Thailand's Second Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC 3.0)

1. Quantifiable information on the reference point (including, as appropriate, a base year): (a) Reference year(s), base year(s), 2019 reference period(s) or other starting point(s); (b) Quantifiable information on the reference The total emissions by sources in the base year (2019) indicators, their values in the reference amount to 379.2 million tCO 2eq, based on Thailand year(s), base year(s), reference period(s) or First Biennial Transparency Report (BTR1) submitted other starting point(s), and, as applicable, to the Secretariat of the United Nations Framework in the target year; Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) in December 2024, and net greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in 2019 is 287.2 million tCO2eq. Thailand aims to reduce its net GHG emissions to 152 milliontCO2eq in 2035 from its 2019 levels, which is consistent with a reduction of 135.2 MtCO 2eq or 47 percent, compared to the net emissions in 2019 level. This target has been established in line with 1.5-degree pathways of Thailand’s best efforts. (c) For strategies, plans and actions referred to Not applicable. in Article 4, paragraph 6, of the Paris Agreement, Thailand’s NDC 3.0 is an economy-wide absolute GHG or policies and measures as components of emissions reduction target. nationally determined contributions where paragraph 1(b) above is not applicable, Parties to provide other relevant information; (d) Target relative to the reference indicator, Thailand aims to reduce its net GHG emissions to expressed numerically, for example in 152 milliontCO2eq in 2035 from its 2019 levels, which is percentage or amount of reduction; consistent with a reduction of 135.2 MtCO 2eq or 47 percent, compared to the net emissions in 2019 level. This target has been established in line with 1.5-degree pathways towards the achievement of net zero emissions by 2050. (e) Information on sources of data used in The GHG emissions in the base year (2019) are based quantifying the reference point(s); on Thailand First BTR submitted to UNFCCC in 2024. (f) Information on the circumstances under Thailand is stepping up its efforts in greenhouse gas which the Party may update the values of inventory management, aligning with the principles of the reference indicators; Transparency, Accuracy, Completeness, Comparability, and Consistency (TACCC). The GHG emissions in the base year (2019) are subject to updates, depending on the progress of future estimating and accounting, the revision of statistical data and annual reports, and the recalculation of the GHG inventory. -4-

2. Time frames and/or periods for implementation: (a) Time frame and/or period for implementation, From 1 January 2031 to 31 December 2035 including start and end date, consistent with any further relevant decision adopted by the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Paris Agreement (CMA); (b) Whether it is a single-year or multi-year target, A single-year target, 2035 as applicable;

3. Scope and Coverage: (a) General description of the target; Thailand aims to reduce its net GHG emissions to 152 million tCO2eq in 2035 from its 2019 levels, which is consistent with a reduction of 135.2 MtCO 2eq or 47 percent, compared to the net emissions in 2019 level. This target has been established in line with global 1.5-degree goal, and on a pathway towards net-zero emissions by 2050. (b) Sectors, gases, categories, and pools covered Thailand’s NDC 3.0 is an economy-wide absolute GHG by the nationally determined contribution, emissions reduction target. The IPCC sectors include including, as applicable, consistent with the following: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (a) Energy (IPCC) guidelines; - Fuel Combustion (Energy industries, Manufacturing industries and Construction, Transport, Commercial/ Institutional, Residential, Agriculture/ Forestry/ Fishing, and Other) - Fugitive emissions from fuels - CO2 transport and storage (b) Industrial processes and product use (IPPU) (c) Agriculture (d) Land Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry (LULUCF) (e) ) Waste Targeted gases include carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), perfluorocarbons (PFCs), sulfur hexafluoride (SF6), and nitrogen trifluoride (NF3). Inventory of these gases and tracking progress of mitigation are reported in the BTRs. -5- (c) How the Party has taken into consideration Thailand’s NDC 3.0 includes all sectors of anthropogenic paragraph 31(c) and (d) of decision 1/CP.21; emissions and removals. The sources of emissions that were included in previous NDC have not been excluded while emissions and reductions from international aviation and shipping are not in the scope of this NDC. (d) Mitigation co-benefits resulting from Parties’ Not applicable adaptation actions and/or economic diversification plans, including description of specific projects, measures and initiatives of Parties’ adaptation actions and/or economic diversification plans.

