Turkey’s National Climate Change Strategy 2010-2020

3.Clima!eChani,eGapacllyBulldingProjeclKlckotlMeetlno, Ankara-Turkey, 2009; UNOP TurkeyArchlve.

4.A Systems Approach ~plementalion workshop on CllmateChani,eA<laptationlnSeyhanRlverBasln,Adana-Turkey,2009; UN Joint ~mme onEnhanclnglheCapa.cityo!TurkeytoAdac>ttoCllmateChangeArchlve. S."WearelleadlngtolheMoon!", Waste0II BustersTralnlngandRetreatlonC3flll, Bolu-Turkey,2008,Uliono!Allernative EnergyandBiodieselProducersAn:hiYe. IX TECHNOLOGY DEVELDPMENT XI. TRAINING, CAPACITY DEVELOPMENT AND TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER AND INSTITUTIONAL INFRASTRUCTURE Medium Term Medium Term Technology Needs Assessments will be carried out on a sectoral Public awareness and institutional capacity will be strengthened in basis, within the scope of tackling climate change, and modeling order to reduce the impacts of climate change and to adapt to the FOREWORD process. and sectoral stocktaking analysis studies will be accelerated for Climate change is a great and complex challenge facing humanity ensuring efficient information management Active participation will be ensured in the negotiations for the development of a comprehensive and functional international today. It is an issue of sustainable development as well as an Various incentive mechanisms shall be developed and implemented in order to ensure technology transfer. cooperation mechanism on mitigating and adapting to climate environmental problem. Combating climate change requires long- change. term international cooperation and strong solidarity. Long Term Public awareness wi ll be raised for promotion of climate-friendly consumption patterns through joint efforts of all sectors of society Turkey conducts its activities on combating climate change, on an Innovative financing options and innovation capacity shall be such as public, private sector, university, and non-governmental equitable basis, within the framework of the principle of common but developed, research and development activities for climate- organizations. differentiated responsibilities and within its own capabilities, taking friendly technologies will be promoted, and cleaner production technologies will be encouraged, taking into account our current into consideration its social, economic and environmental indicators, technology and development levels. with the belief that implementation of inventive policies and measures Long Term at the national level is necessary in order to protect the global climate system and pursue sustainable development. X. FINANCE Scientific studies on climate change shall be encouraged. A Climate Change Research Institute shall be established to Short Term conduct scientific research on climate change at national and Within this overall framework, the National Climate Change Strategy Existing financial resources available for mitigating and adapting to regional levels Document, approved by the Higher Planning Council Decision dated climate change will be reassessed, and efficient use of these May 03, 2010 and numbered 2010/8, identifies priority activities to be resources shall be ensured, in light of priorities. carried out in sectors for mitigating climate change, as well as urgent Bilateral and multilateral international cooperation initiatives shall be measures for adapting to climate change. The National Climate developed in order to benefit more from international funds. Change Strategy Document, which was developed in 2009, under the New funding resources will be explored in order to transfer and coordination of our Ministry, through an effective working process by develop green practices, good agricultural practices and climate- the participation of public institutions, private sector establishments, friendlytechnologies. non-governmental organizations and universities, possesses a Greater access to financial resources, needed to carry out special place due to its nature as Turkey's strategy document in the mitigation and adaptation activities, shall be pursued. field of climate change, following the First National Communication on Climate Change which was published in 2007. Medium Term Necessary infrastructure will be established for voluntary domestic Our Ministry would like to extend its deep appreciation to all carbon markets which provide financial assistance for reduction of stakeholders who contributed to the development o!Turkey's National greenhouse gas emissions. The voluntary carbon markets will be Climate Change Strategy and looks forward to a continued efficient established in a manner that stimulates technology transfer and dissemination, and research and development activities. cooperation through the processes of preparation and implementation of National Climate Change Action Plan. Necessary measures shall be taken to ensure that the companies already registered in voluntary carbon markets shall not be The Republic of Turkey adversely affected by future legislation, and their involvement in these markets shall be encouraged. Ministry of Environment and Forestry May 2010, Ankara Clean technology investments will be supported, taking into consideration best practices of public-private sector partnerships. Transition to low-carbon economy wi ll be accelerated by ensuring support for technology renewal, emission control, climate-friendly technology production, clean product design and cleaner production technologies. Greenhouse gas emission reduction and control and adaptation projects shall be prioritized in public investment programming Long Term Innovative and sustainable