id e % o f b ud ge t a llo ca te d an d sp en t Lo ca l ac tio n id en tifi ed an d im pl em en te d Im pa ct In di ca to rs # of s ta ke ho ld er s sa tis fie d wi th IS fra m ew or k O ut co m e In di ca to r In cr ea se d st ak eh ol de rs in vo lve m en t at n at io na l, re gi on al an d di st ric t l ev el Q ua nt ita tiv e M et ho ds : Re co rd s of im pl em en ta tio n • M in ut es a nd re po rts o f m ee tin gs • Ac tio ns d ev el op ed a nd im pl em en te d • Re co rd s of fi na nc ia l r es ou rc es Pr e an d Po st s ta ke ho ld er s ev al ua tio n su rv ey (s at isf ac tio n, aw ar en es s, kn ow le dg e an d in te nt io n to a do pt /c ha ng e) Q ua lit at iv e M et ho ds : Re vie w pr oc es s th ro ug h In D ep th I nt er vie w (S at isf ac tio n, B ar rie rs to P ar tic ip at e, P re fe rre d Co m m un ica tio n Ch an ne ls an d Ar ea s of Im pr ov em en t) Be gi nn in g an d en d of th e St ra te gy Be gi nn in g an d En d of th e St ra te gy Be gi nn in g an d En d of th e St ra te gy M in ist rie s re sp on sib le fo r En vir on m en t, Li ve st oc k, Fi sh er ie s, Fo re st , W ild life , To ur ism , Ag ric ul tu re , Tr ad e an d In du st rie s, W at er , La nd , Hu m an S et tle m en ts , E du ca tio n & Vo ca tio na l Tr ai ni ng , Co m m un ica tio n, S cie nc e an d Te ch no lo gy , Fo od , Tr an sp or t, In fra st ru ct ur e, De ep Se a, Im m ig ra tio n, W or ks , He al th an d So cia l W el fa re , Fi na nc e, LG A’ s, P riv at e Se ct or , N G O Fa cil ita te in va siv e sp ec ie s na tio na l, r eg io na l a nd d ist ric t le ve l m ul ti se ct or al o rg an s to d ev el op an d im pl em en t lo ca l in va siv e sp ec ie s st ra te gi es an d ac tio n pl an s O bj ec tiv e 1. 3: St re ng th en a nd p ro m ot e st ro ng c ol la bo ra tio n an d co o rd in at io n wi th s ta ke ho ld er s on th e m an ag em en t o f I S St re ng th en tra ns b ou nd ar y pa rtn er sh ip s Pr oc es s In di ca to rs St ra te gi es de liv er ed wi th in al lo ca te d tim e # of m ee tin gs & wo rk sh op s co nd uc te d Co lla bo ra tio n fra m ew or k in p la ce Li st o f c ro ss b or de r p ar tn er s # of M oU S ig ne d Q ua nt ita tiv e M et ho ds : Re co rd s of im pl em en ta tio n • M in ut es o f m ee tin gs • Re po rts o f W or ks ho ps & P ar tn er sh ip s • Ac tio ns d ev el op ed a nd im pl em en te d • Re co rd s of fi na nc ia l r es ou rc es En d of th e St ra te gy M in ist rie s re sp on sib le fo r En vir on m en t, Ea st Af ric a Co op er at io n, LG A’ s, Pr iva te Se ct or , N G O Es ta bl ish co or di na tio n an d co m m un ica tio n m ec ha ni sm fo r ef fe ct ive m an ag em en t o f I S fo r a ll re le va nt s ta ke ho ld er s De ve lo p an d im pl em en t e ffe ct ive sy st em f or c ol la bo ra tio n am on g st ak eh ol de rs NATIONAL INVASIVE SPECIES STRATEGY AND ACTION PLAN (NISSAP)156 St ra te gi es a nd A ct iv iti es In di ca to rs Ev al ua tio n To ol s Ti m ef ra m e Re sp on si bi lit y De ve lo p an d im pl em en t fra m ew or k f or co or di na tio n am on g st ak eh ol de rs # of in vo lve d co un tri es # of fo ru m s es ta bl ish ed Am ou nt of fu nd s ra ise d fro m pa rtn er sh ip s Im pa ct In di ca to rs # of s ta ke ho ld er s sa tis fie d wi th co lla bo ra tio ns a nd c oo rd in at io n O ut co m e In di ca to r In cr ea se d st ak eh ol de rs in vo lve m en t at n at io na l, re gi on al an d di st ric t l ev el Pr e an d Po st s ta ke ho ld er s ev al ua tio n su rv ey (s at isf ac tio n, aw ar en es s, kn ow le dg e an d in te nt io n to a do pt /c ha ng e) Q ua lit at iv e M et ho ds : Re vie w pr oc es s th ro ug h In D ep th I nt er vie w (S at isf ac tio n, B ar rie rs to P ar tic ip at e, P re fe rre d Co m m un ica tio n Ch an ne ls an d Ar ea s of Im pr ov em en t) Be gi nn in g an d En d of th e St ra te gy Be gi nn in g an d En d of th e St ra te gy Ev al ua te cr os s se ct or al co or di na tio n an d co lla bo ra tio n De ve lo p an d im pl em en t a fra m ew or k fo r q ua rte rly re po rti ng Le ve ra ge f un ds t o ad dr es s IS m an ag em en t o bj ec tiv es De ve lo p fu nd di st rib ut io n gu id el in es fo r m an ag in g IS Es ta bl ish a n em er ge nc y r es po ns e fu nd in g m od el G oa l 2 : T o de ve lo p an d op e ra tio na liz e m ec ha ni sm s an d sy st em s of g en er at in g kn ow le dg e (re se ar ch ) w ith s up po rt m ec ha ni sm o f d iss em in at in g an d us e (p ub lic o ut re ac h) o f in fo rm at io n on IS O bj ec tiv e 2. 