National Policy on Gender and Development of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago

NATIONAL POLICY ON GENDER AND DEVELOPMENT A GREEN PAPER REPUBLIC OF TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO National Policy on Gender and Development of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago A Green Paper 2 NATIONAL POLICY ON GENDER AND DEVELOPMENT A GREEN PAPER REPUBLIC OF TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO OFFICE OF THE PRIME MINISTER February 2018 National Policy on Gender and Development of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago A Green Paper 3 Table of Contents Page Foreword 4-5 Policy Philosophy 6 List of Acronyms 7-8 List of Tables and Figures 9 Glossary of Gender Terms and Concepts 10-12 Executive Summary 13-15 Preamble 16-17 Section 1 Context and Rationale 1.1 Gender Dimensions of the Status of Men and Women 18-27 1.2 The International Framework 28-30 1.3 The Legislative Framework 31 Section 2 Policy Framework 2.1 The Policy Vision 32 2.2 Policy Goal; Strategic Objectives and Targets 32 2.3 Strategic Objectives 32 2.4 Strategic Objectives and Targets 33-35 Section 3 Policy Measures and Institutional Framework 3.1 Transformational Leadership and Governance 36-39 3.2 Macro-Economy and Trade 40-42 3.3 Labour and Employment 43-46 3.4 Unwaged Economic Activities, Domestic and Family Life 47-50 3.5 Poverty Alleviation and Social Protection 51-53 3.6 Agriculture and Food Sovereignty 54-56 3.7 Climate Change and Natural Resource Management 57-58 3.8 Gender-Based Violence and Human Security 59-62 3.9 Education and Human Capital Development 63-67 3.10 Health and Well-being 68-73 3.11 Gender and Special Interest Groups 74-82 3.12 Coordination and Implementation of the Policy 83-86 Conclusion 87 References 88-92 National Policy on Gender and Development of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago A Green Paper 4 FOREWORD The Government of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago is committed to building a nation that is free of gender discrimination, based on the principles of human rights and guaranteeing equal access to progress for all. In furtherance of this goal, Government shall promote the full participation of women, men, girls and boys by involving the public and private sectors and civil society as agents of development. The mission of the Office of the Prime Minister (Gender and Child Affairs) is to mainstream the equitable advancement of women and men and girls and boys in all areas of national development, and ensure the protection, development and participation of all children in preparation for meaningful adult life. Trinidad and Tobago, as a member State of the United Nations, has signed and ratified various international instruments, treaties and conventions without reservation. These instruments mandate member States to put in place the mechanisms needed to eliminate all forms of gender-based discrimination, and ensure equality and human dignity for men and women, boys and girls. In Trinidad and Tobago, the Government has a longstanding commitment to eliminating gender-based discrimination, despite the persistence of discrimination and gender stereotyping in some laws, traditions, customs and religious practices which prevent women’s and men’s full enjoyment of rights and equal participation in national development. The National Policy on Gender and Development aims to eliminate all such barriers and advance measures to promote gender equality. The Policy is aligned to the rights of the individual in Trinidad and Tobago’s 1976 Republican Constitution, and the Government’s national development framework. In addition, the Policy is consistent with the Government’s commitments and obligations under a number of international instruments including the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW), the Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC), the International Conference on Population Development Plan of Action (ICPD PoA), the Beijing Platform for Action (BPfA), and the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). These international instruments represent goals in themselves and include tools for setting standards towards the achievement of gender equality, women’s empowerment and child protection. The Policy on Gender and Development has been developed through extensive consultation and research. The thematic areas selected and policy measures presented are supported by research and analysis, evidence and data gathered through national and regional consultations with a wide range of stakeholders, sector studies, interviews, and existing documents. The process revealed regional and community differences, which are addressed by specific policy measures. A National Action Plan (NAP) will accompany the Policy, to ensure effective implementation. The NAP will be an accountability mechanism which presents explicit guidelines for the implementation, monitoring and evaluation of the Policy, including measurable targets for advancing gender equality and women’s empowerment. National Policy on Gender and Development of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago A Green Paper 5 The Office of the Prime Minister (Gender and Child Affairs) is responsible for coordinating the implementation and monitoring of the National Policy. All Government ministries and agencies are responsible for delivering on the measures articulated in the thematic sections of the Policy. Additionally, civil society organisations provide complementary services to advancing gender equality on the ground, and exercise vigilance in monitoring the delivery of gender sensitive public services. The Policy aims to equip stakeholders in the public and private sectors and civil society with the information and skills required to facilitate the empowerment of all men and women, boys and girls in the society. This approach is cognisant of the fact that effective policy development and implementation must integrate the needs and concerns of multiple actors within a society. The Government takes this opportunity to acknowledge the contribution of the following agencies and stakeholders in the development of the Draft National Policy on Gender and Development: the Cabinet Appointed Committees (CAC) and other Committees, which worked astutely over the years to initially draft and revise the Draft National Policy on Gender and Development; the Technical Committees that assisted the CAC in this process; the International Consultant and Staff of the former Ministry of Gender, Youth and Child Development, especially the Gender Affairs Division and it’s Director and Chair of the Cabinet Appointed Committee; the UN Systems in Trinidad and Tobago and the Institute of Gender and Development Studies, University of the West Indies for their partnership and commitment to the development of the Policy. The work of civil society has been pivotal in the policy formulation process and this opportunity is taken to thank the hundreds of stakeholders who have contributed during the many consultative fora. The Government of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago is delighted to adopt this National Policy on Gender and Development which is being adopted in 2018. While we have seen significant advances in gender equality and the status of women over the past 55 years, we believe that this National Policy provides the impetus for us to strive for the achievement of full equality between men and women, and their equitable participation in political, economic, social, cultural and family life. The Government therefore looks forward to the wide utilization of this policy document to guide gender and development in Trinidad and Tobago. Government of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago National Policy on Gender and Development of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago A Green Paper 6 POLICY PHILOSOPHY The Gender Policy is driven by the philosophy that fundamental human rights and freedom and the dignity of the human person is guaranteed to all women, men, girls and boys. The policy commits to preserving the equal and inalienable rights of men, women, boys and girls in Trinidad and Tobago as guaranteed under the Constitution. The concept of equality for all citizens is embedded in the Constitution which provides for equality before the law and protection from the law. It embraces principles of social equality, equity and social justice and the common good for all men and women, boys and girls. As such, the Gender Policy advances that differences based on sex should neither exist nor be exploited. This philosophy of human rights and freedoms and its principles of equality, equity and social justice is the foundation for the Gender Policy. The Policy represents the Government’s vision to give effect to human rights and freedoms based on sex and gender. The Policy is also guided by:  The democratic principles of our society and its associated belief that all men, women, boys and girls have equal opportunity for advancement on the basis of recognition of their merit, ability and integrity and that all can and shall contribute to the development of our nation;  The rule of law and the maintenance of due respect for the rule of law to protect all persons within the jurisdiction of Trinidad and Tobago, regardless of colour, creed, class, race or gender is a fundamental principle of the Policy. In this regard the policy recognizes the statements enshrined in the Constitution of 1976, which gives rise to the rights and freedoms of everyone; and  The belief that the State and its institutions, private institutions, civil based society organizations and each individual is responsible, as a whole, to ensure that basic freedoms and rights are protected. The Government’s ratification of international conventions on equality and more specifically gender equality lends credence to this policy and its philosophy and its attempts to reduce and eliminate the gender inequality gaps among men and women and boys and girls. This philosophy forms the basis for our nation’s achievement of the goals outlined in the National Strategic Plan ‘Vision 2030’ and more specifically the goal to achieve gender equality by 2030. National Policy on Gender and Development of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago A Green Paper 7  AsDB Asian Development Bank  BIT Board of Industrial Training  BpTT British Petroleum of Trinidad and Tobago  CAC Cabinet Appointed Committee  CAFRA Caribbean Association for Feminist Research and Action  CARICOM Caribbean Community  CBO Community-Based Organisation  CDF Community Development Fund  CEDAW Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women  CIDA Canadian International Development Agency  CIM Inter-American Commission on Women  COMSEC Commonwealth Secretariat  COSS Country Operational Strategy Study  COSTATT College of Science, Technology and Applied Arts of Trinidad and Tobago  CPoA Commonwealth Plan of Action for Gender Equality  CRC Convention on the Rights of the Child  CSO Central Statistical Office  DFID Department for International Development  ECIAF Eastern Caribbean Institute of Agriculture and Forestry  ECS Early Childhood Services  EU European Union  FBEP Fourth Basic Education Programme  FPATT Family Planning Association of Trinidad and Tobago  FTAA Free Trade Area of the Americas  GAD Gender and Development  GATE Government Assistance for Tertiary Education  GFP Gender Focal Points  GMS Gender Management System  HIV/AIDS Human Immune-deficiency Virus/ Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome  HYPE Helping You Prepare for Employment  ICPD International Conference on Population Development  IDB Inter-American Development Bank  IGDS Institute for Gender and Development Studies  ILO International Labour Organization  IOB Institute of Business  ISA Initial Social Assessment  MDGs Millennium Development Goals  MALF Ministry of Agriculture, Land and Fisheries  ML&SED Ministry of Labour and Small Enterprise Development  NAP National Action Plan LIST OF ACRONYMS National Policy on Gender and Development of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago A Green Paper 8  NEDCO Ltd. National Entrepreneurship Development Company  NESC/TTIT National Energy Skills Centre/Trinidad and Tobago Institute of Technology  Network of NGOs Network of Non-Governmental Organisations for the Advancement of Women in Trinidad and Tobago  NGO Non-Governmental Organisation  NIHERST National Institute of Higher Education, Research, Science and Technology  NTA National Training Agency  NUDE National Union of Domestic Employees  OAS Organization of American States  PAHO Pan American Health Organisation  PBL Problem-Based Learning  PRP Poverty Reduction Programme  SDG Sustainable Development Goals  SEMP Secondary Education Modernization Programme  SGI/PGI Strategic Gender Interests/Practical Gender Interests  SGN/PGN Strategic Gender Needs/Practical Gender Needs  SHARE Social Help and Rehabilitative Efforts  SLC Survey of Living Conditions  STI Sexually Transmitted Infection  UN United Nations  UNDP United Nations Development Programme  UNECLAC United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean  UNIFEM United Nations Development Fund for Women (now UN Women)  USAID United States Agency for International Development  UWI University of the West Indies  WB World Bank  WHO World Health Organisation  WID Women in Development  YMCA Young Men’s Christian Association  YTEPP Youth Training and Employment Partnership Programme National Policy on Gender and Development of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago A Green Paper 9 ACRONYMSLIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES PAGE Table 1: Head of Household by Family Type 19 Table 2: Head of Household by Sex 19 Table 3: Women’s Political Participation 19 Table 4: Secondary Entrance Assessment (SEA) Figures- 2015-2017 20 Table 5: International Instruments Adopted by the T&T 30 Figure 1: Gender Mainstreaming in Government and the Wider Society 35 Figure 2: Gender Management System 82 National Policy on Gender and Development of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago A Green Paper 10 Sex refers to the biological and physiological characteristics that define male and female. Gender refers to the two sexes, male and female, within the context of society1. In most societies there are differences and inequalities between women’s and men’s roles and responsibilities, access to and control over resources, and participation in decision making. Gender determines what is expected, allowed and valued in a man or woman within a given context2. It is socially constructed and learned through socialisation processes. Gender analysis refers to the application of a gender perspective to the development issue which is being addressed. It requires an analysis of the gender division of labour, the identification of the needs and priorities of women and men, the identification of existing opportunities and constraints to the achievement of development objectives, and the choice of an intervention strategy to address these. Gender analysis refers to the impact assessment of development policies and programmes on women and men respectively. Gender aware refers to recognition of the different roles, needs and interests of women and men in society, and how this results in differences in power, status and privilege. Gender awareness also refers to the ability to identify problems arising from gender inequity and discrimination. Gender aware policies seek to transform existing gender relations, where necessary, to build a more equitable society. These policies may be redistributive and/or transformative, and involve altering the balance of power between men and women, and addressing both their practical gender needs and strategic gender interests. Gender blind refers to the inability to perceive that there are differences between men’s and women’s situations, roles, responsibilities, needs and priorities, and consequently, the failure to take these into account in designing a policy, programme or project. Gender blind policies, programmes or projects tend to be biased in favour of males 1 Source: The Rome Statute of the International Court, Article 7, Paragraph 3. 2 The ‘given context/context of society’ refers to the fact that what it is to be masculine or to be feminine, (that is the roles, responsibilities, expectations, access to resources etc.), varies from one place to another and may change over time. For instance, the women of the Aka Tribe in the Congo Basin go out and hunt, but in Trinidad and Tobago, women are unlikely to be hunters. GLOSSARY OF GENDER TERMS AND CONCEPTS National Policy on Gender and Development of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago A Green Paper 11 because they presuppose that those involved and affected are males with male needs and interests. Gender concerns/issues arise where an instance of gender inequality is recognised as unjust. The fact that women are paid less than men for the same job or work of equal value is a gender concern, and would need to be taken into account in labour legislation and practice. Other examples of gender-specific issues are violence against women, and discrimination against men in family planning services. Gender equality means that women and men enjoy the same status. It means that women and men have equal conditions for realising their full human rights, and for contributing to and benefiting from economic, social, cultural and political development. Gender equality is therefore the equal valuing by society of men and women, and their roles and responsibilities. It is based on men and women being full partners in the home, community and society. Gender equality starts with the equal valuing of girls and boys. Gender equity means fairness of treatment for women and men, based on their respective needs. This may include equal treatment or treatment that is different but which is considered equivalent in terms of rights, benefits, obligations and opportunities. In the development context, a gender equity goal often requires measures to compensate for the historical and social disadvantages faced by women and men. Gender mainstreaming is the process of assessing the implications for women and men of any planned action, including legislation, policies or programmes, in all areas and at all levels. It is a strategy for making women's as well as men's concerns and experiences an integral dimension of the design, implementation, monitoring and evaluation of policies and programmes in all political, economic and societal spheres so that women and men benefit equally and inequality is not perpetuated. The ultimate goal is to achieve gender equality (Agreed conclusions of the UN ECOSOC, 1997/2). Gender relations refers to social relations between women and men, and girls and boys, as well as relations between women (e.g., mother/daughter, sisters, a girls’ cricket team) or men (e.g., father/son, brothers, a men’s football team) that are informed by gender based values, entitlements, responsibilities and identities. Gender relations are often based on power differences between women and men in social processes. Gender sensitivity refers to being conscious of the different situations, needs, perceptions and priorities of women and men throughout the policy-making, planning and programme delivery process. It entails the ability to recognise the differences in women’s and men’s needs and interests arising from their different gender roles and social positions. Practical gender needs/ interests relate to those emanating from women’s and men’s actual condition due to their differential gender roles and responsibilities. Often women’s practical gender needs are related to their roles as wives, mothers, homemakers, and community managers. The relative position of women to men in National Policy on Gender and Development of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago A Green Paper 12 society is not necessarily changed when practical gender needs are met, such as providing child care facilities for single female heads of households. Sex-disaggregated data: the collection, collation and analysis of information on the basis of sex, e.g., data on the status and socio-economic roles of different groups of men and women, including employment status, job classification, income and sectors, and educational attainment of boys and girls. Strategic gender needs/interests consider the measures required to overcome gender inequality in society. Such needs vary according to the economic, social, cultural and political context. The right to vote and to be recognised in public life improved the position of women in the society relative to men, and the right to equal pay for work of equal value will have similar results. Empowerment refers to achieving control over one’s life through expanded choices. It encompasses self-confidence and self-reliance, the pursuit of one’s own goals, and being able to influence – both individually and collectively – the decisions that affect one’s life. For women and men to be empowered, conditions need to be created to enable them to acquire the necessary resources, knowledge, organisational capacity and political voice. National Policy on Gender and Development of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago A Green Paper 13 The National Policy on Gender and Development provides a framework for including gender perspectives in all activities of government and civil society, thereby promoting the full and equal participation of men and women in the development process. Development strategies are clearly more equitable when they consider the different needs, constraints, opportunities and priorities of men and women. Compelling evidence suggests that such inclusive strategies are also far more effective and sustainable. The National Policy on Gender and Development is designed to foster gender equality within the context of national development and is consistent with the Government’s development strategy. The National Policy on Gender and Development provides a timely and comprehensive platform on which to include gender aware approaches in development, thereby enhancing the possibility of successful, effective and sustainable outcomes in that initiative. The National Policy on Gender and Development is premised on a thorough analysis of the development situation in Trinidad and Tobago to ascertain the needs and priorities of men and women and girls and boys, as well as the inequalities they face in opportunities and outcomes. The document is formulated on selected sector strategies, enhanced by gender based analysis, extensive consultation and the establishment of gender equality goals. The sectoral measures outlined are achievable in the short and medium term. The impact of the Policy would be informed by two main approaches, namely specific sectoral measures, and the inclusion of gender as a cross-cutting theme in all sectors. Mainstreaming will be the process used to identify, take full account of and integrate the needs and interests of women and men, and girls and boys into relevant policies, strategies and administrative and financial activities within the sectors. The Draft Policy document comprises the Policy Framework and key sectoral policy measures identified for the Transformational Leadership and Governance, the Macro Economy and Trade, Labour and Employment; Unwaged Economic Activities; Domestic and Family Life, Poverty Alleviation and Social Protection, Agriculture and Food Sovereignty; Climate Change and Natural Resource Management; Education and Human Capital Development, Gender-based Violence and Human Security, Health and Well Being; Special Interest Groups - Youth, the Elderly, and the Disabled Population, and; the Coordination and Implementation of the National Policy on Gender and Development. It also sets out strategies for implementation, gender mainstreaming in International Development Organizations, a Gender Management System, and promotion of the Policy. A comprehensive Action Plan and Indicator Matrix, articulating a plan for the implementation of the Policy will support this document. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY National Policy on Gender and Development of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago A Green Paper 14 Health, education, family, labour, economics, acts of violence, the provision of basic amenities, opportunities for education and training, and fair recourse to justice are some of the key areas which impact differently upon men and women, and in which their roles and expectations are often divergent. Women and men and girls and boys may require different services in these sectors, and the ways in which they make use of them, may differ. The policy choices and related recommendations advanced in this Policy demonstrate options for a systematized approach to gender-awareness so as to accommodate and support these differences, on a path to effective and sustainable socio-economic development. The need for these interventions is pervasive. Changes must come from all sectors and levels, across a range of disciplines and interests and must be effected for both sexes in all classes and age groups, both within government and the wider society. The National Policy for Gender and Development, has at its heart a recognition and appreciation of the differences between men and women; differences that are based on physiological and biological realities, as well as social ones. Bearing in mind these differences, this Policy attempts to identify a range of issues, systems and institutions that must take on board these differences and secure for women and men and girls and boys alike the opportunities to maximize their potential as human beings, and as valuable citizens of Trinidad and Tobago. The need for a Policy of this nature is premised on the realisation worldwide that development strategies are clearly more equitable when they consider the different needs, constraints, opportunities and priorities of men and women, and that such inclusive strategies are also far more effective and sustainable. The National Policy on Gender and Development provides a framework for ensuring the: i) Full and equal participation of women and men and girls and boys in the development process; ii) Systematic use of gender analysis, an understanding of the different realities, opportunities, needs and interests of men, women, boys and girls; iii) Utilization of gender planning, taking into account the gaps between women’s and men’s access to economic, social, political and cultural resources, and putting in place policies, plans and programmes to correct these imbalances; iv) Implementation of gender-responsive budgeting, and the equitable allocation of financial and human resources to address gender imbalances in all sectors and at all levels; and v) Equitable, effective and sustainable outcomes of national development strategies. Gender norms and relations influence the private sphere as well as the full range of sectors addressed by public policy. Thus, ensuring equality of opportunity as well as equitable outcomes shall be a priority of governmental action. The key sectors in the economy – industry, agriculture, labour and trade, as well as the environmental, political, justice, social, cultural and other spheres, will be expected to adopt and implement frameworks that take into account the differential needs, opportunities, National Policy on Gender and Development of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago A Green Paper 15 interests and responsibilities of women and men, girls and boys, to ensure that they participate and benefit equitably in national development. As such, this National Policy promotes gender mainstreaming which has been defined as: The process of assessing the implications for women and men of any planned action, including legislation, policies or programmes, in all areas and at all levels. It is a strategy for making women's as well as men's concerns and experiences an integral dimension of the design, implementation, monitoring and evaluation of policies and programmes in all political, economic and societal spheres so that women and men benefit equally and inequality is not perpetuated. The ultimate goal is to achieve gender equality (UN ECOSOC, 1997). The Office of the Prime Minister (Gender and Child Affairs) is responsible for co ordinating the implementation and monitoring of the Policy. All Government ministries, statutory bodies and other state agencies are responsible for delivering on the measures articulated in the thematic sections of the Policy. It is thus expected to guide decision-making on: the formulation of gender aware sector-specific policies, plans and programmes; the allocation of human, financial and technical resources; the delivery of public services; and the monitoring and evaluation of outcomes. Additionally, the Policy may be used as a guide by private sector institutions in engaging in gender aware and socially responsible entrepreneurial development, and by civil society organizations that provide complementary services to advance gender equality, and provide a platform for government/civil society dialogue and mutual accountability. The Policy on Gender and Development is informed by extensive consultation, research and analysis. The process included: a National Stakeholder consultation; seven (7) Community Consultations held in Trinidad; ten (10) Interest Group Consultations held in Trinidad; an island-wide Consultation held in Tobago; six (6) Interest Group Consultations held in Tobago; and a Roundtable for Government Gender Focal Points to provide feedback on seven (7) sector studies conducted on Health, Education, Agriculture and Natural Resources, Social and Community Development, Law and the Judiciary, Trade, and the Economy and Labour. The Policy was developed in partnership with civil society, the private sector and labour, and calls for mutual responsibility and accountability in achieving its objectives. This approach is cognisant of the fact that effective policy development and implementation must integrate the perspectives and actions of multiple actors within society. The National Policy on Gender and Development does not provide measures dealing with or relating to the issues of termination of pregnancy, same-sex unions, homosexuality or sexual orientation. National Policy on Gender and Development of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago A Green Paper 16 This National Policy on Gender and Development, in accordance with the Trinidad and Tobago Republican Constitution of 1976, acknowledges the “equal and inalienable rights” of all citizens, and the “recognition and protection of their fundamental human rights and freedoms… without discrimination by reason of race, origin, colour, religion or sex.” The Policy is an integral part of national development policies and is a framework for redressing gender disparities as well as a guide to stakeholders in the public and private sectors, and civil society. The Policy is based on the premise that women and men must participate and benefit equitably in national development if sustainable development for all is to be realised. It is both developmental and rights-based in approach. This National Policy should guide all levels of planning, resource allocation and implementation of development programmes with a gender perspective, to ensure the elimination of discriminatory laws3, policies and practices as well as the creation of equal opportunities for empowerment. The Policy is a call to action and a demand for accountability for the use of national resources to achieve both substantive and formal gender equality as a core contributing factor to and indicator of national development. The core role of Government and development actors is to endow citizens with the necessary capacities and opportunities for self and national development, what Martha Nussbaum, building on Amartya Sen, refers to as “central human capabilities.”4 Economic, political, legal, and other social arrangements should be evaluated according to how they expand people’s capabilities and freedoms. This Policy on gender equality and development is informed by social justice and respect for human rights, and is underpinned by a shared commitment to arriving at the basis for a good quality of life and well-being for all. Historically, due to the severe gender disparities5 between men and women, dialogue and actions under the heading of ‘gender’ have focused necessarily on the elimination of 3 Examples of Discriminatory Laws include: The Widow’s and Orphan’s Pension Act, Chapter 23:54 and the National Insurance Act, Chap 32:01 (these Acts need to be amended to include women, and bring them in line with other legislation); Maternity Protection Act (is not extended to female Parliamentarians). 4 Martha C Nussbaum. Frontiers of Justice: Disability, Nationality, Species Membership. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, Belknap Press, 2006: 76–78 5 Data from 2005 to 2016 for 87 countries, revealed that 19 per cent of women between 15 and 49 years said they had experienced physical and/or sexual violence by an intimate partner in the 12 months prior to the survey; The average amount of time spent on unpaid domestic and care work is more than threefold higher for women than men, according to survey data from 83 countries and areas; Women are still underrepresented in managerial positions. In the majority of the 67 countries with data from 2009 to 2015, less than a third of senior- and middle-management positions were held by women. PREAMBLE National Policy on Gender and Development of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago A Green Paper 17 all forms of discrimination against women. With the removal of the most egregious aspects of discrimination against women being realised, there is a growing appreciation that men must be partners in gender equality and that traditional male gender roles may constrain and restrict men’s quality of life and opportunities, particularly in the private sphere6. Men’s gender concerns and their capacity to function effectively in society were repeatedly voiced in the consultations held throughout the country for the preparation of this document. Among the recurrent themes were those pertaining to the high levels of incarceration of men in prisons7, the under-performance of males in the education system in general, and the rigid expectation of the man as primarily the breadwinner. The situation of men is better illuminated by data in the relevant sections. This Policy calls on actions to address the gender-related disadvantages that women face, and aims to ensure the engagement of men in this agenda as well as in actions that address men’s gender-related vulnerabilities. Data on gender-related disadvantages are highlighted in the relevant sections. The concerns which gender analysis highlights may have been perceived as limited to the private sphere of life. In reality, what a policy on gender and development serves to do is to bring into sharper focus the ongoing interactions between the public and private spheres to ensure that each individual is best prepared to fulfil aspirations in both spheres. The priority areas addressed by this National Policy contain great potential for gender based transformations by targeting the limits to development if these priority areas remain unaddressed in the society. They also represent strategic choices which channel resources effectively for gaining the requisite impact on the ground, in the short and medium term. These priority area addressed by the Policy are outlined in the National Development Strategy 2016-2030 (Vision 2030). 6 Due to the traditional notions of masculinity, legislative provision have not been made to grant men Paternity leave. Men are also less favoured in child custody matters. 7 The male prison population stood at 3,517 (97.13%) and the female population was 104 (2.87%) as at 22 March, 2017. Source: Response to the OAS/CIM Questionnaire on Women, Crime and Incarceration in Latin America and the Caribbean. National Policy on Gender and Development of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago A Green Paper 18 SECTION 1 CONTEXT AND RATIONALE: CONTEXT AND RATIONALE 1.1 GENDER DIMENSIONS OF THE STATUS OF MEN AND WOMEN IN TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO Introduction The equal rights of men and women in Trinidad and Tobago are guaranteed under the 1976 Republican Constitution and the country’s overall state of gender equity compares favourably with other medium-income developing countries with respect to such indicators as life expectancy, maternal mortality and the level of education. The Human Development Index (HDI)8 ranking for 2015 was 65 out of 188 countries. Trinidad and Tobago is ranked 67th among the 188 nations of the world in the United Nations’ 2015 Gender Inequality Index (GII). Demography The CSO’s 2011 Population and Housing Census placed Trinidad and Tobago’s population count at 1,328,019. The population grew to 1,353,895 by June 20169. Women and men comprised almost equal amounts of the population, each at approximately 50%. This is less so for Tobago where women represent approximately 50.5% of the population. Approximately 40.3 % of the population is East Indian, 39.6% African, 18.4% mixed, 0.6% Caucasian, 0.4% Chinese, 0.1% Syrian/Lebanese, and 0.6% noted as other. 10 The age breakdown by sex in 2011 was as follows:11 0-14 years: 19.5% (male 122,044; female 116,859); 15-64 years: 72.1% (male 455,148; female 429,990); 65 years and over: 8.4% (male 44,439; female 59,025). Approximately 67.0% of households or 269,865 are male headed, while 33.0% of households or 131,519 are female headed12. However a closer examination of the structure of these households will reveal that female headed households are more often than not likely to be single parent households with higher levels of dependents. 8 HDI - A composite index constructed by the UNDP since 1990, which measures average achievement in basic human development using life expectancy at birth, adult literacy rates, combined educational enrolment ratios and adjusted per capita income per person in $US (UNDP 2000, 147). 9 Population Mid-year Estimate 2016. Cso.gov.tt/data/?productID=31-Population-Mid-Year-Estimate 10 CSO’s 2011 Population and Housing Census 11 CSO’s 2011 Population and Housing Census 12 CSO’s 2011 Population and Housing Census National Policy on Gender and Development of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago A Green Paper 19 2000 census Total Single Person Nuclear Single Parent Extended Total HH 100 15.3 45.2 12.8 26.7 Female HH 100 17.5 10.4 32.8 39.3 Male HH 100 14.4 60.1 4.1 21.3 Table 1. Head of Household by Family Type (Source: CSO) 2011 census Total Figures Total HH 401,384 Total Female HH 131,519 Total Male HH 269,865 Table 2. Head of Household by Sex (Source: CSO 2011 Census Report) Leadership and Governance Trinidad and Tobago has achieved an appreciable level of participation and representation of women in politics and governance decision-making processes. Year Women in House of Representatives (elected) % Women in Senate (nominated) % Women’s Parliamentary Participation % 1995 11.1 29.0 20.1 2002 19.4 32.3 23.2 2007 26.8 41.9 34.4 2010 28.6 25.8 27.2 2015 31.0 30.0 31.0 2017 31.0 29.0 30.0 Table 3. Women’s Political Participation (Source Parliament website 2015 and 2017) Women currently hold non-traditional portfolios including President of the Senate and Speaker of the House of Representatives13. The current Ministers of Planning and Sustainable Development, Trade and Industry, and Labour and Small Enterprise Development and the Parliamentary Secretary for the Ministry of Energy and Energy Industries are also women. Women have also held the portfolios of Deputy Speaker of the House of Representatives; Attorney-General and Minister of Finance. These positions were traditionally held by men. The Central Statistical Office, Labour Force Bulletin for the 4th Quarter of 2014 indicated that women comprised 53.67% of professional and technical workers. The September 2015 General Election, saw the nomination of 38 female candidates 29% of the total slate of candidates. The General Elections of 2010 produced Trinidad and Tobago’s first female Prime Minister. 13 Parliament of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago: http://www.ttparliament.org/ http://www.ttparliament.org/ National Policy on Gender and Development of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago A Green Paper 20 Education Trinidad and Tobago has attained a relatively high level of educational achievement. By 2000, 99.9% of the population was recorded as enrolled at the primary level (UNDP, 2000), and opportunities were expanded to include all secondary age children. According to the Social Sector Investment Programme (SSIP) Report 2016, 36,000 children were enrolled in the Early Childhood Care and Education Centres (ECCE), 126,000 children in Primary School, and 96,000 children in Secondary Schools, in 201514. School attendance however does not necessarily result in achievement for all, as studies on functional literacy indicated that an estimated 12.6% of the population 15 years and over was illiterate (ALTA, 1994; St. Bernard and Salim, 1995: xi). Among younger persons aged 15-24 years and 25-39 years, there were higher levels of illiteracy among men than women. With respect to older persons aged 40-54 years and 55 years and older, the situation is reversed with women having higher levels of illiteracy than men. Trinidad and Tobago is ranked 9th out of 131 countries with a literacy rate of 98.80% among the population 15 years and older in 201715. There has been much concern over the perception of male under-achievement in education. In particular, the lower levels of secondary school enrolment are one manifestation of this situation. Preliminary data for the academic year 2013/2014, indicate that of the 119,504 children enrolled in primary education 50.93% or 60,861 were boys and 49.07% or 58,643 were girls. At the secondary level, however, 51% of students were female and 49% were male. In 2008, boys constituted 68.5% of candidates who failed to attain the passing grade of 30% in the Secondary Entrance Examination (SEA), and 56.5% of students scoring between 30% and 60%. Conversely, girls dominated the higher percentiles constituting 56% of candidates scoring between 60% and 90%, and 61% of candidates scoring higher than 90%. Secondary Entrance Assessment (SEA) figures, 2015-2017 Year Total Male Female 2015 18,357 9,333 9,024 2016 18,215 9,163 9,052 2017 18,180 9,154 9,026 Table 4. Secondary Entrance Assessment (SEA) figures from 2015-2017 (Source: SSIP 2016 & 2017; News.gov.tt dated May 3, 2017) In 2015, the percentage of females graduating outnumbered males in all faculties except for Engineering where females comprised 30.4 of graduates16. Much attention has been given to the lower numbers of males among UWI graduates and other tertiary academic institutions. It must be noted that the university-educated population is an extremely small proportion of the national population. Educational attainment levels of most women, as with most men, leaves much room for improvement. Males still dominate the broad range of technical/vocational education, bearing in mind the energy and industrial 14 SSIP 2016, pg. 61, Ministry of Finance website: http://finance.gov.tt/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/SSIP-2016.pdf 15 CIA World Fact Book 2017, 16 Interim figure UWI Graduation figures 2015, Ministry of Education http://finance.gov.tt/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/SSIP-2016.pdf National Policy on Gender and Development of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago A Green Paper 21 base of the economy. In 2011/2012, 69.9% of the 1,053 students enrolled in technical/vocational education were male17. In the academic year 2013, females constituted 68.87% of university graduates in undergraduate programmes in Trinidad and Tobago. Employment and Workplace Issues Participation rates in the labour force in the third quarter of 2016 stood at 50.2% for women and 69.5% for men respectively (CSO). Unemployment in the third quarter of 2016 stood at 4.0% overall, representing 4.0% for men and 4.0% for women18. Women’s nominal average income grew at a rate of approximately 8.1% per annum during the 2000 to 2008 period (UWI Centre for Health Economics, 2010). The majority of women are still employed in Community, Social and Personal Services Industries (41%), followed by Restaurants and Hotels (25%), Wholesale and Retail Trade (16%), Financial Services (10%) and the Construction Industry (8%)19. Women have been showing increased participation in more highly paid occupational groups, as professionals, legislators, senior officials and managers. However, there has been a reversal in the previously observed increases. Female participation in this group stood at 28,200 in 2014, but declined to 26,600 in 2015, recovering slightly in 2016 to 27,100 (CSO). Women comprised 27.9% of own-account workers in the third quarter of 2016, down from 31% in 2000 (CSO). The Survey of Living Conditions 2005 indicated that women comprised 55% of the working poor. Youth unemployment is serious for both sexes; for males this persists until age 30, while for females it continues until ages 31-40. While women have made progress in the labour market over the last decade, they continue to comprise more of the unemployed20, receive less remuneration in every sector of employment and in every occupational group, except when employed by the State. The options for young men are still greater than for young women who do not successfully complete formal education. While there is no specific legislation on sexual harassment, redress is available under criminal law if the harassment takes the form of a criminal assault. Additionally, sexual harassment is also addressed in some collective bargaining agreements. Women are guaranteed paid maternity leave in accordance with the Maternity Protection Act No.4 0f 1998 if at the time of confinement she has been continuously employed by that employer for a period not less than twelve months. The right to pay for maternity 17 The Republic of Trinidad and Tobago Ministry of Tertiary Education and Skills Training, Statistical Digest on Post-Secondary and Tertiary Education 2012, pg. 27. 18 http://cso.gov.tt/statistics/?Subject=Labour-Force 19 CSO Labour Statistics-Third Quarter 2016. 20 Male unemployment rate stood at 3.7% and female unemployment rate 3.8% as at 2nd Quarter fiscal 2016. Source: Review of the Economy 2016 Report. http://cso.gov.tt/statistics/?Subject=Labour-Force National Policy on Gender and Development of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago A Green Paper 22 leave is limited to one payment during each period of twenty-four (24) months commencing at the beginning of such leave. The MLSED successfully advanced a proposal to increase the paid leave from 13 to 14 weeks by Act No. 7 of 2012. Cases of women, especially temporary and casual workers, being fired when pregnant still surface, as well as cases of workers not being paid full benefits especially in small establishments and private homes. There is no legislative provision for paternity leave, although in some collective agreements provisions are made for 2-4 days paternity leave for fathers. Additionally there may be classes of workers who are particularly vulnerable to work place exploitation. The plight of domestic workers continues to be one of concern, as they are not included under the definition of worker within the Industrial Relations Act. Both women and men continue to grapple with reconciling work and family responsibilities, and more so women given their traditional role as carer within the family. Health The average life expectancy in Trinidad and Tobago has improved to 70.521 years in 2016 from 69.2 years in 2009. The female life expectancy is 74.2 compared to 72.8 in 2009 and male life expectancy stands at 67.1 compared to 65.6 in 2009 22(UNDP/ HDR, 2009 and 2016). The last decade has seen significant increases in state spending on health and social service delivery. Health sector reform has been ongoing with the provision of increased numbers of health facilities and resources, and measures to improve access to quality health care and drugs, especially for chronic diseases. Fertility levels have fallen from 5.3 in 1960 to approximately 1.6 for the period 2000 2008. Fertility levels stood at 1.8 in 2013 (World Bank)23. The 2011 Population and Housing Census indicated a decline in the number of persons in the 5-9 age groups by 12.6, when compared with 2000. Contraception is widely available through Government health clinics at the local level, the Family Planning Association of Trinidad and Tobago (FPATT), and through the private sector. During 2008-2012, contraceptive use among women was 42.5%24, however in the 15-19 age group 31.5 births occurred per 1000 women as compared to 22 births per 1,000 women in 2000 (UN HDR 2016 and United Nations, 2000: 48). According to the Population Division, United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, in 2006, male condoms were the main method used, accounting for 13%, followed by the pill (oral contraceptives) at 10.9%25. The Ministry of Health reported that condom use was almost twice that of oral contraceptives in 2004-2005. 