National Climate Change Response Strategy (2021-2026)

1.1 Background.............................................................................................................1

1.2 Country profile........................................................................................................1

1.2.1 Location and Physiography.................................................................................1

1.2.2 Climate. ...............................................................................................................2

1.2.3 The Economy.......................................................................................................3 1.4 Objectives of the National Climate Change Response Strategy 2021-2026. ........6 1.5 Preparation of the National Climate Change Response Strategy 2021-2026.........6 CHAPTER TWO: SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS. ......................................................................8 2.1 Policy, Legal, Institutional Framework and Multilateral Environmental Agreements. ........................................................................................................8

2.1.1 Policy Framework. ..............................................................................................8

2.1.2 Legal Framework...............................................................................................12

2.1.3 National Development Frameworks, Plans and Strategies................................17

2.1.4 Multilateral Environmental Agreements. ..........................................................23

2.2 Climate Change, Impacts and Vulnerability in Tanzania. ....................................27

2.2.1 Climate Trends and Future Scenarios................................................................27

2.2.2 Sector Climate Change Impacts and Vulnerability............................................37

2.3 Cross-Cutting Issues.............................................................................................62

2.3.1 Climate Financing. ............................................................................................62

2.3.2 Capacity Building..............................................................................................65

2.3.3 Research and Systematic Observation...............................................................66

2.3.4 Technology Development and Transfer.............................................................66

2.3.5 Communication, Education and Awareness. .....................................................67

2.3.6 Gender Mainstreaming......................................................................................68

2.3.7 Financial Sector.................................................................................................69

2.3.8 Public Private Partnerships for Climate Change Financing. .............................70 ii National Climate Change Response Strategy 2021-2026 CHAPTER THREE: STRATEGIC INTERVENTIONS AND ACTION PLAN. ....................72

3.2 Climate Change Adaptation..............................................................................73

3.3 Climate Change Mitigation. .................................................................................95

3.4 Cross-Cutting Issues...........................................................................................106 CHAPTER FOUR: IMPLEMENTATION ARRANGEMENT.............................................. 115

4.1 Institutional Arrangement................................................................................... 115

4.2 Coordination....................................................................................................... 117

4.3 Information and Communication Arrangement.................................................. 118

4.4 Reporting Arrangements..................................................................................... 119

4.5 Resource Mobilization........................................................................................120

4.6 Monitoring and Evaluation (M&E) Arrangement..............................................121 REFERENCES.......................................................................................................................123 National Climate Change Response Strategy 2021-2026 iii LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1 : The Map of the United Republic of Tanzania showing Administrative Boundaries. .............. 2 Figure 2 : Trend of annual average rainfall anomaly for Tanzania in the past 50 years ......................... 28 Figure 3 : Maps of the rainfall variations from 2016 to 2019 ................................................................. 29 Figure 4 : Monthly rainfall distribution showing percentage of long-term average for January – June 2019 ......................................................................................................................................................... 30 Figure 5 : Monthly rainfall distribution with percentage of long-term average for July–December, 2019 . ................................................................................................................................................................ 31 Figure 6 : Projected percentage change in mean annual rainfall by 2050 and mean annual rainfall by 2100 ......................................................................................................................................................... 33 Figure 7 : Trend of Annual Mean Temperature anomaly for Tanzania for 1970 – 2020 ........................ 34 Figure 8 : Trend of Annual Maximum Temperature anomaly for Tanzania for 1970 – 2020 ................ 34 Figure 9 : Trend of Annual Maximum Temperature anomaly for Tanzania for 2070 – 2020 ................ 35 Figure 10 : Projected change in mean annual temperature by 2050 and mean annual temperature by 2100 ......................................................................................................................................................... 36 Figure 11 : Future projections for monthly daily maximum temperature for 2040- 2060 for Zanzibar ….. ........................................................................................................................................................... 37 Figure 12 : Deforestation map of Tanzania, 2002-2013 .......................................................................... 44 Figure 13 : Hotspot areas for Tanzania with different levels of land degradation 1980 - 2012 .............. 45 Figure 14 : Rainfall trends and minimum water levels at Mtera Dam .................................................... 49 Figure 15 : Trends in water levels at Mtera Dam from 2018 to 2020 ..................................................... 49 Figure 16 : Institutional arrangement for environmental management in Tanzania…. ........................ 116 iii iv National Climate Change Response Strategy 2021-2026 LIST OF PHOTOS Photo 1: Effect of drought on maize crop in Busega, Simiyu, February, 2017. ....................... 38 Photo 2: Effect of drought on maize crop harvest in Busega, Simiyu, February, 2017. ........... 39 Photo 3: Appearance of healthy corals ...................................................................................... 54 Photo 4: Appearance of unhealthy corals (coral bleaching) ...................................................... 54 Photo 5: Effects of floods on road infrastructures in Handeni, Tanga Region .......................... 57 Photo 6: Effects of flooding on road infrastructures, public transport and housing in Dar es Salaam city ................................................................................................................................. 57 Photo 7: Incidents of floods in Lindi, January 2020 .................................................................. 59 Photo 8: Effects of climate change induced flooding in Lindi Region, January, 2020 ............. 60 iv National Climate Change Response Strategy 2021-2026 v PREFACE PREFACE Review of the implementation of the previous National Climate Change Strategy (NCCS) 2012-2018, revealed some achievements as well as failures. However, there are still growing concerns of the negative impacts of climate change and variability on the country’s social, economic, ecological, and physical environment. Recent climate study findings adopted global agreements, policies and agenda at national, regional and global levels present significant evidence on the concerns. Having recently achieved lower middle-income status, five years ahead of schedule, the National Climate Change Response Strategy (NCCRS) 2021-2026 comes at the right time to guide the national climate change initiatives amid COVID-19 global recovery struggles. Tanzania’s efforts towards maintaining lower middle-income or even reaching higher status may be, to a large extent, impeded by anticipated climate related shocks like natural disasters and extreme weather conditions such as abnormal rains and temperatures. This is attributed to the high reliance of the country’s economy on natural resources and its consequent low adaptive capacities. In recent years, the country has witnessed record-breaking amount of rainfalls and temperatures more frequently than before. For example, most of extreme weather events in Tanzania, including record-breaking rainfall, have been observed in the past six years (2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019 and 2020), and this inclination corresponds well with global observation and trends reflected in the reports of Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). The adverse effects associated with these extreme weather events affect agricultural production and food security, water resources, marine and coastal zones, public health, energy supply and demand, infrastructure, biodiversity, ecosystem services, and tourism. Therefore, existing climate vulnerability and future climate change adverse impacts are likely to curtail Tanzania’s efforts from achieving projected economic growth, sustainable development and Vision 2025 goals and poverty reduction targets as well as quick COVID -19 recovery measures. Moreover, preparation of this Strategy coincided well with the Tanzania Third Five Years National Development Plan (TFYDP III), providing an opportunity of giving higher priority on climate change challenges and concerns in the national development agenda. It also sets precedence for the climate change agenda in the future five-year development plans. The Strategy guides the country on climate change issues and initiatives for the next five years triggering integration into sector policies and plans, giving guidance for enhancing adaptation and resilience measures as well as harnessing of mitigation opportunities for enhancing economic and development growth. A consultative process involving key sectors and various stakeholders, under the coordination of the Vice President’s Office, has been very pivotal in revising and crafting strategic interventions put forward in this Strategy. Broader consultation ensured that inputs from all sectors and actors are taken into account and no one is left behind in the entire process. Cognizant of great contributions of women to the national economy and their higher vi National Climate Change Response Strategy 2021-2026 v vulnerability to the effects of climate change, gender considerations are mainstreamed into the Strategy to ensure that strong commitments are put in place and stronger actions are taken to address and reduce vulnerability to the shocks and harmful effects of climate change to women and other marginalized groups’ (including people with disabilities). This Strategy provides a set of interventions on adaptation and mitigation, which are expected to strengthen country’s resilience to the impacts of climate change and contribute to the global efforts of reducing GHGs emissions. To this end, emerging opportunities such as digital and blue economy initiatives, low emissions development pathways as well as climate financing are well prioritized in the Strategy. This will assist national actors (both state and non-state) to put in place climate smart actions in all sectors and programmes necessary for climate resilient and sustainable economic growth. Through this Strategy, the VPO, with the support from various stakeholders will continue to work and guide other actors to adequately integrate climate change adaptation and mitigation strategies, in strengthening long term climate change actions to achieve the national development agenda. In view of this, the Government of United Republic of Tanzania is committed to effectively implement interventions put forward in this Strategy and calls upon all stakeholders and development partners to provide necessary support and cooperation to ensure achievement of the goals and objectives of this Strategy. Hon. Selemani S. Jafo (MP) Minister of State, Vice President’s Office vi National Climate Change Response Strategy 2021-2026 vii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The National Climate Change Response Strategy (NCCRS) 2021-2026 has been prepared in the wake of growing concerns of the negative impacts of climate change and climate variability on the country’s social, economic and physical environment. The preparation and completion of this undertaking could not be possible without cooperation, commitment and hard work of many stakeholders and experts from public and private sectors, as well as civil society organizations. I would like to take this opportunity to acknowledge their contribution and efforts. It is not possible to enumerate all people and institutions whose financial and technical supports were valuable in developing this Strategy. On a special note, I would like to register my sincere thanks to the team of experts from Vice President’s Office who professionally initiated and sustained the efforts and momentum by undertaking a stocktaking exercise of the previous National Climate Change Strategy (2012- 2018) that informed preparation and finalization of this Strategy. However, deep appreciation and indebtedness is being expressed particularly to all experts from the ministries, departments and agencies (MDAs), local government authorities (LGAs), research and academic institutions, development partners, civil society organizations and other institutions for their active participation and contribution in the development of this Strategy. Their proactive commitments to contribute in different ways during stocktaking exercise, stakeholders’ consultations and building a national consensus in line with national interests towards addressing challenges of climate change is highly appreciated. Moreover, I would to extend my special thanks to partner institutions especially UONGOZI Institute (Institute of African Leadership for Sustainable Development), United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), Civil society’s organisations especially Climate Action Network Tanzania (CANTZ), Care International Tanzania Tanzania, Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung (FES) and others for their technical and financial support that enabled the Government to prepare this Strategy. Ms. Mary Ngelela Maganga Permanent Secretary, Vice President’s Office viii National Climate Change Response Strategy 2021-2026 vii EXECUTIVE SUMMARY EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The National Climate Change Response Strategy (NCCRS) has been revised based on the number of factors, including the planning period of the National Climate Change Strategy (NCCS) that ended in 2018 and other key developments at national, regional and international levels in the context of environment and climate change. Landmark developments include adoption of the Paris Agreement in 2015 by the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change that is geared towards enhancing the implementation of the Convention. The Paris Agreement aims to strengthen the global response to the threat of climate change, in the context of sustainable development goals and efforts to eradicate poverty, including limiting the global warming to well below 20 Celsius above pre-industrial levels and pursuing efforts to limit the temperature increase to 1.50C above pre-industrial periods, recognizing that this would significantly reduce the risks and impacts of climate change. Similarly, in September 2015, the United Nations adopted the United Nations Agenda 2030 for Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) with 17 global goals, one of which being dedicated entirely to climate action (SDG 13) but with all other goals closely related to climate change in one way or the other. Other major global issues that emerged during the implementation of the National Climate Change Strategy (2012) include: operationalization of the Green Climate Fund (GCF) in 2015; adoption of Sendai Framework on Disaster Risks Reduction 2015 – 2030; issuance of three special reports by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) (i.e., Special Report on impacts of global warming of 1.50C (2018); Special Report on climate change, desertification, land degradation, sustainable land management, food security, and greenhouse gas fluxes in terrestrial ecosystems (2019); and Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate (2019). All these global issues have significant implications on climate action. Moreover, at regional level, there have been several key policy instruments developed to strengthen regional efforts in addressing climate change challenges while fostering sustainable development objectives. These include SADC (2014) Protocol on Environmental Management for Sustainable Development, which calls for harmonized strategies to address climate change and other environmental issues; The East African Community (EAC) also developed a number of relevant Climate Change frameworks for strengthening regional integration coordination and harmonization of regional climate change responses through strategies, programmes and actions. These include EAC Climate Change Master Plan (2011-2031), Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Strategy, the EAC Fifth Development Strategy (2016/17- 2020/21), EAC 2050 Vision and East African Legislative Assembly (EALA) Resolutions on Climate Change, establishment of EAC Climate Change Fund and Lake Victoria Basin (LVB) Climate Change Adaptation Strategy and Action Plan, 2018. Others are the EAC Protocol on Environment and Natural Resources Management (2020), which outlines climate change adaptation and mitigation strategic actions that was formulated and approved by EAC sector council of Ministers. In addition to the above international and regional developments, Tanzania became a lower middle-income country in July, 2020 and continues to drive the industrialization agenda in line viii National Climate Change Response Strategy 2021-2026 ix with the Long-Term Perspective Plan and Vision 2025. All these developments and unfolding may have implications on natural resources demand and subsequent greenhouse gases sources and sinks, and hence need for climate change intervention strategies. Furthermore, in addition to the key developments elaborated above there have also been some gaps in the implementation of the NCCS 2012, which require improved mechanisms to address them. These gaps include: inadequate awareness and understanding of the risks posed by climate change and variability to general public and decision makers; limited platform for hosting the inventory of resources and data availability; limited national capacity to undertake research to generate climate data and information to fill existing gaps and to conduct regular climate change impacts on; socio-economic and environmental monitoring; inadequate capacity (human resources and infrastructures) and inadequate financial resources in the implementation, monitoring and evaluation of climate change impacts at all levels. It is on this basis that the review of the NCCS was undertaken in order to align with current development processes and emerging national, regional and international issues. In a sequential series, the preparation of the NCCRS involved: participatory stocktaking exercise, followed by drafting and validation of the draft Strategy document. The stocktaking exercise involved review of the current climate change data and performance of the NCCS (2012). The purposes of stocktaking exercise were to gauge the implementation performance of the preceding Strategy and update trends; assess achievements, gaps, challenges, lessons learned; and consider emerging issues so as to inform the formulation of new Strategy. Drafting of this Strategy adopted a Multi-stakeholder approach whereby a Task Team was formed by the Permanent Secretary, Vice President’s Office. The Task Team commenced drafting of the Strategy based on stocktaking report. A draft revised Strategy was produced and shared with Ministries, Departments and Agencies (MDAs) and other stakeholders including civil society organizations (CSOs) and development partners (DPs). The draft revised NCCRS was also posted on the VPO website, and key stakeholders were invited to review and submit comments which were incorporated in the draft Strategy document by the Task Team. To ensure quality and widen-up participation of the stakeholders, the draft Strategy was further subjected to further consultations through technical sessions and national stakeholders’ workshop that were undertaken to validate and finalize the document ready for publication. The workshops were attended by participants from Local Government Authorities, (LGA), Ministries, Departments and Agencies (MDAs), Development Partners on Environment, Civil Society Organizations (CSOs) and private sector. Comments obtained from the stakeholders were incorporated into Final Draft Strategy in March 2021. Based on this process, the overall objective of the NCCRS is therefore to enhance the national resilience to the adverse impacts of climate change and enable the country to pursue low emission development pathways so as to achieve sustainable development. The specific objectives of the NCCRS are to: - ix x National Climate Change Response Strategy 2021-2026 i. Enhance mainstreaming of climate change issues into national sector and local government development plans and budgets; ii. Facilitate implementation and monitoring of the Tanzania’s Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC); iii. Align climate change interventions with the national development agenda of industrialized economy; iv. Devise and implement strategic adaptation and mitigation measures in line with the national circumstances, requirements of climate change related multilateral environmental agreements, sustainable development goals (SDGs) and related bilateral and regional agreements; v. Enhance research, public awareness, education and capacity building on climate change issues; vi. Enhance coordination and institutional capacity, including provision of climate services and implementation of the national framework for climate services; vii. Facilitate mobilization of sustainable and adequate finance and technologies to support climate change adaptation and mitigation interventions; viii. Promote and facilitate transfer of climate-smart technologies to support climate change adaptation and mitigation; ix. Promote gender-responsive climate change adaptation and mitigation interventions; and x. Promote inclusive engagement of stakeholders, including community, media, civil society organizations and private sector in designing, implementing and monitoring sustainable climate change adaptation and mitigation interventions. As noted from the objectives above, the Strategy covers adaptation, mitigation and cross- cutting strategies that will enable the United Republic of Tanzania to benefit from the opportunities available to developing countries in their efforts to tackle climate change. In line with its objectives, this Strategy is divided into five (5) chapters: Chapter one is for the introduction that covers important background information to the Strategy, country profile, the economy highlighting contribution of some key climate sensitive sectors such as agriculture, industries, energy, and livestock rationale of the Strategy, objectives and process for the review of the National Climate Change Strategy 2012 – 2018. Chapter two presents the situational analysis that includes policy, legal and institutional framework. It also presents issues on climate change impacts and vulnerabilities as well as cross-cutting issues. The policy, legal, institutional framework describes the existing situation of relevant climate policies, plans, strategies, programmes, legislations and institutional x National Climate Change Response Strategy 2021-2026 xi arrangement for climate change management in Tanzania. MEAs section describes various conventions and agreements which Tanzania is a party, including United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, Kyoto Protocol, Paris Agreement and other conventions. The Climate change, impacts and vulnerability section describes climate trends and future scenarios, rainfall anomalies, rainfall projections, temperature projections and sectoral climate change impacts and vulnerabilities in terms of terms of exposure, sensitivity and existing adaptive capacity. Cross-cutting issues describes issues related to capacity building, education and awareness, research, vulnerability assessment, systematic observation and impact monitoring, technology development and transfer, climate financing and gender. In addition, this section sets the baseline information that informed crafting of key intervention Chapter three presents the required strategic interventions and action plan to address climate change in each respective sector in the area of adaptation and mitigation. The priority adaptation strategies cover sectors of freshwater resources, water sanitation and hygiene, coastal marine environment, forest and beekeeping, wildlife, agriculture, human health, tourism, energy, industry, livestock, fisheries, infrastructure, human settlements and land use. The priority mitigation strategies cover sectors of energy, forest and mangroves, industry, transport, waste management and livestock. The cross-cutting strategies covers capacity building, education and awareness, research, vulnerability assessment, systematic observation and impact monitoring, technology development and transfer, climate financing and gender. In addition, this section presented in tabular form puts forward the sectoral objectives, key intervention, target, indicative budget and proposed responsible institution. Chapter four presents the implementation arrangements and information on institutional arrangements, coordination mechanism, information and communication arrangement, reporting arrangements, resource mobilization, monitoring and evaluation. The institutional arrangement describes the implementation of climate change adaptation strategies and action plans for sectors and cross-cutting issues in the context of Environmental Management Act (EMA) No. 20 of 2004 and related sector policies, plans, strategies, Programmes and legislations from local to national levels. The coordination mechanism for the implementation of this Strategy will follow the institutional arrangement as provided by EMA, 2004. Information and Communication Arrangement describes the need for involvement of various stakeholders as provided by EMA, 2004 and the National Climate Change Communication Strategy 2012. Reporting arrangements refer to those procedures to be followed in the implementation of this Strategy, which are in accordance to EMA, 2004. Resource Mobilization describe sources of resources both technical financial and technological from various stakeholders both international and domestic sources. The monitoring and evaluation (M&E) section sets a Mid-term review which will be undertaken after two and half years to measure the extent to which the strategic interventions and actions undertaken, focusing on achievements of the objectives, technical approach, and implementation framework towards the desired results. This section also establishes Annual National Climate Change Forum (ANCCF) which is geared towards bringing together a range of different stakeholders and actors (both state and non-state) to share experiences, challenges, solutions and opportunities on addressing climate change. xi xii National Climate Change Response Strategy 2021-2026 LIST OF ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS LIST OF ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS ANCCF Annual National Climate Change Forum AIM Africa’s Integrated Maritime ASDP II Agriculture Sector Development Programme Phase II AU African Union SADC Southern African Development Community BAP Bali Action Plan BASATA Baraza la Sanaa Tanzania BWOs Basin Water Offices CANTZ Climate Action Network Tanzania CBD Central Business District CCCS Centre for Climate Change Studies CDM Clean Development Mechanism CEDAW Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women CPCT Cleaner Production Centre of Tanzania COSOTA Copyright Society of Tanzania COVID 19 Corona Virus Disease 2019 CRDB Commercial Rural Development Bank CSOs Civil Society Organizations DMD Disaster Management Department DNA Designated National Authority DoE Division of Environment EAC East African Community EALA East African Legislative Assembly EBICAM Ecosystem Based Integrated Area Management Plan EIA/EA Environmental Impact Assessment EMA Environmental Management Act EWURA Energy and Water Utilities Regulatory Authority EEZ Exclusive Economic Zone FAO Food and Agriculture Organization FDIs Foreign Direct Investments FSDMP Financial Sector Development Master Plan FREL Forest Reference Emission Level FYDP National Five-Year Development Plan GCA Global Commission on Adaptation GCAP Global Call to Action Against Poverty GCF Green Climate Fund GDP Gross Domestic Product GEF Global Environment Facility GHGs Green House Gases HNAP Heath Sector Adaptation National Adaptation Plan HEP Hydroelectric Power xii National Climate Change Response Strategy 2021-2026 xiii HFO Heavy Furnace Oil HWCs Human Wildlife Conflicts ICT Information and Communication Technology IIDS Integrated Industrial Development Strategy ILO International Labour Organisation IOD Indian Ocean Dipole IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change IWRM Integrated Water Resources Management ITRC Infrastructure Transitions Research Consortium LATRA Land Transport Regulatory Authority LCFI Local Climate Finance Initiative LDCF Least Developed Countries Fund LEWS Livestock Early Warning System LGAs Local Governments’ Authorities LPG Liquefied Petroleum Gas LSDS Livestock Sector Development Strategy LTMA Lake Tanganyika Management Authority LTPP Long Term Perspective Plan LUKU Lipa Umeme Kadri Utumiavyo LULUCF Land Use, Land Use Change and Forestry LVB Lake Victoria Basin LVBC Lake Victoria Basin Commission MDAs Departments and Agencies MEAs Multilateral Environmental Agreements MER Monthly Economic Review MMEs Micro Manufacturing Enterprises MNRT Ministry of Natural Resources and Tourism MP Member of Parliament MPRU Tanzania Marine Parks and Reserves Unit MRV Measuring Reporting and Verification MUHAS Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences NAMAs Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions NAP National Adaptation Plan NAPA National Adaptation Plans of Action NBS National Bureau of Statistics NARCO National Ranching Company NCCS National Climate Change Strategy NCCSC National Climate Change Steering Committee NCCTC National Climate Change Technical Committee NCF National Climate Change NCMC National Carbon Monitoring Centre NDCs Nationally Determined Contributions NEAC National Environmental Advisory Committee NEAP National Environmental Action Plan xiii xiv National Climate Change Response Strategy 2021-2026 NEEC National Economic Empowerment Council NEMC National Environment Management Council NGOs Non-Governmental Organizations NHBA National Housing and Building Research NIC National Investment Centre NIMR National Institute for Medical Research NSGRP National Strategy for Growth and Reduction of Poverty NWFPs Non-Wood Forest Products PFM Participatory Forest Management PO-RALG President’s Office-Regional Administration and Local Government PPP Public-Private Partnership PSMP Power System Master Plan R&D Research and Development REDD Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation REMEs Regional Environmental Management Experts RISDP Regional Indicative Strategic Development Plan RSO Research and Systematic Observation SADC Southern African Development Community SBSTA Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological Advice SCF Special Climate Change Fund SDGs Sustainable Development Goals SE4ALL Sustainable Energy for All SEIA Solar Energy Industries Association SENAPA Serengeti National Park SGP Small Grants Program SIM Subscriber Identity Module SMS Short Message Service SSTs Sea Surface Temperatures TAFORI Tanzania Forestry Research Institute TANESCO Tanzania National Electricity Supply Company TANROAD Tanzania National Roads Authority TARI Tanzania Agriculture Research Institute TARURA Tanzania Rural and Urban Roads Authority TAWA Tanzania Wildlife Authority TAWIRI Tanzania Wildlife Research Institute TAZARA Tanzania and Zambia Railways Authority TBA Tanzania Building Agency TFS Tanzania Forest Service TLMP Tanzania Livestock Master Plan TIRDO Tanzania Industrial Research and Development Organisation TMA Tanzania Metrological Agency TMDA Tanzania Medicine and Medical Devices Authority TNBS Tanzania National Bureau of Statistics TPA Tanzania Ports Authority xiv National Climate Change Response Strategy 2021-2026 xv TRC Tanzania Railways Corporation TREEP Tanzania Rural Electrification Expansion Program TTB Tanzania Tourist Board UN United Nations UNDP United Nations Development Programme UNEP United Nations Environment Programme UNFCCC United Nations Framework to Convention on Climate Change URT United Republic of Tanzania USD United States Dollars UWASAs Urban Water and Sewerage Authorities VPO Vice President’s Office WASH Water, Sanitation and Hygiene WMA Wildlife Management Area WSDP Water Sector Development Programme xv xvi National Climate Change Response Strategy 2021-2026 CHAPTER ONE CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background Like other countries globally, Tanzania has been facing several challenges related to climate change that threaten livelihoods of its citizens and socio-economic development at large. In 2012, the country formulated its first National Climate Change Strategy (NCCS) aiming at enhancing technical and institutional capacity of the country to address the impacts of climate change. The NCCS was developed in response to the growing concern of the negative impacts of climate change on the country’s social, economic, ecological, and physical environment. The NCCS covered adaptation, mitigation and cross-cutting interventions that focused on enabling Tanzania to tackle challenges emanated from climate change at all fronts. Furthermore, the NCCS underlined the fact that climate may change more rapidly than expected and may unfold to complex, long term consequences for the socio-economic development, environment, and for the production systems. In addition, it underpinned adverse impacts of climate change that are now far reaching and evident in almost all economic sectors in the country and many parts of the world. It further stressed that climate change poses a serious risk to poverty reduction given the fact that environment and natural resources are so interlinked and are valuable assets for the present and future generations. The implementation of the NCCS ended in 2018.

1.2 Country profile

1.2.1 Location and Physiography The United Republic of Tanzania is located at the East Coast of Africa between latitudes 1º South and 12º South and between longitudes 29º East and 41º East (Figure 1). It extends from Lake Tanganyika in the West to the Indian Ocean in the East, Lake Victoria in the North, Lake Nyasa and River Ruvuma in the South. Tanzania shares the borders with Kenya and Uganda to the North, Rwanda, Burundi, Democratic Republic of Congo and Zambia to the West, Malawi and Mozambique to the South. The total area of Tanzania is 945,087 square kilometres, of which the Mainland comprises of 939,702 square kilometres and the islands of Zanzibar, in the Indian Ocean, comprise of 2,654 square kilometres. Tanzania mainland is dominated by large central plateaus covered with grasslands, plains and rolling hills. The Serengeti Plain is a large geographical area that spans some 30,000 km2. The country has some belts of highlands including Mount Meru (4,566 m above mean sea-level), Mount Kilimanjaro (5,895m above mean sea-level)-the highest Mountain in Africa, and other mountain ranges such as Livingstone, Kipengere, Udzungwa, Uluguru, Nguu, Usambara and Pare (URT, 1995). 1 National Climate Change Response Strategy 2021-2026 1 Figure 1: The Map of the United Republic of Tanzania showing Administrative Boundaries. (Source: Survey and Mapping Division, Ministry of Lands, Housing and Human Settlements Development, 2017).

1.2.2 Climate The United Republic of Tanzania’s topographical diversity gives rise to four distinct climatic zones; namely, the coastal area and immediate hinterland; the central plateau; the semi 2 2 National Climate Change Response Strategy 2021-2026 temperate highland areas; and the high moist lakes regions. The meteorological seasons are well defined. From December to March, when the northeast monsoon blows, it is hot and comparatively dry. The heavy rains fall in April and May in i) hot and humid coastal belt, which has the warmest temperatures, averaging 27-30°C and receives 750 - 1,250 mm of rainfall annually, with Zanzibar receiving 1,400 - 2,000 mm; ii) hot and arid central plateau, which receives about 500 mm of rainfall; iii) cooler semi-temperate high moist lakes regions in the north and west that receive 750 - 1,250 mm of rainfall annually; and iv) highlands of the northeast and southwest including the coldest parts of the country with average temperatures of 20-23°C (Borhara et al.,2020).

1.2.3 The Economy The United Republic of Tanzania’s economy depends on climate sensitive sectors that have significant contribution on employment and GDP. These sectors include agriculture, mining, tourism, fisheries, construction and transportation. For the past five years the Tanzania’s economy has been growing in an average of 7 per cent. In 2019 GDP was maintained at 7.0 per cent and the growth was attributed to continued efforts to strengthen mining sector; improved transportation services; implementation of various development projects including roads, railway, airport, electric power projects, and construction and maintenance of health facilities. During the period of 2019 mining and quarrying activities recorded the highest growth of 17.7 per cent followed by construction (14.8 per cent), entertainment and recreation (11.2 per cent) and transport and storage (8.7 per cent). The inflation rate continued to remain at a single digit at an average of 3.4 per cent in 2019. The reasons for the overall country’s price stability included effective implementation of fiscal and monetary policies; stability in food supply in the domestic markets; and relatively stability of the Tanzania shillings against other currencies (URT, 2018c). The following are examples of contributions from some few climate sensitive sectors to the national economy: Agriculture (crops) contributes about 14.1 per cent of the national GDP. Food crops production assessment conducted in December 2018 indicated that production was 16,891,974 tons (of which cereals were 9,537,857 tons and non-cereals were 7,354,117 tons) compared to the demand of 13,569,285 tons in 2018, whereby 8,627,273 tons were cereals and 4,942,012 tons were non-cereals (URT, 2018a). Moreover, industrial manufacturing in Tanzania contributed 7.9 per cent of the national GDP in 2018 (URT, 2018c). Currently, most industrial developments in Tanzania are from either light manufacturing industries or agro-processing plants and mills located mainly in urban centres. Small-scale industries are concentrated in agro-processing for value addition and are scattered throughout the cities, municipalities and district towns. Furthermore, Livestock contributes about 7.3 per cent of the national GDP. In 2018, the estimated number of cattle was 30.5 million, goats 18.8 million, sheep 5.3 million and pigs 1.9 million. In addition, the number of indigenous chickens was 38.2 million compared to 37.4 million in 2017. In 2018, meat production increased to 679,992 tons from 558,164 tons in 3 National Climate Change Response Strategy 2021-2026 3 2017; whereas milk production increased to 2.40 billion litres compared to 2.08 billion litres in 2017. In 2018, egg production increased to 3.1 billion from 2.7 billion in 2017. In 2018, a total of 10 million tons of quality seed varieties of animal feeds were produced from Government and private sector farms compared to 3.9 tons in 2017. In 2018, animals worth 2.36 trillion shillings were sold compared to 1.1 trillion shillings from animal sales in 2017 (URT, 2018). In sum, contribution of the sectors to the economy of the United Republic of Tanzania is poised to be affected if there are insufficient strategies to address climate change in the country.

