National Human Settlements Development Policy

NATIONAL HUMAN SETTLEMENTS DEVELOPMENT POLICY.pdf ... ,ii - -~- ~--' TIIE UNITED REPUBLIC OF TANI.ANIA NATIONAL HUMAN SETTLEMENTS DEVELOPMENT POLICY Ministry of Lands and Human Settlements Development Dar es Salaam January, 2000 PRfNTED BY THI: GOVFRNM[NT PRINTER DAR ES SALAAM -TANZANIA NATIONAL HlJMAN SETTLEMENTS ll E ,1}~J ,O Pl\1 ENT P() Ll CY TABLE 01 CONTl'.NTS I l 1 IN IFUUUCTIUN; .. . 1 1 1 ll1\( 'K(WOUND INFOI/MAT!ON" , I NATIONAL f'CONOMY 2 }. lllJMAN SETTLEMENTS PROFILE 2.2.1 Population. 2.U. Urbanisation Trrnds in Tanzania .. J ·' 2 2 .' Womrn llcadcd lfousdwlds ant.I Access lo 110111c Ownership hy Women. 2..2.J Education. 2 2.5 2.) (, ?.2.7 2.2.8 A ffordahle ;ind At.lcquate Shelter Provision. formal Housing Supply .... Housing l'inance . The Rural Scene 2.J l'AST UOVERNMENT Errorns ·- 2.3.1 2.U 2.3.3 2.3.4 2.3.5 2.3.(, L\.7 2 .l .8 2 .l 9 2.J. JO 2.3.11 Ll12 2.3.13 2.3.H Ll.15 2.3.1(, Colonial Policie., . Post-Independence RurJI Dcvclopmelll l'oliciL·s. The Arusha Dcdaratioo. Revolving Housing Loan Fund. Growth Centre Policy The National 1lDusi11g Corporation. Nationalisation or Buildings. Building lkscarch Unit (BRlJ) Housing Coopcrntivr, Establbhment of lhc Anlhi Institute and Crnlrc for Housing Studies . Decentralisation of Government A(lministration .. Shin of the National Capi1al IO Dm.10111;:i. Sites anJ Serv ic(;S and Squaner Upgrading. The Tanzania Housing Bank . -... . National Housing Policy,. ....... . . The Rrnl Restriction Act 1962 am.I J 984 . lJl 7 . 7 X ,8 ') .. 9 . ... ') 10 11 12 . 12 I 1 . I.I 1-l l'1 15 .. 15 I.~ . .. 15 .. 16 16 17 .tu 2 .3 17 l.3.18 2.3.19 2..320 23 21 2.3.22 2.J.23 :U.24 The SusLainahlc Dar es SJlaam City i'rllJl'CI The New Naliunal La11Li Policy Planning Lc~islali\Hl The Natmnal Envirnnmcntat l'ulicy l<J'n The Nation,11 l'opula1io11 Policy 1992 J'h,: Local G,)vtrn11w11t i\cls Nn.7 and 8 lli l ')82 llic Naliunal Stratq:ic~ un !'overly J\llc,v1;11iu11 I '/'IK Conclusion un Past (,ovcrnmcnl Effort, GOALS AND OBJECTIVES 3 I GOALS .. J 2 OBJECTIVES. 4.U ISSUES AND POLICY STATEMENTS 4.1 HkOAD HUMAN SETTLEMENTS ISSUES ... 4, ] 4.12 4 U. 4. l.4 4.1.5 4 16 4,1.7 4.1.8 4 1,9 4.LIO 4. 1.11 4. Ll2 4.1. 13 4. 1.14 4. l.15 4.1.16 4.1.17 Availability of an<l i\cccs:; 10 Land Planning and Building Regulations and S1anda1(fs Infrastructure and Social Services [J<:velopmrnt Building in Unplanned and UmnvicnJ Areas Village Planning .... .. . .. Rural Economy ...... .. Puvcny Eradication. .. Information on Humau Seukrncnrs Develnpmcnl. Environmental Planning and Management .. Hierarchy of Settlement~ .... International Co-operation. Iluman Settlements Development Cap;1city Performance Evaluation and Use of lndieator~ . Gender Equality and Yulncrahlc Grnups: Prehistoric/Historic Sites and Buildings: Small Islands Beaches and Coastline JV 17 I~ - i') i'I i'I 2\) 21 2-1 l'i .15 .28 J() ........ V, .. "' 4.2 SJ !ELTER ISSl IFS AND POLJrlf,S: ........... .. .................. . 4.2.1 4.Ll 4.2.3 4.2.4 4.2.5 I lousing Finance .. Puhlic Housing Private Housing .................. . ........... . Building Material, aod The Building Makrials lndu~try . Rural Housing.... .. ......... .. 37 37 38 . . 40 .40 .. ...... 42 4.2.6 H(lu~ing Development Through a Co-tl(lt:ralivc ~r,oro;11:h. .4.:; ◄ .2.7 Rent Control..... ............ ... .... . 44 URBAN DEVELOPMENT ISSUL\ AND POLICIES. . .. 44 4.3.1 Physical Growth ........ ........ . ...... .. . .. .... ... .... 44 4.3.2 Rural-Urban Migration ......................... .. .......... . ...... 45 4.3.3 Township Boundaries ......................... .... ... .. .......... 45 4.3.4 Urban Renewal ...................... .. ..................... ,, ...... 4tl 4.3.5 Urban Economy... .. ........ .. .. .. .. .................. ..... 47 4.3.6 Urban Transport ...................... .... .. ,, ....................... 47 4.3.7 Urhan Agriculture ............. .. . .. ...... .... ................ .. ... 4$ 4. 3. 8 Municipal finance . .. . .. . .. .. .. .. . .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 48 4.3.9 Public Oren Spaces, Other Recreational Arca~ an<l lla,..ir<lou~ Lands................ . ... ..... . ... .. ..................... 50 4.3. IO Environmental Management ........ .... .... .. . SI 4.4 INSTITlfl'IONAL AND LEGAL FRAMEWORK ......... .. .. ................. ,, 52 ~.o CONCLUSION ..................................... .............. ., ........................................................... 59 APPENDIX -1- POPULATION GROWTH RATES OF REGIONAL CENTRES TOTAL NATIONAL POPULATION, AND TOTAL URBAN POPULATION, 1948 • 1988 .................... .. .............. .. .. .. ..... 61 APPENDIX - 2- DWELLING UNITS CONSTRUCfED BY THE NATIONAL HOUSING CORPORATION 1962- 1987 .................. 62 V \l'l'FNOIX - j - H(/lLDINWi CONSTRUC'Tfl) BY TIJE REGISTRAR or B(J[LDINGSl<J71 1.98S ,\l'l'LNDl:X - 4 - UST or UHDAN SETTLEMENTS WITII TIIEIR 198H l'Ol'lllAIION (,.\ .\l'l'l.NUlX 5 - CRITERIA FOR CLASSIFICATION <W IJUMAN SI·TTLLMENTS 71) ,\l'PINUJX · C, - IMPLEMl~NTATION STRATJJ,IES 7/ 1.0 INTRODUCTION " !11 rlw sil!lp!est renns, human sculcrnem .. 1· arc Hhere urr:anised human activiry rakr•s pl(tU'. Orgonismion i.1· needed as a reminder thar human S('trfemcms arc often conceived and invariably dc1 1elop('d and used as systems. Huma11 Sertlemcnts .fw1(1ion as a s vsrcm m rhc glo1ml, regiot1a!, .rnh regional, nmional and .rnh-11mio11al scale - duwn to the lol\lcst unit o{ !w111a11 hahita/1(//1. I Jummr Seufrme/1/s arc 1101 simply housing or.for thm mt1ttn, mcrel v rhe physiral stri1cwrc ot a cir--,•, tow/I, or village hut (lll integrated combination of all human ll('[il'ify procrsscs - residn1cc, work. educmion, health, culturc. leisure l'h' - ond thr physical stmct11rc Ihm support rllcm ' ' . (rnntial Rt:porl on H11111 a11 Sctrlt·mcnt~ 1986 - by II AH ITAT) The development of human selllcments in the country has not heen sustainahle because it has not comhined socio-economic development with environmental conservarion and protection and thereby aggravating urban and rural poverty. Rapid urbani sation which has taken place over the last three and half decades has increased and will continue to increase the proportion of the country's population li ving in urban areas. This rapid urbani sation rate is transforming the country·s settlements pattern from that characterised by numerous scattered small villages to thal of large villages. towns and municipalities At the same time. the delivery of shelter in urban and rural settlements of Tanzania is inadequate and lacking. in infrastr,icturc and snvices leading to non-sanitary situations which threaten the health and productivity of its citizens. lluman set1lcmcnts clevck,pmcnt and .~ helter delivery are inseparable and require a coherent and comprehensive policy that links them in a common framework The need to devt:lop a National Human Settlements Development Policy arise~ from the Government' s re~olve- lo addres~ ancl re verse the deterioration of human se\tkments ' conditions in the country and its recognition and commitment to the 1.kcision by \he United Nations Habitat Agentla II ,md the htanbul Declaration on Human Sel!lcments tkvclopmcnL The Government thus intends to facilitate adequate delivery o l' shelter and the de velopment of sustainahk human settlements in the country. This policy aims at harnessing existing initiatives in shelter delivery and infrastructure investment hy various actors in the public, privatc , informal and community sectors as well as guide the rapid urhan growth and the tran~formation of the sclt\ement pattern. A rising from this desire, the government through hs Civil Service Reform Programme transformed the Ministry of L1.nds Housing and Urban Development , and changed its name to the new Ministry of Lands and Human Seulcrncnts Development . following on the above change , the Government deeided 10 merge lhe former Departments of !lousing and that of Urban Development into (he new Department of lluman Settlements Development , in order Lo streamline and capture the intenkpendcnt relationships oetween these sectnrs, and thereby develop l a policy that emphasises and clearly targets the essential clements of human settlements development needs. The ultimate and future vision of this policy is to have well organised, efftcicnl, healrhy, safe and secure, and aesthetic sustainahle human settlements. In particular, the future vision of this human settlements development policy is to have human sclllements where everyone has aJequatc and affordable shelter which is durable, healthy, safe and legally secure, accessible and which matches with the culture and I iving habits of the occupants. Such shelter or housing includes all the basic services, facilities and amenities. It should be free from all forms of discrimination. Moreover human settlements should offer equal socio-economic opportunities to all members of the society for their material, social, spiritual and cultural advancement. Promotion of the development of equitable, safe and sustainable human settlements is a means ro engender greater freedom, democracy, peace and stability in the country. The mission of the Goverrunent through its Ministry of Lands and Human Settkmems Development is to facilitate and create a conducive environment and framework for the achievement of the goal of having equitable, safe and secure, healthy and efficient sustainable human settlements in the country. In line with this mission, the Ministry will endeavour to harness existing and future initiatives and potentials in shelter delivery and infrastructure investment, management and maintenance of such facilities in partnership with various actors and stakeholders in the public, private and informal sectors, and hy Non-Governmental Organisations (NGO's) and Community Based Organisations (CBOs). In addition, the Ministry will judiciously guide the rapid rate of urban growth, urbanisation and the­ transformation of the settlement pattern so that these processes contribute to sound and broad-based socio-economic Llevelopment in the country. Finally, the Min is try will captur~ the interdependent relationships between various actors and sectors in human settlements development as well as streamline their roles and functions so that human settlemenLs development contributes effectively and meaningfully to the improvement of the quality of life of all Tanzanians. 2 2.0 BACKGROUND INFORMATION. 2. l Ni\TlONAL ECONOMY The national economy performed relatively well from indeprndcnce in 196 I until the early I 970s. It then plunged into an economic crisis of considerable proportions with a decline in the (,DP growth from an average of 5. 1 percent per Jnnurn in 1970 - 1976 to less lhan 2 percent rer annum between 1977 and I 986. It then recorded decline in real per capita income by more than IS percent between 1976 - I 986, a rise in the average annual rate of in flat ion of 5 percent in 1966 to 1970, and ofup to 30 per cent from 1979 onwards. At the same time, the economy was experiencing a deepening external imbalance of trade, and an overall dt"ficit in public finance. which reached 20 per cent of the GDP in 1980. The reasom for the decline are both extt::rnal and inlC'rnJI and include a significant decrease in the prices of primary commodities on the international market on one hand and an increase in the prices of manufactured imports ,md oil on the other. Unfavourable climatic conditions in the mid- 1970s and t"arly 1980s and the cost of the war with l.l ganda in 1979 also contrihuted lo the worsening of the economic situation. The failure of the economic policies of the 1970s and early 1980s was recognised, and a new approach was introduced. The Economic Recovery Programme (ERP) was put in place in 1985 to rectify the situation. Tanzania then experienced 5 consecutive years of positive per capita CiDI' growth and received considerable support from donors and international fin:mcial institutions The ERP was extended in 1989 to ERP II or the Economic and Social Action Programme (ESAP). Refo1ms undcrtakrn as part of this structural adjustment programme included the liberalisation of trade (i.e. removal of restrictions on internal and external trade); the removal of restrictions on internal trade including price decontrols; and floating of tlw Ta111.:inia shilling vis-a-vis external currencies. Thl" Govt"rnmenl has also promoted reforms in financial markets and has liberalised marketing arrJngernents As a result inflation fell below 20 percent in 1990. rose again slightly in 1991 and tltrn continued to fall in the following years. The Government is also currently addressing the reform of the paraslatJI sector. A major feature of the Tanzanian economy is the existence of a significant second or informal economy. This includes the financial set up where a large proportion of transactions is undertaken outside the formal banking system. Recorded incomes arc usually far short of actual incomes. for example, many employees earn insufficient salaries to maintain a household even at a minimum level of expenditllrc Public sector salaries arc less 1han I /5 of their real levels in the late 1970s. Employees can thcrcforl" be assumed to be supplemellling their incomes by participating in the informal economy. Many people not employed in the formal sector livl" by participating in the largely undocumented informal sector. Many employees have one or more jobs, or other economic activities, including small ~c1k inu,rnc: cnv:ral iug ent1:1 fll 1:I, ';11ch as the keepi ng of livestock (in urban :ucas), operat ing rtL1il stalh, building house~ for rental am.I \0 on. The secnnd cL·nn1)1 irv ic :m important ingrl'dicnt of the housing market in terms of gcHH h :,nd service, provided includrng, for example, tht: manufacture of building rn:1terial:; such ,1:, huilJing blocks am! bricks. anJ making of doors and wmJnws and furniture The-.e d wngcs in LT(lllOlllic and trade policies have had a numhn of implications 1m thr: human settkments sL•LJor. The dcclinr: in the growth rate llf GDP and espl.'cially the f;il l in real rcr c1ri ta income reduu..:d the financial ability of liouscl1old:; and forrulies to buy or cunstrucl or rent decent housing over the l 970 - I ()(J(i rr:nod. The drPp in export earnings, among others, reduced the country· s ;ihility to miport huildin& material> and retarded the construction industry in the country TrJde lihcrali,at inn un the otlwr hand has, sincL: lalc I 986. led to an i11neii,, , in tile prod uction ,rnd supply ,ii" building materials, which in turn has ~;timulatcd the volumi: of crn1ctrnc tiu11 work and m particular increased the cun,;truct.iun of du rah le housing m the country ll h~1s also increased the role anJ CP11trihu1 inn uf I.he pr ivalc ,cclur m human settlements development The informal sector, he:ll'ing in mind its rapid growth and expansion since 1990, is now the m,0or finJ.ncicr aml provider of housing tspecially in urhan areas in the country. 2.2 IlllMAN SETTLEMENTS PROFILE 2.2. l Population The population of Tan1,:111ia iucrr:ased at a rate of 2.8 percent per annum hc·tw<.'.en ]<)78 and 1988 which i~ a lower growth rate Lhan that of J .0 per iYllt per a11nun1 over Lile I C/(;7 • 1988 period The population increased from 11,958,000 rwPplc· in 1')(,7 to 2L533,800 in 1988 It is estimated that the population of Taru:ania i, :ihnut Y'i,000J)(X) people nov:· (year 2000t TAfl l. F 2 \ \.1\-.l:JL\Nl/.,\[[();--../ l"Fl."h!l~i J(J,J:--~ - l,<>Hr, -,~----~- ., l)l,il N;ltl(\i1:d l', lf'UL-\\11111 111 I II.Xii PM>:', .. :.[ ~1-al 1 lrh,lll Popu\~111, in 111 ~~~---- ,. -~~,~--- 1 (14 ----,... r, 81, \ l1 \i;111 P1.~r111IMi(1[1 ,1\ l'r 'fl"(.'."(1\,1).!i' ()f l•LiU1)l);d 2 ,=, ,! I ''/ - j --~----· i ,, \11111u ~-:(J!:1h.1) i...1. (! 1)811) ll1\1,tr1 r\,hn:1pyn1, ·n1 ,\i1,.I J"Jdl\J(."~'.t.'.lf !J~J-ia11 Si:JV1Le:'"\ i n T: in!,tnlii Cl l'.) /uiJhi lil\llttJll'. nar l'', SJ!il,H l\, ,.1 J()"J~ I ')88 I 7,IJ:,I) 22,.1JJ I j Ui,~~----1--[(,. m ·l------1 i I Uf J 27(, ,\c:cording to :J 1995 World tli1nk Report, in 1993, 25 perc<:m of Tanzani:;:'~; pq)t.dation was living in urban areas. The urb;m populalion ha'., been incre.11;ing at a rate of 10 percent per annum in the period of 1%0 1997. Il is eslimatcd that 30 percent of the population ofTanzani.i live in urban :,rea:; now. 2.2.2 Urbanisation Trends in Tanzania 2.2.2.l llllluc:ising Urb1m Population Although T,im:ania wi,h an estimated population of 27 million people in 1995 i:; one of the kast urbanised countries in the Wo:-hl, it has heen experiencing a r:ipid rate of urhJnisation. The annu:tl rutc of growth uf tlic urban pnrmlation in Tannmia rose from 6.0 percent bl'.lwern J9Y7 and 1967. to I l. J percent between 1967 am.I !97o and declined to 9.(J percent between 19'/8 and 1988 (Tabk 2.1 ). RapiJ urhanisaii,m in Tam~rnia like in moot developing eoun1rics, has heen fuelled by high rates n[ natural population incrt:"ase in the cities combined with rural tn urb,in migration. Past Population Census Reports ( 197S and J<)88) indicatt:d that rural-urhan migration ::iccounts for a higgcr share of the population increase in urban area'., than natural increase in the urbanisation pr<Kess in T:rnzar1ia. 2.2.2.2 Pressure on Urban Infrastructure and Scnices R::ipid urbanisation has inevitably increased pressure on the already over­ s\rainul \lfh'.rn infrastructure and c.erviccs. mnch uf' which has nnt hcen ,n,1i11tained or expanded tn cop<' with rapid urban growth. In ;;ddition to the failure to pnwidc adequalc infra:strncturc and services to cater for the rapit.! population g:rnwth in urhan area.,, thnc has been a L.1 ilurc on the p;irt of the admitlistrative machinery to prnvi,.k for a planned home t.!clivcry ~ystem al a time wlwn demand has ken growing rapidly. Studies conducted by the former IIDuxi11g Dcvelnprnrnt Divi•-;ion nf the llwu M ini\try nf I ,ands, !lousing anJ l/rban Dcvelop1m:nt il:ive shown tlw1, ;n tile rnrrt:nt rate of urb;m populat ion growth, tngt·tlln with the exi:;ting lmnsing deficit and the fact that quite a number nf the existing dwellings will require replacement, th<: total demand for dwellint-, uni:s nl urban art.'.<!~, i:; now estimated lo be more th;rn 2,200,000 units. 2.2.2.3 Growlh of { lnplannrd S•:ttlemcnts The ina1kquacy of :d1eitc-r dclivny :,y~tcm to cater for the urban population has led to an extensive <lcvclopnwnt of squatter or unplanned settlements. Studirs cund11cted rn I 9w5 under lhc Urban Jnd Housing [n<licators Progrnn,me indicate that natiumlly ahom 70 percent of the urban popubtion live in unpbnncd scttlernt'nts and that :1hout 60 percent of the urban housing stock are 1 q be found in these scttkrnrnts. /\ nmre- ;·darming situation is the rate at which these settlements have been growing For example the total number of houses in the unplanned areas of Dar es Sala,un was about 50,000 housing units in 1974. The current figure is estimated to he more than 200.000 housing units. Investigations conducted hy the former Housing Development Division of the Ministry of Lands indicated that about 65 percent of all residential housing constructe<l in urban areas in 1980 was in unplanned seulements and that in the same year. developers in unplanned areas constructed around 10,000 dwellings in the various regional centres compared to less than 2.000 lhal were constructed in planned areas. Studies conducted in 1995 under the Urban and Housing Indicators Programme corroborates the above conclusions. Unplanned an.'as accommodated about 70 percent of the population in each of the urban areas of Dar es Salaam, Arusha and Mbeya, an<l 40 percent in Mwanza. The situation is similar in other urban areas. Physical and social infrastructure in thesr settlemcnls is either missing, or is in very poor condirwn. Common phenomena in these settlements include unhealthy water supply systfms, overcrowding, !Jck of land for circulation mutes and community facilities, and a poor enviromw:nt characterised hy poor sanitation, and uncollected wastes, etc. 2.2.2.4 Increasing Unemployment. Poverty and Informal Sector Activities J\ccon.ling to the 1996 Report on Iluman Settlements Development m Ta111.ania prepared for Habitat II Conference, the overall average unemployment rate in Tanzania is about 22 percent while urhan underemployment and um:mployrnent among women is more than 60 percent. The informal seclor generates about 56 percent of total employment in all sectors in urban area, in the country Women make up about 35 percclll nf the cmploymrnt in the informal sector. IL is estimated that Tanzania's informal sector repre.sents 30 perccnl of the country',; economy While it is generally ;icuptcd that the incidence of poverty is more serious in the rural areas, urban poverty is increasing fast with higher rates of urhanisMion. Urban poverty has also taken a new turn with structural adjustment programmes, which have led to higher prices of basic goods and services, reduced government rxpcnditurc on the social services sector, phasing out of subsidies. These measures coupled with retrenchment have led to reduced employment in the public sector and also to the closure of many industrial establishments thus increasing urban poverty. Lvidcncc of growing poverty is manifested in the failure in meeting the basic need in housing. health and education, poor nutritional standards, fall in life expectancy, growth of illegal informJl sector activities and decline in the level of social services. 6 2.2.2.5 Urban Social Services Urban social sr:rvices hegan to deteriorate rapidly during, the decentralisation period when local authorities were abolished in 1972 and the country's economy began deteriorating. Thereafter, and despite the reinstatement of local government m 1982, the,e services have continued to deteriorate as a result of higher lkm:rnd nn them in a siluation of reduced resources, rising operation and mainlenance costs, and hudgelary constraints partly necessitated by structural adjus trnent programmes. 2.2.3 Women Headed Households and Access to Home Ownership by Women There i~ a considerable increase in women headed households. Many of these women are widows. divorcees, or have been abandoned or have not been married. According to data from the 1988 Population Census Report, women headed households constitute 30 percent of all households in the whole country. The same 1988 report indicates that women headed households account for 31.6 per cent of all households in urban areas while they account for a slightly lower percentage of 29.6% of all households in rural areas. This rather high proportion can be an im1ication of changing gender relations or the breaking up or family ties. On the ,>ther hand the growing role of women as heads of households raises the need of making women accessible to land and home ownership. '\!most all housing in rural areas and more than 90 percent of housing in urban Jreas is privately owned, However, existing customary laws and values, especially when it comes to allocation and inheritance of land and properly in villages, still reslrict house ownership hy women although there arc no such restrictions in law. 2.2.4 Education In education, it has been observed that education facilities throughout the country arc deteriorating and illiteracy is on the increase. In the 1970s the literacy rate was over 95 percent hut had fallen down to 80 percent in 1995. The quality of education has gone down and one indicator of this situation is inadequate education facilities, e.g classrooms and desks. An average size of a cbssroom in primary schools is 75 children per class while a secondary school takes an average of 35 students per cliissroom, compared to official standards of 45 and 25 students per classroom recommended by the Ministry of Education for primary and secondary schools respectively 2.2.5 Affordable and Adequate Shelter Provision In the absence of formal affordable housing, the majority of the urban population has resolved to accommodate themselves in overcrowded and substandard dwellings 7 mainly in unpLrnncJ area:,. \Vith c: few excepliow,, the authorities have paid 1 1 attention to th 1"· sncial ;;rid ecDnornic we!L1,c of !hc:;1i areas The honsing pro01 tn T.irv.an ia appears to he l v, o fold: (;1) Inadequate housing stock in most urh;m areas. (b) Poor housing conditions in rural ;ncas. 2.2.(i Formal Housing Supply Thi.: gap b<.::lween the supply and demand for housing has been widening with tr 11 wa:; estimated that at the end of the First Five Year Development Plan (l9: 19(19). there was a shortage uf 21 ,(KlO hou~cs in urban an.-:1::-. The shortage gre, 2".,000 hous,:s at the beginning of the 2"J hve Year Dcvclopmtnt Plan(](} ]')74). and shot lo 300,000 houses in llJiQ. The growing" housing sl10rta1, confirmed by ovcrcrowJing level~ that arc r,,u1Kl in urban areas. On understanding that an occupancy rate of more than 2 i-1nsons per room consti:: overcrowding. the percentage of families in overcrowded homes is 34 .4 perci1 Dare,; Salaam city, 34 in Mwan1.a, 37.4 percelll in And1.a, 37.2 in Moshi,} Dodoma, 24.7 in Kignrna and 28.7 in Kilos:1. The demand for units of convent\ housing in urban areas in l 998 was estimated to he more than 1,500,000 uni1 i:; currently estimated to be 2,200,000 unit~. Mnst housing is constructed without rdereucc lo planning authorities eve, planned areas, and this has resulted in the rnmtructmn or substandard structt Only .35 perctnt of houses in urban Tam.ania are in compliance with ex!' rcµ.uhtion:; Poor infrastructure f(1r most rn:ighhourhood:; i,: anothn impc·dime, proper housing development. The proportion of urhan pnpula! ion in unplanned settlements varies from 40 I, IXT eent depending on the sile of the urban area. Dar es Salaam City has the bi/ pruport ion (75 pcreent) of its residents living in unplanned settlements with srn1 settlements havinµ. a lower proportion. Hou:;es conslructcd in unplanned settlcrr, account for (,0 pnecnl of all urban housing development. 2.2.7 Housing Finance There is a near complete lack of formal mortgage housing llnanee facilities ' h;t, made house construction a difilcult pruces~ for most households especially u in the low income category. Housing is fin;inci.:d irom personal and family sar nver a long period or time and thi~ curtail, the supply of housing. 2,2.8 The Hural Stene The housing silllation in rural T,m1ania differs ,lightly from th;1t obtaining in urban areas. There is largdv no short,1vc nt t!mht'., in rural. ~trc: ti,, wher" 90 pr:rcrnt of all homes is privatdy qwnnJ. lmli,:a\orc, show 1h:,1 60 percent of rural huusdiolus depend oo wells for their watn supply, l 3 perccnl have cunm1um1l taps, ."i 8 arc conncc:ll'.d to watn pipes; while 21.2 pcrccm use other means including rivers Ouly 0.3 arc connected lo ,l sewer, c1nd unly l percent is u 1n11cc1.cd lo elcdric:ity. Much ot rural housing is constructed of ternpor:1ry matcriah like rnwl and poles with thatched roofs; and mo~l of, which l,ick adeyu:itc ventilation and flooring, su that 1\ie life span r>f 90 prru:nt of al1 nmtl dv-.,tlling uni!,; 1s between 7 and 8 years. Environmental problems in rura l areas en1;ma1c lrom Ute l11gh mies of deforestilion cau~cd hy the search for energy \')7 peru:n\ uf pt'.opk the fud wood for energy), building materials, or L:lt:ctring the land for ;igriculturc The other causes or cnvironrncntal lkgralll\lion arc overgrazing, '.;pi! erosion :rnd pour rainfall wl1ich 1:, in lllrn, an outcome of ddi.Jrl'sta1inn The annu;1.! defm•i\l,1tion rnte i•; around 0. 