21 UN HDR 2016 pg 199 22 UN HDR 2016 pg 211 23 The fertility rate remains constant at 1.8 from 2013 to 2015 (World Bank; UN HDR 2016, 223) 24 UNICEF at a Glance: Trinidad and Tobago https://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/trinidad tobago statistics.html 25 http://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/contraceptive2011/wallchart front.pdf https://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/trinidad tobago statistics.html http://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/contraceptive2011/wallchart front.pdf National Policy on Gender and Development of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago A Green Paper 23 In 201526, there were 1,89927 births to teenaged mothers with an age-specific fertility rate (ages 15 to 19) of 35%28. The incidence of STIs is also relatively high among teens and young adults. Significant strides have been made in the development of the Health and Family Life (HFLE) curricula and the training of teachers; however this is not fully implemented. The FPATT has been involved in community and school outreach programmes on sex education, but this does not have the widest reach. Special programmes have been established for young women and men visiting the offices of the FPATT. The infant mortality rate in 2015 was 18.2 per 1000 live births29. Breast cancer mortality rates have been on the increase (17.6 per 100,000 in 1990, to 19.5 in 1994) while cervical cancer rates have been on the decline (9.1 in 1990 to 7.7 in 1994). Three hundred and fifty-two (352) women died of cervical cancer and 775 women died of breast cancer between January 2005 and December 2009. Twenty-one men died of breast cancer during the same period30. Specific men’s reproductive health issues are also significant, central among these being the prevalence of prostate cancer (2,101 cases from January 2005 to December 2009, and 1,429 death due to prostate cancer for the same period31)32 and the tendency for men to visit health institutions infrequently for preventative screening. Complications due to abortion can be said to be the leading cause of maternal deaths within Latin America and the Caribbean (UNICEF, 2008). In Trinidad and Tobago, although it may be difficult to assess the situation of abortion as a significant cause of maternal mortality, it is evident that it affects maternal health and morbidity in Trinidad and Tobago. There has been a dramatic decrease in non-spontaneous, non-medical abortions from 4,326 in 1994 to 607 in 2005. However, a Situational Analysis of Abortion for Trinidad and Tobago conducted by the FPATT reported that 96% of pregnancies were unplanned and of these pregnancies, 31.9% of the women attempted termination through self-selected methods including the use of tablets, hormones, Misoprostol, herbs, backyard and self-administered means (FPATT, 2004). The Offences against the Person Act, Chap 11:08, Sections 56 and 57 makes it illegal to procure an abortion. However, a termination of pregnancy performed in the interest of preserving the physical and mental health of the pregnant woman is not unlawful. Diseases and Disorders HIV/AIDS has become a major cause of mortality in Trinidad and Tobago over the last two decades, with HIV/AIDS falling within the top 10 leading causes of death during 26 Source: Regional Health Facilities, Medical Records, Ministry of Health. Health Policy, Research and Planning Directorate 27 10 of teenage pregnancies recorded in 2015 were to girls under 12.Additionally, figures represent teenage pregnancies at public hospitals. 28 World Fertility Pattern 2015, UN Data Booklet, 2015 29 UN HDR 2016 pg 215 30 Source: National Cancer Registry. August 2016. 31 National Cancer Registry, The Republic Of Trinidad & Tobago 32 The deaths quoted for any period are not necessarily the same persons diagnosed within that period. National Policy on Gender and Development of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago A Green Paper 24 1997–2007. The prevalence rate in 2009 was 0.5 (National Aids Coordinating Committee (NACC), 2010) and increased to 1.2 in 2015 (UN HDR 2016). In 1996, the female to male infection ratio was 5:1. In 2012, women accounted for 43.5% of all new cases, while men accounted for 49.5%, with 6.9% being unknown. Within the age group 20-34, the male female ratio is 1:1.3. Women in the 30-34 age group represent the largest number of new HIV cases, the highest number of new cases among males also occurred in the 30-34 age group. The incidence of mother to child transmission of HIV has decreased significantly, with over 75% of women being screened during pregnancy. In 2015, the prevalence of HIV among males (% ages 15-24) stood at 0.3 as compared to the prevalence of HIV among females of 0.6 for the same period33. Non-communicable diseases such as heart disease, cancer, diabetes, cerebrovascular disease and hypertension are the main causes of death. A study conducted in 2009-2010 found that 23 percent of primary school children and 25% of secondary school children in Trinidad and Tobago were overweight or obese. This represents an approximate 300 percent increase over the number of children who were found to be overweight or obese in 200134. The mortality rate35 with regard to non-communicable diseases has increased by 39.1% at an average of 1.7% a year since 1990. In 2013, the annual non communicable diseases mortality rate (for both sexes and all ages) was 746 per 100,000 people. In 2013, there were 5946 deaths per 100,000 men and 11085 deaths per 100,000, in women36. In 2016, there were 490 deaths among diabetic males aged 30 – 69 years compared to 340 deaths among diabetic females in the same cohort37. Diabetes prevalence (for population age 20 to 79 years) for 2015 was recorded at 13.6. In Trinidad and Tobago heart disease is the number one cause of death. Heart disease, cancers, diabetes and stroke combined account for over 60% of all deaths annually38. According to the results of the Chronic Risk Factor Survey (MOH, 2011), the prevalence of high blood occurs in approximately 26% of the population (29.8% males and 23.1% females). Death from external causes was especially significant for males, where the tendency for at-risk behaviour results in higher levels of injury and accidents. For instance, 126 road traffic deaths were recorded in 2016. Ninety-six (96) of these fatalities were males39. There is also major concern about the increasing incidence of old and new communicable diseases, such as tuberculosis and HIV/AIDS. 33 World Bank Collection of Development indicators. 34 IDB News Release: http://www.iadb.org/en/news/news-releases/2014-12-18/trinidad-and-tobago-and-chronic diseases,11039.html 35 Per 100,000 of the population 36 Source: http://global-disease-burden.healthgrove.com/l/29462/Non-Communicable-Diseases-in-Trinidad-and Tobago 37 Adopted from the 2013 World Health Organization – Diabetes Country Prevalence Report 38 World Health Day 2013, Ministry of Health: http://www.health.gov.tt/news/newsitem.aspx?id=417 39 Provisional figures as at July 2017, Crime And Problem Analysis Branch, TTPS. http://www.iadb.org/en/news/news-releases/2014-12-18/trinidad-and-tobago-and-chronic-diseases,11039.html http://www.iadb.org/en/news/news-releases/2014-12-18/trinidad-and-tobago-and-chronic-diseases,11039.html http://global-disease-burden.healthgrove.com/l/29462/Non-Communicable-Diseases-in-Trinidad-and-Tobago http://global-disease-burden.healthgrove.com/l/29462/Non-Communicable-Diseases-in-Trinidad-and-Tobago http://www.health.gov.tt/news/newsitem.aspx?id=417 National Policy on Gender and Development of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago A Green Paper 25 Gender Based Violence and Human Security While social exclusion and inequalities as manifested in poverty are part of the cause of crime and violence, there can be no doubt that gender relations are central to the understanding of dimensions of the problem. The majority of those who appear before the courts for criminal activity are young men, with the prison population being predominantly male. The majority of homicides are committed by men against men. And men are the main perpetrators of gender-based violence in its various forms – domestic violence, sexual offences, child sexual abuse and sexual harassment. During the early years of the previous Domestic Violence Act of 1991, a total of 8,297 applications for protection orders were made from August 1991 to April 1994 (Report to CEDAW, 2000: 320). Between 2011 and 2014, on average 11,108 applications were made annually, a dramatic increase in the use of the Act. For 2015, 8,796 application for protection orders were made while 4,071 were recorded between January and July 201640. Of the 328 reports made to the Police between January and March 2017, 47.87% were for the offence, “Assault by Beating”; 689 sexual offences (658 female and 31 male) were reported in 2015 and 134 reports were made from January 1st to March 31st 201741. Four thousand, four hundred and three (4,403) serious calls were made to the National Domestic Violence Hotline, 800-SAVE42 between January 2016 and June 2017. Seventy-one percent (71%) of the 259 reports made to the Police between January and March 2015, were made by women. In Trinidad and Tobago, gender-based violence has been addressed consistently from the perspective of violence against women. Responding to the need to address violations of women’s rights to equal protection, legislation was enacted to better prevent, protect and punish sexual and domestic violence. Major achievements were the Sexual Offences Act, 1986 which criminalised rape within marriage in its 2000 amendment, and the Domestic Violence Act, 1999. Despite these provisions, levels of domestic violence and sexual offences appear not to have decreased, suggesting the need for better monitoring of the implementation of legislation, improved capacity for the administration of justice, and importantly transformation of the culture towards equal and respectful gender relations. Concerted action must continue to address the fundamentally entrenched attitudes and behaviours that promote unequal gender relations between men and women, and which perpetuate gender-based violence. A World Bank study on crime and violence in the Caribbean43, referring to the use of guns in Trinidad and Tobago, suggested that disadvantaged, disenfranchised, dispossessed young men are influenced by a constructed stereotype of masculinity and 40 Judiciary of Trinidad and Tobago - Department of court Administration 41 Provisional figures. Crime And Problem Analysis Branch (CAPA), TTPS. 42 Source: National Domestic Violence Hotline Monthly Reports 43 Chapter 9 – Guns and Crime: A Case Study of Trinidad and Tobago in Crime, Violence, and Development: Trends, Costs and Policy Options in the Caribbean. Siteresources.worldbank.org/INTHAITI/Resources/Crimeandviolenceinthercaribbeanfullreport.pdf National Policy on Gender and Development of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago A Green Paper 26 may feel empowered by the possession of a gun. Crime prevention policies must therefore address the gender dimensions related to masculinity that create vulnerability to the use and experience of violence. Personal Autonomy, Security and Integrity of the Person The Constitution guarantees rights to liberty, privacy, family life and equal protection of the law, amongst other fundamental rights and freedoms. The Government of Trinidad and Tobago is committed to reviewing laws and policies that constrain the enjoyment of these freedoms, making them consistent with constitutional guarantees as they are understood in a modern democracy. Conclusion Sex-disaggregated data on the range of issues across the sectors point to two key underlying factors that affect men and women differently. Persistent patterns of discrimination against women and girls result in women’s vulnerability to gender-based violence and poverty, their disproportionate burden of care and unequal integration into the labour market, and their unequal representation in decision making. The data indicate that boys are less likely to attend or complete secondary and tertiary levels of education, men and boys have an increased likelihood of being both victims and perpetrators of violent crime, and sectors of men are being de-linked from families. In 2009, the primary school drop-out rate for boys was 68.2%, more than double the rate for girls. At the secondary school level, the drop-out rate was 57.8% for male and 42.2% for female44. The total primary school dropout rates was 10.61 % in 2012. With regard to health and well-being, a significant number of adult males are experiencing alcoholism, lifestyle related non-communicable diseases, homelessness, depression and suicide. In a report about substance use related mortality, 19% of deaths occurring in Trinidad and Tobago over a three-year period (2003-2005) were directly related to substance use; males were three times more likely than females to be so affected and in the 35-44 age group, and they were ten times more likely than females to die from substance related causes45. These challenges which men and boys experience in Trinidad and Tobago are less related to systemic discrimination on the basis of sex or gender, than the expression of harmful or restrictive male gender norms which interplay with other socio-economic inequalities. The National Policy on Gender and Development therefore identifies different priorities and strategies for addressing specific gender inequalities and disparities, taking into consideration factors such as age, class, ethnicity, disability, geographical areas and 44 CSO-Education Statistics 45 Substance and Mortality, University of the West Indies: https://sta.uwi.edu/uwitoday/archive/april 2012/article9.asp https://sta.uwi.edu/uwitoday/archive/april 2012/article9.asp National Policy on Gender and Development of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago A Green Paper 27 religion. The systems of data gathering, collation and analysis need to be substantially revised and upgraded so that sex-disaggregated data required for strategic decision making and implementation are available in a timely, reliable and consistent fashion. National Policy on Gender and Development of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago A Green Paper 28 1.2 THE INTERNATIONAL FRAMEWORK 1.2.1 CEDAW – A Rights-Based Framework The central importance given to gender equality within the international human rights system can be traced to the Charter of the United Nations and to the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. This commitment has been repeated in all major human rights instruments at international and regional levels. Specifically, the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) was adopted by the United Nations General Assembly in 1979. The Convention was the culmination of over thirty years of work by the United Nations Commission on the Status of Women, a body established in 1946 to monitor the situation of women and to promote women's rights. The Commission has brought to light all the areas in which women are denied equality with men, adopting a human rights based framework. The number of countries that have ratified the Convention stands at 177. Among international human rights treaties, the Convention has an important place in bringing the female portion of humanity into the focus of human rights concerns. The spirit of the Convention is rooted in the goal of the United Nations: to reaffirm faith in fundamental human rights, in the dignity and worth of the human person, in the equal rights of men and women. The Convention addresses, among other issues, civil rights, the legal status of women, human reproduction and the impact of cultural factors on gender relations, and suggests temporary special measures (e.g., quotas) to address gender inequality. CEDAW has been instrumental in guiding states in addressing laws and policies as well as cultural change needed to advance equality. Trinidad and Tobago signed the Convention in 1985 and ratified it without reservation in 1990. By ratifying the Convention, states commit themselves to undertake a series of measures to end discrimination against women. Countries are also committed to submitting to the CEDAW Committee, national progress reports on these measures at least every four years. Trinidad and Tobago reported to the CEDAW Committee in 2016. In addition, the Policy is informed by the provisions of the Convention on the Rights of the Child, the Belém do Para Convention, the Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action, the Commonwealth Plan of Action for Gender Equality, the CIM Plan of Action, the CARICOM Plan of Action on Gender and Development, and the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals. National Policy on Gender and Development of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago A Green Paper 29 1.2.2 The Beijing Conference and the Regional Climate for Gender Policy Formulation The Beijing Platform for Action, the outcome of the United Nations Fourth World Conference on Women held in 1995, is intended to accelerate the achievement of gender equality, and gives special attention to groups that are the most disadvantaged. It recognises that women face barriers to full equality and advancement because of factors such as race, ethnicity, age, language, culture, religion or disability, because they are indigenous women or because of other status. Many women encounter specific obstacles related to their family status, particularly as single parents; and to their socio-economic status, including their living conditions in rural, isolated or impoverished areas. Currently, as a consequence of the Beijing Platform for Action (1995), the Beijing+5 (2000) and Beijing+10 (2010) conferences held at the UN in New York, and as signatories to the CEDAW convention, Caribbean countries have been engaged in a process of developing national gender policies and strengthening their national gender machineries. The following Caribbean countries and territories currently have national gender policies and action plans: Bahamas, Belize, British Virgin Islands, Cayman Islands, Dominica, Guyana, Jamaica, St. Kitts and Nevis, and Turks and Caicos Islands. 1.2.2 Interrelationship of the International and Local Contexts The United Nations, recognizing the global subordination of women, designated 1975 1985 as the Decade of Women. This decade saw the proliferation of agencies and organisations at international, regional and national levels. The process has been led by the United Nations system including UNIFEM – United Nations Development Fund for Women (now UN Women), UNDP – United Nations Development Programme, and UNECLAC – United Nations Economic Commission for Latin American and the Caribbean. It also includes regional agencies, e.g., the CARICOM Secretariat, Inter American Commission on Women (CIM), Organization of American States (OAS), European Union, and Commonwealth Secretariat; bilateral agencies such as the Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA) and the United States Agency for International Development (USAID); and international and regional financial agencies such as the World Bank and the Inter-American Development Bank (IDB). It is often the responsibility of departments in various line ministries (such as the Human Rights Division of the Ministry of Legal Affairs, and the Foreign Affairs Ministry), to represent, negotiate and report on gender-related international conventions that the Government has ratified, or into which they may be entering. It is important for Trinidad and Tobago’s representatives, men and women, to have a working knowledge of the concept of gender and the various issues involved. Based upon past experience in such matters, there is need for strengthening of these line ministries through gender training and sensitisation of the staff. National Policy on Gender and Development of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago A Green Paper 30 International instruments signed, ratified and/or acceded to by the Government of Trinidad and Tobago, which have gender policy implications Table 5: International Instruments Adopted by the T&T. Source: Adapted from Gender Affairs Division, Divisional Brief, 2003 and Confirmed on: www.oas.org; www.unhchr.ch/html; www.un.org/womenwatch International Instrument Date of Signature/ Adoption Date of Ratification Date of Accession Entry in Force Charter of the United Nations 18 September, 1962 18 September, 1962 International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights 1978 7 December, 1978 8 March, 1979 Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women 1985 11 February, 1990 The Beijing Platform for Action September 1995 Declaration on the Elimination of Violence Against Women 23 February, 1994 Declaration on the Protection of Women and Children in Emergency and Armed Conflict 14 December, 1974 Convention on the Rights of the Child 30 August, 1990 5 December, 1991 4 January, 1992 Charter of the Organization of American States 13 March, 1967 Inter-American Declaration on the Rights and Duties of Man 13 March, 1967 (Upon signing the Charter of the OAS) Inter-American Convention on the Prevention, Punishment and Eradication of Violence Against Women – “Convention de Belem do Para” 3 November, 1995 8 May, 1996 8 May, 1996 http://www.oas.org/ http://www.unhchr.ch/?html http://www.un.org/womenwatch National Policy on Gender and Development of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago A Green Paper 31 1.3 The Legislative Framework The most direct and overt forms of discrimination against women have, to a large extent, been eliminated from the law. Law reforms aimed at the advancement of women have resulted in sweeping changes within the last three decades in relation to inter alia divorce; property rights, custody of children, sexual offences, domestic violence, cohabitational relationships, and maternity protection. Notwithstanding this history of legislative reform and Government’s commitments under various international mandates such as the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW) and the Beijing Platform for Action of the 4th World Conference on Women, there are pieces of legislation which continue to promote gender discrimination. The overarching goals of the Government’s National Development Plan, ‘the National Development Strategy 2016-2030- Vision 2030’ and the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals support the need for legislative review and reform in efforts to achieve development and gender equality. The Policy makes the following commitments regarding legislative reforms from a gender perspective:  Promote gender equity enforced by strong Equal Opportunities Legislation and informed by a National Gender Policy;  Ensure gender sensitive language in all legislation;  Enact legislation to provide private spaces to mothers who are nursing children;  Enact specific legislation to combat sexual harassment in the workplace;  Champion legislation to provide universal maternity benefits;  Amend maternity protection legislation in keeping with international standards and provision of paternity protection;  Enact legislation to ensure equal opportunity in the workplace;  Enact legislation to ensure equal pay (remuneration) for work of equal value;  Strengthen legislation related to domestic abuse for women and men;  Amend the Industrial Relations Act to ensure inclusion of inter alia domestic workers, and  Repeal of the Master and Servants Ordinance, which is contrary to the ILO Decent Work policy. In order to advance government’s commitments to ensuring greater levels of gender equality in society, existing laws will be reviewed from a gender perspective to identify gender gaps and facilitate review and reform where legal remedies are lacking or inadequate. The National Policy on Gender and Development will foster legislative review and reform with a view to strengthening the capacity of these instruments to guarantee equality of status of women and men and girls and boys. National Policy on Gender and Development of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago A Green Paper 32 SECTION 2: THE POLICY FRAMEWORK 2.1 The Policy Vision The vision of the National Policy on Gender and Development is to create a gender just society, which is free from discrimination on the basis of sex, in which women and men and boys and girls at all stages of the lifecycle, at all levels and in all spheres of life, can develop their full potential. It is envisaged that gender equality and equity will be achieved by the year 2030, which is in keeping with the Government National Development Strategy (2016-2030); and the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals. 2.2 Policy Goal, Strategic Objectives and Targets The overall goal of this National Policy is to promote gender equality and equity, social justice and sustainable development in Trinidad and Tobago. It aims:  To improve the quality of life of women and men and girls and boys at all levels of society, through the promotion of gender equality and equity.  