1: En ha nc e na tio na l c ap ac ity in re se ar ch a nd m an ag em en t o n IS M ai ns tre am IS in to ex ist in g re se ar ch a ge nd a of a ca de m ic, re se ar ch an d de ve lo pm en t in st itu tio ns Pr oc es s In di ca to rs St ra te gi es de liv er ed wi th in al lo ca te d tim e # of IS re se ar ch a ge nd a Es ta bl ish ed IS R es ea rc h Fu nd # of IS re se ar ch es c on du ct ed Da ta ba se o f I S in fo rm at io n Im pa ct In di ca to rs # of s ta ke ho ld er s sa tis fie d wi th di ss em in at ed IS k no wl ed ge O ut co m e In di ca to r In cr ea se d kn ow le dg e of I S ke y iss ue s Q ua nt ita tiv e M et ho ds : Re co rd s of im pl em en ta tio n • M in ut es o f m ee tin gs • Re po rts o f i m pl em en ta tio n • Re se ar ch es im pl em en te d • Re co rd s of fi na nc ia l r es ou rc es Pr e an d Po st s ta ke ho ld er s ev al ua tio n su rv ey (s at isf ac tio n, a wa re ne ss ) Q ua lit at iv e M et ho ds : In D ep th I nt er vie w (S at isf ac tio n an d Ar ea s of Im pr ov em en t) Be gi nn in g an d En d of th e St ra te gy Be gi nn in g an d En d of th e St ra te gy Be gi nn in g an d En d of th e St ra te gy M in ist rie s re sp on sib le fo r En vir on m en t, Li ve st oc k, Fi sh er ie s, Fo re st , W ild life , To ur ism , Ag ric ul tu re , Tr ad e an d In du st rie s, W at er , La nd , Hu m an S et tle m en ts , E du ca tio n & Vo ca tio na l Tr ai ni ng , Co m m un ica tio n, S cie nc e an d Te ch no lo gy , Fo od , Tr an sp or t, In fra st ru ct ur e, De ep Se a, Im m ig ra tio n, W or ks , He al th an d So cia l W el fa re , Fi na nc e, LG A’ s, P riv at e Se ct or , N G O Es ta bl ish a n at io na l I S re se ar ch fu nd Su pp or t re se ar ch o n pr io rit y IS iss ue s an d ar ea s De ve lo p a da ta ba se o f r es ea rc h fin di ng s St re ng th en a c en tra liz ed n at io na l bi od ive rs ity d at ab as e NATIONAL INVASIVE SPECIES STRATEGY AND ACTION PLAN (NISSAP) 157 O bj ec tiv e 2. 2: G en er at e, u pd at e an d m ak e av ai la bl e ba se lin e in fo rm at io n of IS a nd n at ive s pe cie s, p at hw ay s an d se ns itiv e sit es n at io na l w id e St ra te gi es a nd A ct iv iti es In di ca to rs Ev al ua tio n To ol s Ti m ef ra m e Re sp on si bi lit y Co m pi le da ta ba se an d ot he r in fo rm at io n re so ur ce s on n at ive an d in va siv e sp ec ie s, s us ce pt ib le sit es a nd s en sit ive s ite s Pr oc es s In di ca to rs St ra te gi es de liv er ed wi th in al lo ca te d tim e # of IS in fo rm at io n re so ur ce s Da ta ba se o f I S in fo rm at io n # of s ur ve ys c on du ct ed # of pu bl ish ed an d sh ar ed in fo rm at io n to ol s Im pa ct In di ca to rs # of s ta ke ho ld er s sa tis fie d wi th di ss em in at ed IS k no wl ed ge O ut co m e In di ca to r In cr ea se d kn ow le dg e of I S ke y iss ue s Q ua nt ita tiv e M et ho ds : Re co rd s of im pl em en ta tio n • Re po rts o f i m pl em en ta tio n • Su rv ey s co nd uc te d • Re co rd s of fi na nc ia l r es ou rc es Pr e an d Po st s ta ke ho ld er s ev al ua tio n su rv ey (s at isf ac tio n, a wa re ne ss ) Q ua lit at iv e M et ho ds : In D ep th I nt er vie w (S at isf ac tio n an d Ar ea s of Im pr ov em en t) Be gi nn in g an d En d of th e St ra te gy Be gi nn in g an d En d of th e St ra te gy Be gi nn in g an d En d of th e St ra te gy M in ist rie s re sp on sib le fo r En vir on m en t, Li ve st oc k, Fi sh er ie s, Fo re st , W ild life , To ur ism , Ag ric ul tu re , Tr ad e an d In du st rie s, W at er , La nd , Hu m an S et tle m en ts , E du ca tio n & Vo ca tio na l Tr ai ni ng , Co m m un ica tio n, S cie nc e an d Te ch no lo gy , Fo od , Tr an sp or t, In fra st ru ct ur e, De ep Se a, Im m ig ra tio n, W or ks , He al th an d So cia l W el fa re , Fi na nc e, LG A’ s, P riv at e Se ct or , N G O Id en tif y an d do cu m en t p at hw ay s an d ve ct or s of in tro du ct io n of IS an d po te nt ia lly IS Pe rio di ca lly ca rry ou t pr io rit y su rv ey s an d up da te s in fo rm at io n re so ur ce s Pu bl ish an d sh ar e in fo rm at io n on IS k ey is su es th ro ug h fo rm al an d in fo rm al to ol s su ch a s Po lic y Br ie fs , O nl in e sy st em s an d ot he r ap pr op ria te to ol s O bj ec tiv e 2. 3: D ev el op a wa re ne ss p ro gr am s fo cu sin g ta rg et g ro up s an d ac tiv e pa rti cip at io n of s ta ke ho ld er s at n at io na l, se ct or al , r eg io na l a nd d ist ric t l ev e Id en tif y ta rg et ed a ud ie nc es f or aw ar en es s pr og ra m s to i nc lu de de cis io ns m ak er s, in flu en ce rs , co m m un itie s, wo m en , yo un g pe op le , a nd o th er g ro up s i nv ol ve d in th e im pl em en ta tio n of in va siv e m an ag em en t a ct io ns Pr oc es s In di ca to rs St ra te gi es de liv er ed wi th in al lo ca te d tim e # of id en tifi ed ta rg et a ud ie nc es # of co m m un ity ed uc at io na l an d aw ar en es s pr og ra m s im pl em en te d Q ua nt ita tiv e M et ho ds : Re co rd s of im pl em en ta tio n • Re po rts o f i m pl em en ta tio n • Re co rd s of fi na nc ia l r es ou rc es • IS w or ke rs