1.3 Rationale for the Review of the National Climate Change Strategy 2012-2018 Notwithstanding the timeframe of the NCCS (2012), a number of development processes and environmental issues including emerging challenges, and enhanced knowledge about climate change at national, regional and international levels have been widely documented. These include adoption of the Paris Agreement in 2015, which is geared towards enhancing the implementation of the Convention. The Paris Agreement aims to strengthen the global response to the threat of climate change, in the context of sustainable development and efforts to eradicate poverty. Further, among others, the agreement commits Parties to the Convention to submit their post 2020 climate actions known as Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) that will be reviewed after every five years. Similarly, in September 2015 the United Nations adopted the United Nations Agenda 2030 for Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) with three key dimensions: namely, economic development, social inclusion, and environmental sustainability. The UN agenda 2030 sets climate change as its 13th SDG. Also, UN adopted, the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction (SFDRR) 2015–2030 on 18 March 2015 which put priority on preparedness for climate related disasters. The SFDRR note that climate change is one of the underlying disaster risk drivers that can exacerbate the seriousness of a disaster. In addition, the African Union in 2013 adopted Agenda 2063 (The Africa We Want), which, among others, emphasized on environmental sustainability and climate resilience. Other major global issues that emerged during the implementation of the NCCS (2012) include: operationalisation of the Green Climate Fund (GCF) in 2015; issuance of the three special reports by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). The three IPCC special reports are: Special report on impacts of global warming of 1.50C (IPCC, 2018); Special report on climate change, desertification, land degradation, sustainable land management, food security, and greenhouse gas fluxes in terrestrial ecosystems (IPCC, 2019); and Special report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate (2019). All three IPCC special reports revealed how the very existence and survival of humankind is under huge threat from climate change: hence it is imperative for international, regional and national actors to put in place strategies to combat it. Moreover, at national level, several major projects and other national and regional policies and plans that had a link to the National Climate Change Strategy continued to be implemented or 4 4 National Climate Change Response Strategy 2021-2026 adopted. This included adoption of The Second and Third Five Year Development Plans (URT, 2016 & 2020) and other sector policies and strategies, Programmes and plans as well as institutions relevant to addressing climate change. On the other hand, at regional level, there have been some instruments that have been developed to strengthen regional efforts in addressing climate change challenges while fostering sustainable development objectives. For example, SADC Protocol on Environmental Management for Sustainable Development, which calls for harmonized strategies to address climate change and other environmental issues, was adopted in 2014. The United Republic of Tanzania signed the Protocol in 2015. Similarly, in 2020 the Southern African Development Community (SADC) adopted Vision 2050 (SADC, 2020b) and Regional Indicative Strategic Development Plan (SADC, 2020a) which include climate change as one of the priority goals. Likewise, the East African Community (EAC), which Tanzania is a member, developed EAC Climate Change Policy in (EAC, 2011) that calls for regional integration through harmonized and coordinated regional climate change strategies, programmes and actions. Since then, a number of regional instruments have been developed by EAC block. The EAC climate change related instruments include: Climate Change Strategy, EAC Climate Change Master Plan (2011-2031) that was not reflected in the Strategy, Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Strategy. EAC Fifth Development Strategy (2016/17-2020/21), EAC 2050 Vision and East African Legislative Assembly (EALA) Resolutions on Climate Change, establishment of EAC Climate Change Fund and Lake Victoria Basin (LVB) Climate Change Adaptation Strategy and Action Plan, 2018. Likewise, the EAC Protocol on Environment and Natural Resources Management (2020) that outlines climate change adaptation and mitigation strategic actions was recently formulated and approved by EAC sector council of Ministers. Furthermore, even though there have been successes and achievements in previous efforts in implementation of NCCS (2012), there are some unsolved and emerging aspects of climate change and variability that need to be addressed. These gaps include: inadequate awareness and understanding of the risks posed by climate change and variability to general public and decision makers; limited platform for hosting the inventory of resources and data availability; limited national capacity to undertake research to generate climate data and information to fill existing gaps and to conduct regular climate; socio-economic and environmental monitoring; inadequate capacity (human resources and infrastructures) and inadequate financial resources to implement, monitor and evaluate impacts of climate change at all levels. In addition, Tanzania became a lower middle-income country in July, 2020 (URT, 2020) and embarked on industrialization policies. All these developments and unfolding may have implications on natural resources demand and subsequent greenhouse gases sources and sinks, and hence the need for climate change intervention strategies. With this background, review of the NCCS (2012) was necessary to align with current development processes and emerging issues. Revision of the Strategy was preceded by a stocktaking exercise to assess the challenges and good practices encountered in the course of the implementation of the NCCS and inform the process. 5 National Climate Change Response Strategy 2021-2026 5

1.4 Objectives of the National Climate Change Response Strategy 2021-2026 The overall objective of this Strategy is to enhance overall national resilience to the potential adverse impacts of climate change and enable the country to pursue low emission development pathways to achieve sustainable development. The specific objectives of the Strategy are to: - i. Enhance mainstreaming climate change issues into national sector and local government development plans and budgets; ii. Facilitate implementation and monitoring of the Tanzania’s Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC); iii. Align climate change interventions with the national development agenda of industrialized economy; iv. Devise and implement strategic adaptation and mitigation measures in line with the national circumstances, requirements of climate change related multilateral environmental agreements, Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction (SFDRR) and related bilateral and regional agreements; v. Enhance research, public awareness, education and capacity building on climate change issues; vi. Promote the production and integration of traditional weather and climate services for improved warning systems and reducing climatic disaster risks; vii. Enhance coordination and institutional capacity including provision of climate services and implementation of the national framework for climate services; viii. Facilitate mobilization of sustainable and adequate finance and technologies to support climate change adaptation and mitigation interventions; ix. Promote and facilitate transfer of climate-smart technologies to support climate change adaptation and mitigation; x. Promote gender-responsive climate change adaptation and mitigation interventions; and xi. Promote inclusive engagement of stakeholders, including community, media, civil society organizations and private sector, in designing, implementing and monitoring sustainable climate change adaptation and mitigation interventions.

1.5 Preparation of the National Climate Change Response Strategy 2021-2026 The formulation of this Strategy adopted the following steps and methods; namely, stocktaking, drafting of the Strategy, and stakeholder’s consultation: 6 6 National Climate Change Response Strategy 2021-2026 a) Stocktaking Preparation of the Strategy was preceded by a stocktaking exercise that involved review of current climate change data and the performance of NCCS (2012). The purposes of stocktaking exercise were to gauge the implementation performance of the preceding NCCS and update trends; assess achievements, gaps, challenges, lessons learned; and consider emerging issues so as to inform the formulation of the new Strategy. The first step during the stocking exercise was a desk review of current climate change information involving compilation, examination and synthesizing information from national and international documents. This involved review of policies and strategies, plans, project documents, reports and published papers related to climate change adaptation and mitigation. The second step involved the use of various progress reports to evaluate the implementation of NCCS, which involved assessment of its achievements, challenges and lessons learnt. Based on review of current climate change information and review of NCCS (2012) a draft stocktaking report was prepared. The third step was to share the draft report with Ministries, Departments and Agencies (MDAs) and other stakeholders. The stocktaking draft report was also posted on VPO website and key stakeholders were invited to submit comments. Comments from stakeholders were incorporated in the final stocktaking report. The final stocktaking report was published separately and uploaded in VPO website. Finalization of the stocktaking report paved a way and informed drafting of the National Climate Change Response Strategy (URT, 2012). b) Drafting the Strategy Drafting of the Strategy was done by a multi-stakeholder team of experts that was formed by the Permanent Secretary, Vice President’s Office. The team of experts commenced drafting the Strategy based on the stocktaking report. A draft of the revised Strategy was produced and shared with Ministries, Departments and Agencies (MDAs) and other stakeholders. The draft of the revised Strategy was also posted on VPO website and key stakeholders were invited to submit comments. Comments from stakeholders were incorporated in the draft of the revised Strategy by team of experts from different sectors and institutions. c) Consultation of stakeholders The Draft Strategy was subjected to a broad spectrum of stakeholders through technical sessions and national stakeholders’ workshops that were undertaken to validate the final revised Strategy before it was published. The workshops were attended by participants from Local Government Authorities, (LGA), Ministries, Departments and Agencies (MDAs), Development Partners on Environment, Civil Society Organizations (CSOs) and private sector. Comments obtained from the stakeholders were incorporated into Final Draft of the Strategy. 7 National Climate Change Response Strategy 2021-2026 7 2 CHAPTER TWO SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS CHAPTER TWO

2.1 Policy, Legal, Institutional Framework and Multilateral Environmental Agreements There are several national and international policies and legal instruments that have been applicable in addressing climate change impacts in the country. Some of them are discussed hereunder.

2.1.1 Policy Framework a) The National Environmental Policy (1997) The overall objective of the Policy (URT, 1997), among others, is to prevent and control degradation of land, vegetation and air, which are vital in supporting life system. It also aims at ensuring sustainability and equitable use of resources in addressing the basic needs of present and future generation without degrading the environment. Furthermore, it emphasizes the need to conserve and enhance the natural resources and manmade heritage including the biological diversity of the unique ecosystems of Tanzania. The Policy identifies six major environmental concerns in the country; namely, land degradation; loss of biodiversity and wildlife habitat; deforestation; deterioration of aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems; and environmental pollution, particularly in urban areas. The vision and ambition of the Policy provide a viable platform to enhance adaptation and mitigation of climate change impacts. b) National Water Policy (2002) The Policy aims to ensure there is enough supply of quality and potable water to meet domestic, environmental and other priority development needs of the present and future generations. It advocates the need to conserve water sources via Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) as a way to ensure water sources are effectively used and conserved. The Policy also emphasizes on planning and implementation of water resources and other development programmes in an integrated manner and in ways that protect water catchment areas and their vegetation cover, improved management and conservation of wetlands. c) National Wildlife Policy (2007) The Policy promotes effective participation of all stakeholders, especially local communities and the private sector, in the management and conservation of Tanzania’s wildlife resources. It provides for protection of water catchments for wildlife water supply; conservation of biodiversity; protection of fragile ecosystems; and restoration of degraded habitats for flora and fauna. The Policy also promotes sustainable management and use of wetlands, most of which are located in protected areas. 8 National Climate Change Response Strategy 2021-2026 8 d) National Agriculture Policy (2013) The Policy (URT, 2013) aims at addressing challenges that continue to hamper the development of the agricultural sector including low productivity, overdependence on rain-fed agriculture, inadequate participation of the private sector, environmental degradation and crop pests and diseases. The Policy promotes environmental conservation through discouraging unsustainable agricultural practices including slashing and burning practices, cultivation in sensitive and marginal lands. It further fosters improvement of land husbandry through soil erosion control and soil fertility improvement activities contributing to sustainable land management and addressing climate change. e) National Land Policy (1995) The Policy intends to promote and ensure there is secure land tenure system, and to encourage the optimal use of land resources without compromising the ecological balance. It governs land tenure, land use management and administration. The Policy provides for protection of sensitive areas including water catchments, rivers, lakes, riverbanks, lake shores, beaches, forests, wetlands, mountains, national heritage and fragile biodiversity areas, and seasonal wildlife migration routes. It requires that such areas (or parts of them) should not be allocated to individuals. The Policy recognizes the need for protecting environmentally sensitive areas, including wetlands that are important sinks for greenhouse gases. f) Human Settlements Development Policy (2000) The goal of this policy is to facilitate equitable, safe and secure healthy and efficient sustainable human settlements in the country. According to this policy, there is rapid urbanization that has taken place in the country over the last three and half decades and will continue to affect the country’s settlement pattern from the scattered small villages to large villages, towns and municipalities. The policy recognizes the need for combining socio- economic with environmental conservation approaches in managing human settlements in both urban and rural areas. Thus, the objectives and mission of the policy are in line with the overall goal of the Strategy to addresses climate change. g) National Livestock Policy (2006) The Policy addresses issues of utilization of rangelands for sustainable livestock production, which is hampered by seasonal variations of quality and quantity of forage, uncontrolled burning, overstocking and overgrazing, encroachment of grazing lands, tsetse flies and tick’s infestation. The objective of the Policy is to improve rangeland management and utilization in order to support sustainable livestock production and improvement of pastoral and agro-pastoral livelihoods. In this context, the Policy intends to promote inventory, identification, protection, management and use of rangeland resources; support and strengthen technical support services 9 National Climate Change Response Strategy 2021-2026 9 on rangeland management in collaboration with other stakeholders; establish and promote livestock infrastructures in rangeland areas; promote appropriate forage conservation practices for dry season feeding; and strengthen Livestock Early Warning System (LEWS) for disaster management and impending forage shortage. These policy objectives are in line with the intervention on climate change adaptation and mitigation strategies. h) Fisheries Policy (2015) The objective of the policy is to develop a robust, competitive and efficient fisheries sector that contributes to food security, nutrition, growth of the national economy and improvement of the wellbeing of fisheries stakeholders while conserving the environment. The policy promotes effective management of fisheries resources through proper conservation, protection and rational utilization for sustainability of fisheries resources and aquatic environment. The policy also advocates for the participation of all stakeholders in fisheries and aquaculture development. These Policy objectives seek to enhance resilience of the fisheries sector to climate change. i) Irrigation Policy (2010) The objective of the Policy is to have irrigation systems that are economically viable, socially acceptable and environmentally sustainable. Plans for irrigation schemes should ensure compliance to relevant legislation; protecting and conserving water and land resources; pollution control in irrigated agriculture; and promotion of proper land use practices. These objectives are in congruence with climate change intervention strategies. j) National Forest Policy (1998) The aim of the Policy is to enhance the contribution of the forest sector to the sustainable development of Tanzania and the conservation and management of natural resources for the benefit of the present and future generations. The policy provides the foundation for Participatory Forest Management (PFM) and encourages the involvement of the communities and private sector in forest management through village land forest reserves, individual, group and community forests. The objectives of the Policy provide the opportunities for climate change adaptation and mitigation and how to address the challenges related to climate change and variability. k) National Beekeeping Policy (1998) The overall goal of the National Beekeeping Policy is to enhance the contribution of the beekeeping sub-sector to the sustainable development of Tanzania and the conservation and management of natural resources. The Policy recognizes that there is a significant demand of people living in the vicinity of the forests and game reserves, national parks and other protected areas to carry out beekeeping activities. This Policy supports adaptation and mitigation to the impacts of climate change and enhances resilience of the sub-sector. l) National Energy Policy (2015) 10 10 National Climate Change Response Strategy 2021-2026 The main objective of the Policy is to provide guidance for sustainable development and utilization of energy resources to ensure optimal benefits to Tanzanians and contribute towards transformation of the national economy. In addition, the policy sets specific statements geared towards promotion of sustainable renewable energy sources and energy efficiency and conservation to foster implementation of climate change adaptation and mitigation activities to support sustainable development and economic growth. m) National Tourism Policy (1996) The objective of the Policy is to contribute to economic development and livelihood of the people. The objective has to be achieved through encouraging the development of sustainable and quality tourism that is culturally and socially acceptable, ecologically friendly, environmentally sustainable and economically viable. The objectives respond to climate change adaptation and mitigation. n) National Health Policy (2007) The National Health Policy is aimed at improving provision of health services and providing a direction to sustain the quality health services to all people by reducing disability, morbidity and mortality, improving nutritional status and raising life expectancy. The policy recognizes that good health is a major resource essential for poverty eradication and economic development. The mission of the health policy is to facilitate the provision of equitable, quality and affordable basic health services, which are gender sensitive and sustainable. To achieve this mission, the Ministry of Health states that it shall continue to emphasize on the use of various methods of advocacy and health education to address, among others, the issues related to environmental sanitation, prevention and control of communicable and non- communicable diseases including all endemic, epidemic and pandemic diseases such as malaria, cholera, malnutrition, etc. Although the Policy does not directly provide statement on addressing climate change impacts on the health sector, the diseases mentioned are “climate sensitive” and thus addressing the climate change is critical in order to control them. Climate change affects water quality, which is the main concern in the health sector as people suffer from water related diseases, such as malaria, diarrhoea, cholera and dengue fever. These are mostly associated with the increased precipitation and temperature as a result of the global climate change. The National Health Policy is currently under review. The issues of the impacts of climate change on the health sector have been incorporated. The draft policy underscores drastic changes in climate that expose health sector to be at risk of climate-sensitive diseases. o) The National Disaster Management Policy (2004) The Government developed the National Disaster Management Policy in 2004 to strengthen capacity for coordination and cooperation for comprehensive disaster risk management among key players at all levels. Experience shows that Tanzania most of recurrent disasters are related 11 National Climate Change Response Strategy 2021-2026 11 to climate change and variability which include floods, drought, strong wind and tropical cyclone. Hence, among others issues the Policy assert the need to strengthening capacity for provision of weather related early warning, prevention and preparedness through strategic measures which ensures mainstreaming and coherence in action taken to address disaster risk reduction and climate change adaptation.

2.1.2 Legal Framework There are several legal instruments that are relevant in combating the effects of climate change in Tanzania. Some of them are discussed hereunder a) The Environmental Management Act No. 20 of 2004 The Act provides for legal and institutional framework for sustainable management of the environment. The Act includes provisions for institutional roles and responsibilities; impact and risk assessments; strategic environmental assessment; prevention and control of pollution; climate change; waste management; environmental quality standards; public participation in environmental decision-making, public environmental awareness and dissemination of environmental information; compliance and enforcement; implementation of international environmental instruments; state of the environment reporting; and establishment of the national environmental trust fund. b) Plant Health Act No.4 of 2020 The Act provides for control of pesticides, phytosanitary measures, importation and use of plants and plant products, prevention of the introduction and spread of pests and establishment of the Tanzania Plant Health and Pesticides Authority. The Act, therefore, ensures for the protection of plant health and its ecosystems, hence supporting reduction of stress and adverse impacts of climate change on plants. c) The Urban Planning Act No. 6 of 2007 The Act provides for the procedures of preparation, administration and enforcement of urban plans. It encourages the development of technology to prevent or minimize adverse effects that endanger people’s health and welfare. The Act restricts development activities that have serious impacts on the urban ecological systems (environment) including wetland, flood hotpots area, ground and surface water pollution. d) The Mining Act No. 14 of 2010 and its amendments The Act provides for regulation of prospecting for minerals, mining, processing and dealing in minerals. It requires all holders of mining licenses to take appropriate measures for the protection of the environment in accordance with the Environmental Management Act which require, among others, to undertake environmental impact assessment in mining projects or activities. Most of the energy sources for mining activities have implications on greenhouse 12 12 National Climate Change Response Strategy 2021-2026 gas emissions and therefore measures to limit their impacts on climate change need to be instituted. e) The Wildlife Conservation Act No. 5 of 2009 This Act stipulates the importance of involvement of local communities in the management of Wildlife Management Areas (WMAs). These modalities influence climate change adaptation and mitigation within and outside the wildlife sector. f) The Forest Act No. 14 of 2002 This Act provides for the management of forests, undertaking environmental impact assessments for certain development projects; establishment of forest management plan for all types of forests for the purpose of its best endeavours to achieve sustainable management of the forest reserves over the periods of time; and designates Community Forest Reserves, Mangrove Forest Reserves and encourages community-based management. The Act governs protection, conservation, management and utilization of forests and forest products in Tanzania. The Act also defines restrictions and prohibitions relevant for forest reserves and reserved (threatened) trees. g) The Wildlife Conservation Act No. 5 of 2009 The Act has the provisions for the better conservation, management, protection and sustainable utilization of wildlife and wildlife products; provides for establishment and management of Wildlife Management Areas (WMAs) and benefit sharing; provides for management plans, environmental impact assessment, wildlife impact assessment and environmental audit; and monitoring. In the auspices of implementation of the Paris Agreement on Reducing Emissions from deforestation and forest degradation plus enhancement of carbon stocks (REDD+), the Act is vital in ensuring that there are adaptation and mitigation measures/initiatives and other benefits at various levels in the country. Article 5 of the Paris Agreement urges parties to take action to conserve and enhance, as appropriate, sinks and reservoirs of greenhouse gases. It also calls upon the parties to take action to implement and support, including through results- based payments, the existing framework as set out in related guidance and decisions already agreed under the Convention for policy approaches and positive incentives for activities relating to reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation, and the role of conservation, sustainable management of forests and enhancement of forest carbon stocks in developing countries (REDD+). h) The Land Act No. 4 of 1999 The Act governs all land matters in Tanzania. It stipulates that land in Tanzania is public property and remain vested in the President as trustee for and on behalf of all citizens of Tanzania. The Act seeks to control land use and clarify controversial issues pertaining to ownership of land and land-based resources, transactions on land, and land administration. 13 National Climate Change Response Strategy 2021-2026 13 The Act divides land into three main categories in Tanzanian context: Village land that includes all land within the village areas of Tanzania; Reserved land which denotes land set aside for special purposes, for instance forest reserves, game parks, land for public utilities and highways; General land which includes land that does not fall in any of the above two categories such as urban areas. Management of different types of land categories influences adaptation and mitigation measures and strategies in the country. i) The Village Land Act No. 5 of 1999 The Village Land Act governs all village land matters in Tanzania. It empowers the Village Government to have legal control on village land and its uses. The Village Land Act seeks to control land use and clarify controversial issues pertaining to ownership of land and land-based resources, transactions on land, and land administration at village level. Furthermore, the Act also provides modalities and procedures for involvement of local communities in the management of village land resources such as forest and water, which are key local adaptation and mitigation initiatives. j) The Land Use Planning Act No. 6 of 2007 The Act provides procedures for preparation, administration and enforcement of land use plans. The Act has distinctive authorities of land use planning in Tanzania laid down with their functions and powers. It specifies standards, norms, and criteria for the protection and maintenance of land. Land use planning on different types of land categories influences adaptation and mitigation measures and strategies in the country. k) The Water Resources Management Act No. 11 of 2009 The Act provides for institutional and legal framework for sustainable management and development of water resources; prevention and control of water pollution; and participation of stakeholders and general public in implementation of the National Water Policy. The objective of the Act is to ensure that the nation’s water resources are protected, used, developed, conserved, managed and controlled in a way that meets basic present and future generation human needs; and to prevent and control pollution of water resources and to protect biological diversity especially the aquatic ecosystem. Water resources management influences how adaptation and mitigation measures can be sustained within the sector and other related sectors. l) Water Supply and Sanitation Act, No.5 of 2019 The Act provides for the institutional and legal framework for water supply in urban and rural areas. It provides for prevention and control of water pollution and participation of stakeholders and general public in implementation of the National Water Policy. Furthermore, the Act provides the measures to control water quality and quantity for the community use and protect the aquatic ecosystems. Water supply and wastewater management is of paramount importance in both adaptation and mitigation initiatives. 14 14 National Climate Change Response Strategy 2021-2026 m) The Grazing-land and Animal Feed Resources Act No. 13 of 2010 The Act, among others, deals with the management and development of grazing-lands and animal feed resources. It provides mandate to the Local Government Authorities in safeguarding and developing grazing lands including demarcation and delineation of grazing land in accordance to Village Land Act and Land use Planning Act; grant rights to livestock movement to access water and other services that are not within the grazing land; management of communal and strategic grazing lands; grazing land development in a manner that is consistent with sustainable land use planning and management practices; stocking rate and measures in case of excess livestock units to avoid environmental destruction. Management of grazing land feed resources on different types of land categories influences adaptation and mitigation measures and strategies in the country. n) The Marine Parks and Reserves Act No. 29 of 1994 The Act provide for establishment, management and monitoring of Marine Parks and Reserves. It aims at protecting, conserving, and restoring species and genetic diversity of living and non- living marine resources and ecosystem processes of marine and coastal areas through management of marine and coastal areas so as to promote sustainable use of existing resources, and the recovery of areas and resources that have been overexploited or damaged. Marine ecosystem is important for adaptation and mitigation initiatives within the coastal areas. o) The Fisheries Act No. 22 of 2003 The Act provides for development and sustainable use of aquatic resources. It also ensures there is protection and conservation of aquatic genetic diversity, ecosystem integrity and endangered species. In addition, the Act advocates for the use of best available scientific information in fisheries development and sound utilization of the ecological capacity of water- based areas; minimization of pollution; assessment of adverse environmental impacts; and restoration and recovery of depleted stocks. The Act regulates fishing activities in both fresh and marine and restricts the issuance of fishing licenses in any conserved areas. Furthermore, the Act requires formation of community-based management units for the purpose of protecting and conserving fishery resources. Sound management and sustainable utilization of aquatic resources will ensure resilience of these resources to climate change. p) The Tanzania Meteorological Authority Act No. 2 of 2019 The Act provides mandates to the Tanzania Meteorological Authority (TMA) with regard to management, control, provision, coordination and regulation of meteorological services and importation of weather equipment by private institutions in the country. The functions of TMA, among others, are to: a) observe, collect, archive, regulate and disseminate meteorological and related information for the United Republic of Tanzania; 15 National Climate Change Response Strategy 2021-2026 15 b) provide weather, climate services and warnings for the safety of life and property to the general public and to various users including aviation, agriculture and food security, water resources, disaster management, health and construction industry; c) carry out research and training in meteorology and climatology and in other related fields, and cooperate with other institutions, where appropriate, to use the research findings in socio-economic development planning; and d) collaborate with other institutions concerned with issues related to climate variability, climate change and environment. Enhanced functions of TMA play great and important roles in influencing adaptation, in particular early warning systems and mitigation measures and strategies in different sectors in the country. q) Disaster Management Act No. 7 of 2015 The Act provides legal framework for coordination of disaster risk management (DRM) in the country involving prevention, mitigation, preparedness, response and recovery. The primary function for DRM coordination in the country is under the Prime Minister’s Office – Disaster Management Department (PMO – DMD). The PMO - DMD seeks to ensure that appropriate response systems, procedures and resources are in place to assist those afflicted by disasters. The PMO – DMD is also in charge to coordinate disaster prevention, mitigation and preparedness efforts and activities in order to minimize the adverse effects of hazards through hazard analysis, disaster risk mainstreaming and effective precautionary measures and to ensure timely control measures to avoid or lessen impact and appropriate and efficient organization and delivery of emergency services. Disaster risk management strategies that are encompassing good and strong actionable mechanisms increase country’s resilience and adaptation to climate change. r) The Petroleum Act No. 21 of 2015 This Act provides for regulation of upstream, midstream and downstream petroleum activities. It establishes the Petroleum Upstream Regulatory Authority and the National Oil Company in order to secure the accountability of petroleum entities and to provide for other related matters. This Act also ensures compliance with environmental principles and safeguards to any person who exercises or performs functions, duties or powers in relation to petroleum operations. In view of this, the Act supports climate change adaptation and mitigation interventions. s) The Public Health Act No.1 of 2009 The Act provides for the promotion, preservation and maintenance of public health with a view to ensuring the provisions of comprehensive, functional and sustainable public health services to the general public and other related matters. The Act calls for programmes and facilities to ensure that the issues of climate change are well addressed. 16 16 National Climate Change Response Strategy 2021-2026