To reinforce the inextricable links between gender equality and sustainable development goals in national development.  To promote gender mainstreaming in all Government sectors and within civil society, to ensure the achievement of gender equality and gender equity in all spheres of national life. The Policy outlines strategies and actions that are needed to strengthen the capacity of policy-makers, planners and implementers to meet societal commitments to eliminating all forms of gender discrimination and respond to harmful gender disparities, consistent with the intention of the Constitution and international human rights obligations. It also provides a written commitment by government through which the population can monitor and evaluate this commitment. The National Gender Policy and Action Plan will seek to transform inequitable gender relations in order to improve women’s status relative to that of men; to influence state policy on all areas and to identify strategies to facilitate new and inequitable relations between women and men. 2.3 Strategic Objectives Specifically, the National Policy will: 1. Incorporate gender and development measures in all policies, programmes and projects within Government and the wider society; 2. Strengthen the institutional capacity to reduce vulnerabilities resulting from gender gaps in society and foster improved gender relations in all development spheres; National Policy on Gender and Development of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago A Green Paper 33 3. Foster networking and collaboration with key stakeholders including local, national, regional and international agencies to advance gender equality initiatives; 4. Foster public awareness and sensitization to facilitate positive individual and societal changes in attitudes and behaviours to advance gender equality at all levels; 5. Promote legislative review and reform to promote the equitable advancement of men and women and boys and girls; and 6. Prevent, punish and eradicate gender based violence. 2.4 Strategic Objectives and Targets Objective 1  To incorporate gender and development measures in all policies, programmes and projects within Government and the wider society. Targets a) Implement the National Policy and develop sectoral gender policies in critical areas of concern; b) Establish a gender management system and develop and disseminate tools to facilitate gender mainstreaming; c) Establish gender focal points in all Government Ministries and state agencies, and build their capacity to promote gender equality and equity; d) Implement gender-responsive budgeting measures at all levels of government: national, sectoral, regional and local; e) Collect and collate sex-disaggregated data, conduct gender aware research, develop gender sensitive performance indicators within the national planning framework, and conduct gender audits to ensure compliance; f) Develop capacity in gender analysis and planning across all Government ministries and state agencies; and g) Conduct gender training of relevant personnel in the public and private sectors and civil society to advance gender equality and equity. Objective 2  To strengthen the institutional capacity to reduce vulnerabilities resulting from gender gaps in society and foster improved gender relations in all development spheres. Targets a) Institutionally strengthen mechanisms to support gender equality initiatives including efficient and effective service delivery, and performance management; b) Strengthen community-based organizations and collaborate with relevant stakeholders to reach vulnerable women and men within communities; c) Facilitate legislative review and reform to promote the equitable advancement of men and women and boys and girls, including those related to maternity and National Policy on Gender and Development of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago A Green Paper 34 paternity protection, sexual harassment, domestic employees, and the decent work agenda; d) Implementation of family care initiatives including private nursing spaces for breastfeeding mothers, afterschool centres, daycare facilities, flexible working hours, telecommuting and work friendly transportation systems; and e) Advocate for equal representation of men and women in national leadership at all levels including on state boards and statutory bodies. Objective 3  To foster networking and collaboration with key stakeholders including local, national, regional and international agencies to advance gender equality initiatives. Targets a) Establish a governmental-civil society advisory mechanism to advise on gender equality concerns of national import; b) Conduct institutional strengthening and capacity building among gender related civil society organisations to strengthen their capacity to advocate and advance gender equality initiatives at the community level; c) Provide support to relevant civil society organisations engaged in gender equality advocacy and outreach; and d) Collaborate with other ministries, regional and international agencies in the execution of gender-related initiatives. Objective 4  To foster public awareness and sensitisation to facilitate positive individual and societal changes in attitudes and behaviours to advance gender equality at all levels. Targets a) Strengthen institutional capacity to engage in gender aware public sensitisation; b) Produce and disseminate targeted gender aware publications; c) Commemorate significant days and observances including International Women’s Day, and International Day for the Elimination of Violence against Women; d) Re-establishment of the digital library for the dissemination of secondary gender disaggregated data; e) Develop gender-sensitive media and advertising guidelines; f) Conduct media monitoring to identify gender issues and related matters requiring urgent attention; and g) Host and collaborate with relevant stakeholders to implement public education programmes including panel discussions, street theatre, distinguished lectures and exhibitions. National Policy on Gender and Development of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago A Green Paper 35 Objective 5  To effectively respond to and reduce the incidence of gender-based violence Targets a) Continue work toward the establishment and strengthening of the Central Registry on Gender based/ Domestic Violence; b) Institutionally strengthen initiatives aimed at preventing, punishing and eradicating gender based/ domestic violence; c) Implement the management policy and plans for established safe houses, shelters, and transitions homes for victims/survivors; d) Strengthen and support bona fide organizations working on gender-based/ domestic violence; and e) Train and sensitise stakeholders, including law enforcement officers and social support providers working with victims and perpetrators of gender based violence. Figure 1: Gender Mainstreaming in Government and the Wider Society Cabinet, Legislature and Judiciary International and Regional Agencies The Private Sector and Trade Unions Civil Society Organisations: NGOs, CBOs and FBOs Political Parties and Academic Institutions State Own Companies and Statutory Boards All Government Ministries and Agencies Gender Equality and Equity National Policy on Gender and Development of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago A Green Paper 36 SECTION 3: POLICY MEASURES 3.1 TRANSFORMATIONAL LEADERSHIP AND GOVERNANCE Transparent and accountable governance are dependent on the equal participation of men and women in power and decision-making (Beijing Platform for Action, 1995). Women’s and men’s equal participation in decision-making is now recognised internationally as a key element in building genuine democracy and fostering social progress. Transformational leadership refers to the use of individual and collective power to mobilise others around a shared agenda of political, economic, social and cultural change for the realisation of the human rights of all. Achieving greater equity in the participation of women and men in decision-making thus provides a more realistic basis for the realisation of national development goals related to equality and social justice. In Trinidad and Tobago, women and men each comprise approximately half of the electorate, and attained universal adult suffrage and the right to hold public office since 1946. However, women continue to be unequally represented in political decision making at the national and local levels. The Inter-Parliamentary Union indicates that women hold 31% of seats in the House of Representatives, and 29% of seats in the Senate46. The 2013 local government elections resulted in women’s representation as follows: 29.6% of councilors, 28.3% of aldermen, and 20% of mayors47. Similar trends may be seen at the level of the boardroom both in the public and private sectors and in trade unions. A 2009-2010 survey by the Network of NGOs for the Advancement of Women in Trinidad and Tobago examined all categories of entities (statutory bodies, state enterprises, special purpose companies, listed private companies, credit unions and trade unions). Their representation on statutory boards was 39% due to the fact that senior public servants, the majority of whom are women, often represent their ministries. Women comprised 34% of boards of credit unions, 31% each of special 46 2017 data, Parliament of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago, http://www.ttparliament.org/ 47 Ministry of Rural Development and Local Government http://www.ttparliament.org/ National Policy on Gender and Development of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago A Green Paper 37 purpose companies and trade unions, and 17% of listed private companies. Women comprised an average of 35% of board members48. Both women and men have demonstrated considerable leadership at the level of community and informal organizations. However, despite the significant impacts made by women in the fields of business, industry, finance, law, the media, sport, religion, art and culture, socialization and negative stereotyping reinforce the tendency for leadership and governance at the highest levels to largely remain the domain of men. The traditional working patterns of political parties, the high cost of seeking and holding public office, familial and care-giving roles and responsibilities, perceptions of political power, as well as discriminatory attitudes and practices tend to discourage many women from actively pursuing leadership positions at the highest level. It is necessary to promote women’s empowerment, autonomy and the improvement of their social, economic and political status in all areas of national life, based on the recognition that the power relations that often prevent women from leading fulfilling lives operate at many levels of society, from the most personal to the highly public. The National Policy on Gender and Development will therefore seek to address the inequality between men and women in the sharing of power and decision-making at all levels, including national and local governance, the public and private sectors, and the community. It will provide a framework for the implementation of active and visible measures to significantly increase the number of women in power and decision-making, utilizing their talents and skills as politicians, top-level managers, policy-makers, diplomats and leaders in all areas of political, economic, social and cultural life. This is supported by the National Development Strategy (Vision 2030) particular Goal I: Putting People First and Goal II: Promoting Governance and Service Excellence. AREAS OF CONCERN  The need for increased equity in the participation of women and men in power and decision-making as a means of promoting equitable, transparent and accountable governance, and sustainable development.  Measures need to be put in place to remove the barriers to women’s and men’s equitable participation in power and decision-making, including the nature of existing power structures, and discriminatory and stereotypical attitudes and practices.  The need to review legislation, systems and structures including electoral reform, campaign funding, and code of ethics of political parties to advance transformational leadership and governance. 48 Ministry of Finance, Investment Division, Board of Directors Appointed Listing. February 22, 2017. www.finance.gov.tt/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/Board-of-Directors-Appointment-Listing-as-at February-22-2017.pdf http://www.finance.gov.tt/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/Board-of-Directors-Appointment-Listing-as-at-February-22-2017.pdf http://www.finance.gov.tt/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/Board-of-Directors-Appointment-Listing-as-at-February-22-2017.pdf National Policy on Gender and Development of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago A Green Paper 38  The responsibility of the majority of women for family and child care must be adequately supported to enable them to participate more equitably in power and decision-making at all levels.  Women are largely portrayed in the media as sex objects, and in traditional stereotypical roles of housewives and mothers, which influence the society’s perception of their capacity for leadership and add to the challenges experienced by women who occupy positions of leadership.  The need for inter-generational mentorship, training and support to equip women and men to pursue transformational leadership and governance.  The need for further research and analysis on the barriers, limitations and circumstances that prevent women’s equal involvement in power and decision making at all levels. POLICY OBJECTIVE To foster measures to ensure women’s and men’s equal access to, enhanced capacity for, and full participation in power and decision-making as a means of transforming leadership and governance at all levels. POLICY MEASURES TO BE INSTITUTED 1. Promote gender balance in power and decision-making positions at all levels and in all sectors, including, inter alia, parliament, governmental bodies, the judiciary, political parties, the private sector, national corporations, employers’ organizations, trade unions, research and academic institutions, among others, in order to achieve transformational leadership and democracy, transparent and accountable governance, and social justice. 2. Collect, analyse and disseminate sex-disaggregated data on decision-making at all levels, with a view to promoting women’s increased access to the full range of positions of power and decision-making. 3. Promote the equal recruitment of women and men and the sustained examination of structures and procedures, in order to remove all barriers that directly and indirectly discriminate against their full participation in decision-making and governance across all sectors. 4. Promote transformational and inter-generational leadership through the development of gender aware, career enhancement and personal development programmes for women and men that include career planning, tracking, mentoring, coaching, training and retraining to equip them to achieve equitable access to leadership, managerial, entrepreneurial and technical positions. National Policy on Gender and Development of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago A Green Paper 39 5. Recognize and promote shared work and parental responsibilities between women and men in the family (in all its forms) to enable women’s increased participation in positions of power and decision-making, and implement appropriate measures that support the reconciliation of family and public life. 6. Encourage the positive media portrayal of women as leaders, creative and innovative human beings, and key contributors and beneficiaries of the development process, rather than as sexual objects and inferior beings. National Policy on Gender and Development of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago A Green Paper 40 3.2 THE MACRO-ECONOMY AND TRADE Development strategies should be aimed at improving human well-being and agency, and men and women must constitute not only the means of economic activity, but also its ‘ends’. The current global approach to economic planning is framed by the neo classical, market oriented school of thought, which assumes that economics is a value neutral, objective science, where society exists outside the economy which is seen as a self-equilibrating entity. This value-neutral approach to economic development has produced a gender neutral policy framework which is indifferent to the situation of men and women in the society. Pursuing gender sensitive economic strategies requires new conceptions of development which are not limited to economic growth. Rather, development is viewed as a multi faceted process with economic, social, cultural and political dimensions in which gender is a fundamental determining factor. It requires data and analysis on where women and men are positioned in the formal and informal economy, the segregated nature of their occupations, and recognition of the economic value of their unpaid reproductive work. The development of gender-sensitive indicators is therefore integral to analysing the performance of the economy. Emphasis on export-led growth and liberalization of services requires attention to gender differentials and inequalities in market access, and their specific impacts on women and men. Recognition of the different perspectives of women and men both as producers and consumers of services, will enable better understanding of the impact of investments and infrastructure on socio-economic development and the environment. The Government recognises macro-economic policies not only as tools for investment and development, but also for establishing the climate and direction of public policy. The National Policy on Gender and Development therefore aims to deepen understanding of the links between gender equality, economic growth and human development. It further recognises the need to apply this understanding to all levels of macro-economic policy development – from goal setting to impact assessment. This is integral to the creation of a macro-economic policy framework that is consistent with National Policy on Gender and Development of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago A Green Paper 41 both accelerated growth and equity, as articulated by the National Development Strategy (Vision 2030) particularly Goal IV: Building Globally Competitive Businesses AREAS OF CONCERN  Economic planning must incorporate gender analyses in order to include dimensions of equality and social justice, thereby ensuring the more equitable inclusion of men and women in development.  The need to improve data collection systems and the use of sex-disaggregated data in order to make visible the current and emerging vulnerabilities of different groups of women and men.  Although trade negotiations are often seen as gender neutral in their formulation and implementation, the impacts of trade arrangements are usually gendered and may have unintended outcomes that adversely and differentially affect women and men.  The language of trade needs to move beyond a sectoral focus towards a more people-centred, gender aware perspective. POLICY OBJECTIVE To promote the equitable sustainable socio-economic development of men and women, forging links between economic policy and gender planning so as to transform the goals of macro-economic policy to include dimensions of equality and social justice. POLICY MEASURES TO BE INSTITUTED 7. Integrate gender equity and social justice criteria into macro-economic policy development and implementation, as well as trade negotiations and bilateral, multilateral and technical co-operation agreements. 8. Include gender as an integral tool of analysis in national budgetary and planning processes. 9. Introduce Gender Responsive Budgeting49 and gender audits in the planning, implementation, evaluation and monitoring of the national budgetary process. 49 Gender Responsive Budgeting refers to fiscal measures which, when designed and implemented, will assess both the financial and budgetary allocations for those who have been designated as disadvantaged in a given society. Gender Responsive Budgeting allows women’s NGOs and other members of civil society to hold governments accountable for their fiscal expenditure on issues that are pivotal to questions of equity. It is a procedure that can be implemented nationally, as well as internal to departments. National Policy on Gender and Development of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago A Green Paper 42 10. Review national data collection and collation systems related to the economy to ensure disaggregation by sex and the inclusion of gender perspectives to inform all economic policy processes and decisions. 11. Create and utilize gender sensitive indicators in economic planning processes to monitor the attainment of gender aware national development goals. 12. Examine the potential differential impacts of trade arrangements and industrial development strategies on women’s and men’s ability to access possible benefits and mitigate negative fall-out. 13. Promote gender sensitive approaches to development among economists, planners and analysts in the economy and trade sectors through formal training and certification, workshops, specialized short courses, scholarships and the creation of relevant analytical tools and frameworks. 