additional financing resources shall be created to support the efforts for mitigating and adapting to climate change. I. INTRODUCTION Turkey, being conscious of the fact that climate change is a multi- Law No. 5836 on the Endorsement of Turkeys Ratification of Kyoto dimensional and complex challenge which poses serious Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate environmental and socio-economic consequences and threatens Change was published in the Official Gazette numbered 27 144 and Long Term national securities and its range of potential impacts represents one of dated February 17, 2009. Following the publication of the Council of Studies will be carried out on volume-based water pricing to humanity's most important threats facing future generations, Ministers Decree on the "Ratification Instrument" declaring Turkeys ensure protection and efficient use of water resources recognizes the importance of international cooperation to reduce accession to the Kyoto Protocol in the Official Gazette on May 13, Irrigation networks which cause excess ive water greenhouse gas emissions leading to climate change, and to combat 2009, the ratification instrument was submitted to the UN Secretariat consumption and/or have completed their economic life climate change, General on May 28, 2009, and Turkey officially became a party to the spans shall be rehabilitated and/or replaced by modern Protocol on August 26, 2009. systems, and relevant projects will be supported. Against this background, Turkey has developed the "National Climate Activities to prevent the adverse impacts of drought shall be Change Strategy" in order to contribute to global efforts to reduce the Basic Indicators supported within the scope of the Agricultural Drought impacts of climate change, taking into account its own special Strategy and Action Plan, Turkeys population growth rate, which was 1.24 percent in 2007, is circumstances and capacity. The Strategy includes a set of objectives Seed production will be ensured through regional quite above the OECD average population growth rate which is to be implemented in the short-term (within one year), the mid-term identification of the varieties of cereals that are drought 0.68 percent. Turkey is one of the four countries with the highest (undertaken or completed within 1 to 3 years), and long-term tolerant; seed production improvement activities shall population growth rates. Turkey ranks 81" in the Human (undertaken over a 10 year period). The Strategy will guide the actions continue at public institutions, associations and private Development Index among 180 countries according to 2007 data. sector institutions; and a Drought Test Centre will be to tackle climate change during the period 2010-2020 and will be Turkey has a relatively lower level of welfare based on Gross established in order to develop and test drought-tolerant updated as necessary, in light of emerging national or international crops. Domestic Product per capita, in comparison to all Annex-I Parties developments. that have adopted greenhouse gas emission reduction targets Mechanisms to facilitate public access to risk maps and With this strategy, Turkey sets a goal of contributing to the global efforts within the framework of the Kyoto Protocol, as well as when disaster management plans relating to climate change shall against climate change within its own capabilities and in line with the compared to most of the Non-Annex-I Parties with rapidly be developed . basic principle of the UNFCCC "common but differentiated developing economies. Environmental impact assessment processes shall be responsibilities" and presents its national mitigation, adaptation, supported with legal regulations and plans. Turkey is not at a comparable level of industrialization compared to technology, fi nance and capacity building policies other OECD countries and many countries included in Annex-I to Use of architectural styles and construction materials appropriate for local climate shall be encouraged the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, as well as some Non-Annex-I countries. Efficient use of wastewater shall be promoted in urban green areas. Based on 2007 International Energy Agency (IEA) indicators, the II. CLIMATE CHANGE AND llJRKEY world's average primary energy consumption per capita is 1.82 Rainwater capture, use, and recycling strategies shall be developed for settlements and buildings, including the With Decision 26/CP7 of the Seventh Conference of Parties (COP) in tons of petroleum equivalent, and OECD average is 4.64 tons of introduction of new technologies. Marrakesh in 2001, Turkey was deleted from the list of Annex-II petroleum equivalent. Turkey's primary energy consumption per Compulsory urban wastewater and rain water storage areas countries, under the United Nations Framework Convention on capita, which is 1.35 tons of petroleum equivalent, is much lower will be developed and the criteria for site selection will be than the world and OECD averages. updated. Climate Change. Moreover, Decision 26/CP7 enshrined an invitation to all Parties to recognize the special circumstances of Turkey relative Turkey has the lowest values in per capita greenhouse gas Within the framework of adaptation to climate change; to other Annex-I Countries, placing it in a different situation. Following emission, per capita primary energy consumption and historical agricultural basins will be identified and basin-based this decision, Turkey became a party to the United Nations Framework responsibility among all OECD countries and the