a nd e xt en sio n se rv ice p ro vid er s sa tis fie d wi th tr ai ni ng a nd c ap ac ity b ui ld in g pr og ra m s En d of th e St ra te gy M in ist rie s re sp on sib le fo r En vir on m en t, Li ve st oc k, Fi sh er ie s, Fo re st , W ild life , To ur ism , Ag ric ul tu re , Tr ad e an d In du st rie s, W at er , La nd , Hu m an S et tle m en ts , E du ca tio n & Vo ca tio na l NATIONAL INVASIVE SPECIES STRATEGY AND ACTION PLAN (NISSAP)158 St ra te gi es a nd A ct iv iti es In di ca to rs Ev al ua tio n To ol s Ti m ef ra m e Re sp on si bi lit y De ve lo p an d im pl em en t co m m un ity ed uc at io na l an d aw ar en es s pr og ra m s fo r in cr ea sin g a wa re ne ss on th e p rid e of n at ive s pe cie s an d ec os ys te m , an d th e da m ag e of th e IS # of IS k ey is su es c ov er ed b y th e na tio na l c om m un ica tio n st ra te gy # of tr ai ni ng a nd c ap ac ity b ui ld in g co nd uc te d to IS wo rk er s an d ex te ns io n se rv ice p ro vid er s # of sc ho ol a nd co lle ge cu rri cu lu m co ve rin g IS is su es # of ex em pl ar y pe rfo rm er in in va siv e sp ec ie s m an ag em en t id en tifi ed a nd re wa rd ed # of n at io na l an d in te rn at io na l en vir on m en t e ve nt s co nd uc te d # of IS m es sa gi ng pl at fo rm s cr ea te d Im pa ct In di ca to rs # of co m m un ity sa tis fie d wi th im pl em en ta tio n of c om ba tin g th e sp re ad a nd e m er ge nc e of IS O ut co m e In di ca to r In cr ea se d le ve l of aw ar en es s am on g st ak eh ol de rs an d m em be rs o f c om m un ity Pr e an d Po st s ta ke ho ld er s ev al ua tio n su rv ey (s at isf ac tio n, a wa re ne ss ) Q ua lit at iv e M et ho ds : In D ep th I nt er vie w (S at isf ac tio n an d Ar ea s of Im pr ov em en t) Be gi nn in g an d En d of th e St ra te gy Be gi nn in g an d En d of th e St ra te gy Tr ai ni ng , Co m m un ica tio n, Sc ie nc e an d Te ch no lo gy , Fo od , T ra ns po rt, In fra st ru ct ur e, De ep S ea , I m m ig ra tio n, W or ks , He al th an d So cia l W el fa re , Fi na nc e, L G A’ s, P riv at e Se ct or , NG O M ai ns tre am in va siv e sp ec ie s m an ag em en t in to na tio na l co m m un ica tio n st ra te gy Pr om ot e be ha vio ur al c ha ng e to m itig at e in tro du ct io n an d sp re ad of in va siv e sp ec ie s Pr ov id e tra in in g in de ve lo pi ng m ed ia ca m pa ig ns to in va siv e sp ec ie s wo rk er s at na tio na l, re gi on al a nd d ist ric t l ev e M ai ns tre am in va siv e sp ec ie s in to t he f or m al e du ca tio n se ct or fro m pr im ar y, se co nd ar y to te rti ar y h ig he r l ea rn in g in st itu tio ns th ro ug h th e de ve lo pm en t of sc ho ol an d co lle ge cu rri cu lu m de ve lo pm en t St re ng th en t ec hn ica l c ap ac ity o f ex te ns io n se rv ice p ro vid er s NATIONAL INVASIVE SPECIES STRATEGY AND ACTION PLAN (NISSAP) 159 St ra te gi es a nd A ct iv iti es In di ca to rs Ev al ua tio n To ol s Ti m ef ra m e Re sp on si bi lit y Re co gn ize ex em pl ar y pe rfo rm an ce in in va siv e sp ec ie s m an ag em en t a t n at io na l, re gi on al an d di st ric t l ev el s In co rp or at e in va siv e sp ec ie s m an ag em en t in to na tio na l an d in te rn at io na l e nv iro nm en t e ve nt s Cr ea te co ns ist en t an d tim el y m es sa gi ng p la tfo rm s on in va siv e sp ec ie s G oa l 3 : E ffe ct ive s ys te m s ar e in p la ce to c om ba t a nd p re ve nt th e sp re ad o f I nv as ive S pe cie s fro m a ll p ot en tia l s ou rc es /c au se s O bj ec tiv e 3. 1: P re ve nt p at hw ay s to in tro du ct io n an d sp re ad o f I S Id en tif y an d m an ag e pr io rit y pa th wa ys a nd v ec to r s pr ea d Pr oc es s In di ca to rs St ra te gi es de liv er ed wi th in al lo ca te d tim e # of en try po in ts co nd uc tin g in sp ec tio ns Ri sk as se ss m en t pr ot oc ol s in pl ac e ED RR p ro ce du re s in p la ce # an d ty pe s of in sp ec tio ns co nd uc te d # of s pe cie s re co rd ed a t en try po in ts # of s ur ve illa nc e re po rts Im pa ct In di ca to rs Re du ce d en vir on m en ta l h az ar ds Im pr ov ed h ea lth c on di tio ns Im pr ov ed e co no m ica l g ai n In cr ea se d co m m un ity s at isf ac tio n O ut co m e In di ca to r In cr ea se d le ve l o f s ec ur ity a ga in st IS Q ua nt ita tiv e M et ho ds : Re co rd s of im pl em en ta tio n • Re po rts o f i m pl em en ta tio n • Re co rd s of fi na nc ia l r es ou rc es Pr e an d Po st s ta ke ho ld er s ev al ua tio n su rv ey (s at isf ac tio n, a wa re ne ss ) Q ua lit at iv e M et ho ds : In D ep th I nt er vie w (S at isf ac tio n an d Ar ea s of Im pr ov em en t En d of th e St ra te gy Be gi nn in g an d En d of th e St ra te gy Be gi nn in g an d En d of th e St ra te gy M in ist rie s re sp on sib le fo r En vir on m en t, Li ve st oc