14. Strengthen the social services sectors, especially those weakened by structural adjustment, to improve the delivery of services to the economically affected and emerging vulnerable groups of men and women in the society. 15. Utilize gender aware and inclusive language in national economic planning and public budgetary documents within the public and private sectors. 16. Establish an advisory and accountability mechanism within the short term to set standards on gender and the macro-economy for actors involved in the development process. Actors should include government agencies responsible for Finance, Trade, Planning, Tourism, Agriculture, Culture, Labour, Gender Affairs, Regional Authorities, the Private Sector, and gender based NGOs. National Policy on Gender and Development of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago A Green Paper 43 3.3 LABOUR AND EMPLOYMENT Employment opportunities for men and women are critical to improving their access to a better quality of life, economic autonomy and sustainable livelihoods for themselves and their dependents. Participation rate in the labour force in the 3rd Quarter of 2016 stood at 57.95% for men and 42.05% for women respectively (CSO). Unemployment in the 1st Quarter of 2016 stood at 3.8% and increased to 4.4% in the 2nd Quarter; overall, 58.04% of the unemployed were men and 41.96%, women, with a male/female ratio of 1.40 (CSO). While there have been improvements overall, workplace issues such as pay inequity, unfavourable conditions of work, unequal opportunities for promotion and upward mobility, sexual harassment, the vulnerabilities of part time, contract and temporary workers, and the plight of domestic workers are in need of redress. The National Policy on Gender and Development provides a framework for integrating gender concerns into the enforcement of the decent work agenda, creation of employment opportunities, enhancement of social protection, promotion of social dialogue and labour standards, and entrepreneurial development initiatives. The policy calls for improved monitoring of employment practices from a gender perspective, pay equity and security, and the creation of sustainable jobs for both women and men, as desirable outcomes. It advances gender aware approaches to the protection and security of workers including low-income and domestic workers from sexual harassment and abuse, and the protection of workers living with HIV/AIDS from stigma and discrimination. It challenges gender stereotyping in occupations which results in male and female labour being clustered in differing sectors, and limit women’s access to opportunities for employment mobility. It espouses the reconciliation of work and family life responsibilities, social reproduction and family friendly policies. Overall, the National Policy shall guide and consolidate gender responsive policy development in labour and employment, and increase equity in access to social provisions for women and men. National Policy on Gender and Development of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago A Green Paper 44 AREAS OF CONCERN  Gender differences are significant determining factors in men’s and women’s access to decent, productive and sustainable employment opportunities and social protection.  Domestic workers are not recognised as workers and are in need of protection, certification and access to equal rights in keeping with ILO Convention 189 of 2011.  Measures are required to create an enabling environment for women’s and men’s equitable access to develop and grow small and micro-enterprises.  Workers with family responsibilities need support measures to assist them in reconciling work and family life.  Workers living with HIV/AIDS need protection from stigma and discrimination.  Sexual harassment and other gender based discrimination that impact on the effective participation of women and men in the workplace, are in need of remedy.  Gender analysis reveals women’s higher levels of unemployment, short term and contract employment and lower unionization, raising concerns of security, protection and sustainability of employment.  The gender division of labour impacts on women’s and men’s career choices, resulting in women’s concentration in specific low paying jobs in the service and care related sectors.  Women’s levels of employment and remuneration need to be commensurate with their educational attainment.  Women and men involved in the informal sector need social protection and support services.  Men and women exhibit different access to and vulnerabilities from participating in the illegal trade in drugs, arms and ammunitions, and sex. POLICY OBJECTIVE To foster the equitable participation of men and women in income generation and sustainable livelihood strategies, through removing obstacles and putting in place measures for their effective involvement, while recognizing the contribution of unwaged and reproductive work to national development. National Policy on Gender and Development of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago A Green Paper 45 POLICY MEASURES TO BE INSTITUTED 17. Revise and create labour laws in Trinidad and Tobago in order to promote gender equality and equity, remove barriers to the equitable participation of women and men in labour and employment, promote the decent work agenda, adhere to labour standards and provide adequate social protection This may include, inter alia: o The Widow’s and Orphans’ Pension Act, Chap. 25:54; o The National Insurance Act, Chap. 32:01; o The Industrial Relations Act, Chap. 30:01 (with regard to domestic workers); o The Masters and Servants Ordinance (the removal of the Ordinance created a gap for non-unionized, non-contract workers); o Provision of Paternity Protection pursuant to the promotion of shared family responsibility, male bonding and the proper nurturing and care of children; o Equal remuneration for work of equal value including job classification; o Sexual harassment in the work place, and its prevention and punishment. 18. Establish institutional mechanisms to promote and monitor equal employment opportunities for men and women in the public and private sectors and the conduct of gender audits to ensure compliance at all levels. 19. Collect, collate and analyse sex-disaggregated data specific to labour and employment, in order to inform decision-making and the implementation of strategies to mitigate existing and emerging vulnerabilities among working women and men. 20. Provide an enabling environment and equitable access to women and men to develop and grow small and micro-enterprises, including access to fair share initiatives in the award of contracts to SMEs. 21. Ratify ILO Convention 189 of 2011, and amend the Industrial Relations Act, Chapter 30:13 and OSHA in order to recognise domestic workers as workers, and develop clear policy guidelines for the treatment of domestic workers, including the establishment of a registry, training and certification. 22. Establish policy guidelines to address sexual harassment including remedy for victims, and public education and training to promote behaviour change and reduce its incidence in the workplace. 23. Promote strategies to address HIV/AIDS in the workplace, including removing gender discriminatory practices against women and men infected or affected by HIV/AIDS, and ensuring adherence to relevant ILO standards and protocols. National Policy on Gender and Development of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago A Green Paper 46 24. Promote the decent work agenda in order to give workers a better quality of life. 25. Enhance educational and training opportunities as a means of reducing the reliance of segments of the population on livelihood strategies related to the illegal trade in drugs, arms and ammunition, and transactional sex. 26. Implement mechanisms to prevent the exploitation of contract, short term, seasonal and migrant workers and ensure their access to benefits and social protection. 27. Promote gender equality at all worksites including gender aware occupational health and safety measures, and the provision of sanitary and changing room facilities for both men and women to ensure that women are not excluded from possible employment opportunities due to the inadequate provision of such facilities, especially in non-traditional fields. 28. Advance gender sensitive institutional arrangements that enable women and men to balance work and family responsibilities. These include, inter alia, increased access to tele-commuting and flexi-time; breast feeding and child care facilities, including work-based models; and after school centres, recreation and ex curricular facilities for children, on a cost sharing basis and subsidized for lower income families. National Policy on Gender and Development of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago A Green Paper 47 3.4 UNWAGED ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES, DOMESTIC AND FAMILY LIFE Mainstream neo-classical economic theory, based on the experience of industrialised economies, assumes that all economies are fully monetised and market-oriented. Within such societies, labour is considered to be of economic value only if it attracts a wage on the market, and no significance is attached to all other forms of labour in the functioning of the economy. Such work does not form part of conventional growth-centred economic policy.50 Gender analysis of mainstream economics has brought to the fore the value of women’s and men’s invisible unwaged work to the operation of the economy and the ways in which the productive waged economy is facilitated by the reproductive unwaged economy. The recognition of women’s and men’s unwaged work in the home, family (in all its forms) and community is fundamental to creating gender sensitive, people-centred, holistic economic development policy. Historically, the different and complementary roles and responsibilities of men and women led to a gendered division of labour between productive activities that generate income and are subject to market forces, and reproductive activities linked to unwaged work in the home, such as housework, caring for the young and elderly, and subsistence agriculture. It is in fact women’s and to a lesser extent men’s management of reproductive work that makes productive work possible. Although reproductive activities have been traditionally associated with ‘women’s work’, over time women have moved beyond the home. Development has seen shifting gender roles, and women have become more visible in the productive spheres of the economy. The importance of the domestic environment in establishing values of productivity, discipline in the workplace and harmony within society underpins the country’s economic strategies. Women’s increased educational opportunities 50 The impact of neo-classical economics on the productive and reproductive spheres has been most visible in the implementation of structural adjustment policies where governments sought increased efficiency in services like the health sector. Increased efficiency within the hospital system meant shorter patient time in the institutions, which resulted in a shift from the paid economy to the unpaid. While the cost of hospital care per patient fell, the unpaid work of women in the household increased (Sparr et al, p. 16). National Policy on Gender and Development of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago A Green Paper 48 and work-life options outside the home have been accompanied by an ongoing ideological shift with regard to gender roles within the family. There has also been a distinctive shift over the last decade in societal perceptions of male roles in parenting, and a growing emphasis on the need for men to be actively engaged in the child rearing process. This is to be encouraged. However, there are many complex gender issues in domestic and family life in relation to the use of time, accumulation of savings, distribution of food, access to and control over money and other resources, and the violence perpetrated on those who are most vulnerable. In setting the tone for the conditions under which men and women participate in households and engage in social and family life, social and economic policies must be informed by gender sensitive intra household data, including information on the unpaid work of women and men in the care of children, the sick and the elderly, and their unwaged work in agriculture and other sectors. The historical and cultural factors influencing the construction of family life in Trinidad and Tobago, have given rise to a myriad of family forms that do not conform to the nuclear structure. These varying family forms include increasing numbers of single female heads of households and single male heads of households, grandparent-led extended families (including aunts, uncles, cousins and others), and adaptations of the north Indian joint family, among others. These families must be acknowledged and supported as many of them are experiencing vulnerabilities and are in need of social protection. This National Policy recognises the family as an important institution of socialisation representing the smallest unit of affinity and security in the society. It endorses the principle of equality in the development of the family by advocating that men and women share equally in the responsibilities of housework and taking care of family members, and benefit equally from access to and control over family resources. The sentiments of social justice and care for domestic and family life are articulated in the National Development Strategy (Vision 2030) particularly Goal I: Putting People First: Nurturing Our Greatest Asset AREAS OF CONCERN  There is a lack of recognition for unpaid reproductive activities carried out by women/ girls and men/ boys in the family, including as unwaged workers on family farms and in family businesses.  There is need to promote the principle of equality within families, recognising women and men as leaders and decision-makers within households, with shared responsibilities for housework and the care of children and family members, as well as equal access to and control over family resources. National Policy on Gender and Development of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago A Green Paper 49  Unpaid work in the home affects the time which women have to effectively participate in waged work in the labour market, pursue opportunities for education and training, and make other personal and life choices.  Fathers need to be encouraged to provide care and support for their families and children besides their traditional role of financial maintenance.  There is need to review the systems in place at the Magistrates’ Court to improve women’s access to child support.  There is need for parenting education and support.  The various family forms based on historical and cultural development of Trinidad and Tobago need to be acknowledged to ensure that they receive adequate social protection.  Volunteerism or the voluntary contribution of women and men to community affairs needs to be recognized.  There is need to put in place supportive measures to facilitate adoptive and foster parents, e.g., access to parental leave. POLICY OBJECTIVE To promote the recognition of unpaid reproductive work, unwaged labour in family farms and businesses, and domestic and family arrangements, based on their immense contribution to social protection and national development, and to ensure that increased value and resources are ascribed to the improvement of this sector. POLICY MEASURES TO BE INSTITUTED 29. Collate, analyse and disseminate the findings from Census data on unremunerated household work, consistent with the requirements of the Counting Unremunerated Work Act of 1996 to provide statistical evidence on the contribution of unpaid household work to national development. 30. Collect and analyse sex-disaggregated data on unwaged work in various sectors including agriculture and family businesses within the formal and informal economy, as a basis for allocating resources for skills training and capacity building of unwaged workers. 31. Raise public awareness of the value of reproductive work to social cohesion and national development, and encourage male participation in housework, the care of children and the family, and other forms of unremunerated work. National Policy on Gender and Development of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago A Green Paper 50 32. Provide increased opportunities for women and men engaged in unpaid housework to access information and communications technologies, lifelong learning, and part-time, short and long-term income earning possibilities. 33. Create innovative employment strategies that allow persons to work from home, or take extended work leave to care for young children and the elderly, and return to the job market without penalty and loss of opportunities. 34. Provide gender aware facilities in public, private and education sector buildings equipped for breast feeding, extraction and storage of breast milk, attending to the needs of babies and young children, and child care. 35. Institutionalise gender sensitive parent support programmes including promoting non-violent approaches to discipline and child development, fostering gender equity in the upbringing of boys and girls, and providing informal opportunities for learning, affirmation and support. 36. Foster gender equality and social justice principles among children and youth, with a view to promoting mutual respect and partnership between boys and girls in their childhood, youth and eventual adult relationships. 37. Encourage fathers to provide care and support for their children’s development that are not limited to income, including collecting children from school, reading, and assisting with homework. 38. Engage communities in working together to support parents, protect children, and promote gender equity in domestic and family life. 39. Support and strengthen domestic and family life, and increase the participation of men and women in shared family responsibilities, including the ratification of the ILO Convention on Shared Family Responsibilities. National Policy on Gender and Development of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago A Green Paper 51 3.5 POVERTY ALLEVIATION AND SOCIAL PROTECTION The Government has established poverty reduction as one of its development priorities, as a prerequisite for economic and sustainable development. Poverty is a multi-faceted51 phenomenon, located at the nexus of other critical development challenges such as unemployment, violence and HIV/AIDS and which, as evidenced by data, has significant gender dimensions. Gender as a determinant of how men and women participate in the economy and have access to and control over resources, is central in assessing poverty as a development challenge. Gender inequality is part and parcel of the processes of causing and deepening poverty in a society and must therefore constitute part and parcel of measures to eradicate poverty (Kabeer, 2003). The UN estimates that 70 per cent of the world’s poor are women (UNDP, 1995). Poverty among women is linked to their multiple roles and responsibilities: their role in the unpaid work of caring for the family in all its forms; the undervaluing of occupations within the domestic sphere such as domestic work, low-level service and care sector jobs, and subsistence and unpaid agricultural production. Many single female-headed households are among the country’s poorest and most vulnerable. Poverty has also been linked to the lack of care and protection of children. The Government recognises that addressing the issue of child maintenance is related to both the care and protection of children and the alleviation of poverty. The tenets of eradicating poverty and providing social protection are expressed in the National Development Strategy Vision 2030 particularly Goal I: Putting People First: Nurturing Our Greatest Asset. AREAS OF CONCERN  Poverty is experienced differently by women and men, girls and boys according to their life situations and by variations in income, education and employment. 51 Poverty’s dimensions include: deprivation in survival, deprivation in knowledge, deprivation in economic provisioning, and social exclusion (UNDP, 2003, p. 27). National Policy on Gender and Development of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago A Green Paper 52  Single female heads of households with dependent children are among the poorest in the nation and are in need of strategic interventions to ensure their survival.  The terms and conditions on which social protection and other schemes are offered may be too rigid and generic, and need to be gender aware to address the specific realities of poor women and men.  The gender dimensions of poverty need to be addressed in all its complexities, including emerging vulnerabilities of women and men such as victims/survivors of domestic violence, divorce/separation, the death of a spouse/partner; and those experiencing ageing and acquired disabilities.  Gender poverty indicators need to be developed to systematically monitor the various dimensions of gender inequity and poverty among women and men, and identify strategies to address them.  The erosion of the capacity of communities to implement and monitor poverty alleviation programmes needs to be addressed. POLICY OBJECTIVE To alleviate the situation of women and men living in poverty, improve their productive capacity, value their contribution to society, and enable them to benefit from economic growth and enjoy an improved quality of life. POLICY MEASURES TO BE INSTITUTED 40. Integrate gender analysis into national poverty reduction strategies in order to understand the nature of poverty being faced by women/girls and men/boys, ensure gender equity in the distribution of resources, and promote equitable access for vulnerable persons including those in rural communities. 41. Expand current social statistical data sets to include the collection, collation and analysis of sex-disaggregated demographic and socio-economic data. 42. Establish monitoring and evaluation mechanisms of existing poverty alleviation initiatives to ensure gender equity in the distribution of resources to all vulnerable groups including, inter alia, single female and male-headed households, children, youth, the elderly, the disabled, people living with HIV/AIDS, and victims/ survivors of gender-based violence. 43. Develop gender aware strategies and interventions in order to permanently interrupt the cycle of poverty by targeting causal factors such as traditional notions of femininity and masculinity, poor nutrition, lack of education, illiteracy, and disempowerment and low access levels of vulnerable persons. National Policy on Gender and Development of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago A Green Paper 53 44. Establish mechanisms to facilitate inter-ministerial collaboration, networking and partnership with the private sector, NGOs and civil society in order to advance gender sensitive poverty reduction strategies. 45. Increase consultation with and participation of communities in the identification, implementation, coordination, monitoring and evaluation of gender aware poverty reduction initiatives. 46. Foster gender sensitive community approaches to poverty reduction including, inter alia, child care and homework centres, gardening, cooperativism and bulk buying of commodities to reduce vulnerabilities within poor communities. 