3 per cent although th<.: incidence of deforestation was as ot 19\-16, 33 per cent of the land area a ffccted. 2.J PAST COVERNMENT EFFORTS 2.3.I Colonial Policies The aim,; nf urb:111 devdopmcm ,,;,,J housing policies during the rnlnnial period were to facilitite political control and cx.piuil:l!\\•11 Ill' na\ura\ resources for export 10 hurnpe and to proviuc housing tu colonial admim.'-:trarors. Town.,; e~tahlishcJ by both \he (;crmans and Brilish SC'.fvtd :n Jdmini~trative centres and :is military b,N'\ or garrison towns At that time, the planning pol icy was based on racial scgregatiun or thl" towns in.to separak :irea:; for Eurn1w·,11Y;, Asi~111:; ,l\\d the native A fricam. To suppml these policies, the Briti,h Cr,lollial Gnvnnmenl passed 8 seric~ of planning legislation beginning with the I 9 I 9 SanitatiPJl Jnd Control of lkvelopmcm Rules for Dare~ Salaam Towm!Jip. The scope of the \9!9 rules was exµamkd i11 I 920 into the Township Ordin,rnce that empowered the (iovernor to proclriim Townships and to appoint Township Authorities wh,J could make township plarn; and exercise limited powers of controlling dne:upmrnt Throughout the colonial period, economic activities were focused in urh,m area,,. 1 ,ittlc effort was pul into improving the social and economic c1,ndilions in runil arc:.1, Having regard lo the rapid rate of incn.-Jse of the J\ frican population of East Africa and the congestion of population on b.md, a Roy;ci\ Crnmnis~ion nn Lmd and Population was appointed in 1952 10 ex;i,mine the· rnea~urc~; necessary to be taken to achieve an improved standaru of living, and to frame re<:-ornml"wfatiorr; thereon. After a uJrcf11I study, the Commis~ion prod11ccd its rcporl in 1955. Among the recommendations made hy the Commission were th1c: following: (i) Formulation of an overall policy foir urban development. (ii) Establic:hment of appropriati: administrative machinery to manage urt development. (iii) Establishment of an emergency operation to improve the gene«' deplorable conditions of finance and social services in towns. (iv) A labour force should be settled in order to improve productivity. (v) Replacement of customary land usage hy a system of land usage hy: indigenous inhabitants that is economically productive and soci, satisfying. (vi) Setting up of Housing Communitie~ hy larger employers to see how ti might help employees through provision of loans, materials or transpo1 Although the Commission provided a comprehensive and reasonable guide tom problems of land use. communications, industrial development including min\ labour, education, and the conditions for urban development, U, recommendations were merely shelved off. In an attempt to promote rural development and transform agriculture with the, of increasing the production of agricultural produce for export Lo metropol countries, the British colonial government initiated the Groundnuts Scheme in al areas like Kongwa in Dodoma Region and Nachingwca in Mtwara/Lindi Regi Being capital intensive and using machinery not suitable to cut the trees and t deep roots, this approach was a massive failure. The new independent governn discontinued the scheme in 1962. 2.3.2 Post-Independence Rural Development Policies Just after the attainment of independence in 1961, and following recommendal for a transformation approach to agricultural development formulated hy a W, Bank Mission in its report on the economic development of then Tanganyika, government embarked on capital intensive village settlement schemes undtr Village Settlement Commission. The transformation approach to agricult development was further embodied in the document Tanganyika five-year Plac Social and Economic Development 1st July 1964 - 30th June l 969. This policy had as its goal the introduction or technical, social and legal sys11 which allow the exercise of mcxlcrn agricultural techniques, hased on relatively I productivity and which consequently justifies considerable investment in car This involved re-grouping and rc-seltling of farmers on the most favourable! installing there a system of private or collective ownership, and introdu, supcrvi,ed crop rotation and mixed farming that would permit the maintcnanc 10 .soil fertility in zones of average population density and which get 30" to 50" irregularly distributed rainfall. In particular this policy aimed at the creation of villages that woul<l become centres of social and commercial development. Several settlement schemes were established in a number of areas. These settlement schemes included for example the following: (i) Kerege Settlement in Bagamoyo district (ii) Kahuku Settlement in Handeni district (iii) Upper Kitete (for wheat growing) now in Karatu district (iv) Mlale Settlement (for maize growing) now in Songea district Some of the settlements were really capital intensive projects with tractors, combine harvesters for wheat cultivation and harvesting. Finished housing was also provided to the settlers including food rations in the first two years. These settlement schemes were started in anticipation that through the demonstration effect, their success and practices would be emulated on a national scale. It was thought that the transformation approach in these selected areas would be replicated in other villages. But the project failed hcca.usc it was too capital intensive to be afforded by the government 2.3.3 The Arusha Declaration The failure of the capital-intensive schemes led to the application of an improvement and frontal approach to rural transformation from scattered rural homesteads to nucleated Ujamaa Villages. The rural development strategy was further enhanced by the Arusha Declaration of 1967, which introduced the Ujamaa and Self-Reliance philosophy. Under the Ujamaa philosophy, villages were lo be provided with basic services such as clean water. schools and dispensaries. The mode of production was supposed co be communal and returns would be distributed amongst the villagers. To hasten the villagisation programme, a nation-wide Operation Vijiji (i.e. villagisation prograrrune) over the 1971 - 1972 and 1974 - 1975 periods which involve<l moving rural inhabitants into nucleated and compact villages which would be cconomic,11 to provide with services, was carried out. In 1975, Parliament passed an Act for the registration of Ujamaa Villages and other villages a.s legal entities. However, individualism has since surfaced amongst villagers and most of the Ujamaa Villages had to turn to private production. The Arusha Declaration led to the nationalisation of the commanding heights of the economy like banks, insurance companies, internal and external trade, and major 11 industries including factories producing building matcri,ds like cement, corrugated iron roofing sheets, pipes, paints and electric;il fitting:;. Nationalisation meant that the state got directly involved in and became rtspvnsible for the production and distribution of building materials. The Parastatals cs1ablished to run and manage factories and to handle in!ernal and external trade neither had prior experience nor did they have qualified and e~perienced inamigcTial and technical :siaff, produc!ion and supply of building material, decreased. Overernphasi;; 0:1 pok:i·:•; that discouraged private investment in the building industry and the development of:; private sector in favour of the public sector compounded the nation-wide shortage of building materials and increased their prices. A high rate of inflation in tht construction industry and shortage of building material on one hand, and a sense of insecurity of private investment in rental housing and commercial buildings on the other, slowed down improvements and development of human settlements. 2.3.4 Revolving Housing Loan Fund To cushion the iinpacf of shi,rtugc of housing for ils civil servants, the Government through staff•tirculats Ni:1:8 of 1%2 anclNo: 4 of 1965 established a::Revolving Housing Loan Airkl "to filia11ce lrert0validl'l(toristructioh or purchase of:houscs for its employees~ Iil1972( when the tahiania Housing Bailk·was started; the Fund was aboli~hc(Hui<( all borrowci's Wtre trartsterred to the newly ~tablished bank. Uy I 989, it was'bbsetved that the bartk:·was undergoing furidarnt.ntal constraints• and was failing to serve civil servants as earlier envisaged. The Government reintroduced the Revolving Housing Loan Fund1for civ'l, servants in 1990 to carry out almost similar functions. The problem with the Futltl i:, that the Government has so 'far (1993) released ol1ly 300 million ihillings to tl1e Fund since it was started itt 1992. The Fund has been able to serve 160 civil servants aJ1d presently thde is a backlog of 611 applications. 2.3.'S. Grown~ Centre Policy· A nlaj<ir urbanisation policy - The·. Growth Centre Policy :, Was initiated and incorporated into the Second Five-Year Development rnan'•forl%9.;: 1974. Trn:i Plan acknowledged that urbanisation was inevitable and defined a long-tenn urban·., developmcrit policy 1tliroogh ithe growth .r£htrt strategy.; One .of, its ,aims was tcP reduce lhe pnmatj-,of Daros Salaam by directing invr·,tment and1mlgration towards') nine growllh::enttcif,fiamely Morogoro, tanga, Moshi, Arusha; •M\\ranza, Tabora,• Dodtima, Mbeya ·and Mtwara. lti1plementadon of this polity .has 0not been very·. successful bctaD.se oflack of co-ort:ilnatioh in the looa!ioii' "•f•irtdustrial projects and' lack bf publi'c res'otirtos for invtstrrient in tfie 1;1°kcted growth tentres: 12 The National lhu:-;ing Corr,ornti:m (NHC) was rstJhlisheJ in 1962. It was ves.te,J with 1hc lo!lowing rc:,;pc;.•:ibi[ities· - (i) To construct luw co.,t houses to rent for the urban low and midute-incorne people mainly u;,Jcr th~ ,;luin clearance programme. (ii) Tu construct houses for outright sale or f'i:>r tenant purchase scheme. (iii) To provide local authorities with housing finance. (iv) To engage in lhe production of building materials. The constniction of new housing by the corporation S(:emed to have been steady up t o 1974 when it started to decline (Appendix - 2). l3cforc J 973 when the Ta mania Housing Bank was started, the National Housing Corporation used to get its funds for housing projects mainly from foreign grants and government subventions. From there on, it was supposed to carry out its projects using loans from the bank. The Corporation could not cope up with this new financing system because it had to repay the loans with high interests which did nut match with the low rents it ohtained from its rental properties and high administrative costs. To date the NI-IC accords priority to building for sale and v1:ry few for rental purposes, 2.3. 7 N~1tiimalisation of Rui!dings The Registrar of Buildings (ROB) was established by the G6vernmenl in 1971 to manage buil<lings that were acquired by the GovernmeDt under the Acquisition of Iluildings Act of 1971. In 1985, The Acquisitiort of Buildings Act was amended by Parliament and the provisiurl empowering the President of the United Republic of Tanzania to acquire buildings was deleted from the law. Although the Registrar of Buiklings was established to manage buildings, it also went into construction of new residential and commercial buildings as wdl as completing construction of buildings and houses \Jr flats which were incomplete at the time of acquisition (Appendix - 3). The act of nationalising buildings temporarily deterred people from investing in the rental housing sector especially in the 1971 - 1984 period. However, this Act ww; later repealed in 1990 when the National Housing Corporation was merged with the Registrar of Buildings. 2.3.8 Building Research Uuit (BRU) In 1971 the Government established a Building Research Unit with the assignment of researching into building construction and building materials with emphasis on rural areas. The Building Research Unit in addition to conducting research in different huilding materials, organises seminars, exhibitions etc, as a means of disseminating researched information in particular to rural construction units, supervisors for self­ help housing, village government~;, rural artisans and the public as a whole. Although HRU has done a lot of research, Lo an extent, it has been unable to dis.~eminate its research findings. The Building Research Unit in co-operation with local agencies embarked on housing improvement rumpaigns (Nyumba Bora) covering over 30 districts in the country. In addition to offering training opportunities to different operators in housing development, BRU together with local artisans and villages managed to build demonstration houses in a number of localities in the country putting in , account local conditions. 2.J.9 Housing Co-operatives Since independence in 1961, Tanzania has placed a lot of emphasis on co-operative mmks of production. In this context and as early as 1962, the government began to mobiJi:.;c people to build better houses through mutual am.I self-help approaches. The first housing co-operative which was known as Mwenge Housing Co-operative was formed in 1971, and since then many housing CO--(lpcratives have been started all over the country. Housing co-operatives have not been very successful in the country because of the following reasons: - (i) Lack of a clear government policy on how housing co-operatives should l operate. (ii) Institutional constraints especially when it comes to allocation of scarce surveyed plots and building materials. (iii) Inadequate assistance from the government (iv) Poor administration. (v) Lack of competent and honest leadership, 14 2.3.10 Establishment of the Ardhi Institute and Cn1tre for Housing Studits Tht: Ar<lhi Institute, now the University College of Lands and Architectural Stuc.lie1; as a constituent college of the Univer:sity of Dar es Salaam, was started in 1972 with the aim of training professional cadres for the development of the human settlements Sl-"Ctor. The College produces architects, town planners. land surveyors, valuation officers, buil<ling cconomi);ts and puhlic health engineers. The Centre for Housing Studies, now the Institute of Human Settlements and Building Research (IHSBR) which was started in 1978 was mandated to c,irry out short courses, seminars and research on the human settlements sector. Sponsorship for prospective wndidates for short courses and seminars at the Centre for Iluman Seulement Studies has not easily been forthcoming. Unfortunately due to lack of working tools and furn.ls to carry out development projects, professionals produced at the fom1er t\rdhi Institute are not fully utilisc:d. 2.3.11 Decentralisation of Government Administration The government decentralised its administration and decision-making (devolution) to the regional and district levels in 1972. Alongside decentrallsation, local governments and urban authorities were abolished in 1972 until 1978 and I 982 when Urban Local Authorities and Rural District Councils respectively were reinstated. The absence of urban authorities over the I 972 - 1978 compounded the state of deterioration of urban infrastructure and services. 2.3. I 2 Shift of the National Capital to Dodoma In 1973 the Government d1xide<l to shift the national capit..1.l from Dar es Salaam to Dodoma as a measure of reducing congestion in Dar es Salaam and promoting growth and devdopmenl of the hinterland of Dodoma. The Capital Transfer Programme has not been very successful because of financial and management problems. 2.3.13 Sites and Services and Squatter Upgrading The Government started to implement a National Sites and Services and Squatter Upgrading Programme in 1972. The Government policy entailed the recognition of squatter settlements as part and parcel of the urban fabric; legalising landholding by titling; providing a minimum level of social and economic infrastructure and services in squatter settlements; providing planned, surveyed and serviced plots for new residential areas; and providing house improvement and house construction Joans in squatter settlements and in the new sites and services areas respectively. 15 The programme ha:, had a considerable positive impact on howsing provision au: improvement in the towns that were covered. Ilowevcr it was beset by the follow~ problems: (i) To a large extent, the project esrecially the sites and services aspeo hencfited the mi<ldlc income earner~ in~teaJ of !he targeted low inco~ category. (ii) Difficulties in administering cost recovery and cost sharing scheni including poor administration and rcwvery of housing loans. (iii) Over-dependency on external donor finance and technical assistan rendered the programme unsu.~tainahkc. (iv) Top-down planning principles resulring from non-existence of ]Q authorities by then, at inception and implementation stages. 4 The Tan7 .. ania Housing Dank In 1973 The Government estahlished Th1: Tanzania Housing Dank (TllB) 1 mortgage institurion to mobilise domestic savings and foreign funds in orde, make credit available for the provision of housing loans for housing develop( in the country. Later the bank increased -its shareholders by incorporating ( National Insurance Corporation (NIC) and the National Provident Fund (NN Despite these developments it was estimated that lc:s1i than 5 % of prospective Ir. developers obtained loans from thi.<. bunk. The majority secured funds from I own savings and infonnal loaning arrangements. After facing problems. THB was finally dosed down in 1995, mainly becarn insolvency and weak management and administr:ition. Before it, closure THE ' managed to lend money to individuals and organisations for the constructio 36,000 housing unit:; in both rural and urban areas. JS National Housing Policy The Government approved a National Housing Development Policy in 1981) policy was in many ways ahead of iL.c; time as it foreshadowed the enabling app(. later to be adopted hy The United Nations as part of The Global Shelter Str( However, the policy focused on housing, not on the broad aspects of hi.;, settlements. Moreover, the policy was only partly implemented and has not( a significant impact. The 1981 policy had a number of weaknesses in tert 1 conception and implementation. The policy document was never followed ur. !he preparation of an implementation strategy and a realistic programme and/ for action at national and Inca! levels. The institutional arrangements wd 1.6 clearly defined ;rnd ti,,; ; , - ,i J eN°, r:-;". ,,,,: 1\:. 1l1at it did not consider housing within the wider contcx1 of iwni:m '.;.:,nlemenis. 2"3. I 6 The Rent Restriction Ad 1961. and 1984 Parliament enacted The Rent Restriction Act in 1962, which was repealed and replaced by Act No. 17 of 1984. Tht main objectives of the Act include: (i) Establishing mediaubms for computing house rents for both public and privately owned housing in the country. (ii) Erecting a favourable legal framework for landlord/tenant relationships, (iii) Creating a legal system fo1 handling disputes relating to house rents. It has been argued that the Act to a large extent stands in favour of tenams hy providing more for their rights. and ignoring their responsibility (1vcr the properties they are renting, The outcome of this is that the Act in a way discourages privak devel,)pers to invest in rental housing development or to let their houscg for residential ust. 2.3.17 The Sustainable Dar es Salaam City Project The Sustainanle Dar es Salaam Project (SOP) was launched in I 992. It aims al managing the growth and development of the rapidly growing City of Dar e~. Salaam, the biggest industrial and commercial centre in the country in a sust.ainabk: manner. The project which is in lieu of the Master Plan preparation approach, aim,,; at strengthening the local capacity to plan and manage the development of the City in a participatory manner by all actors and stakeholders with necessary co­ orliinariou and in partnership with developers in services and infrastructure provision. The concept is being replicated in other Municipalities in the country with UNDP (1-lahitat) assistance. The introduction of SDP has increased public awareness on the role and contribution of stakeholders and the private sector as a whole in the planning, development and management of human seulements. In addition, it has made the planning system more transparent and accountable to urban residents than before. Apan from that it has brought in more integration of variou.c. sectors and community participation from planning, implementation and management, 2.3.18 The New National Land Policy The government approved a New National Land Policy in 1995, after a long period of research and consultations. The new policy contains decisions aimed at correcting the shortfalls pertaining to land tenure, land management and 17 administration in Tanzania. The aims of this new land policy are to improve acce.1 to land by all sections of the society; ensure that existing rights in land especian customary rights of smallholder (i.e. peasants and herdsmen) are recognised· clarified, and secured in law. to promote equity in land holding and incrr-ai: efficiency in land administration in the country; set ceilings on land ownership, al\ streamline the institutional arrangements in land administration and land dispu1 adjudication and also make them more transparent; and protect land resources fror degradation for sustainable development. 2.3.19 rtanning Legislation 'The Town and Country Planning Ordinance, Cap 378 of 1956 as amended in I~ is the Principal Planning Legislation. The main body of the legislation contains fo parts covering: (i) Planning areas (ii) preparation of schemes; (iii) control of development and execution of schemes; and (iv) acquisition of land and compensation. The following laws &upport it: (i) The Public Recreation Grounds Ordinance Cap.320; (ii) The Graves and Graveyards Act No.9 of 1%9; (iii) The Commonwealth War Graves Ordinance Cap. 236; (iv) The Antiquities Act No. IO of 1964; (v) The Township (Building Rules). Cap.101; (vi) The Land Acquisition Act No, 47 of 1967; (vii) The National Land Use Planning Commission Act. No.3 of 1984; (viii) The National Environment Management Council Act. No.19 of 1983; (ix) The National Investment Act. No. IO of 1990. Additionally there is a lot of subsidiary legislation including The Town and Cou Planning Regulations: 18 (i) Constitution and Proceedings of Joint Arca . Planning Committees, Regulations 1959. (--ii) Use Classes, Regulations 1960 (Amended, 1993). (.iii) Application for Planning Ctmsent, Regulations 1%0. (iv) Appeals, Regulations 1961. (v) Modification of Planning Schemes, Regulations 1964-. (vi) Urban Farming, Regulations 1992. (vii) Public Beaches Planning Areas, Order 1992. 2.3.20 The National Environmental Policy 1997 The National Environmental Policy underscores the fact that the survival of man depends on his harmonious relationship with the natural clements. The policy emphasises the need to manage the environment and its natural resources in ways that enhance the potential for growth and the opportunity for sustainable development of present and future generations. Environmental degradation leads to widespread poverty and vice versa. Environmental protection and conservation is an integral part of sustainable development and is indeed a social and economic necessity. The policy document further reiterates two points. First, sustainable development means achieving a quality of life that can be maintained for many generations because it is socially desirable, economically viable, and environmentally sustainable. Secondly, development is sustainable if it takes place within nature's tolerance limits. 2.3,21 The National Population Policy 1992 The gow.:rnment in 1992 approved a National Population Policy whose aurn are to view and integrate population and deve~opment as two mutually (and not exclusive) supportive processes, and to deal with population growth problems in the best ways possible and which are acceptable to the society. The policy amongst other things gives a historical review of population in Tanzania, sources of population growth, eventual outcomes of high population growth rate, and the relationship between population and development in various socio-economic sectors. 2.3.22 The Local Government Acts No.7 and 8 1982 Urban authorities (i.e. Town, Municipal, City Councils) were reinstated under the 1982 Local Government (Urban Authorities) Act. No 8, while District Authorities .or Councils were reinstated under the Local Government (District Authorities) Act 19 Nn 7 Tli,'.se /\cl:; g:1vc local author itic;; planning powers over seltlcmcnts wit! their arc:1s of jurisdiction. TIIl"Y also gaw the Minisrer responsible for lo, govermm:nls planning powers. h,r instance Senion 71 (2) (a) of the Lo Ciovernmcnt Act No.8, anJ Section 130 (2) (a) of the Local (,overnment Act No state that any per'.;on not satisfied with the decision of a local authority to refi granting him/her planning permission, may submit his/her complaints to: M inislcr responsible for local government. 2.3.:B The National Strategics on Poverty Alleviation 1998 Soon after the attainment of imkpcndencc in 1961, Tanzania resolved to cralli( illiteracy, poverly and diseases. Various projects aimed at developing man Vi, com:eived, planned and implemented with much success up to the 1970s. Howe, the economi"c recession of the 1970 1980 period slowed down the teml)(1 l.k:vclopmcnt and increased both rural and urban poverty in the country. In ord~ reverse this negative growth trend, the government has prepared strategies monitoring and supervising projects aimed al alleviating poverty. 2.3.24 Conclusion on Past Government Efforts Though the past govenunent efforts witJ1 regard to human settlements developn have not been comprehensively integrate<l, they nevertheless represent a wide ra 1)f experiences from which lessons can be drawn to ensure more appropriate p! directions for the future. 3.0 GOALS AND OBJECTIVES 3.1 GOALS The overall goals of the National Human Sctllements Development Policy are: (i) To promote development of human settlements that are sustainable. (ii) To fr1eilitate the provisions of adequate and affordable shelter to all income groups in Tan7.ania. 3.2 OBJECTIVES The main objectives of the policy arc: (i) To make serviced land available for shelter and human settlements cJcvdopment in general to all sections of the community including women . youth, the elderly, disabled anc..1 disac.lvantagcd; (ii) lo lmprove the level of the provision of infrastructure and social services for sustainable human seltlements development: (iii) To facilitate the creation of employment opportunities and eradication of poverty; (iv) To promote a balanced development of a clearly defined hierarchy of settlements in promoting human settlements development; (v) To promote and include the participation of the private and popular sectors, Community Based Organisations (CBOs), Non~Governmental Organisations (NC,Os), co-operatives and communities in planning , developmenl and management of human settlements. (vi) To protect the environment of human settlements and of ecosystems from pollution, degradation and destruction in order to attain sustainable development. (vii) To promote the building of capacities 111 training and retraining of professionals in fields related to shelter delivery, human settlements development and environmental management. (viii) To promote capacity building (i.e. technical, financial and managerial) of all actors involved in shelter delivery and human settlements development. (ix) To increase the propurtion of the annual national budget that is allocated for shelter delivery and human settlements development. (x) To ensure planning legislation, building regulations. standards and other controls arc consistent with the capabilities, needs and aspirations of the various sections of the population. (xi) To promote the use of and production of local building materials that are affordable. (xii) To assist the poor acquire decent shelter. (xiii) To encourage development of housing areas that arc functional, healthy, aesthetically pleasant and environmentally friendly (xiv) To streamline the legal and institutional machinery for human settlements development. 