Upper Catchment Flood Control Action Plan 2013-2017

2013-2017 UPPER CATHCHMENT FLOOD CONTROL ACTION PLAN G E N E R A L D I R E C T O R AT E O F F O R E S T R Y REPUBLIC OF TURKEY MINISTRY OF FORESTRY AND WATER AFFAIRS Ağrı - Doğubeyazıt Combating with erosion is the effective way in combating with flood. General Directorate of Combating Desertification and Erosion www.cem.gov.tr AIM and CONTEXT 3 Çorum-Bozhöyük Climate change, desertification and drought are considered the most important issue of nowadays. In recent years, it is observed that there is an increase in erosion and ac cordingly in flood, landslide and overflow both in the world and in our country. Flood control measures to be taken in uplands will prevent flood which the water flows in the manner of surface flow and overflow in main course. This will minimize life and property loss, and measures to be taken in main course. Works of “Upper land Flood Control Action Plan” have been started within 2012 in ac cordance with this aim. In this context, prioritized flood catchments that cause flood in the 25 main catchment around our country by making cooperation with General Directorate of Forestry, General Directorate of Water Management and General Direc torate of Hydraulic Works. Flood control implementation works will be realized in 227 flood catchments that are determined around Turkey in 4 155 201 hectares of land in total. This Action Plan pre pared for flood catchments will be implemented in between 2013-2017 for 5 years. It has been targeted with action plan to take measures which will reestablish degraded natural environment in the catchment in order to reduce flood in catchment and regu late rainfall-water regime. Works covering afforestation, erosion control, terracing, sloppy land rehabilitation, re habilitation of flood brooks, rehabilitation of rangelands and degraded forests will be realized by cooperating General Directorate of Forestry and General Directorate of Forestry. Flood control implementation works will be realized in 227 flood catchments that are determined around Turkey in 4 155 201 hectares of land in total. This Action Plan prepared for flood catchments will be imple mented in between 2013-2017 for 5 years. Works covering afforestation, erosion control, terracing, sloppy land rehabilitation, rehabili tation of flood brooks, rehabilitation of range lands and degraded forests will be realized by cooperating General Directorate of Forestry and General Directorate of Forestry. EVALUATION OF TURKEY IN TERMS OF FLOOD RISK Turkey has high, rough topography that %57 of it is classified as highland. Average altitude is 1132 meters. Sloppy lands which are more than % 15 constitutes %62 of country lands. The lands which are higher than 1000 meters covers %56 of the coun try. It has sensitive structure for erosion and flood because of its topography, sloppy structure, geological structure, sensitiveness to erosion, semi-arid climate conditions, severe torrent rains Extreme climate and rainfall conditions are observed frequently by short ranges in our country. Increase in sudden and severe maximum rainfalls are observed in recent years ac cording to climate change. Mountainous and sloppy topography accelerates the movement of water that falled as rainfall. Especially rainfalls that fall to bare and sloppy lands cause flood and over flows by surface flow in a short time. Surface flow of rainfall accelerates soil erosion and causes dislodging of productive lands until lake, pond, dam and sea. Dislodged productive lands and sediment canals shortens economic life of lake, pond and dams by plugging water and drainage sys tems. Floods cause to property and life losses in settlement area in addition to roads, bridg es, energy and communication lines, potable water sewage system and storm water system, agricultural lands and art structures. 4 Physical Map of Turkey 5 Artvin 10 minutes ago ... After 10 minutes ... Rize- Çamlıhemşin - 2005 Flood is in the second rank among the natural disasters which threatens Turkey after the earthquake. According to Internatıonal Disaster Database EM-DAT, it is indicated that 32 big flood disaster has been occurred in between 1903 and 2006, 1.272 people have lost their lives and 99 thousand people have be came homeless. Size and frequency of flood disasters which have a close relationship with climate change and environmental deterioration differ region to region. Increase in flood and overflow are observed especially in Black Sea Region in recent years depending on changes in type, frequency, severity and quantity of rainfall. Flood is in the second rank among the natural disasters which threatens Turkey after the earthquake. IMPORTANCE OF FLOOD CONTROL WORKS