First National Adaptation Plan for Climate Change

3.2 Geographic Characteristics of South ACRONYMS 6 Sudan 37 FOREWORD 9 3.3 Economic Context Of South Sudan 39 PREFACE 10 3.4 Political and Administrative Context of South Sudan 40 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 11 Box 1: Transnational Considerations in Climate Change Adaptation Planning 41 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 12

3.5 Environmental Context of South Sudan 43

3.6 Social Context Of South Sudan 43 Chapter 1: Introduction 16 Box 2: Ethnic Diversity and Its Contribution to the NAP Process 45

1.1 South Sudan’s Context of Vulnerability 17 3.7 Gender Issues and Context 47

1.2 Goals, Objectives and Outcomes of 3.8 Post-Conflict Considerations 48 the NAP Process 17

3.9 Key Issues to Resolve with Respect to

1.3 South Sudan’s NAP Process 18 Understanding the National Context

1.4 Vision And Guiding Principles of the NAP and ­Circumstances for Climate Change Process 19 ­Adaptation in South Sudan 49

1.5 Functions Of The Nap 20

1.6 Overview Of Nap Contents 21 Chapter 4: Rationale for Conducting ­Adaptation in South Sudan 51 Chapter 2: Legal and Administrative 4.1 Introduction 52 ­Context for South Sudan’s National

4.2 Climate Context: Adaptation Plan 23 General Climate Characteristics 52

2.1 Introduction 24 4.3 Climate Change Overview:

2.2 Legal Basis and Mandate for the NAP 24 Observed Changes 55

2.3 Administrative Arrangements 25 Box 3: Extreme Rainfall in South Sudan 60

2.4 Key Stakeholders 28 4.4 A Note on Climate Monitoring and Data

2.5 Gender Considerations 34 Availability in South Sudan 60

2.6 Key Issues to Resolve with Respect to 4.5 Sectoral Baselines and Current and Future the Legal and Institutional Framework for Vulnerabilities 61 the NAP 34 4.6 General Recommendations for Sectors 69 Contents 3 Chapter 5: National Adaptation Plan Priority Sector 3: Ecosystems, Environment Alignment with Existing Strategic, and Biodiversity Conservation 93 Legal, and Regulatory Frameworks 70 Priority Sector 4: Human Settlements 95

5.1 Introduction 71 Priority Sector 5: Disaster Risk Reduction 97

5.2 Existing Progress 71 Priority Sector 6: Tourism and Recreation 99

5.3 Climate Change Plans and Policies 71 Priority Sector 7: Health 101

5.4 Other Documents and Policies 73 Priority Sector 8: Industry and Infrastructure 103 Priority Sector 9: Agriculture, Livestock Chapter 6: Climate Change Adaptation and Fisheries 104 Priorities 81

6.1 Introduction 82 Chapter 7: Next Steps for South Sudan’s

6.2 Short-Term Adaptation Programs 82 NAP Process 109 Short-Term Programme 1: Improved

7.1 Introduction 110 Coordination to Support Climate Change Adaptation and Planning 83 7.2 Next Steps 110 Short-Term Programme 2: Improving Human and Institutional Capacities to REFERENCES 112 Support Nap Process 85 Short-Term Programme 3: Data, Information and Knowledge Management Systems Appendix A: Composition of Technical Enhanced to Support Climate Change Working Groups 115 Adaptation Planning Processes 87