2.1.3 National Development Frameworks, Plans and Strategies a) Tanzania Development Vision 2025 Tanzania’s Vision 2025 (URT, 1995) aims at attaining high quality livelihood for its people and develops a strong and competitive economy, among other things. Some of the strategies toward attaining these objectives are: ensuring food security and self-sufficiency; universal access to safe water; absence of abject poverty; reduction in infant and maternal mortality rates; economic growth rate of 8% per annum or more; attainment of macroeconomic stability; and an adequate level of physical infrastructure. These objectives may not be attained if climate change adaptations concerns are not factored in the development process and mitigation opportunities in the context of sustainable development are not fully exploited. Also, SDGs have many strategies similar to those highlighted in the Tanzania Vision 2025, including the eradication of poverty and attainment of environmental sustainability. The vision 2025 is relevant in framing and formulation of Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) and subsequent national communications under UNFCCC. b) Integrated Industrial Development Strategy 2025 Tanzania’s Integrated Industrial Development Strategy (IIDS) 2025 responds to the need for a dynamic Strategy to guide the process of resource-based industrialization. The Strategy seeks to steer the process of industrialization in the desired direction. The Strategy identifies that power supply has not been able to cope with demand for stable and reliable energy to industrial development. In order to foster sustainable industrial development, access to clean and reliable power supply for climate resilient industrial development needs to be sustained and supported. c) Tanzania Sustainable Energy for All (SE4All) Action Agenda (2015) The goal of this agenda is to ensure access to modern energy, preferably clean energy; improvement of energy efficiency; and increase share of renewable energy in the global mix. The Government of Tanzania fully embraces the SE4ALL objectives including the fact that access to modern energy services is a necessary precondition for achieving development goals that extend far beyond the energy sector, such as poverty eradication, access to clean water, improved public health and education, women’s empowerment and increase food production. This initiative is in line with the rural electrification program undertaken by Rural Energy Agency (REA), whereby its main role is to promote and facilitate improved access to modern energy services in rural areas of Mainland Tanzania. Promoting access to modern energy services will address climate change in the country. d) National Five-Year Development Plans (FYDP) III (2020/2021- 2026/2027) 17 National Climate Change Response Strategy 2021-2026 17 Tanzania has realized numerous achievements in the implementation of the second FYDP 2015/16 -2020/21. Specific strategic interventions identified and implemented in the FYDP II for addressing climate change impacts include: i) Combating climate change and its impacts; by putting more emphasis on emission reduction; ii) Integrating, harmonizing and coordinating environmentally sustainable policies and strategies for growth in key growth sectors, including climate change adaptation and mitigation; and iii) Mitigating and adapting to climate change, including supporting research programs to improve and develop new technologies, quality seeds, pest control, and agronomic practices e.g., tillage, soils and water conservation techniques and irrigation measures and livestock management practices, information collection and dissemination for early warning. However, some challenges remain in addressing both adaptation and mitigation across sectors. The Third Five Year Development Plan (FYDP III), has been developed and builds on these past achievements, existing challenges and opportunities for the realization of the country's national, regional, and international agenda, including climate change gender equality commitments. The Plan (FYDP - III) outlines new interventions to enable Tanzania industrialize in a way that will transform its economy and society. Like FYDP II, the FYDP III reiterates and underscore that impacts of global warming and climate change are felt in all economic sectors including agriculture, energy, tourism and livestock sectors. The plan underpins that local actions are needed to address such impacts. Moreover, FYDP-III informs all national planning across all sectors and it is an important document for formulation and review of nationally determined contribution (NDC) and subsequent national communications under UNFCCC as well as preparation and implementation of different programmes and projects in the auspices of climate change convention and Paris Agreement. e) Long Term Perspective Plan 2011/12-2025/26 The Long-Term Perspective Plan (LTPP) envisages a development path to achieve development aspirations articulated in the Vision 2025. The LTPP articulates that the socio- economic transformation will be addressed in depth through three strategic FYDPs: The First FYDP (2010-2015): Unleashing the Growth Potential; the Second FYDP (2015-2020): Nurturing an Industrial Economy; and the Third FYDP (2020-2025): Attaining Export Growth and Competitiveness. With regard to Environment and Climate Change, the objectives to be achieved by 2025 are: to ensure environmental sustainability while attaining economic development; to make the most vulnerable sections of the society and sectors resilient to climate change impacts; to effectively access climate change finance to develop adaptive capability; to mainstream issues related to climate change and environment in all national programs and policies; and to minimize the economic costs of climate change. 18 18 National Climate Change Response Strategy 2021-2026 The LTPP identifies that among the external challenges the country has been facing, and will continue to face in the foreseeable future, include effects of climate change on the economy, with adverse effects on agricultural productivity and other key sectors. The plan projects the spending of about USD 500 million annually to reduce current vulnerability to climate change, and a further USD 100-150 million per year will be required to build capacity and enhance resilience to future climate change. The LTPP further suggests that environment and climate change issues should attract more attention of stakeholders across all sectors owing to their widespread impacts; mitigation and adaptation mechanisms need to be put in place to minimize the negative impacts of climate change on the economy; effective institutional mechanisms to tap the global climate change funds need to be fostered to meet the huge financial demand of adaptive and mitigation strategies; and policies should be put in place to minimize the adverse environmental impacts of development. In addition, the plan suggests the development of the National Climate Change Strategy. The LTPP promotes sustainable development and emphasizes the need to ensure that the growth path to be taken is sustainable from the economic, environmental and social (gender, health) perspectives. Sustainability shall remain an important criterion in evaluating the projects and policies during this period (2011/12-2015/26). f) Water Sector Development Programme (WSDP) (2006 – 2025) The objective of the WSDP is to alleviate poverty through improvements in the governance of water resources management and the sustainable delivery of water supply and sanitation services. It is designed to address shortfalls in urban and rural water supply infrastructure, to improve water resource management primarily through upgrading the country’s nine Basin Water Offices (BWOs), and to strengthen the sector institutions and their capacities. The WSDP comprises of three main components: (i) water resources management; (ii) rural water supply and sanitation, and (iii) urban water supply and sewerage. The WSDP implements the Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) particularly in relation to adaptation and mitigation efforts in the water sector. g) Strategy for Urgent Actions on Land Degradation and Protection of Water Catchment (2006) The overall objective of the Strategy is to institute measures to combat land degradation and protection of water sources in the country. Key challenges that have been highlighted include: i) prevention of environmental degradation due to illegal human activities, ii) limited public awareness on environmental management issues, iii) land use conflicts (agriculture, mining, establishment of protected areas), and, iv) pollution emanating from indiscriminate use of 19 National Climate Change Response Strategy 2021-2026 19 plastics. Different stakeholders, Ministries and Institutions are involved in the implementation of short, medium and long-term measures to address these issues. The review of the Strategy is in the final stages. Revised Strategy for Urgent Actions on Land Degradation and Protection of Water Catchment will boost implementation of adaptation and mitigation initiatives. h) Strategy on Urgent Actions for the Conservation of Marine and Coastal Environment, Lakes and Rivers Ecosystems and Dams (2008) The Strategy was put in place in 2008 as a response towards environmental degradation in coastal environment, lakes and river ecosystems and dams. The Strategy has addressed, among others, three major challenges: - Marine and coastal challenges: i) Coral reefs destruction due to lime production from corals, beach seining and trawling and increased sediments from land-based activities; ii) Destruction of mangrove forests due to rampant harvesting for charcoal, construction purposes and boat building and salt production; iii) Marine and coastal pollution and degradation due to unplanned settlements and construction of hotels along the coast; iv) Environmental impacts due to improper use of agro-chemicals and fertilizer along the coast; and v) Degradation of marine biodiversity due to unsustainable fishing. Lakes, rivers and dam’s challenges: i) Increased sediments in lakes, rivers, and dams due to deforestation, unsustainable agriculture, livestock keeping and mining; ii) Decline of biodiversity particularly fish and other species due to illegal fishing and over-fishing in lakes, rivers and dams; iii) Wetland’s degradation; and iv) Water pollution due to improper use of agro-chemicals and fertilizers, solid and liquid waste. Cross-cutting challenges: i) Poverty among the communities in the coastal and lake areas, particularly in rural areas; ii) Inadequate public awareness and participation on conservation of marine and coastal environment, lakes, river ecosystems and dams; and iii) Inadequate human and institutional capacity to address challenges facing management of marine, lakes, rivers and dam’s environment. The Strategy was in the final stages during preparation of the new National Climate Change Response Strategy. Revised Strategy on Urgent Actions for the Conservation of Marine and Coastal Environment, Lakes and Rivers Ecosystems and Dams will boost implementation of adaptation and mitigation initiatives within relevant sectors and ecosystems. i) Agriculture Sector Development Programme phase II (ASDP II) The ASDP II aims at transforming the agricultural sector (crops, livestock & fisheries) towards higher productivity, commercialization and smallholder farmer income for improved livelihood, food and nutrition security and contribution to the GDP. The program seeks to transform gradually subsistence smallholders into sustainable commercial farmers by enhancing and activating sector drivers and supporting smallholder farmers to increase 20 20 National Climate Change Response Strategy 2021-2026 productivity of target commodities within sustainable production systems and forge sustainable market linkages for competitive surplus commercialization and value chain development. j) Livestock Sector Development Strategy (LSDS) (2010) The overall objective of the LSDS is to develop a competitive and more efficient livestock industry that contributes to the improvement of the livelihoods of all livestock keepers and the national economy. The strategic goal of LSDS is to achieve sustainable use of land, water, pastures and rangelands. This is geared towards ensuring there is availability of grazing land for livestock improved through building the capacity and empower livestock communities to acquire and manage grazing lands; improving infrastructures for livestock production and marketing through construction/ rehabilitation of water dams, water wells and conserve watershed and catchments areas; establishing and enforcing bylaws for the conservation of water catchment areas in all villages; promoting sustainable use of pasture and rangeland resources through inventory of available grazing land and devise guidelines for their use. The Strategy comprises measures that are of relevance in addressing land degradation, climate change adverse impacts and promotion of sustainable land management. Sector measures contained in the Strategy inform relevant adaptation and mitigation interventions within the sector. k) Tanzania Livestock Master Plan (TLMP), 2017 Tanzania Livestock Master Plan (TLMP) is a series of five-year development implementation plans used to implement the ASDP II. It is another effort which sets out livestock-sector investment interventions, including better genetics, feed and health services, and complementary policy support, which could help meet the ASDP II targets by improving productivity and total production in the key livestock value chains. This Master Plan outlines a number of both investment and complementary policy interventions. The proposed investments of USD 621 million, 36% and 64% from the public and private sectors, respectively, has the potential to impact positively on rural livestock keepers in increasing their incomes and on urban consumers through lowering prices of animal products. The success of the TLMP is also critical to the achievement of food and nutrition security at household and national levels. l) National Environmental Action Plan (NEAP) (2013) and new revised NEAP (2020) The National Environmental Action Plan (NEAP) of 2013 (under revision) is the country’s effort towards a comprehensive incorporation of environmental concerns into natural resource planning and economic development. NEAP is intended to address pertinent issues in combating climate change, land degradation, biofuels, genetically modified organisms (GMOs), Invasive Alien Species (IAS) and promotion of sustainable land management. m) National Irrigation Master Plan (2018) 21 National Climate Change Response Strategy 2021-2026 21 Irrigation is important in Tanzania to deal with the erratic rainfall, especially in the context of climate change. Irrigation can minimize frequent food shortages that are attributable to dependence on rainfall, and, hence increasing yields. However, to do this effectively requires construction of infrastructures that will provide for a wide range of crops and efficient water use. Recognizing this need, the government of Tanzania has made ambitious commitments to expand the irrigated areas and establish the National Irrigation Master Plan that will guide the irrigation issues in general. n) Power System Master Plan (PSMP), 2020 The Power System Master Plan (PSMP) of 2020 has a primary goal of increasing access to modern energy; and enhancing power supply availability, reliability and affordability in the country. To achieve this goal, the Government has planned to continue involving other stakeholders in the sector to implement least cost generation and transmission projects. The plan reflects and accommodates Government policy guidelines and recent economic development experienced during the fifth Government phase, including development in electricity sub-sector. The Plan also reflects various regional visions on energy and will be used to guide power development in the country in the next 25 years. The PSMP 2020 has been prepared using data on electricity demand gathered during industrial survey in the entire country. The PSMP promotes increased utilization of renewable energy sources in the grid to achieve planned generation mix. Currently, the total installed capacity in the country is 1,602.32 MW, which comprises of interconnected Grid System (1,565.72 MW) and isolated Grid System (36.60 MW)). The National Grid System comprises of hydro and thermal generation units owned by TANESCO and IPPs with total capacity of 1,565.72 MW (base year 2019) out of which hydro 573.70 MW (36.64 per cent), natural gas 892.72 MW (57.02 percent), liquid fuel

88.80 MW (5.6 per cent) and biomass 10.50 MW (0.67 per cent). The Plan indicates power generation mix which varies over the planning period and by 2044 the generation mix consist of 5,690.4 MW (28.15 percent) of hydro; 6,700 MW (33.18 percent) of natural gas; 5,300 MW (26.24 per cent) of coal; 800 MW (3.96 per cent) of wind; 715 MW (3.54 per cent) of solar; and 995 MW (4.93 per cent) of geothermal of power generation. This energy mix is vital towards addressing climate change in the country. o) National Climate Change Communication Strategy (2013) The climate change Strategy provides for information related to vulnerability of economic sectors to climate change; policy, legal and institutional arrangements for managing climate change; sets strategic interventions and action plans for adaptation and mitigation of climate change and implementation arrangement. This information in the Strategy needs to be communicated and shared to various stakeholders including primary audience at the national, regional and international levels and secondary audiences especially the development partners for effective implementation. 22 22 National Climate Change Response Strategy 2021-2026 Therefore, it provides for strategic action that will enhance communication and knowledge sharing using systematic and effective approaches at national and lower levels linking to regional and international communication strategies. The proposed strategic action for effective communication and knowledge sharing about the Communication Strategy is intended to amplify communication strategies in alignment with this NCCRS. p) National Guidelines for Mainstreaming Gender into Climate Change Adaptation related Policies, Plans, Strategies, Programmes and Budgets (2014) Tanzania has mainstreamed gender into a number of national development frameworks and ratified international and regional gender instruments. Some of these frameworks include the National Development Vision 2025 and the National Strategy for Growth and Reduction of Poverty (NSGRP II) also known as MKUKUTA II. The country is also a party to Universal Declaration on Human Rights (1948); United Nations Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW) (1979); Beijing Platform for Action (1995); SADC Gender Declaration (1997); Charter on the Rights of Women in Africa (2003); SADC Protocol on Gender and Development of 2008; and the Sustainable Development Goals. Therefore, the National Guidelines for Mainstreaming Gender into Climate Change Adaptation Related Policies, Plans, Strategies, Programmes and Budgets is the response to the need for the inclusion of gender into climate change interventions. This need arises from the fact that men and women are affected differently by the adverse impacts of climate change, as well as understanding that persistent gender inequalities undermine the adaptive capacity of the communities and society at large. The guidelines therefore set national frameworks for addressing gender issues in the context of implementation of this Strategy. q) Financial Sector Development Master Plan 2020/21 - 2029/30 Monetary and prudential authorities need to be concerned along the broad categories of risks and opportunities as per Tanzania Financial Sector Development Master Plan (FSDMP) 2020/21 – 2029/30. The master plan provides the future direction of the financial sector to cater for diverse financial needs and it contains strategies that focus on enhancing existing financing resources and develop new options of green financing through the sub-sectors; namely, banks, capital markets, microfinance, social security and insurance.

2.1.4 Multilateral Environmental Agreements The United Republic of Tanzania is a party to a number of Multilateral Environmental Agreements (MEAs). Ratification of MEAs is geared towards ensuring that Tanzania is part of the international community efforts in addressing global environmental issues. Such Multilateral Environmental Agreements to which Tanzania is a party include: -. a) United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) 23 National Climate Change Response Strategy 2021-2026 23 The objective of the Convention is to achieve stabilization of greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system. The convention states that such stabilization should be achieved within a time frame sufficient to allow ecosystems to adapt naturally to climate change; to ensure that food production is not threatened; and to enable economic development to proceed in a sustainable manner. The convention provides fundamental principles and obligation of various actors at national level and international levels as well as informs preparation of national reports and other climate change related policies. Among the key principles underlined in UNFCCC are: - i) The Parties should protect the climate system for the benefit of present and future generations of humankind, on the basis of equity and in accordance with their common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities. Accordingly, the developed countries should take the lead in combating climate change and the adverse effects thereof. ii) The specific needs and special circumstances of developing countries, especially those that are particularly vulnerable to the adverse effects of climate change, and of those Parties, especially developing countries, that would have to bear a disproportionate or abnormal burden under the Convention, should be given full consideration. iii) The Parties should take precautionary measures to anticipate, prevent or minimize the causes of climate change and mitigate its adverse effects. In view of this, policies and measures should take into account different socio-economic contexts, be comprehensive, cover all relevant sources, sinks and reservoirs of greenhouse gases and adaptation, and comprise all economic sectors. iv) The Parties have a right to, and should, promote sustainable development. Policies and measures to protect the climate system against human-induced change should be appropriate for the specific conditions of each Party and should be integrated within national development programmes, taking into account that economic development is essential for adopting measures to address climate change. v) The Parties should cooperate to promote a supportive and open international economic system that would lead to sustainable economic growth and development in all Parties, particularly developing country Parties, thus enabling them better to address the problems of climate change. Measures taken to combat climate change, including unilateral ones, should not constitute a means of arbitrary or unjustifiable discrimination or a disguised restriction on international trade. The United Republic of Tanzania signed and ratified UNFCCC in 1992 and in April 1996, respectively. b) Kyoto Protocol (1997) The Kyoto Protocol was adopted in 1997 and entered into force in February 16, 2005. The objective of the Kyoto Protocol is to help Parties included in Annex I to, individually or 24 24 National Climate Change Response Strategy 2021-2026 jointly, ensure that their aggregate anthropogenic carbon dioxide equivalent emissions of the greenhouse gases (GHG) do not exceed their assigned amounts, calculated pursuant to their quantified emission limitation and reduction commitments with a view to reducing their overall emissions of such gases by at least 5 per cent below 1990 levels in the commitment period 2008 to 2012. The 6 greenhouse gases subjected to Kyoto-controlled limitations and reductions are: Carbon dioxide (CO2); Methane (CH4); Nitrous oxide (N2O); Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs); Perfluorocarbons (PFCs); and Sulphur Hexafluoride (SF6). In 2012, Nitrogen Trifluoride (NF3) was added to the list of greenhouse gases controlled under the Kyoto Protocol. Mitigation initiatives/measures that have been undertaken at both local and national levels fall under the auspice of the Kyoto Protocol. In view of this, the Kyoto Protocol introduced three “flexibility” mechanisms providing Parties with more flexibility in meeting their GHG emissions limitations or reductions. These flexibility mechanisms are as follows: - i) Joint implementation (Article 6 of the Protocol): A mechanism whereby “any Party included in Annex I may transfer to, or acquire from, any other such Party emission reduction units resulting from projects aimed at reducing anthropogenic emissions by sources or enhancing anthropogenic removals by sinks of greenhouse gases in any sector of the economy” provided some conditions defined in the Article 6 of the Protocol. ii) Clean development mechanism (Article 12): “The purpose of the clean development mechanism shall be to assist Parties not included in Annex I in achieving sustainable development and in contributing to the ultimate objective of the Convention, and to assist Parties included in Annex I in achieving compliance with their quantified emission limitation and reduction commitments.” iii) Emissions trading (Article 17): “The Parties included in Annex I may participate in emissions trading for the purposes of fulfilling their quantified emission limitation and reduction commitments. Any such trading shall be supplemental to domestic actions for the purpose of meeting these commitments.” The second commitment of the Kyoto Protocol was initiated in 2012 through adoption of the Doha Amendment to the Kyoto Protocol. Parties to the Kyoto Protocol adopted an amendment to the Kyoto Protocol by decision 1/CMP.8 in accordance with Articles 20 and 21 of the Kyoto Protocol, at the eighth session of the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Kyoto Protocol (CMP) held in Doha, Qatar, on 8 December 2012. Pursuant to Article 21, paragraph 7 and Article 20, paragraph 4, the amendment is subject to acceptance by Parties to the Kyoto Protocol. In accordance with Article 20, paragraph 4, the amendment will enter into force for those Parties having accepted it on the ninetieth day after the date of receipt by the Depositary of an instrument of acceptance by at least three fourths of the Parties to the Kyoto Protocol. This means that a total of 144 instruments of acceptance are required for the entry into force of the amendment. However, as of 10 July 2020, 139 Parties have deposited their instrument of acceptance. Unfortunately, the Doha Amendment has not yet enforced. 25 National Climate Change Response Strategy 2021-2026 25 The Protocol forms the framework for emission reduction targets to be adopted by different parties and various actors for sustainability of the global ecosystem and sustainable development. The United Republic of Tanzania is yet to accede to the Doha Amendment; the government ratified the Kyoto Protocol in August 2002 so as to participate in forging international opportunities geared towards mitigating climate change. c) Paris Agreement Paris Agreement of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change was adopted at COP 21 in December 2015 and entered into force in November 2016. The Agreement aims to strengthen the global response to the threat of climate change in the context of sustainable development and efforts to eradicate poverty, including by holding the increase in the global average temperature well below 2°C above pre-industrial levels and pursuing efforts to limit the temperature increase to 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels; increasing the ability to adapt to impacts of climate change; and making finance flows consistent with a low GHG emissions and climate-resilient development. Tanzania ratified the Paris Agreement on 18 May, 2018. With entry into force of the Paris Agreement, the global community has entered a new era of climate action with an emphasis on implementation in all countries with transparency. Action from both developed and developing countries is needed. The Agreement requires each country to reassess its carbon reduction commitment in every five years, where there will be an issuance of new greenhouse gas (GHG) reduction targets in five-year cycles, beginning in 2020. In every five years, a global stocktaking will assess the collective progress towards achieving the purpose of the Agreement and its long-term goals. The outcome of the global stocktaking is to inform the preparation of future Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs). Further, the Agreement includes provisions on finance, technology, and capacity-building to support action in developing and the most vulnerable countries. The Agreement also provides for enhanced transparency of action and support through a more transparent framework. Implementation of the Paris Agreement would contribute to the achievement of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and its 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Adverse impacts of climate change can undo the progress made in development and exacerbate threats such as food and water scarcity, ocean acidification, disproportionately burdening the poorest and most vulnerable. Beyond SDG 13: Climate Action, a transformation to low- emission, climate-resilient pathways can contribute to achieving and preserving the other SDGs such as SDG 2: Zero Hunger, SDG 7: Affordable and Clean Energy, SDG 9: Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure, SDG 11: Sustainable Cities and Communities, SDG 12: Responsible Consumption and Production, SDG 14: Life Below Water and SDG 15: Life on Land. 26 26 National Climate Change Response Strategy 2021-2026 Paris Agreement informs development of new national vision and climate change strategies based on the projected global trend in emission and the required adaptation and mitigation interventions and associated costs within the realm of climate change regime and responsible corporate business for sustainable global economic growth. d) Other Conventions Other Multilateral Environmental Agreements that are relevant to climate change to which Tanzania is a party include:- The Convention on Biological Diversity; The International Convention for Prevention of Pollution from Ships - MARPOL 73/78; The Convention on International Civil Aviation - Environmental Protection (Annex 16); United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification; The SADC Protocol on Wildlife Conservation and Law Enforcement,1999, ratified in 2003; The Convention for the Protection, Management and Development of the Marine and Coastal Environment of the Eastern African Region, (Nairobi Convention) 1985, ratified in 1996; The Convention on Wetlands of International Importance (Ramsar Convention), 1971, ratified in 1999; African Convention on the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, 1968, ratified in 1974 and Sendai Framework on disaster risks reduction (URT, 2012, 2018b, 2019). The government has formulated and now implementing a range of strategies, programs, projects and plans emanating from these conventions that are important in addressing climate change adaptations and mitigation of climate change, impacts and vulnerability.

2.2 Climate Change, Impacts and Vulnerability in Tanzania

2.2.1 Climate Trends and Future Scenarios Evidences of changes in key climate variables have been observed in Tanzania, demonstrated by documented increase in frequency and intensity of extreme events such as strong wind, heavy rainfall, hailstorm and higher temperatures. Between 1981 and 2020 several incidences of droughts, floods and record-breaking rainfall have been observed in many parts of the country. Most of these extreme weather events including record breaking rainfall have been observed in the past five years (2015, 2016, 2017, 2018 and 2019), which is consistent with global observation and trends as documented in the IPCC reports. a) Rainfall Anomalies Rainfall distribution in Tanzania is characterized by bimodal patterns with peak in October - December, normally termed as short rain (Vuli) and March – May, normally termed as long- rain (Masika). However, Vuli and Masika rainfalls are more typical (Borhara et al., 2020; Japheth et al., 2021; Mahongo & Francis, 2012). Due to the influence of climate change, in recent years, there are some evidences of uncertainties and shift in rainfall patterns recorded in many parts of the country. For instance, rainfall anomalies recorded over 50 years in Tanzania reveal strong variability of rainfall from 1970 to 2020 (Figure.2). For example, records of rainfall in 2019 show that average annual 27 National Climate Change Response Strategy 2021-2026 27 rainfall was 1283.5 mm, which is 256.5 mm higher than the long-term total rainfall from 1981- 2010 and equivalent to 125 per cent of long-term average. Some areas around Lake Victoria Basin (Mwanza, Musoma, Bukoba, Shinyanga and Simiyu), North-eastern highland (Kilimanjaro, Arusha, Manyara, Moshi, Same), and Northern coast (Zanzibar, Dar es Salaam, Pemba, Tanga, Morogoro) experience bimodal rainfall. The southern, central and western parts of the country (including Dodoma, Singida, Kigoma, Tabora, Rukwa, Iringa, Mbeya, Mtwara and Lindi are characterized by unimodal rainfall patterns starting from November to end of April. Figure 2: Trend of annual average rainfall anomaly for Tanzania in the past 50 years (Source: TMA, 2019) From the rainfall maps, it is depicted that from 2016 to 2019 there have been significant variations in rainfall pattern and trends throughout the country for the months of October to December, January to March and April to June. While for the rainy seasons of 2016 to 2017 in October to December, January to March, most parts of the country recorded low rainfall as compared to a period from April to June 2017. Relatively high rainfall was recorded in the same months (October to December, January to March and April to June) in 2017 and 2018. Likewise, variation in rainfall in 2019 reflected different trends and patterns in rainfall during the same months (Figure 3). 28 28 National Climate Change Response Strategy 2021-2026 Figure 2: Maps of the rainfall variations from 2016 to 2019 (Source: GCCA, 2020) According to the observed climatological data from the Tanzania Meteorological Authority (TMA), most part of the country received normal rainfall during March, April, and May in 2019 and below normal rainfall between November 2018 and April 2019 (Figure 4 and 5). Besides, in 2019 the country received rainfall above normal average during short rainy season (October, November and December), while May, October, November and December were the wettest months (Kabanda, 2018). For example, Mlingano station (Tanga region) recorded 783.3 mm, likewise Pemba, Zanzibar, Bukoba (Kagera region) and Lyamungo (Kilimanjaro region) stations also recorded higher amount of rainfall exceeding 500mm in October. Up to 1048 mm of rain was recorded in Pemba in May 2019, while October was the wettest month on record, December being the second and May the third wettest months on record since 1970. On the other hand, April, 2019 was the second driest month on record since 1970 apart from July and September 2019 ranked as first driest months. 29 National Climate Change Response Strategy 2021-2026 29 The extreme high and record breaking daily rainfall (in 24 hours) recorded in different parts of the country include: 327.8 mm of rainfall recorded in Tukuyu - Mbeya on 4th November, 2015; 247.6 mm of rainfall recorded in Mbamba Bay - Ruvuma on 9th April 2016; and 316 mm of rainfall recorded in Tanga on 8th May 2017. Figure 3: Monthly rainfall distribution showing percentage of long-term average for January – June 2019 (Source: TMA Report, 2019) 30 30 National Climate Change Response Strategy 2021-2026 Figure 4: Monthly rainfall distribution with percentage of long-term average for July– December, 2019 (Source: TMA Report, 2019) These extreme weather events have been largely attributed and exacerbated by the occurrence of El-Niño condition over the central Pacific Ocean. Other factors include persistence of warm sea surface temperatures (SSTs) over the eastern Atlantic Ocean (closer to Angola coast) and the South-Western and Central Indian Ocean, and the persistence of neutral SSTs in the North- West Indian Ocean (closer to Somali coast). These conditions collectively resulted into enhanced moisture to influx over the country. On the other hand, drought condition was experienced over the country towards the end of 2016. This condition was exacerbated by the 31 National Climate Change Response Strategy 2021-2026 31 presence of La-Niña condition over the central Pacific Ocean and the negative Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) over the Indian Ocean. All these conditions led to the deficiency of rainfall over the East African region, Tanzania inclusive. In 2019, the strong Indian Ocean Dipole phenomenon during October-December was linked to the above normal rainfall over most regions with bimodal regime and some regions with unimodal rainfall regime. Events related to heavy rainfall occurred in the areas of Lake Victoria, north-eastern highlands, northern, coastal, central, western and southern parts of the country during October, November and December and the beginning of 2020 causing devastating floods in many parts of the country. Above normal rainfall events reported in 2019 include: 177.6 mm of rainfall recorded in Mtwara on 15th January 2019; 126.4 mm of rainfall recorded in Arusha on 29th April, 2019. In May 2019, northern coast of Tanzania especially Zanzibar, Pemba and the vicinity including Dar es Salaam received unusual rain for ten consecutive days from 3rd to 12th May. The total amounts of rainfall were between 330 mm and 286.3 mm recorded in two days (5th and 6th May 2019) over Zanzibar and Pemba stations, respectivelyError! Bookmark not defined.. b) Rainfall Projections by 2050 and 2100 Taking an average of 34 climate projection models, changes in annual rainfall across Tanzania show increases in the north/northeast (around 3 to 4%) and decreases in the south (-1 to -2%) by the 2040s1. Rainfall projections indicate that some parts of the country may experience an increase in mean annual rainfall of up to 18 to 28% by 2100, particularly over the Lake Victoria Basin and North-Eastern Highland (Figure 6). An increase of about 10-12% in 2050 and 18.2 - 28.3% in 2100 is projected in Lake Victoria Zone and an increase of up to 13.4% in 2050 and 16.3% in 2100 in the North Eastern Highlands. The South Western Highlands and Western Zones of the country are projected to experience an increase in annual rainfall by up to 9.9% in 2050 and by up to 17.7% in 2100. The North Coast Zone is projected to have an increase of about 1.8% in 2050 and 5.8% in 2100 while the Central Zone is projected to have an increase of up to 9.9% in 2050 and up to 18.4% in 2100. The Southern Coast Zone is projected to have a decrease of up to 7% in 2050 and an increase of annual rainfall of about 9.5% in 2100. Moreover, projections by Future Climate for Africa (2017) indicate that rainfall will decrease during dry seasons and increase during wet seasons, which translates to higher risks for drought and flooding (FCFA, 2017; Luhunga et al., 2018). In addition, the southern half of Tanzania is expected to experience a slight decrease in average annual rainfall by 2030, whilst the north western region around Lake Victoria is projected to observe a slightly higher amount of annual average rainfall in the same period. By 2090 these changes can reach up to 10% of 32 32 National Climate Change Response Strategy 2021-2026 current annual rainfall averages1. Figure 6 shows maps of Tanzania for projected percentage change in mean annual rainfall by 2050 and mean annual rainfall by 2100. Figure 5: Projected percentage change in mean annual rainfall by 2050 and mean annual rainfall by 2100 (Source: TMA, 2019) c) Temperature Anomalies Temperatures across the country are normally characterized by relatively less fluctuation throughout the year. However, reports and various studies have shown trends of increased temperatures over the entire country (Osima et al., 2018, Luhunga et al, 2018). In 2019, the country’s annual mean temperature (Tmean) was 23.8°C, which is 0.9°C warmer than long- term average (1981-2010) (Figure 7). On the other hand, annual maximum temperature (Tmax) was 29.3°C, which is 0.6°C above the long-term average (Figure 8), while annual minimum temperature (Tmin) was 19.2°C which is 1°C warmer than long-term average (Figure 7). On average, the country experienced warmer nights (higher temperature anomalies) compared to day time temperatures. Thus, the country annual mean temperature anomaly reflects the annual minimum temperature anomaly. 1 Future Climate for Africa (2017). Future Climate Projections for Tanzania: Country Climate Brief. www.futureclimateafrica.org 33 National Climate Change Response Strategy 2021-2026 33 Figure 6: Trend of Annual Mean Temperature anomaly for Tanzania for 1970 – 2020 (Source: TMA, 2019) Figure 8: Trend of Annual Maximum Temperature anomaly for Tanzania for 1970 – 2020 (Source: TMA, 2019) 34 34 National Climate Change Response Strategy 2021-2026 Figure 7: Trend of Annual Maximum Temperature anomaly for Tanzania for 2070 – 2020 (Source: TMA, 2019) The annual long-term average temperature over different stations in Tanzania ranges from 14.4-26.4oC. Regions with the highest temperatures are along the coast and western parts of the country. The season with high temperatures starts from October to February or March, whilst the cold season is from May to August. The annual minimum air temperature (Tmin) and Maximum air temperature (Tmax) across the stations in Tanzania range from 9.6-22oC and 19.1-30.7oC, respectively. In recent years, high daily temperatures were recorded in many parts of the country. For example, 38.0°C and 38.5°C were recorded in Moshi on 25th February and 25th March, 2016, respectively, which were the second and third highest values on record since 1958. The above normal maximum temperatures for the 2019 were slightly higher than in 2018 by at least one-degree Celsius. The extreme hot temperatures were mostly experienced over the northern parts of the country and the northern coast extending to the hinterland. Large number of higher daily maximum temperature (Tmax) events exceeding 35°C occurred during January (22 events), February (76 events), March (159 events) and April (18 events). The highest daily maximum temperature of 38.4 °C, was recorded in Mtwara on 17th April 2019, and is the 9th of above normal daily temperature recorded in the station since 1950. The second highest daily maximum temperature in the country was 37.5°C recorded at Kilimanjaro International Airport on 22nd March 2019. This temperature record at Kilimanjaro International Airport is ranked 3rd on record for March, 2019. On the other hand, the south western highlands and southern regions were the coldest parts during June, July and August. Large number of lower daily minimum temperature events less than 5°C occurred in June (22 events), July (32 events), and August (12 events). The lowest minimum temperatures of 1.5°C and 2°C were recorded in Mbeya on 26th June, 2019 and 28th July 2019, respectively. These were the second record of lowest temperature in this decade since 2011, but lower temperatures up to -8 °C have been observed in the past years. 35 National Climate Change Response Strategy 2021-2026 35 d) Temperature Projections by 2050 and 2100 The climate models project warming in the range of 0.8 to 1.8°C by the 2040s. In the MultiModel Ensemble, warming of roughly 1°C is relatively evenly distributed across Tanzania13. By the 2090s, all models project warming in the range of 1.6 to 5.0°C, with the MultiModel Ensemble warming of roughly 3-4°C fairly evenly distributed across Tanzania (slightly less warming nearer to the coast)1. More warming is projected over the western side of the country, whereby a warming of up to 3.40C is projected by 2100 (Luhunga et al., 2018). A warming of less than 1.76ºC for 2050 and 3.28ºC for 2100 is projected over parts of the northern coast regions and north-eastern highlands, and a warming in excess of 1.77ºC for 2050 and 3.3ºC for 2100 is projected over the Lake Victoria zone and central zone, while a warming in excess of 1.39ºC for 2050 and 3.18ºC for 2100 is projected for the southern coast including Mtwara and Lindi regions. Figures 10 and 11 are the Maps of Tanzania showing projected change in mean annual temperature by year 2050 and mean annual temperature by year 2100. Figure 8: Projected change in mean annual temperature by 2050 and mean annual temperature by 2100 36 36 National Climate Change Response Strategy 2021-2026 Figure 9: Future projections for monthly daily maximum temperature for 2040- 2060 for Zanzibar (Source: GCAP, 2012)