22 4.0 ISSUES AND POLICY ST A TEMENTS 4.1 BROAD HlJMAN SETTLEMl<:NTS ISSUES AND POLICIES 4.1.1. Availability of and Access to Land land is the basis of all human activities and a sourre of livelihood for the majority of Tanzanians. Construction c~f buildings for various uses takes place on land. Most people in villages own land under customary tenure while urban residents either have granted rights over the pieces of land they occupy or are squatters who have built on unplanned and wz-serviced land. 4. I. 1.1 Issues: (i) There is not enough surveyed and serviced land for human settlements development in urban areas. (ii) The procedure for securing such land is difficult and cumbcrsomt:. (iii) There is a problem of clearing third party interests on land required for urban expansion. (iv) Encroachment and speculation on land hy some developers frustrate the government efforts in providing land equitably and in the desired manner. 4.l.1.2 Policy Statemcnl<i: The- goverrunent shall: (i) Ensure that land is available to all income groups including estate developers. Such land shall be offered on the principle of cost recovery; (ii) streamline procedures for getting kgal rights of occupancy with the aim of shortening it; (iii) lease land to both private and public investors in accordance with existing laws; (iv) pay promptly adequate, and fair compensation to holders of land required for expansion; and (v) :-;treng.then planning and land m,rnagemcnt system in both operational anJ kgal aspects. 4.1.2 Plmming and Building Regulations and Standards Human Settleme,us development involves mt agglomeration of actors 11·i1h varying interests. An effective land administration system requires o defined statutory ('ode to effect compliance and mntrol. Planning and building regulations and standards are, therefore, essential in development control and iuiding building construction. 4.1.2. l (i) Existing building regulations are inflexible anJ unaffordable; and hence do not encourage people to huild, but act as a hindrance Lo potential developers. Moreover, they do not give enough room for the use of new innovation:-; and technology. (ii) Then: arc unnecessary delays in the issuance of building permits, thus forcing most developer:; LO build illegally without such pennits. At times building contravenes building rules. However, local authorities normally demolish such structures at the expense of the unauthorised developers. (iii) There is lack of awareness hy the community of its role in management and use of land designated for public use 4.1.2.2 (ii) (iii) Policy Statements: Building and um-:;trnction stauj01r<l~ shall be revised so that they become forictional and pc1 h•rmancc based rather than pn.'scripive. They shall be nexible and affordable. Local Authorities shall bc duty bound to issue building pem1its within thirty days In case the applicant does not get reply iJI time, he can appeal to the Minister responsible for town planning. The government shall promote public awareness of the existence of public land and the role of the comm~nity in maintenance of such areas. 24 4.1.4 4.13 Infrastructure and Social S('rvkcs Ikvdopmenl /nfrasrrudure mui .1·e1vices cm1stiWte th(' backbone of urbr111 economies and rco11umic activiti1'S. ,1,1rwnaha roads, reliable a11d adcqume ·wuter supply and electricity, ejjicicnt transport arc essential to increased prodllctivity and the establishment of numufacruring industries. 4. 1.3.1 Issue: 1-luman settlements c.levclopmrnt requires essential services like water, roads, energy, schools, health services, drainage. sewerage system, proper wa~tc managemelll system, etc. Unfortunately these services arc lacking in many of our selllernents resulting in poor environmental conditions. 4. 1.3.2 Policy Statements: (i) The government shall facilitate the provision and improvement of social services and infrastructure in human settlements development. (ii) Areas in urban centres lhat ar,e earmarked for development shall he provided witli infrastructure and social services before they arc allocated to developers as required in the National Land Policy. Huilding in Unplanned and lJnscniccd Arras Building in unplanned and unserviced areas accounts for most of 11cw constructions in many urban areos, bearing in mind tile faCf that tlw fbrnwl planning system ,annot provide enougft surveyed ond serviced plots. Moreover, these areas accommodate flourishing and many inji;,-mal sector activities and provide employmelll opportunities on which the "Wiorit y of urban residents depend for their livelihood and accommodation. 4. 1.4.1 Issue: (i) About (i0% of housing in urhan areas are in unplanned, unserviced and/or hazardou.~ areas, such as steep slopes, valleys and creeks. Most of the housing: in rhose areas ii; characterised by: (a) Houses which do not conform with building regulalions re4uin;ments on security, health, and buillling materials; (b) lack of secure tenure on the land; (c) lack of basic :,;erviccs. (ii) The unplanned areas continue to grow fol lowing the rapid urbanisation, which is not accompanied with the provision of adequate shelter or scrviceu building plots. 4.1.4.2 Policy Statements: (i) Unplanned and unserviced settlements shall be upgradL-<l by their inhabitants through CBOs and NGOs with the government playing a facilitating role. The government through local governments shall: (ii) Support the efforts of the inhabitants to form and run CBOs and NGOs for upgrading purposes. (iii) Develop strategies for providing enough funds for planning and surveying of urban plots. Among them will be: - (a) Plot Development Revolving Fund, (b) cost recovery and cost sharing methods, and (c) Self-financing for planning and surveying. (iv) Ensure timely planning, surveying and servicing of land ripe for urban development in the peripheries of all towns so as to prevent haphawrd/unplanncd devdopment, Hence, increased availability of planned and serviced plots shall render the fc.m11Ulation and execution of special siteo and services projects in selected urban areas unnecessary. (v) Ensure that planning, allocation and acquisition of land shall be as stipulateil in the Land Acts No .4 and 5 of 1999. (vi) Designate special areas for low-income groups. These areas shall b­ provided with a minimum level of services which the residents DI beneficiaries can afford. 4.1.S Village Planning Village planning is w1 important tool to ensure the best and optimum utilisalim of land resources in rum[ areas, the best and most accessif,le locations fi>r t~ siring of villages, consrrwition and protection of the environment. 2C (r) [V!;rny villages do not !Jave l,im.1-use plans, and even those that have, tlie pLins arc nor implemented because they were an<l arr:: - (a) Not <lcmand Llriven: (h) not adequately participatory in their preparation; (c) planned as townf., and (d) unrclarcd to the land tenure systems operating in the respective villages (ii) There is lack of environmental awareness among most communities. (iii) In some areas a eapttal-intensivc approach lo village planning and development was adopted thus making its sustainability and replication on a wide scale unaltainahlc. (iii) Village planning anll development has in many cases followed a sectoral approach while development problems in villages arc complex and cut across many sectors. 4.J.5.2 Policy Statements: (i) The government shall facilitate the preparation of land-use plans for all villages based on the National Guidelines for Participatory Village Land-use Management in Tanzania. (ii) Village plans shall be prepared in response lo the fell needs of the villagers. (iii) The villagers shall participate in identifying critical environmental issues and in the preparation and implementation of the plans. (iv) Village plans shall be determined by local conditions prevailing in each specifa; village (v) The actual ust of land shall be Llctermined jointly by the owner and the planning authority. (vi) Local authorities shall carry out environmental mass awareness campaigns. (vii) Village planning will. to a large extent, be based on available local resources. 27 (viii) Village planning shall he mufti sectoral with the respective local authorilics and village governments performing the co ordination function 4.1.6 Rural Economy Jlw National economy is, in w·m'ral terms. rural-based The economic ptrft1mw11ce and the appropriation of the national income between mral and urban areas influence human settlements development as a process 77tercfore, il is important lo understand the economic performance and porentiuls of the sctllemf!nt.l' in order to draw out o policy that ran be implemented. 4. l.6.1 Issues: (i) Most rural re-sidrnts arc poor and a:-; a result they cannot improve their sl.'.ttlt:mcnts. (ii) Some cultural beliefs and traditions inhibit development and the participation of women in education. and in land and property ownership. 4.1.6.2 Policy Statenwnts: The government will revamp rural economy by: (i) Facilitating the promotion of integrated programmes that include infrastructure development in partnership with rural communities; (ii) facilitating the development of marketing outlets, which offer fair prices to rural produce; (iii) facilitating the development of a physical cnvirorunenl attractive to investors wishing to establish industries in rural areas in consistence with the land policy; (iv) promoting co-operative ventures in rural communities; and (v) collahoration with NGOs anJ CBOs, m strengthening education campaigns aimed at comhating cultural and social beliefs that inhibit development 4.1. 7 Povc:1·ty Eradication Poverty reduu'. 1· the ability of people to ajj£ml services anti decenl housing. Som1 ((/' the consequences of this inability is overaowding and poor health due to drinkinF, unhygienic water, and poor diet. An unhealthy and poor populmion especially. labour force is less productive and is a liability to the na1io11 Alleviation of poverty increases rhe chonces of the popula1ion to enjoy gooa '2.S health. become more produccive and hence earn hif?her incomes than bcfiJre. lligh incomes will in tum nwke tlw population (?/ford more and heller social services and utilities, and a betfer diet. 4.J.7.1 Issue: 4.1.7.2 Pove11y is on the increase in both rural and urban areas. Current structural adjusunent policies and programmes being .implemented in the country have exacerbated poverty. Moreover, the influx of rural youth to urhan areas where it has become difficult to get gainful employment has compounded the level of urhan povcny on one hand, and rural poverty on the other because rural areas are being deprived of their active and more productive labour force. Policy Statements: Thr; government shall promote : (i) small scale building material industries; (i i) labour intensive projects e.g . during the provision of infrastructure in human settlements; (iii) earmarking of special areas within neighbourhoods for informal sector activities; (iv) activities which target on poverty alleviation, particularly among vulnerable groups, in shelter delivery and development of sustainable human setttements; and (v) rational and effective land utilisation. 4.1.8 Information on Human Scttlcmentc; Development Good planning and decision making greatly depends on the adequacy mu/ accuracy of the facts available about the subjea mailer. Illus, acquisition of adequate and reliable infomwtion on human settlemenfs is important so as to develop workable solutions to hunum settlements development and housing provision. 4.1.8.J Issues: (i) Information on human settlements development is inaucquatc, outdated and sometimes unreliable . ( ii ) There is lack of an identification of housing needs. 29 4.1.8. Z Policy Statements: (i) The government shall undenake mc:asures to ascertain that research 11 regularly conducted on various human scttlemcnls dcvdopmc:nt issues, suc: 1 as: (a) application of local huilding materials (h) housing finance (c) relationship between affordabiliLy levels and costs of comtruction (d) poverty and the infomial scclor (e) urhan form and structure (f) urhan economy and micro-economic aggregales. (g) identification of housing needs. (h) degree of underdevelopment. (i~) A data bank on human settlements information- which will be used 1 improve planning and decision making shall he established and regular! updated 4.1.9 Environmental Planning and Management The Environment means the physical, economic mu/ social conditions in wh/. people live, influencing their.feelings and development. /-/uman activities take plic in human settlements affecting the environment positively or negative/ Environmental protection is a strategic: issue as far as human settlemei development is concemed. Therefore, environmental planning and nuznagemem needed ro ensure rhat settlements are liveable and sustainable.• 4.1.9. llssue: Planning for urban development has been based on Master Plans Tli: usually take a long time to prepare and the planning process is 1:, participatory partly because it presupposes thi.: government as I orchestrator of development. Master Plans prescribe a physical structuri a basis for social ,md economic activities over a long period of time Du: the blue print nature of master plans they are inflexible and cannot her} adapted to constantly changing social and economic circumstances. 30 4.1.9.2 They should be reviewed frequently usually at 5 years intervals so as to remain effective. but the review of these rlans has heen infrequent or no review at all is undertaken. This has rendered Master Plans an obsolete tool for guiding land-use changes. Due Lo those rca:;ons, Urban Master Plans in Tanzania have not been as effective as intende<l thus leading to haphc1zanl growth of towns wilh inadequate or no infrastructure services. Potky Statements: Considering the high rate of growth of urhan centres and the scarcity of public resources, the government shall initiate studies to determine and adapt the most effective planning methods which will be less costly Lo execute and which require less ti.me to prepare. As required in the National Land Policy, urban planning shall aim al the following: (i) identification of key pla1ming issues in land and environmental management and in the provision of housing infrastructure and services; (ii) preparation of detailed land use plans for land development; (iii) identification and mobilisation of local and external resources for implementing urban development programmes; and (iv) promotini community participation in planning, integrating and co­ ordinating the action.~ and resources of various sect.oral implementing agencies including those in the popular sectors. , 1.10 Hierarchy of Settlements Human sealements <iijfer in their Juru1ions, populmion size and areas of influence. 1l1e same.factors, also affect the level of sen1ir'es required for developing a decent mu/ ej]iciem settlement. ]he arrangement of settlements in a hierarchical order facilitates an equitable appropriation (f resources and distribution of sen1ices within a coulltry. It is a usefttl guide in identifying areas .for a particular type and level lj investment for example in education, health. communication or ind-11.strial dewlopment. 4.1.10.l Issues: (i) Over emphasis on the administrative status of a settlement has led to some smaller settlcmenrs being classified as towns disregarding other criteria for declaration of urban areas. This has been caused by lack of clear and researched criteria Iha! can he used to classify and grade settlements" 31 (ii) Secondly, lack of a clear policy on the spatial distribution of investiblc resources, especially in services, utilities and infrastructure has led to unequal distribution and uncoordinated location of services among settlements, some getting more services and facilities than others. 4.I.10.2 Policy Statements: (i) There shall be a clear definition of a hierarchy of settlements starting with Village, Minor Town, Town, Municipality, City am.I Mega-city. Such a classification of settlements shall he based on clear and researched criteria. The criteria for the grading of settlements into various categories shall include population size, revenue generation, capacity to sustain itself, available services and the type of services needed or to be provided in each category as shown in Appendix 5 of the policy document. (ii) The government shall facilitate availability of resources for provision of Sl:rvices and infrastructure to urban centres according to their rank and to development potential and attract investors to locate their investments there. Local Authorities shall prepare anJ implement plans for all settlements within their areas of jurisdiction. 4.1.11 International Co-operation: !luman seUlements development is very much dependent on the economy of an individual country. A country's economy, is in tum, influenced by the global economy. Just as a free economy does not obey inJemational borders, so does the urb(misaticm process. Thus urbanisation is a global issue and it is only the difference in living and workini conditions among the countries that mise concern. International m-operaJion is imponant to enable developini cou!llries improve their living and workini environments through the exclwnie of experiences, technoloiy and information rm human settlements development 4.1..11.1 Issue: When problems emanating from rapid urbanisation became increasingly visible, the Government of Tanzania with support from donors launched various uncoordinated development projects to alleviate the situation. The Sites and Services and Squatter Upgrading Project is one of such efforts, There was and still there is need to enable ordinary peopk take charge of their live~ and make communities more responsible for their development. 4.1.11.2 Policy Statement: In order to have sustainable projects , the govenm1cnt shall guide donor assistance. Concerned communities or organisatiohs shall have to 32 understand and be well informed on the projtct~ so that they can pafticipatc fully in their planning, implementation and management. II shali further ~ncourage intcrnatiomil co-operation in sharing of experience technology and infonrnition on human sdtlerncnts development. 4.1.12 Human Settlements Development Capacity Capacity building in the human sel/lements dn-elopment sector i.1· a prerequisite fi!r the surrcss of the implemellfation of this policy. Human resource.\ dcve!opmenl is a major mmponent of capacity building. It enwils having adequalc rve!!-rmined manpmver and equipment, to nwble performance of duties more <:/J'edfrdv and (jjiciently. Training ond researrh in,titutions have also got a vital role 10 play. 4.1.12.1 Issues: (i) Staff in human settlements development is inadequate and often not well qualified to deal with the intricacies of sustainable human ~cttlcments development. (ii) Staff working in the field of human scttlemc1m development like other government employees are underpaid and their salaries are below the Jiving wage, they also lack motivation such as timely promotion~, training allowances and other opportunities, etc All these au as hindrances .to effective and efficient performance of their day to day activitie~, (iii) Lack of essential facilities such as transport, computers, survey and mapping equipment, photocopiers, printers, stationery, up lO date dalJ and maps, good data hank, etc, has been a hindrance to good performance (>f activities promoting human settlements development. 4.1.l2.2 Policy Statements: The government shall: (i) ensure that the human Settlements development sector 'is well !;taffed; (ii) motivate its employees in order to make them more productive; (iii} ensure that every tlistrict is assigned at lea~t a town planner to ensure more sustainable human settlements development; (iv) ensure that all human settlements related staff are well trained in their fields of activities; and (v) ensure acquisition of equipment necessary for hctter performance of its activities. :n 4. J. 13 Performance Evaluation and Use of Indicators It is essential to evaluate the impact of policies, strategies and action~ on the provision of adequ.aJe shelter and the achievement of sustainable human settlements development. This will enable understanding of the level of achievement of the goals and objectives and will help in reviewing the strategies of implementation accordingly. 4.1.13.l Issue: The review of human settlements development in the country ha~ been ad­ hoc. It ha~ been difficult to a large extent to understand the current situation of the sector at any material time. Available information in most times has not been very reliable and it is not desaggregated to enable understanding of the impact of policies on vulnerable groups. 4.1.13.2 Policy Statement: The Government shall facilitate formulation of urban and housing indicators that will be used to review the implementation of the human settlements development sector. The indicators among others should be able to collect age and gender dcsaggregated infonnation on the impact of urbanisation on vulnerable and disadvantaged groups including children. 4.1.14.Gender Equality and Vulnerable Groups: Comideration of gender perspectives in human settlements planning and development is necessary in order to foster equality and hannony in a society. Participation of women in planning and decision-making is a prerequisite to the formulation and execution of workable broad-based and sound hunum settlements' policies and projects bearing in mind the fact that women play a big role in the development of the country. Although existing policies and laws do not discriminate agaimt women and vulnerahle groups, most practices based on accepted African traditions and customs in land and property ownership discriminare against women. 4.1.14.] Issues: (i) Women are often not fully involved in planning and decision making on crucial issues. They are marginalised in planning and decision making even on issues that affect them. Most decisions are imposed on them. (ii) Women are more affected by problems associated with the deterioration in the environment e.g. lack of basic services and amenities. 34 (iii) Many devdopmen! plans are not gender sensitive and do not take into consideration vulnerable groups. 4.1.14.2 rolky Statement: The government &hall ensure that trnrnan settlements' policies, legislation, programmes and other related pl1licies and legislation incorporate gender perspectives and vulnerable groups. 4.1.15 Prehistoric/Hisi.oric Sitr,'> and Buildings: Prehistoric/historic sites and buildings are important vehicles for keeping £he history. culture and tradiriom cif a society and country They convey one's origin, cultLlT(' and lifestyles to present and future ie11eratior1s. /11 addition, they give identity to a society or comm1micy. Well conservl'Ci prehistoric/historic sites and buildinf:s are imponant assets/or promoting wurism in a tountry hence enabling her eamjrJreign exchange. 4.LJS.1 Issues: (i) There hasn't hccn a systematic approach adopted in the identification, preservation and conservation of important prehistoric/historic sites and buildings in the planning process. As a result, some of them have been either zoned for other uses or demolished/destroyed. (ii) There has not been a systematic approach adopted in the identification of cultural resources unJcrgrounJ and underwater in the planning process resulting in tht total destruction of cultural resources when undertaking major i:::onstructiou works. 4.1.15.2 Policy Statements: (i) The Govenunent through local authorities shall collaborate with local communities to identify and set aside prchi~toric/historic sites and buildings for conservation and preservation purposes. (ii) Local communities, relevant authoritie) and NGOs shall particip,Jte in the conservation and management of pn:hisloric/historic sites and buildings, (iii) I .arg,c :;cale earthworks shall he prcceJul by cultural assessment, 4.1.l 6 Small Islands Tlwn.· urc uho111 }.50 s111,dl is/owls 111 [1111amiu Afui11lanrl. In /)or cs Sulu!lm region nlnne. fi-,1· c..wmp!c, Iliac ure IO swh ricccs o(land Notwithstanding 1/wir diffcn'/1/ si::,cs thc.1·,· islands h111•c varying im;1orta11t roles i11 relation lo marine ccolog1•. geo!ogl' and 11r//io11al scc11ri/ \' 4.1.16. l Issue: Small islands in the Indian Ocean and in the lake parts of Tan;.ania arc nol given their due consideration. Consequently, there hav~ been uncoordinated and sometimes hazardous development activities that have and are still threatening their cnvirnnmcntal and economic sustainability. Some may pose national security risk. 4.LJ(,.Z Polity Statement: The govcmmcnl shall cnsurc the proper use of small ishmds and the cxploit,11 ion of the rcsoun:es found therein so as to facilitate their environmental protection, sustainable dcvclopment and national security. 4.1.17 Beaches and Coastline flcuclws om! the coastline Ji1rm [)Urt of the most attractive sites for recreation, hahilotum. w1ua-bascd ji1rmi11g!lmsincss and tourism. Currcntlv, there Is wr incn·o.1·i11g demwuf (or sitcs fi,r !he said uses. Proper development and managemrnt o( these on·us !wl'c ccoiwmic und social hc11cji1s: and also help ill keeping the coastul e111-'ironmc111 in halonn:. 4.).17.1 Issue: Some developments along thc beaches and the co;1stline infringe on cnvirunmcntally fr,igile areas, while others arc accessible to limited mcmbcrs or Lhc public 4.1.J 7.2 Polity Statements: (i) The govtmmcnt shall regulate development along the coastline in order to preserve thc environment. (ii) The guvernmcnt shall ensure that rccrcation~tl beaches an: accessible to all 111<:mbers of the public. 4,2 SHELTER ISSUES AND FOi.HJES: "Aricquale sllc/ter, mcar1s mou· I!1un , , u1 o· ones hcud, if means 11dcqua1"J priV!uy, adeq11ale spou>, pJn,yini! ou adeq11ate securiry <f tenure, stmcturul stabilitv mu! durn/1itlry, (ic/e,fi,', rte lighting, heating and ventilation, adequate basii· m/i·astruclurc rn, h as hu1cr, s,111iwtiot1 and 1w1src managcmem fi11·ilities, rnitablc environmemaf iJ!icdity mid hc,ilth rdmedrji1Clors and adequate and oc, ·essihfc /ouuion with rcgwd 10 ,11urk 011d /! ,uir ji1ci!itfes, all cif which should he avaitahle at an 4/im/(lb/c coH "(lfohitat '\µernfa). 4.2. l Uou~ing Fimrnce Iiouse construction is one o{ the his in 1c•.111n:J//., 111 one's lifetime fur the majority of the /h!JJ11latin11, b11f, it is su 1npilul i111c11.1/1.'t rhm not many individuals orfmnilics con 11//i!rd to auJuire thru11Kh 1//cir mm 111,nnol .1avi11gs. 1 hmsi11g ji111111cc as a mechani.1m prm·idcs borroll'ing l)pporumitics lr1r rhe less capahlc house huilders, fhru11:,;h housing lumn om/ ll/Ortgugcj,Hiliun 4.2.l-l Issues: (i) Govermncnt's allocation of tl1c 1n1.w1ul budget to housmg has been generally low and is declining. For example, ll \vas 6.01 % in 1971 and is currently about 2 % . Olher African countn.:.