k, Fi sh er ie s, Fo re st , W ild life , To ur ism , Ag ric ul tu re , Tr ad e an d In du st rie s, De ve lo pm en t Pa rtn er s, Pr iva te Se ct or , Re se ar ch In st itu tio ns , LG As , NG O s St re ng th en ris k as se ss m en t pr oc es se s St re ng th en an d re gu la te im po rta tio n an d m ov em en t o f l ive m at er ia ls at n at io na l a nd re gi on al bo ar de rs St re ng th en a nd s up po rt bo rd er po st s wi th a de qu at e re so ur ce s to m an ag e IS De ve lo p Ea rly D et ec tio n an d ra pi d Re sp on se (E DR R) p ro ce du re s De ve lo p an d im pl em en t a n at io na l su rv ei lla nc e sy st em De ve lo p IS “W at ch L ist s NATIONAL INVASIVE SPECIES STRATEGY AND ACTION PLAN (NISSAP)160 O bj ec tiv e 3. 2: Im pl em en t e ffe ct ive c on tro l, re st or at io n an d m on ito rin g pr og ra m s Id en tif y, m ap an d m an ag e es ta bl ish ed IS Pr oc es s In di ca to rs St ra te gi es de liv er ed wi th in al lo ca te d tim e # of IS D ist rib ut io n M ap s IS re st or at io n fra m ew or k in p la ce # of IS id en tifi ed a nd c on tro lle d # of a re as re st or ed # of IS co nt ro lle d us in g IP M ap pr oa ch es # of a do pt ed m an ag em en t k no w ho w # of w eb sit es , p or ta l a nd d at ab as e es ta bl ish ed Pr ot oc ol s re vie we d an d up da te d M &E E va lu at io n Re po rts Im pa ct In di ca to rs Re du ce d en vir on m en ta l h az ar ds Im pr ov ed h ea lth c on di tio ns Im pr ov ed e co no m ica l g ai n In cr ea se d co m m un ity s at isf ac tio n O ut co m e In di ca to r In cr ea se d le ve l o f c on tro llin g th e sp re ad o f I S Q ua nt ita tiv e M et ho ds : Re co rd s of im pl em en ta tio n • Re po rts o f i m pl em en ta tio n • Re co rd s of fi na nc ia l r es ou rc es Pr e an d Po st s ta ke ho ld er s ev al ua tio n su rv ey (s at isf ac tio n, a wa re ne ss ) Q ua lit at iv e M et ho ds : In D ep th I nt er vie w (S at isf ac tio n an d Ar ea s of Im pr ov em en t En d of th e St ra te gy Be gi nn in g an d En d of th e St ra te gy Be gi nn in g an d En d of th e St ra te gy M in ist rie s re sp on sib le fo r En vir on m en t, Li ve st oc k, Fi sh er ie s, Fo re st , W ild life , To ur ism , Ag ric ul tu re , Tr ad e an d In du st rie s, W at er , La nd , Hu m an S et tle m en ts , E du ca tio n & Vo ca tio na l Tr ai ni ng , Co m m un ica tio n, S cie nc e an d Te ch no lo gy , Fo od , Tr an sp or t, In fra st ru ct ur e, De ep Se a, Im m ig ra tio n, W or ks , He al th an d So cia l W el fa re , Fi na nc e, LG A’ s, P riv at e Se ct or , NG O , De ve lo pm en t P ar tn er s Bu ild in g on th e m an ag em en t kn ow h ow fr om w ith in a nd o th er co un tri es De ve lo p an d pr om ot e in te gr at ed ap pr oa ch es to c on tro l I S In te gr at e re st or at io n op tio ns in a ll IS re st or at io n ar ea s De ve lo p a fra m ew or k fo r IS re st or at io n G ui de an d su pp or t re st or at io n ef fo rts a nd a ct io ns n at io na l w id e De ve lo p an d im pl em en t a n at io na l IS m an ag em en t m on ito rin g an d ev al ua tio n fra m ew or k Im pr ov in g ex ist in g m on ito rin g st an da rd s an d pr ot oc ol s NATIONAL INVASIVE SPECIES STRATEGY AND ACTION PLAN (NISSAP) 161 Appendix 15: Prioritization of Actions 1. Critical Actions refers to actions that are essential to the successful implementation of the Strategy and should be initiated as soon as possible, within one year of the endorsement of the Strategy. These include: 1.1.1: Review and update existing invasive species regulatory tools 1.1.2: Harmonize existing legislations to address invasive species management under the Environment Management Act of 2004 1.1.3: Incorporation of invasive speciesissues into local charters, sectorial ministries, local government and private sector plans and guidelines 1.2.1 Identify and enforce regulatory tools on invasive species 2.1.1: Strengthen trans -boundary partnerships 2.1.2: Establish coordination and communication mechanism for all relevant stakeholders 2.2.1 Develop and implement an effective system for and collaboration among stakeholders 2.2.2: Evaluate cross-sectorial coordination and collaboration 2.2.3: Develop and implement a framework for quarterly reporting 3.1.1: Develop fund distribution guidelines for managing invasive species 3.2.3: Carry out research on priority invasive speciesand areas 4.1.1: Identify and manage priority pathways and vectors of spread 4.2.1: Develop EDRR procedures 4.2.4 Operationalize EDRR 6.1.1: Develop and promote integrated pest management (IPM) to control invasive species 6.1.2: Strengthen a centralized national biodiversity database 6.2.1: Integrate restoration in all invasive speciesmanagement 6.2.2: Develop a framework for invasive speciesrestoration 2. High Priority Actions