2.2.2 Sector Climate Change Impacts and Vulnerability a) Agriculture The Ministry of Agriculture’s annual budget speech (2020/2021) reported that agricultural sector makes up about 28.2 percent of GDP and employs about 58 per cent of Tanzanians. Most of the rural population directly rely on agriculture for their livelihoods2'3. Above all, agriculture in Tanzania is dominated by smallholder farmers cultivating farms of less than three hectares and practicing rain-fed agriculture. About 70% of Tanzania’s crop area is cultivated by hand hoes, 20% by ox ploughs and 10% by tractors. Food crop production dominates the agricultural economy. In some areas, irrigated farms help to stabilize agricultural production, improve food security, increase farm productivity and income, and produce higher- value crops such as vegetables and flowers. Maize is the country’s main staple food crop and is grown by more than 50% of farmers and is found in all regions of the country. Most of Tanzania is classified broadly as a ‘Maize-Mixed’ farming system with areas of root crop-based farming in the southern and north-western areas. Rice is the second most important staple in Tanzania. Rain-fed paddy rice production by smallholders is centred in Mbeya, Morogoro, Mwanza, Shinyanga, and Tabora. Other major food crops include sorghum, millet, wheat, pulses, cassava, potatoes, bananas, plantains, sugar, groundnuts, sesame, coconuts, and soybeans. Much of Tanzania’s sorghum and millet are produced in arid and semi-arid agro-ecological zones. Finger millet is popular in the country’s south-western regions. Dependency on rain-fed agriculture makes it acutely vulnerable to weather changes (URT, 2014, 2015, 2017). Unreliable rainfall in terms of intensity and distribution is the most likely 2 National Bureau of Statistics (2014). Basic Demographic and Socio-Economic Profile: National Bureau of Statistics (NBS), Dar es Salaam. 3 Joel Chongela (2015). Contribution of agriculture sector to the Tanzanian economy. American Journal of Research Communication, 2015, 3(7): 57-70} 37 National Climate Change Response Strategy 2021-2026 37 and damaging production risk. Drought is also known to severely affect agriculture. Changing climate has already resulted in a general decline in agricultural productivity, including changes in agro-diversity and hence jeopardizing food security and nutrition. Evidence of the impacts of climate variability on agriculture sector in Tanzania include shifting in agro-ecological zones, prolonged dry episodes, unpredictability in rainfall (URT, 2018b), uncertainty in cropping patterns, increased weed competition with crops for (moisture, nutrients and light) and ecological changes for pests and diseases. Shortening and/or change of the growing season, a trend that has already been observed in Tanzania is seen as a direct consequence of the warming up and changes in rainfall. Between 2015 and 2019 drought was most frequently reported in the northern regions (Arusha, Tanga, Manyara, Kilimanjaro, Simiyu and Mara), central regions (Dodoma and Morogoro), and south-eastern regions (Mtwara and Lindi). Photo1and 2 shows effects of drought induced by climate change leading to decrease in crop productivity because of crop pesticides and diseases. Photo 1: Effect of drought on maize crop in Busega district, Simiyu Region, February, 2017 38 38 National Climate Change Response Strategy 2021-2026 Photo 2: Effect of drought on maize crop harvest in Busega district, Simiyu, February, 2017. On the other hand, the “increasingly bimodal” tendencies and rainfall patterns in the north correspond with this pattern. National food production is projected to decrease by 8 –13 per cent by 2050 due to increased heat stress, drying, erosion and flood damage as well as post-harvest loss. Beans, sorghum and rice yield projections follow similar trends, with decreases of 5 - 9 per cent by 2050. Increasing heat stress and expansion of the coffee berry borer beetle are expected to decrease coffee productivity from 225 kg/ha currently to less than 100 kg/ha in 2060. Along the coast, cassava and rice crops are subject to salinization, water logging and inundation from sea level rise4. The value of loss of agriculture GDP from the impacts of climate change over the coming five decades is estimated at US$ 27 billion (Tanzanian Shillings 43,200 trillion), which is an annual average of about US$ 540 million (Tanzania Shillings 864,000 billion)5. With expected increase of incidence of disasters, early warning system in agricultural sector need to be strengthened through different strategies such as crop insurance scheme introduced in 2020. b) Livestock After crops, the livestock industry is the second biggest contributor to Tanzanian Agriculture representing 5.5% of the country’s household income and 30% of the Tanzania’s GDP6'7. The livestock sector is ranked as one of the vital economic sectors in Tanzania that will be severely impacted by climate change if no serious actions are taken to respond to its adverse 4 USAID (2018). Country Climate Profile, Tanzania: Fact Sheet. 5 United Republic of Tanzania –URT (2014). State of the Environment Report, Vice President’ s Office, URT 6 SAGCOT, Tanzania Investment Opportunity, 2013 7 http://www.tanzaniainvest.com/agriculture (25th February 2016) 39 National Climate Change Response Strategy 2021-2026 39 consequences 8 . The sector is central to the livelihood of rural Tanzanians, particularly pastoralists whose livelihoods are wholly or partially dependent on livestock8 for food, draught power, a mode of saving and social-cultural symbolism9. Most of the livestock are concentrated in the semi-arid areas (including, Arusha, Dodoma, parts of Iringa, Kilimanjaro, Manyara, Shinyanga, Mwanza, Singida, Mara, Tabora, Songwe, Mbeya, Katavi and parts of Rukwa), which are more suitable for livestock than any other form of agriculture. These areas are characterized by relatively low mean annual rainfall with stronger spatial and temporal variability, and therefore not very reliable for production of food and cash crops. Concentration of ruminant livestock in these areas is also attributed to low prevalence of tsetse flies and less competition for arable land. However, the sector is affected by various impacts of climate change, drought being the most serious effect. There has been livestock loss as a result of severe and recurrent droughts, particularly in the northern parts of the country. For example, following the drought and subsequent famine in northern Tanzania, in late 2009 to early 2010, about 700,000 livestock including 316,437 cattle, 236,359 goats and 92,640 sheep died in Arusha region10. Although floods are usually less recurrent, their occurrences cause severe impacts while also affecting larger areas11. For example, the FAO assessment (2011) on the impact of El-Nino indicated that floods caused the death of various types of animals across six (6) regions; namely, Arusha, Mara, Mwanza, Dodoma, Morogoro and Shinyanga. Overall frequency rate of animals lost due to floods per animal holding were chicken (35.3%), ducks (14.7%), goat (5.0%), pigs (2.7%), sheep (1.7%), and cattle (0.1%). Changes in the mean temperature and rainfall, and the increased variability of rainfall have resulted into the prolonged length of dry seasons and increased severity of periodic droughts that reduce availability of water and pastures. It is also expected that they shrink the rangelands that are important for livestock keeping communities in Tanzania. Shrinkage of rangelands, and pastoralists and agro-pastoralists migration are likely to exacerbate conflicts between livestock keepers, crop farmers and other resource users in many areas. On the other hand, warming is predicted to increase disease vectors which will consequently increase the incidences of vector-borne diseases of livestock, such as 8 MLDF (2015). Tanzania Livestock Modernization Initiatives. Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries and Development, Dar es Salaam. 9 MLDF (2011). Livestock sector development Programme: Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries Development, Dar es Salaam. 10 VPO (2013). Report on Forests, Rangelands and Climate Change Adaptation in Tanzania. Vice President's Office (VPO), Dar es Salaam. 11 FAO (2016). Rapid Agriculture Needs Assessment in response to the “El - Niño” effects in the United Republic of Tanzania. Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), Rome. 40 40 National Climate Change Response Strategy 2021-2026 Trypanosomiasis, East Coast Fever, and Rift Valley Fever. This is expected to severely affect survival and production of livestock12. c) Fisheries Fisheries are also an important sub-sector in Tanzania, providing about 35% of rural employment and ensuring complementary sources of protein for many rural communities. Fishing is a crucial source of livelihood for fisheries communities in the inland and coastal areas in Tanzania but severely threatened by climate change. As Lake and Ocean temperatures rise, many fish species are being driven into deeper waters13. Fisheries sub-sector employs more than 177,527 people as artisan fishers who work directly in the sector and approximately 4,000,000 people engaged in fisheries related activities like fish processing and marketing, trade in fishing, boat building and maintenance9. The performance of the sector is influenced by climate change and environmental degradation, decrease in fish catches, over participation in fishing related activities, change of species distribution and abundances13. Therefore, its contribution to the country’s economy has significantly impacted by the changing climate scenarios. Climate change can affect fisheries through different ways such as coral reef bleaching that alters aquatic primary productivity from increased surface temperature, wind velocity, sea level increase and wave action, which can bring ecological and biological significant change to both fresh water and marine ecosystems. Tanzania is one of the Sub-Saharan countries projected to have more warming than the global average in the global south and the possibility of getting warmer in the future is high14. Climate change will further cause fish migration patterns thereby affecting fish recruitment and stocks in traditional fishing grounds, especially for artisanal fisher folks. Sedimentation in marine estuaries and freshwaters is negatively affecting fisheries in marine and freshwater bodies by smothering breeding and forage grounds. This problem is aggravated by sea level rise, increased water temperatures, wind speed and directions, changing of other water parameters including chlorophyll a (in algae) and sedimentation from inland run-off that all result from changing climate. d) Forestry and Bee keeping The 2015 Tanzania Forest Service (TFS) Forest Inventory established forests and wooded areas coverage in Tanzania to be over 48.1 million hectares of land. Forest ecosystems are important not only for supplying timber and other economically important products, but also for generating indirect benefits such as controlling soil erosion, supporting soil fertility, providing shade, and buffering hydrological cycles. Forests and woodlands are important to communities for many reasons including: i) sources of wood for construction and energy; ii) 12 Magita, S.Y., and A.Z. Sangeda (2017). Effects of climate stress to pastoral communities in Tanzania: A case of Mvomero District. Livestock Research for Rural Development, 29 13 Hanifa et al. (2015). Climate Change Impacts on Fishing in Coastal Rural of Tanzania. Journal of Environment and Earth Science, 5-10 14 IPCC (2015). Climate Change 2014 Synthesis Report. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. 41 National Climate Change Response Strategy 2021-2026 41 provision of water retention capacities of catchment areas; iii) provision of a high biodiversity as well as forest products including Non-Wood Forest Products (NWFPs) such as thatch grass and forests; and iv) sources of food and income in times of scarcity. Impacts of climate change on forest ecosystems and biodiversity vary depending on vegetation species. The common impacts to all forest’s types include loss of biodiversity; disappearance of wildlife habitats, increased risk of bush fires, limited availability of forest products (timber and non-timber products) and ecosystem shift (for example, forest to woodlands, or woodlands to grasslands). Impacts of climate change in the forestry sector is also exacerbated by impacts in other sectors such agriculture, livestock, energy and human settlement in terms of encroachment of forest areas for agricultural expansion, livestock grazing or expansion of human settlements. It is estimated that 85% of the population in the country depend on wood and charcoal as a source of fuel for cooking. This has resulted in depletion of forest at a rate of 469,420 hectares per year15. Similarly, wildfires contribute to forest degradation and subsequently to greenhouse gases emissions. Studies based on satellite image data reveal that an average of 11 million ha burn annually in Tanzania16. The country with 48.1 million ha of forests has set a Forest Reference Emission Level (FREL) estimated to emit about 43,673,924 tCO2e/year MNRT (2015) opct. for facilitating implementation of policy approaches and positive incentives for activities relating to reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation, and the role of conservation, sustainable management of forests and enhancement of forest carbon stocks (REDD+); and alternative policy approaches, such as joint mitigation and adaptation approaches for the integral and sustainable management of forests as per Paris Agreement. Among the regions with severe deforestation include Dodoma, Singida, Manyara, Tabora, Shinyanga, Mwanza, Mara, and Simiyu15 (Figure 12). Furthermore, about 60% of the country is prone to land degradation and desertification17,18. In addition to that, 16% of the country is severely degraded19. Some of the hotspots of land degradation include Shinyanga, Dodoma, Tabora, Manyara, Simiyu, Lindi, Arusha, Kilimanjaro, Morogoro and Ruvuma18, 20 (Figure 13). Species that are expected to be more vulnerable due to continuing climate change are those with limited geographical range and heat intolerant; low germination rates; low survival rate of 15 MNRT (2015). National Forest Resources Monitoring and Assessment of Tanzania Mainland (NAFORMA): Main Results. Ministry of Natural Resources and Tourism (MNRT), Dar es Salaam. 16 FAO (2013). A Fire Baseline for Tanzania, 17 Kirui O.K. (2016). Economics of Land Degradation and Improvement in Tanzania and Malawi. In: Nkonya E., Mirzabaev A., von Braun J. (eds) Economics of Land Degradation and Improvement – A Global Assessment for Sustainable Development. Springer 18 VPO (2020). Land Degradation Neutrality (LDN) Target Setting in Tanzania. Vice President's Office (VPO), Dodoma. 19 VPO (2019). Seventh National Report on the Implementation of UNCCD: Narrative Report. Vice President's Office (VPO), Dodoma. 20 VPO (2014). Tanzania Status of Land Degradation. Vice President's Office (VPO), Dar es Salaam 42 42 National Climate Change Response Strategy 2021-2026 seedlings; and limited seed dispersal/migration capabilities. However, knowledge on the magnitude of effects on individual species is still limited. Furthermore, Tanzania has set aside and managing 506 natural forest reserves for beekeeping. The Ministry of Natural Resources and Tourism (MNRT), through TFS has protected a total of 69,613 ha as National Bee Reserves. It is noteworthy that beekeeping is mainly a traditional and rural-based activity by local communities hence considered as an income generating activity while conserving the environment. It is estimated that about 138,000 tons of honey and 92,000 tons of bee wax are produced per annum from about 9.2 million honey bee colonies. The actual harvest is 48,000 tons of honey and 324 tons of wax per year. The sector generates about US$ 19 million per annum, employs some 2 million people and helps in biodiversity and in increasing agricultural production through pollination. Beekeeping is carried out using traditional methods; using logs and barks hives, apiaries are in the forest areas – far from residential areas and it is largely a man’s business21. Climate change and climate variability have negative impacts on the productivity of honeybees, by altering flowering time, increasing water stress during drought thus reducing pollen and nectar availability, limiting bees’ movement and communication. Continued climate change is expected to impact this sector and in turn affecting livelihoods and the potential investment along the value chain. 21 International Trade Centre (2014). Honey Sector Synthesis Report & Development Road Map. ITC, Geneva, Switzerland 43 National Climate Change Response Strategy 2021-2026 43 Figure 10: Deforestation map of Tanzania, 2002-2013 (Source: MNRT, 2015) 44 44 National Climate Change Response Strategy 2021-2026 Figure 11: Hotspot areas for Tanzania with different levels of land degradation 1980 - 2012 (Source: VPO, 2016) e) Wildlife In the past decade, water shortage has been one of the main challenges facing wildlife in Tanzania. The places that are known to hold water during the dry season for large mammals no longer hold water for dry season. For instance, during the dry seasons in 2009 and 2015 water dependent animals especially hippopotamus and crocodiles were often found crowded in small and few remaining water ponds impairing their physiological functions and many times becoming easy target by poachers and predators. Human-wildlife conflicts have become a common phenomenon to crop raiding while wild animals roam around in search for pastures and water. The animals commonly involved in these conflicts are hippopotamus, elephants and buffaloes. Serious lack of surface water in dry seasons of 2009/2010 and that of 2015 led to the mortalities of hippopotamus and buffalo. Continuing climate change impacts are likely to affect certain species related to particular ecological aspects of individual taxa, necessitating a species-based management approach. Threats to biodiversity continue to increase as adverse impacts of climate change exacerbate. 45 National Climate Change Response Strategy 2021-2026 45 f) Water Resources Water resources have a great role to play in socio-economic transformation of the country. Sectors such as agriculture, industry, tourism, fisheries, and energy among others, are highly dependent on availability of water resources. However, this important resource is increasingly facing threats, including climate change. Increasing rainfall variability and prolonged droughts cause serious pressure in the country’s available water resources. Severe and recurrent droughts in the past decade triggered a decrease in water flows in rivers, hence shrinkage of receiving lakes, declines of water levels in satellite lakes and hydropower dams. Furthermore, some of the perennial rivers have changed to seasonal rivers and some wetlands have dried up. Thus, since water is a finite resource, it is under pressure because of increasing climate change and variability, degradation due to pollution, over-abstraction, and encroachment of water catchments for various land uses (e.g., agriculture, urbanization and industrial development). The scarcity and vulnerability have negative impacts on important watershed and recharge areas, as well as wetlands. The Water Sector Development Programme (2006 – 2025) emphasizes on registration and licensing of water use activities and polluting enterprises as well as monitoring of pollution, development of and implementation of comprehensive water quality monitoring and pollution control programme, permanent water quality standards, and protection of important water sources as a way of enhancing water and environmental conservation. Thus, adequate implementation of objectives of WSDP (2006 – 2025) can foster resilient water sector to climate change adverse impacts. The hydrological monitoring network has improved in the Rufiji and Pangani basins owing to support availed from different initiatives. However, many flow monitoring stations in other basins are inoperative and there are insufficient resources to allow regular reading of operational stations. Groundwater monitoring is only carried out in a few selected areas. Water quality sampling and analysis is also hampered through limited funding and inadequately equipped analytical laboratories. The major water sources (catchments, groundwater recharge areas, and wetlands) have not been properly delineated and are not monitored or protected; they face constant threats. The absence of systematic monitoring precludes knowledge on the severity and extent of the problem arising from adverse impacts of climate change. Moreover, according to Pant et al., 200322, wetlands produce about 40% of the global methane emissions, but they have the highest carbon density and relatively greater carbon sequester capacity. Wetlands sequester carbon from the atmosphere through plant photosynthesis and by acting as sediment traps for runoff and CO2 held in the living vegetation as well as in litter, peats, organic soils, and sediments that have built up, in some instances, over thousands of years. However, many wetlands are facing increasing challenges of climate change, particularly frequent droughts. 22 Pant, H.K, J.E. Rechcigl and M. B. Adjei1 (2003). Carbon sequestration in wetlands: Concept and estimation. Food, Agriculture & Environment Vol.1(2) :308-313. 2003 46 46 National Climate Change Response Strategy 2021-2026 With increasing evapo-transpiration due to increased temperature and changed rainfall regime, wetland water characteristics will change with adverse consequences for the biodiversity within. For example, an increase of pH levels in Lake Natron is affecting the breeding sites of flamingos. On the other hand, following unusual heavy rainfall coupled with flooding in 2019/2020 has led to highest increase of water levels of main water basins in the country. For instance, Lake Tanganyika has recorded highest water levels by almost 3 meters (from 772.85 m in 2006 to 776.04 m in June, 2020); and Lake Victoria by 0.53 m (from 1134.27 m in 1965 to 1134.8 m in June, 2020). Continued adverse impacts of climate change threaten ecosystem services of the Tanzania’s nine major river basins that are vital water catchment areas. Although, projected river flows will be highly influenced by non-climate factors such as changes in land use, climate projections indicate increased runoff for the Pangani and Rufiji basins, which will increase risk of flooding and sedimentation; and decreased runoff for Wami/Ruvu basin, which will increase water stress in Dar es Salaam, Morogoro, Kibaha and Dodoma (with a combined population of more than 6 million). Water availability will also depend on the development of rivers upstream by neighbouring countries, as 13 percent of Tanzania’s renewable water resources are transboundary. Generally, all water basins are faced with water demand stress from different uses, such as irrigation, hydroelectric power, domestic, industry, tourism, etc. Such stress creates a drastic impact to the downstream users especially the national hydropower plants of Nyumba ya Mungu constructed in early 1969 with installed capacity of 8MW, Hale with 21MW (1964), Old Pangani with 17.5 MW (1934) and New Pangani falls constructed in 1995 with installed capacity of 68 MW and Julius Nyerere Hydropower dam (under construction), with expected installed capacity of 2115MW. Prolonged drought, floods, coupled with human water demanding activities will further worsen the already precarious situation. This calls for harmonized and inclusive Strategy that will lead to water resilience. Furthermore, impacts of climate change are more projected to affect the availability and access of quality freshwater resources especially among communities. The required investments are projected to be costly and overwhelming on government budgets. Abnormal rains are projected to lead into destruction of water systems and infrastructure. Both surface and ground water sources (such as springs, wells, boreholes, dams) and systems are likely to be contaminated and/or declined. This situation has increasingly led into water access challenges accompanied with health risks. Communities and areas using pit latrines are the most vulnerable due to water contamination after heavy rains. The rural open water sources that are near farms that are using chemical fertilizers and farm wastes are affected. Places experiencing prolonged and severe droughts are forcing communities to move to other areas looking for clean water. On the coastal areas, the rise of sea level has led to saltwater intrusion affecting coastal communities and their livelihoods. 47 National Climate Change Response Strategy 2021-2026 47 g) Energy Energy sector plays an important role in the socio-economic development of any country. In this context, the Government of Tanzania is committed to accelerating the level of connection for its population with electricity supply in the country by connecting 50% of the households to electricity network by 2025. The National Energy Policy and the Tanzania Rural Electrification Expansion Program (TREEP) serve as a guide to the levels of rural electrification in the country. In this respect, the Government has five-year electrification program whereby the target is to connect 290,000 new customers per annum from 2020 to 2025. Tanzania is well endowed with enormous and diversified potential energy resources which include hydropower, natural gas, solar, wind, biogas, uranium, coal reserves, biofuel, tidal and waves, biomass, and geothermal. According to the Tanzania Energy Policy of 2015 (URT, 2015; URT, 2012), the primary energy supply includes biomass (85.7%), petroleum products (9.3%), electricity (4.5%) and the remaining (1.2%) is contributed by coal and other renewable energy sources. More than 80 percent of energy delivered from biomass is consumed in rural areas; heavy dependence on biomass as the main energy source contributes to deforestation, while the importation of oil costs about 25 to 35% of the nation’s foreign currency earnings. In 2018, analysis of electricity generated from national grid sources showed that 2,234.43GWh was generated through hydropower; 4,788.08GWh through natural gas and 35.58GWh through Heavy Furnace Oil (HFO) and diesel. Natural gas production in Songo Songo and Mnazi Bay fields was 59,142.0 million cubic feet in 2018 compared to 47,456.9 million cubic feet in 2017, equivalent to an increase of 24.6%. The volume of oil imported for domestic consumption increased to 3,267.0 million cubic litres in 2018 from 3,193.2 million cubic litres in 2017. In 2018, solar power generated through solar mini grid in off grid areas was 7MW compared to 5MW generated in 2017. The use of solar energy generated through home solar systems was 18MW in 2018 compared to 15MW in 2017, equivalent to an increase of 20.0%. Power generation from hydro power plants is expected to increase after completion of Julius Nyerere Hydropower project that will generate 2115MW. Both rainfall and temperature anomalies are expected to affect energy generation and distribution from different sources. Currently, about 40% of Tanzania’s limited electricity supply comes from hydropower sources. In the last 40 years Tanzania had experienced severe and recurring droughts with devastating effects to agriculture, water and energy sectors. Available records indicate that from 1957 to 2020 there have been fluctuations of water in Mtera Hydroelectric power dam due to increased siltation and drought. For a period between 2005 and 2016), rainfall trends have been fluctuating, reaching very low in 2006 and 2013 that compelled the HEP to operate at a minimum water levels in those years 48 48 National Climate Change Response Strategy 2021-2026 (Figure 14). A prolonged dry spell in October 2015 led to a near cessation of the dam that affected generation capacities of other hydropower plants across the country. Figure 12: Rainfall trends and minimum water levels at Mtera Dam On the other hand, heavy rains experienced between 2017 and 2020 in many parts of the country threatened the structures of some dams due to water levels reaching unprecedented maximum levels. For example, Mtera hydropower dam recorded an inflow of 3300m3/s in 2020, which is the highest water inflow ever recorded since 1954 (Figure15). MTERA DAM WATER LEVEL FROM 2018 TO 2020 699 MAX 697 2020 695 2018 WATER LEVEL (m.a.s.l) 693 2019 691 MIN 689 687 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 Weeks 2020 2019 2018 Max level Min Level Figure 13: Trends in water levels at Mtera Dam from 2018 to 2020 49 National Climate Change Response Strategy 2021-2026 49 While future rainfall and water flows may increase in main rivers in the country particularly the Pangani and Rufiji basins that are both important for hydropower, increasing evaporation and siltation can constrain Tanzania’s inadequate electric supply. According to the PSMP, 2020, the current contribution of liquid fuels in power generation is about 5.67%. However, the government’s plan is to phase out the diesel/HFO from the National Grid system by 2021 and retained as reserve capacity in the range of 15 – 20% for emergency throughout the planning period. Successful implementation of the plan will contribute to the reduction of GHG emissions and enhance the use of the renewable energy sources in the national grid. Additionally, power loss from both transmission and distribution lines has been the biggest challenge facing TANESCO and it enhances vulnerability of energy utility. The level of power loss in 2019 was 16.19%, split as 5.88% and 10.31% for transmission and distribution losses (technical and non-technical), respectively. However, TANESCO has already started implementing strategies of reducing power losses through different initiatives such as increasing in the rate of inspecting customers and replacements of conventional electricity meters to smart meters (LUKU) and construction of high voltage transmission lines (400 kV) to connect significant power loads. Through such efforts, the amount of power losses is planned to be reduced to as low as 12% by 2026. Moreover, based on the Power Supply Master Plan, TANESCO plans to increase power interconnection with the neighbouring countries within EAC and SADC regions so as to address vulnerability of the energy sector. Based on the PSMP 2020, the power interconnection with five neighbouring countries is set to be achieved by 2025. Therefore, energy diversification is deemed essential for ensuring energy security in the country. h) Industry Most of the industries concentrate in manufacturing of simple consumer goods including food, beverages, tobacco, textiles and furniture, as well as wood and allied products of which they depend much on agro-products. In 2019, production of selected industrial products continued to increase due to high demand in the domestic and global markets. Production increased in the following products; cement (36.7%), paints (21.1%), tin (20.0%), sisal ropes (14.0%), wood clusters (12.5%), fishing nets (11.4%), konyagi (10.3%), biscuits and spaghetti (7.1%), cigarettes (5.7%), batteries (4.4%), pyrethrum products (4.3%) and wheat flour (2.6%) (The Economic Survey 2019). The Tanzania’s Integrated Industrial Development Strategy (IIDS) 2025 reflects growing Micro Manufacturing Enterprises (MMEs), which are scattered and, in most cases, operating informally. The large dependence on agricultural raw materials means that the industrial sector is vulnerable to the impacts of climate change. Despite the agro-based nature of most of these industries, power supply is mainly from hydro sources, which are vulnerable to climate change, particularly drought. Therefore, climate change adversely affects the sector and people’s wellbeing at large. The effects include: - 50 50 National Climate Change Response Strategy 2021-2026 a) Decrease in industrial production due to unstable power supply, water supply, low or inadequate supply of agricultural raw materials, damage of infrastructure, which mean limited inflow of foreign currency; b) Increase of industrial production costs due to imported materials and technology, which would mean more capital flight; c) Increased occupational health risk due to high temperatures and inadequate water for sanitary activities; and d) Increase in unemployment rate due to decreased industrial investment and production. Tanzania is now a lower middle-income country. In this context, the government is promoting further industrial development. Recent development has been observed in light manufacturing industries and/or agro-processing plants and mills. Most of these are located mainly in urban centres. Industrial development in the face of climate change poses great challenges towards these targets. Impacts of climate change in other sectors such as infrastructure, agriculture, and livestock will also affect supply of raw material for agro-industry. i) Health Climate variability is associated with the geographical distribution and reproduction of vectors responsible for a number of diseases. Outbreaks of vector borne diseases that are known to be influenced by climate variability include malaria, dengue, rift valley fever, yellow fever and trypanosomiasis. Malaria is the most important public health concern in Tanzania, especially in children under five years of age and among pregnant women (four times more likely to suffer from malaria than the average population). The disease accounts for 16.7% of all reported deaths and is one of the leading causes of morbidity, ranging from 24.4% in Rukwa region to 48.9% in Dar es Salaam23'24. In the past 10 years there are already reported incidences of epidemic malaria especially in highland areas that were traditionally free from mosquitoes and malaria such Tanga, Kilimanjaro, Iringa, Kagera and Mbeya, among others, where it was not prevalent before. On the other hand, warmer climate, frequency of flooding and drought would increase water borne diseases like typhoid and cholera. The spread and outbreak of cholera are concomitant with the climate prediction in the country. Studies show significant relationship between temperature and the incidence of cholera in the country. 23 MoH (2016). Demographic Health Survey 2010 and 2015. Ministry of Health, Community Development, Gender, Elderly and Children. Dar es Salaam. 24 MoH (2018). Tanzania Malaria Indicator Survey 2017. Ministry of Health, Community Development, Gender, Elderly and Children. Dodoma. 51 National Climate Change Response Strategy 2021-2026 51 It is predicted that for a 1-degree Celsius temperature increase the initial relative risk of cholera increases by 15 to 29%. The total costs of cholera attributable to climate change are shown to be in the range of 0.32 to 1.4% of Tanzanian GDP in 2030. Moreover, it is projected the number and costs of additional cases of cholera that can be attributed to climate change by 2030 in Tanzania for a 1-20C increase in temperatures accordingly. Heat strain or stress including heat exhaustion, heat stroke, and dehydration are putting people at greater health risk. Symptoms of heat stress include difficulty in concentrating, confusion, dizziness, headache, muscle cramps, heat rash, fatigue, fainting and nausea. In the most serious cases, heat stroke can happen and may lead to unconsciousness and death. Existing studies indicate that by 2040, Dar es Salaam will have hotter days in a year (50-180 days), and hotter nights compared to the historical average of 36 days. This is expected to increase cases of heat stress related illnesses in the region and other parts of the country. Despite the presence of linkage between climate change and climate sensitive diseases in the country, there is no system to track down prevalence of such diseases despite the presence of health information management system. In addition, there is inadequate utilization of information released by TMA regarding weather changes such as excessive rains and diseases preparedness and response. Development of health-related early warning system could help to alert about the disease incidences and outbreaks and thus planning to respond timely. The number of healthcare facilities has increased in the country, both public and private. In addition, there is an expansion of service delivery in the hospitals. For example, based on the GAZETTE, issued on November 05, 2010, regional hospitals and three municipal hospitals in Dar es Salaam were upgraded to become “Regional Referral Hospitals”. Additionally, 10 hospitals owned by Faith Based Organizations were also officially recognized as “Referral Hospitals at regional level”. This means that more services are delivered in these hospitals compared to the past. The increase in the number of hospitals and expansion of service delivery are associated with increase in the use of resources such as water and energy. In addition, the generation of healthcare waste is also on increase. It is estimated that healthcare waste generation ranges from 0.5 to 2.5 kg per bed per day. The quantity of healthcare waste is estimated at 60 - 70 tons per day. Management of these wastes remains to be a challenge in the country. Incineration is the recommended method of treatment. However, only less than 10 hospitals have proper functioning incinerators. The rest of the incinerators do not meet temperature requirements as per national healthcare waste management guidelines. Due to incomplete combustion caused by the use of such incinerators, generation of gases such as carbon dioxide which are culprits of climate change are on increase. These challenges call for several transformations in hospitals such as the use of non- incineration technologies in the treatment of wastes and use of clean energy sources so as to minimize emissions of greenhouse gases that contribute to climate change. The feasibility study conducted on HCW generation in Dar es Salaam in 2012 estimated that the generation of healthcare waste in the city with more than 650 Healthcare facilities was 52 52 National Climate Change Response Strategy 2021-2026 2,592 tons per year out of which 1,898 tons, which is equivalent to 73% of the total wastes generated, needs to be incinerated according to International practice. Based on these trends, the Ministry of Health, Community Development, Women, Elderly and Children developed the Heath Sector National Adaptation Plan (HNAP) to mobilise resources to address observed and projected impacts of climate change in the health sector. However, this Strategy is yet to be effectively used to bring intended contributions in the sector and hence deliberate efforts are needed to operationalize it. j) Coastal and Marine Environment Coastal and marine ecosystems directly support the livelihoods of many Tanzanians. Human activities coupled with the impacts of climate change have resulted into deterioration of these ecological systems; thereby decreasing their capacity to deliver the expected benefits. Evidence of major climate change related impacts in Tanzania include destruction of coral reefs, coastal erosion, submergence of small islands, destruction of coastal infrastructures and human settlement, intrusion of sea water into freshwater wells, and degradation of mangrove and coral reefs. Mangrove and coral reefs protect the shoreline and coastal land against ocean waves or surge effects. Mangroves and coral reefs contribute greatly in the maintenance of biodiversity and genetic library in whole coastal ecosystem. Mangroves and coral reefs are used as feeding, nursery and/or spawning areas by transient species, thereby providing important biological support or links for many mobile organisms from different coastal habitats. Coral reefs directly support pelagic food webs through export of organic production to the adjacent ocean. The socio-economic values of coral reefs are realized mainly through coastal fisheries and coastal tourism. Coral reefs and associated ecosystems provide more than 70% of all artisanal fish production25. Despite their values, about 80% of coral reefs in Tanzania are threatened by human activities, including overfishing, use of dragnets, blast fishing, spear/gun fishing, and use of poisons. Degradation of reefs not only results in tremendous losses of biodiversity but also leads to declining fisheries and tourism and, consequently, increased poverty to coastal communities. Global threats to this ecosystem include over-fishing, destructive fishing practices, habitat destruction, pollution, ocean acidification, global warming, eutrophication, diseases, damage from anchors and watercrafts. Photos 3 and 4 shows healthy and unhealth corals due to effects of coral bleaching caused by ocean acidification as a result of decrease in the amount of carbonate, a key building block in sea water which makes more difficulty for marine organisms including coral and some plankton to form their shells and skeletons and existing shells may begin to dissolve. 25 Hamad et al. (2019). Climate Change Increasing Threats on Non-Conserved Mangroves Forests of Micheweni, Zanzibar–Tanzania. Tanzania Journal of Science 45(3): 527-538. 53 National Climate Change Response Strategy 2021-2026 53 Photo 3: Appearance of healthy corals Photo 4: Appearance of unhealthy corals (coral bleaching) The loss of coral reefs is likely to continue having impacts on the marine and coastal resources, particularly fisheries that depend on coral reef ecosystem as breeding, nursery and feeding habitat. Sea level rise impacts are increasingly manifested by accelerated coastal erosion. 54 54 National Climate Change Response Strategy 2021-2026 k) Blue Economy Even though Blue economy 26 is not one sector, the concept of Blue economy 27 refers to marine-based sustainable economic development that leads to improved human wellbeing and social equity, while significantly reducing environmental risks and ecological scarcities. Thus, the ‘Blue Economy’ or ‘Ocean Economy’ is an emerging global concept that encourages better stewardship of our ocean resources. Similar to the ‘Green Economy’, the concept of “Blue Economy” seeks to promote economic growth, social inclusion, and the preservation or improvement of livelihoods while at the same time ensuring environmental sustainability of the oceans and coastal areas. Blue economy also reflects in the Goal 14 of the UN’s Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), which states: “Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas and marine resources for sustainable development”. Currently the Blue Economy is at the centre of the AU’s Agenda 2063: The Africa’s Integrated Maritime (AIM) Strategy (2050) that recognizes that Africa’s inland waters, oceans and seas have vast potential for wealth creation. The blue economy has diverse components, including established traditional ocean industries such as fisheries, tourism, and maritime transport, but also new and emerging activities (such as offshore renewable energy, aquaculture, seabed extractive activities, and marine biotechnology and bioprospecting). Other services provided by ocean ecosystems include carbon sequestration, coastal protection, waste disposal and the existence of biodiversity. Tanzania is endowed with a long and rich coastline of about 1,450 kilometres long and Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) with pristine biodiversity domains comprising of great ecosystems of corals reefs, diverse species of fish and other aquatic organisms. However, the concept of blue economy in the country focuses beyond ocean and its related resources and relevant activities. Existence of major lakes and rivers, ports and harbour as well as clean and beautiful beaches provides an opportunity for the country to reactivate and give added momentum towards promoting the concept of a blue economy in practical and tangible terms. This can be best achieved through holistic multi-sector planning, judicious investment, effective engagement of the private sector, and involvement of key players and stakeholders. Blue Economy offers a number of opportunities for sustainable, clean, equitable blue growth in both traditional and emerging sectors in Tanzania such as fisheries, aquaculture, marine tourism, energy, port, shipping and port facilities, marine biotechnology and bioprospecting. Rising of temperature and rainfall anomalies will accelerate sea-level rise, modify ocean circulation and change marine ecosystems, with considerable socio-economic consequences 26 https://www.gktoday.in/gk/blue-economy-concept-elements-and- evolution/#:~:text=%20Blue%20Economy%3A%2 27 https://www.gktoday.in/gk/blue-economy-concept-elements-and- evolution/#:~:text=%20Blue%20Economy%3A% 55 National Climate Change Response Strategy 2021-2026 55 (IPCC, 2007)28. The warming will further cause expansion of ocean waters and melting of glaciers and ice caps in the polar countries. Some deleterious effects associated with sea-level rise in Tanzania have been pinpointed as the likelihood of inundation of low-lying coastal areas, accelerated coastal erosion, changes in sediment budgets, rising water tables, saline intrusion, damage to coastal structure and loss of coastal ecosystems. In addition, other sectors in the blue economy need to be exploited to create opportunities in the context of climate change. Government initiatives is to promote linkage between blue economy and existing conservation initiatives such as restoration of coral reef, eco-tourism, climate proof infrastructure, green harnessing of marine and fresh water resources, conservation of mangroves, promoting efficient transports enhances adaptation and resilient of the marine and fresh water ecosystems. l) Transport and Infrastructure Tanzania's transport infrastructure is under growing pressure. The country’s high economic growth over last decades (6 - 7%) has increased the usage of transport network that has been facing various challenges. These challenges include floods and overflowing rivers that disrupt trade flow and transportation of goods and passengers. These risks are expected to further increase with climate change. The floods and overflowing of rivers caused severe damages on infrastructure including buildings, roads, airdromes, railways and human settlements. Additionally, landslides have continuously affected buildings and road infrastructures in Same and Moshi districts. For instance, from 2014 to 2019, floods affected critical infrastructures from the coast to the highlands, destroying roads, bridges and public and private buildings. Implications of severe weather and extreme events in 2016 included loss of lives, property and severe damages on infrastructures. Heavy rains in Morogoro region destroyed road networks that connect Kilombero and Ulanga districts. Likewise, there was a shutdown of public transport in Dar es Salaam (Jangwani) because of flooded Msimbazi River. In 2018, Natural Gas Pipeline in Mnazi Bay Mtwara was affected by heavy rains that eroded soil covering section of the pipeline located close to Mnazi Gas Processing plant. This situation necessitated for mitigation measures that were costly to TPDC. Similarly, in 2019 the heavy rain caused economic activities like transportation, communication, buildings and power services to a standstill. Up to 15 bridges of the roads managed by the Tanzania Rural and Urban Roads Agency (TARURA) in Handeni district were damaged. The situation was equally felt by the highways operated by the Tanzania National Roads Agency (TANROADS), which include a portion of the Dar es Salaam-Arusha road, Korogwe-Handeni-Mkata section, Mandera Bridge between Korogwe and Segera. In 2020 impacts of extreme rainfall events destroyed the Kiyegeya Bridge connecting Dodoma and Morogoro regions. With regard to railway transport, flooding events due to extreme rainfall have periodically affected the central railway line. The recent flood on 4th January 2021 swept away part of 28 IPCC, 2007 IPCC, 2007: Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 56 56 National Climate Change Response Strategy 2021-2026 railway line at Makutupora area in Dodoma leading to hundreds of passengers stranded after TRC suspended services. It was estimated that TRC had lost 150 million shillings per month after the suspension of services. Additionally, repeated flooding at Mwanza Airport affected aviation, whereby planes failed to land a couple of times. Between 2019 and 2020 extreme wind and wave currents disrupted marine transportation between Dar and Zanzibar, Dar and Mafia, Pemba and Unguja islands. Photos 5 and 6 shows the effects of flooding on infrastructures and housing in Tanga, Dar es Salaam and Lindi Regions in 2020. Photo 5: Effects of floods on road infrastructures in Handeni, Tanga Region Photo 6: Effects of flooding on road infrastructures, public transport and housing in Dar es Salaam city 57 National Climate Change Response Strategy 2021-2026 57 These effects of extreme weather events are expected to further impact the transport sector. Hence there is need to put in place intervention measures to ensure the sustainable contribution of the sector to the national economy. It is important to ensure that all infrastructures are climate resilient so as to reduce losses and disruptions. The plan, design and construction of new infrastructures need to prioritise and mainstream climate change. Existing infrastructures will need to be continuously enhanced and or retrofitted under a given climate change. Other infrastructures such as sea walls need to be up scaled so that the coastal areas are resilient to climate change. Awareness creation on climate change adaptation infrastructures has to be emphasised across sectors. It is important to monitor guidelines and benchmarks to strengthen accountability on climate change adaptation through infrastructure development across sectors. m) Tourism The tourism sector plays a significant role in the Tanzanian economy. According to the National Five-Year Development Plan (NFYDP) 2016/21, from 2012 tourism has been the leading sector in terms of foreign exchange earnings and is the third largest recipient of foreign direct investments (FDIs) after mining and manufacturing. According to the Bank of Tanzania Monthly Economic Review (MER) report (2018), the tourism industry was the main source of foreign exchange receipts by Tanzania in 2018. The MER report for the year ending December 2018, the earnings reached US$2.44 billion from US$2.25 billion for the same period in 2017. The tourism sector is an ideal vehicle for economic growth and poverty reduction. Climate change affects a wide range of environmental resources that are critical for tourists’ attractions, such as wildlife, biodiversity, and water levels and quality. It also has an important influence on environmental conditions and incidents that can deter tourists, such as high temperatures, extreme precipitation, infectious disease, wildfires, increased wildlife mortality, and insects and waterborne pests. The ecosystem services are threatened by climate variability and change, natural and societal factors. The Serengeti, for example, has lost 40% of its original area since 1910; the Mara River has lost 50% of its water flow since 1970, while Kilimanjaro has lost 82% of its ice cap in the last 90 years (Kilungu et al., 2016). Damage to infrastructure due to extreme rainfall and flooding, such as roads and buildings, can limit access to tourist attractions and increase of operating costs. These events are expected to increase as climate change affects precipitation patterns, landscape features, ice-melting rates and animal migration patterns. Therefore, severe seasonal rainfall is an important factor shaping tourism seasonality in national parks including the famous Serengeti National Park (SENAPA). n) Human Settlements According to Tanzania National Population Projections of 2020, the population of Tanzania in 2020 was estimated to be 57.6 million people URT (2018). Population of Tanzania mainland 58 58 National Climate Change Response Strategy 2021-2026 was about 52.6 million people, growing at a rate of 2.7% per annum29. Tanzania has a total of 12,678 recognized human settlements out of which 12,545 are villages and 133 are urban centres. The urban centres are composed of 6 cities, 20 municipals, 33 towns and 74 townships. Tanzania has a high urban population growth rate at 5% per annum. Currently, majority of urban populations are associated with urban informality indicated by informal/unplanned settlements with limited or no basic services including physical infrastructures and socioeconomic services such as roads, water and sanitation and storm water drainage systems. Unplanned settlements have been increasing and some of them are located in hazard-prone lands including steep slopes, flood plains, river valleys, and near dump sites. The provision of basic services in human settlements in terms of infrastructure and socio- economic services is inadequate. However, it is important to note that in the recent years the infrastructures and basic services have been improved to large extent. The rapid population growth has led, in some cases, to the misuse of natural resources, which in turn has contributed to factors leading to climate change. Photos 7 and 8 shows the effects of climate change induced flooding on human settlements in Lindi Region in Januray 2020. Photo 7: Incidents of floods in Lindi, January 2020 29 NBS (2019). National Climate Change Statistics Report, National Bureau of Statistics, Dodoma. 59 National Climate Change Response Strategy 2021-2026 59 Photo 8: Effects of climate change induced flooding in Lindi Region, January, 2020 Furthermore, as projected for other African countries, 50% of the population is poised to live in urban areas by 2050. While positive from the economic development perspectives, urbanization is likely to pose significant challenges that could aggravate climate change if not well managed especially given the already inadequate capacity of infrastructures. Key challenges associated with urbanization that may exacerbate climate change include poor waste management, increased demand for resources such as water, energy, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) services; increased slums and improper land use plans, air pollution-transport due to dust and waste, heat island effect due to enlarged built environment, increased floods due to poor waste management and improper land use planning. On the other hand, Tanzania is on the way to become middle income country by 2025, having achieved the lower middle-income status earlier than planned in 2020. Like urbanization, industrialization will exert more pressure on the environment and climate change through an increased waste generation, resource demand and pollution. In view of the above, there is an urgent need to develop green/low carbon urbanization and industrialization plans that promote green space, land use plans and nature-based adaptation; enhancing green cities by promoting green buildings, transport, energy and infrastructures; promote eco-smart villages programme by enhancing retrofitting for resilient on affordable and sustainable households; enforce environmental impact assessment and audit (EIA/EA) and strategic environmental assessment (SEA) for industrialization including zonation, promote integrated sustainable transport systems, dedicate dumpsite playground and promote discussion and practices on circular economy notably recycling and re-use of waste products. 60 60 National Climate Change Response Strategy 2021-2026 o) Waste management Waste management refers to activities involved in identifying materials that are no longer usable and are either gathered for systematic disposal or thrown away. In general, there are three main types of wastes: namely, solid, liquid and gaseous wastes. These wastes are generated from different sources including residential houses, industries, solid waste disposal sites, farms, livestock keeping and many other human activities. It is estimated that the quantity of municipal solid waste generated countrywide is 10,000 tonnes per day. The indicative generation rate ranges from 0.1 - 1.0 kg/cap/day. It is estimated that as much as 80 – 90% of solid wastes generated in urban areas are not collected for safe disposal. In addition, most of the domestic wastes, which accounts for about 60% of the total solid waste generated daily, are disposed by burning or burying. Solid wastes in urban areas are managed by urban authorities in collaboration with private sector. In terms of liquid waste there are several types which can be categorized into hazardous and non-hazardous. The main sources are residential houses, industries, laboratories, commercial centres and many more human activities. In Tanzania domestic liquid wastes are mainly contributed by faecal disposal systems and kitchen waste due to the fact that majority of population both in urban and rural areas use onsite disposal systems for faecal disposal. According to URT - TNBS (2018) by 2016, only 10 towns/cities in Tanzania had central sewerage systems, which covered only 20% of total urban population. The Urban Water and Sewerage Authorities (UWASAs) are responsible for managing liquid wastes in the urban areas. In rural areas, management of wastewater is left to households and is mainly onsite. The proper management of wastes has become one of the most pressing and challenging issues especially in urban areas. This is due to the fact that mismanagement of waste in one way or the other contributes to the factors leading to climate change or exacerbates the impacts of climate change through greenhouse gases emission. According to NDC report (2019), contribution of wastes in GHG emission was 19,962kt for carbon dioxide gas. p) Disaster risk management Disaster risk management play significant role in addressing climate change adaptation measures. Measures to address climate related disaster have been hampered by severe and extreme weather events resulted from climate variability and change have been a main threat to communities’ resilience. Weather related events in recent years have resulted in extensive disaster risks in many parts of the country due to socioeconomic condition of majority of rural and unprevelaged urban communities. For instance, in the past five years the country has experienced various weather disasters with significant humanitarian and economic consequences. The country has experienced floods in different Districts from 2015 to 2020 which cumulatively killed 307 people, affected 317,907 people and destroyed 50,588 houses. The Regions which are frequently affected by floods include Dar es Salaam, Tanga, Mwanza, Morogoro, Lindi, Mtwara, Iringa, Dodoma, Kigoma, Rukwa, Pwani and Kilimanjaro. Rainstorm killed 47 people, affected 3,500 people and destroyed 634 houses in Kahama district 61 National Climate Change Response Strategy 2021-2026 61 in 2015. In 2015/16 El Niño directly affected 84,643 people and destroyed 1,006 houses and 11,167.4 hectares of food crops, destroyed schools, health facilities, roads, bridges and other public and private infrastructures in Mwanza (Ilemela), Mtwara (Mtwara mikindani and council), Pwani (Rufiji) and Iringa (Iringa municipal).