-, ,-1llncate a higher perceulage of their annual budgets;, e g, Zambia in it:; Nariorwl Housing Policy ( 1996) has agreed to commil l 5 % <'•f ih ;umual hudgcl to housing (ii) Thtre art limited housing mortg;111c !Jcilit ies in the country. Most people uuild gradually using lheir meagre rcs,·,ur.:.·co. Thi:, slows down the housing consrruction process lcadmg /o ;i luw delivery of houses to the market. In general the process is incffiurnt (iv) There is lack of resoun:c rnohilismiun capacity for housing development hoth at national and local levels. 4,2.1.2 Policy Stutcmcnts: The government shall: (i) Conti11uc to implement progressive macro-n:onornic policies which can lead, olher things being equal, to economic grnwth, job creation and greater affordability for rental lwusing and hou:-;c purchase; (ii) Put housing in a cenlral posilwn i11 national policies alongside health and education; !iii) ln.,titute J rnacbrntry wli icl1 will ~ill()w for muhilising hou,ing finance from the public sector, tile private sector. local uimnrnnit it:, and from international agL·flciec:: iv) Ciivc incentive, to individuals am.I instirutions to rnvest din::ctly in actual housing development or through an approved housing finance system; (v) Develop mecharmms to assist vulnerahlc groups; (vi) Seek avenue~ for the creation of seed capital to assist private ~ector financial institutions involved in housing. (vii) Encourage individual llorne nwocrship: (viii) Assist in dcvcloping a secondary mortgage markcl: (ix) Encourage and support the estahlishmeflt and funding of specialised housing finance institutions (building socictics); (x) Promote the establishment of savings co-operatives from household groups to create loan funds for home owm:rship: (xi) Estahlish a mcchanic:m for regulating aud supervising housing finance institutions to ensure adherence to existing laws; and (xii) Strengthen the existing RevPlving llousing Loan Fund. U.2 Public Housing Public h()11si11g is !hat typt' of housing development 11ndcrraken by public institutions and the government . It helps tofi!l the gap hetwcen private housing supply and rhe w·t1wl de111r111d in the sociery. It also provides decent housing services at lmvcr rems as um,pured 111 pri)'(lfe/y owned housing. At national level, iris an i11vcs1mc111 und contrilml1's to thr twrimwl revenue by paying corporufc rax and other duties or /cnes. 4.2.2.1 Issues: Public housing in this case includes, tho:;e houses <lin::ctly owned by the government, and those owned and managed by public institutions such as the NIIC, PPF. NSSf, Public owned banks etc. (i) Must public houses are in bad phyc:ical condition b1.:Gtusc they do nor gel regular maintenance. :rn ( iii Public h\lUSc~ arc m•rmally kw anJ llw:; b<:'ndit nnly a few pcopk in comparison with tilt'. number of people to he serveJ (iv) Rents of public: housing are normally low in comparison with both market and economic rent,. Rental incomes f,t:ncratcd from those units are nut enough to meet both their administrative and maintenance costs. Rental arrangernl"nts for houses owned and managed by t!H: government arc not clearly defineu (iv) Builuing of rental housmg by public institutions is an indlicient use of scarce resourcl'.s. Building and selling of houses could gencraw more houses. (v) Public housing tends to distort market rents because their rents are oflen below market rents 4.2.2.2 Policy Statemi::nts: (i) The government shall: (a) Not involve itself directly in the production and management of housing except for special groups e.g. national govnnrw:nt lcaucrs hospitals, army, police, prisons. government schools etc; (b) carry out valuation of all existing public housing and 011 that bac;is assess the economic rents payable. (ii) Employers where feasible will be required to give housing allowances to theirworkcrs rather than building houses for them lo rent: (iii) Employers where feJ:;ible shall assist ttieir workers wishing to buy or build houses for home ownership; (iv) The government as an employer should review the whole concept of building and managing housing stock intended for its employees; (v) All tenants in public housing will be required tn pay ecom.lmic rents; :rnd (vi) Employers and Pension Funds should explore the possihilitie\ of investing pan of their funds in housing for sJle or for offering: llou:;ing loans to rheir workers and comrihutors to pemiou funds. JC) 4.2.3 P,·ivait• Housing With the except ion of ve1y frw ,1,,usesjr;r cornm11nil y activilir's. off mm! hu11,sing 11 b11i/I, mvned. rmd ocrnpicd b, u1divid1wl fi1mi l its and dons. In urban areas more than 90% of urban re.1/dem ·, fn•1· in privately financed, rDnsrnu·tcd and owned housing either as owner-or·nif•iN".I or tcnunts. 4.23.1 4.LL2 National rml icic, ,;;,·, p, ;v:;tc :1 ou :;in.s developrrwnt have bct:n ad -hoc and no1 supportive, dcspik :'w 1. :,,ntrihution of the private ~ector to the ho11~ing stock in thL' cowI1r·i 4.2.4 B11ildinr, Ma/<1 i 1 ,. :> .. '., Row 111aIcrial.1 such ,n su,, - - r1mf /1/ocks. burrlf hricks, timher, ruo/ing tiles ar, cm-r11gaIed iron sheets, '!.'-, , 1/1:.s , "' ri/s, cement, sand etc are very essential in th ninstmction 1f damp 1m.•uf, d durable f)Uifding.1·. 77wy should be available in /urr:e quantities and at 111 ., of; -,,-da/1/e (ll"ice to ennIumge housing comtruction. Tr, prod11aion r1( these b11i1 ·•;.,1/crials um be promoted by encoumging ti establishmrnt of bui /din:c: -•.-·,o/•;' industries. B11i/ding motcrials' induslries al!: create em['/nyment OJJ/ l<< i ·1;,/U S 4.2.4.1 Issues; (i) Higll mm .-d 1··1 :il:h,, m:1tr: ;: , '-; contrihute largely to the high costi houc:ing con,t11:u I",· l1t.:can:-.,."- (a'i •-;;nn,·.: ,,1· ,1 ·. , \:1i:,::; I'roduccd in some large scale industri: v:\Ji:J1 ,,( '., -, !i,;:, <.} cconurrncs of scale should have had low costs, r1wduu; ., :- n11ii b11t l1, 1vr high cost~ of operation dut: to their hi/ Pvc·rlw:,-:i 1.:1.>S/': (h) '., , : ,,,i.-'i'"':;,t the nwlcrials to construction sites. (< i , , ,- , ·:;i::f1'P•< ,if mnppropri.·11<" starnfan.ls and by laws that rcducd ,-ii ,1 r,;i,vcd imncti:ils and building 1c,chnologies. ij () (d) there is a lack of research on alternative available building material~ in various locatim1~. (e) there is a lack of small-scale in<luslries for producing building materials. (ii) Building materials industry has not colltribuLcd suffitiently in employment creation and income generation; an<l (iii) Dissemination and application of building materials researched hy BRU have not hcen very successful. 4.2.4.2 Policy Statements: (i) Research shall he carried out on building materials that are currently used with a view to making them more durable and affordable; (ii) Private and popular or infom1al sectors ~hall be encouraged to cngage in the production of huilding materials by giving Lhern incentives; (iii) Demonstration projects shall be carrieJ out on housing development as a means of spreading the use of researched materials; (iv) Training on the production and use of local huilding materials shall he carried out in Community Development Training Institutions; (v) Small-scale industries for building materials at the community level shall be promoted; (vi) The use of local building materials in public housing schemes shall be encouraged; (vii) The use of huilding materials that causc environmental hazards should be proscrihed; (viii) In order for the building materials industry to play a major role in the economy, the choice of technology in the constrnction of housing shall be made on the basis of the following criteria: (a) The use of locally manufactured or processed building materials especially where their production process is high in labour content; (b) Duil<ling of processes that encourage adoption of appropriate technologies and combine the use of scmi-skilled and unskilled labour; lj 1 (c) The use of mcchameal plant :111!..l rn:idiincry 1\lwn; this is provciJ. rm1viJe a cheaper am.J efficient service withoul comprnmi-;mg J, opportunities. The award uf contr:,ct~ trom 1hc public v·ctor ,1 1m:ludc small contrnctor~. wilh proven threshold levels of rcsour: and technical skills rteccs\ary f,,r the job at hand and \\ approptiatL' m:mappnent and financial responsibility capacitiL·<; (dj The award or contracts from tlw public \ector will mclui..lr: sn; contractors with proven threshold kvcb of rc~ourccs and ll"dot skill., nec1.:ssary for the joh at hand and will. apprupl"lale ma11;1gc1n anJ financial responsibility cJpJciLies ( ix) The government in collaboration wall prnducns, :;!t:tll ri:vicw the prio building materi:ib to encourage the 11,e nf dmahk huili..ling maleriah; (x) Th<: government shall encourage priv:ile investmc11t in building mater. proi..luction; and (xi) Tht" role and struuurc of DRU should he reviewed in order to facilit dissemination and application of its rcscarchci..l results. 5 Rural Housing In developing countries the rural cm11111w1ity uu·uunts ji1r !he fll(lJority oj p11pula1ion. A proper approach to ruml housing is inevitahlc if on£' has to dCii r1 non-cfiscri111i11mory .1ysrcm, with the major ii \' not being ot a di.rndvanrage. 4.2.5.1 Issues: (i) Most rural houses are temporary ;rnd i..lo not rncet environmental am1 I, requirements and lack hasic services. (ii) Most villagers art" poor, and this affecls their ability tu provil.kf housing. (iii) In some parts of the counlry good housing is not cnnsidcr1.:d to be a pri1)rity. Instead, owning large hnds of cattle or polygamy is consider he a sign of wealth, and gives one high social status in sociely. (iv) In certain areas of the country thctT are ulltur:ll bclids and trai..litinrn', dder imprnvc1111.:nt in hou~ing. 4.2.5.2 Policy Statements; (i) Tht: government shall facilitate implcmi:ntation of rural integraLed programmes th<1I: (a) Will enhance rural economies that art aimed at assisting rural familii:s to construct and improve their houses; (b) Will C'reate employment and income through the production of building materials and provision Qf basic services; k) Will promote agricultural production and create awareness on improved housing lo the villagers. (ii) The government in partnership with NGOs shall conduct education, cm1paigns to educate the rural population on the value and benefits of good housing so that they undertake de-stocking for the purpose of using the proceeds from the sak of cattle and agricultural conunodities to improve housing. 4.2.6 Housing Development through a Co-operative Approach This is a model of housing production, which is based on collcaive effom· by (l group lf people under a mutual agreement. I lousing throur:h co-operatives has been considered a possible solution to housing development problems of low-inrome earners. 1l1c model involves working together and sharing the fruits of their efforts. ]his ideolo,;y in Tanzania was adopted from the past traditional way of living and working m/lcctively lif most tribes in the rountry. 4.2.6.1 Issues: (i) There is minimal housing production through organised groups; (ii) Ilousing through co-operatives has heen considered a possible solution to housing development especially for low-income earners. Attempts in developing housing through such co-operation in Dodoma and in Dar es Salaam for example initially were a success. However, it could not be replicated or sustained due to lack of a clear government policy on how housing co-operative should operate and lack of a supportive implementation structure, which could ensure accountability (iii) Decentralisation of co-operative movement is an obstacle. 4.2.(i.2 Polir:v Statements: The goverm11ent shall. (i) Pn>motc, support anJ encourage the t!cvclopmcnt or housing through co. operatives, CBOs, NCiO, and builJing societiv;; (ii) initiate research lo establish reasons fpr tht.: poor performance of organised group., m housing production with a view to rinding out how best lo Si!ppon and assist those groups; (iii) review the institutional set up for promoting co-operative housing so JS 111 involve more the uJ-operative unions and hJCal authorities. 4.2,7 Rtnl Control Rent Control is II tool ji1r regulating rl'nls fin hoth publi1· and privately ownl'J lwusinr; andji1r providing a legalframcworkjcJr landlord/tenant relations/up. 4.2.7.1 4.2.7.2 People who inve~t in rental bousmg Jp so with the inlt:ntion of gelling profr just as mhcr people who invt:st in other sectors. If tht:y are subjected Ii ruks that deter them from achieving their oh jectivc, then they will b: discouragt:d iu 111ve.sting in this sector. Certain sections or the Rcrr Restriction Act of I ')84 arc some of such deterrents. ht:cause they scrvt: U1: interests or the tenants more than tlHist: of landlorJs, thus uiscouragi111 investrnn1l in rental housing. Policy Statement: The government shall n:view the l 984 Rent Restriction Act to make i conducive to investment in rt:ntal housing without.compromising lrl interests of tt:nants and those of landlords. 4.3 URBAN DEVELOPMENT ISSUES AND POLICIES 4.J. J Physical Growth f'li vsi('a/ f!.FOWIII is on1' of the many asp!'!'/.\ 1n h11111m1 scllil'ml'ms dc1•clop111e11 Otlwrs include populmion, economy ond the level r1f prov1swt1 cf services an 1n(mstruuure. C1mtrul over physical r;rowfh of 11rba11 areas is necessary in or& to r!'l!uce urban sprmrl: w focilitafc cconomv in the use of lund and in provi.1w of" in{m.1rn1cu1n, .1·r,,-vin's: to protcr-t the urban cnvironmcm; and w ensure /imuiona! and eflicienl urban sl}Sf!'!II. 4.3.Ll Issue: The uncontrolled expansion of 1uwns is undesirable because in certain areas it encroaches on prnductivt rural agricultural and pasture land, and increases tht cost~ of the provision of infrastructure. -LtL2 Policy Statements: (i) The government shall cusure that land is used efficiently and effectively. The future trend will be verticil growih rather than horiwntal. (ii) Tlw planning machinery shall pur a limit to municipal physical growth after whicl1 developmem shall be directed to satellite towns. 4.3..2 Rural-Urban Migration 11ic changing of places of living from ruruf ureas to 101vns is one of the leading factors to tile high annual growch rutcs of the urban population irz developing C()Hlt{ries. Jhe rvidcnt disparity hctwccn rural and urban areas 111akes the rum{ youths' desire to rhange £heir lzfe style irresistible. 17iis process ("f mi;?raEiun, has conser1uc11ccs on both types o/sealemems. It is only through knowledge rf the mra{-urban migration phenomenon that an tffective policy on human ualcmnlts can be developed. 4.3.2.l 4.3.2.2 The rate of urban population growth of l l 9\; a year recorded over the 1977- 1988 period is so high that urban authorities cannot cope with it in terms of employment, services and housing provision. Pofo:y Statements; The government shall: (i) enhance improvement of living conditions in rural areas to discourage movement of pwple to urhan areas; (ii) enhance !lie capacity of urban authorities to acconunodate the increase in population. 4.3.3 Township Boundaries Boundaries are eswhlishcd to show on/' 's limir in Jpatial ocrnparion of land. At the lorn/ r:m•cmmrnf lcvfl. they show the p//ysical/administrative limits of the councils­ in tenm o/ 01Yow1tabili1 y in local governance. llws. boundaries are importatlf in ,m!er to nnJid dupli,arim; of dlllies in one area or skipping urtrntion over some r/ic ure/1\. An cxtcnsivt c11e11 is costly ro .v·rvicc and 1//il!Wi;t. lhcnfore, ir 1: im1wn,.1nr t/1111 urb,iJ' ureas ore dcj1m'd ,ri//1111 manugm/1/c limits ln erononuc sonu/ and r'm•1ro11mcrt1ul a.\fll'ds. 4.J.J.l Issue: Most urha11 autlioritiL'S h;ivc km.led to exp;n1d tlw Jrc:as 11111..kr lhti' jurisJictiou in urdn 10 enclose large populations and area so as to justif, classification into hi1.'1wr stmu:,. Thi:; practice creates admini.strativc couflici ht:tween urh,rn authnrit ics and village gnvcrnmnlts of the cnclu,ul vilbg1 over ianJ rights and lanJ use Moreover the engulfed villages dP not hcnt/ l"rmn ~omc urban ,erYicc.·; although they :ire requireLI tu p:iy urban levic, ,1 taxe:; 4.3.3,2 Policy StaknH·nts; ( 1) The govcrnmem ~;hall ensure that the neeJ fur aLlministrative hound~ expansion ~!idll ht \Uhstantiatcd scienli l"ically in a particip;1tory marui between the rntcre,ted parties. (ii) Villages cngulfcLI ir1 urban areas as a result of the expansion of towns! boundaries sh:1ll cease to he villages whether or not they are registen:d, their ;1drninistratiun shall come unJcr the respective urban local authori 4.3.4 l irlian Renewal Ur/>m,- gmwrh 11.11101/v cnluils rhe creation 1i f lll'H' development ureas. /11 d11e rorir u!dcr purrs cf tmvns 11.rna!l v ,·e111raf ureas, receive lc.1.1 attention, thus rhcy r/1: ,111</ i)enmtt' hlighrcd. 1/r!mn r1·11cn·a/ gives 111'\V life and reactivarcs su1·h plnrn tif!i[ilii11!-: rficir scn•ir,·,. um1•11i1ics and i11fi"11.1rrr1c11irc ro match ll'ilh new, 1 luzng /11,r: d1•ma11d. 4.3.4.1 4 . .3A.2 lssm:; Tl1ere is undcrutilisat ion or prime lanLls in urhan areas and uncoonfo piecemeal rcdcvclopmcnl which does not go hanLI in hand with the prol'i of services and long lnm dcvc:lupmcnt \Chemes of urban areas Policy Statuncnt: The governlllent shall enrnuragc optimum utilisation or the land in 0 arc;is and ensure comprehensive implementation of redevelopment r: without compromising the interests of the holders of land right:,. 4.3.5 Urban Ero11om v An cfjine/11 ,uul prod11,1ive 11rl//lll f'Cu11011n· is tswm1a! ro mi.1i11g i11on11c.1· /icncc the ;111nhosing power(!/ 11rha11 rc1idc11ts. Urban rc.1u!em.1 wirh more incomes um o[iimi 1110/"/' ond he/11't 1//'/)(lt/ .1·erl'iccs. 11 prud11,ti,·e 11rb11n 1:conomy ('l"l'urcs u tuwhlc commwzir v lic11!'l' i111pmvcs m11niC1f//ll rcvenw' needed ro p11y Ji>r t/ie ptovisiun, 111wwgc11101/ and mui11fl't1a11cc 1f 1ufcc111111e 1111111icipa/ services. 4.3.5.1 4.3.5.2 Issue: I nadequace, unrcli.tble, or lack of services and infrastructun:, wt'ak rnuniciral institutions. pour t1nancial services and ;in inarpropriale regulato ry framework, inhibit urban prnduuivicy. Policy S!atcrncnfs: The g,1vcnrn1t:nt ~hall: (i) Ensure thal enough services, and infra\tructure arc provided :rnd proptrly man~ged; (ii) F!bure thal there is a conducive regulatory and financial cnvin,nment to enu rnrage invtstrncnt; (iii) Also allow municipal authorities to widen their sources or revenue; a!ld (iv) l'roviuc suppmtive environment for the dcveloprncnr of mir.:rn-economic cntcrprisn;iinforrnal occtor activitic, and urb;in farn!Ip/',- 4.3 .6 l lrba11 Transport lj(i<·icnl Hrl1an 1runsportution is a rritiuil c/cmem in ovcrn:nning the Jiagmentcd nature of" mir 1·iries and !owns. Shorter commuting distan,·es and t// c associated lmw'r rnsts will relca,'il' sisnificant portions 1!f"lzousehold irwomes (c.ipccio!lv of the poor) fin other purposes. Government and operators alsu btfl('./lf hcrnuse r15 the m'1'ragc trip mi 1he lund decreases, per capita public expenditure on rhe operation <4 rmb{ic tran.1port servicrs in chem dcdincs. 4.J,6.1 .Issue: Thc existing urban transport systt.'lll is inefficient, in pan, bt:c.11.1sc of 1he incrcJseJ c:ar ownership without corrL:,pu11ding road carJcity ,rnd poor traffo.: nnn.igerncnt. ,j / 4.3.6.2 Polity St:itemenh The governrneut shall facilitate the estahlishment and operation of swift salt-~, and efficient trnnsporl systems in urban area,. 4.3.7 Orban A~riculturc* Urban agrirn/r{{r, exists in most urban areas both in the dcvdopcd and dl'vdopii:, co11mrie.1. As an ecmwmi, activity, it provides income and emplo ymc,11 opporltlllities to the urban populatio11, ond a reliab/(' supplemenl(II) s011rce <?{Jo0 supply IO urban dwl'llen at aftcmlahle prires. As a land use, well-planned urhc agriculture creates a pleasam r:reerrery scene. 4.3.7,1 4.3.7.2 Issue: Although urhan agriculture i:; considered an impwtant componcni sustainahk development, improperly practised urban agriculture contlit with other urban land uses and leads to land degradation, waler pollu1i, and is a threat to health and safety. Policy Statements: The governmr:nt shall: (i) Designate special areas within planning areas whereby people will granted legal rights to engage themselves in agricultural activities; (ii) continue to regulate and research on !he conduct of urban agriculture; will ensure that it <lnes not disrupt planned urban development; (iii) review existing laws to facilitate planned urhan agriculture; (ivi facilitate the construction of appropriate infrastructure to rnitigatc/pw land degradation, water pollution, and health and safety hazards in 1 whereby agriculture is pennilled. 4.3.8 Municipal Finance Any 111u11inpality llucuf awhority requires u sowid financial base in order! f.'.{(crtivc. !lii.r docs nor mean 011/y the size of the annual budget handled~· aut!writ v but also the ability to tap revenues from all possible sources 11vailol>ility <!F a tuwble community, and the authority's capaci1y In jinif • fn Tanzani,1 urban agricul!ure includes cultivation of crnps, horticulture, norlculture, dairy f{ ketJ)ing of pigs pooltry ;md aqu:iculture. 48 managemem. fr is the jirwncinl abi lity that determines rhe mmmer in which the municipality executes its jimrtior1s and obliJ;arions in the developmenr of the arcus under it~ jurisdirriotL 4.3.8.l 4.3.8.2 Issue: Urban authorities arc facing financial problems thus limiting their capacity to serve their inh;ihitanls because of: (a) (h) (c) (d) (e) (f) Inability to lap potential sources of revenue and lack of political support; Over-dependence on central government subventions causes problems in budgeting considering that there is a time uiffercnce between the central government budget cycle, which starts in July, and the local government cycle, which starts in January; Unrealistic criteria in creation of urban authorities. Lack of capacity lo collect and manage revenue; Lack of lending institutions for urban development; Lack of internal control and accountability leading lo misuse of funds. Policy Statements: The government shall: (i) Ensure that all mandated local taxes are collected and all untapped sources of revenue are utilised hy local authorities in order to reduce over- dependence on central government subventions. (ii) Create new local authorities based on the following three principles: (a) Cash -Ability to meet its expenses. (b) Consent -It i~ demanded by residents of that area. (c) Competence -It will have the required staff to run its activities. (iii) Facilitate the e$tabli$hment of lending institutions for urban development. 49 (1v) Establish an Eqmlisation FunJ to subsidise poor couIJci\s It ,k\\l furthn institute :1 clearer formula for allocarrng subvrntions to local authorities. (v) Ensure th;it rc.sidents and their local leaders arc made :Jwarc or their rcspomihili1y to pay t;ixcs and user chargL·,. (vi) Urban 1\uthorities ,hall train or recruit compr:tenl proft:ssimwl staff to collect ;md monitor the collection or LL\CS :rnJ use il in accun.bncc with laid down finarwi;;I n:gulaliom. 4.J.9 l'ublic Open Spares, Other Ill>rreational Areas and Hazardous Lands Open .1p11ccs 1111dcvcloprd 1111/um/ arid hazardous ltlnds 11rc es.1c11tia/ jr1r dl'1111 air <"ircr1/ntio11. and breaking up of tlic 111<1Jwtom· of rile fwilr cnvirrm1J1enr. 1hcy, csp<·,·i11fl)' rhilrlrc11 plilygm1111ds andfoolho/1 grmmds, arc i111p11rtmll for recrmtion pwpo.1cs. Wlw11 p/rmlcd 11·irh free:; mufjloll'as, op('n .1pa<'cs provide greenery and iwn'asc 1hc ucsthctin 1!( ur/11111 nreas. 4.3. 9.1 lsSUl'S: (ii [kvelnpers wi1h(1Ut planning permission invaJc puhlic open spaces, other recreational siti.:s and h;v.ardons and fragile areas; (ii) Most public op(.'ll sp;in's ;rnd other recreational areas are left llndrvclopcJ; (iii) :-iomc urban areas are derelict and arc undergoing urban decuy. 4.3.9.2 Policy Stall'ments: The government shall ensure that : (i) Public open space:,, utlwr recreational arc;1s and hazardous areas arc protected from encro;ichrncnt and arc used for their illlL'.!lded purposes; (ii) Local Authoritil'S CBOs. NC.iO, and priv,itc/public institmiuns develop open spaLTs, and other recrc·atio11al areas for public u.,e (iii) Nu title is offercu 10 people wllo intruuc into ha7aruo11s, open spaces or other protected areas (iv) Derelict lands arc n:claimeJ and used for appropriate land-u~cs. oO As far{/.\ hcolllz is ('(/1/('('n/('d, the pro!C(/1()1[ or Ille Clll'iWll//ll'IIIJm111 ('ll\'iron111rnrul degradation ll'lzii'/1 inc/1,dcs poor so/rel \1'11.1/c 111unagc111c111, crud/' dumping of i11d11striu/ 10,-/1· 111cmical cnmpowl(fs, induslriul c[/l11c111 di.1·1·/znrg1' llll(f air pollution re.111/ting fi-0111 wu·onrrollcd i11i/11s1 riul mid gus//li11e emissions is i111porla111 for rlrc wl'!I hcing of"peoplc. 4.3.10.1 Issues: (i) Man:1gcment of soliJ and liquid waslc· m rno,t urban arL·as is poor rt'sulting in cnv irnnmcnul dcrcrior;11ion: (ii) The i11neasi11g number or motor vehicles rnost of which arc in a poor state or repair ;uc causing substantial pollutiull of atr with nuxiuus gase., anJ k:iJ from gasoline fut!. Additionally there arc limiled controls 1rn mJustrial aml uther gaseous emissions. which also contribute to urban pollution; (iii) Then: is increasing encroachment on fragile anJ hazardous lands (nver valleys. steep slopes, and marshlanJs). Such dcvelupmcnts contribute 10 land tlegradatiun. pollution anJ other forms of environmental dcstn-1ction; (iv) DcpcnJence on the use nf fucl-wooJ and charc:oal as till" main sources of cnngy in human scltlcrnent., contributes to depletion or forests, and u1nsequcnt cnviromncntal Jclerillration anJ pollution: ;rnd (v) l lnautl1oriseJ 111ining cspeually quarrying or sand in river valleys is h;izardous to the i:nvirn11men1. 4.3.10.2 Policy Statements: Th Li government sh,dl: ( i) ensure that human settlerrn:nls arc kept clean and pollution effects of solid anJ liquid wastes do not endanger the health uf resiJcms; (11 I s~:t cnviro1mwnt;1l qu,dity standards of gastnU\ emissions from industries. vd1iclcs l"lL:; :md i11,titute a mcc!wmsm for monitoring ;iir pollt11ion lcvds; (iii) enrnurage the use or altcrnativL\ afforJahle and appropriate sources of rnergy; (iv) encouragi: and promote affnrcstalion to match harvesting from woodlamb, and (v) prohibit 4uarrying in nver valleys in urhan arc:1s. Sl 4.4 INSTITUTIONAL AND LEGAL FRAMEWORK The mulliJucus approa(h .10 cemrol to social ufJd economic developmenr and ru the integration of susrainahlc human seulements developmenr, requires effective co­ ordination and co -opemtion a111m18 relev(/nf organs of the government and the .rnr'iety in 1;erl('mf It is ner·es.rnrv lo n·r·ognise existing institutional arrangements, and consider ways and /I/com by yvhich cu ordination l!{, and n1-opcmtiu11 between institutionally distinct lmr!ies wi1h overlapping 111mulmr.1· might be enhanced, and /heir purpose andfimctions constructively arranged. 