are essential to the successful implementation of the Strategy and should also be initiated as soon as possible but in many cases their implementation is contingent upon prior actions being undertaken. These prior actions are classified as critical. These include: 1.2.2: Develop assessment process for effective enforcement of regulatory tools 1.2.3: Define roles and responsibilities for all stakeholders in managing invasive species 1.2.4: Provide incentives for management of invasive species 3.1.2: Leverage funds to address invasive species management objectives 3.1.3: Establish an emergency response funding model 3.2.1 Identify and address invasive speciesknowledge gaps 3.2.2: Mainstream invasive species into existing research agenda of academic, research and development institutions 4.1.2: Strengthen risk assessment processes 4.3.3: Develop invasive species “watch lists” 5.1 1: Develop and implement community educational and awareness programs on invasive species 5.1.2: Promote behavioural change to reduce spread of invasive species 5.1.3: Mainstream invasive speciesmodules from primary to higher learning institutions 5.1.4: Evaluate stakeholder’s education and awareness on invasive speciesmanagement 5.1.5. Strengthen technical capacity of Extension Service Providers 5.2.1: Mainstream invasive speciesmanagement into national communication strategy 5.2.3: Incorporate invasive speciesmanagement into national and international environmental events 5.3.4: Create consistent and timely messaging platforms on invasive species 6.2.3: Support restoration efforts 6.3.1: Develop and implement a national invasive species management monitoring and evaluation framework 6.3.2 Improve existing monitoring standards and protocols 3. Medium Priority Actions are in some cases contingent upon the undertaking of high priority actions. In other cases, it is deemed that they would be of value but are not essential to the successful implementation of the Strategy. These include: 3.2.4: Investigate on long-term cost of doing nothing 5.2.2: Recognize exemplary performance in invasive speciesmanagement NATIONAL INVASIVE SPECIES STRATEGY AND ACTION PLAN (NISSAP)162 A pp en di x 16 : I nd ic at iv e bu dg et fo r im pl em en ta tio n of N IS S A P (2 01 9 20 29 ) A ct io ns Number Unit Unit cost Total budget Budget assumption Responsible Institution/Min istries/ Leading Agency B ud ge t ( TZ S x 1 06 ) 2019/2020 2020/2021 2021/2022 2022/2023 2023/2024 2024/2025 2025/2026 2026/2027 2027/2028 2028/2029 O B JE C TI V E 1 : P R E V E N T IN TR O D U C TI O N A N D S P R E A D O F IN VA S IV E S P E C IE S Ta rg et 1 .1 : 9 0% o f q ua ra nt in e bo rd er p os ts a re s up po rt ed to m an ag e in va si ve s pe ci es p at hw ay s by 2 02 4 A ct io n 1. 1. 1: Id en tif y an d m an ag e pr io rit y pa th w ay s an d ve ct or s of IS in tr od uc tio n an d sp re ad lu m ps um 1, 98 0, 00 0, 00 0 In vo lv e se ct or al m in is tr ie s an d as so ci at ed au th or iti es 39 6 39 6 39 6 39 6 39 6 A ct io n 1. 1. 2: 20 se ct or 10 ,0 00 ,0 00 20 0, 00 0, 00 0 2 0 se ct or s @ T Z S 10 ,0 00 ,0 00 V P O ( D oE ) 50 50 50 50 C on du ct r is k as se ss m en t o f po te nt ia l I S A ct io n 1. 1. 3: E nf or ce re gu la tio ns d ea lin g w ith im po rt at io n an d m ov em en t o f liv e m at er ia ls a t na tio na l a nd r eg io na l/ in te rn at io na l b or de rs 20 S ec to r 11 0, 00 0, 00 0 2, 20 0, 00 0, 00 0 2 0 se ct or s @ T Z S 11 0, 00 0, 00 0 V P O ( D oE ) 44 0 44 0 44 0 44 0 44 0 1. 1. 4: C ap ac ita te bo rd er p os ts w ith ad eq ua te r es ou rc es to m an ag e in va si ve sp ec ie s 1 C on su lta n cy 60 ,0 00 ,0 00 60 ,0 00 ,0 00 H ire c on su lta nc y fo r T Z S 6 0, 00 0, 00 0 se ct or ia l m in is tr ie s, L G A s 20 20 20 S ub T ot al 4, 38 0, 00 0, 00 0 se ct or ia l m in is tr ie s, L G A s NATIONAL INVASIVE SPECIES STRATEGY AND ACTION PLAN (NISSAP) 163 A ct io ns Number Unit Unit cost Total budget Budget assumption Responsible Institution/Min istries/ Leading Agency B ud ge t ( TZ S x 1 06 ) 2019/2020 2020/2021 2021/2022 2022/2023 2023/2024 2024/2025 2025/2026 2026/2027 2027/2028 2028/2029 Ta rg et 1 .2 : A t l ea st 9 5 % o f e m er gi ng in va si on s ar e er ad ic at ed b y 20 29 A ct io n 1. 2. 1: D ev el op a nd im pl em en t E D R R pr oc ed ur es lu m ps um 40 0, 00 0, 00 0 In vo lv e 1 ta sk fo rc e fo r a T Z S 10 0, 00 0, 00 0; 2 0 se ct or s de ve lo p I1 w at ch li st fo r T Z S 5, 00 0, 00 0 V P O ( D oE ), N IS TA C 25 0 15 0 A ct io n 1. 2. 2: D ev el op a nd im pl em en t a n at io na l su rv ei lla nc e sy st em 20 se ct or 19 0, 00 0, 00 0 3, 80 0, 00 0, 00 0 In vo lv e 20 s ec to rs fo rT Z S 1 90 ,0 00 ,0 00 se ct or ia l m in is tr ie s, L G A s 38 0 38 0 38 0 38 0 38 0 38 0 38 0 38 0 38 0 38 0 A ct io n 1. 