countries production will be pertormed for sustainable agriculture, included in Annex-I to the United Nations Framework Convention efficient production planning and greater productivity. Convention on Climate Change on May 24, 2004. on Climate Change. Based on 2007 data, while Turkeys Contagious diseases and vectors, which have been linked to In order to determine the policies, measures, and activities to be greenhouse gas emissions per capita was 5.3 tons of CO 2 climate change by the World Health Organization and the pursued by Turkey related to climate change, the Coordination Board Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, and which are equivalent, the average value of the 27 member states of the on Climate Change was re-established pursuant to the Prime Ministry already evident in Turkey, shall be monitored, and protective European Union was 10.2 tons of CO 2 equivalent and the average Circular No. 2004/13. Under the chairmanship of the Minister of and preventive health policies shall be developed. value of OECD countries was 15.0tons of CO2 equivalent. Environment and Forestry, this Board is composed of high level Public health impacts associated with heat waves, extreme representatives (Undersecretary and President) from the Ministry of While Turkeys total greenhouse gas emission in 1990 was 170 cold, flooding, storms and drought resulting from climate million tons of CO2 equivalent, it increased to 372 million tons of change shall be monitored. Measures shall be taken to Foreign Affairs, Ministry of Public Works and Settlement, Ministry of ensure that the effects of changed climatic conditions on Transport and Communication, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural CO2 in 2007. public health are minimized Affairs, Ministry of Industry and Trade, Ministry of Energy and Natural As for the greenhouse gas sinks, although 44 million tons of CO 2 Resources, Prime Ministry Undersecretariat of State Planning equivalent greenhouse gas emission was absorbed by the sinks in Organization, and the Union of Chambers and Commodity 1990; this value was approximately 77 million tons of CO 2 Exchanges of Turkey. Ministry of Finance, Ministry of Health, Prime equivalent in 2007. 1.D~plnglrrlgationlnSuoarBeelProduction,Kayseri-Turkey; Ministry Undersecretariat of Treasury and Turkish Industrialists' and Al'tlst:Ser1<an Y1lmaz.SuoarBee1CooperattveArch1Ve.

2.Arguvan-Malatya-Turtey, Artist Halip Gilven; UN Millenni11111 DMlopment Businessmen 1s Association were included in this Board later on. Accord ing to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Goalsli.lldProorammePhotoQraphyContest(2006JArchlVe. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), Turkey is 3.BoyabatAkgOI -Turkey;Artlst:ZeldGOYen. Besides, technical working groups exist under this Board in order to 4.Artist Cem Hakan Ozaslan; UN f,Hennium Development Goals Fund Programme conduct sectoral studies. located in the Mediterranean Basin that is especially vulnerable to PhotographyContest(2006)ArchlVe.

5.Artlst: Nuray Ozeoer, UNMilennlum Development Goals Fund Programme the adverse impacts of climate change. PhotographyContest(2006)ArchlVe. VIII. ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE Ill. NATIONAL VISION V. STRATEGIES Turkey's national vision within the scope of climate change is to To actively participate in the negotiations carried out for become a country fully integrating climate change-related objectives establishment of a comprehensive and functional international into its development policies, disseminating energy efficiency, cooperation mechanism, within efforts to combat and adapt to Short Term Medium Term increasing the use of clean and renewable energy resources, actively global climate change; Activities identified within the scope of the Agricultural Drought Water legislation shall be improved and the concept of adaptation participating in the efforts for tackling climate change within its special to prepare the National Climate Change Action Plan, with a dynamic Strategy and Action Plan shall be implemented urgently. to climate change shall be integrated into the legislation circumstances and providing its citizens with a high quality of lite and approach, within the overall framework of the National Climate River basin master and management plans for 25 river basins shall welfare with low-carbon intensity. Change Strategy, the Ninth Development Plan and other national Stream remediation and erosion prevention activities will be be developed within the scope of development, multi-purpose policy and strategy documents; undertaken and construction of flood prevention structures will be usage and protection of all ground and surface water resources in Basic Principles accelerated, within the context of 201 O as the year of flood Turkey. to initiate the organizational restructuring on climate change, in protection. The primary objective of Turkey within the scope of global tight against concerned institutions; Early warning systems for flood disaster reduction shall be Regional flood plans shall be prepared and integrated into developed and existing flood risk maps in all watersheds shall be climate change is to take part in the global efforts tor preventing to establish the necessary infrastructure, so that the greenhouse provincial disaster plans. updated. climate change, which is a common concern of mankind, determined gas emissions inventories can be developed in a more sound with common mind in cooperation with the international parties and in manner; Activities shall be accelerated for