4. Planning Processes: (a) Information on the planning processes that the Party undertook to prepare its nationally determined contribution and, if available, on the Party’s implementation plans, including, as appropriate (a, i) Domestic institutional arrangements, public In developing its Nationally Determined Contributions participation and engagement with local (NDC), Thailand has established domestic institutional communities and indigenous peoples, arrangements in accordance with the guidelines in a gender-responsive manner; set by the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). The NDC process facilitates public participation and engagement with local communities through both onsite and online meetings. Thailand is working to incorporate gender perspectives, including equal participation, into its actions, aiming to increase women's involvement in policy decision- making processes related to climate change issues, aligning with sustainable development goals (SDGs). For instance, Thailand is encouraging the participation of women in councils and other bodies. One initiative ensures that half of the members of any working groups, subcommittee, and committee are women. (a, ii) Contextual matters, including, inter alia, as appropriate: a. National circumstances, such as geography, Kindly refer to Chapter 1 of Thailand's First Biennial climate, economy, sustainable Transparency Report (BTR1) (2024) for comprehensive development, and poverty eradication; information regarding the geographical, climatic, and economic conditions of Thailand. -6- b. Best practices and experience related to the • Thailand is implementing its Nationally Determined preparation of the nationally determined Contributions (NDC) for the period of 2021-2030. contribution; • Efforts are being made by Thailand to achieve its NDC targets by 2030. • In addition, Thailand is looking for international supports to fulfill its conditional NDC goals by 2030 and 2035. • The results from the UNFCCC's global stocktake (GST) have been considered and included in Thailand’s NDC 3.0. • The emissions pathways outlined in Thailand’s NDC 3.0 in 2035 align with the 1.5-degree targets established by the IPCC and are consistent with Thailand's goal of achieving net-zero greenhouse gas emissions by 2050. • Multiple stakeholder consultation meetings have been held during the development of NDC 3.0 c. Other contextual aspirations and priorities Thailand reaffirmed its commitment to addressing acknowledged when joining the Paris climate change and ensuring sustainable development. Agreement; More details are available in this NDC document. (b) Specific information applicable to Parties, Not applicable. including regional economic integration organizations and their member States, that have reached an agreement to act jointly under Article 4, paragraph 2, of the Paris Agreement, including the Parties that agreed to act jointly and the terms of the agreement, in accordance with Article 4, paragraphs 16–18, of the Paris Agreement; (c) How the Party’s preparation of its Thailand developed its NDC 3.0 based on the results of nationally determined contribution has the first global stocktake (GTS) at CMA5 (decision 1/CMA.5) been informed by the outcomes of the to keep the 1.5°C goal achievable. This framework global stocktake, in accordance with Article outlines Thailand's goals for energy transition, emission 4, paragraph 9, of the Paris Agreement; reductions, adaptation strategies, and resilience. Thailand reviews GST outcomes, such as setting economy-wide emission reduction targets for all greenhouse gases (paragraph 39); tripling renewable energy capacity and doubling energy efficiency improvements by 2030; reducing coal power; transitioning away from fossil fuels; advancing zero- and low-emission technologies (paragraph 28); and shifting to sustainable lifestyles and sustainable patterns of consumption and production (paragraph 36). Thus, Thailand's NDC 3.0 sets ambitious targets aligned with the IPCC 1.5°C goal and the net zero by 2050. This target is an economy-wide emission reduction target, covering all greenhouse gases, sectors, and categories. -7- (d) Each Party with a nationally determined contribution under Article 4 of the Paris Agreement that consists of adaptation action and/or economic diversification plans resulting in mitigation co-benefits consistent with Article 4, paragraph 7, of the Paris Agreement to submit information on: (d, i) How the economic and social