2. 3: D ev el op a nd di se m m in at e in va si ve s pe ci es w at ch li st s lu m ps um 1, 00 0, 00 0, 00 0 10 0 S ub T ot al 5, 20 0, 00 0, 00 0 se ct or ia l m in is tr ie s, L G A s To ta l 9, 58 0, 00 0, 00 0 O B JE C TI V E 2 : I M P LE M E N T E FF E C TI V E C O N TR O L, R E S TO R A TI O N , A N D M O N IT O R IN G P R O G R A M S Ta rg et 2 .1 : A t l ea st 5 0% o f p ri or ity in va si ve s pe ci es a re e ff ec tiv el y co nt ro lle d by 2 02 9 A ct io n 2. 1. 1: Id en tif y, m ap a nd r ed uc e ab un da nc e of in va si ve s pe ci es in th ei r es ta bl is he d an d in va si on a re as Lu m ps um 12 0, 00 0, 00 0 1, 20 0, 00 0, 00 0 12 0 A ct io n 2. 1. 2: B ui ld in g on th e m an ag em en t k no w ho w fr om w ith in a nd ot he r co un tr ie s 10 ,0 00 ,0 00 10 ,0 00 ,0 00 10 NATIONAL INVASIVE SPECIES STRATEGY AND ACTION PLAN (NISSAP)164 A ct io ns Number Unit Unit cost Total budget Budget assumption Responsible Institution/Min istries/ Leading Agency B ud ge t ( TZ S x 1 06 ) 2019/2020 2020/2021 2021/2022 2022/2023 2023/2024 2024/2025 2025/2026 2026/2027 2027/2028 2028/2029 A ct io n 2. 1. 3: D ev el op a nd pr om ot e in te gr at ed ap pr oa ch es to co nt ro l I S 50 25 ,0 00 ,0 00 1, 25 0, 00 0, 00 0 K ey s ec to ria l m in is tr ie s, LG A s, P ri va te , N G O s, C B O s 12 5 12 5 12 5 12 5 12 5 12 5 12 5 12 5 12 5 12 5 A ct io n 2. 1. 4: D ev el op a nd st re ng th en a ce nt ra liz ed n at io na l bi od iv er si ty da ta ba se 1 C on su lta nc y 20 0, 00 0, 00 0 18 0, 00 0, 00 0 V P O ( D oE ), N IT S A C 60 60 60 S ub T ot al 2, 64 0, 00 0, 00 0 Ta rg et 2 .2 : A t l ea st 5 0% o f c ri tic al e co sy st em s im pa ct ed b y in va si ve s pe ci es a re r es to re d/ re ha bi lit at ed b y 20 29 A ct io n 2. 2. 1: In te gr at e re st or at io n in a ll in va si ve s pe ci es m an ag em en t 20 S ec to r 15 0, 00 0, 00 0 3, 00 0, 00 0, 00 0 V P O ( D oE ) 30 0 30 0 30 0 30 0 30 0 30 0 30 0 30 0 30 0 30 0 A ct io n 2. 2. 2: D ev el op a fr am ew or k fo r in va si ve s pe ci es re st or at io n 20 se ct or 30 ,0 00 ,0 00 60 0, 00 0, 00 0 20 s ec to r @ T Z S 30 ,0 00 ,0 00 o nc ei n 10 y ea rs p er io d se ct or ia l m in is tr ie s, L G A s 20 0 20 0 20 0 A ct io n 2. 2. 3: : B ui ld an d st re ng th en co m m un ity ca pa ci ty to co nd uc t r es to ra tio n of d eg ra de d ec os ys te m s lu m ps um 3, 60 0, 00 0, 00 0 2 0 se ct or @ T Z S 20 ,0 00 ,0 00 o nc ei n 10 y ea rs p er io d N IT S A C , V P O ( D oE ) 36 0 36 0 36 0 36 0 36 0 36 0 36 0 36 0 36 0 36 0 S ub T ot al 7, 20 0, 00 0, 00 0 NATIONAL INVASIVE SPECIES STRATEGY AND ACTION PLAN (NISSAP) 165 A ct io ns Number Unit Unit cost Total budget Budget assumption Responsible Institution/Min istries/ Leading Agency B ud ge t ( TZ S x 1 06 ) 2019/2020 2020/2021 2021/2022 2022/2023 2023/2024 2024/2025 2025/2026 2026/2027 2027/2028 2028/2029 Ta rg et 2 .3 : A t l ea st 5 0% in va si ve s pe ci es m an ag em en t e ff or ts a re m on ito re d by 2 02 9 A ct io n 2. 3. 1: D ev el op a nd im pl em en t a n at io na l in va si ve s pe ci es m an ag em en t m on ito rin g an d ev al ua tio n fr am ew or k 5 C on su lta nc y 20 0, 00 0, 00 0 1, 00 0, 00 0, 00 0 H ire c on su lta nt to e va lu at e fo r 5 ye ar s@ T Z S 20 0, 00 0, 00 0 V P O ( D oE ) 10 0 10 0 A ct io n 2. 3. 2: Im pr ov e ex is tin g m on ito rin g st an da rd s an d pr ot oc ol s 20 se ct or 30 ,0 00 ,0 00 60 0, 00 0, 00 0 2 0 se ct or s @ T Z S 30 ,0 00 ,0 00 ; I nv ol ve Ta sk fo rc e@ T Z S 30 ,0 00 ,0 00 ; I nv ol ve Ta sk fo rc e@ T Z S 30 ,0 00 ,0 00 V P O ( D oE ) 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 S ub T ot al 1, 60 0, 00 0, 00 0 To ta l 11 ,4 40 ,0 00 ,0 00 O B JE C TI V E 3 : E N H A N C E N A TI O N A L C A PA C IT Y IN M A N A G E M E N T A N D R E S E A R C H O N IN VA S IV E S P E C IE S Ta rg et 3 .1 : A t l ea st 7 0% o f f un d pr op os ed fo r m an ag em en t o f i nv as iv e sp ec ie s is s ec ur ed a nd im pl em en te d by 2 02 4 A ct io n 3. 1. 1: Le ve ra ge fu nd s to a dd re ss IS m an ag em en t ob je ct iv es 70 Ta sk fo rc e 50 0, 00 0 35 ,0 00 ,0 00 In vo lv e 10 e xp er ts fo r 7m an da ys @ T Z S 5 00 ,0 00 V P O ( D oE ), 20 15 A ct io n 3. 1. 2: D ev el op fu nd di st rib ut io n gu id el in es fo r m an ag in g in va si ve sp ec ie s 50 st ak eh ol de rs 10 0, 00 0, 00 0 5, 00 0, 00 0, 00 0 5 0 st ak eh ol de rs to co nt rib ut e @ T Z S 10 0, 00 0, 00 V P O ( D oE ), D ev el op m en t pa rt ne rs , 50 0 50 0 40 0 60 0 70 0 30 0 50 0 50 0 50 0 50 0 A ct io n 3. 1. 