2.3 Cross-Cutting Issues These are cross-cutting themes that are of relevance to climate change mitigation, adaptation and policy measures as elaborated hereunder.

2.3.1 Climate Financing a) National Experience in Accessing Climate Finance According to Climate Policy Initiative’s report, while climate finance has reached record levels, action still falls far short of what is needed under 1.5˚C scenario and IPCC special reports. Estimates of the investment required to achieve the low-carbon transition globally range from USD1.6 trillion to USD3.8 trillion annually between 2016 and 2050 for supply-side energy system investments alone (IPCC 2018), while the Global Commission on Adaptation (GCA, 2019) estimates adaptation costs of USD 180 billion annually from 2020 to 2030. Tanzania is highly vulnerable to the adverse impacts of climate change, which include seasonal variations, frequent and prolonged droughts, frequent floods, strong winds, and sea level rise associated with saltwater intrusion. According to NCCS (2012), costs associated with climate change impacts in the country make up about 1-2% of GDP per year. Furthermore, the study undertaken by the Stockholm Environment Institute in 2010 estimates that the cost of building adaptive capacity and enhancing resilience against future climate change in Tanzania is USD100 to 150 million per year. In addition, the cost of implementing Tanzania NDCs is estimated to be USD 14 billion. Tanzania is an eligible country for most of the available international climate funds; mostly receiving climate finance from multilateral funds including Global Environment Facility (GEF), Adaptation Fund, Least Developed Countries Fund (LDCF) and Green Climate Fund (GCF). Although global climate financing seems to have substantial increase, there is a significant shortfall in accessing those funds, thus lagging behind in supporting the needed programmes and projects geared to climate change adaptation and exploiting existing mitigation potentials in various sectors. Since the establishment of GEF in 1991 as the financial mechanism for a number of MEAs, the United Republic of Tanzania has received non-repayable financial support approximately worth US$1,096 million and US$7,987 million in co-financing for 108 projects, focusing on seven GEF focal areas, including 10 climate change related projects. Other GEF focal areas include: biodiversity, international waters, land degradation (desertification and deforestation), chemical pollution, sustainable forest management and cross-cutting capacity development. 62 62 National Climate Change Response Strategy 2021-2026 Moreover, the United Republic of Tanzania also participated in 73 regional and global projects funded by GEF totalling to US$ 988.3 million, with US$7,485 million allocated as co- financing, including the development of the Intended Nationally Determined Contribution to the Paris Agreement under the UNFCCC. Additionally, the United Republic of Tanzania also participates in the Small Grants Program (SGP) promoted by the GEF since 1996. The focal areas that received support under the SGP are biodiversity, chemicals, climate change mitigation, community-based adaptation, international waters and land degradation. During this period, Tanzania participated in a total of 363 projects worth US$10.71 million, with US$ 2.3 million allocated as in-kind co- financing. Further, Tanzania participated in four national projects funded by LDCF totalling to US$ 15.1 million, with US$ 111.7 million allocated as co-financing). The output and outcomes of the projects facilitated improvement of biodiversity conservation, alleviating adverse effects of climate change, fostering sustainable land management as well as addressing some challenges of pollutions and enhancing technical and institutional capacities to address environmental issues. Reports on success of the projects and programmes undertaken in this context are available on the GEF website. At local level, Tanzania has launched the Local Climate Finance Initiative (LCFI), which allows local government authorities across the country to access and use climate finance effectively for building verifiable climate-resilient local economies and communities. These climate initiatives contribute to ensuring climate change resilient communities and local economies by using a country-based mechanism to channel climate finance (from various sources) to local government authorities. The initiative responds to the Paris Agreement and its associated Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs), and contributes to the achievement of climate related SDGs– with concrete action at the local level, working closely with local governments and communities to help them access the climate finance and support what they need to respond and adapt to climate change. Under the LCFI, it is envisaged that technical assistance is envisaged for Tanzania to gain direct access to the Green Climate Fund and for Community-led adaptation planning. In general, even though climate finance exists at global and through bilateral sources30, the climate finance gap has continued to widen and coupled with increases of impacts of climate change in Tanzania. The seemingly substantial amount of climate financial resources existing in global climate funds and development partners flow through different actors and channels through both state and non-state actors. However, access to available global funding has been limited in Tanzania and these funds seem to be insufficient for the future climate change financing. In addition, financial flow from private sectors and other economic investments remains unnoticed in the current climate 30 Norrinton G. and Thornton D.N. (2011). Climate Change Financing and Aid Effectives. Tanzania, Case Study, pp 40 63 National Climate Change Response Strategy 2021-2026 63 financial landscape in the country. This may be partly due to low engagement and inadequate awareness of the private sector on issues related to climate change. In addition, prioritization of climate finances from different sources has remained a big challenge and thus affecting effectiveness of received finances from both global and bilateral sources. Thus, there is need for enhanced coordination and tracking of all funds flowing into the country so as to effectively address climate change challenges. The National Five-Year Development Plan 2015/16 – 2020/201 envisaged for development of a national climate change financing mechanism to be able to track the flow of all climate finances in the country. b) Challenges Some of the challenges experienced by the country, over the years, with regard to climate financing include: i) The long-term trend shows that funding climate change response actions in the country has grown notably and will continue growing; however, Tanzania has managed to access limited amount of climate finance from a number of bilateral and multilateral climate funds. ii) While there have been numerous efforts towards capacity building on climate change issues, there is still a massive gap. The current capacity of climate change focal points/desks within sector ministries is inadequately compounded by the limited financial resources available. iii) There is inadequate framework and mechanisms to finance climate change thus creating no sustainability in financing of climate change initiatives. It has been more of project rather than program based. iv) Sector ministries have established ‘desks’ to coordinate and mainstream climate change in their respective sectors. However, the current capacity of these climate change desks is inadequate due to limited knowledge on climate change, compounded by the limited financial resources available. v) The private sector has not been adequately engaged in climate change activities in Tanzania through independent activities (such as in renewable energy and forestry activities), as well as through PPPs. vi) Accessing climate finance particularly from international financing mechanisms is rather cumbersome and takes long which is exacerbated by inadequate capacity among stakeholders to prepare bankable proposals. vii) Regular and predictable Local Governments’ access to climate finances is limited to project-based approach or via ad hoc call for application. It is paramount to devise mechanisms and processes that enhance the effectiveness of adaptation finance, including strengthening transparency and responsiveness of donor funding, 64 64 National Climate Change Response Strategy 2021-2026 increase ownership and participation of local communities, build the capacity of local stakeholders and of local financial structures to better manage finance and deliver adaptation results, while addressing asymmetries, in particular the gender dimension, and that ultimately empower local governments in contributing towards NDC implementation

2.3.2 Capacity Building The need for capacity building is enshrined in Article 9 (d) of the UNFCCC, which calls for the Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological Advice (SBSTA) – the body created under Article 9 of the Convention – to provide ‘ways and means of supporting endogenous capacity-building in developing countries. Tanzania is facing inadequate capacity to address climate change challenges at all levels, including in the Ministry Responsible for Environment, Regional Administration and Local Governments, and Sector Ministries; Climate Observation and Monitoring Institutions; carbon monitoring institutions; and Research and Academic Institutions, building contractors and architectures. Capacity building, particularly training to technical staff on climate change adaptation at national and sub-national levels has mainly been undertaken in patches through projects, programs and plans. Example of such project is Developing Core Capacity to Address Climate Change in Productive Coastal Areas project which was implemented in Pangani (Tanga), Rufiji and Bagamoyo districts (Coast), and Zanzibar in 2013-2019; Implementation of Concrete Adaptation Measures to Reduce Vulnerability of Livelihoods and Economy of Coastal Communities of Tanzania project which was implemented in Dar es Salaam from 2013 - 2019; and strengthening climate information and early warning systems in Tanzania for climate resilient development and adaptation to climate change project which was implemented at national level through Department of Disaster Management in the Prime Minister’s Office from 2013 - 2017 focusing on installation of hydrological and weather stations. It is also important to sensitize and build capacities of communities to understand climate change adaptation strategies based on their context and needs, as well to enhance their participation and governance of adaptation finance. Through ongoing initiatives, both local governments and community awareness and capacities to respond to climate impacts at the local level will be enhanced and climate change adaptation will be mainstreamed into local government planning and budgeting systems in a participatory and gender-responsive manner. By doing so, capacity building initiatives and support are expected to support Tanzania in strengthening local and national governance capacities, building stronger decentralisation and delivering on its Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs, National Adaptation Plan (NAP), Five-Year Development Plan (FYDP III) and Vision 2025. In view of the risks and opportunities presented by climate change, comprehensive capacity assessment and capacity building is required to strengthen continuous capability of the country. Currently, most technocrats and decision makers do not have sufficient capacity on adaptation 65 National Climate Change Response Strategy 2021-2026 65 and exploitation mitigation opportunities geared towards addressing climate change. Therefore, it is important to put in place a targeted strategic intervention to address climate change capacity challenges at all levels in the country.