4.4. l Issues: (i) Successful implementation of this I luman Settlements lkvclopmcnl Policy will <lepeml on the existence of a conducive institutional an<l kgal framework for its irnplcmcn1ation and availability of adequate resources and capacity at all levels of implementation. It will also require co-operation and co ordination ot all actors and stakcholdns involved and interested in human settlements development. Prior to lhe enactment of the Decentralisation Act in 1 cn2, there was only one institution which was responsible for hurn:m settlements development especially town planning al all levels of operation The abolition of Local Authorities in 1972 and their ~uhsequent reinstatement in 1978 (for urban councils) and in 1982 (for mral district councils), led to a multiplicity uf actors in human settlemenb development, Some of the effects uf having a multiplicity of actors and overlapping roles and responsibilitics have becn the following: (a) It has given room 10 malpractices especially in land allocation and town planning like unauthorised changes of use, invasions of open spaces and land alloca1ed for community facilities (e.g. schools and health facilities); (h) Accountahility has been defused e~;pecially where (e,g, on development control and the provision and maintenance of urb,m infrastructure and services) and when problems arise; and (c) Efficiency ha.s been ero<led. (ii) The current institutional arrangement for human settlements development, planning and management is fragmented, ir1consistcnt and characterised hy overlapping authorities, roles and lines of accountability. For example, Section 59 (e) of LocJ] Government (llrhan Authorities) Act. No. 8 gives powers to Local Authorities to prepare detailed planning schemes and submit them to the Minister responsible for 1-<Kal C.iovcrnmcnt for approval. On the other hand, Sections 19 and 31 of the Town ;rnd Country Planning Ordinance Cap .178 uf 1956 empowers the Minister responsible for town planning to supervise and 2pprove detailed planning schemes submitted to him by Planning Authorities. Section 6 of the Land Acquisition Act. No. 47 of 1967 empowers the Minister responsible for lands to give notices to landowners if their land is required for public interest and advise the Pn:sidenl accordingly. Likewise Section 60 of The Local Government Act. No. 8 of 1982 gives powers to the Minister responsible for Local Government to acquire land or recommend to the President for that land to be acquired in the public interest. (iii) The portfolio of housing has abo been moving from one Ministry to another, making it difficult to carry out its functions effectively. (vi) Furthermore, the roles of the public and private sectors have not been clearly defined over the last 30 years. In some cases, the Ministry of Lam.ls has perfom1ed detailed planning functions which shoukl have been done by local authorities thus denying the Ministry opportunity to supervise an<l check such work or play an impartial role of an arbitr.itor in case of conflict (v) Moreover, Local Governments have not been able to mobilise resourcr·s from the developers for service provision in all residential areas. It is recognised all over the world that the process of human settlements development is very much a local government matter. The role of local authorities in enahling the provision or shelter and essential services to all segments of the population is of paramount importance. (vi) Given limited state resources, the mobilisation of private resources and public participation in human settlements development arc now central aspects of government approach lo human settlements development. The implementation of this policy will depend to a large extent on individual efforts. People will be able to contribute better if they are mobilised and organi~ed NGOs and CBOs will have a big role to play in harnessing im.lividual resources for human settlements development. 4.4.2 Policy Statements: The government shall: (i) In collaboration with Local Authorities be responsible for mobilising resources from potential developers for financing the provision and maintenance of housing, services and infrastructure. 53 (ii) Review existing laws in order to n:muve im:onsistrncics. (iii) Prepare a new Town am.I Country Planning Law. (1v) Streamline lhL'. institutional arrangement for human settlements development in order to enhance accountability and efficiency and sball further ensure that the roles of the different actors arc clearly defined. In order to facilitate successful impkmcmation, the main actors in the impkmentation of this policy and their respective mies will he as follows: (1) Ministry Responsible for Human Settlements Ucvelopmcnt: (a) To dctennine, prep,u-c, monitor and evaluate the performance or the national l1uman settlements policy and its implementation strategy. (b) To facilitate a systematic and appropriate increase in the national allocation of the state hur.Jget to human settlements development. (c) To initiate the establishment ol a funding framework for human settlements development. (d) To be responsible for overseeing and co-ordinating activities of mtional statutory and facilitating institutions e.g. National I lousing Corporation, NC,Os. ( e) To monitor ml ional, regional and local performance of shelter delivery (t) To promote.'. gcndL'.f issues in human settlements development. (g) To account to Parliament for the performance of the human settlements sector against set targets and efficiency parameters. (2) Local Authorities: (a) To create capacity in order to provide the necessary services. (h) To scl human settlements development goals. (c) To create and allocate land for human settlements development. (d) To provide and rnaiotain infrastructure services intended to open up land for human settlements development in collaboration with prospective developers (e) To enforce settkments development conditions, standards ;iml regulations. (0 To pl,rn for development (physical planning) in areas under their jurisuiction. (g) To set up and manage upgrading and sites and services schemes in collaboration with local communities and NGOs. (h) To provide community am.I recreational facilities in residential areas. (iii) To construct low--cost housing for sale and/or rent al economic rate. (J) To mobilise resources from the private sector for human ~ettlcments development. (k) To facilitate the formatiun and support of NUOs and CBOs engaged in human settlements development. (I) To collect data on human settlements development. (3) Private Sector: (a) To participate in the construction of housing for all categories of the population either for sale or rent. (h) To participall'. in manufacturing and supply of building materials in the housing construction sector (c) To participate in infrastructure development for human settlements (<l) To positively encourage members of communities to improve their living environment through community participation in projects. (e) To encourage and enter into joint ventures betwc-cn the public and private sector in human settlements development programmes. (4) Financial Institutions: (<1) Establish mechanisms for the creation of seeding finance to assist private sector investorn involved in settlements development activities (b) Provide mortgage finance ti..11 housing development and house purchase. (c) Develop a secondary mortgage market. (d) l~ncouragc investment in low cost housing. (S) Non-Governmental Organisations (NGOs) and Community Based Organbntions (CBOs) (a) Adopt community based approach in implementing human setllements development projects. e.g. public and stakeholders parlicipation in the provision of infrastructure and essential services. (h) Encourage community savings for housing construction and improvement for individual rnemhers (c) Acquire common land and prepare project design hricfs for members housing development. \d) Assist memhers to acquire land for settlements development (e) To start small-scale building materials' industries. (t) To mobilise resources for community development projects. (g) To organise seminars/workshops on human settlements development issues. (h) To organise training for artisans in the human settlements development sector. (i) Establish proper book keeping and accounting systems. (6) The Parastatal Sector: The present National Housing Corporation (NIIC) was established by Parliament Act. No. 2 of 1990 after the merger of the former 19W. National Hou~,ing Corporation with the 197 I Registrar of Buildings. Its basic functions arc to build houses for rental and sale and to operate as an engineering consultant arn..l as a Contractor. Since the I 980s, other Parastatals notably the National Provident Fund (NPP) now called the National Social Security Fund (NSSF) and National Insurance Corporation of Taw.ania (NIC) have been involved in fi113ncing the construction ur rental housing to the general public or specific groups The function of building rcfllJI housing, (e.g. houses, block of flats, bungalows, etc) has been a non-rrofitablc activity for all the Parastatals especially ~IIC and NSSf. In addition, there has always hecn a conflict between these corporations and their tenants on rentlll ma!ters. In the prevailing circumstances, it is better that these corporations engage themselves in the construction of market t;iilorcd houses (e.g. low cosl housing) and blocks of flats or bungalows for sale; undertake engineering consultancy; and or act as building contractors. They should also eng<1ge Lhcmsdves in the production of building material:; for sale to the general public and for their own use. (7) Building Research Unit The Building Research Unit will he a Government Executive Agency in the human set!lements development sector, which will assist it in improving housing conditions in both urban and rural areas. In particular this institution will offer the following services: (a) Conduct research and offer technical solutions to housing problems of the low-income groups. (h) Carry out applied research aimed at finding practical solutions to inunediatc housing problems facing the people. (c) Offer consultancy services to the public on building and construction. (d) Collaborate with the Institute of Housing Studies and Building Research Unit and other institutions on common areas of research. (8) The Institute of Housing Studies nnd Building Research Unit of the University of Lands and Architec.turnl Studies This institution will continue with its functions, which include training, research, consultancy, documentation. and information dissemiriation in the fields of housing anu human sctllcnwnts. Its main objectives arc to. - a) Conduct research m the fields of housing, building, plannillg as-1;upport for it's training programme and as input to policy making, planning and irnpkmcnting agencies. (h) Provide consultancy services on plahning, housing and huilJing lo public am.l private sector. (c) Provide training to middle and high-ranking personnel working in housing, building and planning (d) Provide the public at large documentation and information service on housing, building and planning. (e) Organise conferences, seminars. workshops and symposia on housing, building and urban development related issues. (9) Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Co-operation: Facilitate international co-operation which is important in exchanging of experiences, technology and information on human settlements development in order to achieve tht: goals of the policy. 5.0 CONCLUSION This draft National lluman Sdtkrncnts Development Policy addresses mos! of the pertinent issues pertaining to human settlements development in the country. It suggests measures to facilitate the alleviation of rural and urban problcmsi discourages gender discrimination in land devcloprncnt and or ownership; offers special attention 10 disadvantaged groups; and provides measures toward attaining an improved or conducive environment and sustainable development. It is indisputable that the level of dt':velopme11t of any society is reflected in the level of growth and management of its human settlcmenls. This is exaclly what tills policy strives to achieve, i.e. Lo assist the development of the sociccy in physical, social, economic and environmcmal aspects. More specifically, it: (i) Au:ommodates hoth the economic and political reforms being umkrtakcn by the nation This is aimed at ensuring economic and social stability; (ii) Liberalises planning. The physical planning process has been maue more democratic while accountability is vested in the people themselves; (iii) Contains proposals for streamlining the institutional framework for planning and management of human settlements Non-bureaucratic human selllcmcnl planning anu management, improved efficiency and accountahility of responsible institutions would be the outcome of this policy; (iv) Clarifies anti puts in their proper contextual framework policy statements in the new National Lmd Policy which relace to human settlements. Hence, this policy is another form of impkmcntation of the National Land Policy which in essence is geared tow:frds equality in land ownership improved land development and rnan;1gcmcnt for betterment of the T,rnzania:1 society; (v) (vi) Accommodates principles and recommendations slated in the Habitat II Agenda and Agemfa 21 on sustainable development and conservation of the environment. Shelter issues have been adequately explored, policies stated and strategics formulated aiming at improving housing in general; Charts out a vision on what type of human sculcments, (starting with the village to che Mega city), the councry will have in future as well as on how they should be developed and managed; (vii) Examines the legislation, which rclaces to or has implications to human settlements den·lllplllrn!, and recommends harmonisation of conflicting clauses in different law,,. In brief, tl11,0: policy ;1nd its ;1ccompa.nying implementation strategies, prescut "-I dPsll',,hlr, and workable aprHoach towards sustainable lnunan ,sf•ttl,·rnents clevcloprncnt in Tm1,;:c.n11cl , pn,vidPd th;1t all act01·s and stakc­ holclns suppol"l it al o.ll kvt,ls. .lsf'lf'l,Nll!X • I f'()i."'lJLA TION (ikOWTR fA'1""t1.~ Ol'" R.llGJONAL CEN'lR.ES. 'fUYAl. NA.TIONJ.L POfi.Jl',A TI~,/N~ ANH TD'fAL 1.JKt;AN l'<lP'lJLATiON, J.941<. 19~~- r:~:E•~!~•:;;;:=7:~-;~;"':-i-1,., l,.k..,.A~TE-5-" .,, .,,~=-~-~c I CENTRE 1--------- ------------------ ! \ l'MJ-~7 19:57-67 l'J67-7e 1978-811 ,------------+-·--------1------t I 7.8 9.7 II U 7.' 7.7 7. 7 f-: Dod'.' fllll --+ 4 . r, ~i---5 .a -1 ( ·, 2 -+ 1 6 . 1 ........ 8 .0 11 ~- l"anga 7.0 4./J ,J.8 t..2 5-~ 111 8.0 7.4 10.4 7. Aru.~fl~ 12.4 K.4 I -~- s;:;.-----· ') Mush! ,-------------+- 6.] 17.J 7.0 -----t------t-----·- 6.1 6.4 1[ :o hhvra ', -----------+- 13 1 4 8 4 8 0.9 5.1 14. K1rc111ia 8.: 5.6 f-------------t-------~- -~ -~~--~- ---~--~-~ ~-----1------11 9.J 16. Mtwe.ra. l.J 17. Musomo 7.9 ll'i. Huhlba 4.4 2.6 10 Ki\)IDa N/A NIA IIJ 7 7.1 7 l 87 c.7 NIA 8.3 8 3 8.7 ◄ .4 29.5 8.4 8.4 7.1 4.0 NIA t-•.w~-------------+------- ----<•------+--------------,>------- T:.rn/,.;iH].a Mainland 18 } (I 1.9 2.8 z.~nzih~r town 2.)3 l.87 Jc-------------......,........-,~~~-~~~--+-----+-----t--------tl Wctc:: Ch•kc Chnke 2.0l 0 54 3.11 2.21 Sou«" Cokul•ted from Por-"'laHoo C<ll-'"'~Rep,~7, 1918 and 1988 Bu,uu of S!>tistic.s, Planning O>mmhslon. Oa, t< S~l .. m. • Figures refer to l %7 - l 988 p<;tlru. 60 4.l J.R APl'ENDIX-Z JJW~:1,UNG UNITS CONSTRll(TED BY nn: NATIONAL HOUSING CORPORATION J%2 - l'137 YEAR UNITS 1%2./63 '\I Jl)(,3/64 ll 19641(,5 1.014 1%5/66 1.220 1966167 U0ij 1967/63 l.W-4 l'IM/69 2.3,0 19<',9n0 1!73 1·nom 1,34-0 --- 1971/72 2,064 ----- wnm 1,241 -- 191Jn4 l.241 1974n'\ 305 1975/76 454 1916/TI 150 1911ns 184 l978n9 23j 1979/IIO 102 1980/RI 99 1981181 ¼ 1982/8) ,4() 1983184 18 1984/8'\ 41\ 1985/86 24 191-l(,/87 30 TOTAL }5,931 S<:>!J•cr: Kulab-a S. M. (1989) Urban M•11111cmcnl and [)dj.,,ry qf Urben Scrv!<;es In T1nUnla. CHS - A.nlhl lmlillllc Dar es Salum. 61 APPENDIX-3 BlHLDlNGS CONSTRUCTED BY THE REGISTRAR OF BUILDINGS 1971 - 1988 --:-~~- YEAR 1971 1972 -~-·~~ 1973 r 1974 t--·-- 19?5 1976 1977 1978 1979 ~~- ~---,--~, l'WO 1981 ~~~S f 1983 r---~-- 1984 1985 1986 1987 TOTAL Source: . COMMFRCIAL RE'>IDENTIAL TOTAL UNITS UNITS UNITS 4 60 64 2 12 14 14 37 51 I - 1 6 8 14 - - - -- - - 1 36 37 17 47 64 l 49 50 0 6 4 49 53 - - - 14 14 1 - l - 175 175 - 72* 72 51 565 616 Kulaba S. M (1989) Urban Management and Delivery of Urban Services in Tanzania CHS-Ardhi Institute, Dar es Salaam *Refers to buildings still under construction. 62 Al"f'ENDIX - -4 LIST Of, URBAN SETDA~MENTS WITH THEIR 1988 l'OPVLAHON c- A. OVER 1,000,000 PEOPLE S.No. Nam,: of Town Population S.No. Name of Town Poplll;ii:ion I. Dar es Salaam 1,360,850 D. OVER 100,000 PEOPLE I. Mwanza 223,013 2 Morogoro I 17760 3. Dodoma 203,8D 4. TlUlga 187,)55 5. Mbeya 152,844 6. Shinyanga 100.724 7. Aru~ha 134,708 '" C. OVER 50,000 PEOPLE BUT NOT MORE THAN 100,000 PEOPLE I. Moshi 96,838 2. Singida 80,()87 3. Taborn 93.51)1 4. Mtwarn 76,632 5. Sumbawanga 91,972 6 Musoma 68,536 7. Songea 86,880 8. Bukoli 60,830 9. lringa 84,860 10. Katumba 68,235 11. Kigoma 84,647 D. OVER Z0,000 PEOPLE BUT NOT MORE THAN 50,000 PEOPLE I. Bukoha 47,009 2. Mnanila 26,05) '.I. Lisekese 47,150 4. Masama South 25,975 5. Uk.um:· 46,883 6. Kaisho 25,732 7. Masumbwe 42.(XXJ 8. Mpwapwa 25,391 9. Lindi 41,587 10. Njombe 25,213 JI. Mpanda 41,01'.I 12 Mafinga 24,902 l '.\ Kihaha 37,638 14 Gcita 24,352 63 :-=-:;-,.. -----::-:.- ~.a...:=·~---==--n--~--===---i...:=--~~--=-=----=-=-·"i.i...=-. ~....i...:. -----:r r~-r-.....==--,-- : ;"....J.....L: SiNo. Nanw of Town Population S/No Name of Tnwn i'npula1ion ------ ----- ------ ~--·----------~,--......J ----~---~ IS. Siha Kati :,7,472. I(, belama~,aZJ 2.•\,37J , . --- -- 17. Rujcwa . n,417 18 . Makongorosi 24,056 ·------ -- JlJ tvlishamo 34.873 20. Magu 23,182 ,. 21. Jl;imkni 33,701 22. Ky aka 23. 145 ~-""" - 2.l Nguruka 32,h/Yl 21. Mahamha 23,0&1 C---· 25. Mar;1mha :12, 111 2(i Sengcrcma 31,303 - ---~---------,--- ,.- n. Ut~nguh· 23,(11, 28. Mwcna 23,()()2 . 2lJ ri:iiro J 1,198 30. L\agaflloyo 22,918 ,,-----~-, --- ·--· ~--------··---------- 31 Tarimc 30,77,J .\2. Chalm1.e 22,()')] JJ. Kidalu 29,991 34. l3abati 21,794 35. lfakara 29,718 36. Mwadui 21,736 37. Usangu 29,875 38. Tunduru 21,603 >----· Yl. Hwang;, 29,815 40. Mukha 21,694 41 l!shirnmh<..1 29,252 42 Chunya 21,571 43. Korogwe 28,089 44. Nanyam\la 21,448 45 Bunda 27.550 ,16. Muriti 21,444 47. Namturnbo 27,052 48. Kidodi 20,919 49. Makambalrn 26,888 50. Nt<wala 20,818 51. Kara111 26,763 52. Kiomooi 20,652 53. Bugrnc 26,4(/cl 54. lsaka 20,560 55. Mkwajuni 20,\59 56. Kiwira 20,155 K OVER 10,000 PEOPLE BUT NOT MORE THAN 20,000 PEOPLE 1. Vwaw,1 19,864 2. Tin<lc !5;274 , 3. Misungwi )9,75'.l 4. Jtumba 15,228 ) Mang'ula 15,217 6. Dung,obt:sh 19,683 7. Lad;, 19,657 8. Liwalc 15,208 9. Ilydom 19.370 10. Chimala 15,183 64 II. Mvo111cro 12 . N!rnngulu 15.1.52 13. Snlll ,lllda 19,.l()'i 1-l . 15,132 15 . I .JJ g lH IJ 19,3iH 16. K1t>aya - ··---+-----... ·-·------····--·~ -~- ·-·-------->-------+------------- 17. Korn!, ,; , 19,26(, 18. flibondo 19 M kul.<. , , 21 1' 1h111 19, 120 l ')i)(j/ 20 Ngudu 22 Bumlmli ! 14,P,3:-, /1 I 14.7: ~ ·--~ lJ Salawc: 18.326 2-1 14 ,74: II t---- ,,, . --·---- ------ --+- 18,4 15 26 --··-----~, 1.: :m: Mkuy1mi -----+---------+---~ ,---------- ·-·-··--- -- n llih,!lamulo 18,406 28. I 4.6:'io ~ ----+------ 29. Kise,:1 18)5 ', 30 Magug11 -------- JI. 32. Ky<:la J4S/O 35 . SJiel tl l 18 ,01 7 31) Mw ilJJ bi 14,444 11--- -----1-------- -+--·------+----~-r----------- --"---·---~I 37. 18. 11 2 38 . 11---- ---1-------- -+--- -------+----+------- --+---- -- J9. 14,434 40. Mnyuzi I4,]G'J -, 4 1. 17.868 42 . N~11:.:h ingwea Kas ulu lt----~f---·· - · · ·- ·· - •·- - ·- - -l-------·- Mantan:- 17,81 l 17 .sou Mh11di1i Minno -- 1 4,29·1 ~ ! 14 .2.42 I I 1/4 . 1I s I 17 17,638 - ---+-4 8 . -J K " i h ar ,. I Ll, : ~L I 50 . Manyoni ~417 J .1t;hc>lo 1'/,456 i----------.~--·- -· ,--------- +------ - ·- - ---- +----- - ----+--------11 5 1. Kasha,unga Iguguno II-----+- H:i ri adi 13 ,746 13.598 17,264 17,937 52. Mlihwa D,612 54. Namanycrc 56. Maposrni 53 Kamachumu l ? ·) ( q I -· ,~ >c- I f-~---+---------+----- - - --+---- +-------- ---+--------~- ; ."i9. 61. 63. Kahama 16,81 1 60 . Mazirnk 16,707 l6 ,(i26 62 ~falai 16,546 66 . ltigi 13 ,l (!'.i i Murongo 13, I 78 I 11------;-------- -+----- ----t-------1------- --+-·--- --- --I 13,145 ! -- ---1 U ,LH I Ngcrcngcrc Buscrescrc 6 5 ·= S/No. Name <Jf Town Pcipulal ion S/Nn Name of Town Populalion i-----•··-t---·----·· ··----- ~--~ (,7 Rulrnge 16,;l:17 68. Kakonko 16,451 -~------·--- , 69 Malamp;,ka u,ov, 70 Nyakalilo 13,908 1---,--- ----.,-r-----------··-t-----·· ·- .. 71 lp,unga I 6.4 ,5 7 ., L-. Mbwrwe 13,8-10 ----· r--•- ··----~~--. •-f----~u.,.--.~,- ·• 73. Kahe 16.YJ l 74. Oltkani 1JJ94 ·-----· ~- f--------- --i-----·•-·-- 75. B11tiama l(i,359 7/.,. Ki,;lienda 13,687 -~-- f-.....-, --~--- 77, Nyaishozi l2,CN7 n. MurutUllf;UTU JG.7,71 ---···-------·· .. ,, ., .- 79. Kitundu ](j, 188 80 1.itt:mho 17.,971 -------f------------ 81. llembula 16,125 82. Lugol,a 12.912 ---- -------- --------- ---··-~--~--, 83. Tunduma I 6, 1(~) iM. Kate~h 12,887 ,-~- 85. Mgololo 16,022 86. Kishapu 12,812 87. Mlimba l6,03J 88. Muheza 12,739 89. Nyamato 15,954 9() Mbinga 12,665 91. Mwandoya 15,899 92. Uscvya 12,578 93. Kirando 15,880 94. llol,mguru 12,573 95. Bcreko 12,sm 96. Mkuranga 15,672 97. Nyalikungu 15,605 98. Kibakwe 12,494 99. l.alago 15,517 100. Kh;irumwa 12,403 101. Urambo 12,166 102 Nkoaranga 15,369 103. Mbam\Ja I.lay 12,Y,5 104. Uvinza 11,219 - 105. Nyangao 12,363 106. Malluw 11.150 107. Nansio 11, l 13 108. Mwamanyili 12,308 109. Mwandiga 12,208 110. Mtarna l l,099 111. lmalasckc 12,168 112 Kongwa 10,968 113 Mhunzc 10,952 114. Kinampanda 12,016 115. Mugumu 11,836 116. Sungaji 10851 o------- 117. Kimuny.iki 11.945 118. Same 10,6(,6 f---~~ss-f.--..~ I 19. Hcdan, l l,830 120. NyJmirembc 10,647 12 l. Kilwa Kivinjc 11,823 122. Dakama 10,623 66 . -= --S/No Nanw of Town Population S/Nu Name ol"Towrl Poput;,1ion --.-- 12J. Kisaraw~ l l,788 124 '.ioni J0.4~7 - 125 Mhn11da ll,H,R 12(, Mis;-1c,i 1013(, L....-----.-,-~~ -~~· 127 !Jte!c I 1,684 l2X. Ndungu 10,436 --- - 129 MwanbuTi 11,67') 130 Tu~11yu 11,5-45 I:lI Siha West 10,164 1,2 Rupatinga1ing,1 I0,429 ~- ---~- Ll1. Kabita 11,543 134. IpindJ 11,505 135. Mak<:rc \lwawa) l014() 136 Vigc,i IO. 124 -·- -·-- ... 137. Tarakea I 1,477 I 38. Kisangara 11,451 r-------- -----,-- ,·- ... ·------- ·-· --~ , . ·-- 139. C' ,.,oogwa 11,454 140. Maon, Jt)Jm ,--~ 141 Ki lwa M:isoko IU,251 1°n. Sikonge 11,183 ------~-~~~-- -- - ~w, ~ 11\. Igalub 11,333 l•M Vil,aon i 11 ~lN '--- ·-~- - l4 'i landahimba 11,323 146. Mumbo 11,330 .--- 147, Kabwt' 11,297 148. Mvmni Mission 11,216 -- 14U G:,lapo 11,228 "--~~~----· F. TOWNS WITH MORE TIIAN 5000 PEOPLE BllT LF.5S THAN 10,000 PEOPLI~ -- S.No. Name of Town Populatinn S.No. Narne of Town Population ---~ ,~~~ - 1. Mikurni 9,895 2. Kihurio 7,880 .... , ·-·-· " .. ., . ., -,-. :l. Makuyu11i 9,8(il ~ l11yongr.1 7,857 ·-·--· - ---~ 5. Mlal1 9,779 6. Lupirn 7,40ti ""~ --, ,.. - ---- --,~-- 7. Kt'lamfu 9,578 x C. Muhutwc 7,9L\ 9. Mingoyo 9,55-4 IO. Manda 7,170 =~-~~ II. Mah;im]Ja 9,506 12. Kaliu:i 7,378 IJ. Malya 9J68 14. Makanya 7,373 IS. Uugandik;; 9,318 )(j Kilirnloni 7,J 11 ., 17 Ruangwa 9,171 18. Mwanga 7,2TJ ,- - - l ') lhaga 'J, [45 20. Mgon1t>;1 7, l 60 ·-· " ,.-~ 21 Liuli <>.ms 22 Mkinga 7,012 ~r.t cccwr-.:::11:a.-i-w:i. 67 S/No. I Name of Town Population S/No 13. Mabaw~ 9,075 24 25. Longino 9,057 26. 27. Kwamtoro 6,900 28. 29. Nanga 8,924 30 31 Mnazi 8,863 32. 33. M;mcrnmango 8,848 34. , , :-5 Holili 8,776 36. 37 N<Jala 8.761 38. Yi. Kamktc 8,569 ,10 --~--- 41. Engutoto 8,412 42. /43 Lwanga 8,384 44. 45. Nyanguge 8,111 46. 47. Bonga 8,024 48. 49. Mst,Jki 8,008 50. 51 Mh\Jlu 5,669 52. 53. Bukene ss~1 54, Yi. Buiyaga 5,507 56. 57. Kimambc1 (A) 5,355 58. '" 59. Bahi 5,076 60. 61. Kigwc 5,214 62. G.OTHER TOWNS WITH LESS lllAN 5000 PEOPLE S. No. Nam" of Town Population S.No. I. Karnnn 4,939 2. :J. Lupernbc 3,849 4. --,--, 5. Malangali 2,556 (i 7. Ikwiriri 4,605 8. Soun:c:Burcau of Statistics;Planning Commission.Dar cs Salaam 1988 Population Ccnsus;Prcli1ninary Report 68 Name of Town Population Mkamba 6,998 Vighawc 9,014 Nyakahura 6,862 Jtobo 6,781 Mufindi 6,622 llmwe 6,663 Mwcsc 6.494 llula 6.447 Ludcwa 6,416 Kisiwani 6,325 Pangani 6,246 Kayanga 5,877 Kintiku 5,706 Pwaga 5,6IO Mkwatcmi 6,474 Bagamoyo 6,036 Ntakuja 6,180 Kasiki 5.242 Mahcnge 5,(X)5 Rongai 5,466 Name of Town Population Mlangali 3,729 Uwcmba 3,232 Usokc 4,393 Bukomhc 2,840 - APPENDIX- 5 CRITERIA FOR CLASSIFICATION OF HUMAN SETfLEMENTS C)a5sification of human settlements shall be based on population size, level of services, economic base and level of sustenance --:in annual budget. There shall he six categories of human settlements in the following manner:- I. Village: A settlement with a population of less than 10,000 people shall be regarded as a village. Some villages act as trading centres according to the level of services available. To qualify for a trading centre a village settlement shall have at least: (a) 5 retail shops and a market place (b) A primary school (c) A dispensary ( d) A post office. 2. Minor Town: Minimum Population: 10,(X)() people Level of services: A minor town shall have al least the following serv1Ces: (a) Health centre (b) Secondary school (c) 20 licensed retail shops and a marh:t place (d) Primary court; and kl It should be either a ward or division headquarters. * District administrative centres may be classified as townships provided they meet these criteria. 3. Town: Minimum Population: 30,000 people. Self sustenance: Level of services: (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) At least 50% of the annual budget. Hospital Secondary school At least 50 licensed shops Police station Divisional headquarters. 69 4. Municipality: Minimum Population: 100,000 people Economic R:i.se: At least 30% percent of employment should be in the non-agricullmal sect.or. It must have, also, at least one manufacturing industry and several small scale industries. Self Sustenance: At least 70% percent of annual budget. 5. City: It should be a centre for higher order of services, cultural, educational and heallh facilities which serve an area beyond the administrative region including universities , a referral hospitals and international co11ference facilities. H should have, also, administrative importance of regional, or national administration or centre of multi national organisation(s). Minimum Population: 500,00) people. Self sustenance: At least 95 % of .annual budget Any Municipality can be designated as a city if it has some symbolic importance in addition to the normal qualifications of a municipality. These shall include: (a) Historical significance (b) Outstanding cultural importance such as a major tourist centre (c) The ~eat of regional government (d) The seat of inlernational activities (c) Any other symbolic value. * The power to bestow a municipality the status of a city shall be vested in the National Asscrnhly. 6. Megacity: Minimum Population: 4,000,000 Self sustenance: In addition, it must surpass all requirements of a city status. 70 APPENDIX- 6 ;&£&!ID h.G&&CL&i.