consequences Thailand has assessed the economic and social implications of response measures have been considered of its response measures to facilitate a just transition toward in developing the nationally determined a low-carbon economy. It aims to minimize negative contribution; impacts while maximizing opportunities for sustainable growth, green job creation, and social inclusiveness. Stakeholder consultation: Thailand’s commitment to stakeholder consultation ensures the development of policies that are both practical and implementable. This approach ensures active participation and equitable benefit of all societal sectors in the transition, thereby fostering a resilient and diversified economy aligned with long-term sustainability objectives. In addition, Thailand recognizes the private sector's key role in sustainable growth and climate objectives. By involving enterprises in planning and maintaining stakeholder dialogue, it crafts economically sound, market-aligned policies for a low-carbon transition. Green jobs: Thailand has analyzed the job-related effects of various decarbonization measures across all sectors, examining the opportunities for green job creation in emerging green activities. Linkage to SDG: Thailand's NDC prioritizes protecting vulnerable groups—women, youth, children, and people of determination—demonstrating its commitment to diverse perspectives in climate action. The NDC 3.0 assessment of the SDGs ensures that these efforts foster social equity and strengthen resilience against climate impacts. (d, ii) Specific projects, measures and activities to Not applicable be implemented to contribute to mitigation co-benefits, including information on adaptation plans that also yield mitigation co-benefits, which may cover, but are not limited to, key sectors, such as energy, resources, water resources, coastal resources, human settlements and urban planning, agriculture and forestry; and economic diversification actions, which may cover, but are not limited to, sectors such as manufacturing and industry, energy and mining, transport and communication, construction, tourism, real estate, agriculture and fisheries; -8-

5. Assumptions and methodological approaches, including those for estimating and accounting for anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and, as appropriate, removals: (a) Assumptions and methodological Thailand’s inventory encompasses all sectors and categories, approaches used for accounting including: for anthropogenic greenhouse - Energy: Fuel Combustion covers energy, manufacturing, gas emissions and removals construction, transport, commercial/institutional, residential, corresponding to the Party’s agriculture/forestry/fishing, and other categories. This also nationally determined includes fugitive emissions from fuels and CO2 transport and contribution, consistent with storage. decision 1/CP.21, paragraph 31, and accounting guidance - Industrial Processes and Product Use (IPPU) adopted by the CMA; - Agriculture - Land Use, Land-Use Change, and Forestry (LULUCF) - Waste - Other GHG Inventory Items The LULUCF contributions are determined using an activity-based approach represented in the GHG inventory. The targeted greenhouse gases are carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH 4 ), nitrous oxide (N 2 O), hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), perfluorocarbons (PFCs), sulfur hexafluoride (SF 6), and nitrogen trifluoride (NF3), achieving 100% coverage. All estimation methods align with the IPCC Guidelines and follow decision 18/CMA.1. Emissions and removals are quantified in CO 2 equivalents using the 100-year Global Warming Potentials presented in the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report. (b) Assumptions and methodological Thailand will track the impact of its policies and measures through approaches used for accounting its BTRs. If required, additional impacts of specific policies will be for the implementation of quantified, with methodologies and assumptions clearly outlined policies and measures or in the BTR. strategies in the nationally determined contribution; (c) If applicable, information on Refer to 5(d) how the Party will take into account existing methods and guidance under the Convention to account for anthropogenic emissions and removals, in accordance with Article 4, paragraph 14, of the Paris Agreement, as appropriate; (d) IPCC methodologies and metrics The methods for estimating GHG emissions align with the IPCC