enhancing water quality that has The impacts of climate change on water resources (in terms of the light of objective and scientific evidence; in accordance with the been degraded due to the negative impacts of climate change. quantity and quality) shall be identified and implementation to develop climate change policies in cooperation with all sustainable development policies, and within the framework of the stakeholders. proposals on adaptation will be developed for vulnerable areas. The capacity to combat animal diseases and plant pests resulting principle of "shared but differentiated responsibilities" and Turkey's from climate change shall be strengthened. Agricultural practices that account tor the adverse impacts of specialcircumstances. Activities shall be accelerated to protect and improve natural climate change on water resources shall be developed to ensure VI. TURKEY'S NATIONAL POSmoN forests, carry out afforestation, prevent forest tires which may the sustainability of agricultural production Projects will be developed and farmers will be trained on measures IY. GOALS IN INTERNATIONAL CLIMATE increase due to the negative impacts of climate change, and protect greenhouse sinks which are decreasing due to to prevent the increase in the salinity levels in irrigation areas within Turkey's strategic goals within the framework of the above basic CHANGE NEG011ATIONS the regions where heat and evaporation will rise due to climate principles are outlined in the bullets below: deforestation. Considering its socio-economic indicators, greenhouse gas emissions change (e.g., soil cultivation, drainage, irrigation, and mulching) . to integrate policies and measures for mitigating and adapting to profile, historical responsibility, per capita emission levels, GDP per Effective measures shall be taken against pests such as insects Possible adverse impacts of climate change on vulnerable climate change, into national development plans, consistent with capita and per capita energy consumption indicators as well as its and fungi which are likely to increase in forested areas with rising ecosystems, urban biotopes and biological diversity shall be the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change ranking in Human Development Index, Turkey is in the category of temperatures. identified; vulnerability assessments shall be carried out and principle of "common but differentiated responsibilities" and its measures shall be taken torecosystem and biodiversity protection. "middle income developing countries". This tact has been emphasized special circumstances; Activities on combating desertification and erosion will be in a report of independent experts appointed by the Secretariat of United Natural disasters such as floods, avalanches and landslides, to contribute to global greenhouse gas emission mitigation developed and expanded . Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change to evaluate our frequency of which are expected to increase with climate change, policies and measures, within its own capacity, by limiting the rate Scientific studies on the sustainable use of natural resources will shall be identified and necessary activities shall be initiated in order of growth of national greenhouse gas emissions, without country's First National Communication and it demonstrates that Turkey continue, taking into consideration the interaction between climate to minimize the impacts of these disasters, through the use of early disrupting its development program aligned with sustainable is in a different category from other Annex-I countries . change and sectors. warning systems development principles; In light of this tact, Turkey plans to fu lfill the duties fall ing on its part in Awareness raising and training activities on climate change Projects on erosion and sediment control in all watersheds, to increase national preparedness and capacity in order to avoid tackling global climate change, on the basis of the following adaptation shall target local administrations, professionals and the especially in darn and pond basins, shall be prioritized. the adverse impacts of global climate change and to adapt to considerations, in line with the basic principle of the Convention general public; support shall continue for scientific and social Financial assistance shall be provided in order to improve the these impacts; to share emerging experiences and knowledge "common but differentiated responsibilities", and consistent with its own efforts, international communication and information exchange, capacity in crop productivity projections carried out based on the from such efforts with other countries in the region; and to develop capacity. and policy and strategy development efforts. data on climate, land use and vegetation density, with the aim of bilateral and multilateral joint research projects for mitigation and Considering its economic and demographic development status, monitoring the impacts of drought. adaptation; Legislation on disaster and risk management shall be revised to Turkey cannot make a greenhouse gas emission reduction commitment Disaster, hazard and risk rnaps regarding flood and landslide to comply with the design and implementation of global strategic by taking a specific baseline year. Turkey plans to limit its greenhouse assess potential settlement area relocation for risk reduction objectives on mitigation, adaptation, technology transfer and scenarios shall be prepared and integrated into land use plans, gas emissions through a set of measures that will not compromise its