&WW IMPLEME-NTATION S1 FOR NATIONAL HID1AN SETTLEiVIENTS DE Minlsllj' of Lands and Hamim Settle!Itt'nts D~,·eJ.op~nt Dar e:s Salaam January, 2000 * TL.Crru« 0 f IC ti,,i=:i,.es. 5-taru On ~ of App"ruv-al of tbe Poli<; lMPLEf\-"IE,'-iTATION STRATEGIES ISSLES BROAD HUMAN SETTI.,EME;'ITS ISSUES AND roucn:s 4.1. \. Anllobillty 1.nd Access Land POLICY STATD1E:'ITS 4.1.l.1 1:,:1 11,ere is oot enough :rurvey·e<l The gov~rnmeru ma::, and seniced rand for human ~err,:,nts de,·elopment 111 u.r1:"11 i i) En.sure tbat land is available 10 all uea.s. 1 income groups !Ilci udillg estate dcve\ope,s. Such land snail be ! ,, ) Tb, procedure for securing offm:d on the rrinciple of cosc SL>Ch land is ditncu It ~nd recover/ or cost ,haring· cumbe rsom:. ( iii) Tone ,, a problem of clearing third party interests on land requm,d for urban exparu ,on. ( iv) Eocroachm,nt and specuhrion oo land by so me devdopn,; frustrate the government efforts in providing ru,d equitabl:,· ond in the desired =· •T<ITlinJor~=, 0,, 0... of ~I of tb< Policy (ii) Streamline procedu,·es for getting legal rights of occupancy with the aim of shomning JL (iii) Lease land ;o both pm·ote and pubhc investors in a-cronianci: ?i-'ith existing laws; (iv) Pay p<omptly a<kqU3tt: and fair cornp,:a.sacion to ookkrs of land required for espansion; and M strengthen pianru ng and land management system in both opera ti anal and le ga.l aspe10 L'. STR".TIG!ES (i} The govern.rnent a\ central and locat ieveJs sh.ail :ncrea ,e the share of ,c:, budget ailoca:e<l w land and r,ous,ng de-,•~lopment, r ii} The private "'ctor ( orgams.atious, rndiv1du.als, estate (}eye\oper-s and cnnmrurutJe'S) shall~ en::olL'ci.ged to partiopate in fi nancmg the pm vi-sion of Y:r~'iced la rid La r::d servicrng shall be ditTerenll.ated in terms oLtaodards 10 male h 'n-1th aITordibilii:y leYels of tllffcrr:nt l.Ilc--o~ groups, (i1j) The private sector sb.all pil.rtt-:ip.ate in the sur'r'ey ofplc•l~-­ --{ ,v) The governm.-:nt shall streamhne ~roce-rJure-s for a lloc-:a1irg land both at local and national kvels by ensuring inter-al1a that th~re is transparency in 1he alla-otion syscem and land S-..'} allocated is de,·eloped. ( v) L'til1ty bodies shaU c-e co--0rdiuated b,· icx.-,,1 author,u.s to ensure th.at rnvest::ments in servi-:e.3- aR 3 ynchrori.ised ,.., .ilb. development priorities o( the respeCTive local authorities. i L(X:a·. ~1hist of Tri Tar.21 Cam::r::­ Agric Aut:.~o Tan.n Survc: J\·1rn:sl Regio1 Lan; (vi) Local authoribes assisted by the central government shall \!i.,us1 ettate land. hanks ,n their localitte,; to , fuc;Jitate plEru:ed Ami10 (kye[c,pment. (,ii) Local autbomies shall employ adeq1rate and skilled staff ..,,oeclallv in human settlement olaonrr,g, land ,un·ev'.n;t. an-:i Le<:al Cornn 4.L2 Plannlnt and B ml ding Rqulations and Standards 412] (ti E:rnting building ,egulahon.s are inflexible and ,maJTo,ca~le, and hence do ::1.ot en-.::ou..-age pecrple '.O b-uild, but act as a hrndranc~ w potentra I de'-'elopcrs. \{oreover, th,ey d-o m---:it give e-nough rr:i-om for the l..lS~ of rte'."r innoYatwns and Jechnology. (ii) Tuer~ are unnecessary ck lay, 1<1 !he issuance of bcilding permits, r.hTJS forcing mo5t develape rs ro bu tld ilk gall y without •uch permits. ,\t times I bui[du:ig cootraYencs build,ng rnk.s. However, local alJthorit,es normally demolish ,u,,h sttucture,; at the e:q:,,m.s., of t,',e unauthorised develop,::rs. (iii) There is lack ofaw=ne,;s by the cammunirv of it3 role in "TlmlQ4 of acmitie, Starts °" c,.., or Appro-,· ~ or tl:,e Poliq ( i) Building a:1d con.stn..l( tioD stJ.ndards shall be revised so lha1 they became functional anJ e-erformance based rather tha.", prescriptive. The;· sbill b<: f:e•.ib';e and. afforcl.abk. {ujLocal ,,uthoricies shall I:>< du(y bound ro iss"" build.mg pcrrnit5 withi~ 1hirry d.ays. In case the applicant Jc,:s not get any reply tr1 time, k cw app~ ro the Mcmsrer :-esparG ibie for town planning. !,ii,) 11'«- go,·e=t shall prorootc public •"·or=ss of the extstence of p<Jb\ic I.and and the rnlc of the commun.it:,' in mainterunce of such a!eas. vatuar,on and larui rrwiageroe:nt. u) Irnpro'"e re<::ord kupu:ig on lam! ma~= ac alJ kvels. (ix) Re,·1ew The 1 own and Country Ean:rnng Ord= s.o as to ln: lude dau.ses which shs.11 dis.:our.ige comp-ensation and i"'4'DSe prnalries lo thos<: who deYelop land unlawful\)'. (i~- Bt:.l~dlrig ar,d ~:Jnstru..ction standards .s~1l be re 1,:(s,ed to be fwlction.al and p-erfonnance basod rat1er th,~ pres,;;ripuve. They s'i.a il be fk,.ible and e!Tor-:hble (ii.i Ptar.niri.g reg1J(atwns ;;:;nd sta.n<l.ards .sh.all be r-::-v1e',,,..-i::j i:-1 order t-:J n:iatc.h ½1rh the ;ir-e-s.e.nl s-o,:-ial ~c-onorrn,: ai;d ~u'.rura~ sicua(ion. (iii) Proec-Ju.re-s for applying and getting building ;:-enrut.s shall I:>< sunpufied "1th a ,·iew to reducing unn«essary bure-aucni~c delays. ( i>') The govemmen\ in co-open~on ,;,ith coII\fTlliility based organisations (CBOs) and SGOs s.ba.11 undertake education ,a~aigns thrce1g.h sd,·enisemer,1.5 ,ro public rallies. ( v) Withhold ooilding permits lo those ·~·ho enm:s,d1 on publi- lands Aut; \1in: Autl: A,b: \ l BRL Car.I Min Min ChaJ ;\1jn Aur~ =ruigem<:'1'. and use cf land cks,gnated for public use. -1.L.3 lnfrutrucrnre •nd Sodal &nice Develop=! -1. 1.3 I Human s,,ttlements developmcnl ' require, essential s,,r,ice-s lLke \i,,ater; roads; e-nerg ',-": schooh: 'I i1ealth facilities; drainage: sewerage syst= proper was;c matiageirent system, etc. Unforturultel)" these serYice, are • ladcing in many of ow­ s,,~Jements rerulting in poor en vi rourneo ta I condi tioru. 4, L4 Bal!dlng In L'nplo.nned •nd [;rrseni<e-d Arus 4.1.4.l { i) About 60'% of housing in urban area-! are in unp l=.d, UIL<eniced and/0< hazardous areas, such as ste,ep slopes, vallevs md creeks. Most of th< *T~ o( octlv\tles Startt. Oo Dalo o( ~ o( d'I< l'ol"'1' ( ii Th~ go ~'enLrnent sh.all focilibre the pro,·,st-0n am ITT1pro,·errem P,f s,Jci.11 s~rvic.es .-and infrastrucn.1.re in human senlem:~ts developrne m. 1; ,i) Are-as in urban c-entrf-S thBt are earma.rl:ed foe de',·elopment shal I be prnvided s;,,•"ith infra,tructure and social ,<r,•ices befo~ they are allocated to developers as required in tk ~ational Land Policy. ( i} l'. np lanned • nd nn.ser;ic ed settlements ,b:aH be upgraded by their inhabitant, through CBOs ond :-,·GQs with the govemrn:nt playing a faci4tating rot<. I 1i) lndiv><lual~'prJV•Le mvestors shall be encc,unged 10 ¥rate and manage some of the social ser>'ices and infrastructure sn as Lo en9.1u cf[-.:iency. Incertb\.'eS e.g. rNl.lced rax rat:es 'Yl'iU be offereJ to rn,·estors in are-os of ~cclM ~rtance .rnch ~, health artd ducatiot1. (ii.} The govemmm! shall: 1;af [mprm-·e the c6Hectlon ao<l management cf~ ..ttir.'h 1-1r11 l accrue from cost sharin£. (b) Re.·iew rates of cost sharing from time to time in oroo to determine the beneficiaries contribution !o the real com of corresp,mdiug seC\ices. (c) Sup-port commurul'i 005e<l tillhati,·e! and encoonge ~tf~ help spirit among the coHn.itie.s. ( d) Allocate sen· ice<l plot> at cost and rnst:iMe • mc.cha-'ll&m fo{ C:GSt fe'CO'r'e-I)· The go,·emment shall: (i) str,ngtben the ca!)acity of the locol a•.rthorities in at><! management by eruuring avail.obility of skilled Con.fr lruius o!"Co Agrk Ambc Mims Deve and C .",.11th, ;,\ini! Aut,',, ! 1 :1ou~ tng rn those J::-eas rs ~ characterised by: i (a) Houses wb,ch do wt conform I ~0 b~•::hng reguJatiom:' d re-quue~n.ts o.n .s.e-cunty, h~altb.. a 0 afetv anJ bu i!dLJJg msterials ~ {b) Llck of s~1.l!e tenur~ on t.li.e I :a,,.d ( ii) TT,e unplao.ned areas continue to grow followir,.g the rapsd urbanisatm.1., which is not accompanied "''th the pro,~s;cn of arl<q uat.: sil,h:er or serviced building plots. *Tll"Cicij: of 3C1..iYi::!..ie:s St,.tt,; 0,, Dno of Apf,m-.J of thr Poli<) The gov-emmern ~1YJgh lc,('2-I authrnit,es shall: (ii) Support 11,, dforts of rhe inhabitants to fo-ntl and ruz: CBOs a.~d ?\GQs for LijJ grad,ng P'i'P'Jse,. ,: ,.,) Develop strategies for provtdLJJg enougl: funds fo• pL1.nn.ir.g and ~ur,eying D f urba1; plots. Amo!!£ them ,,,ill t>e:- (a} P Joe Dc·velopmen1 Revolnng Fund, ( b) Cost recovery and cost sharing me thoos, and ( c) Sdf-rmanc,ng for planning wd sur,eying. ( ,v) Enoure that thCTe ,s timely planning and Sl"r,-icing of lan;J ripe for w-ban development ir, the peripheri<!S or all towm so ., , w prevent h.aphazardi unpLtr,:ce<l dev~ lopment. Hencce tnereastd availability of planned a:od serviced plots shaU rerxkr the fomru lation and execution of special 5ite,; and Sl"rYices proj~ts in S!"kc(ed urban a.re-as lf[1.ne-cc-:55a ry, ( v) Ens= plannlflg, aUocanO<l ond acquisition of l.,.nd !-hall be as ,tlpulate<l in !be Land Acts No.4 and 5 of l 9-99. l~hr.i::Jl manp:J~;er. e~u 1pmerr-: artd re-c-?rd keep-ing, ,;o as tn wcre3~ e Akiem:y Ln pl.a;:mtng. 5U.f\'e:~wg ind la..'1-d aUc,;:::aHwJ"":": ( iL) 3tr~ngL!'ien J-.e ?Jot Dt'it\opnnn.l Re'.·0h'wg Flllld and ;:ost 1 ~COV!T)' mtthods. and encourage enharu::,-:~rH 1Jf -sd f ... f.n-an::-tng for plannmg ,ar;,J sun·eyi""lg. {iii} Encourage in.habirnnts in unplanned anJ uo&-...-r--viced settlements to ·.1pgradc their settlements. They Mli tt< requirro to form CB Os 1ha.t will bring (hem toge(!,,;-, L,:,,:al Authorities .,,,,jJJ be required to s \If'PDr1 th err dfo rts. (iv) Pro,1de bosic skills or. plllnning and managro,em of 3ettlements to CBOs and facUitate tramlllg of practi.sl!lg p lannerr,, arch rtec ts, crrgi=r, and other prof es <i onal.s imolved Lil h= settlements dc,·elopmenl, to enable them assist cmnrmmities and the pri ,·a~ Sl"Ctor in the upgrading program.me,. {v) Strengthen th,, law cr1forccment cap!Ki!)' of locaJ authorities by depoli~cisLJJg ckvdopmcnl control, {,'i) Local go..-ernrncnts shrill acquire land and demarcate pklts fot low-income group, and pro,·ide them ,,.·jth acceptable bask m.inimum level of,cr,·iioes. The plot.s shall be di.sposro of to prosp«tiw devdo~ afte-r paying for premiu.rn and S<'rvice charges Ser,ic~ Author i Loral, Comm Worn,: TA:-<G Local, Ragion Local ( of Lan< MlM~ Ad.mu, Go,er: Locai, ii) Many ,,iJL,ges do not h,a•;e llr.-d.-us..e plans, and even W..-s-e that ha,·e, L~e plans ar~ rs:,1 Lmplement,;d becaU5e they \ 1,·ere and are - (al 1''01 demand •.!riven; (b) Not adequa!elv particrpatory in ~h-c1.r preparntion: ( d) Unrelated :o tm" laxrl ti: n-.trc .s. :-r'St.e"rm aperntiog in the r¢Spe-C Live ~.-j H.~ge,;. ( iJ i There "· lac~ of enviro~r;tal awarene-s..s arrx::m g :mo5.t co-rnrn-unLbes ( i[c) Jn so~ area..s n -capital- i .. nt~nsi\'~ approach to i,,·iUage planmng and deYelopment was ' adopre,c\ thus making its sustaine.bihty a.n<l replication on a wid, scale unattainable. --~n:c ,of Jet.I'/~ $1trt:5. On D:!.t-:: or' .4-f'-f.'['D'r-al of~ Pc~-,:y ,:,i:, Tne gav<;rrment shsul f><:ii lF..eie L1e preparation of ta.n,6,= o.lws for all villages based on u•,/ Nation.al Guiaelcnes for ?ar:lclp:atof}' Vii:age- L2...n.d-u...~ "fanageme a I in T anzani~ i uJ Village plans ,ha!l b< prqrnwl Ln respoo5-e to ilii: felt needs af ~ villagers. ( 1i1)The villagers shaU µ~rhcrp, le in iden..ti.f)·Lng crttlc-a', ~n-,..·trnnrnenlal is sues and in the p<epara cioo and u:opkmeI'.tl!llon of l'>< plans. (i,·) Village plaflS iliall t>e determined by lm:ai cond,rions -;:•ri::vatling in ~clJ spe--::: lfic v1.llag~ ( , .. ! The acru,I use of land sru II b'e <l.e,ennin-~ joi:nn)-' by Lbe O'i.\-IB'.r and me planning amhorit;,. (\·i) Local authorities sMll c::ITT)· out m,..·i!"o~nt:al lT.1.3..SS a-;;;:1r-arenc:~s Ca mpll igns., ( ,·ii) Village planning will, to large e-~nt, be bas-ffi oo a v~i!able lo-rel resourcM. !. t) Local aut.'1.oriD-("S sha!l cnn,, :: htc L e -::arnpa1gn£. L'J--C al goi,•t:mrnent ::oun mipo;tarit role of Llnk.LD.g ~ niraJ c1 i:i.t-=-re-sted pa.T'.'je:s. { i 1) Part jc ip atory Rural ,.; ppra.isal ~ ,,,illage pLmnia.g. ~ villagers identify rht crucial cm-·iro~-nen issues, make [h~ proposals for i theLr i"l)iementaMn (iii :·,~~ ::.tudy sha\! ~ conducted to ( ap-propriak nx:thod. for ru.ra! pl (i,•'1 TI,e govemn:rnt shlll! strength, su,,ices Ln the fidds of agrii:ul1 hlJ...l:I'.!an ~~tUc-merrts de·,·eloprne.r 1, ~-) It~ro;-·ement of .co--ordina,ion .:i for vo ri mL, a<:ti Y ities shs II ~ rr -:oncentrati-On a.l'\-d or dunl~aU( ,illages, ' i '''i Vil!~gc planning a!ld ( ,·,ii:> Vii la.ge plannLng shall be d.evdopm:eo.t has in mrny -,as<s rrmlti-se<:toral ,,.,th the ~cti,·e followed a s.octoral approach local authont,es and village wlule deVf!'lopment problems ir, go,·emrn:nts performmg tlx, co- vi l lqes are ~ le~ and cu ( ordinati-Dn function. across many $e<:10M. 4.U R<>nl E<:onorny 4.l.6.l (i) Most rural r,esidents are poor The go,· emme-trt wil I ~vamp rura i The goYm:iment sh,, JJ; aad as • resuJ t they c-ann o I impro..., their settlements ece>nomy b:,c ( i) alloc..ate odequate funds to ,rop,,km: (ii) Some =ltw-al c,,!iefs wd {i) strmgtherung inte g:ra te d develop men! progru:nm,: ~; 11'1-diticm inh,1,i:t development p-rogra mrr,:: s w!ud mcl ude infrastructure de ve 1 op rnr.ru in m:! the pa:rti.cipation of wome-n m ' partnuship v,ith rural cornmumt-e.s; ' education, rnd in land and ' property ownership. ( U} fa-::: iJit2ring the de,·elopmeTit of {,i) strengthen 1M ,prrit ofsdf-hdp pn marketing O'Jtlets e,·hicb otT:r fair ' and i""' lem<-nta lion of iruegn led prog:r pnces to run\ i,mdoce; i I (iii) fac,iita(ing th<, develop-ment of ; a phy:s.K~ l rnvlronmcnt attractn·c to uwe..stors wisb:mg 10 est.abli.sh I ,ii) moti..-ate investors wishing to estaf i.oou.strie-s in IUri.l a.re-a.s in ' farm.i.ng Yentur~s ln rural are!5 in a mru consUteoce v.-ith &te land P,...'1licy; ' go v~rnmrnt deems fit and bene fid.i.l to a. 'ld the p articu 1ar de·•,doper; (iv) p-romoting co--operati.ve vrntwes in fUfll! communities; and (v) Collaborating "Mth :-.GOs aod (lv) E~L<e com:nmky tl.-ve!c,pmet CB(h, in ! trengthm.ing education view of getting rid a r bdien, customs, cur.pa i gns aimed a I C omhating Lnhibit ,wrelopmrot,. NGo.., CBOs w cultural and soci.1 l be lier. that shall tal:e leading rnle, in 1his ~g, inlu oi 1 deve l.opment. M L:ndertv:e ~ •imed at openi for run, I produce, e.g. UJ1>fovillg roru I *Tirrol\iofo,:ti,,.llic&SWW On OW ,; f Approvd of oil< Poliq ~~::=====~· =··-····-. "---·~~-~ j~~::~:7;;;;~;,~~;;~~~~~~~1:7~.J~ ' Po,·erl;· /!:r,dic.a!ion - - - ·-···· - ::,::,. "'"' "'~, m '"'' I ruraJ aru! u.rb.an ~rea.s Curr~~t Th~ gDY'!ffi..~nt sMU v,.r,:,rnc;-.e: Tu £OY--t1r-...:nen~ ;1,1]; fac'...Ja~te i.rnyte¥tti"¥~rH of .ri~r;:-~1. strnctura.l ~djustrnrot polici,cs and ( i) small $<.::ale bu,Wmi <'1.!l!rrial ;,11x'su,; ti ,·rr:, L"II<>ug!i: P rngra m.,-nes b<: in~ imp Im.en ted mdils ~: • m :..,'le country ha...,.·e tucerbate<l pcn.··ert'j'". "\forem-·er. ~ rnflu .. l'. -:::.if r..1!'""2-l :·u1Jth t-c1 urban a~.as wher:: : \\ 'r-li-S bcco.~ difficult to gel. i gaw,,<i m,,,!oy,nent b.as t ·:~rrpoL.~e<l tl,,, !eve! ofurba10 I ' ..,T,erty on a-re: hancl and ru.rol pov<Tty on ilic: other b<:cause rural areas are bem~ <lcrmved or their ..!Ctive and TTY.l~ p~iKtiv~ labour force. '"Telol of octhiri<t S<arn 0..[)a,,11:cl~l~O.C~ (ii) labour iutro,;;ve proj¢,:c; e.g. d'1ring d1'o µrn,-,sion cf ini'+:!.S-tri.1cturit. i,r.:; h1..!!11"<--.<: $~Cm'!'I~:!..; ,:i.u) earrnarting A•~ iai we.us wi !hi n neighbourhoo<ls for infonna I (i,·) ,a;tivities ·•rhich wge, en poverty alleviation paroc,.tlo.rl1• srr,;mg vu !n<:nb 1e groups in sk 1 le r deliY<D' ond drveloprnelll of su,umAble hum:m .settlemen~: am; { ,. ) tVioru. l and elfrc ti vc hnd l>tili.satioo. (i) En,,;.:1,, 1 ,; --a gmg tb.~ appllcati-,)1:, ,:.f b,ct'!c; ::t,;b--vQ"'..1e~ ln ~au::! ·~ ~r~ tmi.-r-~\ hust,~r:.c l:•. • \L} .Re::-...t.~-mg io~ of fa.""-::'.Lt ps~e ('.~~~r,g ~J::-i ... ts:ir--&, ~si:-t:.~ ·1!tH3 '!'Z~spc.rmti.cn !o ~~:s (iv) EKi:;ur.iging ~ esa:hlisbnrnt :,f5zna11-;.,;.;tk- in<lu$tries a.mi ,cppor1;,,g them by offmng t,:chni,o.l =ist.an<:e, II'ianeting for the products ond proviw.g them '"'ith up to dlte infurrr-..,ti@ on the trend in pa..rticu.lar business. ( •') ?-re.mating l.ooour i;ntmsi,·e projects ,wl gi,·e priority to mpn~ groups (CBO, C~tivc Groups ) whtn offering trod= fer p.o j cct> w hk h do Mt nee e;.;; ardy require the !l,en-k<-..: of highly sli!led prnom,,-! md o, hi1h· ~l=;lop::aily able fun¥, buiklinp and a~ types of ~ (;i) ~ dlat atm.n le!tkn:rn!.s dc,~lopment phms clesipat,: sites b- d,e informal t.ector. (vii) Strengthea.ing '({)Catioo.&) rn iniog for youth. I., A L .. , R V ' L ]\ r: L [ p ( ( 4, 1.8 Information on Hum, n Settlements Denlopm€nt 4.1.E. l ;) lrSormation on Hun•,;,n Sett!crnents De\'e!opment is ,nadequate, outdated ar.d sorneti.rnt:'i unrel 1 . .abk- *Tirr.ir1£ 0r~J'I~ ~'"1!. Or. :Celli;: -::if Ap;:rrrwsl c.f tte ?.: i1: .. ::-, {iJ The go,-emmont shall undertake measures to ascertam thai: re-:s~r-:i is ::-egularly cor.rd:ix.l-c-d on --...·arioL~ human se-rJemient.S de•r'ekip-rr'lent issues, S'-...Lch as: ! .a) a-;Jplicar-; ... ,n c.,f locai blJL~llitg :rn..aren~ls. :" b) ~.J-t:..S't....'lg fir.arKc t C) re !acion. '-.h.jp hetwt~U aflOrd..abilir-y levels ; n.d cm~ -:;: o< (-:Jf'.lStT'"-iJ-.:"tW:G. (c} urbJ n forr:n .:;i;nd st.n1c r.1rc ff} u.r½a!l ecooomy 8.nd ITllCTO--­ econo:rri..i(· aggreg-Ete.s. { g) ideruific:s.tion of hou;,.i1.g ri.e-ed.3. (jJ}.~ data bank on huann seltlemerits infomution wh:ch '.':'HI b-e u...~ec to L-'TI;,ro':-'e pla.ri ri.; ng ~n·d I d<c;isior. m. tl-jr,g shall :'.'>e L es\a~E.she\i and regul:u-1; updaLed. (viii; PrryanCTg 5pec ia I pnYWY a:Jeviat,on rrogra,rmc:; for ! disabled anC d isadvantagc-d The gover=en'. sruill: (i) Improve the cap;:icity of~ .\.Lnistry responstbl~ for hw...nan set-i.k~nrs ci~ve!opment an<l lc-(J l aut:i.o.rities 1n ~ acquis.H.ion and di~s-erci...---i:.atioo r::1f U1f-c.i-r-cnat1c.n ~o c~c. .P'-~c1~--:::. ( jli E ... stuh1:"-:-.h ..... -.·ahi.J1 th~ !:-bJrr.an Se:-Je;n::nli D•-.!',tioFCT-.e7';t Divisior, :1; LO'."":"lputen.s~ .1.-:,.d ::;"..LSr:::i.: m.b]e hu ... m.;m sc:::::tle~ms cla~s:i. bad:. Developrneilt, Education Tra VicePresirkn Autbonlles, C De,·dop=nt. Mi"-lstry 0f L R~gion.al ,-\-:hr Lxal G"J,-·-ern CD 0 4.1.9 En,·ironmwtal 4.1-9.1 Planning and :','hn•g~rnent Plannrng for urban develop=nt rras been based on Master Plans Tile:;e usually take a lc>ng trrne to prepare and the planning process is no n-part:ic ipalory part!)" be-.."ause ii p-resupposes the gm'<' mmeD.! as the ore hes tra 1 or of de,dopmenl. Master Pbru pr,..,cnbe a ph)ISical ;tructure as a ha.sis fo, social and econorruc activities over a long period of rim:. D-,1e to the blue print narure of master plans, ~ ue inf\exiok and cannot be easU)' adapted to constantly changing social a od ecoll'Offilc rncumsto.nce,. Tuey sho,,Jld be ,-,,~ewed freq<>ently =lly ai 5 )'e21rs intervals SD a.s ~o remairi e!Tective. but the n:view of these plans l"tas been infrequent or 1\0 review at all is unckrtakeTL This has rmdered Master Plans an o bso I ete tool for gu ,ding la nc- use changes. Due to thos, reasons, Urban ~laster Plans in Tanzania l"tave • not been effective as intended tlm,; le ad ing to haphazard gro "~h of (O"-TIS with inadequate or r.o in fras rructun: scrv K ~. *TLrnin! of .o.:tm<ie Sort, On. Da~ ar ,-'i.Werttl of ~ f'o I k 'J Considering the h,gh rate of gro.,tb of urban centres an.d the scar,:itj· of public resources, the go,·emm-:n: sball ,ni~are studies to ,:k temune and ado p ! the mo st dfec twe planning methods which "'ill be li::ss -:ostly to execute and "il,,rhi,.:h r<cquire less time to prepare. A, reqr.,.i.red in the N,ticnal Land Policy, mban planning shall o,rn at the following: (,) Identification of key pl,cnning issues m land and envirorunc ntai m.magm>enl and ,n the proviswn of housing irtfrastrnc~m, and services; (ii)Preparation of detailed land lL'<' p I a n.s for land de Ye l apme nL {iii) Ickntification and mobilisation of local and external resources for implementing urban development p rn grammes; and iiv) Prom:iting communiry participation in planning. llltegrating and co-ordinating ~ actions and rcsourc-es of \--ariou-s se<:(oral ,mplementing agencies including those in the populsr s.ectors... Local authorities ill collaboration ""th othe< stakeholders shall pre?are and ,mpkment smiteg.ic plans for tbeu areas Local Authorities, Res Stakeho":krs. O'l ..... ~. ! .1 D Hierarehy of S., ttlements " I JG l ( I I o~·~r- emphasts on. ~}:.e adrrumstr~ttve staw.s of a 3--er:t")erne::1"i h3s k -.,J to some sm.a::er se-r:Je:rnents betng --::Ja.sst.fi~d as tO'\\-TIS di..sre-garding I nt.be-r -;::::--i ter.a :or dedarnt~on of i ti.rN:i. areas. ThLl has beeo ,.;auseG by lac~ of de:ar a~.d researched cri:eru that can be used le :: la~s: t,· aod grade s~r:Jc-~nts. {u} Se-::or.dly, Ja-,;:k of a c!ta: policy on the .,;palia! disrribm10~: 1 1 of 1~1.·e.s.LJb!~ re-so-::.uc.c;:5. tspcci2.lJ:.· L.,, ~r~i-::es. ucil ities and L~il..·-an1c ture has led to une~w: d.L:::i(ribu11on anJ unco--ord1naLed lc,c aticn of s~r.-·ice-s. ar. ~ ng ~nk·-:i-.-ents. some gc-tt:mg more 5--CT,'L•:.:e-:-: dr:,j fa-:: ilit:e.s. than 01 he-r~ *T~;1;n.5 ,f3i::ti·,ii:k-i SL-2..rt'; On St::.-~ c,f Ar;::rc--...-~I or W P~i-..~ 1 i) Thr-P:' sh,1 I l be :J. c:ex ~-=- Jn :L".,.,ri : 1 f 2 hierarch;· c:-C ~.e':tl":':r-.cent..\ 5"J:1It1ng ,,..,.iLh c1 V diag::--. \.fr:1.or To•,,-:i, To•,i,n. \.1u;-ij,~·i;-,;::Jity. C1r .­ an-.-l Megaci~y. S1 .i,:h J ,-:::a.5s;(i.,.:au :i:--1 t.,t ~=::--ttlemcnts s...112.l) he ba~-ed or.: ck'."r and ;e~carc'.1ed. cr!ter1:1 Tb;::: -:-:---::t- ~ .I: ;~:-=--r &..c g.:-ad i:r\5 of :-;ert[er;~~t:s into vJ:iou·~ .:~ti:g,Jr-ie-s shalt LO-:lu.de p-<.Jpu la(ion size. re·•-::::1:Je g~;J.eralt-:: in., -::.!pacty tH si..::stJir. iL,dl". ar;Jil.abl:: SET/JC:e--5 ar1d the ry-pi:; of S';"r,f;::-':'s ne,-.:;dci..! c:i-r ~-:::i be p~o'-'lded in each .::J.tegc-ry J~ ~-~ov,T. Ln A.ppt'."ndix ~ -Jf th~ -;ml icy dc--cw-i-,ent. ( ll) Tr-:-e gov~m.ment ~ha!I fa,:i~i~:ite­ the avai l:::ibLl1r.f of reso•!f-:::i:s t~x provisic-n •J f si::--r.·i::::es .a:-i.J 1-:1fraca:r.xwre tl7 u:--'::ic1r, •:entres a...::.:::ording to t~cc' ir r.i:Jr k a..r.:d ro developmer.:t pc tenri .a; arrd attn::: l trh·t:st•:n•; to lOca~i: the ~r In\TSIT';;!:'.rtts t}-~ce. L~xal ,\utrrJr:::.its Jf".aJl pr-epar-e and I rrvlerr.em plr!f'..S for 31.! se-ttle~~~,[s •.,:,.-it r,ltl l.hetr -are~ or ji..:risdt.:.::1.tc:1. 7ii:: [--. '•'=IT'..IT.ert 1':-"::P -.::,);-r:....-:-Hc,~1-J::- .: ~~..::J~T tc e·,ail::t~e th:" f'~'. ;s:::,;-:-,g cr·.tt' n:::. :1-:---.-:I ::-s~3 h] 1sb ~;~j:".r,-,p;1~te :.:-u:::: ~i2: f 1~ ::: i-assJ"':.u t:G::. ,:,~ ~-•::'. lLl-:: ~'."".fLL~S ]r,,.' tht:' l.-~,. t l 11!' ~r.:-r-t·:ct·., t-== be r,:-•Y·. 1d-:::tl Lr. each ::a~egL-'r: ,' \ii1i..Str/ Of R. s:~ional A 1 ,,;;a1-\J0'7"1 ,·\uthoritLl"--S 4. ! . 11 lnternation2I Co­ oporallon 4 I l 11 Who: o prob terns ema.na ting frn m rapid urbarus..tion kcame mcrea.5ingly visible, the Gowmment of Tanzar.ia with SUj)pOrt from donors launched voriou:s uncoordi,iated deve~~pment proje<:ts (o alleviate the situatioIL The Sit<s aocl Servtee:s and Squaller L 'pgrading Project i, one of ,uch efforts. There 9,a, and still there is .seed to enable resilioi:s take charge of tbc-ir liYe~ and rmkr: COTTITT!iUniti~s more resporuible for their developm:nl. 4.1.12 Hnman &t1!ements Den lo pm,,n t Ca p,,ci I)' tlu~dlng, 4.1.lZ. { i)Staff in hwmn setdement:s dewlopmem is inadequate and often oot Y.·el) qualified to &al with the intricacies of sustainable h= settlements d eve 1 op m,coL (ii} Staff 11,urking in the field oT hurna.~ sel1lements de,·e]oprnent, li\;e other govern.me-at ernpioy~s 3.re ,mJe,paid and their salanes are below the LJ,·m2 wa~e. *Tim.ing c-f J.Cth. 1ties Stut!i On ~ of .~-1ral cif !:k- Poli....-y in order to ;'l;J.vc sustainable projects, the goven=nt sqall guide donor - assi.scance. Co= med cmnmun i ne-s or orgaUlS--21tions shaU h.ilve to understand and be we 11 informed on the projects so that they can participate fully in mw pi.al'.nmg. imp!ementatioo and managemenL The govemrn,nt shall: (i)eruure that the bu mar. se ttle."l"1ents dt-Yclopment sec1ot i.s "ell staffed; (ii) rootivate its employees LI! order to make Lii.em =re prc<luctiYe; (iii) ensure that e;·ery district JS o.ssi~ at lea<t a to"11 planner to ensure .morie sustainable human sel1kments deYekipmcrit, Donor as.sLstance- to..,,,,.ards human s.et"'J~mcnt; de"r'elo-p~n! -.,;.111 be cc,.ordinared aed cailored w meet natiorial priotiti<es. ine governmen; shall: ( L :1 Em;:doy at leasi. a T O\'rTI Pla~( and other hun-:on s.ettlemer1Ll retated profe-ssto-m1ls su-c h :is Land S-urv~: on, Land Officers, Architects, Ertgln-e-ers ~t-::. for e1r'er: ,, district :n Tan.z.2nia. {l1J Train HlJ.fmn Settlements 0,eleioprne-nt retai:e<l $taffto m:et national ~4U-iremen! in t.b.at sec::tor. Treru;ury, Mirust ~{imstry of Regi A dmini strati o o a Go,'e[Tlffl('O(. 1'-·1 :rrisrry of Reg Ad.,nirnsrrauc □ G c:,...-em.rr.e-rn s, l Se-rq.:.:e CoiTl.rru L..,,ca~ Au Lhot1:i Lands,' \li,vstr) Admmistr.Jrion Go-i.'i';IT~ts. J i Hig~ Educab C) w T:1-ey al.s.ci lJck mou·,2.l:on su:::-h .:: ,;; t:mdy pr:J-m::J:wns, rr-a:nrn:l a'.\:--.,;,,.•'J,1ce~ 2::1.d c,l1er O? po.rtun.i t1r:s AU lhe:-e a-:::t as hindn:v..:es to eIT-:crive a .-, d ~.fficierit ~erforrna.r.ce nf 1b{:u day to day Jc~ivj ties. 1 ii.dLlc.b: of es~Nia I fa•:il 1.l ir.::~ such as t:ra n ')por!., cornpi ;~~r~­ rnr--·c~· :m.,j n"l3pp~ng ~:::i.·11pr.1-'."'m, pholc,cop1er::: ~rL.Ott:-rs, sta:ior.~.ry. ;Jp t-;..1 d-=H~.­ d.J.ta a...'1d ro.aps. go-oJ dJ t-3 b.ib'lk. et:...·, ha...,;; been a f,i.nd.rao.ce w go-nd perf0ITTDnci: uf a..::-tt\~it!~.:"= prm:r.otlng hl.lPtari 5ettle~nl~­ Ceveloprr:ifnt. 41.J] II 14.L13J Performance Enluahoo and Cse of Indicators: Th~ re-v:e,.,, of hum.an serrlerr:ie~t.s. deve!opmem ~ the .::ounrry ha:; t-een ad-ho-,. l I has ~en d iflicult. to a la rg c e.~tenl, to u n-d-ers ra r.:d t.ht­ c ::1 rr e-r.; t slru.ation of the sec!or at any ni.ale-ri..al ·tur~. A-.,::,1iJ2:ble :nform.a'Jon m mosl timt's h:as r.G: been Yery rel L.Jb:e and Lr is !1.0 t desag ".[egated to en2blc unc! ers tan ding of the imp a cl c.f poli--.:ies on ,, ,..!tne.rable groups.. T TI.JTl'..r,g or Kti~·i(li:1 S-tam On D.uc- of Approv;a l or the p., I i=.;P ( i •. :~::::nsu..rt rha.r all '.n,u~n s~tt!e-rr.cr.l3 rC"L:i:ed 3raff ar-:'.'. ..,..,.-:::' lJ 'I-1:;:.~d :n 1)-,;~j~ '.1-::>-lJ--:; n' J·::-t:·, itt:::-s: '. \ ·1 Ensure acque:.i[io:i. 0t i::q-:J1prnen.t ne--:--css::i.ry fo; 1::-e-ntr pe rfor~vzncf' iJf :rs aciiv1ti.~s. Tht:' Gov{:r.un,:m sb.aE fi!::::i:i1:ate fo ri::nulation of urban and housi!'lg 1;;,iic:2.rnrs, \.I h ic h v,i.U be used i•'.} :-e·1 i~'.1r Lhe ~l"7"!.plf:"TTK'i:i.t.J I ion c:-f t.:1.-':'. human settJro1eals development se-,:..:tor. The i.'l<lLc:ators arriong otht"tS :>hould be iJ ~(e tc:- col kc t age :1r,d gcnckr dcS.J~r-::-gat~d UlfoITTL3ticn m: the impac{ of wbanis."tion on ,,1ln,:rable and d;sad,·ant;;.ged groUDs ,rs::bdtng chLldren (iii: \.1,-:-itJ'.-:.!te ct: e-1rr-;:iio}~'l:'S ,,, 'iJr7Qt.;.i 1,1.a;~=:- \1k~ i(' ·!nl -.1~.c:I~~ sJl.:1.ry 1::i.cr~rr:.enr':,. ~~c•11:ctto1i:::.. stud)· '.01.:r -~ 1pp:::-rt1Jr.tt·.t'S: ~a.n.sp1::in ;,::-:.C L~.:-.1 .1.~s1""< . .c,n.:-i2. '.1r.;:-aith -:.::arc f:-!':'c:l[h ?nd ~::.:..::ctr.,r in.s:.ira.r,•~-e ,:rH.! t-..,ii...:-.:::i!t·:..~ri a~~isl;1.r....::i:, et-;... ! L"r) Eo..s1..1Se s.up-ply of adeqU2ie a..'ld--:...p w date !::'•::i w;:i<Tl.:'Ll:~ s·,xh :1:;., -cor..prners wnh t}.,e~ a-:c-e-sso:ies JS;d app hc3.t':O='."I p:rog8ITL~-:':i. ·\-~'.w..:ks. s:; :.r,·r:":- and :-t1..appi~'.~ -::--.::p..1:pmcr:r. ~-::J.'JODeT;'. r.:::i.1r•s ;:i::1 ,:;; c! go-J1i 1~J.~ b:J.D..k ,: ,~- 1 T hi::" ,1-.,frrij·~try ::-t-.;p-;.~-r:.s1'.::il-::.· Ji.u Ht.::'.na!"l S-ertkl'f'.ttlfs DeY-:-lo;irr.-ent sh:;1; l ;:,r-::-;,a r,~ CTJir;:ng prng-ra~- fJr i~:. ,:::t°J~t'.' sr.::-,f.:". The Gov~mment shall: 1' i :- Comput-::-rise ·ts ser.-: . ..::e-s. by :r.rrc-ductng Ge:Jg:-ai11•.~ ~n[or::l.J.hon 5'.y:,:em ~ .. ~rs·\ and olk sys~e.rns fo1 Ill.life ?mc\~u·. 7::rforrna.nce. ( 1 t} f.1.-: il(ta le r, r-:)\"iSlan ,-:::,( ~J-::-il\t·r-s for :: ~rry::1.g ·:-.u: 1::-. b.:.rn.J n sett1:em:;nts acti•. i1Lt:'.S. ("p.,·;] s~n Local GJ (;,JrT".JT!..LS-S Ls:ids, :-..1 . \.d~risa (~O\.'c'.r!l..o;"""':"!1 Au:horiti( :\-1.mtstr ,: ( Regi~Nl Lc-c::!.'. (Jo A:.;-t:10-:--1:i, StJ1S-":L,-::-~. \.1 mis~;-::· 1 Res.~2irct IsLLt'C. '.\-"'.tn.isi::--; I /"~utOOnt1i ','.'orb.,~' ,\dnunis~ Gc-1r·em rn [ :1.14 Geuder Equalit,· and ulncrable Groups: LJ~.\ l :;;;::;r0,~~;;,:~·"if::,0 " J a...