47. Develop gender sensitive public education strategies to raise awareness among women and men of available resources and how to access them. National Policy on Gender and Development of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago A Green Paper 54 3.6 AGRICULTURE AND FOOD SOVEREIGNTY The National Policy recognises Trinidad and Tobago’s concerns expressed in its wider development framework to increase food sovereignty and security, pursue rural development, and engage in environmentally sensitive physical and industrial development. The Policy will support initiatives aimed at removing the obstacles to women’s and men’s equal and active participation in, and enjoyment of the benefits of agricultural and natural resource development. It emphasises that equality between women and men is an essential pre-condition for people centred sustainable agricultural and rural development. In the agricultural sector, the term ‘farmer’ is widely understood to mean ‘male farmer’ and informs women being written out of agriculture. When women’s involvement is affirmed, it is not as ‘farmers’ but as ‘housewives and mothers’ who produce food for their families in their ‘kitchen gardens’. Where there is the acknowledgement that women are involved in agriculture and farming and contribute to national production and development, policies are directed equally to male and female farmers, with the underlying assumption that both benefit equally. But this is often not so since men and women in rural communities tend to play different roles and functions in their households, families and communities (Barrow, 1994). Caribbean women have “limited access to and control over the means of production – land and credit in particular (UN Women-Caribbean).” Women in agriculture thus face issues including limited land ownership, lack of security of tenure and poor access to financial assistance, agricultural incentives, and education and training. Although men and women have different and complementary roles in food production at the household and community levels, women often have a greater role to play in ensuring nutrition, food safety and quality, and are generally responsible for preparing and processing food for their households and thus for the nutritional well-being of household members (nutritional needs, e.g., NCDs). National Policy on Gender and Development of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago A Green Paper 55 Men and women, especially in rural communities, require increased access to agricultural support systems, including credit, rural organization, education, technology, extension and marketing services in order to improve agricultural productivity, and access to food and nutrition. In addition, women have particular needs such as water for household and sanitation, child care and labour support to enable them to exhibit greater agricultural productivity and earnings. The paucity of gender specific research and information on the roles men and women play in achieving food security and rural development has led to the ‘human factor’ often being overlooked by policy-makers and planners. Development policy-making and planning processes in agriculture and rural development must promote greater participation of both male and female stakeholders at all levels. AREAS OF CONCERN  The need for gender equality in policy-making and planning processes at all levels in the agriculture and rural development sectors, including strategies to increase the participation of men and women at all levels.  Gender equality must be promoted in men’s and women’s access to sufficient, safe and nutritionally adequate food.  Recognising men’s and women’s different and complementary roles in agriculture and rural development, gender equity must be promoted in access to, control over and management of natural resources, the factors of production, and agricultural support and other services. POLICY OBJECTIVE To integrate gender equality goals into strategies aimed at increasing food sovereignty and security, based on the recognition of the relationship between women’s and men’s different and complementary roles in agriculture and rural development, their equitable access to productive resources, and the realisation of the nation’s sustainable development goals. POLICY MEASURES TO BE INSTITUTED 48. Collect, collate and analyse national sex-disaggregated agricultural data, to identify the gender differentials with regard to ownership, earnings, enterprise selection, food processing, marketing and other aspects of agriculture, in order to inform gender aware initiatives required to build and strengthen the agricultural sector. 49. Promote equitable access by women and men to the inputs for agricultural production, paying particular attention to gender differences in, inter National Policy on Gender and Development of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago A Green Paper 56 alia, access to and repayment of credit, land titling and ownership, beneficiaries of land purchase, amenities, extension services and technology, and establishment of cooperatives, taking into consideration the disadvantaged position of the most vulnerable women and men in rural areas. 50. Promote gender equity in agricultural, horticultural and fisheries activities and enterprises in rural communities through the strengthening of gender studies in the curricula and training programmes for Agricultural Extension Officers, in collaboration with ECIAF, UWI and UTT. 51. Promote gender aware policies, plans and approaches that foster equality between women and men in the agriculture and rural development sectors, including strategies to increase their participation in decision-making at all levels. 52. Support increased production, and a better quality of life for women and men in agriculture and rural areas based on research of employment trends, land ownership, wages and earnings, access to credit, investment, and other related variables, giving recognition to the different and complementary roles men and women play in agricultural production. National Policy on Gender and Development of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago A Green Paper 57 3.7 CLIMATE CHANGE AND NATURAL RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT Global warming and the climate change have emerged as major issues impacting on the nations of the world within recent times, due to the adverse impact of human activity. Caribbean small island developing states (SIDS) exhibit particular risk factors including, inter alia, environmental and ecological vulnerability, high exposure to natural hazards, limited land resources and difficulties in waste disposal management. Sustainable development will be an elusive goal unless women’s and men’s contribution to environmental protection, preservation and management are recognised and supported. The National Policy recognises the need for holistic, multidisciplinary and inter-sectoral approaches to conserving, managing and developing natural resources and safeguarding the environment. Trinidad and Tobago has ratified the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and its Kyoto Protocol. Several national policies and legislation focus on the issue of climate change, including those related to the protection of the environment, forest and wetlands, and waste management and water pollution. The Government commits state action to combat climate change, and to establish an incentive scheme that will support individuals, companies, and heavy industry which engage in energy-saving measures. Despite the fact that the following components of the ‘green economy’ all have gender dimensions, i.e., renewable energy, green buildings, clean transportation, water management, waste management, and land management, gender perspectives are relatively absent from policy-making, planning and development programmes on these issues. Gender specific activities need to be introduced and supported. For example, the area of renewable energy would benefit from the introduction of simple appropriate technologies that respond to women’s responsibility for household and reproductive work, e.g., solar ovens, simple wind turbines, roof water collection systems, and the gradual movement to more complex products and technologies based on the same principles, e.g., National Policy on Gender and Development of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago A Green Paper 58 solar panels, larger wind collection systems, sustainable irrigation systems, etc. With regard to water use, women could be sensitised and trained in household water collection systems, supported to implement them at the household and neighbourhood level, and encouraged to engage in local and national decision making on water use. AREAS OF CONCERN  The different and complementary roles of women and men must be recognised and fostered in the development of approaches to address climate change, environmental protection, conservation and preservation, and the sustainable utilisation of natural resources.  The differential impact of climate change and natural disasters on women/girls and men/boys must be understood in risk management and mitigation activities aimed at planning, responding to and the recovery from such occurrences.  Women’s responsibility for household and reproductive work make them particularly important ‘change agents’ related to the ‘green economy’, and they should be trained and supported in adopting new practices and technologies. POLICY OBJECTIVE To integrate gender equality goals into strategies aimed at climate change and natural resource development, as a means of facilitating women’s and men’s different and complementary roles in environmental management and the ‘green economy’, and the realisation of the nation’s sustainable development goals. POLICY MEASURES TO BE INSTITUTED 53. Increase awareness of the environment and men’s and women’s roles in the harmonious and sustainable use of the country’s limited natural resources, and utilise gender analysis, gender aware approaches and gender impact assessments in assessing environmental issues and utilizing and preserving the natural resources of Trinidad and Tobago. 54. Ensure the equitable inclusion of men and women in efforts aimed mitigating climate change, including adopting energy efficiency strategies such as the use of alternative fuels, renewable energy and cleaner technologies, enhancing natural carbon sinks, and undertaking relevant research. 55. Ensure the equitable inclusion of men and women in communities in developing strategies and mechanisms for coping with and adapting to the adverse impacts of climate change, including assessing sectoral vulnerability, enhancing resilience of natural biophysical, and strengthening institutional arrangements. National Policy on Gender and Development of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago A Green Paper 59 3.8 GENDER-BASED VIOLENCE AND HUMAN SECURITY Gender-based violence is linked to the unequal power relations between men and women and is an obstacle to national development. The physical, sexual and psychological abuse inflicted upon women and girls, as well as men and boys cuts across class, income, age, and cultural divides, impinging on and compromising their fundamental rights and freedoms. The fear and insecurity promulgated by gender-based violence is a constraint to mobility, limits participation in activities and access to resources. The social stigma associated with those who experience gender-based violence remains one of the most persistent problems in the society. Gender-based violence thus comes with high social, health and economic costs to the individual, family, workplace and society. Notwithstanding the Government’s commitments under Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) and the Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC), reports of domestic violence continue despite legislative measures, social service responses, and advocacy. Other forms of gender-based violence such as incest and child sexual abuse, rape, sexual harassment and forced prostitution continue to be under-reported and present similar challenges to development. Adequate sex-disaggregated data are not available to demonstrate the true extent to which gender based violence or the threat of such violence is a problem which affects the population. Mechanisms are required to promote increased reporting of gender-based violence and strategies to assist victims to pursue their matters in court. The nature of the courtroom, prompt hearing of the matter, and the attitudes of the police, lawyers and court clerks must all be conducive to assisting victims to receive prompt protection and judgements. Thus, the National Policy will seek to have an expanded, coordinated national approach to addressing gender-based violence with emphasis on greater understanding of power relations between men and women, standardised data collection, greater effectiveness and efficiency of the courts, police and social services, the establishment of inter sectoral mechanisms, and the expansion, support and monitoring of shelters for victims/survivors, their children and perpetrators. National Policy on Gender and Development of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago A Green Paper 60 AREAS OF CONCERN  Gender-based violence is rooted in historically unequal power relations between men and women, notions about superiority and inferiority, deeply entrenched cultural notions and gender stereotyping.  Public education is necessary to increase societal understanding of the nature, incidence and impact of gender-based violence, access to legal rights and remedies, and available support mechanisms.  Fragmented data and inadequate co-ordination and evaluation of programmes on gender-based violence result in a lack of understanding of its true extent, causes, consequences, and mechanisms necessary to reduce its incidence.  The effective functioning of relevant legislation, the judicial system, the police, social service agencies and shelters is critical to just and effective remedies, the indemnification and healing of victims, and the rehabilitation of perpetrators.  NGO-led mechanisms which address gender-based violence are under-resourced and under-supported.  There is need for laws to prevent and punish perpetrators of human trafficking. POLICY OBJECTIVE To develop and implement integrated measures to prevent, treat and alleviate the incidence of gender-based violence, increasing women’s and men’s understanding of their legal rights and responsibilities, and improving remedies for redress. POLICY MEASURES TO BE INSTITUTED 56. Promote equality and mutual respect between women and men and girls and boys within the private and public spheres, as a means of curbing gender based violence. 57. Conduct gender awareness training for key personnel in relevant agencies to reduce the incidence of gender-based violence including the media, judicial system, the police, social services, schools, and institutions for children, the elderly, the disabled and the poor. 58. Conduct public education to improve understanding of gender-based violence including domestic violence, incest, child sexual abuse, rape, buggery, sexual harassment, forced prostitution and human trafficking, including legal rights, access to redress and support services. National Policy on Gender and Development of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago A Green Paper 61 59. Create legislation, policies and awareness raising programmes on sexual harassment that seek to prevent its incidence, and provide effective redress for victims. 60. Amend existing legislation and/or their supporting mechanisms in order to improve legal remedies for all forms of gender-based violence, including the Domestic Violence Act 1999, Sexual Offences Act 2000, and the Children’s Authority Act. This includes research and monitoring of the efficacy of these laws and their mechanisms, e.g., protection orders, counselling services and shelters. 61. Establish protocols for collaboration among health and social service agencies dealing with gender-based violence; strengthen their response capacity, ability to collect and analyze data; and facilitate research and policy development. This includes creating a centralised system for data collection on domestic violence, incest and child abuse, and collation and analysis of relevant data for the purpose of defining clear intervention policies and strategies. 62. Undertake ongoing research and analysis of new and emerging forms and circumstances of gender-based violence including the incidence, perpetrators and victims. 63. Institutionalise guidelines for the effective functioning of shelters, crisis centres and temporary safe houses for victims/survivors of domestic violence and their children, including the provision of care for boys over twelve who are often unable to be accommodated in most shelters. 64. Strengthen victims’ advocacy and support programmes, and institutional arrangements between law enforcement and judicial agencies, social sector and public health services that empower victims/survivors to access and negotiate all stages of the judicial process, with a view to securing effective remedies. 65. Establish specialised Rape and Sexual Offences Units at all police stations operated by gender trained officers, to ensure that victims/survivors of gender-based violence are assisted with sensitivity and care, and to increase the level and quality of reporting of sexual offences. 66. Incorporate issues of gender-based violence sensitively and appropriately into HFLE programmes in primary and secondary schools, strengthen School Child Support Services, and train social workers and selected teachers in each school to recognise and deal with such cases, in order to reduce and effectively address the incidence of gender-based violence against children and young persons. National Policy on Gender and Development of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago A Green Paper 62 67. Conduct public education to ensure that persons do not encounter violence, stigma and discrimination and experience equitable access to services, inclusion and participation in all aspects of national life in recognition of the inherent dignity and equal and inalienable rights of all members of the human family. National Policy on Gender and Development of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago A Green Paper 63 3.9 EDUCATION AND HUMAN CAPITAL DEVELOPMENT The aim of education is to develop the full potential of all individuals in a society, regardless of differences due to sex, ethnicity, class, creed, disability or geographical location. At any point in its history and development, a society’s most valuable resource is its human capital. Its capacity to compete globally and to devise innovative ways to meet challenges in a rapidly changing technological environment is dependent on how it educates and trains its population, both young and old. The National Policy views education as fundamental to realising the potential of each individual not only from childhood to early adulthood, but as a continuous process over his/her lifetime. The Government is committed to the development of the capabilities of girls and boys and women and men through high quality, affordable education and training opportunities in a wide range of fields. The Policy stresses the centrality of education as formal and informal sites of gender socialisation. A major challenge is to promote societal acceptance of the importance of gender equity in access to education and narrowing the gender gaps in educational outcomes. The ways in which gender inequality inhibits access, involvement, choices and retention of males and females in formal and non-formal education is of particular importance. The Policy recognises the increasing dropout rates of boys and girls, based on differential gender issues. Boys dropping out of secondary school may be seeking economic livelihoods, and there is evidence that a significant number are gravitating towards criminal activities such as theft, the trade in drugs, arms and ammunitions, kidnapping, gang violence, etc. Girls dropping out of secondary school may be due to pregnancy, early marriage, or the need to assist in the care of the home and family. This phenomenon has wide implications for the protection of the rights of children and young people, and the development of the society. Violence, especially among boys, and gender-based violence are growing problems in schools. The Policy aims to provide the framework for proactive as well as restorative approaches to these issues. Of paramount important is the provision of age-specific and relevant health and family life education for boys and girls throughout primary and secondary school. Collaboration with communities, youth organisations, and institutions responsible for socialisation from early childhood to adolescence, is critical in formulating solutions to these issues. National Policy on Gender and Development of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago A Green Paper 64 Gender is viewed as one of the critical issues that need to be incorporated into the Government’s education plan. The school is an important agent of socialisation. Together with the family, it shapes the relations between boys and girls and influences their career paths. Reforms in the education system provide entry points for addressing gender biases in areas including curriculum development, pedagogy and teacher training. This includes the development of gender aware curricula, teaching materials and textbooks, and the need for gender sensitisation of teachers. The Policy is committed to redressing gender imbalances that impact on human resource development and the attendant social relations that result from such imbalances. Of concern is the phenomenon of declining numbers of male teachers and trainers at all levels of the education system, particularly at the primary level. The negative consequences include inadequate numbers of male teachers, mentors and role models for young boys, and male under-performance and unwillingness to stay in school at the secondary level. Various teaching strategies best suited to learning among boys and girls also need to be explored to ensure their retention in the education system. The Government is committed to universal education at the tertiary level. Facilities for tertiary level training already exist and there will be further expansion of these facilities to enable greater participation by women and men. The under-performance of boys at the secondary level and low participation rates of young men in universities is cause for concern, although they exhibit higher participation rates in post-secondary technical/ vocational institutions. The Policy will advance strategies to better understand and mitigate this situation. Despite the country’s focus on industrial development, girls and women demonstrate low participation rates in technical/vocational training and occupations. The Policy recognises the need to train greater numbers of girls and women in these fields to contribute to and benefit from the nation’s industrial development. Collaboration will be encouraged among public and private sector training institutions to foster innovative design and marketing, so as to increase the relevance of the curricula to industry and economic activity, integrating gender concerns to increase the sustainability of such programme areas. In order to address the training needs of women and men in technology related skills, the Policy supports the expansion of secondary and post secondary education in science and technology, including agricultural technology, as well as ICT development within rural communities. The latter will reduce the disadvantage faced by rural women and men, and will enable them to use modern technologies without having to leave their domestic responsibilities and communities. The National Policy aims to set gender equality objectives and indicators for the performance of the education sector, and to influence relevant legislative and policy reforms. Further, the Policy will complement ongoing inter-ministerial collaboration on human capital needs, ensuring gender sensitivity in the design of training, asset building, and access to the use of ICTs or other initiatives to meet the skill and information needs of women/girls and men/boys. It is envisaged that, while addressing the gender gaps in employment, collectively these strategies will also redound to more appropriately trained and skilled persons, who will be available for more equitable absorption into the productive sectors of the economy. National Policy on Gender and Development of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago A Green Paper 65 AREAS OF CONCERN  There is need for equal access to education and training programmes, including in non-traditional fields, based on gender, class, age, geography (urban/rural) and other social factors, in order for the country to achieve a fully functioning human resource capacity for analytical thinking, design and innovation, creative problem solving, and entrepreneurship and wealth generation, among others.  