used for estimating Guidelines and are based on decision 18/CMA.1. The metrics used anthropogenic greenhouse gas for GHG emissions and removals are the Global Warming emissions and removals; Potentials over a 100-year time horizon, as outlined in the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report. -9- (e) Sector-, category- or activity-specific assumptions, methodologies and approaches consistent with IPCC guidance, as appropriate, including, as applicable; (e, i) Approach to addressing Methodologies addressing emissions and subsequent removals emissions and subsequent from natural disturbances on managed lands are not applied. removals from natural disturbances on managed lands; (e, ii) Approach used to account for Methodologies addressing emissions and subsequent removals emissions and removals from from harvested wood products are not applied. harvested wood products; (e, iii) Approach used to address the Methodologies addressing effects of age-class structure in forests effects of age-class structure in are not applied. forests; (f) Other assumptions and methodological approaches used for understanding the nationally determined contribution and, if applicable, estimating corresponding emissions and removals, including: (f, i) How the reference indicators, Thailand previously published its net zero strategy in its LT-LEDS baseline(s), and/or reference submission in 2022. In response to the GST and stakeholder level(s), including, where consultations, Thailand’s NDC 3.0 was developed to elevate applicable, sector-, category- or the country's 2035 ambition in line with the IPCC 1.5-degree activity-specific reference levels, pathways and net zero emissions by 2050. The stakeholder are constructed, including, for engagement—covering power and water, industry, transport, example, key parameters, buildings, waste, agriculture, environment, and social sectors— assumptions, definitions, helped identify national mitigation potential. methodologies, data sources and The analysis uses the end-use approach from Japan’s Asia-Pacific models used; Integrated Assessment Model (AIM) to forecast long-term, low-level greenhouse gas emissions, while its computable general equilibrium model evaluates the economic and environmental impacts of energy policies and other measures for developing LT-LEDS. The indicators for Thailand’s NDC 3.0 will be detailed in Thailand’s BTR submission in 2026. (f, ii) For Parties with nationally Not applicable determined contributions that contain non-greenhouse-gas components, information on assumptions and methodological approaches used in relation to those components, as applicable; (f, iii) For climate forcers included in Not applicable nationally determined contributions not covered by IPCC guidelines, information on how the climate forcers are estimated; (f, iv) Further technical information, as Not applicable necessary; - 10 - (g) The intention to use voluntary Thailand remains firmly committed to reducing greenhouse gas cooperation under Article 6 of emissions primarily through domestic actions, complemented by the Paris Agreement, if international support to achieve its Nationally Determined applicable. Contribution (NDC) targets. As an additional pathway, Thailand is also open to utilizing voluntary cooperation under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement, particularly to unlock investments in mitigation activities that are otherwise difficult to implement and to enhance the country’s overall mitigation potential. The application of Article 6 will be guided by a strong commitment to environmental integrity and robust national criteria, in accordance with the Guidelines for the Use of Carbon Credits for International Objectives. These include project eligibility criteria, authorization and approval procedures, corresponding adjustment mechanisms, and the national carbon credit registry system. During the previous NDC period (2021–2030), Thailand engaged in cooperative approaches under Article 6.2 by signing bilateral agreements with countries such as Switzerland, Japan, and Singapore, and authorizing pilot mitigation activities potentially resulting in the transfer of internationally transferred mitigation outcomes (ITMOs). For NDC 3.0 (2031–2035), Thailand is considering the use of ITMOs in line with future policy decisions and the established national guidelines.