-,:, ma~gLMlisX Ln phmiltn.g a;-:.d ~ ,Jecisi::rn :r;clJr.g even or: issl:.o!:.."'.:i i! ~h .. -=it aft'ect t~,t"ITi. .\-io ;::t Ce.::::L~,1, .•r,--s j .ar:' L"'Tf?(~J on them ' \ i1 1 \Vomen ar-::". more :dT~·::le,: b:\ , problems ass..::i-.: iateC. '·' 1~ .h the .:k~l':'riorat:1)r:: in tJ-)e envi;o'1.JTL~n( -e.g. la-::::k -o!"" ba.:;1-.:: ser,·ices .J.nJ , atnrrut:~s : ; iii ) \1an:,· deYdoprnent pli:!r,:: are i r'.i':)t gen,;:!.~r sr::::nsiTiv~ and do not ; Lckt-mto com1de-rat10n q1~~\{,.·r~,Ck' [i grmtjJS. :: i: I' I 4. Ll 5 Pre hlstoric/Hi,wric : Sites :lnd Bui!dirigs: '·➔: 15.1 I {i(nlere- h.a~n'L b... '-'-e? a sys~err:ia~ic ii i:ip-prnach adop-:ed 1ri rbe ~- :::::~:',7,~~~ t~;::;~;r~;;'" t bLs.ton:::.: hL5::on-: sites Jrtd. ~ bui I dings rn the r•lJnnU1~ nro:.:,:~s. ' As a: .re.., c.uh, soo~ of Lhe~1- hJ\ ~ b-~en ei the:-- zoit::d fm o ~r U'....e-s or dem:,lished or rlestro•'ed. * L~jnJ: e-f .:..t:1""M-!-!"$ s, ... a..rts OJS>2'.e-nf.~T~IL>fL.-'lt:P.Jlk:) The grJ"~ err-.nl.f-J'.l sf-:.11) er-... sure ~:,2.~ !1nm.an s~ttte rw-n'.s -je,·dc:-p[r,ent ;ic-t:c ie~-- legt~ !at,:.:::-:.., ~rogrJ~~­ ~,r.d ,-:iC1e: re[alt:'d s:-,:,1icu.:s J .. nd ;)re- : e:::: t~ i.r::- .. :o:-p--::::-ra;:e ~el.'di::-f ;:-~rspe::-t:"l·t':o: a::--.G. •,·ul::1.l;'r.3.ble FC-'Jps. (1 :- T::e Ge-Y-err.rne-n rn cnl[at:-,.1-,-; :i tion \YirJ-1 &.,;. r-~spc-,::t>~ e luc-al -:::o'.r.JTil!.n.iLtes a".ld local .authuri~1e-s shall id~nt1f:.1 2:-Ki s.et asid~ L.I:n.portanl pre bistoric-7'.1storic sites ;1 ..r1d buc;di'!'lgs for COf'::.Sr.::r":--atiQn. and pre-ser,,.-ai ion pl.1.Ipu~e-s. (: :, Es:c!.C I tillne r.t •.JC rn.J..:1~ Xu...:.;;:;-v,o. ::Jr:·1p8.LSfi~- 1vtuch '.\ til aC:-, ,--::..:~at-e eq .~ll ~ighrs fr ::-1 me::i and '-'· •.)r:':f'n, a5a 1:'ls~ ::~-~ e~ .":.t:r1 ~ ,jjsu umint..o-ry t;-;:dttw::i.s. \fir.-v D"='-·--;: ar.d ( .:\uf:1, \Lr.: ( i1: Dr•, do-prr:.:::'Lt ·.)r .::.'..:..: \J LT:cd:: [t e-r:·~·::..::-c U':-T..t'::'1:i [I) :e(ie·,r •. ,, J::T'r::':-. \J '.~[; uf t.h::--u l1.al~Y ,.,,ork l-J:J.d by ~:-!.e p:-•J\ :~.ton nr Mii..:: ~c:-.. t.::-i;:-: ::i .. nC. Dn·':" inr.1x]Ll.ix :.1s.e -::·f.~irrrple .J:-}J 3ffc~-:-f:;/:,;:::- t:::-i..::h:-:t~l•Jg'~·. J.:-.J ( \iinl' [ns'J.'!" ( iti.1 P['!::?ara'..ion of dnek,p:"'7.e-:1r r11n.:. '>', b:::.h ~nctir:-½-:i:-L•:: :s::--n-du -;x-rs~ct;,,·i::- u:-: ::i.yc.1::I LHJ rg:na'.,saL,on --::if 1.vcirr::f'r. 1' L\'J Pu'.J:Sc part1c 1;-1;::: tL-:J'1 in :t,--:- rrep-1.-ar.n[l ;:int::: Lr:--.pl-:::m~::-.t:1:.1•:Jt , 1 f ;:0rn.:-rt1 m:Ly Jf've'.n9rpi::-~< i:.: l~r~-c; ~•- :r'.1 r:"-:np;;3."'i L:~ :ll ·-x.-,ic~t·n gra..~,srnc,r..5. :µ-"Ju::,::., ~(lC)s iJ :--.d ("B()'.·,. (i ) Rest; -:-rJ(ior:i 0-f stt-:::s 2t-.d l::--udd;:i.:;-,s .,,..,:hi:.:b i""..J.•.·•..: l::..Ls'.ocic.-; :·J:lrurn: LIT':pUi-:.3.rKC ( ti J P.t~bd!rattor: of ,::hlapid;:i :ec! prl-ili~HJr!c :1r.d ·:as~c,nc hui: jrn (t:1) Id;:-ntific,nio;:-i. :::tri.d sur,·:::-yi.ng .Jr 5Llts ·,sf..lch ha"-=''=" Ju.to:ica: ir:rt:ir-.rt.:in-.:e. \i:;;'.' ;\:..:.('.1 nn-c: ar;-J ( Ai.1th, :--.-lim Culti ,i.. -:[[n j Cutn Mini '· ii: Tbere ba.\ oc< b<tn .i I s;·stema!ic .appr·'.)<Eh adopted iri \, L1.e ide-n( i fica.Lion of culrur--J '!. re ~-ot·rc es Lill Jer ground and underwater in Lhe plannmg process r esu I tmg in u'le wt aJ . 1 destn.Ktion of culrural reS<Jw-ces 1 when u.c,:Jertaking major cc.-nstru.chon woOO. I ! , rn. >="> ,.,,,, 'I ,4116.l ~ !~:":il ::~;';~np:: l,:}'t'~',;;,"~,~1 I are oot ~ i ven tl:icrr due i..::-'Jrts.tderahr)n. Cc,meque!"',Ii/. (h,e-re .t:---..ave b-e~n u:ncoordw2t-~C: a..nd ~..o--r;;e-ti....rn:es h.az-.:idou:~ I d.e",-;elop~~~:ll activ1t1~s fr~l ila'. t an.ea .::re s.tdl thri::ate::ung thc:.r en.v1.Ion..~ntal and econorr-J.,: Sl.15tainabi lity Sorne fll.JY pcs:> ru:n1,ori..a! se,-:::urit:,· ns.k. 4.l J 7. J Be.aches ~nd CoitSUine 4.1.1 :' r Some develo?m-ents a.l-0-ng Lhe be.ach:t:-:s and th-e ..::oastLne .nfrL.D.ge on er.vITonruent::i.U J fragile 3reas, while others are 1..:-cessibk- t:.J I united membas of the put!,c. * Tirn:rn.,; of a,.:t i,,itie-5 SL3.n$ On Dai:-!' o 1 .i..~(P,,-..1 of ~ f'ol-;i ..J: : 1;) L,::ica, -::orrSfTlJr;!flt•s. re; e•~ an.r. ~uthorl~~~, :3W~ :-..;co~ sha:: r:i:::irtti-::: tpat~ 1r. 1 he cor1se0·.1riori J:Jd ~n2g.en-:eent 0f his:mi,.:- ~::t-es :;! nJ bu . .ddings. ( Di:! Urge scale earr~1.,,Drk.~ sb.ati t-e prece-d-r(~ by cclrurat a.s~ssmeru LO em'..1 rt that undergrOUJ7-d .:3.00 l!Jlde0vater RWurc.es are preScr,'ed -r h(' gm•ffft11E'rtt ~-h., Jl eri.-s.u~- th-: rirc•r1~r US·':' ,·1f Sn1:l t: :.::;l: ::is.dc. .:-r:, '.: Lho:.· t"""\.p~CHlalwn l'f ~~.:- rc-:;ou:-c-~ F·.l--LJ.Id rherc:m :;;c, JS to fi:i-:::-i! 1tatE (l---c"' i r -::'."n' J:Q;Jn::-nt:1] p10Jfcrio.:,, ~;J~-t-iinab]~ ck ~.-t lop.r::-;,-~r:( ,'.:!r.:~J :"dtt:::-no..1 S':"f..:tLr-ity T'!"te gG';~ rne;:t sbz . .U. / t;• .regulate d-cvdo-;n~r:.t ct'.Oh~ the co.a.sLlLil.e- rn or::l,;r le r-r-::::se--r~T ~he ~t1'i-':f0Tlfr1enl. ( i,.-.: ~t:"velopmt;"tH ,x,..J Jn.;!.n~g-:?ITX'm of h:.....c.tur~·-· ~Y::'S b:~ .,;:r1; .:)u:aging Pub; ,c ?r:,. .ate P2r'"'.ll";'r:':-h!p. 1. \.' :, ?ro\·~sm~ or nLfi:asmx t:.u-e am bas.ic- s-ervires t-:1 eT,.:::Guraga:" w•~·~sl:Jr.:: Jnd. tc-urLo::;t:.. i , i 1 .-\d., ,.:-rtj:::;::=-~r.t •::if ::....,n ;::,i:rr~3 r-:t hisrnric- sttes ;1c~ :11.U li..'.u~s f.x t,J1rn:.":s,1ttr,;:,di•::-1:. (. \ r:1.f ~-; ilr'-:".(":'l))~;:,t ~h~~J t,:ds.;:: JD\ ~rn:or:,: t:f Ll:-t;:" le":.01.L'"'::~:,,. J.n.ci I r-~-J kril ,~,; ;. L'•IJ .,:'""""11,..., 11 -~ t.J l,~'.L':, lf1 -~:--njeJ ;-, .. 1 rnaKc- the C:f•!:(rn.!..!]J :J -;;;~~ ,J'.- ( L~ :1TI,e- :..:t:<1.tr.~J guvem.iTrenl Jnd io,;:al .J.tlthorLLe--5 ~b.aii p:repJ-;-e ii."ld Lff ,~/cnkur fu.teg.r---i:itN Devd',)t)Jnt-nt S::heine,;. 0r: JU ~Jmll ,s; .1.n-d-=:., enau la',i.:, ariJ b}---\3.\VS rcs- pe-cttv-e ly ~c, s;:degu,a,-::' U",e 1 ,:;rsi:riJn.r.:---..eTJ.t, n::1tt,-:i;1a( ;erurity, and s-iJsta:nable de·.-e1oprr,:,n( ;Jf j tbc 1.::d:;ir,.,,::L~ .. (]) T:,-; .: gci·,em..r-ri.ent shat] facilitate r.hi:: ider:nfi-::2:n-::-i[1 ofbeac.:le:::­ .ar-,d tb:.'tl ::las~lfi.,..:~tion J.c:cordi.ng to \he currerH -and p0tenQ;1\ us1;.::: ;i:i ct ecologi.:;::a'. cr.ara...:{eristic.s tn order !U .s.afegu2 rd lhe ~nvuon.m.ent .\-1ini· Cult'~ Mini: Re5o Lx1 o{ \;,/ Re:s0 Cul':i. Atcth T .ar-:-; •U SHELTER 1SSUES A'.'iD POLICIES 4.Z.1 Hou.. <..iog Finance i L: ·1 ensure that :-e-.:::re::ii:tor,:! l beaches :i::-e ::i.ccest.1 b It rn .1 •. me-mCe:-s :Jf tht publcc. I 1i 1-;-he -:::c-ntra'. gove'.7",r;--.cr:t '.n cc ila.boraci.on '.'r uh tbe l1x2l Loc3'. .. ~,utf.( au:hcfl.~ie~ ~hall tnte-1~s(f:- t"n.'.".::-irc::-~:e-nt of -:fe.1.-dnpr:--.em co::i.~o'. L::i.r,d$, ~.Ln ::-neasur-e::; c1lor.g t:1e cCt.J.St. A(~atrs. (Li~) Pro~-0~.ed prcjen-s alor:g ~h-e co.::~lhrre ::nusr be -::;ub:rJited ac:::::~;npac.tc~ ·.,i.--::th an E~t,·t::-orunental fm:p.:ic::: A~--;e~.menl stu-d'T. :=:.ubJ ~ t to their -::omide-r:2.t:0:1 t"C?-r app::-oval. , '-,'£\JC. Im Ass.i::'.S.Sff.f'nt Office. 4.:'. l The go,ermnen\ sbll: Ti::e go..,-,-:-~:,t shall 1. it G::i ~ tm.nl{nt's allo-:::a hon of c~t naiior-.. ,:d budget to bous.ITTI:! ha~ be-en ger,eral:y low and 1s do:::-;:Lming. For -~::t::impl-e. ,t w3s 6.0 I'-•; ill 1971 and is cum:~1,-.,. abc-u.t 2r'.·(,. Other Afric..an countrit~~ a]locare a higher percentage of theu, ar,nWli bt«hets, e. g Zambia in its S a1io~al C Hoo,;.g Pol«:,· ! l 9-96) has agreed to comrffit 1 5~-'.Q oi ,rs anmul budget to hou.s ing. 1.- .. ~ . l UJ 1 nere :::i.re l.u:iuted houswg mortgage faciliL:es in the :::-ount-rY. :,,fast people bui!d graduallv , usi.ng their ~agre resoun::;s. This siow, down the housing • construction process leacmi to a low delivery of houses to the market. Jn general the prnce-s.s is inrfft-eie[]L *Trrningofxth-iti-esSL..a.il~ On D~ -::if A..ppm,..il o-f ~ Pol.K'.)' (i} Contrnue lo Lni~kme-n.~ ~rro-gresstve- m.a.cn)~conomtc policies , ... ·hi:.:f. car: lead, orhe-r Lhings bei.ng equal, tv e--cc.nomi-:::: groi,.;.'th, Job :::reation ::m-:i ,;,:-rearc r affordabiltty for renral to7Jstag and M-Use pw-,:bacse; C (ti) PuL housmg ma ceuttal posit i on lil n-ational po!i-cies alo~::i-sidt he-a 1th and education: - ( U\ ) J ns1Ltute a m.."!ch:ne-r/ wh,cb ,,.,,m 2i llow for mobilis,n~ hDU5Lrtg finance from th: puc I ic -sector, the p-rlvat-e- s..e..-:-tor, lo-.:al com.rnu.n..iries and from intema1ional agencies; (i,·) Give incenti,·es 1D indi;-iduals aoo mstirutions to invest directly m ( i :i }~I lo-:.::z:te 2. rrun:rr,um of l cr-'l of Lt'.:= amtu2il Dah.-o-;--:i.aJ budl!d t-:J supt1or1 ~he 1:e-r de'.-"::'.]c,p~r,t. ~ 1. ii) Dtri:-:::l ur ,:--ricou.r::!ge 'ila>:i.1lory p-crisrnn funds, co-::nn1t"-rc 1a; han..~:i;,. Ln5ura.n-:::e Th)use"\ a1td similar m5tituttons th.rnuoh­ m-:eu(L, e~. le L11\·-~st a pe;-cc-uu.ge of t.b-eir f-J.r,~ls 1. ,,~,l(; ~t,l~~iri.2; de ,·elopr'.1.ent " (iii)Req"L;i.r~ emp:oyers ~nd ernpl,Jy~s to si...:bi;,:.:ri:1e arr.-oun~ ot­ m<mey iir.o a fund for housi~g development. (iv) Enco--urnge all emplayers (0 channel their fir,-~ .. n-::e for ~un housing lo:i~ th.rough an-d for adminisrracio:-1 bv SP-!'!"cial~d housing financ:= 1nstJtiJtloos ltke bud:::l.LD.g soc ie;ie;. (v) Pro....-ide app-rO?riate bonds and g~a..'"2.nle::s as an mc-eorivt to housing finance insritution.s to leo,d ro, nousiM development to die t1Y,'r"er inc om: {.ltegories in l;ss prefrrred are-as. 1reasw-y, \ Lo.:al AuL1 s:s;-::F. Thasu.ry, ( ' Deportmer. i Tre-as•.u:,·,C D<-partrnec Lards. Tr~sur)' 1 I ~ ,: iii·: There ·,slack ofres,our::e ~ roobd1satrnn capaCLty tor hot...SLn~ • de.-·dopm-ent bot.b at natiorwJ and lo-col levels. 4.2.2 Public Housi~ 4.2.2. l Public hou:;ing in this case includes, those house; dLrectly ' owned by the govemrr.-ent, ar«l those oomed arxl ma.~aged by public institutiorn such as the :S:HC. PPF, ~SSF, banks etc ,. Trrril"l!iJfactl-.,i.(-b.Staru 0n D;n.e -::ir" ,i..P?I\JY3J ,:,f the Nk'f 10.::tuJ l hous tn.g d-e·.-e ln-;-ir.!en1 or ':...~ough 2.n apprnYtd h,::::,\1S ir.g financ:::- 5)----s.tem: 1. v) Develop rr.e.;:-hanic;r.-15 ro as.sis~ .., 'Ulnerable grnups. ar:d 1 . .., ,j) Seek avi::nue--s fnr the l:re-.ation cf ,eed capital to assist prrnte ~ctor finanna! ITTStitiJtilJtlS ini;ol ved m hou.srn.g, I vii) Deve:op a 5-e('IJndary ~nortgage marh!. i vu,) En,courage and s7.lppurt L~e es !ab I is hmeut and fund ,ng of spec~ahsed housing finance i:i.Sti.tuhons (building snc iet1es) (tx) Promote the e-stablLShmt □ t cf sa ..,.,ings co-operati\.·e,; from bousdcJld groups to create loan funds for home- o 'NI~r-shtp. (x) Establish a rr>eeharusm for reguiaiing and supervising h1JUiing finan(:~ institutions to ensure adhere-n-:::-e t.o extstmg La,.\-s. ii) Tho gov;mmcnt shall: {a) r,ot involve ,rseif d,m:tly in the pro::h..-.::-tion and manage~nl of b C>'"-S i ng exc ep I r ar spenal groups e.g. rulliona I government leaders, hos it.a.ls, army lice, • s.ons. I-,· 1) ?-...e \·H:~"~- uxat;on :::,:-: b:Jddi.n~ rTLJ:crljj Is .:.~1d ..:-ompGik'nis ·-.~·~:..-:. a '."Le'-'· 'G ':i ~i nging ::-os:s dov.:i. f \·iii ·1 f.ncmEage mdJ •.- tdu.:il horm ;: ,·.,.-,..n-:'.;s.l:tp. 1 tx) ,-\s~i~.t w de-·~·:top:ng :a se-cond.ary fftortgage mJ.i:--kLt. 1 1. ~) In:.::oL.:.rJge a:--.d suppor-.: the -~cablis~;,{ and 5.:J1d jr:g of spe-ci;:-: lt~ed housi11g Encr . ...:e :nsr1-:-uticrrs ( bwld..i"!.g s'.x1ccies:1. f :-<.i) ?rnmc t~ :f,c es-:..ab. lt:~h.':'.f'nt o:" S-J '· Lrigs ::0-c;.era '.i\·1~ 6-or..1 hc•1...:s.e-hol:J gr:Y.:.ps l;,, -:::re--,r.~ lnaa fu.'1-ds for f:eic-ce- O'-','TI '! r.;hip ! ~-~i~1-~i!~R~~~c: ~:~:L;:~ ~~Jr :~:·!:t:;:~.:-~~~~~~~:~~~g lav.:= .. ( 1::1 ti I S trengrh-e-11 the- e-xis~ing Rtvo i\'ir,g l J :J'J . .sng L,,a~ Fund (i :- T}..e govemrnenl s~ll: ( ~) oot ln•.:o[..,.-~ itself Ci.re.:::tlJ' tn the producl1Qr: ar,<l mJ.r1..age-ment of OOiJSing. t:-ut :shall facd:tate other 1,.::to~ How~ ver, it ~1ll inYohre its-elf in con.structLDg hciliing for instLtutions li~-= th~ ;nn1y, poli:e. prisons, i.rnrrJgrati-on; Tre.os C,Jns~ Trras Treas Tre.as Trc-as (;) :\·iost public houses. 2.:-i;:: in bJ.d pt,y~1cal c.on<ltllor! t:-.!:c-a·.1.Se tr',e~­ do !F)~ ge-t r~gu lar :::-GitLte-na.::,,.:-i::-- ( :i) ?ubli.t houses 1r,,. n.or:rn.aJJ:~ l'evr· and t.1u5 beneE~ unly a re~· r:-er:,pl, 'n comparison with the ~umber of ~pie I.hat a,e -:-,i.:q:::-po~tl to be sen-ed I :1i·.1 F,etl~ of pubiic ho-:..:....,;;~,g .J:'•~ :-!.0~2.11:, lo·.;.· i.H ·:::-o~n;,rr:sc,u ',\--:;.::..;. : buth market arrl -econof!lJ:::: rent'>. Rent:il inc0m"=S generJied frorr. 1;}:is~ urn :..S ,HE t'=<J t 0::::1.ou~h Le, r!l(:'t"I ti..-::irh tl-,""Gir JCmi.,7;::;e-at1\.·-::- I .tr.d ~J':'ltena......"""Ce ::-o.;;ts Rent.a I !i 3 ;-;-an g!'.:m,,:-r:t5 -[('[ r . ..;JUSeS Q\.L,~ !! a-:-:d rn.ar..nged b)' the .iso•:::r,:;n:cri.i. 11 aTc: r.t:.L •..:learly d-efin::d. tmn-i.;;grJ;:icn: ~c~--~rnme-rit s.dic-vls: c'..:-. 1b:, , .. ::1rry out ~al· .. :.J.t1,:::,:1 cif al'. ~xiscing [Ylb lie hmi~mg 2r,d on i..ha:t bas;s a.,:;s::~;s tl i-:-~ e:J1r;,or,-j,::: rcnt.s, p~yJh!e. 1 : ,::, e1~1.p loyl'.'.'.-:-s 1,1,. :lt'r::- fea:.tble -.,,,.-JJ be :-e~u1;e.j t;::: g1·•e ~)using ::i.!),y,~-zr- c~: ro t.-:...t" i: -...,.·,. r k·::c:L~ T,ltk·r ~!"t;rn h• . .:.::~lL-:'!. g :i=-'.· . ..'-:::a:::\ t-'.!: ~b~ r.:--: 1,:-: ce~t. 1. b :, carr:, o·,~l '•·.J.l-J.Jt....!lm of .3.:J CX. l..St1r:g p,.:;bl1•~- h-:;u.--; 1: £ a:::,~ ci::--, lli~t! b~~L:~ as.s~ss :;: ,h t· tc'--1n,)rr,ic ::-e:1r ~qy.::i~J:~ ( 1i·: l:"rr:-ploy::i-:-"i ,..,.•he:t (e.J.-::;;h(e ~,.-[I: b~ :-eqi :.:1ed ·c stv~ ~(! 1JS 1n,:::. allol.l.·a:!ce.s to L"',tJ •.,:.;orkers I.J.the~ than b·Jdd:ng ~(:,me-s i,.:~: Lh;:-m :::o renr:. (!Lt) Em;:i'.oyers w~IT fr--2::.!bk sh.all ::i,-;-:3is:. tb.!;'"iI ,.-...c-rker: ,..,,:sb:...ng :c-- bui;d (iF b~y hou-ses fer '.1 crr".-e •J\'.-;-ier~!'.lc 1 ,.,. 1 1h:...- :~.o-~e~nr::1a::-:::t J.~ a.n E"n~pl~)·\·,::; ~-iv::'uJ..:!. ::-,;:•,·::- .-, , be -,-1:·r:.1 ~!,· ::•Sl-(•:::r:-: C•'.· [:; :.t'.di1,; ~·.o.1l 7..W-:-'"....aging he:, ,llJf, ~.t,).::1- !.TJ--::~:ded.. t~;· rr...':- ".':rn.pluyeses. ( i:i)Err:p:o:,-·e::--s ,,,,..~ct f~asjb!e ~h,:dl ! i.,. i /~11 tcnar.t~ ct ;-i:":::i :,,~ L::~.J iH.~ • •. -..·G lv:.' ;,::-.:;11i: -:-,~ u p::i:- ::Fs'.st rhe~r ·.,.·.:..:rk-:;:-;--:::: -....~i.::;~!..r,g ~•-i bv/ t\:- 1.::-00rr:1c r-::::::--i.t.~ .-)r ':mild b.oU:Ses fo-r hc-:rn-e o·,,,,·ni:rstii-;:i. -::·,,:iT:tt:- t'-0'=--'t:TT,n-,,:--m ilf, in emrloyc-r ~.t.~:1u!.J LC'\'l-:"'·': I.Le- , ..... hc.<l-::-- c,Jn,::r...::7 , :,f ;' 1 •.-; Bu ild,ng ,;:if r~r~l:sl hm,:::;; r,g by budJrng and ::.:--..2.nagi::i.g b ,:::-';):0:.l(l i; ::iublic uisl~tuti.oT".L.<; :s :rn irn~ ffiC"ie:1.l ·-;f{id: i::-::(e-nde-d !'or :to.;; t:'Dl--f:lc-Jte-s. :J.Se nf s-:.,:J;:Te- ff'..-Sr)urce--s. Build ir:i& r. and £Piling d b<1uscs cculd [I ge-1:!-e!"'at~ m.Jre oousC"S., . 1 . v) Publtc hou.,;mg. tencs lo d.Jstort , rri..a.rket re-Dl~ because- &:-::tr ren ~ : ue oft~n betcw rr.1,T:'t:d rents. ' I (1- ),\ll tenJ.n~. in ~u~lic hoLL~Lng •, 1.-:L he r::qu.::red w ?JY ecor.oinic­ [~~l.s- 1\\) Er.-:~tci: ... e-rs ?ancf P~I1Sion Funds slx.1utd e:,.p-lor--:: :h~ pos.s 1.bllitie..s of L"l.vesting part of Ih-e-i r f:..iri<is 1r. ho us mg for sale or for o tT~:ing lx-,u.si.rig lGcos !o the;r <.-1,'orkers and .:::cr:.tnburn::-s tn per..sion fi-.wds. ~ 4.2.J Printe Homi~g l ~ :Uc,:,al ;YJ11c,es ~n pm a Le I , houstng G.eve loprrY.:";-ii r'..aYr.:- bi::-~1. .:-1d h-c.-c and not supr-0rrn- e. (~e3ptre lhe btg contr?•LJCi~n ,Jf :l-K I pn ,,.-ate se-::::~or to r he oc,u.sn,? s.to:::-k La lJ•::e -::-ou.'1~- j I 1 r:.~ g,-:::, .. ·er.-un-ent .:::f .. Zi 11 \I 1ppn;·[ 2.nJ c:npc,-,.,.·~: the p'."°1,·-<1-::e .:e:.: t.::1r t-J e ff::-cive ly CCTTI":ri:rn~i:- ITJ-!J-::-e- :r,i .v.~1-:::h hr.1usi:-.. g p~m'isioo ~\f----1-.2-.➔-, c:B-,.-,i,..ld"'I-n-~c::,-=1-,-rr-r-ci~,:-h-a-n-.d-;-----c--------~ I Buildings m .. ,!drriaJ~ 1 Irirlu.str:,.· 1 ~.2.-1 I I , { t i Htgh costs of building ;r,Jte:-12;s contribuce largely rn tb.e l~1g.h ·::osc of housing -::o~tn..-i..;::ttorL ['e,..·ause - i! ~ (a} Sorr~ of che rl'.!.J.!eLal.5 :.uc: ~ produced ir.- S{)~-,c: Lirge ~-.:rl'.;: ;: ~,~S~~~~:~\~~:~j~~ .. :~~~~;l~::~~;t:.~::. ' .. t had imv cosl, c Cprnd~c ''"." ;,,, ~ urut but h.;:;se htgu c,Jst~ ol ~ 0-~~ation due to L.1-u~LI h:gh l ov~r;,ead cen:;r5, (b) H ~-s. CO:Stl:-r to lI a..:.-rispor', L'l.r: *TLDTinJ M 1,;;:fr.·iric--; S~ Or . .Daie=- of ,~ppr•J~--al Df (h-1: :Pc:~IK~ ,: L / P ~'':)-::-:J.u.h 561(~ be carrt~d c,u·. c:: buildi:r,z matt"ri3Js rh.J.r a:-e ,:::-1.L-r,:-n(i.• u.:;e:::l ',L!h :1 1.·:e-w v::- ~~i:r,g th~ rn rtlOIT IJLJT:::i.bk: 1 ; ; : l'r j,, ;:=: te :ind p.-::ip1,;,lar r:,r i-;--=.. ·-. .;r,r.c l ~.:-r:·.,-=ir:::. sh::. 11 :<':' e:1c-:J 1 LT.::..:2:e·-:l re :~f :;~~'~;:~ :;;1~:r~ur~ ~-ici,,,; r::.cm w.!th ITTcer::i:-·.,·es (Lii) Demon~tra:ion prn1~~s :c;?-:.211 be carried our on hot.l.':l in i [ : , . •c.'. ·-:n (01..."Trr.t .;;::, 3:j l: I '0 F;,.,e,,; :n, .C:,a'. r:ch;',;t 1iC>J,1''r pr·c•.J1t, .. ,c-c. ! 1;'. . Pr-j •,·de ~J :,: ex c"n.~.-.1.;c r. f.:ir :-iuj Id in; ;r .2. :er . .a:~ '/. h~::1s'. e~ ~~:'.'as·.C-k !::-! order tn e-nco 1.J..:-:::.ge IJ)'>t"~.lc,r.::. ( j-...-; \L--; kL ,=n a.1:atfr s~::-i.·-<1:"J ~·-lors ~:, ~ :10~~.L;~ r:.'.·-:::-.5~n~ fc-1 d1 ft"'e::-i.:'nf l:!• 'nr,1-:;' ~-~1..1.;:::~:. 1 ! : e-:r:,.::·"'.ILl::-::!~t '..'1:-: ·:..::~,:- c:-~ k,-.. ·;J.i ';:i•Jik~· :·1:; :--:1.::~r::::i is 1.-:. ;id: I Ir. !-,~:,u· In-; '.r-:f,-::r:-·."'.'.'s, I I j j :J):>= ~!'.:. F;~a'.:: 1J-r-:::' IJ:'.f:" •'1i' ::•uii,j.:,::' . .:'!:--2.t-'..'~:..::: ! :: ~:!C: t • r ':'m irnLrr:':'a::z l b:iz.Jd; i iir :• :::2rr:-' ou-'. r,~'5i::':::r•::~ o:i a·,allable affordable buldrnf': r;,.;J(-::'.~:l~':-. Trt.i Cc,r: BRl ·.O 0 (:: 1 of e---:.ts.tt'-rt-::~ of :nappropnale standards and by-laws that ri::duse the range of a~rove-d materials J nd bu ildmg technologies. ( d) there ,~. a lack of resear-2b cri al~emattve ;:n aduble b.udding matc~al~ Lri vanmr.s location..,;;. re I Lliere LS d. lJ;;:k or $m.1tl~scale i:'1-dusme-s for producmg bui.lcLng ~ ma~i:nals. i ,:. ii) Buildmg m.iterrnls industry ~- ms rl-0-t rontnbuted suITiciemly ir: l ~ -:·rr::ploy~:nt cre.::itinn aud. li'rCOrne gener.at10n (iii} D'-SSen .. joo(ioo and I JPP 11c.Jiion or~ buildlng materLaL-s rese--orcbed b:,· BRL' have net been ,..·er,-' su.::::::.essfuL [ • H I * T:n1111K of ib....""1..i~·i~ Starn. CM It'"& c( APi----r:-cr~-a: of lhe f'o1KJ· de- 1lclopmem as. a ~an$ 0!· s.prezid1:1g :.:he JSe ,Jf rc::s-e2:r-::: he-i..: matertals. (iv) TrainLr1g ori. the- prO-,:::uctc-:1 Jr.d use of local bui'.ding Tlt3~er.als shu)J be ca.rr-Jed om ir C Orruru.L"l~ De·~·i:loprr..enl T.rai'.1...ing !n..i;:t:iruti,.Jns I v) S-;,--iall~s-c ale ;nd"Jstrits :·or b1,:;:id,ng ~te:n2.ls ::n th-::- C:U!TifDU:-'.Ll/ level shall be v.0i110te-d ( •~·l :, T,""R us-e ..:if lci-.:al b·~ildmg materi-il~ m pul:: lie ho"!.!~-~ng s-::herr.lf's shall be encouraged. (\·i.i) Th-e use of buildLUg martr:ai~. th:::i.l cause e-m·uonrr.,...:-ntal hJz..ar,..J -::; ~bQ-WJ be proscribed. ( vui) In order for the bw]d.1.n.g rrtate-riab i.nc!:ustry lo play a ,-na~ior role m i.Le economy. t.h-e -choice- of terf".nolog;· m the ,:onstru-c-tton of housing shall b-e made o~ Lhe basis of the fol\o,,,.,·in-g cr,(eri.::1: ( a) The use of ]c,..:al ly m . .1r,ufacru~t:""d c,r processed bu1ldmg IT".areri..ds esp es:: ta Uy i..-.·hne their prc,,Jucuon proce-S:S is high in lal>Dur c,,~ten1.. (b) B,Jd-ding processes, whl;:h encourage, adop~on of aprrnpnate (e,chno!Dgies and ,:ombine the use of semi-skilled and unski]]ed labour (c) T~ use of rr.,e,::h:anic:al plant and ma-cb.Jnery wbi:--r~ this i,.-:;. roved lo (: 1.. l Lia:ri people on ti::.-e prlJ-Cu::: lton a~d use c-,f 10--.:al bi-.Eldirog r:nr.i: r. a l:s-: ,; \·i 1 e-rt.:ou1Jge constru;: tl0~ o C derr..onsrr1t:or: he-uses i n differ-e-r.t lG-Cations a5 a ;;:e::i..t.s Gl sp~eading the ·Jse -of n:-s-~arcr'.ed 1TL.3kri;:d; ( \·:, 1 ~·8.;:: il\tat::: ...:o:::i.Cuct:ng res~arch OD bt.:.;'.JLr-1~ raate:iah. 11st ue c...:.rrer.t!y l<.seC 1 , 1-1tb. ! ·, i::-'.', ro :T..8'.o:".ing ~hi:T:1. r:-1-:iri::: durab;e-, anJ : ·,· ii: :i .~,d..-~rt•.~-e 8Rl T ;-e-5e- r.:h '. LnjUJ.gs tQ 1..:,---::.dusi:rie~- dt"Jlir.g ! n '::ii..uld1~g .rruten:ils. provide • cheaper a!ld eflicienl ~,ce "ithoul compromising job Clpj)Of!Ulliti= ( d) TI,e award of cor.tract> from the public sector will include small contn.Clors ·Nith prnven lhr~hol<l le,·e Is of r~our= and technical skills necessary for L~e job at hood and ,,..,th apprnprtate managw1ent and financl.3 I responsibility capacities. (c~i The go,=ient in collaboration ""th proclucers shal.! review prices ofbullding material; tc encourage !he use of durable bllilding materials (:<:)The government sb.ali er,;:oucage pri.vate invt"-;;~r.t in build.i:ng mat~rials production. (xi)The role and strucrwe c-f BRU ' sbould be rev~ewe<l. m order to I facilitate dc.ssemiru.t10n and application of its re...i:.earched x~lts. 4.2.5 Ruu.l Housing 4.2.5.l (i) The govermnent sha II fac('.!t.al-e The government sh::i.lf: (i) Most nrral houus ore unpk.rni:ntatlD-n of rural ir:t(;'."g:raletl I :) Facilila~e the crea~ioa of .IThl::-e etnpl1J~·~CT'. c-~ po ri"-.rni h [ s temporary, do not :neet programrr,cs Lhat. en~Lmnmmtal and r.<ealth tbro-"J g h L1re pro•1uc:tinn ofbWldmg ma lerial~- r~quiremems arid lack basic '5errices. {a) will enhance rural economies. (ii) Ensure ~'".a1. P.tral farciilies have safe drid:iag water. aimed at assisting rural families to (ii) Mmt vffiagm are poor, and construct and irnpro,·e lh<ir houses: * T.imin!: a.f ~~ii:i-c's S~ Oft D:i~ of ,-'i.pprm;l] of Ulo:" PoJi-g-· t : .• thLs Jl~e:::t.s &,t'ir :::.b1>~- ·o ::r::n ·,Jc. ::i:t:- ?1-c:r::,::,ie J.!) ·.-:-:J: ~...1r,:;.• ·.,..,.;:.,e~~ ros~1b:e ;h.rough rrig2.Le-1 g{1c~:i housin.g. :b ·1 -.La cr-;::Y,'=' errrp1\)yn~:1.~ ar.d m•~·n:rr:es ,hrougb 1he pn=d1..: tw:1 cf ,: Lti; In so:ri:1e- ?J.rts o-f Lhe ::01:; 11c-;y gc-od :!ous:..ng :.s r.ot ,.:1::-us1Jtr<:" 12 lr:-, be~ b.ig~ ;mor<~,·- l:istead. o-i;s,.11IT1.g large he-rd.s of cattte or po'.ygamy is cortSidered to be a sig ::-:: of 'ijl,.•'e':alth. and giv~s one- high s~ial status in sn..:iety. ( iv:: 1:-~ certain. il:eas o.r th~ c-m.: . ...n~· there ar~ cu'.::ural be'..tfs 2nd traditia"-S which dete 1mprn·,·eme':"'.t ~n hou:::: i..11g. '] 4.1.6 Homing De,·clopment Through 'ii C'o-Dp•n:2 th·,e, Approach 42 6.: r n There is m.i:1Lm.J I hous:ng ~rod.x!ion thr-Jugh or~llied group~. ( il) Housing througb ..:-o­ operati,·es has been cons,dered a possible solution to housmg de,-elopment esp-ecial:y for low­ l:D ::.o~ ,:: amen. Attempts in developing boilling L'irough S'3<:h ,o--0peration in Dodoma and in * Timinl Cit il"CtrY11:i:s Su..rt3 Gr, D:Y.e or AJ::1::-rcn..l c,f Lh-:: P:=.--llc:~- ,: c) ~"i U rrorno'.e J.gricuJ[[ u--2.1 prc.-du-::-Lo;:--. 1."'hl crra~e- a1--'·a:~r.-::-~ c-:. :r::1prn-ved housing to ':::J:a.s:;:~. 1 :i} Th::- go•,·err,I":11:'m .o ,:~art:i.er~h1p w1~1. ~Gos and CBOs) ~h:<JI cond:..:.= l -educal:on ca.,y.,p-ai:;:u.s r:::-: educJ:e :he rum I p<:rp-1.1]~t::o r-, l'.H :J--.~ 1-·alue a.nd b~n~fil-s ::if goc-G frJU.$tng 50 r.h::i l tJ:rEy u.nde::---..ale -it-s~o·.::~ir.g ~or L¼e pu rp::ise of using Lh-:::i prr-..;::c-ed::; from r.h:::: s.a le c..-.f ::..!.u.:.e z.n.j a gr::..-ultura! CO:-!Ull'JCilifs ~o irnrro..,·"2" hc,usi.r.g Tire government sh:a.U: f'.} p;,:,mott", suppon aY!;('. eacou:-a g-c the developITl.E'nt of hN.Sn,t through-.: o-crpera~LH's, CB Os. NGOs and bu, ld~og sociec.es. (il} Lnitia~e-rese-Erch to establl5~ ,ea sons for the poor performaoce oi organised groups in hoi:sing production with a view ~o finding out hmv bes1 to surport ar,d assist those LJ!JS. •J-::-, '.he rJe•, e:opm:.1F c-. :t-.::usrn~ ·;-t';t lf::li:',ing sbDuJ,j ..:o-..e;.- t)--.-:­ ~:..i]low~tg· ( :i·; prc:Je::-~ f!1.Ji;::1g~rnent { f:, .'.:i.m:'.y ?'.aor.irig. ( v) EJL-Ci:Ce .1.::.J St'flS.l(i~e Vi.lbge-;5 l1n thi::: n-t-i::-,j t(·, v2.'.1Je .'.:L-~.:'. 1----:. \·e~ t :.-:e•T::' :::--, d·10:t•k hcH.::s1,15 ( i :, F onMtic..,1:1 of :::-..;Gos. CBOs s:t--.J:·. ·x ::-n::-ourag::-C:. :n ar~ -.,..1,.-j·,cre U'le 7.:-o?k ha.....-e Jlrt':Jdy shci--,i.:i. L"l.ti:'.rest o!'" developLng t.~ei r he-using. Such organi$3.tioni .should be ·,rnlunta~-- Tb~y should hav~ their o•.n1 comtitujo;i.s ani:.! procedures of doi:-1g lhelI worz :-,,·GO&'CBOs sr,OU\d basically ,or.cem thems-ol.-es wirh the following:- (•.! to fac:,litai.e and Linp!emem housing pro ie-cts for thei, -c:oITUTAlnity memb-::-rs. UJr e~- S2.~.1am for e,:.arni:'lk imt!ally 'r'r'"Cr~ a success. Howe•,·er, ,r could not be repltcated or rusta',ned due to lack of a ciea, go,·emrnent pols:y on how . holliing co--opera:ive sho~ld operate and lack of a supportive i~[~ntation structur~, wh.icl:i. could ensure acccmnl.'lbility. (iii} Decerrtra.lisa tLOn of co operati rr;(l\".,:-men( L'S an obstade. * Tim.int of :,,,.::.ti"yitie": SUrt5 On. D:!I.C' of A.p-prCi'a'iU of th,:: Polk:.,- i 1 ii} revt~w the itt.Sti r--.. .tt~Ortiiil Kt up for promottng co o~r:1tlve hou.-sing so as to im-·0(1,·i::- rrl(Jre co ope-ntive unions and loca I autborilles . { :.-:) to .110b:'.:s.e re---murces for housu1g de·,do-prnen.t. ( d) ro focili!atc linkage--; wttl-i otf~r organisatior.r..s that deal v,:ith housing. (e) to r:1an.age ava1la1Jk community servii:es. (0 c0nJu~t ttain~ng, selllinars, work.shops e-lc ( i.i} GoveITL'Tlenl lmhrutions concerned sUDuld a.5sist the organ:sa~oru in the followmg:- {a) to educate the peopie on building te-chnoiogies and loc BRU, use o[ different buildings materials. (b J to make buildiJlg plots avai~able m urban are:as. r-..fi..1.1.S lc:1 to rrt2.ke f.ot.LSing nedit faciltt""ie.s 2;vailJbie. ( d) ekmcn!ar)' [IO()k keeping and admini;s'.rMion (t! i family p'.a.r,.Jl.ing. ( n i:-du..::-il li!': and .s.e;;i :s i1,ise ..,,j]lJgers Or! the ni:::ed to ','a lue -1nd invest in rnore durable hous Lng, (ii.i)The govemrr.e-nt shat~ µrnmot~ co~operafrvi;: h.ous.ing development as it has pro·,ed to be 1iabie option for ddi,·er,· ofe0st-effes:\ive and aIT<:m¼ble bousmg '>i\ik creari□g rrii~e-d LJlcome corr .. TTJU.Illlies. The co--0perative i.; mm sh:111: (a:) en-co-ur.age individual member savings for b-owi.ng needs of individual mem\Jers. b) assist members uire land for ho,1.s dev<io merrt. Autbc Comn Comr Comr CDrti.r ~1i.n~ Co--01 [)eve' Colle 4 : t·RBAN i 4.3.l DEYELOP'.\1£'.\T JSSlt:S AJ"iD POLICIES f•hysical Grov,th ! 4 J. 1.1 ii T.:1r.:" 1...,--n::L1r.tro'.k-d expan..c:; ic1.1 n r i] :0-.,,.115 is un<l-... ""S1rable b-ecaus;:- 1 n ~ certain ;)fC:J.S it -::ocrnacht"'-- on i prnJucti,·e n;sal agricultus:i: and 1 pasture tanJ and in..;;ease.s tte- cosLS of~ provision of infrastrJcture *Trmi~ of::,,:u\:i~ S-:u:s Ori D~e of Arr-r-::i·al OJ( Lrx Pc-1.K:; I 1) nie- gove-n:rner.t shJ;; en:;\:rt" Lh.3i: lall"d i~ us.......-..d -::::t'.lc1en:ly anC: "!Teet, ·,c ly (Li) 1 ne plil:.'u::mg r-wc'.'llntry s'.-:..::.L pm a lirrut to mur,i-:ips l ~hys,ca: gro h afo::r -.....IDch de;.·elcprncrn shal'. be ci·.rt!ct~d tu s.~:.e!ii~e TC:'=',ns. : .... - : Z!c.qu:r ,· •.:;):---.I"}J:~ ;::::.nd <l::ld ?r~p=::are pro f~-.::'. ci2°i;i:'. ·r::ieL !·,:,r :-r.e:--i·:,::'."T:-:: he-using Jc:ve-lopmen~. -:::T•'.:'L'Lt.::-i:l~c c;>opi:-rative ~n..1c:p.ation rn L:lc­ de\·e'.c-;i-;:":e nt :::-: f netg'.:.bo~hc-o::h. Ai'. 1:d:::-a.'l b~d us-:c:- pl-ar.-~ :=:.h:i:.\ aim at m::-ire :i•,t..:-n3:..,-~, u:-e ct l:J.r . .J cor.:;i.a:e:d le the e-...:.Dtmg s:tualwr-.. Tr'.ll-:; t:.½ Ln:h-}wlng s~,.:ill ri-~ Gore )=:i foe Ll'.Wt~ L-np le men ta ti•.•n of rhii- ;:11:::-lL•:.::::· 1.(1 S~::iact" :i..:,-,J pla.rJ".:ng st::Lild..J.:-d-::. sba'.1 be re,..·is~d so ::!'i 'G prOTT)(lCt r.:x::-r-e compac•, form of buildmg in .ill urban a:-e-a.s f i1) '•./ertL•:::a: de,:elopment if. W\\":"lS shall !:rt- ~n::-c: 1..!.IageG 2.s Lt r.J..S L.he [ollc-•,i. Ll"1g advantages: {1 "1 T'.i-x:- ~uct:c,o of pf'.J-sical e7~terit \\il'. r:::du.:-e ::..:.