Training activities shall be carried out in order to increase public which shall form a basis for risk management processes. finance that accounts for responsibilities of the parties, and to take sustainable development and poverty reduction priorities. Furthermore, awareness and participation on disasters and risks resulting from Flood and landslide risk management plans along with active role in internationalactivities; Turkey declares that it will carry out these mitigation activities, in a climate change. implementation and monitoring guidelines shall be prepared. to increase access to financial resources required for undertaking measurable, reportable and verifiable manner, in accordance with its Activities such as local meetings, publications, television programs mitigation and adaptation activities; Climate change vulnerability assessments shall be conducted national programs and strategies. shall be planned on potential impacts of disasters resulting from across the country. to develop national research and development (R&D) and innovation capacities towards cleaner production and to establish Through its numerous national plans, programs and strategy climate change on human health, environment, historical and Impacts of climate change on hydroelectric energy generation national and international financial resources and incentive documents, primarily the development plans, Turkey has put into effect cu ltural protected areas, and economic activities and capacity, tourism, health, food safety, water demand and forests will mechanisms aimed at increasing competitiveness and many policies and measures for tackling climate change, especially in preparedness against these risks. be evaluated. production in this area, by taking into consideration our current the energy, agriculture, forestry, transportation, industry and waste Training activities for raising awareness on health impacts of climate Research on development of plant and animal species that are technology and development levels; sectors. Moreover, Turkey is willing to contribute more to international change will be organized tor health personnel and public via those tolerant to heat, drought, diseases, and pests shall be accelerated. to facilitate climate change adaptation and mitigation activities by efforts in this field, within the framework of its own means and potential. personnel. ensuring efficient and continuous coordination and decision Turkey is in a developing country position. Therefore, Turkey must be making processes based on transparency, stakeholder given the opportunity to benefit from both existing and emerging participation, and a strong reliance on a science focus; financing facilities and mechanisms available to developing countries to raise public awareness in support of changing consumption for the purposes of emission reductions, capacity development, patterns in a climate-friendly manner through joint efforts of all adaptation, technology transfer, and reduction of emissions increased parties such as the public sector, private sector, universities and as a resu lt of deforestation and forest degradation. In other words, non-governmental organizations; Turkey aims to support, and facilitate its emission reduction and to establish an integrated information management system in adaptation efforts by benefiting from financing and technology transfer order to increase the flow and exchange of knowledge in national facil ities available to countries with similar economic development levels climate change efforts. as Turkey VII. GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSION CONTROL Energy Land Use, Short Term Agriculture In order to reduce the negative impacts of climate change on soil and water resources and to ensure rational use of chemical fertil izers, the application of fertilizers consistent with the soil All domestic resources, primarily hydro and wind, will be used at maximum levels, using cleaner production technologies and best and analysis resu lts will be ensured Techniques will be developed to increase carbon absorption in soil; agricultural producers shall be encouraged to adopt such available techniques, in line with energy security and climate change goals and within the framework of internal and external financing opportunities. An Energy Identity Certificate practice shall be introduced for new Forestry techniques. Agricu ltural biomass and agricultural forestry activities will be expanded as energy resources. Short Term In order to reduce methane emissions originating from agricultural buildings. Rational fertilizer use wi ll be promoted; carbon emissions will be activities, appropriate livestock feed ing methods, fertilizer Renewable energy systems will be installed at new buildings, with limited by using modern techniques for irrigation, soil cultivation, management and good rice drainage conditions will be expanded. an initial investment cost consistent with energy economics, with pesticide use, etc.; and organic agriculture, drought-tolerant plants In agriculture, mitigation and adaptation strategies reinforce each payback periods of 10 years for new buildings with floor space less and certified seed production will be supported and expanded. other. Mitigation technologies increase the resistance of farmers to than 20,000 m' and 15 years for new buildings with floor space of Producers will be financially and technically supported for their climate change. For this reason, mitigation and adaptation in 20,000 m' and greater than 20,000 m'. measures on conserving irrigation water and decreasing