6.3 Sectoral Adaptation Matrices 88 Appendix B: NAP National and Subnational Priority Sector 1: Water Resources 90 Stakeholder Consultation List 117 Priority Sector 2: Energy 92 4 First National Adaptation Plan for Climate Change – Republic of South Sudan TABLES Table 1: Sectoral mainstreaming implementation programme 32 Table 2: Mean climate characteristics for Malakal and Juba cities 55 Table 3: Summary of projected climate changes in year 2090 in locations in South Sudan 58 Table 4: NAP entry points in National Development Strategy 2018-2021 74 Table 5: NAP linkages and relevance to sectoral and cross-cutting policies and strategies 78 FIGURES Figure 1: Map of South Sudan 38 Figure 2: Main climate zones of South Sudan 38 Figure 3: Structure of government administration in South Sudan 40 Figure 4: FAO spatial adaptive capacity indicators 44 Figure 5: Average rainfall in South Sudan. 53 Figure 6: Regional climographs: annual temperature and rainfall pattern for Malakal (9.5N, 31.6E) and Juba (4.9N, 31.6E) in South Sudan. 54 Figure 7: Annual temperature anomalies in South Sudan from 1960 to 2018 (base period 1961-1990). Data from CRU.CY.4.04 56 Figure 8: 20-year climate trends in rainfall, evaporation, and temperature in Darfur and Southern Sudan, 2011 57 Figure 9: Future temperature projections 59 Contents 5 ACRONYMS AfDB African Development Bank AU African Union BDC Boma Development Committee CAMP Comprehensive Agriculture Master Plan 2015-2040 CBO Community-Based Organization CDD Consecutive dry days CDMS Climate Data Management System CEDAW Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women CHW Community health worker CMIP Coupled Model Intercomparison Project CPA Comprehensive Peace Agreement CVRA Climate vulnerability and risk assessment DoM Department of Meteorology DRR Disaster Risk Reduction EAC East African Community EbA Ecosystem-Based Adaptation FAO Food and Agriculture Organization FEWSNET Famine Early Warning Systems Network GCF Green Climate Fund GCM General Circulation Model GEDSI Gender Equality, Disability, and Social Inclusion GEF Global Environment Facility GHA Greater Horn of Africa GHG greenhouse gas HDI Human Development Index IDMP Irrigation Development Master Plan 2015-2040 IDP Internally-displaced person (People) IGAD Intergovernmental Authority on Development INC Initial National Communication (to the UNFCCC) IOM International Organizations for Migration IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ITCZ Inter Tropical Convergence Zone LEG Least Developed Countries Expert Working Group LGA Local Government Act LGB Local Government Board MAFS Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security 6 First National Adaptation Plan for Climate Change – Republic of South Sudan MARF Ministry of Animal Resources and Fisheries MERL Monitoring, evaluation, reporting, and learning MGCSW Ministry of Gender, Child, and Social Welfare MHADM Ministry of Humanitarian Affairs and Disaster Management MWRI Ministry of Irrigation and Water Resources MoED Ministry of Electricity and Dams MoEF Ministry of Environment and Forestry MoFAIC Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation MoFP Ministry of Finance and Planning MoGEI Ministry of General Education and Instruction MoT Ministry of Transport MPM Ministry of Petroleum and Mining MWCT Ministry of Wildlife Conservation and Tourism NALEP National Agriculture and Livestock Extension Policy NAP National Adaptation Plan NAPA National Adaptation Programme of Action NAP-GSP National Adaptation Plan Global Support Programme NBI Nile Basin Initiative NBSAP National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan 2018-2027 NDA National Designated Authority (to the GCF) NDC Nationally Determined Contribution (to the Paris Agreement) NDS National Development Strategy 2018-2021 NGP National Gender Policy PDC Payam Development Committee PWD People (Person) With Disabilities RCP Representative Concentration Pathway RRC Relief and Rehabilitation Commission R-TGNU Revitalized Transitional Government of National Unity SDG Sustainable Development Goals SNDC Second Nationally Determined Contribution (to the Paris Agreement) SSDP South Sudan Development Plan 2011-2016 SSMD South Sudan Meteorological Department SSRRC South Sudan Relief and Rehabilitation Commission UNDP United Nations Development Programme UNEP United Nations Environment Programme UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change Acronyms 7 UNOCHA United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs USAID United States Agency for International Development WASH Water, sanitation, and hygiene WIGOS WMO Integrated Global Observing System WIS WMO Information System WMO World Meteorological Organization 8 First National Adaptation Plan for Climate Change – Republic of South Sudan FOREWORD South Sudan is the world’s youngest country, born This first National Adaptation Plan (NAP) embodies from a struggle for freedom and self-determination. South Sudan’s commitment to overcome these chal- As a new country, we have experienced challenges lenges. Over the next five years, the first NAP will in building a nation and assembling the accoutre- guide our efforts from a national level, down to our ments necessary for progressive governance in communities and households. The NAP consists of the best interests of the nation of South Sudan. We three priority pillars: have experienced further challenges and “growing pains” as internal conflict and divisions have threat- 1. Building climate resilient communities; ened to derail our common vision of a prosperous 2. Building a climate resilient economy and devel- and vibrant South Sudan. However, many of these opment trajectory; and troubles are behind us, as we move cautiously and 3. Building a climate-resilient environment