Judicature and Application of Laws Act (Cap. 358)

1. Short title PART II JURISDICTION OF THE HIGH COURT AND SUBORDINATE COURTS

2. Jurisdiction of the High Court.

3. High Court to have jurisdiction over proceedings relating to merchant shipping.

4. Rules of procedure.

5. Powers of a single judge of the High Court.

6. Jurisdiction of magistrates' courts.

7. Judges to have all powers of magistrates.

8. Preferment of magistrates not to affect powers to complete proceedings. PART III APPLICATION AND RECOGNITION OF LAWS A: APPLICATION OF ACTS OF UNITED KINGDOM

9. Certain Acts of the United Kingdom Parliament to apply. 10. [Repealed.] B: APPLICATION OF CUSTOMARY LAW

11. Applicability of customary law.

12. Declaration and modification of customary law.

13. Savings. C: APPLICATION OF INDIAN ACTS

14. Indian Acts applied.

15. Modifications. 1

16. Power to adapt.

17. Future amending Acts not to apply.

18. Abrogation of formalities prior to making rules. 19. [Repealed.] 20. [Repealed.] 21. [Repealed.] ______ SCHEDULES _______ 2 ______ CHAPTER 358 ______ THE JUDICATURE AND APPLICATION OF LAWS ACT An Act to declare the jurisdiction of the High Court and courts subordinate thereto and to apply and recognise certain laws. [1st December, 1920] [9th December, 1961] 1 [s. 1] [R.L. Caps. 2 and 453] Ords. Nos. 7 of 1920 17 of 1922 25 of 1929 26 of 1932 8 of 1935 12 of 1936 35 of 1940 1 of 1951 36 of 1953 46 of 1954 26 of 1955 33 of 1956 51 of 1957 33 of 1960 38 of 1960 1 of 1961 35 of 1961 57 of 1961 Acts Nos. 8 of 1962 62 of 1962 55 of 1963 46 of 1964 15 of 1965 31 of 1966 49 of 1966 59 of 1966 6 of 1967 43 of 1967 5 of 1971 10 of 1971 3 PART I PRELIMINARY PROVISIONS Short title 1. This Act may be cited as the Judicature and Application of Laws Act. PART II JURISDICTION OF THE HIGH COURT AND SUBORDINATE COURTS Jurisdiction 2.-(1) Save as provided hereinafter or in any other written law, of the High Court Act expressed, the High Court shall have full jurisdiction in civil and criminal No. 31 of matters. 1966 Sch. (2) For the avoidance of doubt it is hereby declared that the jurisdiction of the High Court shall extend to the territorial waters. (3) Subject to the provisions of this Act, the jurisdiction of the High Court shall be exercised in conformity with the written laws which are in force in Tanzania on the date on which this Act comes into operation (including the laws applied by this Act) or which may hereafter be applied or enacted and, subject thereto and so far as the same shall not extend or apply, shall be exercised in conformity with the substance of the common law, the doctrines of equity and the statutes of general application in force in England on the twenty-second day of July, 1920, and with the powers vested in and according to the procedure and practice observed by and before Courts of Justice and justices of the Peace in England according to their respective jurisdictions and authorities at that date, save in so far as the said common law, doctrines of equity and statutes of general application and the said powers, procedure and practice may, at any time before the date on which this Act comes into operation, have been modified, amended or replaced by other provision in lieu thereof by or under the authority of any Order of Her Majesty in Council, or by any Proclamation issued, or any Act or Acts passed in and for Tanzania, or may hereafter be modified, amended or replaced by other provision in lieu thereof by or under any such Act or Acts of the Parliament of Tanzania: Provided always that the said common law, doctrines of equity and statutes of general application shall be in force in Tanzania only so far as the circumstances of Tanzania and its inhabitants permit, and subject to such qualifications as local circumstances may render necessary. High Court to 3. The High Court shall be a Court of Admiralty and shall, subject to have jurisdiction the provisions of any written law, have jurisdiction which is conferred upon over it or which may hereafter be conferred upon it as such Court of Admiralty by proceedings any written law and, more particularly, shall have jurisdiction to make orders relating to merchant and to hear and determine claims, proceedings and other matters in respect shipping Acts of which jurisdiction is conferred upon a court by the Merchant Shipping Nos. 31 of Act. 1966 Sch.; 43 of 1967 Third 4 Sch. Rules of 4. Subject to the provisions of any other written law, the Chief procedure Justice may make rules for regulating the practice and procedure of the High Court and of all other courts established in Tanzania. Powers of a 5. Subject to any written law to the contrary, a judge of the High single judge of the High Court may exercise all or any part of the jurisdiction of, and all or any Court powers and authorities conferred on, the High Court. Jurisdiction 6. Subject to the provisions of any written law and to the limits of its of magistrates' jurisdiction, a magistrates' court shall exercise its jurisdiction in accordance courts Act with the laws with which the High Court is required by this Act to exercise No. 55 of its jurisdiction and with such other laws as shall be in force in Tanzania from 1963 Sixth Sch. time to time, and applicable to the proceedings before it, but no magistrates' court shall exercise any jurisdiction or powers that are by any such law conferred exclusively on the High Court as such or on a court of record. Judges to 7. In addition to any other powers, functions and jurisdiction have all powers of conferred upon him, a judge of the High Court and a person appointed to act magistrates as a judge of the High Court shall have and may exercise all the powers and Act No. 46 of functions conferred by law upon any description of magistrate, may hold any 1964 s. 2 description of a magistrates' court and, when holding the same, shall have and may exercise the jurisdiction of a magistrate of that court. Preferment of 8.-(1) Notwithstanding that any magistrate shall have been appointed magistrates not to affect to be or to act as a judge of the High Court or any primary court magistrate powers to shall have been appointed to be or to act as a district magistrate, such former complete magistrate or primary court magistrate shall have power and jurisdiction to proceedings Act No. 46 of continue and complete any proceedings that were commenced before him 1964 s. 2 prior to such appointment. (2) The provisions of this section shall be without prejudice to the generality of section 7. PART III APPLICATION AND RECOGNITION OF LAWS A: APPLICATION OF ACTS OF THE UNITED KINGDOM Certain Acts 9. The provisions of the Acts of the Parliament of the United of the United Kingdom Kingdom described in the First Schedule hereto, as amended prior to the Parliament to twenty-second day of July, 1920, shall apply to and have effect within apply Acts Tanzania subject to the exceptions, adaptations and modifications set out Nos. 55 of 1963; 5 of therein. 1971 5 Repealed 10. [Repealed by Act No. 31 of 1966 Sch.] B: APPLICATION OF CUSTOMARY LAW Applicability 11.