costs in agriculture will be planned collectively, since the synergy to be Solar power collectors for central heating and sanitary hot water will the irrigation investments, and establishment of modern in-farm created by mitigation and adaptation strategies with effective be installed at new hotels, hospitals, dormitories, other non- planning and implementation shall also lead to effective results in pressurized irrigation systems (drip / sprinkler irrigation systems) residential buildings used for accommodation purposes, as well as production increase and poverty reduction. shall be encouraged. sports centers with a usage area of more than 1,000 m' Measures will be taken for wastewater collection and reuse of Technical and financial studies will be carried out on land Medium Term consolidation to facilitate provision of on-farm services treated wastewater in agriculture and industry. Energy efficiency potential in the building sector shall be evaluated Use of compressed wood (in the form of wood pellets or Research and development activities shall be accelerated in and realized at maximum levels; priority projects on energy efficient briquettes) instead of coal use will be promoted in order to support support of the combat against drought. construction materials and technologies will be identified in rural development and to reduce emissions. Adaptation/mitigation strategies addressing climate change- cooperation with industry. settlement area interactions will be developed based on the best The status of forestry in Turkey wi ll be assessed, focusing on The infrastructure for the introduction of "Energy Identity Certificate" available science. deforestation and forest degradation, which have critical practices will be developed for existing buildings and heat isolation importance in terms of mitigating climate change, and a strategy and other efficiency increasing measures will be encouraged . Long Term shall be developed towards the solution of the problems. A central geographic information system shall be established for all Energy management in compliance with standards shall be Scientific studies will be carried out to assess climate change land use classes in Turkey in order to prepare the Greenhouse Gas ensured in the industrial and building sectors by certified energy impacts on forest ecosystems and to identity potential adaptation Inventory and National Inventory Report in line with guidelines from managers. strategies in this regard, and policies will be developed based on the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), and a Use of low and zero greenhouse gas emission technologies, these studies monitoring model will be developed based on stand maps and primarily renewable energy and clean coal technologies, as well as satellite data in order to calculate changes among land use nuclear energy, shall be fostered, R&D activities on clean classes. Medium Term technologies and energy resources shall be carried out and Forest lands and forestry activities, which are crucial for protection domestic industries shall be supported in these ventures. Crisis management will be implemented based on agricultural and management of water resources within the framework of drought forecasts. Use of new and alternative fuels in increasing levels shall be sustainability principles, shall be planned and implemented based supported together with market incentives and penetration Classification standards on protection, improvement and efficient on upper basin management principles. strategies for this purpose. use of soil and land will be developed and practices wi ll be Strategies for mitigation and adaptation to climate change in monitored and lands will be used consistent with their capability Rehabilitation of existing thermal power plants shall be finalized; settlements shall be developed together with procedures and classes; necessary measures will be taken to prevent future soil and more efficient operation of hydroelectric power plants shall be principles for planning and housing. erosion in the lands that are currently used regardless of their land pursued. Strategies for efficient use of urban land shall be developed in order capability classes and that are irreversibly damaged Long Term to prevent the formation of urban heat islands. The Law on Soil Protection and Land Use shall be efficiently Procedures and principles on climate change adaptation in By 2020, energy intensity shall be decreased with reference to 2004 implemented and enforced, appropriate secondary legislation integrated coastal areas shall be determined. levels. shall be introduced; legal regu lations on protection and improvement of meadows and pastures shall be efficiently Increasing open green space systems in urban areas shall be lrnprovernents shall be ensured in energy consumption at existing implemented and effective monitoring systems wi ll be introduced. encouraged and urban forestry shall be improved. public buildings and facilities. Measures shall be taken in order to reduce urbanization pressures The share of renewable energy in total electricity generation shall be 2.3 million hectares of land will be afforested and rehabil itated on rural and natural areas. increased up to 30% by 2023. In this framework, our technical and within the scope of National Afforestation Campaign between the economic hydro potential will be fully utilized, wind electricity years 2008 - 2012. 