and hopefully forward from the 2018 Peace Agreement ecosystems and the formation of the Transitional Government of National Unity in 2020. These pillars will be reached through coordinated action and the commitment of government and Moving forward, our country and our people will face non-government stakeholders. The pillars will be new challenges. One of the most significant of these operationalized through programmes of action is climate change. Our country is founded in part on implemented by ministries in the national govern- principles of environmental sustainability and the ment as well as subnational governments. The NAP knowledge that our natural environment nurtures us process includes supporting actions to strengthen and supports our lives and livelihoods. The Transi- climate governance in order to effectively achieve tional Constitution states that the people of South the priority pillars. The NAP, spearheaded by the Sudan “…are conscious of the need to manage our Ministry of Environment and Forestry (MoEF), envis- natural resources sustainably and efficiently for the ages a transformation in governance to mainstream benefit of the present and future generations…”. Part climate change considerations in government poli- of this is understanding that climatic conditions are cies, plans, and programmes. It also paves the way an important determinant shaping the potential and for scaled-up international support. prosperity of our great nation. However, through no fault of our own, our climate is changing, and will South Sudan is one of the most vulnerable coun- continue to change in the future. Though the people tries in the world to climate change. However, with of South Sudan have made virtually no contributions concerted effort, the people of South Sudan will be to the global threat of a warming atmosphere, its ef- united in their efforts to build resilience to climate fects have had an enormous impact on our economy change and to safeguard our future. As Minister of and society. Therefore, it is imperative that all South Environment and Forestry, it is my great honor to Sudanese take a proactive stance in addressing and introduce this landmark achievement. On behalf of adapting to climate change and building resilience. the Government of South Sudan, I hereby invite all South Sudanese, along with our international part- ners, to join together to implement this plan. Hon. Josephine Napwon Cosmas Minister of Environment and Forestry Republic of South Sudan Foreword 9 PREFACE Climate change is among the greatest challenges South Sudan’s National Environment Policy (NEP) of our time, representing a particularly pernicious (2015-2025) calls for the formulation of a national threat to the people of South Sudan. The prevalence strategy for climate change adaptation as well as of poverty, low levels of education and persistent support for efforts to reduce community vulnerability food insecurity, leave our country and its people and variability to climate change. This first NAP ful- extremely vulnerable to the physical processes and fills these mandates and provides a comprehensive impacts of climate change. Up to 95 percent of our framework for building resilience across all seg- population, more than 11 million people, depend on ments of our society. This is reflected in the vision climate-sensitive sectors, including agriculture, for- of the first NAP, which is to mainstream adaptation estry resources and fisheries for their livelihoods. planning within South Sudan’s development plan- We have experienced firsthand the ravages of cli- ning across different government line ministries mate change. For example, the East African drought and climate resilient communities and ensure cli- of 2011, which resulted in famine and loss of life for mate-centric development for long term resilience our people, and massive flooding in July-August and interruption of the poverty cycle. The processes 2014 that resulted in the deaths and displacement outlined in this document will allow our country to of more than 40,000 people. Recent issues include move forward together to confront the challenges heavy rainfall and flooding that cut off accessibility, of climate change. We shall do this in an inclusive increased water-borne diseases and the prevalence manner that is sensitive to the unique challenges of malaria and typhoid fever, washed away houses, and burdens carried by women, and which works lead to displacement, and damaged crops and farm- equitably to advance overall gender equality. Our land. The impacts of climate change are not limited approach to building resilience will be attentive to to one sector or one geographical area; they affect people with disabilities, internally displaced peo- all facets of life and every corner of the country. ple, refugees, and all groups and people that have been marginalized by socioeconomic processes or If left unaddressed, the impacts of climate change political conflicts. We do this because of our dream could undo the hard-fought gains our country has of an inclusive and prosperous country for all South achieved in terms of building peace and unity. For Sudanese. example, climate change is likely to lead to longer dry seasons and an increased prevalence of drought. I take pride in the work carried out by the Department This may exacerbate the factors that drive conflicts of Climate Change to formulate this first NAP, and over access to resources. We do, however, have the it is my honour to write these introductory remarks choice to anticipate and address these conditions and endorse this first NAP for the Republic of South before they arise through planning processes in- Sudan. This document, and the process that it rep- formed by the best available science. resents, is the