3: E st ab lis h an em er ge nc y re sp on se fu nd in g m od el 20 se ct or 10 0, 00 0, 00 0 2, 00 0, 00 0, 00 0 2 0 se ct or s to co nt rib ut e @ T Z S 10 0, 00 0, 00 V P O ( D oE ) 20 0 20 0 20 0 20 0 20 0 20 0 20 0 20 0 20 0 20 0 NATIONAL INVASIVE SPECIES STRATEGY AND ACTION PLAN (NISSAP)166 A ct io ns Number Unit Unit cost Total budget Budget assumption Responsible Institution/Min istries/ Leading Agency B ud ge t ( TZ S x 1 06 ) 2019/2020 2020/2021 2021/2022 2022/2023 2023/2024 2024/2025 2025/2026 2026/2027 2027/2028 2028/2029 S ub T ot al 7, 03 5, 00 0, 00 0 Ta rg et 3 .2 : : B y 20 25 , r es ea rc h on in va si ve s pe ci es in cr ea se d by 5 0% A ct io n 3. 2. 1: A ct io n 3. 2. 1: 10 0 se ct or 20 ,0 00 ,0 00 10 ,0 00 ,0 00 ,0 00 20 s ec to rs c on du ct 1 re se ar ch a nn ua lly fo r5 y ea rs @ T Z S 20 ,0 00 ,0 00 R es ea rc h In st itu tio n, 20 0 30 0 10 0 10 0 30 0 20 0 20 0 20 0 20 0 20 0 S up po rt r es ea rc h on p rio rit y in va si ve sp ec ie s an d ar ea s A ct io n 3. 2. 2: 1 Ta sk fo rc e 20 0, 00 0, 00 0 20 0, 00 0, 00 0 In vo lv e ta sk fo rc e re pr es en tin g se ct or s fo rT Z S 20 0, 00 0, 00 0 V P O ( D oE ) 12 0 80 M ai ns tr ea m in va si ve sp ec ie s in to e xi st in g re se ar ch a ge nd a of ac ad em ic , r es ea rc h an d de ve lo pm en t in st itu tio ns A ct io n 3. 2. 3: Lu m ps um 2, 00 0, 00 0, 00 0 40 S tr en th en N at io na l E nv iro nm en t T ru st F un d S ub T ot al 12 ,2 00 ,0 00 ,0 00 R es ea rc h In st itu tio ns , A ca de m ic In st itu tio ns To ta l 19 ,2 35 ,0 00 ,0 00 O B JE C TI V E 4 : E N H A N C E S TA K E H O LD E R ’S E D U C A TI O N , A W A R E N E S S A N D P A R TI C IP A TI O N IN IN VA S IV E S P E C IE S M A N A G E M E N T Ta rg et 4 .1 : A t l ea st 5 0% o f s ta ke ho ld er s ar e aw ar e of in va si ve s pe ci es b y 20 29 A ct io n 4. 1. 1: 20 S ec to r 5, 00 0, 00 0 10 0, 00 0, 00 0 N IS TA C 50 50 D ev el op a nd im pl em en t co m m un ity ed uc at io na l a nd aw ar en es s pr og ra m s on in va si ve s pe ci es NATIONAL INVASIVE SPECIES STRATEGY AND ACTION PLAN (NISSAP) 167 A ct io ns Number Unit Unit cost Total budget Budget assumption Responsible Institution/Min istries/ Leading Agency B ud ge t ( TZ S x 1 06 ) 2019/2020 2020/2021 2021/2022 2022/2023 2023/2024 2024/2025 2025/2026 2026/2027 2027/2028 2028/2029 A ct io n 4. 1. 2: P ro m ot e be ha vi ou ra l ch an ge to r ed uc e sp re ad o f i nv as iv e sp ec ie s 20 S ec to r 10 ,0 00 ,0 00 20 0, 00 0, 00 0 2 0 se ct or s fo ra T Z S 1 0, 00 0, 00 0 fo r a pr oj ec t l ife s pa n 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 A ct io n 4. 1. 3: M ai ns tr ea m in va si ve sp ec ie s m od ul es cu rr ic ul um fr om pr im ar y to h ig he r le ar ni ng in st itu tio ns 1 C on su lta nc y 50 ,0 00 ,0 00 50 ,0 00 ,0 00 H ire c on su lta nc y fo r T Z S 5 0, 00 0, 00 0 V P O ( D oE ) 50 A ct io n 4. 1. 4: S tr en gt he n te ch ni ca l c ap ac ity o f E xt en si on S er vi ce P ro vi de rs 20 ,0 00 ,0 00 10 10 S ub T ot al 43 0, 00 0, 00 0 N IT S A C Ta rg et 4 .2 : A t l ea st 5 0% o f s ta ke ho ld er s pa rt ic ip at ed in m an ag in g in va si ve s pe ci es b y 20 24 A ct io n 4. 2. 1: M ai ns tr ea m in va si ve s pe ci es m an ag em en t in to n at io na l co m m un ic at io n st ra te gy 40 S ec to r 10 ,0 00 ,0 00 40 0, 00 0, 00 0 2 da ys m ee tin gs fo r 20 s ec to s fo r T Z S 10 ,0 00 ,0 00 N IT S A C 20 0 20 0 A ct io n 4. 2. 2: R ec og ni ze ex em pl ar y pe rf or m an ce in in va si ve s pe ci es m an ag em en t 1 C on su lta nc y 10 ,0 00 ,0 00 10 ,0 00 ,0 00 D ev el op S O P 5 5 NATIONAL INVASIVE SPECIES STRATEGY AND ACTION PLAN (NISSAP)168 A ct io ns Number Unit Unit cost Total budget Budget assumption Responsible Institution/Min istries/ Leading Agency B ud ge t ( TZ S x 1 06 ) 2019/2020 2020/2021 2021/2022 2022/2023 2023/2024 2024/2025 2025/2026 2026/2027 2027/2028 2028/2029 A ct io n 4. 2. 3: In co rp or at e in va si ve s pe ci es m an ag em en t in n at io na l a nd in te rn at io na l en vi ro nm en ta l ev en ts 80 0 S ec to r 30 ,0 00 ,0 00 24 ,0 00 ,0 00 ,0 00 2 0 se ct or a tte nd 3 lo ca l a nd 3 in te rn at io na l ev en ts pe r an nu m in 10 y ea rs p er io d 2, 40 0 2, 40 0 2, 40 0 2, 40 0 2, 40 0 2, 40 0 2, 40 0 2, 40 0 2, 40 0 2, 40 0 A ct io n 4. 2. 4: C re at e co ns is te nt a nd ti m el y m es sa gi ng p la tfo rm s on in va si ve s pe ci es 1 C on su lta nc y 5, 00 0, 00 0 5, 00 0, 00 0 D ev el op co m m un ic at io n st ra te gy V P O ( D O E ) 5 S ub T ot al 24 ,4 15 ,0 00 ,0 00 T ot al 24 ,8 45 ,0 00 ,0 00 V P O ( D O E ) O B JE C TI V E 5 : M A IN S TR E A M IN G IN VA S IV E S P E C IE S IN TO R E G U LA TO R Y T O O LS Ta rg et 5 .1 : A t l ea st 5 0% o f a ll re gu la to ry to ol s ar e re vi se d an d op er at io na liz ed b y 20 29 A ct io n 5. 1. 1: R ev ie w re gu la to ry to ol s an d m ai ns tr ea m in va si ve sp ec ie s 14 Ta sk F or ce 20 0, 00 0, 00 0. 