The most important reason of floods and overflow is degradation of natural bal ance among soil-water-plant in upper catchment. The most effective and permanent method in prevention of flood and overflow is to take measures that will reestablish degraded natural balance in catchment. Accordingly, it is targeted to reduce potential life and property losses by addressing to activities in a integrated manner which will be realized within time that pass from the training of community till the construction and protection of flood control facili ties. Erosion control, afforestation, rehabilitation, rangeland rehabilitation works have been done in 7.847.000 hectares of land in Turkey by the end of 2012. These works have become beneficial to prevent floods directly or indirectly. 6 Van - Erciş AKŞEHİR KAHRAMANMARAŞ 1962 1935 2010 2011 7 In the framework of our ministry’s reorganization; General Directorate of Combating Desertifica tion and Erosion Control which was established in 2011 with 645 numbered decree law has been assigned to make plans and projects on catchment basis related with soil protection, combating desertification and erosion control, avalanche, landslide and flood control activities. Flood Control Works have been separated from the other activities by re-organization, Flood Working Group consisted of related units and agencies have been constituted in the coordi nation of General Directorate of Combating De sertification and Erosion Control within Ministry of Forestry and Water Affairs in order to make effective combating by establishing Branch of Flood, Avalanche and Landslide Projects. Units connected with Ministry of Forestry and Water Affairs are being worked together in co ordination and cooperation in combating floods and overflows. While General Directorate of Hy draulic Works works in lower catchments and rehabilitation of main flood brooks, General Directorate of Forestry and General Directorate of Combating Desertification and Erosion Con trol work in sloppy land rehabilitation in upper catchments, General Directorate of Meteorol ogy conducts the issues related with early warn ing and rainfalls. Model projects have been created by starting to work on 2012 by our General Directorate Of Combating Desertification and Erosion Control. Works have been started with Flood Control Im plementation Project and positive results have been obtained from implementation. Life and property loss will be reduced to mini mum level with complementation of works in catchments mentioned in Flood Control Plan, surface flow will be reduced with rehabilitation works to be held in upper catch ments, soil will be protected and after all grass efficiency of rangelands will increase; and economical contribution will increase with the increasing in vegetation cover. Ex penditures done for flood control works will provide recovery in a short time by inclu sion of these lands which are idle and unproductive to production period. TARGETS OF ACTION PLAN 8 � To impede the floods causing to life and property loss which are commonly experienced in watersheds and increased with the effect of climate change, � To reduce sediment flow that flow to dam and ponds and to impede its fulfillment, to combat with floods and overflows, to minimize lost soil quantity, � To rehabilitate degraded and covering forests in Turkey with less effort and cost and to make productive them � To use country’s resources efficiently by developing intuitional capacity in flood control and cooperation among, � To provide participation of community to protection of natural resources and combating with flood by training, publicity and awareness , � To put into practice of model works by developing new techniques in flood control with research and development works. Denizli Başlık yaezı 9 According to this, it has been determined to work on particularly in 227 flood catchment which are in the 25 main catchments of our country and it has been planned to work in 2.155.201,8 hectares of land in total. General Directorate of Forestry and Water Affairs will prepare implementation pro jects and implement modal projects for combating floods and overflows. On the other hand General Directorate of Forestry will prepare implementation projects and implement them. General Directorate of Hydraulic Works; will make birits, ground zones, rehabilita tion check dams, precipitation check dams and flood traps .Dams and ponds which have big storage capacity for energy, potable water and irrigation will be construct ed in order to prevent floods and overflows. Early warning systems against floods and overflows will be formed by General Di rectorate of Meteorology and this system will be used in coordination with General