2.3.3 Research and Systematic Observation Research and Systematic Observation (RSO) is a key to an informed development climate change policy, strategies, programmes and plans. Climate change research provides assistance to policy makers for strategic planning in the wake of climate change in areas of focus such as climate scenarios, impacts on water resources, impacts on food security and adaptation measures. In view of this, the government has undertaken different initiatives in research and systematic observation through projects such as Strengthening Climate Information and Early Warning Systems in Tanzania. The initiative was geared to help Tanzania adopt new technologies to reinforce capacity of the national early warning network to better anticipate and respond to extreme climate events. Furthermore, the initiative facilitated installation of Automatic Weather Stations, installation of the fibre optical network stations, training of Tanzania Meteorological Authority technical staff, Installation of hydrological stations and installation of rainfall stations. At present, climate research activities are dispersed within universities and other research institutions. Capacity for climate-related research in most of these institutions is limited. To facilitate effective adaptation to climate change impacts in economic sectors, there is a need for increased and continuous research and development because of the high unpredictability of climate variability and the need for continuous learning from future occurrences. There is a need to establish and support platforms for climate-related research institutions to coordinate their activities to achieve synergies and avoid duplications as much as possible. The current trategy will seek to enhance the capacity of research institutions to increase their research and development activities aimed at addressing current and future climatic effects and their impacts on important sectors.

2.3.4 Technology Development and Transfer In the context of climate change, technology transfer is defined as “a broad set of processes covering the flows of know-how, experience and equipment for mitigating and adapting to climate change amongst different stakeholders such as governments, private sector entities, financial institutions, non-governmental organizations and research/education institutions”. It has been one of the topics that have continuously generated much debate in the international climate change negotiation processes. Technology transfer is one of the ‘building blocks’ of the Bali Action Plan (BAP), which calls for enhanced action on technology development and transfer to support action on mitigation and adaptation, including, inter alia, consideration of effective mechanisms and enhanced means for the removal of obstacles, and provision of financial and other incentives for scaling 66 66 National Climate Change Response Strategy 2021-2026 up of the development and transfer of technology to developing country Parties, to promote access to affordable environmentally sound technologies, ways to accelerate deployment, diffusion and transfer of affordable environmentally sound technologies, cooperation on research and development of current, new and innovative technology that facilitate win-win solutions and the effectiveness of mechanisms and tools for technology cooperation in specific sectors.

2.3.5 Communication, Education and Awareness In many developing countries including Tanzania, there is a critical dearth of knowledge and skills in areas related to climate change science and policy. This is partly due to the fact that climate change is relatively new subject in many of these countries and is therefore not mainstreamed as part of their schools’ and colleges’ curricula. As results, little information and knowledge is communicated to the public at large. In this context, it not uncommon to find that most climate change initiatives at sector and local level are coordinated by staff who do not have formal training or awareness on climate change 31 . This calls for effective training and communication across all levels of the government, non-state actors, business communities and private sector. Besides, climate change has both direct and indirect impacts on education32. The primary impacts of climate change on education arise from the effects of extreme weather events, such as heavy rains accompanied by flash floods, strong winds and hailstorms with short and long- term consequences. Drought and increasing temperatures lead to poor harvests and food scarcity which have negative impacts on educational attainment amongst poor communities due to truancy, absenteeism and children dropping from school. Likewise, drought reduce the availability of safe drinking water, compromise sanitation and increase the incidences of water borne diseases such as diarrhoea and cholera that lead into truancy for school children. According to Study International report (201933), school hours are forced to be reduced as a result of negative effects of climate change such as heat waves and floods. In Tanzania, recent floods in February 2020 in Kilwa district led to school closure for almost one month. Moreover, floods in Mtwara in January 2021 compelled schools to close for more than two weeks, affecting school attendance and teaching calendar. Both school infrastructures (building classroom) and transport to schools were affected by adverse impacts of climate change. On the other hand, education sector offers an important opportunity for tackling climate change. According to Study International Report (2019), students are increasingly becoming 31 Norrington G and Thornton D. N. (2011). Climate Change Financing and Said Effectiveness. Tanzania case study 32 Zimbabwe Human Development Report 2017 - Human Development: Towards Building a Climate Resilient Nation Climate Change and Education 33 Study International Staff, 19 August 2019. How to implement climate change education in schools 67 National Climate Change Response Strategy 2021-2026 67 part of the effort to find solutions for climate change if given proper training and skills in their school curriculum. The training imparts relevant knowledge and skills to a wide range of stakeholders (i.e., formal and informal) for addressing climate change as well as through implementation of actions that would reduce the impacts of climate change including adoption of energy and water use efficiency technologies for buildings as well as switching cooking energy from firewood to environmentally friendly cooking solutions (e.g. LPG and biogas). Through proper training and skills, students acquire academic reasoning and structure that can help them to contextualise and take actions to address climate change and perspectives. Some students34 launched global movements that seem to change the world and attract action-based support to address climate change. In order to foster informed climate change campaign both direct and indirect impacts of climate change on education as well as proper skills need to be addressed and imparted at all levels of education in the country. Cognizant of the serious threats posed by climate change to the development process, the government has initiated efforts of promoting climate change education. For example, the University of Dar es Salaam established the Centre for Climate Change Studies (CCCS), a semi-autonomous institution within the University of Dar es Salaam that deals with climate change research, training and education. Similarly, other universities such as Ardhi University, University of Dodoma and Sokoine University of Agriculture have mainstreamed climate change issues in their curricula. Furthermore, the government of Tanzania promotes initiatives of different stakeholders and forum, including state and non-state climate communication networks. However, there is currently no systematic platform for bringing together key stakeholders and actors (both state and non-state) on annual basis to share their experiences, challenges, solutions and opportunities on addressing climate change from different perspectives and levels in view of supporting implementation of the Strategy and other climate change initiatives. This gap needs to be addressed as it limits opportunities for taking stock of progress on implementation of the Strategy and galvanise climate action based on new solutions and technologies requiring scale up, replication as well as strengthening partnership between government, private sector and CSOs.

2.3.6 Gender Mainstreaming The climate change affects men and women differently due the existing gender roles as shaped by norms, cultures and traditions. Given the predominance of women engagement in climate sensitive sectors including water, agriculture and energy, the gender impacts of climate change are already apparent and reported in many different parts of the country. The most reported incidences include increased women burden on household chores such as walking longer distances to fetch water due to drying of shallow wells and seasonal rivers/springs, increased farming tasks due to frequent droughts, and family health care due to increased diseases from climate related extreme weather events. These have been reported to have increased health 34 Study International Staff, 19 August 2019. How to implement climate change education in schools 68 68 National Climate Change Response Strategy 2021-2026 risks and affected welfare of women due to walking long distances to unsafe places to fetch water, increased duties for family care owing to men’s migration to urban areas in search of new jobs and income generating opportunities after abandoning traditional activities such as farming, fishing and livestock keeping. This is in turn contributing to growing incidences of Gender Based Violence (GBV). The Government has been making efforts in mainstreaming of gender issues into national policies, plans and strategies. The promotion of gender equality in the country is guided mainly by the Convention on the Elimination of all forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW), The AU Charter on Human and Peoples Rights, which is reinforced by the Protocol of the African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights on the Rights of Women in Africa, the AU Gender and Climate Change Policy (2009); and the Southern African Development Community (SADC) Declaration on Gender and Development (1998). Tanzania has also signed other related international agreements such as the Declaration of Human Rights (1948), the Convention for the Rights of Children (1989) and the ILO Convention for the Elimination for the Worst Forms of Child Labour (1999). Tanzania’s National Vision 2025 as a long-term policy contemplates gender equity/equality as underlying principles: “In particular by the year 2025, racial and gender imbalances will have been redressed such that economic activities will not be identified by gender or race. All social relations and processes that manifest and breed inequality in all aspects of the society (i.e., politics, employment, education, and culture) will have been reformed”. The Government has put in place National Strategy for Mainstreaming Gender in Climate Change (2013) with the overall objective of ensuring that gender considerations are mainstreamed into national policies, programs and strategies related to climate change. The strategies will ensure both women and men, including people with disabilities, have access to, participate in, contribute to, and hence benefit from climate change initiatives. The Strategy provides a framework for gender considerations into six priority sectors that include agriculture, water, health, energy, forests and coastal management. Implementation of National Strategy for Mainstreaming Gender in Climate Change (2013) helped to strengthen the engagement of various actors in across sectors and at all levels. Despite significant progress from the above efforts by the government and other stakeholders, there remain needs for increased mainstreaming of gender at all levels of climate change interventions including in policy, programs, strategies and activities using appropriate gender lens and mainstreaming instruments. Approaches such as gender analysis, gender audit and gender budgeting using gender disaggregated data in M+E and reporting on all climate change responses should be enhanced. This Strategy will seek to address these gaps through adoption of gender sensitive approaches and activities.

2.3.7 Financial Sector Addressing climate change is crucial for the financial sector, and it is equally important for this sector to be aware of the challenges that climate change can pose. The financial sector is expected to play an important role in facilitating not only for the economic growth, but also an 69 National Climate Change Response Strategy 2021-2026 69 important player for the climate finance mobilization to address climate action. Climate change will increase costs to financial sector if no action is taken due to its negative implications. Banks and investors, in particular, need a clear regulatory framework on climate policy which they can adapt and base their investment and lending decisions on, while insurers face the prospect of heavy losses due to climate change adverse impacts. Integrated financial organisations need to be aware that climate change could result in a compounding risk across the entire business spectrum, diluting some of the benefits of diversification. This requires the financial sector to be capable of consistently designing and delivering appropriate, high-quality financial products and services to address challenges that climate change can bring. These are the following challenges: (i) Inadequate regulatory framework related to green financing; (iii) Financial system vulnerability; (ii) Limited capacity building and use of practices/ technologies in green financing; and (iii) Uncoordinated knowledge sharing among green financing stakeholders. The financial industry has a two-fold responsibility. On one hand, it needs to prepare itself to adapt for the negative effects that climate change may have on its business and on its customers. On the other hand, it can significantly partner with the public sector to help mitigate the economic risks and engage in financing of mitigation/ adaptation initiatives by providing appropriate products and services that are climate friendly in nature. Business models of financial sector need to be informed by both risks and vulnerabilities associated with climate change.

2.3.8 Public Private Partnerships for Climate Change Financing The Paris Agreement stresses on enhancing both public and private sector participation in the implementation of nationally determined contributions. Implementation of Paris Agreement and country transition to a low emission economy require strategies for mobilizing adequate financial resources from various sources. The key role of public finance needs to be emphasised, whereas private finance initiatives develop and implement new and innovative solutions to climate adaptation and mitigation. Tanzania has a well-established institutional and legal framework for public private partnership. Small and Medium Enterprises are important components of the PPP that are quite active in the country as regulated by the SMEs policy of 2002. The private sector through the PPP arrangement presents important opportunities for both adaptation and mitigation through the types of business and technologies adopted for acquisition of raw materials, processing and distribution of products and management of wastes generated. 70 70 National Climate Change Response Strategy 2021-2026 Moreover, businesses have wealth of knowledge, skills and innovations, networks and financial resources that could facilitate adoption of clean technologies to reduce greenhouse emission and promote sustainable business. At the same time, there is already growing window of green financing from business and other commercial institutions such as CRDB that has been accredited by the GCF and is preparing project piles to be financed under the green finance window. Telecommunication service providers in Tanzania, such as Tigo (Tigo Green) and Vodacom as well as corporate companies, e.g., Coca Cola Kwanza, have been supporting government’s efforts in making sure that people understand the importance of living in a clean environment and promoting tourism. With that understanding they will be expanding their green programs as part of their corporate sustainability initiatives in response to the UN call for business to accelerate their corporate sustainability and responsible business practice in line with the UN 2030 Agenda and other global climate frameworks. There is therefore an urgent need to strengthen engagement of private sector in addressing climate change and promote PPP arrangements for implementation of this Strategy through enhanced linkages and engagement with the private sector actors who are champions of green and sustainable businesses. Engagement and commitment for developing financial instruments and structures that scale up investments in climate change is very important for the implementation of this Strategy. For example, the public private partnerships (PPPs) play a key role in scaling up sustainable climate finance. However, there are challenges for climate finance; namely: 1. Low participation of public financial institutions supports in risk taking initiatives to design PPPs climate change bankable projects; and 2. Inadequate framework and capacity for local public and private stakeholders and financial institutions in the design and implementation of PPP projects that address climate change. 71 National Climate Change Response Strategy 2021-2026 71 3 CHAPTER THREE CHAPTER TREE STRATEGIC INTERVENTIONS AND ACTION PLAN STRATEGIC INTERVENTIONS AND ACTION PLAN This NCCRS covers broader strategic objectives and actions that indicate strategic actionable objectives to be implemented. The broader strategic areas are related to adaptation, mitigation and cross-cutting issues. For implementation purposes, this Strategy includes coordination, resource mobilization and implementation plan.

3.1 Strategies Adaptation remains a highest priority for Tanzania. This Strategy provides basis for identifying short, medium-and long-term adaptation activities designed to address existing and emerging threats of climate change. Thus, various adaptation strategies in each sector are identified as shown in Section 3. The adaptation strategies identified in this section are built on and extend beyond the National Adaptation Programme of Action (NAPA), envisioned in National Adaptation Plans (NAPs) and Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) which identify medium-and long-term adaptation actions. On the other hand, the United Republic of Tanzania participates in mitigation measures/activities in order to achieve economic development while contributing to reduction of greenhouse gas emissions. Owing to the objectives of mitigating emissions reflected in the Nationally Determined Contributions (NDC), National Climate Change Strategy (2012-2018) and other inventory reports, different sources of emissions have been considered in formulating the proposed climate change mitigation action/intervention. Tables 3.2, 3.3 and 3.4 reflect strategic objectives, strategies, targets and indicators, indicative budgets and means of verifications and responsible institutions for each respective sector identified in this Strategy in the auspice of adaption and mitigation priorities. It is important to note that the strategic objectives and associated strategies are derived from baseline information set and described in chapter three, section 3.2, from which targets and indicators are set. The basis for indicative budgets is attributed to NDC envisaged implementation costs and economic studies reports which provide conservative needed costs. However, the actual budget costs for each strategic objective will be determined during development of the full proposal documents by respective sectors and institutions. In addition, the details about the sources of fund for these activities are explained in section 4.5 of Chapter Four. 72 National Climate Change Response Strategy 2021-2026

3.2 Climate Change Adaptation Indicative Means of budget Verification Objective Strategies Targets Indicators Timeframe Responsible Institutions (TZS Billions) 1. Freshwater Resources To ensure 1.1 Promote water • Installation of • Number of water flow 1 2021-2026 Reports Ministry responsible for sustainable resilience in all integrated water monitoring stations Water, work and management and basins. resources management installed and demarcated Communication, Land, resilience of water (IWRM) tools in all 9 water sources in basins Local Government resources under the basins • Type of IWRM adopted Authority, Environment, changing climate • Operation of water flow Natural Resources; monitoring stations and academia and research demarcation of water institutions, CSOs, Private sources in all 9 basins and DPs

1.2 Demarcation of At least 60% of water Percent of water basins and 5 2021-2026 Reports Ministry responsible for water sources in sources in 9 water basins catchments conserved and Water, Land, Local the 9 water demarcated to enhance demarcated water sources Government Authority, basins to support protection and conservation Environment, Natural conservation and by 2026 Resources; academia and protections. research institutions, CSOs, Private and DPs

1.3 Promote flood At least 50% of water basins Percent of flood control 3 2021-2026 Reports Ministry responsible for control in the have constructed flood systems constructed in all Water, Land, Local water basins control systems. water basins. Government Authority, by 2026. Environment, Natural Resources; academia and research institutions, CSOs, Private and DPs 73 73 National Climate Change Response Strategy 2021-2026

1.4 Promote At least 10% of rainwater Percent of rainwater 3 2021 - 2026 Reports and Ministry responsible for rainwater harvesting technologies harvesting technologies technologies in Water, Land, Local harvesting adopted and implemented and structures initiated place Government Authority, technologies. by 2026 along 9 water basins Environment, Natural Resources; academia and research institutions, CSOs, Private and DPs

1.5 Develop At least 30% of available Groundwater resources 4 2021-2026 Reports Ministry responsible for sustainable ground water resources are exploitation technologies Water, Land, Local exploitation of sustainably exploited in place Government Authority, groundwater Environment, Natural resources Resources; academia and research institutions, CSOs, Private and DPs Promote climate 1.6 Water resources At least 1 monitoring for • Percent of water 2 2021-2026 Monitoring Ministry responsible for resilience of WASH are monitored climate risks to WASH resources that are reports Water, Health, Land, systems to provide and managed services and infrastructure monitored and managed Local Government sustainable service considering conducted per year for climate shocks and Authority, Environment, delivery, both now climate risks to stresses Natural Resources; and into the future WASH services • Percent of water sources academia and research and infrastructure with a monitoring system institutions, CSOs, Private in place, to understand and DPs how they are being affected by climate change

1.7 Access to climate • At least 60% of the • Percent of population 3 2021-2026 Monitoring Ministry responsible for resilient WASH population with access to with access to water reports Water, Health, Land, infrastructure and water points that provide points that provide at Local Government services at least a 12-hour daily least a 12-hour daily Authority, Environment, service all year round by service all year round Natural Resources; 2026 • Percent of population academia and research • At least 60% of the with access to springs institutions, CSOs, Private population with access to that provide a continuous and DPs springs that provide a water supply during a 74 74 National Climate Change Response Strategy 2021-2026 continuous water supply drought during a drought by 2026 • Percent of population • At least 70% of the with access to soap and population with access to water at a hand washing soap and water at a hand facility during a drought washing facility during a period or following a drought period or flood following a flood by • Percent of households 2026 with access to a resilient • At least 80% of the latrine that does not households with access to flood during the wet a resilient latrine that season does not flood during the wet season by 2026

1.8 Strengthening • At least 80% of the • Percent of population 2 2021-2026 Reports Ministry responsible for climate resilient population using using sanitation and hand Water, Health, Land, behavioural sanitation and hand washing facilities Local Government change and washing facilities following a flood, Authority, Environment, governance at following a flood and drought Natural Resources; community and drought by 2025 • Perceived adequacy of academia and research local level • At least 90% of the action at community and institutions, CSOs, Private community with local level for WASH and DPs adequate understanding climate resilience of WASH climate resilience are reached by 2026

1.9 Building At least 80% of the Perceived adequacy of the 2 2021 - 2026 Reports Ministry responsible for enabling community with adequate enabling environment for Water, Health, Land, environment understanding of enabling climate resilient WASH Local Government conducive to environment for climate services and communities Authority, Environment, climate resilient resilient WASH services by Natural Resources; WASH services 2025 academia and research and communities institutions, CSOs, Private and DPs 75 National Climate Change Response Strategy 2021-2026 75 Sub Total (7) 24 2. Coastal and Marine Environment Build adaptive 2.1 Strengthen At least 60% of coastal and • Number of Management 2 2021-2026 Report Ministry responsible for capacity of a coastal management of marine managements systems developed and Water, Land, Fisheries, and marine coastal and systems with climate supported Environment, Local ecosystems marine informed plans by 2026 • Percent of coastal Government Authorities, resources communities informed Research and Academia, on climate-smart CSOs, Private Sector and management. DPs

2.2 Promote At least 3 to 4 sustainable • Number of sustainable 2 2021-2026 Reports Ministry responsible for sustainable livelihood options livelihoods options Water, Land, Fisheries, livelihood introduced to coastal • Percent of coastal Environment, Local diversification communities by 2026 communities adopting Government Authorities, for coastal diversified livelihoods Research and Academia, communities options CSOs, Private Sector and DPs

2.3 Improve • At least 2 monitoring • Number of monitoring 3 2021-2026 Reports Ministry responsible for monitoring and and surveillance and surveillance systems Water, Tanzania early warning systems installed by installed Meteorological Authority, systems 2026 • Percent of coastal Land, Fisheries, • At least 70% of coastal communities with timely Environment, Local community with timely access to accurate and Government Authorities, access to accurate and reliable climate services. Research and Academia, reliable climate services CSOs, Private Sector and by 2026 DPs

2.4 Strengthen and • At least 80% • Percent of farmers with 3 2021-2026 Reports Ministry responsible for promote aquaculture farmers access to aquaculture Water, Land, Fisheries, development have access to reliable extension services Environment, Local and and quality aquaculture • Percent of farmers with Government Authorities, management of extension services by access to climate-smart Research and Academia, aquaculture 2026 aquaculture technologies CSOs, Private Sector and 76 76 National Climate Change Response Strategy 2021-2026 • At least 80% of • Percent of aquaculture DPs aquaculture farmers farmers accessing have access to climate climate-resilient breeds smart aquaculture technologies by 2026 • At least 70% of aquaculture farmers have access to climate- resilient breeds by 2026 Sub Total (8) 10 3. Forest and Bee Keeping To enhance 3.1 Promote • At least 3 million ha of • Percent of community 3 2021-2026 Reports Ministry responsible for climate change adoption of degraded forest land implementing nature- Natural resources, Land, resilience of forests climate-smart restored by 2026 based solution initiatives Environment, LGAs, and non-timber forest • At least 70% of village • Percent of communities MDAs, Research and products. management forest reserves adopt directly benefiting from Academia, DPs practices climate-smart village forest management plans by 2026

3.2 Promote At least 50% of forest • Percent of forest 1.5 2021-2026 Reports Ministry responsible for alternative dependent communities dependent communities Natural resources, Land, livelihood to engaged in alternative engaged in alternative Environment, LGAs, forest dependent livelihoods by 2026 livelihood options MDAs, Research and communities • Percentage of income Academia, DPs accruing from alternative livelihoods

3.3 Promote use of At least 20% increase in the • Percent of community 1 2021-2026 Reports Ministry responsible for non-timber use of non-timber forest opting of non- timber Natural resources, Land, forest products products by 2026 forest products Environment, LGAs, • Percent of community MDAs, Research and income contribution Academia, DPs accruing from non- timber forests products 77 National Climate Change Response Strategy 2021-2026 77

3.4 Promote At least 2 million trees • Number of trees planted 2 2021-2026 Reports Ministry responsible for nationwide tree planted under national tree under national tree Natural resources, Land, planting planting program per year. planting program per Environment, LGAs, programs and year MDAs, Research and initiatives Academia, DPs

3.5 Enhancing • Bee keeping contribution • Percent of bee keeping 3 2021-2026 Reports Ministry responsible for sustainable bee to at least 2% of the contribution in the Natural resources, Land, keeping national GDP by 2026 national GDP per year Environment, LGAs, initiatives and • At least 30% of the • Tone of honey and wax MDAs, Research and technologies community adjacent to produced per year Academia, DPs forests are engaged in • Percent of communities bee keeping initiatives earning accruing from bee keeping Sub Total (9) 10.5 4. Wildlife To enhance climate 4.1 Promote • At least 80% of PAs • Number of practices 3 2021-2026 Reports Ministry responsible for change climate-smart develop and implement PAs with climate-smart Natural resources, Land, Resilience of key wildlife climate-informed management plans Environment, Fisheries, ecosystems management management plans by • Number of key habitats LGAs, MDAs, Research practices in 2026 freely connected and Academia, DPs protected areas • At least 60% of key • Number of rainwater and habitats. habitats are freely harvesting retention connected by 2026 storage facilities. • At least 10 rainwater harvesting retention storage facilities are constructed by 2026

4.2 Create a • At least 50% of key • Number of key 2 2021-2026 Reports Ministry responsible for network of wildlife habitats/ migratory corridors Natural resources, protected ecosystems restores and freely connected Fisheries, Land, conservation connected by 2026 • Hectare of land secured Environment, LGAs, corridors and for corridor and MDAs, Research and improve dispersal area Academia, DPs 78 78 National Climate Change Response Strategy 2021-2026 protection for climate refugia and catchment areas

4.3 Enforce buffer • At least 60% of key • Hectare of land secured 3 2021-2026 Report Ministry responsible for zones and wildlife buffer zones are for corridor and Natural resources, develop spatial under effective dispersal area Fisheries, Land, land-use plans management plans by • Number of wildlife Environment, LGAs, for areas 2026 populations passing MDAs, Research and surrounding • At least 50% of through corridors/ Academia, DPs conservation participating WMAs dispersal areas areas (PAs) benefits by 2026 • Number of people • Reduce HWCs benefitting from wildlife incidences by 60% from resources the 2020 baseline by 2026

4.4 Support Establish at least one Number of wildlife climate 1 2021-2026 Reports Ministry responsible for establishment wildlife climate change change related monitoring Natural resources, Land, wildlife climate related monitoring and and information Environment, LGAs, change related information management management systems MDAs, Research and monitoring and systems by 2026 Academia, DPs information management systems Sub Total (10) 9 5. Agriculture Crop Sub Sector To enhance 5.1 Review existing Number of new agro- Number of new agro- 2 2021-2026 Reports Ministry responsible for resilience of agro–ecological ecological zones demarcated ecological zones documenting Agriculture, Water, Land, agriculture sector to zones. and established by 2026 established agro-ecological Natural resources climate change for zones Environment, Local sustainable Government, TMA, Livelihoods Research and Academia, DPs 79 National Climate Change Response Strategy 2021-2026 79 2. Identify and • 20% increase of • Percentage increase of 1 2021-2026 Reports Ministry responsible for promote use of suitable crops suitable crops in new Agriculture, Water, Land, suitable crops for introduced for new agro agro ecological zones Natural resources new agro- ecological zone by • Number of new agro- Environment, Local ecological zones 2026 ecological zones Government, TMA, • Number of new agro- adopted suitable crops Research and Academia, ecological zones adopt DPs suitable crops by 2026

5.1 Promote climate- At least 50% of the • Improved number of 2 2021-2026 Reports Ministry responsible for smart practices community practicing ha of agricultural land Agriculture, Water, Land, for management climate smart for • Percent of community Natural resources of agricultural agricultural land with access to water Environment, Local land and management by 2026 use efficiency Government, TMA, efficiency water technologies Research and Academia, use for DPs agriculture

5.2 Promote and • At least 70% of • Percent of downscaled 3 2021-2026 Reports Ministry responsible for enhance the conventional climate climate services and Agriculture, Water, Land, production, services and weather weather forecasts Natural resources dissemination forecasts disseminated • Percent of smallholder Environment, Local and use of are downscaled to at with access and use of Government, TMA, conventional and least at district level by climate services Research and Academia, indigenous 2026 • Percent of DPs knowledge on • At least 80% of smallholders with climate services smallholders have climate services- timely access to reliable informed livelihoods. and accurate climate • Percentage of services by 2026. Tanzanians trusting • At least 30% of the and utilizing tradition conventional weather weather and climate forecasts and that of services indigenous knowledge • Percentage of inform each other by disseminated weather 2026 forecast that are 80 80 National Climate Change Response Strategy 2021-2026 informed by conventional and IK forecasts

5.3 Reduce Post • At least 40% reduction in • Percent of reduction in 3 2021-2026 Reports Ministry responsible for harvest losses post-harvest losses by post-harvest Agriculture, Water, Land, and promote 2026 • Percent of community Natural resources value addition of • At least 80% of adopted value addition Environment, Local agriculture agriculture produce under technologies Government, TMA, produce value addition promoted Research and Academia, by 2026 DPs

5.4 Promote • At least 50% of • Number of crop 3 2021-2026 Reports Ministry responsible for development and community adopted Crop insurance scheme Agriculture, Water, Land, adoption of insurance schemes by • Percent of community Natural resources climate risk 2026 with access to crop Environment, Local management insurance schemes Government, TMA, mechanism Research and Academia, DPs Sub Total (11) 14 6. Human Health Promote climate 6.1 Mainstreaming • At least 90% of health • Percentages of climate- 2 2021-2026 Reports, Ministry responsible for change resilience of climate change regulations and informed health training Health, Environment, public health into health guidelines are climate- regulations and schedules, list Local Government; systems policies, informed by 2026. guidelines of participants NIMR; TMA, Research programs and • At least 80% of the • Percent of the and Academic strategies population with access population with access Institutions; CSOs; and to health insurance to health insurance Private Sector policy by 2026 policy

6.2 Strengthen • At least 70% of health Percent of health actors 1 2021-2016 Reports and Ministry responsible for capacity of actors adopting climate- adopting climate-informed official Health, Environment, health sector on informed decisions by decisions statements LGAs; NIMR; TMA, climate-informed 2026 Research and Academic decisions Institutions; DPs 81 National Climate Change Response Strategy 2021-2026 81

6.3 Strengthen At least 70% of referral and Percent of response to 4 2021-2016 Reports, Ministry responsible for emergency 40% of district hospitals climate impacts from Health, Environment, response to have advanced response to o referral and district LGAs; NIMR; TMA, climate change climate change impacts by hospitals. Research and Academic impacts. 2026. Institutions; DPs

6.4 Undertake At least 2 to 3 health- • Number of health 4 2021-2026 Assessment Ministry responsible for health-climate climate change related risk climate change related reports Health, Environment, change related and vulnerability risks and vulnerable LGAs; NIMR; TMA, risks and assessments are undertaken assessments Research and Academic vulnerability by 2026 undertaken Institutions; DPs assessment. • Potential health- climate change risks and vulnerabilities are documented

6.5 Building and At least 60% of regional Number/percent of 2 2021-2016 Reports, plants, Ministry responsible for strengthening health facility systems with regional health facilities training Health, Water, Land, climate smart climate smart with climate smart systems schedules, list Environment, Local health facility infrastructures/ technologies of participants Government; NIMR; delivery systems by 2026 TMA, Research and Academic Institutions; CSOs; and Private Sector Promote Capacity 6.6 Strengthen At least 70% of the Percent of communities 3 2021-2026 Reports, Ministry responsible for building on climate community community are aware of aware of climate change training Health, Water, Land, change in the health awareness on climate change related related diseases materials and Environment, Local sector climate change diseases by 2026 workshop Government; NIMR; related diseases attendance lists TMA, Research and and adaptation Academic Institutions; mechanisms. CSOs; and Private Sector