first step on the road to a prosperous and climate-resilient future for all South Sudanese. Hon. Joseph Africano Bartel Undersecretary of Environment Republic of South Sudan 10 First National Adaptation Plan for Climate Change – Republic of South Sudan ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The government of South Sudan expresses its deep Programme (UNDP) and United Nations Environ- gratitude to national ministries and agencies, devel- ment Programme (UNEP) and funded by the Global opment partners, non-governmental organizations Environment Facility (GEF), for providing financial (NGO’s), academia, private sectors and all stake- and technical support for the preparation of the first holders for their contributions to the development of NAP, with special thanks to UNDP for leading the South Sudan’s first NAP. support. We would also like to acknowledge with appreciation the technical contribution made by the Our gratitude is extended to the Global Support Pro- UNEP regional Office and the World Meteorological gramme on National Adaptation Plans (NAP-GSP), Organization (WMO). jointly managed by the United Nations Development Mr. Payai Manyok John Deputy Director for Climate Change and UNFCCC National Focal Point for South Sudan Ministry of Environment and Forestry Republic of South Sudan Acknowledgements 11 12 First National Adaptation Plan for Climate Change – Republic of South Sudan Floods and droughts are a part of life in South Sudan The vision of the NAP is to mainstream adaptation due to natural climatic variability. Over generations, planning within South Sudan’s development plan- the people of South Sudan have developed strate- ning across different government line ministries gies to address these hazards. However, there are and climate resilient communities. This will ensure indications that anthropogenic global warming is climate-centric development for long term resilience contributing to change in South Sudan’s climate and and interruption of the poverty cycle. The mandate that these changes will only increase in the future. of the NAP is to build leadership and ensure stake- These changes take the form of sudden shocks, holder participation to fulfill South Sudan’s commit- such as extreme rainfall and flooding, and lon- ment to the UNFCCC and to operationalize climate ger-term stressors, which include gradual increases change adaptation at all levels. The NAP will play a in temperature and changes to seasonal precipita- number of key roles for South Sudan, including the tion patterns and averages. These processes have following: already had negative socio-economic impacts on the people of South Sudan in terms of increased ● Provide a roadmap of the steps needed to crop losses, loss of pasture lands and water re- mainstream climate change adaptation into sources for livestock, reduction of critical habitats planning and budgeting at national, state and for biodiversity in wetlands and forests, reduction in local levels. river flows and adverse impacts on key habitats in ● Identify actions that are needed to create en- wetland ecosystems. abling conditions for scaled up access to inter- national climate finance from both public and In response to these challenges, the Government of private sources. South Sudan has initiated its NAP process. This doc- ● Provide a baseline and starting point for climate ument, South Sudan’s first NAP for climate change, change adaptation in South Sudan by consol- is a landmark achievement in the country’s response idating all relevant information on the physical to climate change. The first NAP represents an processes and impacts of climate change important milestone in establishing a coordinated to establish a common understanding for all approach to building adaptive capacity and resil- stakeholders. ience to better manage the challenges the country ● Provide a common and coherent articulation of faces, including changing environmental conditions adaptation priorities to guide and coordinate all associated with climate change and global warming. stakeholders, including government agencies, The first NAP also follows guidelines introduced by non-governmental organizations (NGOs), de- the United Nations Framework Convention on Cli- velopment partners, civil society organizations mate Change (UNFCCC) in 2019. According to the and the private sector, along the same pathway ­UNFCCC, NAPs have two primary objectives: to a resilient and climate-adapted South Sudan. This includes providing a framework for deter- ● To reduce vulnerability to the impacts of climate mining and fulfilling South Sudan’s international change by building adaptive capacity and resil- commitments with respect to climate change ience; and adaptation. ● To facilitate the integration of climate change adaptation into relevant new and existing Given that climate change is a cross-cutting issue, policies, programmes, and activities and in the NAP process in South Sudan will involve a wide particular, development planning processes range of government and non-government stake- and strategies, within all relevant sectors and at holders at all levels of government. The NAP priori- different levels, as appropriate. tizes nine sectors: Executive Summary 13 1. agriculture, livestock and fisheries wealth of economic diversity, which can serve as an 2. disaster risk reduction important resource for building resilience, and which 3. energy provides locally-appropriate entry points for policies 4. environment, ecosystems and biodiversity con- and programmes, as well as channels for dissemina- servation tion of information about climate hazards. 