Directorate Of Combating Desertification and Erosion Control, General Directorate of Forestry and General Directorate of Hydraulic works. Also, 2006 dated and 27 numbered circular of Prime Ministry regarding to stream beds and overflows (09.09.2006 dated and 26284 numbered Official Gazette) and 2010 dated and 5 numbered circular of Prime Ministry regarding to rehabilitation of stream and stream beds (10.02.2010 dated and 27499 numbered) will be based. ACTION PLAN IMPLEMENTATIONS 9 BEFORE-AFTER Aydın THE FACTORS AFFECTING THE FORMATION OF FLOOD 10 Sudden temperature increases cause an increase in evaporation especially in spring on the other hand it causes snow and ice melting. Thus, ice mass are the important element in the occurrence of sudden flows. In this regard sudden and extreme increases in temperature and rainfall are the leading issues in floods. Climate Turkey has different qualities because of its geographical position. Generally it has semi arid climate that temperature and precipitation extreme are observed. sur rounded on three sides by the sea, moun tains lying through coasts, sudden alti tude changes and distance to coast cause the differences in climate characteristics. Precipitation distribution of Turkey differs 250 mm and 2.250, average rainfall is 643 mm and the distribution of rainfall into seasons is irregular in addition to its inad equacy. 11 VEGETATION COVER Soil is more cellular in the places which are rich in terms of vegetation cover especially in the places covered by for ests. These soils are rich in terms of or ganic substance. Organic substance ,tree branches and leaves prevent rainfall’s sudden fall to soil. Therefore leakage percentage increases and flood risk de creases. On the contrary, floods happen after the torrent in particularly in the places which are poor in terms of veg etation. Tarsus - Kadıncık Valley Human Affects Technological, socio economic and cultural activities of man have important role on flood’s transformation to the disaster and damage himself. Man’s land preference for various activities which are sensitive to flood affect s the transformation of flood and disaster. Settlement in upper catchments, unplanned and overuse of rangelands cause floods and overflows by increasing water quantity that flows in surface. Incorrect settlements, buildings and facilities constructed in stream beds are the rea son of loss of life and property. 12 Rize 13 Geological Structure and Soil Characteristics Various characteristics such as types of rocks in the catchment, their permeability and resistance to erosion and shape and height and slope of catchment, mountains lying, exposure characteristics and drainage conditions lead increase and decrease sen sitiveness to flood. More leakage in the places in which permeable rocks are found leads decrease in surface flow and so that it leads decrease in the severity and risk of flood. In the places in which impermeable rocks are found, flood is observed in more severe and frequent as waters flow in surface. Soil texture and leakage capacity have also importance for flood. Soils which are per meable and rich in terms of organic substance have more leakage capacity. Leakage continues until the soil ‘s saturation. After this water flow in surface and flood occurs .Rainfalls which have less leakage capacity do not flow in surface. Also increase in humidity of soil before the rain accelerates surface flow by decreasing its saturation ability. In relation to this leakage increases, flood risk decreases in the places in which soil’s humidity is less. So that, leakage percentage increases and flood risk decreases. In contrast to this in the places which have poor vegetation cover floods are observed frequently after tor rent. Ağrı - Ahmetbey EROSION CONTROL WORKS DONE IN UPPER CATHCHMENTS One the reason of floods which are experien ced frequently experienced in Turkey is the degradation of natural balance. Especially, measures are needed to take re garding to reducing floods and overflows in which rainfalls fall to catchment by surface flow. The most important measure is to retain ra infalls in the field with sloppy land rehabili tation to be implemented in catchment in other words in upper parts of catchment and to make erosion control and afforestation works. Thus, flood formation will be prevented or reduced at the beginning, at the same time this will be guarantee of the facility to be held in the catchment. 