6.7 Improve At least 80% of the health Number/percent of health 2 2021-2026 Reports, Ministry responsible for knowledge to personnel have Knowledge personnel trained on training Health, Water, Land, health personnel on climate change related climate change related materials and Environment, Local on climate health risks across regions health risks workshop Government; NIMR; change related and districts by 2026 attendance lists TMA, Research and health risks Academic Institutions; 82 82 National Climate Change Response Strategy 2021-2026 CSOs; and Private Sector

6.8 Integrate and At least 60% of health • Number/percent of 2 2021-2016 Research MUHAS, Health training strengthen training and research health training and projects reports and research institution climate change institution have integrated research institutions and curriculum into health climate change issues by adopted climate change training and 2026. issues research • Number/percent of institutions health training institutions curriculum with integrated climate change issues. Subtotal (12) 23 7. Tourism To build resilience 7.1 Promote • At least 20% increased • Number and type of new 2 2021-2026 New cultural Ministry responsible for and adaptive diversified new innovative tourism cultural and nature- and nature – Natural Resources, capacity of tourism products products by 2026 based/ new innovative based tourism Environment, Culture, the tourism including • Nature-based tourism/ tourism products products. Fisheries, Local industry cultural and new innovative tourism • Number of tourists Government, Education; to climate nature-based products contributing to using/ visiting new Reports TTB, TANAPA, TAWA, change tourism at least 30% of tourism tourism products/year TAWIRI, TFS, COSOTA, sector revenue by 2026 • Percentage of revenue BASATA, Research and accrued from nature- Academic Institutions; based/ new innovative DPs tourism products

7.2 Promote At least 50% of degraded • Number of tourist sites 2 2021-2026 • Restored Ministry responsible for restoration of tourist sites restored by restore/year sites Natural Resources, degraded tourist 2026 • Reports Environment, Culture, sites Fisheries, Communication, Local Government, Education; TTB, TANAPA, TAWA, TAWIRI, TFS, COSOTA, BASATA, Research and 83 National Climate Change Response Strategy 2021-2026 83 Academic Institutions; CSOs; and Private Sector

7.3 Promote • At least 70% of transport, • Percentage of reliable 3 2021-2026 • Constructed Ministry responsible for development of accommodation, transport, infrastructur Natural Resources, climate resilient communication and accommodation, e Environment, Culture, tourist entertainment facilities communication and • Reports Fisheries, infrastructures connecting, and or within entertainment facilities Communication, Local key tourist sites are all in key tourist sites Government, Education, weather roads by 2026 • Percentage of tourist Works, Transport; TTB, • Accessible and reliable sites with reliable/ TANAPA, TAWA, communication network accessible network TAWIRI, TFS, COSOTA, within tourist sites by facilities BASATA, TANROADS, 2026 TARURA, Research and Academic Institutions; CSOs; and Private Sector

7.4 Enhance and • Increased 10% of the • Number and types of 2 2012-2026 • Reports strengthen existing Wildlife WMAs increased. Established Ministry responsible for community- management areas • Percentage of income WMAs and, Natural Resources, based (MWAs) and alike. increased for or similar Environment, Culture, conservation communities owning conservation Fisheries, Local areas WMAs. areas. Government, Education, • Reduced poaching Works, Transport; TTB, activities (forest and TANAPA, TAWA, wildlife products) TAWIRI, TFS, Research and Academic Institutions; CSOs; and Private Sector Sub Total (13) 9 8. Energy To develop a less 8.1 Increase the At least 60% Increased • Percent increase of 10 2021-2026 • New energy Ministry responsible for carbon-intensive resilience of the resilient energy system by energy resilience system systems Energy, Natural and climate change- energy system 2026 • Number and gender-lens • Reports Resources, Environment, resilient energy to climate of energy end-users Local Government; infrastructures. change impact. TPDC, EWURA, 84 84 National Climate Change Response Strategy 2021-2026 TANESCO, TFS, TMA, Research and Academic Institutions; CSOs; and Private Sector

8.2 Enhance At least 60% Improved • Percent of basins and 5 2021-2026 • Improved Ministry responsible for integrated basin integrated basin catchment land size managed basin sites Energy, Land, Water, catchment and management by 2026 • Number of land use plan • Reports Natural Resources, upstream land developed Agriculture, Environment, management for Local Government; hydropower Research and Academic sources Institutions; CSOs; and Private Sector

8.3 Promote At least 60% increased use • Percent and types of 10 2021 - 2026 New energy Ministry responsible for efficient of energy efficient energy efficient systems Energy, Land, Water, firewood technologies by 2026 technologies adopted by Reports Natural Resources, cooking stoves, end users Finance and Planning, solar and LPG • Budget code targeting Local Government; uses renewables and efficient Research and Academic technologies for poor Institutions; CSOs; and households Private Sector Subtotal (14) 25 9. Industry To build a 9.1 Promote At least 50% of alternative • Percent of energy 5 2021-2026 • Reports Ministry responsible for diversified and alternative and and renewable energy generated from Energy, Industry, Natural resilient renewable sources increased by 2026 alternative energy Resources, Environment, Industrial sector. energy sources sources Local Government; • Number and types of TPDC, EWURA, industrial end-users TANESCO, TFS, using renewable energy TIRDO, TMA, Research and Academic Institutions; CSOs; and Private Sector 85 National Climate Change Response Strategy 2021-2026 85

9.2 Promote At least 20% increase of • Percent and types of 3 2021-2026 • Technologie Ministry responsible for adoption of energy efficient energy efficient s Energy, Industry, Natural energy efficient technologies adopted by technologies adopted • Reports Resources, Environment, technologies 2026 • Number and types of Local Government; industrial end-users TIRDO, TPDC, EWURA, using energy efficient TANESCO, TFS, TMA, technologies Research and Academic Institutions; CSOs; and Private Sector

9.3 Enhance At least 60% of industry • Percent and types of 2 2021-2026 • Industries Ministry responsible for climate-related with improved climate industries with climate • Reports Health, Industry, assessments for resilient and adaptive resilience Environment, Local industrial capacity by 2026 Government; VPO, development NEMC, TIRDO, CPCT, Research and Academic Institutions; DPs Subtotal (15) 10 10. Livestock To enhance 10.1 Enhance At least 80% of livestock • Number and types of 2.5 2021-2026 • Livestock Ministry responsible for resilience of development of infrastructure and services climate-smart livestock infrastructur Livestock, Industry, livestock livestock are climate-informed by infrastructures and es Environment, Local sector infrastructures 2026. services in place • Reports Government; TALIRA, development and services Research and Academic to climate Institutions; DPs change 10.2 Promote and At least 60% of livestock • Percent of adopted 3 2021-2026 • Livestock Ministry responsible for impacts strengthen production and services are climate-informed production Livestock, Industry, climate- adopting climate-informed technologies for climate- Environment, Local informed technologies by 2026 livestock production and informed Government; TALIRA, technologies services technologies Research and Academic for livestock • Percent farmers adopting • Reports Institutions; DPs production climate-informed technologies 86 86 National Climate Change Response Strategy 2021-2026

10.3 Promote • At least 70% of • Percent of downscaled 4 2021-2026 • Reports Ministry responsible for and conventional climate conventional climate Livestock, Agriculture, enhance services and weather services and weather Water, Land, Natural provisiona forecasts disseminated are forecasts resources Environment, l of downscaled by 2026 • Percent of smallholder Local Government, TMA, climate • At least 80% of with access and use of Research and Academia, services smallholder farmers have climate services DPs timely access to reliable • Percent of smallholders and accurate climate with climate services- services by 2026. informed livestock rearing.

10.3 Promote • At least 60% of • Percent of pastorals 1.5 2021-2026 • Diversified Ministry responsible for livelihood pastorals adopting adopting livelihoods livelihoods Livestock, Industry, diversification livelihoods diversification • Reports Environment, Local initiatives for diversification initiatives. Government; TALIRI, livestock initiatives by 2026. • Percent of livelihoods National Economic keepers • At least 40% of diversification for Empowerment Council livelihoods livestock keepers with (NEEC), Research and diversifications for gender-lens Academic Institutions; livestock keepers are CSOs; and Private Sector gender-lens by 2026

10.4 Promote • Livestock insurance • Number and types of 2 2021-2016 • Livestock Ministry responsible for development of schemes developed by livestock insurance insurance Livestock, Environment, livestock 2026 schemes schemes LGAs; TALIRI, National insurance • At least 60% of • Percent of livestock • Reports Economic Empowerment schemes livestock keepers are keepers adopted Council (NEEC), NIC, adopting livestock livestock insurance. Financial Institutions, insurance by 20126. Insurance Institutions, TIRA, Research and Academic Institutions; DPs

10.5 Promote • At least 5 new • Number of new initiated 3 2021-2026 • Rangelands Ministry responsible for integrated rangeland management rangeland management • Reports Livestock, Industry, rangeland initiated for livestock • Percent of rehabilitated Environment, Local 87 National Climate Change Response Strategy 2021-2026 87 management by 2026 rangeland Government; TALIRA, for livestock • At least 70% of • Number of community- National Economic rehabilitated degraded based initiated rangeland Empowerment Council rangelands by 2026. (NEEC), TIRA, Research • Number of community- and Academic based rangeland Institutions; DPs initiated by 2026

10.6 Promote use • At least 60% of • Percent of livestock 2 2021-2026 • Improved Ministry responsible for of improved livestock adopting for keepers adopted for breeds Livestock, Environment, livestock Improved animal breeds improved animal breeds. • Reports Local Government; breeds and increase • Percent of climate- TALIRI, Land, Research productivity by 2026. informed improved and Academic • At least 60% of animal breeds. Institutions; DPs improved animals breeds are climate- informed by 2026

10.7 Enhanced • At least 80% of wards • Percent of wards and 4 2021-2026 • Animal Ministry responsible for Animal health and villages have villages with access to health Livestock, Environment, services to access to extension extension services services Local Government; control pests services by 2026 • Percent of livestock • Reports TALIRI, Land, Research and diseases • At least 60% of keepers with access to and Academic livestock keepers have improved animal health Institutions; CSOs; and access to improved services Private Sector animal health services by 2026. Subtotal (16) 28 11. Fisheries To enhance 11.1 Promote and • At least 50% fisheries • Percent of conserved 3 2021-2026 • Conserved Ministry responsible for resilience of strengthen conserved by 2026. fisheries resources aquatic Fisheries, Water, Natural fisheries resources conservation • At least 70% of fisheries • Percent of climate- ecosystems Resources, Agriculture, of fisheries management plans are informed fisheries • Reports Environment, Local resources climate-informed by management plans. Government; MPRU, 2026. • Percent of fisheries LVBC, TAFIRI, LTMA, 88 88 National Climate Change Response Strategy 2021-2026 • At least 60% of fisheries communities engaged Research and Academic communities are into community-based Institutions; DPs engaged into conservation initiatives community-based conservation of initiatives of fisheries resources

11.2 Promote • At least 70% of fish • Percent of fisheries 3 2021-2026 • Technologie Ministry responsible for climate- folks adopt and use of communities adopting s Fisheries, Water, Natural informed climate-informed climate-informed • Reports Resources, Agriculture, fisheries fisheries technologies fisheries technologies Environment, Local technologies and practices by 2026. • Percentage increase of Government; TMPRA, and practices • At 50% of fisheries fish catch from adopted LVBC, TAFIRI, LTMA, post-harvesting loss are climate-informed Research and Academic reduced by 2026 fisheries technologies Institutions; DPs • Percent of reduced fisheries post-harvesting losses

11.3 Promote • At least 50% of fish • Percent of fish folks 4 2021-2026 • Alternative Ministry responsible for livelihood folks engaged in engaged into a income Fisheries, Water, Natural diversification diversified livelihoods diversified livelihood generating Resources, Agriculture, of fisheries by 2026 • Percent of fisheries activities Environment, Local communities • At least 50% of product subjected to • Reports Government; TMPRA, fisheries products are value addition systems LVBC, TAFIRI, LTMA, subjected to value Research and Academic addition for extended Institutions; CSOs; and markets. Private Sector

11.4 Promote • At least 60% of • Percent of adopted 3 2021-2026 • Technologie Ministry responsible for climate- aquaculture farming climate-informed s Fisheries, Water, Natural informed adopting climate- aquaculture technologies • Reports Resources, Agriculture, aquaculture informed technologies • Percent of increased Environment, Local technologies by 2026 fish production by Government; MPRU, • At least 70% increased tonnage as of adopted LVBC, TAFIRI, LTMA, aquaculture initiatives climate-informed Research and Academic 89 National Climate Change Response Strategy 2021-2026 89 by 2026 aquaculture Institutions; CSOs; and technologies. Private Sector • Percent of increased aquaculture initiatives

11.5 Strengthen • At least 70% of • Percent of downscaled 3 2021-2026 • Alerts Ministry responsible for weather conventional climate climate services and • Reports Fisheries, Water, Natural forecast and services and weather weather forecasts Resources, Agriculture, climate forecasts disseminated are • Percent of smallholder Environment, Local services downscaled by 2026 with access and use of Government; TMA, • At least 80% of climate services MPRU, LVBC, TAFIRI, smallholder farmers have LTMA, Research and timely access to reliable Academic Institutions; and accurate climate CSOs; and Private Sector services by 2026. Sub Total (17) 16 12. Infrastructure To promote climate 12.1 Mainstream • At least 80% of the • Percent/number of 9 2021-2026 • Site visits Ministry responsible for proof infrastructure climate sectors mainstream sectors mainstreamed • Reports Works, Land, Transport, systems change climate change climate change Natural Resources, adaptation adaptation targets and adaptation targets and Agriculture, Environment, targets measures into measures Local Government; into infrastructure designing • Number of sector TARURA, TBA, infrastructure and development by guidelines and TANROADS, Research designing and 2026 regulations and Academic development • At least 40% of new reviewed/developed Institutions; CSOs; and across sectors buildings and • Percent/number of green Private Sector infrastructure have technologies adopted adopted green • Number of building technologies by 2026. standards and code of • National building practice developed standards and code of practices developed by 2026 90 90 National Climate Change Response Strategy 2021-2026

12.2 Strengthen At least one climate change • Number of most 5 capacity of risks and vulnerability vulnerable infrastructure infrastructure assessment in the system. sectors to infrastructure sector are • Number/percent of undertake undertaken by 2026. infrastructure designing, periodic and development climate change subjected to climate risks and change risks and vulnerability vulnerability assessment assessment in reports infrastructure • Percent of infrastructure systems. systems with climate change adaptive capacity. Sub Total (18) 14 13. Human Settlements To have human 13.1 Mainstream National policies, programs, Number and types of 2 2021-2016 Policies, Ministry responsible for settlements that are climate change plans and guidelines on policies, programs, plans strategies, Human Settlements, resilient to climate issues into human settlement and guidelines plans and Finance and planning change policies, incorporate climate change incorporated with climate guidelines Land, Transport, Natural programs, issues by 2026 change issues Resources, Environment, plans and Local Government; guidelines TARURA, TBA, TMA, National Land Use Commission, National Housing and Building Research MLHSD, Agency (NHBRA), Research and Academic Institutions; CSOs; and Private Sectors • Development of climate Climate change sensitive 2 2021-2016 Reports change sensitive building standards and code document. 91 National Climate Change Response Strategy 2021-2026 91 building standards and codes by 2026 Promote and • At least 40% of • Percent of eco-smart 7 2021-2026 Reports strengthen eco-smart constructed villages villages villages programmes have eco-smart • Number of green cities initiatives programme with climate smart by 2026 initiatives • Number of green cities • Percentage of smart action plans that cities in urban areas that integrate climate proof integrated green standards and code by infrastructures and Promote development 2026. buildings Reports of smart cities • At least 30% of 2021-2026 programmes for developed urban areas climate resilience have smart cities that urban areas integrate green infrastructures and buildings by 2026

13.2 Increase resources Human and financial • Budget code of climate 3 2021-2016 Reports Ministry responsible for for climate change resources increased for change adaptation in Personnel Human Settlements, adaptation in human climate change adaptation infrastructure database Human resources, settlements by 2026 • Newly employed Finance and planning development. personnel for climate Land, Transport, Natural change adaptation under Resources, Environment, auspicious of Local Government; infrastructure TARURA, TBA, TMA, National Land Use Commission, National Housing and Building Research Agency (NHBRA), Research and Academic Institutions; CSOs; and Private Sectors 92 92 National Climate Change Response Strategy 2021-2026

13.3 Conduct risk All cities and municipalities • Risk and vulnerability 4 2021-2016 Reports Ministry responsible for and conduct climate risk and reports Human Settlements, vulnerability vulnerability assessment by Human resources, assessments. 2026 Finance and planning Land, Transport, Natural Resources, Environment, Local Government; TARURA, TBA, TMA, National Land Use Commission, National Housing and Building Research Agency (NHBRA), Research and Academic Institutions; CSOs; and Private Sectors

13.4 Improve 30 districts have effective District with disaster 4 2021-2026 Reports and Ministry responsible for preparedness and disaster preparedness and preparedness and response plans Human Settlements, response systems response plan by 2026 plans Human resources, Finance and planning Land, Transport, Natural Resources, Environment, Local Government; TARURA, TBA, TMA, National Land Use Commission, National Housing and Building Research Agency (NHBRA), Research and Academic Institutions; CSOs; and Private Sectors Sub Total (19) 22 14. Land Use 93 National Climate Change Response Strategy 2021-2026 93 To have resilient 14.1 Mainstream Climate change issues • Number and types of 3 2021-2026 • Reports Ministry responsible for land use climate change mainstreamed into land use land use plans Land, Local Government, planning and issues into land planning and management integrating climate Livestock, Agriculture, management for use planning by 2026 change adaptation Transport, Fisheries, sustainable and Water, Energy, Mining, development management Natural Resources; Environment; National Land Use Planning Commission; Research and Academic Institutions; CSOs; and Private Sector

14.2 Enhance Increased compliance to • Number and types of 2 2021-2026 • Reports Ministry responsible for compliance of Land use plans at all levels land use plans in use Land, Local Government, land use plans by 2026 Livestock, Agriculture, at all levels Transport, Fisheries, Water, Energy, Mining, Natural Resources; Environment; National Land Use Planning Commission; Research and Academic Institutions; CSOs; and Private Sector Sub Total (20) 5 94 94 National Climate Change Response Strategy 2021-2026

3.3 Climate Change Mitigation Indicative Means of Strategic Budget Verification Responsible Strategies Targets Indicators Timeframe Objective (TZS Institutions billion) 1. Energy To achieve 1.1 Explore and invest At least 3 clean, reliable • Percentage of Renewable 5 2021-2026 Reports Ministry responsible for sustainable in renewable and accessible energy energy produced from Energy, Environment, and industrial energy to ensure sources by 2025 renewable energy sources Natural Resources and development overall energy • Number of energy end- Transport; CSOs and through security for social At least 1000 MW power users Private Sector promotion of and economic generated from • Rate of diffusion of low intensive development Renewable energy energy technologies carbon through enhanced sources by 2026. • Percentage of individuals technologies availability and depending on biomass affordability energy

1.2 Explore options Improved power • Amount of energy 10 2021-2026 Reports Ministry responsible for for improved interconnection to at produced from clean Energy, Environment, power least 5 neighbouring sources Natural Resources and interconnection countries by 2025 Transport; CSOs and with neighbouring • Numbers of substations Private Sector countries constructed for power evacuations • Percentages of increased installed power capacity for power export through the interconnector

1.3 Promote of Increased use of energy • Number and types of 2 2021-2026 Reports Ministry responsible for 95 National Climate Change Response Strategy 2021-2026 95 Indicative Means of Strategic Budget Verification Responsible Strategies Targets Indicators Timeframe Objective (TZS Institutions billion) efficient energy efficient technologies by energy efficient Energy, Environment, technologies. 2025. technologies Natural Resources and • Number of efficient Transport; CSOs and Reduced energy loss to energy end-users Private Sector 12 percent by 2026 • Percentages of change in energy loss • Percentage of individuals depending on biomass

1.4 Enhance supply Increased generation by • Percent of population 2.5 2021-2026 Reports Ministry responsible for and access of 25% of renewable with access to renewable Energy, Environment, renewable energy energy sources by 2025. energy. Natural Resources and from all sources. • Percentage of renewable Transport; CSOs and energy end-users Private Sector

1.2 Promote climate- Increased rate of climate • Percentage of rural 2 2021-2026 Reports Ministry responsible for smart rural smart rural electrification population connected to Energy, Environment, electrification by 2025 renewable Natural Resources and through At least 20 rural micro/minigrids Transport; CSOs and development of renewable energy min- • At least 20 rural Private Sector renewable micro grids developed in rural minigrids developed in and min-grid areas, rural areas, energy sources. • Number and types of renewable energy technologies • Type of renewable energy technologies. 96 96 National Climate Change Response Strategy 2021-2026 Indicative Means of Strategic Budget Verification Responsible Strategies Targets Indicators Timeframe Objective (TZS Institutions billion)

1.3 Promote Biomass consumption • Percent of biomass 5.2 2021-2026 Reports Ministry responsible for sustainable reduction by 10% from consumption Energy, Environment, production and use the current consumption Natural Resources and of biomass energy. in the energy mix by • percentage of population Transport; CSOs and 2025. using efficient biomass Private Sector energy technologies

1.4 Develop and adopt Emission factor • Number and types of 3 2021-2026 Reports Ministry responsible for national emission developed and adopted emission factors Energy, Environment, factor for energy by 2025 Natural Resources and sector Transport; CSOs and Private Sector

1.5 Increase national Enhanced budget code • Availability of the budget 2 2021-2026 Reports Ministry responsible for energy planning for renewable energy code for Renewable Energy, Natural and budget for and energy efficiency energy and energy Resources, promoted technologies efficiency technologies Environment, Local investments on • Percentage of costs Government; TPDC, renewable energy National energy budget increased for Renewable EWURA, TANESCO, and energy increased by 25% for energy and energy TFS, TMA, Research efficiency enhanced renewable efficiency technologies and Academic technologies. energy and energy Institutions; CSOs; and efficiency technologies Private Sector Sub Total (1) 31.7 2. Forest and Mangroves 97 National Climate Change Response Strategy 2021-2026 97 Indicative Means of Strategic Budget Verification Responsible Strategies Targets Indicators Timeframe Objective (TZS Institutions billion) Enhance the 2.1 Promote and Reduce deforestation/ 10 2021-2026 Reports Ministry responsible for contribution enhance forest forest degradation rate • Number of trees planted Agriculture, Natural of forest sec- landscape by 20% from the current Resources, Land, tor to national restoration rate set by FREL (i.e., • Forest area change (ha) Environment, and Local sustainable (afforestation 469,420 ha/year) by (density, stems) Government; NCMC development and 2026) Land Use Commission, through reforestation) • Area of restored forest TFS; CSOs and Private exploitation of Restore at least 2 land (ha) Sector global GHG million hectares by 2026 Mitigation • Forest canopy cover (%) potentials. At least 25% of the (Shades) degraded dry-land forests restored. • Areas of restored mangroves (%)

2.2 Promote and Reduce deforestation/ Number of REDD+ 15 2021 -2026 Relevant Ministry responsible for enhance forest forest degradation rate activities implemented Project Natural Resources, mangroves by 20% from the current Reports TFS, Land, restoration in rate set by FREL (i.e., MtCO2eq reduced or Environment, and Local degraded areas. 469,420 ha/year) by reduced. Governments; NCMC 2026) Land Use Commission, TFS; CSOs and Private Restore at least 2 Sector million hectares by 2026 At least 25% of the degraded dry-land forests restored Restore at least 3000 hectares of degraded mangroves by 98 98 National Climate Change Response Strategy 2021-2026 Indicative Means of Strategic Budget Verification Responsible Strategies Targets Indicators Timeframe Objective (TZS Institutions billion)

2.3 Promote Reduce GHGs emission Number of REDD+ 15 2021-2026 Reports Ministry responsible for implementation by 30% of 2020 activities implemented Agriculture, Natural of National emission level in the Resources, Land, REDD+ Strategy forest sector by 2026 MtCO2eq reduced or Environment, and Local avoided. Government; Land Use Commission; TFS; CSOs; and Private Sector

2.4 Promote National biomass legal • Number of regulations & 40 2021 -2026 Reports MNRT, TFS, ME, sustainable framework for effective guidelines National MoF, TBS, VPO, Land biomass energy biomass production • Type of efficient kilns biomass legal use Commission, CSO, production. developed by 2026. technologies. framework DP & Private sector • Share of sustainably produced charcoal (%) Sub Total (2) 80 3. Industry Promote the use 3.1 Diversification Enhanced diversification • Number of 2 2021 - 2026 Reports Ministries responsible of sustainable of clean energy of at least 7 affordable environmental-friendly for Industry, Energy, energy in the sources. energy sources by 2025. adopted technologies. Environment, Local industry sector. • Government, Natural At least 3 • Number of industries that Resources; TIRDO, environmental-friendly have adopted sustainable COSTECH, CPCT, energy technologies energy technologies. TPDC, TANESCO, adopted in the industry Research and Academic sector. • Number of industries with Institution and CSOs, energy co-generation DP, Private Sector technologies 99 National Climate Change Response Strategy 2021-2026 99 Indicative Means of Strategic Budget Verification Responsible Strategies Targets Indicators Timeframe Objective (TZS Institutions billion)

3.2 Adoption of Increased use of energy • Number and types of 2 2021-2026 Reports Ministries responsible energy efficient efficient technologies by energy efficient for Industry, energy, technologies industries technologies Environment, Local • Number of energy Government, Natural Reduced energy loss to efficient industrial end Resources; TIRDO, 12 percent by 2026 users. COSTECH, CPCT, TPDC, TANESCO, Increased number of Research and Academic industries that has Institutions, CSOs, adopted energy efficient DPs, Private Sector technologies

3.3 Encouraging Increased Institutions • Number and type of 1 2021-2026 Reports Ministries responsible establishment of relying on energy energy efficient for Industry, energy, energy efficient efficient related policies guidelines and policies. Environment, Local policies under and guidelines by 2026 • Number of industries Government, Natural various institution adopted and using energy Resources; and CSOs, level. efficient related policies. DP, Private Sector

3.4 Promote change Energy efficient • Number of improved 1 2021-2026 Reports Ministries responsible of standards in standards in production energy efficient standards for Industry, energy, production and and facilities’ • Number of industrial and Environment, Local facilities management improved management facilities Government, Natural management. by 2026 that has adopted and Resources, TBS, Revised using improved standards. TMDA; and CSOs, DP, standards to Private Sector foster energy efficient production and facilities management Sub Total (3) 6 100 100 National Climate Change Response Strategy 2021-2026 Indicative Means of Strategic Budget Verification Responsible Strategies Targets Indicators Timeframe Objective (TZS Institutions billion) 4. Transport Promote an 4.1 Promotion of At least 2 new low • Number and type of 2.3 2021 -2026 Reports Ministry responsible for efficient low cost and emission transport transportation systems Transport, Industry, transport system low carbon systems adopted by 2026 with low emissions Environment, LGAs; with minimum mass transport • Number of mass and bulk CSOs, Private Sector, GHG emissions. modes such as transport end – users DPs BRT and other using efficient transport means of mass systems transport

4.2 Promote non- Increased non-motorized • Number and type of non- 1 2021 -2026 Reports Ministry responsible for motorized modes transport system by 2026 motorized transport Transport, Land, and means of systems Industry, Environment, transport by LGAs; CSOs, Private creating cycling Sector, DPs and and pedestrian LATRA walkways

4.3 Promote Transportation facilities • Percentage of individuals 2 Reports Ministry responsible for importation and diversified by 2026 using gas/cable transport Transport, Land, manufacturing of facilities Industry, Environment, new LGAs; CSOs, Private transportation Sector, DPs and technologies like LATRA gas/cable/electric al transport facilities in urban areas 101 National Climate Change Response Strategy 2021-2026 101 Indicative Means of Strategic Budget Verification Responsible Strategies Targets Indicators Timeframe Objective (TZS Institutions billion)

4.4 Create transport New road networks • Number of new roads 2 Report Ministry responsible for demanding constructed and constructed Transport, Land, management improved in urban areas Industry, Environment, measures that by 2026 TRC, LGAs; CSOs, favour public Private Sector, DPs and transport and LATRA Non-Motorised transport

4.5 Improve the Railway network for • Time per trip 2 2021-2026 Reports Ministry responsible for country railway long domestic goods and • Length of the improved Transport, Land, network to passengers run by railway network Industry, Environment, facilitate low efficient energy by 2026 • Type of energy source TRC, LGAs; CSOs, cost and low used to run Private Sector, DPs and emission long LATRA distance transportation of cargo and passengers

4.6 Promote At least one city has an • Operational integrated 4 2021-2026 Reports Ministry responsible for integrated urban integrated low emission transport system Transport, Land, transport transport system by 2026 Industry, Environment, planning to TRC, LGAs; TRC, facilitate CSOs, Private Sector, efficient and low DPs and LATRA emission Sub Total (4) 11.3 5. Waste management 102 102 National Climate Change Response Strategy 2021-2026 Indicative Means of Strategic Budget Verification Responsible Strategies Targets Indicators Timeframe Objective (TZS Institutions billion) To enhance 5.1 Promote effective Improved solid waste • Percentage of reduced 1 Solid waste contribution of solid waste minimization, collection, waste generation in cities management environmentally management by transportation and and municipalities reports and sound waste enhancing reduction, disposal systems in all • Number of cities and new/improve PORALG, Ministry of management reuse, recycle and cities and municipalities municipalities with d Industry, Ministry of Systems. least disposal of by 2026. effective and modern systems Finance and planning, waste. waste management 2021 - 2026 Environment, NEMC, systems TIRDO, CSOs, • Number and type of Academic institutions, effective sustainable Private and DPs waste management plans in cities and municipalities Effective recycling and Number of cities and 1 Solid waste PORALG, Ministry of compost systems in all municipal councils with management Finance and planning, cities and municipal effective recycling and reports and Environment, Local councils by 2026 compost systems 2021 - 2026 new/improve Government; NEMC, d TIRDO, CSOs, systems Academic institutions, Private and DPs