181.4 million tonnes of carbon will be absorbed generation capacity will be raised to 20,000 MW and geothermal by our forest areas, in 12 years, up through 2020, in addition to electricity generation capacity will be raised to 600 MW Electricity carbon absorbed by existing sinks. generation from solar energy will be supported. Trees tolerant to drought will be identified and these species will be Greenhouse gas emissions from electricity generation are planted especially in the arid and semi arid areas; vegetation envisaged to be 7% less than what they would have been in the activities will be carried out in the areas in which afforestation is Reference Scenario by 2020 difficult and costly. MtslrhPlateau, Artvln-Turirey; Artist Y1ld1ray Lise. Transportation Medium Term • Plans will be developed to increase the share and load factor of rai lways, seaways and airways in freight and passenger road transport. • Studies will be carried out to assess the potential for the improvement of combined transport. • Short-distance maritime and lake transport shall be encouraged. • Arrangements faci litating the expansion of the use of environmentally- friend ly transport vehicles such as bicycles and the pedestrian access in cities, will be encouraged. • Public transportation systems by means of subways and light rail systems shall be expanded especially in metropolitan areas. • The use of alternative fuels and clean vehicle technologies in public transport vehicles will be expanded in cities. • Research and development studies will be carried out in order to raise the geometrical and physical standards of road networks to ensure lower fuel consumption. 1 ArtistMOOORautkarl,WWFGanon. 2 Yelkapan, Innovative hyb~d (wind energy pm solar energy) wn pumping wlndmlll, Edlrne-Turkey, • Smart transportation system practices will be improved. ENA'l'Jlndmlll l echnologles l td.Archlw. 3 SunCookers, KertenesProject, Yozgat-Tultey,GEFSmallGrantsf'roOrammeArchive. • Other practices to improve energy efficiency in the transport 4 Sun Oven, Kerkenes Project, Yozoa!•Turkey, GEF Small Grants Programme Arthive. 5 Wind Power Plant (Demirer Holding), t;anakkale-Turkey, Artist Mehmet Bayer. system shall be developed. 6,7.1 MARMARAY RaH Tube Tumel and CO!lllluter Rall Mass TransH System Pro)ect In lstanbul-Ttrkey, MlnlstryolTransportandCommunlcationArchlve. Long Term • The share of rai lways and seaways in freight and passenger transportation, which is currently 2%, will be increased, and airway transportation shall be supported. • The use of alternative fuels, new technology engines which can minimize both CO, and NO, emissions and environmentally- friendly hybrid transportation vehicles will be expanded. BoyabatAk(l!ll- Turtey,ArtistlekiGOven. Industry Waste Short Term (1 Year) Short Term Intensive climate change awareness raising activities will be carried out for the industrialists and consumers and handbooks/guidelines Harmonization of legislation governing municipal wastes will be wi l be published. finalized by the end of 2010. The process of hiring energy managers in all industrial facilities with annual energy consumption of more than 1,000 TEP shall be final ized and efficient operation of this system shall be ensured. Medium Term Medium Term (1 -3 Years) The amount of waste reuse and recovery will be increased within Voluntary agreements that encourage the implementation of the framework of the Waste Action Plan (2008-2012). management instruments enabling the monitoring of greenhouse gas emissions, without any capital investment or operating cost, 104 sanitary landfill faci lities will be established and 76% of such as energy management systems, greenhouse gas inventory reporting systems and benchmarking systems, as well as incentive municipal waste will be disposed at such facilities by the end of mechanisms like "climate pioneers program" will be developed in 2012. industry. All industrial faci lities with annual energy consumption of more than 5,000TEPwill conduct annual energy studies. Heat recovery options in industry, engine speed control systems, and Long Term industrial cogeneration systems shall be stimulated and encouraged. Waste management hierarchy of source reduction, reuse, Replacement of resources used in industry with cleaner production recycling, and recovery shall be implemented rnore efficiently resources and use of alternative materials will be encouraged. Importance will be attached to research and development activities The amount of organic substances transferred to the sanitary and technology transfer, and industrialists shall be encouraged in this landfills will be reduced, and biodegradable wastes will be used in direction. energy generation or composting. Long Term (3-10 Years) Landfill gas will be captured and used for energy generation directly Incentive mechanisms will be introduced to promote cleaner or after being processed; and if these gases cannot be used for production, climate-friendly and innovative technologies; and energy generation, theywi ll be burned. effective operation of inspection and enforcement mechanisms will be ensured. As climate change is among the most important environmental and economic problems affecting the international competitiveness of national industry in the existing international conjuncture, various other measures and policies will be implemented, as appropriate, within the context of the Industry Strategy Paper of Turkey (2010-2013) and the Science and Technology Policies, in close cooperation with the industrial sector. The determined saving potential shall be realized at maximum levels by the year 2020, through energy efficiency practices in the industry sector. .. -. :_ ~" --.:_ --~ ...._ ;------ - ~~.:-:- - ...