Gender differentials affect the attendance, learning styles, completion rates and achievements of boys and girls, and impact on the country’s social and economic development.  There is need for effective monitoring of attendance of boys and girls at all levels of the education system.  Recent institutional requirements create barriers to educational access by the most vulnerable children and young people, e.g., electronic birth certificates and immunisation documents, and the re-entry arrangements for teenage mothers.  Gender bias and stereotypes in education and training policy, planning, standards and delivery, as evidenced in school curricula, training materials and textbooks, and teacher interactions in classrooms, perpetuate traditional gender roles and impact on the attainment by girls/women and boys/men of their fullest potential.  The gender distribution of teachers by subject and qualification, which reflect and reinforce the gender occupational segregation in the wider society, has resulted in the under-representation of male and female teachers in certain fields and levels of education and training and the overall under-representation of male teachers, which may be affecting the learning, academic achievement and dropout rates among boys.  The high incidence of teenage pregnancy, which prevents many young girls from completing their education and training, thus reducing their ability to attain sustainable livelihood strategies and affecting their life chances.  There is need for a mechanism at the primary and secondary levels, for reporting to the police on the incidence of pregnancy among girls under the age of sexual consent.  Violence in school, including gender-based violence is a growing problem, especially among males. National Policy on Gender and Development of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago A Green Paper 66 POLICY OBJECTIVE To promote gender equality in education and training, through equitable access to lifelong learning, and the use of gender sensitive materials and approaches to achieve a level of human capital development in which men/boys and women/girls can attain their fullest potential. POLICY MEASURES TO BE INSTITUTED 68. Institutionalize gender mainstreaming in the education sector at all levels from early childhood to the tertiary level, including compulsory gender sensitization in education and training. 69. Conduct capacity building in gender analysis and research for educational policy-makers and planners to identify and resolve gender issues in education such as attitudes and behaviours, participation and drop-out rates, and educational attainment and outcomes. 70. Develop indicators and set standards for attaining gender equity in educational access, achievement and outcomes, from early childhood to tertiary levels and continuing and informal education, to transform education into an instrument of gender equality in the society. 71. Engage in gender aware content analysis throughout the education system including curricula, textbooks, educational resources, teaching attitudes and classroom interaction, with a view to eliminating gender bias and contributing to values of equality and social justice. 72. Identify the differential gender issues affecting boys and girls within the education system with particular emphasis on the factors that contribute to performance and school dropout, and put in place mechanisms to address these issues including more equitable exposure to male/female teaching and mentorship from early childhood to secondary level education. 73. Promote mechanisms to equitably educate and train men/boys and women/girls in rural and underprivileged communities, utilising distance learning as a means of increasing access to quality education and information and communication technologies. 74. Identify and analyse the gendered attitudes and factors which facilitate or hinder young men’s and women’s continuing education and training, including pre-tertiary qualification and matriculation requirements, and rates of re-entry into tertiary education. 75. Conduct gender analysis on the relationship between educational attainment and employment patterns of women and men, with a view to National Policy on Gender and Development of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago A Green Paper 67 removing the obstacles and barriers to converting educational qualifications into sustainable employment. 76. Adopt strategies to remove sex-stereotyping in current technical/vocational/IT education and training programmes in order to promote equitable access to young women and men, and develop a more knowledge based, innovative and entrepreneurial society. 77. Establish mechanisms to ensure that girls who become pregnant and boys who are fathers can complete their education and training in order to attain sustainable livelihoods for themselves and their dependants. 78. Develop innovative and effective modules and methodologies for teaching health and family life education (HFLE) in schools, which, in the context of a multi-religious society, would be responsive and respectful to different institutions and student levels, with a view to promoting positive life choices, reducing teenage pregnancy and the incidence of HIV/AIDS and STIs. 79. Develop gender sensitive strategies aimed at eliminating bullying and violence in schools, including gender-based violence. National Policy on Gender and Development of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago A Green Paper 68 3.10 HEALTH AND WELL-BEING The World Health Organization constitution states that “the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of health is one of the fundamental rights of every human being.” Good health52 is a pre-condition for the nation’s socio-economic development, which is fundamental to every citizen’s ability to realise their potential. It is a critical development input as it raises the productivity of the work force, and increases the attractiveness of a country to investors. Good health is therefore a cornerstone of Trinidad and Tobago’s quest to attain progress for all. Consistent with Government’s ratification of international agreements on health, increased focus will be given to gender as a social determinant of health conditions, health status, health care and delivery of care. Gender differences in health outcomes are evident. Men and women often have differential access to health care information and health care services. They also exhibit differences in the incidence of disease including HIV/AIDS, and may be affected by health concerns in different ways. Gender equity approaches acknowledge these differences at every level and aim to contribute to better health and well-being for men and women and men throughout their life cycles. Continued efforts by Government to strengthen the primary health care services will focus on the users of the health services and their needs, particularly those associated with gender roles and responsibilities and how these affect health outcomes. This requires that health promotion strategies take a broad view of social and gender factors, as well as biological factors contributing to these trends. To contribute to better health and wellness for women and men across the life cycle, strategies for community health participation will be complemented by approaches and programmes targeted to both women and men. As such the policies of the Regional Health Authorities will embrace more gender responsive approaches including gender health budgeting, and gender sensitive programmes in all areas of health and well-being. Training and retraining of health professionals in gender awareness and analysis will 52 WHO defines ‘good health’ as a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being, and not merely the absence of infirmity or disease. National Policy on Gender and Development of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago A Green Paper 69 include all aspects of health and wellness, e.g., sexual and reproductive health, breast and cervical cancer, male reproductive health, prostate cancer, sexually transmitted diseases, non-communicable diseases and mental health. The National Policy aims to expand notions of women’s health beyond the narrow focus on obstetrics and gynaecology to encompass the wide array of health challenges experienced by women. The area of sexual and reproductive health requires particular attention in order to significantly reduce the incidence of maternal mortality and morbidity, and the high prevalence rates of HIV/AIDS and STIs, especially among women aged 30-34 years. Specific initiatives are required to foster greater involvement of fathers during pre-natal, birthing and post-natal stages, in order to encourage men’s involvement in nurturing roles and closer bonding with their children. The acceptance of illness and disease by males is often viewed as a sign of weakness, and men are reluctant to seek preventative testing or monitoring of health conditions particularly in areas related to male reproductive organs and sexual and reproductive health. Male resistance to prostate cancer screening is one of the serious male health seeking behaviours that need to be addressed. The high incidence of male morbidity and mortality due to knife and gun violence, motor vehicle accidents, drowning and homicide establishes male risk-taking behaviours as a critical issue to be addressed. This Policy recognises HIV/AIDS as a critical development problem, with the potential to reverse developmental gains. It is a quality of life and labour issue that greatly affects individuals, employees and their families, businesses and the national economy. It also has the potential to impact negatively on population growth, and in turn the future accumulation of human capital. Both men and women therefore have a critical role to play in the prevention of and protection against HIV infection, the care of persons infected with HIV/AIDS, and the mitigation of the spread of the disease. In addressing the gender dimensions of HIV/AIDS, power relations between men and women must be understood especially adolescent girls’ unique vulnerability in sex relations and their greater their risk of being infected with HIV. The National Policy provides a gender sensitive framework to improve health and well being in the country. It seeks to enhance access to health care by girls/women and boys/men throughout their life cycle, by ensuring the use of gender aware approaches in all aspects of health care. Gender aware reforms will thus promote greater equity in access to and delivery of health services at the primary, secondary and tertiary levels. AREAS OF CONCERN  As a result of sex and gender differentials, women and men suffer different forms of debility due to ill health across their life cycle.  Women and men exhibit differential health and well-being outcomes related to diet, nutrition, physical activity, and the incidence of communicable and non communicable diseases. National Policy on Gender and Development of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago A Green Paper 70  The social determinants of health are gendered, encompassing socio-economic, age, cultural and spiritual dimensions.  Based on sex and gender differences, women and men show differential experiences of health problems and exposure to health hazards. However, health promotion approaches, strategies, budgeting and research do not sufficiently include gender considerations.  Health sector reforms that seek to address issues of access and equity must include gender as a variable, in order to address the differential health needs of poor women and men.  Information used in health promotion and communication initiatives needs to be gender sensitive, in order to target women and men effectively.  Women and men are differentially affected by market-driven privatised health services including insurance, both in terms of cost and coverage provided.  The relatively high rates of maternal morbidity and mortality are serious cause for concern as they are related to the high incidence of teenage pregnancy, many pregnant girls’ and women’s lack of access to information on the importance of pre-natal health care.  There is an urgent need to establish a mechanism at all levels of the health system for police reporting of cases of sexual intercourse with girls under the age of consent including incest, child sexual abuse and teenage pregnancy.  Inter-related gendered factors are fuelling the HIV/AIDS epidemic and other STIs, including inadequate sex education, unprotected sex with multiple partners, poverty, transactional sex, unequal power relations in sex, and women’s lack of power to demand male condom use, and the high cost, limited access and perceived difficulty associated with female condom use.  There is a need for social and labour policies and services to address the increasing numbers of women infected and/or caring for persons living with HIV/AIDS, and their need for care or support for their role in providing care.  There is need for more family friendly health care services.  Accidents and injuries, including those caused by gender-based violence, have different manifestations and consequences for women and men, and need to be appropriately treated in the provision of health care. National Policy on Gender and Development of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago A Green Paper 71  Women and men exhibit mental health illness and its impacts differently, with more women living with chronic depression, and more men experiencing homelessness and suicide.  Efforts to reform the health care system at all levels from a gendered perspective, must be informed by the participation of women and men and civil society.  There is need for an ongoing programme of gender aware health research, in order to inform the delivery of health care to women and men. POLICY OBJECTIVE To foster men’s and women’s equitable access to gender aware, appropriate, affordable and quality health care, information and related services throughout their life cycle, advancing their potential for enhanced personal, social and productive lives. POLICY MEASURES TO BE INSTITUTED 80. Institutionalise gender mainstreaming in the health sector through the establishment of gender management systems within the decentralised model of health services provision. 81. Disaggregate health statistics by sex, in order to identify the full effects of gender differences on the status of health and develop policies and programmes to improve the health and well-being of both men and women. 82. Undertake gender analysis of health information supported by further research as a basis for developing health policies and programmes for disease prevention and treatment that meet the specific needs of men and women, and gender aware health promotion, e.g., in the areas of mortality and morbidity. 83. Promote increased gender equity in the numbers, titles, training, classification and remuneration of care professionals at all levels in the health sector as long as the tasks can be performed by both sexes. 84. Utilise gender-responsive budgeting in the health sector to promote greater equity in resource allocation, planning and delivery of health services to meet the gender-specific needs of women/ girls and men/ boys. 85. Promote men’s and women’s equitable access to appropriate, affordable and quality health care, information and related services throughout their life cycle, ensuring that health facilities including those in rural communities are fully equipped to educate and treat the leading causes of morbidity and mortality among men and women. National Policy on Gender and Development of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago A Green Paper 72 86. Undertake a comprehensive assessment of the gendered impacts of an increasingly privatized health system, and promote gender equity in health insurance coverage to increase women’s access which is currently less favourable than men’s. 87. Promote gender sensitivity in the delivery of sexual and reproductive health care, including breast and cervical cancer, prostate cancer, male reproductive health, and sexually transmitted diseases, through curricula review, enhancement of medical education, and ongoing training and retraining of all categories of health professionals. 88. Introduce public education and information programmes aimed at reducing maternal morbidity and mortality. 89. Institutionalise family-friendly hospital practices including women friendly birthing procedures, fathers’ involvement in pre-natal, birthing, and post-natal activities, and the ability of both parents to stay overnight with sick children. 90. Promote male health-seeking behaviours through increased numbers of men’s clinics and early screening and detection, in order to improve their health and well-being and reduce the impact of debilitating diseases on men and their families. 91. Introduce public awareness programmes that discourage risk-taking behaviours among men, including media campaigns, public health forums, and men’s health promotions. 92. Utilise gender aware approaches in promoting societal understanding of and attention to the issues associated with the spread of HIV/AIDS, bearing in mind that unequal power relations contribute to low condom use within heterosexual, gay and MSM relationships. 93. Promote respect for the rights of people living with HIV/AIDS. 94. Promote awareness raising initiatives to enable adult and young women to successfully negotiate sexual relations including their right to abstain from sexual activity or engage in safe sex, and to educate men and boys to respect the rights of women and girls and prevent the incidence of date rape, forced sex and gender-based violence. 95. Introduce gender aware approaches aimed at reducing alcoholism and other forms of drug abuse, and promoting controls in alcohol and tobacco advertising, especially marketing targeted at minors and young adults. National Policy on Gender and Development of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago A Green Paper 73 96. Increase the number of substance abuse treatment facilities for men and women, which are cognisant of their gender roles and responsibilities for the care and nurturing of children. 97. Promote public education and sensitisation on the health risks associated with gender-based violence, including road deaths, injuries and disabilities. 98. Provide men and women across the country with access to subsidised or low-cost psychological counselling, respite and healing centres, and preventative psychiatric health care, in keeping with the ideal of providing holistic health care. 99. Promote community participation and inclusion in health care reforms, ensuring that diverse groups of women and men and civil society organisations are consulted in shaping approaches to health delivery. National Policy on Gender and Development of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago A Green Paper 74 3.11 GENDER AND SPECIAL INTEREST GROUPS 3.11.1 YOUTH The Government recognises youth as a period of intense creativity, aspirations for mobility, and momentum for productivity. It is also a time of embedding values, attitudes and behaviours related to manhood and womanhood, derived from competing social norms. Young people are heavily influenced by gender stereotyping in media portrayals, peer group interactions and wider social relations which impact on young men and women differently with regard to career choices, personal relationships and relations of power. In creating an enabling environment for youth development, attention will be paid to the gender-specific ways in which young men and young women are socialized, and addressing the differential needs, experiences and interests of young women and men. Particular groups of young men and women require special protection and care, e.g., those who are orphans and homeless and do not have the benefit of positive role models or supportive adults to guide their belief system and actions related to gender relations, their attitudes to each other, and their future work and roles in society. This National Policy promotes a range of interventions to address the gender-specific needs and interests of young men and women, including removing barriers to their equitable participation, in building a cohesive and productive society. Specific attention will be paid to promoting gender equity within youth initiatives such as on-the-job training, youth internship, entrepreneurship and apprenticeship programmes. The National Policy on Gender and Development espouses the use of gender sensitive approaches in the implementation of the National Youth Policy and other plans for youth development. It aims to promote strategies to remove gender bias in curricula, course content and delivery of youth-oriented skills training and continuing education programmes. It advocates gender equity in fulfilling the needs of large numbers of male and female youth, including in those in rural areas, who require incentive programmes, National Policy on Gender and Development of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago A Green Paper 75 co-curricular activities, sports facilities, career guidance, and peer support and recognition. It promotes gender sensitivity in the design of community and sports facilities in rural and urban communities, including the allocation of resources to support young women’s increased participation in sports. AREAS OF CONCERN  Gender stereotyping often influences young men and women differently, in making choices related to education and training, career development, employment opportunities, and personal relationships.  Young men and women exhibit gender differences with regard to risk-taking and its impacts, e.g., young men have a greater likelihood of being exposed to illicit drugs, gang violence, criminality, and death and injury due to road accidents, and young women to teenage pregnancy, HIV infection, transactional sex, and forced prostitution.  There is need to ensure equitable access by young men/boys and women/girls to recreation and sport.  Youth development policies and plans need to acknowledge the gender-specific needs of male and female youth in designing and implementing incentive programmes, co-curricular activities, sports facilities, career guidance, ‘on-the job training and apprenticeships, and peer support and recognition.  There is need to ensure that male and female youth have equitable access to decision-making in community and national life, and especially in matters related to their development.  The impact of gender-based violence on young men and women, including male on male violence, rape including date rape, coercive or forced sex, and domestic violence. POLICY OBJECTIVE To promote the equitable development of young men and women, embracing gender sensitive approaches that are in keeping with their needs and interests, cognizant of their rights and responsibilities, and which maximizes their full potential in building a cohesive and productive society. POLICY MEASURES TO BE INSTITUTED 100. Mainstream gender in youth policies, plans and programmes in order to identify and address gender disparities, and ensure that male and female youth are equal participants in and beneficiaries of youth development initiatives. National Policy on Gender and Development of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago A Green Paper 76 101. Disaggregate youth data by sex and other cross-cutting themes, to inform gender-aware policy-making, planning and programming for the nation’s youth. 