00 2, 80 0, 00 0, 00 0 1 4 re gu la to ry to ol s, co nd uc te d on ce in 10 y ea rs ’ t im e at a co st o f @ T Z S 20 0, 00 0, 00 0 K ey s ec to ria l m in is tr ie s, V P O ( D oE ) 90 0 90 0 1, 00 0 A ct io n 5. 1. 2: H ar m on iz e co nfl ic tin g re gu la to ry to ol s 15 Ta sk F or ce 10 0, 00 0, 00 0. 00 1, 50 0, 00 0, 00 0 1 5 po lic ie s re vi ew ed in vo lv in g m ax im um o f 2 0 st ak eh ol de rs @ T Z S 1 00 ,0 00 ,0 00 V P O ( D oE ) 50 0 50 0 50 0 A ct io n 5. 1. 3: M ai ns tr ea m in va si ve sp ec ie s is su es in to lo ca l c ha rt er s, se ct or ia l m in is tr ie s, lo ca l g ov er nm en t an d pr iv at e se ct or pl an s an d gu id el in es 13 Ta sk F or ce 10 0, 00 0, 00 0. 00 1, 30 0, 00 0, 00 0 13 r eg ul at io ns re vi ew ed in vo lv in g m ax im um o f 2 0 st ak eh ol de rs @ T Z S 1 00 ,0 00 ,0 00 K ey s ec to ria l m in is tr ie s, 60 0 40 0 30 0 NATIONAL INVASIVE SPECIES STRATEGY AND ACTION PLAN (NISSAP) 169 A ct io ns Number Unit Unit cost Total budget Budget assumption Responsible Institution/Min istries/ Leading Agency B ud ge t ( TZ S x 1 06 ) 2019/2020 2020/2021 2021/2022 2022/2023 2023/2024 2024/2025 2025/2026 2026/2027 2027/2028 2028/2029 S ub T ot al 5, 60 0, 00 0, 00 0 se ct or ia l m in is tr ie s, L G A s, P riv at e se ct or , N G O s, C B O s Ta rg et 5 .2 : A ll ex is tin g re gu la to ry to ol s on in va si ve s pe ci es a re e nf or ce d ef fe ct iv el y by 2 02 0 A ct io n 5. 2. 1: Id en tif y an d ca pa ci ta te ag en ci es re sp on si bl e fo r en fo rc em en t of r eg ul at or y to ol s on in va si ve sp ec ie sE nf or ce 40 A ut ho rit ie s 30 ,0 00 ,0 00 .0 0 1, 20 0, 00 0, 00 0 V P O ( D oE ), M N R T 14 0 12 0 12 0 12 0 12 0 12 0 12 0 12 0 12 0 10 0 A ct io n 5. 2. 2: D ev el op r is k as se ss m en t pr oc es s fo r ef fe ct iv e en fo rc em en t o f re gu la to ry to ol s 40 A ut ho rit ie s 20 ,0 00 ,0 00 .0 0 80 0, 00 0, 00 0 D ev el op S O P fo r 20 s ec to rs V P O ( D oE ) 80 10 0 60 80 80 80 80 10 0 80 60 A ct io n 5. 2. 3: D efi ne r ol es a nd re sp on si bi lit ie s of a ll ag en ci es re sp on si bl e fo r re gu la tin g in va si ve N o co st 0 S ub T ot al 2, 00 0, 00 0, 00 0 se ct or ia l m in is tr ie s, L G A s To ta l 7, 92 0, 00 0, 00 0 O B JE C TI V E 6 : S TR E N G TH E N A N D P R O M O TE S TR O N G C O LL A B O R A TI O N A N D C O O R D IN A TI O N W IT H R E LE VA N T S TA K E H O LD E R S O N M A N A G E M E N T O F IN VA S IV E S P E C IE S Ta rg et 6 .1 : B y 20 25 , c ol la bo ra tio n an d co or di na tio n am on g st ak eh ol de rs in cr ea se d by a t l ea st 5 0% A ct io n 6. 1. 1: S tr en gt he n tr an s bo un da ry pa rt ne rs hi ps 9 50 ,0 00 ,0 00 45 0, 00 0, 00 0 B or de rin g N at io ns ( K en ya , U ga nd a, B ur un di , R w an da , D R C , Z am bi a, M oz am bi qu e, a nd M al aw i V P O ( D oE ) 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 NATIONAL INVASIVE SPECIES STRATEGY AND ACTION PLAN (NISSAP)170 A ct io ns Number Unit Unit cost Total budget Budget assumption Responsible Institution/Min istries/ Leading Agency B ud ge t ( TZ S x 1 06 ) 2019/2020 2020/2021 2021/2022 2022/2023 2023/2024 2024/2025 2025/2026 2026/2027 2027/2028 2028/2029 A ct io n 6. 1. 2: E st ab lis h co or di na tio n an d co m m un ic at io n m ec ha ni sm fo r ef fe ct iv e m an ag em en t o f in va si ve s pe ci es fo r al l r el ev an t st ak eh ol de rs Lu m ps um 20 ,0 00 ,0 00 D ev el op S O P fo r 20 se ct or s V P O ( D oE ), K ey s ec to ria l m in is tr ie s, LG A s, P ri va te s ec to r, N G O s, C B O s 1 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 S ub T ot al 47 0, 00 0, 00 0 K ey s ec to ria l m in is tr ie s, L G A s, P riv at e, A ca de m ia , R es ea rc he rs s ec to r, N G O s, C B O s Ta rg et 6 .2 : B y 20 25 , c ol la bo ra tio n an d co o rd in at io n am on g st ak eh ol de rs p ro m ot ed b y at le as t 5 0% A ct io n 6. 2. 1: D ev el op an d im pl em en t a n ef fe ct iv e sy st em fo r co lla bo ra tio n am on g st ak eh ol de rs 1 Ta sk fo rc e 10 ,0 00 ,0 00 10 ,0 00 ,0 00 Ta sk fo rc e of 1 0 pe op le fo r a co st o f 10 ,0 00 ,0 00 V P O (D oE ), N IS TA C 2 2 2 2 2 A ct io n 6. 2. 2: 20 0, 00 0, 00 0 20 0, 00 0, 00 0 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 D ev el op a nd im pl em en t f ra m ew or k fo r co or di na tio n am on g st ak eh ol de rs A ct io n 6. 2. 3: E va lu at e cr os s se ct or ia l c oo rd in at io n an d co lla bo ra tio n 1 C on su lta nc y 60 ,0 00 ,0 00 .0 0 60 ,0 00 ,0 00 se ct or ia l m in is tr ie s, L G A s 20 20 20 A ct io n 6. 2. 4: D ev el op an d im pl em en t a fr am ew or k fo r qu ar te rly r ep or tin g Lu m ps um 10 0, 00 0, 00 0 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 S ub T ot al 37 0, 00 0, 00 0 V P O ( D oE ), N IS TA C , s ec to ria l m in is tr ie s, L G A s To ta l 84 0, 00 0, 00 0 G ra nd T ot al 73 ,8 60 ,0 00 ,0 00