-(1) Customary law shall be applicable to, and courts shall of customary law Act No. exercise jurisdiction in accordance therewith in, matters of a civil nature– 55 of 1963 (a) between members of a community in which rules of customary law relevant to the matter are established and accepted, or between a member of one community and a member of another community if the rules of customary law of both communities make similar provision for the matter; (b) relating to any matter of status of, or succession to, a person who is or was a member of a community in which rules of customary law relevant to the matter are established and accepted; or (c) in any other case in which, by reason of the connection of any relevant issue with any customary right or obligation, it is appropriate that the defendant be treated as a member of the community in which such right or obligation obtains and it is fitting and just that the matter be dealt with in accordance with customary law instead of the law that would otherwise be applicable, except in any case where it is apparent, from the nature of any relevant act or transaction, manner of life or business, that the matter is or was to be regulated otherwise than by customary law: Provided that– (i) where, in accordance with paragraph (a), (b) or (c) of this subsection customary law is applicable to any matter, it shall not cease to be applicable on account of any act or transaction designed to avoid, for an unjust purpose, the applicability of customary law; and (ii) nothing in this subsection shall preclude any court from applying the rules of Islamic law in matters of marriage, divorce, guardianship, inheritance, wakf and similar matters in relation to members of a community which follows that law. (2) It is hereby declared for the avoidance of doubt that– (a) a person may become a member of such a community as is referred to in subsection (1), notwithstanding that he was hitherto a member of some other community (and whether or not any customary law is established or accepted in such other community), by his adoption of the way of life of the first- mentioned community or his acceptance by such community as one of themselves, and such adoption or acceptance may have effect either generally or for particular purposes; 6 (b) a person may cease to be a member of a community by reason of his adoption of the way of life of some other community (whether or not any customary law is established or accepted in such other community) or acceptance by some other community as one of themselves, but shall not be treated as having ceased to be a member of a community solely by his absence therefrom. (3) In any proceedings where the law applicable is customary law, the court shall apply the customary law prevailing within the area of its local jurisdiction, or if there is more than one such law, the law applicable in the area in which the act, transaction or matter occurred or arose, unless it is satisfied that the proper customary law to be applied is some other law: Provided that the court shall not apply any rule or practice of customary law which is abolished, prohibited, punishable, declared unlawful or expressly or impliedly disapplied or superseded by any written law. (4) Notwithstanding the provisions of this Act, the rules of customary law and the rules of Islamic law shall not apply in regard to any Cap.29 matter provided for in the Law of Marriage Act. (5) For the avoidance of doubts it is hereby declared that the reference to a written law in subsection (3) does not include any law or practice other than any such written law applied to or enforceable in Tanzania in accordance with the provisions of section 9 or 14 of this Act, or any other written law. Declaration 12.-(1) A district council may, and where the Minister so requires and modification shall, record in writing a declaration of what in the opinion of the council is of customary the local customary law relating to any subject either as applying throughout law the area of the council or in any specified part thereof, and submit such declaration to the Minister. (2) A district council may, if in the opinion of the council it is expedient for the good government and welfare of the area, submit for the consideration of the Minister a recommendation for the modification of any local customary law, whether or not a declaration has been recorded. (3) If the Minister is satisfied that a declaration recorded under subsection (1) accurately records the local customary law with respect to the subject to which it relates, or that a modification recommended under subsection (2) is expedient and that such local customary law or modification is not incompatible in its terms or by necessary implication with any written law, he may by order direct such declaration or such modification to be the local customary law in respect of the subject and within the area to which it relates and shall cause such declaration or modification to be published in such manner as he may deem expedient. (4) Notwithstanding the foregoing provisions of this section, no declaration or modification shall include any provision purporting to declare any act or omission criminal, and the Minister may amend any declaration deemed to have been made under this section in order to remove any such 7 provision. (5) In this section– "district council" means a district council, established under the Local Cap.287 Government (District Authorities) Act; "Minister" means the Minister responsible for legal affairs. Saving 13. Any appointment made by the Governor of Tanganyika under or for the purposes of any of the Acts set out in the First Schedule hereto, and still in force immediately prior to the date on which this Act comes into operation, shall continue in force until revoked by the President or other appropriate authority. C: APPLICATION OF INDIAN ACTS Indian Acts 14. The Acts of the Governor-General of India in Council set out applied in the third column of the Second Schedule hereto (and hereinafter referred to as "the Indian Acts") and such amendment of or substitution for the same as was in force on 1st December, 1920 are, subject to the exceptions described in the fourth column of the said Schedule, hereby applied to Tanzania. Modifications 15. In the application of the Indian Acts, the following modifications shall be made, that is to say– (a) the word "Tanganyika" shall be substituted for the words "British India"; (b) the powers of the Governor-General in Council and of the local Government shall be exercised by the President; (c) the expressions "High Court" and "District Court" in any of the said Acts shall be deemed to be the High Court of Tanzania. Power to 16. For the purpose of facilitating the application of the Indian Acts adapt any court may construe any provision with such modification not affecting the substance as may be necessary or proper to adapt the same to the matter before it and it shall be lawful for the President by notice in the Gazette to prescribe any such modification and to direct by what person or authority any jurisdiction, powers or duties incident to the operation of any of the said Acts shall be exercised or performed. Future 17. No Indian Act passed after the 1st December, 1920 amending or amending Acts not to in substitution for any of the Indian Acts shall apply to Tanzania. apply Abrogation 18. So much of any Indian Act applied to Tanzania by this Act as of formalities prior to requires the previous publication of a draft of proposed rules or by-laws, or making rules requires a draft of proposed rules or by-laws to be referred to any board or 8 Ord. 17 of authority, or provides that a power to make rules or by-laws shall be subject 1922 s. 2 to the condition of the rules or by-laws being made after previous publication, or requires any rule or by-law to be notified to the persons affected thereby in any manner otherwise than publication in the Gazette, shall not be, and shall be deemed never to have been, in force in Tanzania. Repealed 19. [Repealed by Act No. 6 of 1967 s. 180(6)(a).] Repealed 20. [Repealed by Act No. 49 of 1966 by virtue of ss. 98-100 and by Act No. 10 of 1971 2nd Sch.] Repealed 21. [Repealed by Act No. 10 of 1971 2nd Sch.] _______