5.2 Promote waste to At least 10% increase of • Cities and municipal 1 Solid waste PORALG, Ministry of energy waste to energy councils with functional management Finance and planning, generation generation systems by waste -to-energy reports and Environment, Local systems 2026. generation systems new/improve Government; NEMC, 2021 - 2026 • Percent of individuals and d TIRDO, CSOs, entities that practice waste systems Academic institutions, -to-energy systems Private and DPs 103 National Climate Change Response Strategy 2021-2026 103 Indicative Means of Strategic Budget Verification Responsible Strategies Targets Indicators Timeframe Objective (TZS Institutions billion)

5.3 Promote 60% of Cities and • Number and types of 3 Reports and PORALG, Ministry of environmentally Municipal councils to wastewater management plants. Finance and planning, sound wastewater have effective systems. Environment, Local management systems wastewater management • existence of waste 2021-2026 Government; NEMC, systems by 2026. management guidelines TIRDO, CSOs, and plans. Academic institutions, Private and DPs

5.4 Enforcement of Promote non- • Percentage of hospital 2 Enforcement PORALG, Ministry of environmentally incineration technologies and industries using non- of Finance and planning, sound Hazardous incineration technologies environmenta Environment, Local wastes management • Percentage of hazardous 2021-2026 l auditing Government; NEMC, systems wastes generated to the report TIRDO, CSOs, environment. Academic institutions, Private and DPs Sub Total (5) 8 6. Livestock To enhance 6.1 Promote Enhanced livestock • Number and types of 1 2021 - 2026 Reports Ministry responsible for Productivity and appropriate management practice by practices Water, Local reduction of livestock 2026 • Number of livestock units Government, Livestock, greenhouse management • Percent of pastoral Environment, Natural gas/methane practices National livestock communities adopting Resources; TAFORI, emission and management plan (LMP) livestock management TAWA, TALIRA, improving developed by 2026 practices NARCO and TAWIRI; efficiency. • Percent of pastoral CSOs, Private and DPs communities with community pastureland co-management plans 104 104 National Climate Change Response Strategy 2021-2026 Indicative Means of Strategic Budget Verification Responsible Strategies Targets Indicators Timeframe Objective (TZS Institutions billion)

6.2 Promote use of Increased use of • Number and types of 1 Ministry responsible for improved animal improved animal feeds animal feed stuff Water, Local feed stuffs. stuff by 2026 • Percent of pastoral Government, Livestock, communities using Environment, Natural At least 50% of the improved feed stuff 2021 - 2026 Reports Resources; TAFORI, pastoral community TAWA, TALIRA, using improved feed NARCO, TAWIRI; stuff by 2026 CSOs, Private and DPs

6.3 Increase grazing Grazing land • Grazing land size 1 land productivity productivity increased by • Amount of fodder Ministry responsible for and nutrient 2026 • Percent of pastoral Water, Local management communities/ villages Government, Livestock, At least 40% of pastoral adopting sustainable Environment, Natural communities with community pastureland 2021 - 2026 Reports Resources; TAFORI, pastureland co- co-management plans TAWA, TALIRA, management plans by • Percent of pastoral NARCO and TAWIRI; 2026 community villages with CSOs, Private and DPs sustainable land use plans

6.4 Enhance Degraded land restored • Land size 1 Ministry responsible for restoration of by 2026 • Number and type of Water, Local degraded lands, restoration techniques Government, Livestock, Environment, Natural 2021 - 2026 Reports Resources; TAFORI, TAWA, TALIRA, NARCO and TAWIRI; CSOs, Private and DPs Subtotal (6) 4 TOTAL 141 105 National Climate Change Response Strategy 2021-2026 105

3.4 Cross-Cutting Issues Indicative Means of Budget Verification Objective Strategies Targets Indicators Timeframe Responsible Institutions (USD TZS Billion) 1. Capacity Building, Education and Awareness To enhance 1.1 Establish national National climate • Platform in place 1 2021-2024 • Reports Ministry responsible for capacity at all climate change change knowledge and operational Environment, Land, Local levels to design knowledge platform platform established by • Number and types of Government, Livestock, and implement to assist in collecting 2024 information and data Agriculture, Transport, climate change and disseminating • Number and types of Fisheries, Water, Energy, adaptation and relevant climate users Mining, Natural mitigation change adaptation Resources; Environment; interventions and and mitigation NEMC; TMA, Research improve the level knowledge and and Academic Institutions; of education, information CSOs; and Private Sector training and 1.2 Promote use of local Use of local and • Number and types of 3 2021-2026 • Reports Ministry responsible for awareness and community level community level educational materials Environment, Land, Local knowledge knowledge enhanced • Number and types of Government, Livestock, (including by 2026 knowledge Agriculture, Transport, traditional dissemination Fisheries, Water, Energy, knowledge) on pathways Mining, Natural adaptation and • Number and gender Resources; Environment; mitigation of of beneficiaries NEMC; TMA, Research and Academic Institutions; CSOs; and Private Sector 106 106 National Climate Change Response Strategy 2021-2026 Indicative Means of Budget Verification Objective Strategies Targets Indicators Timeframe Responsible Institutions (USD TZS Billion)

1.3 Integrate and Teaching and learning • Number and levels 2 2021-2026 • Reports Ministry responsible for promote teaching of climate change of Institutions Education, Environment, and learning of issues promoted by teaching climate Land, Local Government, climate change 2026 change issues Livestock, Agriculture, issues in formal and Transport, Fisheries, non-formal Water, Energy, Mining, education systems Natural Resources; Environment; NEMC; TMA, Research and Academic Institutions; CSOs; and Private Sector

1.4 Increase public Awareness and • Number and type of 5 2021-2026 • Reports Ministry responsible for awareness and understanding of awareness materials Education, Environment, understanding on climate change • Number and types of Land, Local Government, climate change increased by 2026 awareness Livestock, Agriculture, related issues campaigns / Transport, Fisheries, Undertake Annual programmes Water, Energy, Mining, National Climate • Number of gender Natural Resources; Change Conference beneficiaries Environment; NEMC; • Number of national TMA, Research and climate change Academic Institutions; conferences held CSOs; and Private Sector • Number of participants from communities Sub Total (21) 11 107 National Climate Change Response Strategy 2021-2026 107 2. Research, Vulnerability Assessment, Systematic Observation and Impact Monitoring To ensure 2.1 Support research on Research on • number and areas of 3 2021-2026 • Reports Ministry responsible for effective and vulnerability impact, vulnerability, impacts research Science and Technology, integrated and climate change and climate change • number and types of Education, Environment, programme of adaptation adaptation undertaken publications Land, Local Government, climate change by 2026 Livestock, Agriculture, research Transport, Fisheries, development, Water, Energy, Mining, systematic Natural Resources; observation and Environment; NEMC; monitoring TMA, Research and Academic Institutions; CSOs; and Private Sector

2.2 Identify and promote Climate change • number and areas of 2 2021-2026 • Reports Ministry responsible for Climate change mitigation research Science and Technology, mitigation interventions identified Education, Environment, interventions by 2026 • number and types of Land, Local Government, publications Livestock, Agriculture, Transport, Fisheries, Water, Energy, Mining, Natural Resources; Environment; NEMC; TMA, Research and Academic Institutions; CSOs; and Private Sector

2.3 Enhanced capacity Climate change models • Number of climate 1 2021-2026 • Reports Ministry responsible for in climate change developed by 2026 change models Science and Technology, modelling Education, Environment, Land, Local Government, Livestock, Agriculture, Transport, Fisheries, Water, Energy, Mining, Natural Resources; 108 108 National Climate Change Response Strategy 2021-2026 Environment; NEMC; TMA, Research and Academic Institutions; CSOs; and Private Sector

2.4 Improve Understanding of • number and types of 2 2021-2026 • Reports Ministry responsible for understanding of climate knowledge climate models Science and Technology, climate knowledge improved by 2026 adopted Education, Environment, by downscaling Land, Local Government, global and regional Livestock, Agriculture, models to the Transport, Fisheries, national and local Water, Energy, Mining, circumstances Natural Resources; Environment; NEMC; TMA, Research and Academic Institutions; CSOs; and Private Sector

2.5 Upgrade national national • number and types of 10 2021-2026 • Reports Ministry responsible for meteorological meteorological meteorological Works, Education, services and its services and services Environment, Land, Local national networks infrastructure upgraded • number and types of Government, Livestock, and infrastructure by 2026 meteorological Agriculture, Transport, for provision of infrastructure Fisheries, Water, Energy, essential data for Mining, Natural climate service and Resources; Environment; early warning NEMC; TMA, Research systems and Academic Institutions; CSOs; and Private Sector Sub Total (22) 18 3. Technology Development and Transfer To promote 3.1 Enhance, strengthen Endogenous climate • number and types of 3 2021-2026 • Reports Ministry responsible for appropriate and disseminate smart technologies endogenous climate Science and Technology, technologies for promoted and adopted smart technologies Education, Environment, 109 National Climate Change Response Strategy 2021-2026 109 adaptation and endogenous climate by 2026 • number and type of Land, Local Government, mitigation smart technologies endogenous climate Livestock, Agriculture, actions smart technology Transport, Fisheries, users Water, Energy, Mining, Natural Resources; Environment; NEMC; TMA, Research and Academic Institutions; CSOs; and Private Sector

3.2 Provide incentives to Incentives for private • number and types of 1 2021-2024 • Reports Ministry responsible for enhance private sector provided by incentives Science and Technology, sector investment in 2026 • number and types of Education, Environment, climate smart beneficiaries Land, Local Government, technologies Livestock, Agriculture, Transport, Fisheries, Water, Energy, Mining, Natural Resources; Environment; NEMC; TMA, Research and Academic Institutions; CSOs; and Private Sector

3.3 Support technology Climate smart • number and types of 2 2021-2026 • Reports Ministry responsible for innovation among technologies climate smart Science and Technology, schools, universities innovation promoted technologies Education, Environment, and informal sector by 2026 promoted Land, Local Government, Livestock, Agriculture, • number of Transport, Fisheries, beneficiaries Water, Energy, Mining, Natural Resources; Environment; NEMC; TMA, Research and Academic Institutions; CSOs; and Private Sector Sub Total (23) 6 110 110 National Climate Change Response Strategy 2021-2026 4. Climate Financing To strengthen 4.1 Establish a A database of climate • Reports with data of 3 2021-2024 Reports Ministry responsible for national capacity database of all change actors and actors and initiatives Finance, Environment, to mobilize climate change initiatives established Local Government, additional and actors and by 2024 Livestock, Agriculture, appropriate initiatives in the Transport, Fisheries, financial country Water, Energy, Mining, resources at both Natural Resources; national and Environment; NEMC; international TMA, Research and level. Academic Institutions; CSOs; and Private Sector

4.2 Undertake Resource needs • Needs assessment 2 2021-2024 Reports Ministry responsible for resource needs established report Finance, Environment, assessment for Local Government, climate change Livestock, Agriculture, interventions Transport, Fisheries, Water, Energy, Mining, Natural Resources; Environment; NEMC; TMA, Research and Academic Institutions; CSOs; and Private Sector

4.3 Institute Tracking system for • climate finance flow 3 2021-2024 - Ministry responsible for tracking system domestic and data and information Regulation Finance, Environment, for domestic and international climate s, policies, Local Government, international finance flows strategies, Livestock, Agriculture, climate finance established by 2024 plans and Transport, Fisheries, flows guidelines Water, Energy, Mining, Natural Resources; -Reports Environment; NEMC; TMA, Research and 111 National Climate Change Response Strategy 2021-2026 111 Academic Institutions; CSOs; and Private Sector

4.4 Enhance the Capacity of sectors • number of training 3 2021-2026 Reports Ministry responsible for capacity of ministries, LGAs, sessions Finance, Environment, sectors private sector and civil • number of trainees Local Government, ministries, local society organizations • number of new Livestock, Agriculture, government to develop fundable bankable fundable Transport, Fisheries, authorities, projects improved by project Water, Energy, Mining, private sector 2026 Natural Resources; and civil society Environment; NEMC; organizations, to TMA, Research and develop Academic Institutions; fundable CSOs; and Private Sector projects

4.5 Undertake Climate Public • number of climate 1 2021-2026 Reports Ministry responsible for Climate Change Expenditure and public expenditure Finance, Environment, Public Budget Review reviews Local Government, Expenditure and undertaken by 2026 Livestock, Agriculture, Budget Review Transport, Fisheries, Water, Energy, Mining, Natural Resources; Environment; NEMC; TMA, Research and Academic Institutions; CSOs; and Private Sector 112 112 National Climate Change Response Strategy 2021-2026

4.6 Safeguarding Enhance financial • Regulatory 2 2021-2026 Reports Ministry responsible for the stability of capacity to handle framework related to Finance, Bank of the financial green green financing. Policies, Tanzania, Environment, system finance mobilization strategies Local Government, and Livestock, Agriculture, guidelines. Transport, Fisheries, Water, Energy, Mining, Natural Resources; Environment; NEMC; TMA, Research and Academic Institutions; CSOs; and Private Sector Sub Total (24) 14 5. Gender Mainstreaming To enhance 5.1 Promote Gender mainstreamed • Number and types 3 2021-2026 • Reports Ministry responsible for gender equity in mainstreaming of in climate change of interventions Gender, Education, climate change gender in planning adaptation and • Number and gender Environment, Land, Local adaptation and and implementation mitigation of beneficiaries Government, Livestock, mitigation of climate change interventions by 2026 Agriculture, Transport, actions adaptation and Fisheries, Water, Energy, mitigation Mining, Natural interventions Resources; Environment; NEMC; TMA, Research and Academic Institutions; CSOs; and Private Sector

5.2 Collect, collate and Assessment of climate • number and types of 2 2021-2026 • Reports Ministry responsible for disseminate change impacts across assessment reports Gender, Education, information on the gender, including Environment, Land, Local differential people with disabilities Government, Livestock, vulnerability and undertaken and Agriculture, Transport, impact of climate disseminated by 2026 Fisheries, Water, Energy, 113 National Climate Change Response Strategy 2021-2026 113 change across Mining, Natural gender, including Resources; Environment; people with NEMC; TMA, Research disabilities and Academic Institutions; CSOs; and Private Sector

5.3 Promote awareness Awareness on gender • number and type of 2 2021-2026 • Reports Ministry responsible for on gender and and climate change awareness Gender, Education, climate change issues improved by campaigns and Environment, Land, Local issues 2026 programs materials Government, Livestock, • number of Agriculture, Transport, beneficiaries Fisheries, Water, Energy, Mining, Natural Resources; Environment; NEMC; TMA, Research and Academic Institutions; CSOs; and Private Sector Sub Total (25) 7 Total (Adaptation) 228.5 Total (Cross-cutting) 49.0 49.0 GRAND TOTAL (DAPTATION AND MITIGATION STRATEGIES) 326.5 114 114 National Climate Change Response Strategy 2021-2026

3.2 Climate Change Adaptation Indicative Means of budget Verification Objective Strategies Targets Indicators Timeframe Responsible Institutions (TZS Billions) 1. Freshwater Resources To ensure 1.1 Promote water • Installation of • Number of water flow 1 2021-2026 Reports Ministry responsible for sustainable resilience in all integrated water monitoring stations Water, work and management and basins. resources management installed and demarcated Communication, Land, resilience of water (IWRM) tools in all 9 water sources in basins Local Government resources under the basins • Type of IWRM adopted Authority, Environment, changing climate • Operation of water flow Natural Resources; monitoring stations and academia and research demarcation of water institutions, CSOs, Private sources in all 9 basins and DPs

1.2 Demarcation of At least 60% of water Percent of water basins and 5 2021-2026 Reports Ministry responsible for water sources in sources in 9 water basins catchments conserved and Water, Land, Local the 9 water demarcated to enhance demarcated water sources Government Authority, basins to support protection and conservation Environment, Natural conservation and by 2026 Resources; academia and protections. research institutions, CSOs, Private and DPs

1.3 Promote flood At least 50% of water basins Percent of flood control 3 2021-2026 Reports Ministry responsible for control in the have constructed flood systems constructed in all Water, Land, Local water basins control systems. water basins. Government Authority, by 2026. Environment, Natural Resources; academia and research institutions, CSOs, Private and DPs 115 National Climate Change Response Strategy 2021-2026 73 4 CHAPTER FOUR CHAPTER FOUR IMPLEMENTATION ARRANGEMENT IMPLEMENTATION ARRANGEMENT

4.1 Institutional Arrangement The implementation of the climate change issues in Tanzania is undertaken within the context of the National Environmental Policy (1997), the Environmental Management Act (EMA) 2004, and the related sector policies and legislations. At the national level, the VPO, Division of Environment (DoE) is responsible for all climate related activities. DoE is both the National Climate Change Focal Point for UNFCCC and Designated National Authority (DNA) for Clean Development Mechanism under the Kyoto Protocol. The Act provides for the institutional framework for environmental management in the country (Figure 16). It confers the task of overall coordination and policy articulation of the environmental management in the country and provision of the central support functions to the ministry responsible for environment, which is the Vice President’s Office. The direct operational role on management of specific natural resources or environmental services, such as agriculture, fisheries, forestry, wildlife, mining, water, and waste management is conferred to sector Ministries and Local Government Authorities. The Act also establishes the National Environmental Advisory Committee (NEAC) with the role of advising the minister responsible for environment. It confers the role of enforcement to the National Environment Management Council (NEMC). The Act further establishes Sector Environmental Sections in sector ministries and confers the environmental management role on the relevant sectors and with a view to provide a link to the Ministry responsible for environment. Finally, the Act gives power to the Regional Secretariats to designate Regional Environmental Management Experts (REMEs) charged with the responsibility to advise and oversee the implementation and enforcement of the Act. So far, since its enactment, Sector Environmental sections/units have been established in all ministries, and Sector Environmental Coordinators have either been designated or appointed. Furthermore, the Act empowers LGAs (City, Municipal, District, Township) to designate or appoint Environmental Management Officers to oversee implementation of EMA 2004 in their respective levels. In addition, the Act establishes Environmental Committees at different LGAs levels to advise and oversee the implementation of EMA 2004 within their jurisdiction. Climate change issues are addressed using the same institutional framework. 116 National Climate Change Response Strategy 2021-2026 Figure 14: Institutional arrangement for environmental management in Tanzania (Source, URT 2013) Furthermore, the Government has established two committees to facilitate articulation, policy guidance and coordination of climate change issues in the country: namely, National Climate Change Steering Committee (NCCSC) and National Climate Change Technical Committee (NCCTC). The National Climate Change Steering Committee (NCCSC) has been established and is chaired by the Permanent Secretary - Vice President's Office. The Committee provides policy guidance to ensure coordinated actions and participation within various sectors and institutions. In addition to that, the National Climate Change Technical Committee (NCCTC) has been established, chaired by the Director of Environment, with the role of providing technical advice, stimulate more coordinated actions of actors and broaden the participation of various actors in addressing climate change. Moreover, the National Carbon Monitoring Centre (NCMC), which is hosted by the Sokoine University of Agriculture (SUA), was established in 2016. The main objective of the Centre is to build national capacity to measure, verify and report adequately on sector carbon emissions at national and international levels. The centre manages the National Greenhouse Gas Inventory System, which is a portal established to ensure effective management of sector GHG emission data as per the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) guidelines. The general implementation of this Strategy will be guided at the sector level by the sector policies, strategies, guidelines and plans, which will be the responsibility of the relevant Government Departments and Agencies. The President’s Office-Regional Administration and Local Government (PO-RALG) will coordinate and work closely with Local Government 116 National Climate Change Response Strategy 2021-2026 117 Authorities (LGAs) through their various departments in collaboration with line sector ministries to implement this Strategy at the local level. The sector ministries and LGAs are to be capacitated and supported by VPO and other partners to mainstream this Strategy into their planning processes to ensure proper resource allocation and effective implementation. The development partners (DPs) through their bilateral and multilateral arrangements are encouraged to support the government in implementing this Strategy by providing technical and financial support, as well as facilitating resource mobilization. They are also encouraged to provide capacity building and facilitate technology development and transfer to various stakeholders in implementing this Strategy. The civil society organizations (CSOs) are encouraged to cooperate with the Government in implementing the Strategy through various initiatives at various levels. Apart from CSOs, also private sector is encouraged to implement innovative initiatives to address climate change in supporting the implementation of this Strategy by collaborating with the Government under public private partnership (PPP) arrangement, Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) or through various resource mobilization mechanisms (such as resources mobilized under the GCF accreditation or through various carbon markets).

4.2 Coordination Implementation of this Strategy will follow the institutional arrangement as provided by the EMA 2004. In that context, the Strategy will be coordinated by the Vice President’s Office, which is responsible for coordination of environmental management in the country. The National Climate Change Technical Committee (NCCTC) and National Climate Change Steering Committee (NCCSC) will guide the implementation of this Strategy. The NCCTC shall provide technical advice to the NCCFP, while the NCCSC shall provide policy guidance as well as ensuring coordinated action and participation within relevant sectors. Moreover, implementation of specific strategic interventions and activities will be done in the respective MDAs; and LGAs according to their roles and responsibilities under EMA 2004. NGOs, civil society organizations, religious organizations, educational institutions, and other stakeholders are encouraged to participate by facilitating the implementation of specific adaptation and mitigation initiatives at the community level. Resource mobilization, financial management and reporting shall be undertaken pursuant to the government’s financial management guidelines and systems established under the Ministry of Finance. However, special arrangements will be made in cooperation with the Ministry of Finance to enhance existing resource mobilization and financial management systems to cope with increasing demand in financial support for addressing climate change; 117 118 National Climate Change Response Strategy 2021-2026 this will include the strengthening of the Environment Trust Fund and the establishment of the National Climate Change Financing Mechanism. The VPO will coordinate the annual National Climate Change Forum (ANCCF) to bring together a range of different stakeholders and actors (both state and non-state) to share experiences, challenges, solutions and opportunities on addressing climate change. The forum will also set a platform for leveraging resources, mobilizing and recognizing efforts taken by the government through sector ministries, local government authorities, development partners, civil society organizations, and private sector to address climate change and support implementation of this Strategy. This Forum shall be a national multi-stakeholder platform to assess the progress in the implementation of this Strategy and provide national position that will inform national and international discourse on climate change.

4.3 Information and Communication Arrangement The implementation of this Strategy requires commitment and involvement of different organizations and individuals at all levels. The Vice President’s Office has the overall mandate of overseeing the implementation of the Strategy that is consistent with the Government’s communication procedures and the requirements under the EMA 2004 and UNFCCC. While the Strategy provides key strategic information, responsible actors will develop and communicate specific sector information relevant to their mandate focussing on creating a sense of urgency in addressing challenges of climate change; linking climate change to sustainable development goals; promoting and demonstrating best practices; ensuring information reaches key decision-makers; enhancing knowledge of the media on climate change; and promoting awareness and public participation. Whereas different actors or implementers of the Strategy have specific roles, it is expected that different audience segments would provide feedback to each other through various channels to facilitate smooth communication flow in the implementation of the Strategy as summarized in Figure 17. 118 National Climate Change Response Strategy 2021-2026 119 Figure 17: Information flow in the National Climate Change Strategy (URT, 2012)

4.4 Reporting Arrangements The reporting arrangement in the implementation of this Strategy will follow the established government reporting system, as well as reporting system provided in EMA 2004. MDAs and LGAs are expected to inform the VPO about the climate change initiatives that are implemented by DPs, CSOs, and private sector within their areas of operation. The Annual National Climate Change Forum will be used to share experiences, challenges, solutions, innovation and opportunities on addressing climate change. The forum shall have different themes that will be determined each year and communicated to the public accordingly. In addition, EMA 2004 requires Sector Environmental Coordinators and District, Council, and Town Environmental Management Officers to report on implementation of their Environmental Action Plans that include climate change issues. Since MDAs and LGAs are expected to integrate relevant strategic interventions in their respective plans, their quarterly and annual reports are expected to capture information on the implementation of the Strategy. 119 120 National Climate Change Response Strategy 2021-2026

4.5 Resource Mobilization Addressing climate change in Tanzania will largely depend on availability and accessibility of sustainable climate financing from both international and domestic sources. Available international climate financing mechanisms include multilateral sources such as Green Climate Fund (GCF), Global Environment Facility (GEF), Adaptation Fund, Least Developed Countries Fund (LDCF), NAMAs Facility, Special Climate Change Fund (SCF), Clean Technology Fund, Global Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Fund, established corporate approaches under UNFCCC, as well as bilateral institutions including development partners (DPs) and international private companies. Training and capacity building on project proposal development will be emphasized in order to enhance Tanzania’s accessibility to various funding sources and opportunities. The domestic climate financing may be accessed from government budget, private sector, CSOs, as well as individual contributions through various mechanisms including crowd funding. The financial sector such as banks and social protection funds will be encouraged to play an important role in facilitating mobilization of financing for the implementation of this Strategy. In view of this, an integrated approach and coordinated working system is highly required to ensure that funds to address climate change are effectively mobilized, allocated, and tracked to achieve the objectives presented in this Strategy. Moreover, in order to ensure resources availability, the Strategy proposes the establishment and operationalization of the Climate Change Budget Code or objectives and National Climate Change Financing Mechanism. The accreditation of the local institutions to international climate financing facilities such as GCF will be prioritized. The preparation of climate change proposals by various accredited institutions will be coordinated and guided by the VPO in order to have proper consideration of key government priorities as outlined in this Strategy and other development frameworks. A balance of financing in both adaptation and mitigation will be emphasized based on the priorities of the national climate change plans including NDCs and NAP. Such balance is also important in financing other areas such as capacity building, research, and development (R&D), technology development and transfer as well as awareness creation. Generally, it is envisaged that, international communities will honour their commitments and responsibilities in view of addressing global climate change challenges by providing the required support. The envisaged financial support from foreign sources in most cases will be in terms of grants. Such supports shall adhere to the national/ local rules and regulations specific to the Loans, Guarantee and Grant Acts, CAP 134, VAT Act 2014 in Tanzania. However, if support from the international communities will not be availed timely, national efforts to address climate change are likely to be hampered and this will affect both national 120 National Climate Change Response Strategy 2021-2026 121 and global targets set in the Nationally Determined Contributions by the United Republic of Tanzania. Further, mobilization of this funds will be undertaken pursuant to the requirements of the specific sources of funds as explained in chapter 4, section 4.1.

4.6 Monitoring and Evaluation (M&E) Arrangement The Vice President’s Office prepared a Monitoring and Evaluation Framework for climate change adaptation in Tanzania35 in 2012. In addition, the Vice President’s Office developed a Monitoring and Evaluation (M&E) Guidelines. Thus, this Strategy will follow Government standard monitoring and evaluation framework for climate change adaptation and M&E Guidelines to be adopted by the Vice President’s Office. Monitoring and Evaluation (M&E) will be done at all levels through different approaches outlining milestones and key performance indicators under each strategic interventions and objective. The implementation of this Strategy and its achievement will be monitored and evaluated throughout the implementation timeframe. The overall responsibility of monitoring and evaluation is vested to the Vice President’s Office. VPO will play key role in coordination, implementation, monitoring and evaluation of this Strategy. A monitoring and evaluation system will be developed as part of Implementation Strategy. This will involve collection, compilation, synthesis, analysis and evaluation of information related to the implementation of the Strategy. The information will be processed so as to compare the various baselines with actual implementation and findings will be disseminated to stakeholders. The effective monitoring will need a coordinated effort and close cooperation from all key players. Monitoring will be done by VPO in accordance with institutional arrangement provided by EMA 2004. In that context, the VPO will monitor the implementation of the Strategy through Sector Environmental Sections and Units, the Regional Environmental Experts, and the Environmental Management Officers from sector ministries and LGAs. The Environmental Management Officers from each respective sectors and institutions are expected to submit annual implementation reports to VPO-DoE as per the EMA 2004. As appropriate, the reports will cover both physical and financial aspects taking into account indicators and key deliverables outlined in the key intervention of the Strategy. Reports from non-state actors will be captured through respective reports of their government partners or collaborators. The information obtained from various stakeholders will be compiled in various periodical monitoring reports and made available to various stakeholders through quarter and annual 35 United Republic of Tanzania. Vice President’s Office. Monitoring and Evaluation Framework for Climate Change Adaptation in Tanzania. November, 2012, pp. 29. 121 122 National Climate Change Response Strategy 2021-2026 reports, budget speeches and relevant reports. They will also be presented during the Annual National Climate Change Forum. Mid-term evaluation will be undertaken after two and half years to measure the extent to which the strategic interventions and actions undertaken. This evaluation will be conducted to provide an overview of the achievements of the objectives, technical approach, and implementation framework towards the desired results. The information obtained will provide an avenue to make adjustments or amendments to the implementation plan (if necessary). This will help to assess progress of the implementation of strategic intervention and transparency on climate finance. 122 National Climate Change Response Strategy 2021-2026 123 REFERENCES REFERENCES Borhara, K., Pokharel, B., Bean, B., Deng, L., & Wang, S. Y. S. (2020). On Tanzania’s Precipitation Climatolog, Variability, and Future Projection. Climate, 8(34). https://doi.org/doi:10.3390/cli8020034 EAC. (2011). East African Community EAC Climate Change Policy ( EACCP ). Retrieved From http://www.bnbadvocates.com/publications/Climate_change_law/CCL00002.pdf FCFA. (2017). Future Climate Projections for Tanzania: Country Climate Brief. 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Dar es Salaam: Ministry of Works, Transportation and Communication. URT. (2018c). THE ECONOMIC SURVEY 2018. Retrieved from http://library.mof.go.tz/images/lead/document/economicsurvey/THE_ECONOMIC_SU RVEY_2018.pdf URT. (2019). State of the Environment Report 2019. Retrieved from https://www.vpo.go.tz/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/State-of-Environment_Third- Report-2019.pdf URT. (2020). Taarifa kwa Umma Kuhusu Tanzania Kuingia kwenye Kundi la Nchi za Kipato cha Kati. Retrieved October 9, 2020, from Ministry of Finance and Planning, United Republic of Tanzania website: https://www.mof.go.tz/docs/TOVUTI STORY TANZANIA KUINGIA UCHUMI WA KATI.pdf 124 National Climate Change Response Strategy 2021-2026 125 126 National Climate Change Response Strategy 2021-2026 Permanent Secretary Vice President’s Office Government City P.O.Box 2502, Dodoma , Tanzania Tel. No.: + (255) 026 2352038 Fax No.: + (255) 026 2350002 Email: ps@vpo.go.tz / km@vpo.go.tz www.vpo.go.tz 128 National Climate Change Response Strategy 2021-2026