6. How the Party considers that its nationally determined contribution is fair and ambitious in the light of its national circumstances: (a) How the Party considers that its Thailand contributed about 0.5% of global net greenhouse gas nationally determined (GHG) emissions in 2019, with a GDP per capita of approximately contribution is fair and ambitious USD 7,811. Thailand has leveraged its development momentum in the light of its national to actively combat the climate crisis. Although Thailand's contribution circumstances; to global emissions is small, the country is disproportionately vulnerable to climate change, as demonstrated by its 30 th ranking in Germanwatch's 2025 Climate Risk Index. By implementing robust mitigation and adaptation measures on both domestic and international fronts, Thailand’s NDC 3.0 is delivering tangible progress toward global climate solutions. The emissions reduction target detailed in Thailand’s NDC 3.0 is rooted in the principles of CBDR-RC and equity, which lie at the heart of both the UNFCCC and the Paris Agreement. As a Non-Annex I country with low historical contributions to global emissions, Thailand’s target reflects its economic capacity while demonstrating significant ambition in global climate action. Thailand's emissions reduction target, based on the 2019 baseline, strikes a balance between ambition and fairness, ensuring that its contributions are both impactful and realistically achievable given its national circumstances. - 11 - Equity in climate targets ensures that countries with higher capacities and lower historical emissions—such as Thailand—set ambitions that align with both their ability to act and their developmental needs. In assessing its fair share, Thailand emphasizes key elements of robust climate action through a balanced approach: maximizing national ambition, safeguarding people, ecosystem, nature, lives, and livelihoods, advancing sustainable development objectives, and supporting stronger climate efforts among other developing nations. In addition to advancing conventional renewable energy (RE) and energy efficiency (EE) options, Thailand is closely monitoring the latest breakthroughs in hydrogen and nuclear technologies. The power, transport, and industry sectors account for two thirds of Thailand's national emissions. In addition to RE and EE initiatives, Thailand is exploring Carbon Capture Utilization and Storage (CCS/CCUS) as a promising solution to mitigate GHG emissions. Efforts are underway to evaluate the feasibility of CCS/CCUS projects. Even as Thailand intensifies domestic decarbonization across all sectors, its open economy and limited domestic resources make international partnerships indispensable for success. (b) Fairness considerations, including Although Thailand contributed about 0.5% of global net greenhouse reflecting on equity; gas (GHG) emissions in 2019, with a GDP per capita of approximately USD 7,811, it is undertaking ambitious efforts across the whole economy to achieve a 47% reduction in net emissions from the 2019 baseline. (c) How the Party has addressed Thailand’s NDC 3.0 complies with Article 4, paragraph 3 of Article 4, paragraph 3, of the the Paris Agreement and reinforces the nation's commitment Paris Agreement; to global efforts to maintain the 1.5-degree target. Building on its initial 2015 NDC, which emphasized sector-specific targets for clean and renewable energy under a business-as-usual approach, Thailand has advanced significantly by adopting economy-wide emission reduction targets based on 2019 baseline. This commitment is further strengthened by a strategic initiative to achieve net-zero emissions by 2050 through the transformation of all economic sectors. (d) How the Party has addressed Thailand’s NDC 3.0 is an economy-wide absolute emission Article 4, paragraph 4, of the reduction target, which reflects its effort as a developing country Paris Agreement; Party to address Article 4, paragraph 4, of the Paris Agreement. (e) How the Party has addressed Not applicable Article 4, paragraph 6, of the Paris Agreement. - 12 -