FIRST SCHEDULE _________ APPLIED ACTS OF THE PARLIAMENT OF THE UNITED KINGDOM Session and Chapter Short title Provisions which apply 19 & 20 Vict. c. 113 Foreign Tribunals Evidence Act, 1856 The whole Act. 22 Vict. c. 20 Evidence by Commission Act, 1859 The whole Act. 22 & 23 Vict. c. 63 British Law Ascertainment Act, 1861 The whole Act. 24 & 25 Vict. c. 94 Foreign Law Ascertainment Act, 1861 The whole Act. 37 & 38 Vict. c. 94 Conveyancing (Scotland Act, 1874 Section 51. 47 & 48 Vict. c. 31 Colonial Prisoners Removal Act, 1884 The whole Act. 48 & 49 Vict. c. 74 Evidence by Commission Act, 1885 The whole Act. The provisions set out in this Schedule shall apply to Tanzania as if there were substituted for the references therein to– (a) a British Colony or Possession, references to Tanzania; (b) the Governor of a British Colony or Possession, references to the President; and (c) a Superior or Supreme Court, a Magistrate or Justice of the Peace of a British Colony or Possession, and in the case of the Conveyancing (Scotland) Act, 1874, to a Court of Probate in a Colony, references to the High Court. 9 _________

SECOND SCHEDULE ________ APPLIED INDIAN ACTS Year No Title Exceptions (a) 1865 X The Indian Succession Act Parts XXIX to XL (inclusive) and section 333, but subject to s. 53 of the Administrator-General (Powers and Functions) Act (Cap. 27). (b) 1870 XXI The Hindu Wills Act. . 10