102. Establish gender equity performance indicators in decision-making, distribution of public funds, and investments in youth programming. 103. Promote gender aware youth internship, entrepreneurship and apprenticeship initiatives and incentives to encourage private sector participation, including gender specific interventions and targets to meet the needs and interests of young males and females. 104. Develop gender aware approaches to addressing the situation of young males and females at risk through early identification and social intervention, and intensive capacity building in gender awareness of all persons who interact with children and youth, especially through institutionalised care. 105. Promote gender sensitivity in the design of community recreational and sports facilities to facilitate gender equity and the increased participation of young women. 106. Promote young men’s and women’s equitable access to ICTs and other community resources that empower them to achieve their full potential and shape productive communities. 107. Promote positive attitudes, behaviours and social influences, especially through popular culture, that break gender stereotypes and promote the equitable aspirations and advancement of young men and women. 108. Promote gender sensitive approaches in the development and implementation of youth-oriented skills training and continuing education programmes, in order to remove gender bias in curricula, course content, access and delivery, and ensure the full and equal participation of young men and women. National Policy on Gender and Development of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago A Green Paper 77 3.11.2 ELDERLY PERSONS Women are more likely than men to live alone in old age. Declining fertility rates, women’s higher life expectancy, the unprecedented geographical mobility of grown children, and the massive decline in intergenerational co-residence has produced a larger number of elderly persons (especially widows) living alone. General declining fertility rates, and the smaller size of the modern family, indicate that increasingly larger numbers of the elderly will be cared for by fewer off-springs and adult children. Increased costs will have to be borne in the care of older persons, in the face of decreasing contributions from the working age population to the national purse. This has the potential to increase dependency and to fuel cycles of poverty among the elderly. The experience of growing old differs for men and women in our society in many ways. There is a distinct double standard related to growing older because physical signs of aging have more severe consequences for women than for men. Media images celebrate young women’s beauty and sexuality, casting older women as virtually invisible in society other than as care-givers. Women’s primary responsibility for child-bearing and the care of the family often results in removing them from the paid labour force so that they are dependent on the incomes of others, especially in old age, particularly if they have low accumulated pension benefits. The National Policy aims to promote the equitable and sustainable well-being of older men and women. It supports the initiatives of the Division of Ageing, and the National Policy on Ageing, which seek to promote the well-being of the elderly and their social integration into the mainstream of society. This Policy promotes the need for gender aware social protection measures for the elderly, which will be more efficient if the gender-specific risks experienced by women and men are accurately understood. It addresses gender considerations within pertinent issues, such as social security, income security, participation, social inclusion, standards for care facilities, health services, housing, education and training, support networks and legislation. National Policy on Gender and Development of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago A Green Paper 78 AREAS OF CONCERN  There is need to recognise the differential gender experiences and impacts of ageing, and the physical, psychological and economic implications of ageing for men and women.  Many women leave the paid labour force to perform child-bearing, care-giving and other reproductive roles, which result in low accumulated pension benefits, leading to their consequent dependence on the incomes of others especially in old age, and a greater likelihood of poverty than older men.  Women often outlive men, and widowhood generally means a drop in income (Rouse 2004).  Many grandmothers and some grandfathers are called upon to care for young children and while being in dire need of support, they are often virtually invisible to policy-makers.  A large number of older persons are living alone due to the decline in intergenerational co-residence, local and international migration of adult children, younger generations’ preference for nuclear family arrangements, and women’s increased participation in the labour force. This is producing value dissimilarities between generations, and is likely to alter the time available for looking after the elderly. POLICY OBJECTIVE To promote gender equity in the situation of older men and women, and in the provision of measures which meet their current and evolving needs while facilitating their continued contribution to social life and national development. POLICY MEASURES TO BE INSTITUTED 109. Promote gender aware implementation of ageing policies and programmes, based on the collection and collation of sex disaggregated data, and research and analysis on the differential experiences and impacts of ageing on men and women linked to their gendered roles and responsibilities. 110. Revise national pension schemes to ensure equitable provisions for elderly women and men, determined not only by their contributions made in the productive sector, but also in performing reproductive work within the care economy. 111. Promote housing policies and programmes that ensure equitable access by older women and men, including allocation of specific portions of housing National Policy on Gender and Development of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago A Green Paper 79 developments, and suitable building designs and facilities to enhance their quality of life. 112. Conduct gender sensitivity training for those who interact with the elderly, especially within the context of institutionalized care. 113. Create support mechanisms for grandmothers and grandfathers who are responsible for the care of grandchildren and other dependants. 114. Foster the equitable, active inclusion and participation of older men and women in community and national life, including recreation, ICTs, life-long learning opportunities, volunteerism, and leadership and decision-making. National Policy on Gender and Development of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago A Green Paper 80 3.11.3 DISABLED PERSONS The National Policy aims to enhance the optimal functioning of men and women with disability, addressing their priority gender needs in education, security, social adjustment and employment. Its primary goal is to promote the specific needs of disabled women and men, and make special provisions to enable them to participate in community and national life. Disabled men and women tend to have gender-specific experiences of many of the challenges of disability. For example, women may be more susceptible to gender-based violence and sexual abuse, while men may be perceived as being unable to perform the role of provider or to have full sexual and reproductive lives. While addressing disability as a cross-cutting issue, the National Policy recognises that disabled women and men have special gender needs with regard to education, security, social adjustment and employment, which need to be taken into account to enhance their social and productive lives. The Policy recognises the high incidence of disabilities resulting from acts of domestic violence. This places particular demands on the rehabilitation and counselling services of agencies addressing domestic violence, but also those responsible for the disabled population. The vulnerability of the disabled to gender-based violence and sexual abuse needs to be given critical consideration and factored into this area of work. The Policy supports the efforts of the Disability Affairs Unit, and the National Policy on Disability, in coordinating, developing and implementing comprehensive programmes to assist the disabled in Trinidad and Tobago. It aims to promote gender aware approaches to addressing the needs of disabled men and women, to ensure that they are equitably served and enabled to contribute to and benefit from the development process. AREAS OF CONCERN  There is a dearth of sex-disaggregated data, and gender aware research and analysis on the situation and condition of disabled men and women that could readily inform equitable social provisions and practice. National Policy on Gender and Development of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago A Green Paper 81  The mechanisms in place to address the needs of disabled persons tend to be gender-neutral, and should instead be gender-specific to ensure equitable access by disabled men and women to information, support services and decision making.  Careers of persons with disabilities, especially mothers and fathers, are in need of support.  The preponderance of induced disabilities resulting from acts of domestic violence, places particular demands on rehabilitation and counselling facilities.  There is need for greater understanding of and response to the vulnerability of disabled women to gender-based violence and sexual abuse. POLICY OBJECTIVE To promote gender equity in the provision of mechanisms and services to meet the needs and aspirations of men/boys and women/girls with disabilities, and enable them to be strategic and relevant contributors to national development. POLICY MEASURES TO BE INSTITUTED 115. Promote gender aware interventions to adequately support disabled men and women, based on the collection and collation of sex-disaggregated data, and research and analysis on their differential situations and conditions at the national and local levels. 116. Establish measures to prevent gender discrimination and promote equitable access by disabled men and women to public services and facilities that are sensitive to their specific needs and rights, including health, education, employment and transport. 117. Provide support services for mothers and fathers who are faced with the challenge of caring for disabled children or other dependants. 118. Promote the equitable development of men/boys and women/girls with disabilities, including their protection from gender-based violence and sexual abuse, and the provision of training to relevant personnel and public education to ensure their equitable participation in community and national life. 119. Promote public education and other strategies to reduce the occurrence of induced disabilities, especially as a result of gender-based violence. National Policy on Gender and Development of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago A Green Paper 82 Figure 2: Gender Management System Enabling Environment:  Political Will  Legislative Framework  Active Civil Society  International and academic institutions  Research Mechanisms:  Gender Mainstreaming  Gender Analysis  Gender Training  Gender Indicators  Gender Audits  Gender Budgeting Process:  Implementation of Policy Action Plan  Engendering Gov’t Policies  Training and equipping of GFPs Management Structures:  Gender Affairs Division  Gender Unit, THA  Gender Focal Points (GFPs) Gender Focal Points National Policy on Gender and Development of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago A Green Paper 83 3.12 CO-ORDINATION AND IMPLEMENTATION OF THE POLICY The framework of the National Policy on Gender Equality and Development comprises a set of inter-locking structures, mechanisms, measures and processes in order to advance gender equality and equity in Trinidad and Tobago. The framework aims to facilitate and ensure co-ordination of the formulation, implementation, monitoring and evaluation of national, sectoral, local and community-based programmes undertaken in furtherance of the National Policy. The Policy is underpinned by the gender mainstreaming approach which is recognised globally as an essential element of good governance, and aims to incorporate gender equality and equity concerns in all development policies, plans, programmes, projects and activities. The Office of the Prime Minister (Gender Affairs Division) The overall co-ordination and implementation of the National Policy will be led by the Office of the Prime Minister (Gender and Child Affairs),53 which is the Government body responsible for leading the advancement of gender equality and equity in Trinidad and Tobago. As lead agency, the Division will report annually to Cabinet on progress made in the implementation of the Policy. The Office of the Prime Minister (Gender and Child Affairs) will provide technical support and work in tandem with Government ministries and agencies with respect to the policy measures and other provisions outlined in the National Policy. For example, the Gender Affairs Division will collaborate with the Ministry of Planning and Development to ensure delivery on gender equality goals and strategies. It will partner with the Ministry of Finance to facilitate gender-responsive budgeting at the national, sectoral and local levels, including gender aware public income, expenditure and investment strategies. It will partner with the Gender Affairs Secretariat, Department of Health and Social Services, Tobago House of Assembly to ensure a national response to the co-ordination and implementation of the Policy. a) The Gender Affairs Division The Gender Affairs Division will address critical gender equality issues through targeted research and recommendations on policy and legislation to advance gender equality, providing technical support to Government ministries and agencies in delivering on the policy measures, and monitoring and evaluating sectoral gender mainstreaming efforts. The Division will play a pivotal role in:  Guiding and supporting the gender mainstreaming process;  Building a close working relationship with the Ministry of the Attorney-General and the Law Reform Commission, to facilitate legislative review and reforms based on the policy measures in the National Policy; 53 Or any ministry designated with responsibility for Gender Affairs in the future. National Policy on Gender and Development of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago A Green Paper 84  Facilitating partnerships between Government ministries/departments and regional municipalities, and non-governmental organisations and community based organisations;  Collaborating with other ministries in addressing conceptual issues, implementing gender-based methodologies, and developing sector specific approaches;  Maintaining a national resource centre/clearing house on gender equality and development, and facilitating the production and dissemination of relevant publications;  Liaising with women’s and men’s organisations, non-governmental organisations, community-based organisations, professional associations, academia, and members of the public in raising awareness and implementing the Policy;  Strengthening relationships with the media to implement a communications strategy, including public education and awareness raising of the content and implementation of the National Policy. b) Gender Management System (GMS) A Gender Management System will be established by the Office of the Prime Minister (Gender and Child Affairs). The GMS is as an integrated network of structures and mechanisms to create an enabling environment for advancing gender equality and equity; to guide, plan, monitor and evaluate the process of gender mainstreaming; and to facilitate collaboration between Government, the private sector and labour, civil society and other stakeholders in implementing the Policy. The Gender Management System will comprise the following components: i. A Cabinet-appointed Inter-ministerial Committee on the National Policy on Gender Equality and Development, comprising lead ministries (e.g., Office of the Prime Minister (Gender and Child Affairs), Finance, Planning, Attorney General’s Office, Health, Education and Labour, Community Development) to ensure incorporation of all aspects of the policy into the work of Government; ii. Gender Focal Points (GFPs) will be identified at senior levels in each major Government division, with a support team comprised of representatives from each department. The GFPs mechanism will build on links already established between the Gender Affairs Division and Government ministries/agencies. GFPs will be responsible for promoting gender mainstreaming in the policy-making, planning, programming and service delivery in their respective sectors, and thus have a critical role to play in delivering on the thematic policy measures; iii. An information management system: Implementation of the National Policy must be informed by sound evidence. This requires the consistent collection, collation and analysis of sex-disaggregated data on the thematic areas of the Policy, as a basis for guiding gender-aware policy-making, planning, programming and service delivery in Trinidad and Tobago. National Policy on Gender and Development of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago A Green Paper 85 c) Implementation, Monitoring and Evaluation The Gender Affairs Division is the national focal point for gender and development in Trinidad and Tobago. The Division will be responsible for facilitating the implementation, monitoring and evaluation of the National Policy on Gender and Development; with support from the Office of the Prime Minister’s Monitoring and Evaluation Unit. The Gender Affairs Division will also monitor gender mainstreaming in all sectors informed by the Policy, assist in the development of gender sensitive indicators and other performance management tools and methodologies. d) The Tobago House of Assembly Gender Secretariat The Gender Department, of the Health and Social Services Division, in the Tobago House of Assembly (THA) is responsible for the delivery of gender equality and equity programmes and activities in Tobago. The Office of the Prime Minister (Gender and Child Affairs) will foster active and ongoing partnership and collaboration with the THA to promote the co-ordination and implementation of the National Policy on Gender Equality and Development. The Gender Department of the THA will be represented on all inter-agency, inter-ministerial national structures and mechanisms formulated to co ordinate, implement and monitor the Policy. e) Non-governmental Organizations, Civil society and Academia Ongoing commitment, involvement, and public education and awareness are central to the successful implementation of the National Policy. Active partnership and collaboration with women’s and men’s organisations, no-governmental organisations, community-based organisations, professional associations, academia, faith-based organisations and other civil society organisations, is imperative to ensure overall success of this policy and implementation strategy. The Gender Affairs Division will take the lead in facilitating partnerships with these bodies to advance gender equality and equity in Trinidad and Tobago through dialogue, buy-in, advocacy, critical intervention and promotion of the Policy. It is envisaged that these agencies will comprise a major ‘catalyst’ for implementing and monitoring the Policy. Mechanisms for continuous consultation with and feedback to community-based organizations will be established across the country, including in rural areas. f) Regional and International Relations Relations will be strengthened with relevant international and regional development agencies, including the UN Women, United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), the United Nations Fund for Children (UNICEF), the International Labour Organization National Policy on Gender and Development of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago A Green Paper 86 (ILO), the Commonwealth Secretariat, the United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (UN ECLAC), the Inter-American Commission for Women of the Organization of American States (CIM/OAS), and the CARICOM Secretariat. Partnerships and collaboration with international and regional development agencies will be centred on the provision of technical assistance, and support for the implementation of the National Policy on Gender and Development. National Policy on Gender and Development of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago A Green Paper 87 CONCLUSION The National Policy on Gender Equality and Development provides a framework for the strategic and effective integration of a gender perspective in all activities of government, the private sector and labour, and civil society, thereby promoting the full and equal participation of men and women in the development process. The National Policy outlines over 100 policy measures relating to leadership and governance; macro-economy and trade; labour and employment; poverty alleviation; agriculture and food security; climate change and natural resource management; disaster management and preparedness; education, literacy and human capital development; unwaged economic activities, domestic and family life; gender-based violence and human security; health and well-being; and special interest groups, as well as strategies for policy co-ordination and implementation. The implementation of the Policy will be pursued through establishing various structures, mechanisms and processes. These include a Gender Management System. Policy implementation will be underpinned by gender mainstreaming approach to delivering on its policy measures by all Government ministries and agencies. At the same time, the Government recognises the importance of building partnerships with the private sector and labour, and civil society organisations to advance gender equality and equity in the society. The successful implementation of the National Policy on Gender Equality and Development requires challenging the status quo at all levels of national life, and calls for a change in how many aspects of national life are organised, what is rewarded and recognised, how persons think, work, relate to and support each other. While this shift may be exciting for some persons, it may be challenging for others. Therefore, the success of the change effort requires strong and deep commitment to ensure that gender equality is at the forefront of all development efforts, and that initiatives are executed to promote understanding and acceptance of these new approaches. It also requires initiatives to create an environment which recognises that realisation of the policy involves sustained commitment to learning and growth, the utilisation of new skills, and preparing institutions to manage change. Recognising the value of the contribution of men and women, individually and collectively to the achievement of this transformative agenda, it is important to provide them with appropriate skills and knowledge. As such, the Government will engage in strategic and coherent approaches to facilitating gender mainstreaming and other gender specific initiatives. Consistent and committed action will be pursued to build an enabling environment for the execution of the National Policy on Gender and Development based on a solemn recognition of the importance of gender equality and equity to national life in Trinidad and Tobago and the realisation of greater levels of sustainable development in its broadest terms. 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