14 Ağrı - Doğubeyazıt Kahramanmaraş 15 RANGELAND REHABILITATION ON FLOOD CONTROL WORKS It is so important to take flood and erosion control measures in sloppy and weak rangelands. Flood control measures are needed to implement in these kind of rangelands with the aim of stopping erosion, accumulation of snow and rainfall waters, preventing surface flow of water, providing infiltration. The terraces to be constructed for this purpose are planned in the size and intervals which will retain water forming by maximum rainfalls. Also terraces are constructed as ditch type and transplanting in every 5-6 terraces waste ditches of terrace in order to provide livestock transition. It was targeted to make afforestation and flood control works for soil protection by making qualification change of degraded rangelands in the scope of protocol signed in between Ministry of Forestry and Water Affairs and Ministry of Food ,Agriculture and Livestock on 17.01.2012. Flood control facilities are being constructed in rangelands that have flood and erosion risk without making any qualification change as required by protocol. In this context in Ağrı Doğubeyazıt, Van-Merkez Ağzıkara, Van–Erciş Ilıcalar ve Van– Erciş Zilan flood catchments , flood control implementation projects have been held and implemented in 2012. Ağrı - DoğubeyazıtErzurum UPPER CETCHMENT FLOOD CONTROL PLANTATIONS Brit Dry stone check dam Terraces formed by crawler excavator 16 Slope Stabilization Works � Diversion ditches (diversion canals) � Terraces � Seeding in rills � Wattle fences � Gabion and geo synthetic fence � Stone Cordon Gully Rehabilitation Works � Diversion ditches (diversion canals) � Waste Ditches (water channels) � Plants a)Dry stone check dam b) Mixed or bagged check dam c) Bagged soil bank d) Gabion check dam e) Biological plantations • Wattle living check dam • Brushed living check dam Course Rehabilitation Works � Brits � Ground Zones � Rehabiliation Check dam � Precipitation Dams (Storage Dams) � Permeable and filter plants 17 ACTION PLAN IMPLEMENTATIONS MEASURES FOR ACTIVITY NAME EXPLANATION RESPONSINLE AND RELATED IMPLEMENTATION YEAR 1 Design of Flood Control Project 1.1- Project design for erosion control and gully rehabilitation in slopy land rehabilitation ÇEM, OGM 2013-2017 1.2- Project design for rehabilitation in main course DSİ 2013-2017 1.3- Providing data in project designing ÇEM, OGM, DSİ, SYGM, MGM, AFAD 2013-2017 2 Implementatıons of Flood Control Project 2.1- Realization of rehabilitation and erosion control activities in sloppy land rehabilitation OGM 2013-2017 2.2 – rehabilitation activities in main course DSİ 2013-2017 2.3- Afforestation in degraded forest lands and appropriate lands to afforestrate OGM 2013-2017 2.4- Rehabilitation activities in order to improve degraded forest OGM 2013-2017 2.5- Rangeland rehabilitation works ısçalışmalarının yapılması OGM 2013-2017 2.6-Production and procurement of seeds and seedlings for activities OGM 2013-2017 3 Support to Villagers 3.1- Support of villages that will effect from flood control works OGM 2013-2017 4 Protocols 4.1-Making protocols with related intuitions that will participate to activities ÇEM, OGM, DSİ, SYGM, MGM, AFAD 2013-2017 5 Monitoring and Evaluation 5.1- Data gathering and evaluation in order to monitor ÇEM, OGM, DSİ, SYGM, AFAD 2013-2017 18 PRIORITIZED FLOOD CATHCHMENTS ACCORDING TO MAIN CATHMENTS NAME OF MAIN CATHCHMENT NUMBER OF FLOOD CATCHMENT AREA OF FLOOD CATCHMENT (Ha) 1 - MERİÇ ERGENE CATCHMENT 4 60.277,9 2 - MARMARA CATCHMENT 4 53.520,3 3- SUSURLUK CATCHMENT 3 39.031,9 4 - KUZEY EGE CATCHMENT 1 2.799,0 5 - GEDİZ CATCHMENT 13 139.286,5 6 - KÜÇÜK MENDERES CATCHMENT 1 1.934,2 7 - BÜYÜK MENDERES CATCHMENT 9 153.787,7 8 - BATI AKDENİZ CATCHMENT 9 132.765,7 9 - ANTALYA CATCHMENT 4 65.158,6 10- BURDUR CATCHMENT 3 32.999,5 11- AKARÇAY CATCHMENT 5 84.656,3 12- SAKARYA CATCHMENT 15 247.647,3 13- BATI KARADENİZ CATCHMENT 13 197.706,2 14- YEŞİL IRMAK CATCHMENT 13 379.545,9 15- KIZILIRMAK CATCHMENT 23 459.505,7 16- KONYA KAPALI CATCHMENT 8 168.502,4 17-DOĞU AKDENİZ CATCHMENT 12 157.500,0 18- SEYHAN CATCHMENT 3 38.655,0 19- ASİ CATCHMENT 3 136.090,0 20- CEYHAN CATCHMENT 6 112.402,8 21- FIRAT VE DİCLE CATCHMENT 32 657.343,9 22- DOĞU KARADENİZ CATCHMENT 19 269.250,9 23- ÇORUH CATCHMENT 11 344.661,0 24- ARAS CATCHMENT 2 64.899,6 25- VAN GÖLÜ CATCHMENT 11 155.273,5 TOTAL 227 4.155.201,8 NUMBER OF FLOOD CATCHMENT NUMBER OF CATCHMENTS TO BE WORKED ON 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 227 27 50 50 50 50 IMPLEMENTATION OF ACTION PLAN Preventing measures of sloppy land rehabilitation and gully erosion in upper parts of catchment that cause flood and overflow are being held by General Directorate of Combating Desertification and Erosion and General Directorate of Forestry, channel improvement is being held by General Directorate of Hydraulic Works C TA L TD . ( 03 12 ) 2 22 6 6 77 www.ormansu.gov.tr Ankara - 2013 Van - Ağzıkara REPUBLIC OF TURKEY MINISTRY OF FORESTRY AND WATER AFFAIRS