\-~ cost -of i.:r.~.tJlling, o~rat:ng md LY:.ainta:ning mfrastn.1::-rurc- fa-:::-ilil;rs i:b) ~-faxi~atLcn of us.e of l3rtd ic) Intra-urban distances 1'·ill be shurter. ( iu) Re-sea;ch s:ia:l. have to he ri;gularly i.:on<l1xted so as to know tae capacity of the to,;,m tn implementing tbs c-o~cept. (iv) ]\foreover re search shall c-e undffi:aken to cktermine the .\Ji::,st Auu'i-.r0; ~ ... ftnis! Regio: Local .\·Lnis \,Cl (J1 ~3.2 R1>r~t - l'rban \ligratinn 4.J 2.1 1 he ratie of urb:1r. popu!at:on g.ro,;..T..h cC l P--O a year re.::o:-ded m·er the l r, -J 938 ;:,ernxl cs so high that urban autll()rities cannc-t cope ',v"ith it in temt3 of ernptoyrnent, 5.e-T"-"'i:::e--s ant; houstng pn:.ivls,on. Township Iloundari e, ~ 4 1 : t ~ \100.::-t urNn aul..h,J;:--.C1es ha',~ tend~C tn !' -r:i.ar.c' th-(' ::ire:is ,n -:Ii... 1 thelr JU:-1s.dinic:r. \:1 o.rckr to euc ]o~~ (;:irg~ pc-pL:Ja{io.1s iJ nd area SCI as t,J JUStd}' c la..sstfi-c:nion into rug~r st.~tus. J:,U pr.)c'lc~ I ere-ales adminis.tra.tt .. ·e confi:cts be™'·e-en urban a1JLhori1jes ar:d v~i]2:ge go\'~rn.m:-nlS of the enclosed '.'LI lage, aver !and nghts f an::l l.a.rtd. US.i:"". ~-for-!:ove.r tbe l cr,gutfed village, atu,ngh (c,-e:, \ are require-d to pay urban tJ.'<1':.S 1 do not beoe flt fr.-Jcn wme ·Jrb.H1 * Timii1g I}~ ~c---·i::~ &am On 03.te -::if .-!i.pp:.:J~i'i1 N i:ht:- Pc-1::c ~ I. j) Enham--~ Lrt:prm- i:,.~nt of li'>LDg con<lltrn.o.s i:1 rural a.r--::as ~o discourag~ moverr.enr. of peopk t:J urban areas, and (11! En.Mn,;:,: the ca1:=,a-:,;1ty 01 '.irban authorities to accor:-;n-:o::iat-e t.7.e incre-a~.e in popLLlatior,. \ J ·1 The g,)Yfffiff .. "t":i,l s':i.'.:!.~~ ensm-~ !..".:'12.l the nt"ed for .adrn.:..nt"-.trati,.·e b-our:clary e:,:..pansi-nr.i shz:l fl~ subst:ir:tta'.t-d s-::-ten1.ifi.:::all) in .a pa.rti:: 1pat•:JC." .rn2(1Iler betiNe-e::i che Lr.rerested p;:in:ies. I . (ii) V~ltages erigu.!fed i~ urban ere as a.." a re-s-ult of the e1.:pas.~ ion ot· I township l:>cXl.rld.2.ries shJ.Li cea.x t~ tt ( -., -m~ges whelli('r or D-'J[ lhty .?ire registered a.n<l tJ:eir aGmmist;atiD.1 ~hall co-zn.e u.."'::der t..he respe,:::tive. frmn 1r:~:J rattt";T. ~•f J~\ ~!t vpr1-~: url-:i3n c1::-~::i i :, F.aci:i1-c1~e irnpro..,. tr..ea! of; 1 i11·) Pr.:L'Tl-Glc, :e;::ali:::.t an.J c~)tJ U"!:0an -1-:-eas. ( 1 ~The Gni.·~:-nrri~n.~ :.:;h.::dl en.<.;ur, :eal tstt-.::J lly .:::h-:-te-nn.lnei.i to nc'.1 LL .. b.J::-:i parpose-s ,~'ilh ad~q-:.;.a'c r we •.n,:.-., ~et.ts ~a~ing en. the fL)t: (a) The re~ lis ttc 1.eed'i o~ addlt; gro\l.t1.., which v,iJl in i..un de mere.~${;: ~n<l e,:onc-rr::.l(' poten ~taM.ing p-::no-d. ( b ·, People/ ,:ult1:E"i:?' an8. rn,:-ine-t: 1:)p:s (lf de~·do;ir.:ent shat: ( of deve!oprmnt of each u.rb, i 4.J:4 Url>,i n Renewal ~ .. .4.1 ( Tnere ':.S "J.nderuh[isatrnn of p:i:-::i-r lands ITT the LLrban a:eas and uncc:-ordinated pl-r:ce-rnea'. I redevel®meDt whicti does nol gc, hand rn h:Jnd ~ith the pm~-'. ~-io; of ser.-· ices a.11J long ie r.:11 dev~lopn::ent scheme.~ c-f L.lTC'.ian !'"" * Ti.ming of ilct°-;'l'·..:i~ S12..tt.!: O!;! D·m• or ,-'.pprc,·,;il of ,,.r~ Pr:~:c~- / 'Jrban lcx::a~ authori-'.")'. Tbe go·~·em.."Tiem shJ 11 i=::ncouragt" opt1ITTJm utilisatJon of fr~ JaN in prime- ,uea.s rmd ensure: c-nmp-rehensi ve 1r:1pkmcnr .. at:::..1::1 c.,f r-'.:'developrr.-ent pl:a:--;s., -..1.--i lhout -comr,rorrnsing L~ 11.terts'.s o.-~ {h,: hv:des of land rights. (-::::: T'.1-;: ;J.nanc;a\ tect-m1cal .,:i~d orgaru· wrbat1 aui~c rtty to manage plirr. ..... ec ar.d to pro,·ide senices '.o all Jrea.1 i:S jurisdicnon. ( d :i Provision offfiQCatiti~s to prnmo~e development of existing rural senl areas so as to pr~pare them for irrt] ,. e)En[orcemenl of implemen1ation of consultaticns 1::-e-t-.veen u~b2:n auth, rurai resider.ts boefore their Tncof?1 ~llnclaries. (f) Rar;onal decision oCjoin\ area -p:.an mu.n.i-:ipaliti~s and di:;rric.t cm: .. oc i l overl-apping urbamsing ar~a-s i: i i}The go-ver.--.:rner;t sh~ll ensure '.'.".2.t v 1.1~a:--I J~ea-:;. c..:~1.se-5- to he ~-1~:ag~s. 1. L) ~~ Govemm~nt "iba!l er..su::-e lha l a ar::::as. p~:-ilt' a~a:; with subs~::md.2rd st1 rede-~·clop::'.d l..:rban rene·-,1,-:1( s'.:2'.: ~-0:~1 de·T·e lop-:ne!',l H". the c,~y or t:J¼:-', c-:::r.tr.:: (~e r.!gh v.a li.:e Q f i.and LQ these .a~e-2s ~= de:r.aird for more of!i.ce accmnnx:iiat.;-1 in th~ centr:i l a..;-e.15 of s.u-:.::h tmi,:-;,.s (ii} Reallocation af redevelopment pie throug'.1 the sys1rn1 of open tender or, proceeds from such sales 1,ill b< pa;d of the prop!rt,es and to.e balance v.-iU , lnadequa:e, u:nrel,able, or iack nC H serv:ces and 1r1.frastrutru;e; \!,,:e--aj [l111rucip.:il i~titut1on.s, poor financi..al S'!r"t·ices and an tnappr o pri.a t e ri'! gt.: l:a ~o~-, framcwmk, in,', tb i ! •or ban proJuctLYlt\ .i:Ti::n:r.,,g of K-trfili-1::--3 S-tirl-'5 On Dt,I:~ M Awru,,...IJ of~ f'oli.c: ir The go·~ errunenl ~baJ I: {iJ eo.s•Jre that ad~qr..ate ~-..er-~· IC'LS, and i.r.frast:iJctu..=--e a.t•:>p:-ovidf'd a:'l.ci propedy rrn:nag.:·d, ( Ll) ~ns• ue ~h:H tb~-rl!'.' L'i a cor.du,: i-.,.·t regula!ory and Enan~· 12:l en,vi,mn.mem t-.:-1 ~n-=o'2.r;.igt i::,.vestnk'.'1r. i. tti) :llso ;:illo1r\ munic-Jp-:1\ a:ulhori he-.~ io wtden ~t-ei::- s-o;Jrce-s of gover..nu:·m to :er over ..:::os.ts. of prov::di.ng lnfrasttucture­ facil I ties and s.ervices in those J~a.s. \lti) J•.)Ln1 ventures sh1i]J be {'n.Ci.Y.Lrlged m retleYtlopTT1em uf :h1Jse a~a.s-. pvJEcon-omtc sne rates shalJ be re"r'ie...,i,.:ed Y.lth a vi~w co prcIT'f.) ~mg t"naKLITTUm uttl1 .. sas1on -Jf land Tm: govcmmer.t shall: (i f E:,.su;e- that (Q1J:r'TIS ha·,e Jdeq :.12.t::' serv·,c-e-s iiJr::l good i:1~n.s.tr1.-i.ctw:e rnar..agernent {ii) En-:::-J-l1.r2..g~ pc:iblic ~ pr.1r·Jte piJxi.ership ap~ro.acj 1:, j,c,,.-~!opm:e.nr and ::""::'2nJgt'rneni ; d~ u15-Jstruc:U;,:::; i. it'.:, R-:"'. ·~·:e'-' the rt:gulal-:J\:.' anJ fl.D.Jr:,.: t2. l fr:~ . ..rnc", ... -c,rks .,,,. :Lb. a ,,ie-..v tc, rn.ak1:1g th~m mo-::-e- .:::onduo\·e, rtv~nu~; and f ;..-} Broad~n ~an aufoontii:s.' 12:x :olk-::::ion b;:ise, ~tv} provEde -Sltpp-orttve (~) ?ri·~·acise se-r~·i:::-e-s whtch :he !:'ublt,:: sei:wr :-:.as t..ee;:1, :JJ1,,1fJte en't'irc:--irner.t for the de '-'do p-Y.r;;":'.lat •Jt :o p::-onde; rruct"o ei.::onor:ru--:-"'irJoITTI.,Jl se-,.::tor ac:tiviti.es and u::-bZJ~ facirig i,.l-1 En:::ouQge p(~'t'at~ rn\·,:-stors l".1 L~e f-".'Omotion nfur'.:i.a.~ ffC•POCTH•:: de\ e loprnent: -i! 11C ('• ~i) E:-..sur--t that sulLa'b~e lanC. L; 2.,::-.:rr:~-d for r:11-;:: rn~cc1rP::-rr.:1c a::tt\1t,;e5 anC mb.an fam~rig . M A L S, l. C 0 T A T T 1 I 4.3 ,6 L:rban Transport 4.3.6.l Tu "'is:ing urban tran.spor1 system is inelTLcient, in part, be,;;ause Of L\e increased car o"'neruiip witl1Dut corresponding '.1lad capacity aoo po-or tralTL,: ::.1.ar.-Jgement. Toe govemmen, shall faci!ita1e the establLslunrnt and operation of swift, safe, and efEciem tran.,ym ,systems in urban areas. ~T'~of~i:tiesStuu The go,·crnrxm shalL I:) en.c-ou..:age part1c ipat.ion o-f pri-.,,.·2;te inve-s~ors m urban transport; Mir.istr;,· of Corra and Trans?Dr1; L, Au,h-orities; ( ii.! promote mass tTTI .. r.i::::i::-.ort.: Tamanl.2i Ln::·en::-,o: L-0cal Amr.oritiei { tii) .st:englhe-n and enfor-:::e c-ans p-or:: and traffic managerr..ern \~inist:ry of Hom meamres: Local Author.tie, ( i,,.) tb.rnugh local authorities tncre-ase ro21d carry mg c:apac:ry and provide adequa le park mg facil,tie,. (•,:) C:rt ... E1 plarL'111ig me-chanJ5TI\S sh.all put more ~m:phasts 0:1 Loe devdopner. I Of Se If SUS t.ain,.-d ne ig hb cmrho ads in ord e C to ri!'du::-t tratTtc in ;:::er.tt.2.i areas of w·.,,.·11.s and CL hes; ao<l (vi) A!temative means ofurb.an transport will b-e rese,mbed upon ~'!th a ,·ir:-w to r-elie,·e congestion.. ( ,'ii) Institute tralTLc management measures and increase road i:a)Jllcity where feasible. Altematin park.ing foe ilities ,;ill !:,,, :xplor,d: and (,·iii) Facditate mtroduction of alternat:iw me:rns of urban transport Mrnistry of\V orl AuthonDes. Mmi.str)· of Land Authontie~-- Lo-cal Ai::thoritie· C-0 rnmuruc a non Local ,'\U(C<Jritiec C oITllJJ.u.nicalion Local Authoritie Comrrru □ i c.a t ion Transport; Minc, Oo ~of~ or <he Pol,:i ID \Cl 4.J.7.l Al thoo gh u:rbl!ll a:griculo.rre tis cons i <krc d an important co~t in ,u,;tairu.b.e utbao developrn::rr~ impn:Jperly pm:ti"" d url,,m agricu I ture conflicts ,,,;11, other u:rban land u"' s and I eads to land degn.d a lion, wa tM po! I uti<m, a rui i.s • threat ro noalth a.nd safety of Lrrhon re.icknts. 43.8 Municipal Finance • 4 3.8, l Crbiln authorities are facing financial problems thu, hrI'illr,g ~~eir C'apacity 10 serve their [ mhabirants be<::ause of: * T:r.1in~ of a::.:C1Yitb~ 5[.;'lm Oil 031::-of .Apprc:·.·2!-:1fdit' '?t:l'.C')' Tho gcr.=t-sha'll'. (i) designate .special areas within :planning areas whereby peopk wiU ··be granted 'bgal rights to engage themsek·es en agricultural activities. (ii) continue to regulate.and r=arch on L'>e conduct of urbao agricu ltu:re and ,.iJI e= that it doe, no1 disrupt plaMe-d urban development. (iii) re,~ew eruting Laws rn facilitate planned urb:m agrk:ulture; (iv) facllitate the canstructmn of appropriate infrastroctur-e to mitigateipre,·ent land degradation, water pollution, and health and safety hazards ,n areas whereby agriculru,e is pennitletl, TI-:e govenunent s1""-~11: 1 f q ensure tha! ;a It ffLanda::ed local I , □xes are collec(ed and al! untapped sources of re1,·c:rme ar~ utilised b-...• The g""emmen! sru.11: (i) =op,•"' urban agriculture as par' e,:tivitics md land wrs; (ii) cornrnission a res~arch Dn the c01 agrtcu.ltu:re in-planning ·areas; (ii,) Review rules and by-law,, ½1,ich e.g. Govermr~nt:, once No. 10 of 19' Building Rules, Cap. I 01 , and Ii") The planning duthornies shall de, areas for .a&,cultu~l ac tivLt"ies. The govemrMnt srual I: ( i) broaden the tax base >-' 0 0 1 a} imbiliry ~o :ap p:JterH 1a '. ~ource-s af re:Ye-:.ue an.d. lad: n~· pclttical slipport. ( b) O·,er-depe::-i.de-n-:':' D:--t Cf'ntn I go1,'e!Tl..rnent -subvemion.s cames prob !ems in budge ting c-o~..si&ring ~'.1.at the-re !S a tir.i.e d1:Iere.n::e be·:·, .. 1,.-e:::n. the central govem..~:1.t budget cy::le. ,,i.foch ,tarts in July, ar.d the i-xal gove-m~ □~ cyc!e. which 5-!Jrt~ i..D January of -2ach year (c) Cnre:.1listi.c cn~e-ria ie: cre;:;;t;on or·L•rba.n au,J~;(H'.tJ.-e.::; ; id) Lack of capac•.r:,: to c:Yl lc, ·t • and rt,.ar1-a~e r~~·enue 0 - - ; 1 e) Lack o t leru:1 in~ 1~-.;r1-:---...:.t)rJ r .. -:; L.""?-C:al .-'\.uihor:rie-; ;r: or,.3IT ~n r~duce over- dependence or1-::c:1itr.:il gm-'emmen( subvenriooi; (ii) create nev•,· ltJ;::Jl a•,,thD:-JLl::::~. based on the foliowu,g three prir,cipies: (a) Ca.sh . - ,\bd~r :,· to m~er <t:.; e~:penY:'s. b I CoD..sent - Jr " derrcmded b:, rc.s idents c.f l~:J.t ;:irra. -(-:::J Cu~ete-r.:ce - Ir \!.'ill ha\'~ t~ required sbff 1.c, :-u~. it-.. Jett vijes. (LLJ) facilttate the "."':,LJ.'::-,lLSr.Ifk'nc ,:if lending msti r-uticr~ for u.r+.2n '<lenlopme,11. for urban deeiopn'.en.c (LV) esta:-iii:=;h .a:--, eq: .. nlis:i'.l•rln : 1 .. L--:.C ( O Lact. of inte---r:,,a 1 Le!lt:o 1 ar.d l-:J substdtse po-o: -::our.ci'.':'.-. a0:ou:;--.;I.a':::1d..1ty )e-ac~!rl:;" tc:, m:s...:...-=-e , •:"v) ~;1 c;ur~ thJt rEs·.de:1.ts d'.tJ :'.".i:::::r c,f funds.. lo-::.:al leader.s. are m.aU.: a·,-.,::i:e cf * TirrMi,!: of A-tr.1Ll~ &am. 0c. D;H.e or App.:-o~--.a.J or tb::- P1:l1 ... ;- their res-pon..sibilitl to pi7y r::i.~.e::­ art<:l user ,.: harges. ( vi) institute a dearer formu'.a f.:..::,r anocahng sub~·:;-nlior.s lG '.c-..-:·~ l auth.oril;e~ .. (vii) Urban A~thcrities sboll c-e required w tra:TI or re>:~Lt corr..p2ten! professional st:aff to coUe;:t .and monitor the collection of taxes and use it in aiccordan-:e ~nth laid do-',~11 fmanoal regulat,ons. ,: i:) a.ss,~t lo-cal .a-:..u:tr~ties I·J Lr:.1::-:. ;:in prcifr--ssl-Jr.:al sLl.ff le- coll-:ac\ a2~ mo-~i Jnd u..se i~ ir, ::.c.:o:d8 nee wttb '.11C do', (itJ er;. .. rnr::: :J--.1--ql "i:111 manJ;:vej tJ\ re\';;'. ;ir0~er1 y IJ~l l'.~,fc. :", f ''.'.T;we- th~l al'. urbJ ri ~(::---·, 1c:::::~ ;:m:· J c: f :b::-:,:;::::- s~r, i,:-;:-s s t:c1.d.j p:::-- fo:- Llli;:-m use ~ ~ resiC-::::-r.t1~ i. -:::orr..1-.:,e:-:: !G. l, ,nd:..:: •:. vi': e::isu::-e- rh:J.r r-ei ! i:t-.:1Jm p.:.rL;: tpak t~e ::-oile,:::-:tor.: or lo-...::·a: n:x.~. ( v:i :- t1r:u:c rhc:.l ,i,:::-·.,:,.,· L0.::1: :-\u::~.,x:t:e v.-t.f r. :l'.t-y r:7-::'~! r':--.1.:::' i~..r-ee- pri~1~·q:i It'~: fa) Cash~ A:n;1~y lo rn-~c( il: ex ((1 Cor.---~t~n-:e ~ It ,,,,r;;] ba',·e th, aCi'.ltl-=:"S. >---- 0 >---' 11 I 4.3.9 PabHc Optn Spu<":I. Other Recreational Areas 2nd i Hazardous Lands I I 4.J.9.1 Ii) Th:v~lopers -;;i,it.l-i.m1t planning peITTIL<Ston w,·a&- public open spac-:::s, olher re,-::-r~tiona:1 are-as and hazardous and fragile areas. (iii :-.io,t puhlic open ,paces and oiher ri:x:reattonal areas. Jre left undevelop<d. {»oi Some UJban arel-' are derelic'. ar,,c are undergoing urban decay. *Tirnini -l.-..f a,c,:r,-·,o~-~ Sans G-n Dm of ,W'0"'1I of tlie Pc:dic:1 The governn:.ent sh.all ertSl..![C- r:'1.2.t: ii) Pub~ic opi:r. spa.c-~s. othc-r recre-a:tion.al areas and hnad1T.LS are-as are prntei:t~d from tncroodunem .and are LL'iN fur t.heLr inte~ded purpc~esc ( ii} local a·Jthorit,es, CBOs, ~;,yy; and private:'pu~!ic iruri';"'...Lttc:1..1 develop public opec sp.ces and other re.;:re-aciona I 3-re-a -s for ~1b; ic u.se (iii) 1'0 btk is offerec to peDple who Ln"1Xie Lrtto hazardous, open Sf)8Ces or other protected areas. (iv) Derelict lands are reclaimed and u.sed for a;,prnpriare land-uses. 1 (vii i.i fi::cd~talt' E"S-tab I tshme:1t of nrun:c1 provtde b-Jrro\ving fac il11ies. for Jo,..::al ix} establish Sp,xial Fu~ to ass,s t i~ ?oorer councils (;,;, ) n~ Local AuU~ri ty Pro-.,.ident Fun Govemme:1.t Loam Board ',vi U b-e asst~ pro1ldrng f;[l.;an,:::r.5- for Lrnp!errter:L!rig p deve'.o~nt of Ln.ITTsr.J.cture Jn.J CH he ! authoricics. ( L) e-n.sur~ thal all sires thai .a~c 'i,:O( .is 1d, and ot:1er pub Ii,.:- uses are prnte.:-k'C. are wed for L1-t' i:- int-::nc!.ed pu. .i:-ose ( ,i) mrwy all pub I ic open spaces a~d r a;] c,-::-::ne th em to a pprop-r i ;:i te iJ u tho required to de 1,-e!op and lll:3inrain t it) pro~e,;:t .all -er.:Yirnnrr...e-r.t.a]y fragi'.t SUltab!c for nom"..21 fomts of iJrhari. require cons.er/ation.. 4.:uo Em·fronmeat ~' ~!an,gement ~ o,J. !O. ·; I 1. L} :\-1ar.i~emtnl of sohd iln('. ~- i.,:iuid w?ste::; in ITX',s~ urha:1 a':ea..5- -1 ·;s pou:- r~itlng in e:-1.vLio.r:.[;',e::1.t~il ~ de1.m01a<.ion. j' (il) Tr.~ ~ncreasLJl g IJlUTiheT ~1f mo!or ~·ehicle-s most of ,.,..tu..:b lie' ;~ 3. ~-oor .state of repalf are causmg substantial poEunoD oC au \!,1Lh o.ox.iou.s gases a..-::d l,::Qd 1 from gasoltm: fueL AdtltUo;-1..Q.lly. i rhere are !united co~trols or:; I mdiJS-::rial and ocl:rer gaseous enu~swn.s thal alw ::anrribuL::.· to urba r. pollution. (1i1 i There i::, incre:J:..":.in g eri.croach.ment on fr8g1le and ! h.azar,:!ous. lands 1 river valleys. steep slop-es. aoo nurshlac.ds:, Such de,·do~i.Lt.s cor.tribu le i-:, bnd degraciahon.. po11ut:on ~c1d ot:ler f1xrns ,Jf en'r"Lrnrl.J:'nental des"J11cti0n.. 1 n, ·1 Dq::~r:denc-::: or, Lhe use o:' f...:.e'.-',', ciN 2.;,C cbar..:::oc'.l a~ lht.· ffi.3.l~ :11JlUCt'S Or ent:'rgy ~r, huTU.aI; seu.Je:rnenrs contributes to deplctwn of forests. and consE:quent environmental deterioration and pollution; and *T::rnin~ c,f a-:t1~·i~ SLL·L.s c,, D;v.e of Awo'ral or t.-.....:- Po'.K:~ '. 11 e-r.:su:-e thJ . .t h'JTTIJr". s.et::l~rr~nts ,:;re k~pt -:: lean ari.d L'li.e ·r.eJH .. h of r.es;::ients is ;-;;0t .en-d::mgcre:f.! by r:-0'.'.utio~ effe,:t, cf solid ,.nd l;~u;c i ii.i s-::·t etr ... ·i:--c,orr.ret11ai qua:,;~; srnn-dards of gaseoili enus.sion-::. frnm mdu-s.tri~s.. vehicles etc; and :~t;').:1e 2; mec.har;i.sm f.1J-r r,;,:,rutonr.g atr poll1..:t1on levels: •~ llt:, ~r.c:ou.rilg-=: tht LLc:.e of alt-:::rr::ati·~·e. afforda1:ile- arid appr-:.=ipr.ate source-:::; oC t:CTergy, ( L,,.") ".'~:~.:::ou.r:a~c!t 8 nd p.rumc-k' alTc:-restatiun: anJ t '·· ·: cpa.rr}'ing is p;ob;bited Lr, ri •;e::­ .-·;:i I leys i:1 ".1rb:'ir-. ar-~as -: Lt n,.:: Goi.·,;rnrn::-:-:l s[:..:dl CT:.511.:-(" tha; L -.:: kart 1-:-tU lhe pc I lutJO!l efTe;: ts of' re lhe he...alJ· of the- re~.de:nLi:.. ; tt·: Lrban au:hon::-ies s:1::::!11 have tc• ;n;;i v,-a-ste is prv-;i":?Tly col!e,:.::!ed f.-om al ( 1 i LI Regulaoon !"m the ,:..:nUection, trar of all ha.zardou-s mdu..si::rtal re:fi. :.-se s1 fr1-m1·u)ati;d by Lhe- governme!:lt and ::.tr~ngt':i.e::1ed. DLsposaJ c.f non•hazi "''T,C'0mag~d thrnugh appropnat~ ir: (;..,·'1 The p;i.• . .:--i:c s.e::to::- 111C kl('..al co-rru tm,.<~,ed :n d-.~ •=ci;k::-t\ 12'CT a..-1d dis­ t1:-,-,•:1Vi J:7.d in. : leatu .. ~g local comr! t•, J f~es \\·:11 be le-·~··.~d lC; solid -,,,:ast:: ~e:-i..-ic~ (Y(:• .. ~.JI :.iYJOI ·..:...rban areas sba\l strt 1;e sy::r.e~ but mos~ L"TI.por...anL\ l~ re liable ,,,,:ate: s·J'J.r...:es to ~et de­ I "I· 1 i) L"rbJn. :2o·~·e-rrLITxnl-s shall gj•.-e p1 ','.:!cuu.rn :n::::..:.s. for a l:r--er.er en1..· latri r -('S shall Ct{' dt~·::-ol:ragc<l. f v iii t s.e,,...er users .shall be ..:harged ac oper31ion c::ists of s.ewcrage sySJ 21 ~; : ·,-·, L"r1~Lhc-r1sed 1Tu.n~rig l es.p~1a I}:..· q~;] ... 'Tying of s·J n-:...i In ~ ;-i-,,. er ~ J:lt:- ys is h.a.z:ird<HL<: !C !he I er;', 'm~=s< I I! ,1 I I , I 4 4 INSTITlTIO'.•AL A'.\l) I ! LEGAL FRAMEWORK • Ii! 4.4. l Issues, I' i l5 uc cess ful implement,1 ion of mis , Human Sememe nLs De velopmem , Policy will deper.d on the e.~iste!lCe of coadud ve * l.rrung of a-...--nT [110 Sl:2:~LS Or: ~ Jf .~m·;al (If th~ PL~ic"! Th<: governr.iem ,ruill: (i) in collaboration with the Local Authoribes b.e respon, ,ble for ~h.:dl oe obliged !0 un.dertake E:1vir( .!..s..:;e:;smcnt 5::ud0;"s be-fore tnst~ 1 lari cur.i-'1~ricen~n.l { ;•..:."i IndusLrt.al developers shnll ruJ ~-e to tr 1c>r·t-..erher '.tqULd -:Jt gase-0--:15 ~o a-:..--ce-p-t disd1argU1g [hem Lntc- drains, natura atTmsphroc. ( :,;:j) C:lntrois shall be in:f)osN on v~h.iC7 to ltmi( air pollution T:1e Govemn ef!vimnme-otal qualtt., stJnJards of gas...:-c-tE ::m.,;-:;.sions. an.G v-ehicular e~ (xii) The publv.: and pri ~·ate ~cwrs sh:al: cor:-"..bating and redlh:: ing en.viron...'11f \xii 1 ) ·~ gi::-i-•--e-mmenl. sh.Jll prorn-ote cor envi.::-om--::entall-.,.· frng1 k Ja t1ds s·Jd t-::-i su.suin :itn~dt'--e-rsity. ( ...-.:1,..·) 5~0'.i.t ','r·Jsr-:::-s 5h3!I be dts.int~ grJ.ied ~1:-:r0-::H:·d O l~ <!-=co-n:h,-:.g to lj.s n:.ati.ir rn rf.e e1i·;: rors'!"1::'nl. ( x'.· ·'.- SD~ id ,,,.~~t~s shall b,; , re-c:--·cJed for e1 \\3Y of;:irond:r.g e:--e-c~icit)-·. (il The govem,nent shall reView Acts No 1 47 of !967, and Cap. 378 of 1956 in ord; and pr,pare lns~tutional Franicwork for , LD.Sti:utional and legal frarnt'•''Ork !or its ~mp~emenL1t1oa a.rxl availabUity of a<leqt1ate re,crJn:es aod -.:apacity a{ all levels of implementation. Ii 'kill alro require co-operation and co­ onilnalion of all a,;; tors and stakeholders involved and rnterested in human "-'t11ements de ,·elopment. Prior to the enactment of the Decemralisatic•n Ac~ in 1972, there '.Vas onJy one instiru!.ion which was respo"-Siti)e for hum,J1 settlemen:s deveic,pmem espe;: ially town planning at all levels of opera1ion. The abolition of uxal 1· Authorities in 1972 anc their subsequent reinsw1cmE'nt i~ 1978 , (for urban councils) and in : 932 ( for rural district councils) l,ed r.o a multiplicity of ;,ctors in huma." settle men LS developmenl. Some oe the effec(S of ha1·ing a multlplicity of actors and overlapping roles aoo resp,msib i Lit ie s ruw e been tlle following: (allt has given room to m;,lpractices especially in l~n<l allocation and tow11 plamting !Jee , unauthorised changes of use, uw~iorLS of open ~es and land allocated for communi1y f;,cuitie.s (e.g. schools and health facilities); *li.minJ o.f ;i!Cthilie\ Starn. On D-l.tr! c-f ,Ai,p-p-ro-,.--al or rbt P-.::ilk ~ ITKlbilis ing r~sources from / potential de"elopers for firuncing I rhe pro'i-'ision and rnaffite;, 2;nce o:~ ,,, rDusing. t:-er~·ices and i nfrn s-truc tu r .i:-. I (ii) review ~xisti n~ la \1,.s in order (o 1· remove t.IB..·ooststen-:;re:s; (iii} prepa:e n ne\V Tov .. u and : Counr:i: Plar.:m~ti! Law; I Lv) st!'e--Jr.:Jif:{' the LIL.o:;'.1tJLon.al arranger.tent for human settle~n-::s development LO j order to ~~Ulan-::~ accc-Hn~b ility and etriciency a~d shall further ensure that the roles of t:ie 1 defined. ' different acwrs :J.re d.~-a.:-l;· • 1 bUJ:\ari S-e~Jemer.t.5 dev-::!or rnent, spel! nf e-a-.::t.. J-.:to:- as fol~o,...,·~: ( I) Minist0 Responsible for l D,,·~lopm,nl: ( J ·1 to dete-TI1J.:;r.e. p;ep;:ire. m perfoITT..anc::- or the na.uc de•,-elO?rr,ent p'.:!licy 2ind -.:;r.-:itegy ,; b l To fa-cd[(att' a :::y-sr!'rn.a/t( :ncreas.e in the Datwnal .a I loc; to human sertlerr,ents develo1 ( C::· le ir.it1ate t~ establisQ"'Tte frar.:-c:-.,...,.ork l:Jr i~u~n sett:cn 1 d) to b-;:- rL--sponsibk feir ovt1 ordrnat':n.g J::fr·.-itres of n;:iti-J~ foctiit:Jting rnsurutions e.g. :-,.; Corporatioo, NG Os, e1c. t e) to morutor national. and ~ of sheller deli very. ( O to p.:-omote ger.der is.su.es developmen:. ( g) to ac:::-our.t to P-a-dian)('n( ' the human :settlements se:::-to~ enic iency paramet{';s (2) Local ;'.uthorit!es, (a) !o de,·dop capacity ;n 01 n-e--ce-s..sary strr·L[es ; '.:1 12,c;:ci:Jnta~1lli[}' has be-eri tJlt~JS.X espe,.;:ally where (e.g. "" Ge\=dnp.'11.em cor.itrol and tht· pro,.. i...siOD and maintenance ot urwn iofra.strucruce mj serv 1-ee-s.1 a.rxl ·.,i,'h-en problems ,rise, and ( ii/The -currern insti~utiorial arrangement for human !ettlCTr..ems de1r·e!op~m. plaruiing ar.d ma.~agerneru is fragmented. irrconsiste~t arid characterised b:,· o,·erlapping au~horilies. roles arid l i.nes of a-::c1.YJntability. For e.,;2;mp'.e, Sec,ion 59 (e·, of lotal GGi.·tr.r:.-er.t (l'rba:1 Au~1oriUes} Ace No. 8 gi ~-e-s ?J-.i.·ers 10 Local A U1h{1riLies to prepare deuilec pian.n:ng s-c t.en:::.es and submit them io L'le \l ,nis1er re,;x,ns1ble for Loc 2.l Gov~rn.,-nen~ fc.r appro·,al On the OUler hand, Sec~:c<cs l 9 and 31 of 'Ji.\: Town and Coun:ry Plo.n.,ing Ordi=e Cap. 3 78 of I 956 empowers L~e ~linistec resp,;.1ns~ble for to1.1,·n planning to :su~T'iise and approve d~I i31led plan.rung scher:".es subm·,,,ed w him by Pl.arming A"!lt.ho:-itles. Se-.;:ion 6 of the Land AcqL1isl1;,,~ Act. :--;o. 4, of T Timing :::-f a.ru-.,~~ SLa.H3 o.. DJ.re ~1r . .!i,r,::,ro,,.-al of the PoYic; lb'i tc- create 2.nd allocate '.:1nd f deve[Dpmel'.t i.'c) tG- pro-;.·)Ce and maintaLn i;:if: mtended to t)pen up Ja11d fo de-.,.·t lopmtr.t U'. col libo;3 ric de·,, lope cs. ,; d) !o e::iCor:-t" ~nlcnents d::-vei srao~rc!.s and :-egull~ous ::-~ ( e) !o plan fer de veiopmerH t :;-,~ are::rs unCr-1 t~i:;'.:r J u.risdt::-Lu {C- :o set ~p .1.fl.C. nti3~Jge upg~2, se-r\'l•:::es ::::--c:htm~ n c-:::.1ll2ib-o­ co-mtln]nit:~s ar:-0 -::-~GOs. i g) to pro\ ide cnmrrmnity am foci lities :n (e-s1de;i.Lial are--.a I h) ~o con.srr-..1:,=~ ;e'-'- ,crx:;t hollii: at ecooom:.c ::-""!3.k's :ar.d re:nts. ( L) 10 mc-btli St' re":>:Jurces. frnm hurr.an. settlef;l(:'nts devefopr l}I Jo G,cilstate the for:mtion a1 and CBOs engaged w hon de\·elopmeot (3) Pris ate S<elor Developers, { c.J to parti·.:ipate ITT the i.:-or.5lr.Jc Lto:7 c.ateg,Jri~ of Lh-e pupulalton eiU:, l % 7 e mp owe rs lb.e M mi, ter nsponsihle for land, to gi:ve noti~ ~o lando,...T.ers if thtir land is required for public mteresl and advcse the President accordingly. Lilcew,se Se,::(ior, 60 of Tu Loca: Governmen:t Act. No. 8 of 1982 give-; powers to the Mini1ter responsible for Loc-ai Govcrnment rn acquire land O[ reco=end to the Presiden: for that land to be acquired m the p-Jblic interest. fli.J)Th~ -po;"tio1io of hou~ing '.'ta~ a~~ b-een ~ovITTg frnm -0t1e r\-·:Enisrry to another, rr~-a~rng i~ difficult lo ca...•-ry O';lt f~ ~£tioc,s etTectlYely. (iv) Furtherrnore, the roles of the puhl,c and private s,cc(ors have not be<"n clearly defrned over fue last 30 years. L~ some cases, the Mi1ustr:,· of Lands has performed detailed planning functions which should haye been dooe by lo-cal authorities fuus denying r.he \foistry opportunity (o s~per.-ise and check S<lCh work or play an impartial role of an arbitrator in case of conflicL (v) Moreover, Local Go,·emments ha ,·e not been ab le to mobilise resources from the deYe lope rs for scrvx:e provision in o.ll ¼ TtmJoi of oetivitie:, Stut> 0n = or Approw of me P"1.c:,· I b) to porticipa te in IT\211\lll< ru ma'.erials in the housing ccms• (c)to participate in infras~ settk-ments. (d} 10 positively encourage· ro to improve fueir [i,·;ng en,uc •partJcij)ation in projects. (e} to enc-.ourage and enter tn.1 pt!blic and pnv:':!re s.ector ln h de,·eloprnent programmes. ( 4) Finand;.] Institution,: (a) establish rnech.an.ism f:n.ance to assist priv in hu..rnau ~ttlemen!. (b) pro.-·ide mort~aga fu development md ll,:i, ( d) encouroge in,-estme ( 5) 1' oo Gonr lllJlM1 ta! Org o.nJ Community B•~ 0rgoni! SGOs and CBOs shalL (a) Adopt a communir) implementing hllII1l projects. e.g publi, in the prov is ion of ~ resid~tial a~s. It is r-e-<:ogrns..ed al~ 0\-"er m~ \','OTM 6a( the pm:es, of hcenan ,etl,emet1t:; develor.~nt is v~ry much a local go-ve-rnmerH mattn. The rok of lo--c.al aut..'ii.ori ti~s i.r: rr;.aMiog rh,e p;a1rision of ~hdrc--r and eW:ntcal ser,ice-s to an seiments of~" p0pulaMn ,·, of p.arani.ount :mport:ar.t-".:e, ( 1~i} Given ttrnit~d st~(e re-.source-s , 1.he mobdis..ation of pri··,,-ar-: resourc,s ar,d pub I,, pariictpation lJl human settle~nr:s. de..,.·e-lop.m-ent .are now c~nt:ral ~sr,,:-cts. of i so,·emment appm•ch to human =.iements de,·elc,pm,e,it. The 1mp!ementunon cf Lif5 p-oh:y wiTI depe □ d w a large extcc,t on i.ndivH)u-3] dTorts. Pecrpk v.-iJl 1 b, able to c. ontnbuie bener if l' they are moailised and organised. NG0s •nd CBOs will h,,·e a hig role (o play in I llarnesaing indl\·idual resources for human settlements de,·elopment. *Ti.min& of llct:i"ticti-e. Stl1"t:i 0 n Dir< of ;,, pprcw.J of the PollC'· ( t:) en-cnuri'."1ge corrn of !r.Ji, idua ls rr (c :, wcqu(re-:.:omnoi bne f.5 for memb td) As.si:-::t me-mb,;.,r.s deYelupmen:. ( f) 1o ma'tdtsc resc pr01-e-c-ts. (g :, t0 orgu.11 :s e 3cm S'.'TTternents d-n : h·1 ~o orgar.;.5e tti:ltl :c.e-ttlcnt~nts de--·, ,: t': esU bl, sh pcnpc ~)"S(t"lll:S. ( & ) The Parast a1~1 Sertor: t ~i:i e-nga~e ihe-rr--....se ta1lored :,.Ouse~ flat< or bungal, (b) undcmke cng building comca. (c'i engage 11= materi:2:l.s. for ~ ov,:-n use~ and *,..... of ICllrilia Smrta Oo 0.. °' Aw,:ml of tie Pol"}' { d) manage a umited block:! of flats, wl nationalintercrt. (7) Bolldllll ~ Unt The Building Research U t Execum·e ~ in the t &ectcr, which will &:SS isl it in both umn andrunl m will offer the following lie {a) Cond\lC t research ooum,gproblemi (bl eury out • aw ti" pnctic.al solutioos facing the pe,ipk. (c) Offer COMUtt:ant, andc,,mtructioo. ( d) Co llaborm with Studies and Build iru.ti tutions en co (8) Tl>e laltttute of Bc,m ReM-an:h Ulllt of 1M Archlltthlnl -stl>dia This irutilll lion will c<mtimie w !I'll ining,, rtteareh, e-0nrultecy' di=mmation in the fields of h< main o!,jectiveo arc to: ... 0 -IO ( a)Co Dduct reeearc:h ill the field Ill support for 11'1 trami.ng pr, <mking, ~ ,md imples (b}Provid,e COl!Sllltaocy servi.:e! buildlng to public md priva1 { e )l'rovid,: ~ lo m.iddk 1.1 womng in hoo!.ing. b<illdini (d)Provioe !be public at Jarg<: d &<:n'~ Cl!! housing, bw1ding (e)Orgmi,c ~. =i,, bouria&, building and urbeJl (9) M te.lstry of F°"""' Aff Co-open:tiell: Foci \fu.tc in!crnatio=I c exchanging of ,experien< on human settlement! & ioaa of the policy.