7. How the nationally determined contribution contributes towards achieving the objective of the Convention as set out in its Article 2: (a) How the nationally determined Thailand’s NDC 3.0 is compliance with IPCC 1.5-degree pathways. contribution contributes towards Its efforts towards the achievement of net zero emissions by 2050 achieving the objective of the contribute to the objective of the Convention as set out Convention as set out in its in UNFCCC’s Article 2 to achieve stabilization of greenhouse gas Article 2; concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system. (b) How the nationally determined Considering Thailand's national circumstances outlined in Chapter 1 contribution contributes towards of its BTR1, NDC 3.0 aligns with Article 2.1(a) to hold the increase Article 2, paragraph 1(a), and in the global average temperature to well below 2-degree above Article 4, paragraph 1, of the pre-industrial levels and pursuing additional efforts to help limit Paris Agreement. temperature increase to 1.5-degree above pre-industrial levels. Thailand aims to reach its peaking of greenhouse gas emissions before 2030. This NDC sets Thailand on a trajectory toward achieving net-zero emissions by 2050. Thailand has committed to pursuing net zero emissions and its pathway is communicated in the LT-LEDS submission to the UNFCCC, which will be periodically reviewed and updated as needed. -13- Thailand’s Investment Needs and Prioritization Technology Availability Investment Cost Mitigation Potential Abatement Cost Sector Technology (Prioritized by TRL/CRI) (Million USD) (2030 - 2035) (MtCO2eq) (USD/tCO2) CCS/ CCS Hub (Offshore) TRL 8-9 / CRI 3 454.70 8.00 56.84 Small Modular Reactors (SMR/MMR) TRL 7 / CRI 2 25.43 2.00 12.72 SAF by Fischer-Tropsch (Synthetic Paraffinic Kerosene:SPK) TRL 8-9 / CRI 3 81.79 1.00 81.79 (Long-term plan) Ammonia (NH3) Co-Firing Power Plant (PPT) TRL 7-8 / CRI 2-3 250.00 2.00 125.00 Energy SAF Alcohol to Jet (Short to Long-term plan) TRL 8-9 / CRI 3 31.35 0.50 62.70 Early Coal-firing power plant phase-out TRL 9 / CRI 3-4 66.44 6.00 11.07 H2 Co-Firing Power Plant (PTT) TRL 7-8 / CRI 2-3 112.50 0.50 225.00 Indirect mitigation: Battery Energy Storage System (BESS) TRL 9 / CRI 5-6 55.69 - Supports grid stability Hydrogen Ship Cargo (Handy Size) TRL 6–7 / CRI 1-2 0.12 0.30 0.41 Hydrogen Truck TRL 8 / CRI 2-3 888.02 0.90 986.69 Hydrogen Ferry and Cruise Passenger TRL 7–8 / CRI 2-3 0.18 0.30 0.60 Transport E-Trucks (80,000 units) TRL 9 / CRI 3 923.95 1.20 769.96 E-Intercity bus (5,000 units) TRL 9 / CRI 4 1,679.92 1.80 933.29 Hydrogen-powered train TRL 8 / CRI 2-3 320.39 0.60 533.99 E-Boats (2,000 boats) TRL 8 / CRI 2-3 1,218.52 0.90 1,353.91 CCS Hub in Petrochemical Industry TRL 7-8 / CRI 2 113.93 0.81 140.65 Carbon Capture Utilization (CCU) TRL 6 / CRI 1-2 29.52 0.27 109.34 Limestone Calcine Clay Cement (LC3) TRL 8-9 / CRI 2-3 18.33 0.41 45.25 IPPU CCS in Cement Industry TRL 7-8 / CRI 2 246.08 0.54 455.71 Refrigerant Destruction Technology TRL 7-8 / CRI 2 0.26 0.27 0.97 Refrigerants (R-600a) (R-290) TRL 9 / CRI 5-6 238.22 0.41 588.19 - 14 - Technology Availability Investment Cost Mitigation Potential Abatement Cost Sector Technology (Prioritized by TRL/CRI) (Million USD) (2030 - 2035) (MtCO2eq) (USD/tCO2) Alternative rice straw and stubble management TRL 7-8 / CRI 2 45.00 707,700.00 34.31 (no burning) Alternate Wetting and Drying (AWD) TRL 9 / CRI 4 20.37 1,790,646.00 5.81 Improvement of animal feed TRL 5-7 / CRI 2 44.00 47,068.00 502.80 Agriculture Biochar TRL 8 / CRI 2-3 1.60 28,620.00 27.95 Site-Specific Nutrient Management TRL 8-9 / CRI 3 7.90 4,918.00 803.17 Indirect mitigation: Laser Land Leveling (LLL) for Rice Field TRL 9 / CRI 3 57.86 29.73 support AWD technology Landfill Gas Capture and Utilization TRL 9 / CRI 4 55.62 1.00 55.62 Organic Waste Composting and Decentralized Processing TRL 9 / CRI 3 29.36 0.50 58.73 Waste Material Recovery Facilities (MRFs) with Advanced Sorting TRL 9 / CRI 2-3 29.86 0.10 298.57 Plastic Recycling Technologies TRL 7-8 / CRI 2 Total Investment Needs 7,046.9 2,578,982.3 *Disclaimer: The research, information, and figures presented herein are preliminary and intended for discussion purposes only. All data, projections, and estimates are indicative and subject to change. A comprehensive feasibility study is required to further validate, refine, and confirm these findings before any conclusions can be drawn or decisions made. ** Additional Note: The prioritization of technologies in this table is based on their Technology Readiness Level (TRL) and Commercial Readiness Index (CRI). Technology with high TRL (8–9) and mid-range CRI (3–4) are considered “technically mature but commercially emerging.” These technologies are not yet widely deployed in the market and may still require international support, pilot projects, or enabling policy frameworks. By contrast, technologies with CRI 5–6 are often commercially viable and can be domestically scaled, while CRI 1–2 technologies are not yet commercially ready.