5. health 6. human settlements Gender considerations are also highlighted, as there 7. tourism and recreation is a feedback loop between gender inequality and 8. industry, infrastructure and transportation climate-change vulnerability. On the one hand, wom- 9. water resources en and girls are more vulnerable to climate shocks and stressors in South Sudan for a variety of social The legal and administrative context for the NAP is and cultural reasons. On the other hand, because described in Chapter 2. The mandate for the NAP the impacts of climate change often fall dispropor- is embedded in the Transitional Constitution of 2011 tionately on the shoulders of women and girls, they which guarantees all South Sudanese communities can exacerbate already existing inequalities. For the right to a clean and healthy environment, stating these reasons, South Sudan’s first NAP prioritises that every individual is obligated to conserve the gender-sensitive and equitable approaches to build- environment for the benefit of present and future ing resilience. It understands that special measures generations. and attention are needed to address socially-differ- entiated vulnerabilities. The NAP process will be led by the MoEF. Hori- zontal coordination among national level lines and Chapter 4 presents the scientific evidence-base for coordinating ministries will include roles and respon- South Sudan’s adaptation response. There is a sig- sibilities for a range of agencies and a permanent nificant degree of uncertainty concerning the future coordination mechanism including a national Cli- trajectory and manifestations of global warming in mate Change Working Group. Supporting Thematic South Sudan. To be effective, climate-change plan- Working Groups will be also be established. The ning must rely on the best-available scientific data NAP process will guide efforts to mainstream climate and information. Global project financiers, such as change adaptation considerations into day-to-day the Green Climate Fund, require that the projects processes of governance for key agencies; to this they finance be predicated on a sound scientific end Chapter 2 includes a five-year programme with basis and understanding of the physical processes indicative benchmarks to support mainstreaming. and impacts of climate change, the climate rationale. At the same time, developing a rigorous climate ra- The impacts of climate change are the result of the tionale on an ad hoc basis for policies and project interaction of physical processes (e.g. increasing development processes is beyond the capacity and temperatures, changing patterns of rainfall) and remit for most government- and non-government human systems. The vulnerability of people, places agencies. Chapter 4 therefore addresses the sci- and things to changing environmental conditions as- ence for all stakeholders in South Sudan and estab- sociated with climate change is shaped by a variety lishes a common language and understanding of of non-climate factors. Therefore, reducing vulnera- the observed and projected impacts the country will bility and increasing resilience to climate shocks and face into the future. stressors must address these non-climate drivers. To ensure maximum effectiveness and country Chapter 3 of the NAP provides an overview of eco- ownership, the NAP is aligned with national and nomic, social, political, environmental and cultural sectoral planning processes and priorities, as de- characteristics in South Sudan that influence both scribed in Chapter 5. This chapter describes how vulnerability and adaptive capacity. These condi- the NAP builds on previous government-led adap- tions are described so that climate-change adapta- tation efforts in South Sudan, including the National tion-plans and programmes take into consideration Adaptation Programme of Action (NAPA) (2016), and the country’s socioeconomic development trajecto- the NAP’s alignment with the country’s Nationally ry and anticipate future hazards and threats to that Determined Contribution to the Paris Agreement trajectory. Special focus is placed on South Sudan’s (NDC). In addition, this chapter provides an analysis 14 First National Adaptation Plan for Climate Change – Republic of South Sudan of the goals and priorities outlined in South Sudan’s and international NGOs and multilateral develop- Vision (2040) and its National Development Strategy ment banks as they plan their activities in South (2018-2021). This analysis looks at the priority mea- Sudan over the same timeframe. sures described in these documents, in the context of changing climatic conditions, to identify potential Chapter 6 provides several short-term priorities climate threats that could undermine the country’s that should be addressed by the Government of progress towards its goals and its overall develop- South Sudan and its partners over the 2020-2023 ment trajectory. time frame. These actions have been identified to address gaps that currently exist with respect to hu- To address these vulnerabilities, the NAP outlines man awareness and capacity, and governance and entry points for action to be taken in building the institutional mechanisms. Addressing these short- resilience of South Sudan’s development trajec- term actions will strengthen the NAP process and tory. The chapter also includes links to a range of will enhance the ability of all stakeholders in South cross-cutting and sectoral-development strategies Sudan to build their own resilience and adaptive and policies. It is envisaged that in the future, as capacity. It is envisaged that these actions will be line agencies develop their long-term strategies addressed with support from development partners and implementation plans, they will incorporate the utilizing existing climate finance, including support priorities identified through the NAP process, and available through the Green Climate Fund’s Readi- that they will also draw on the evidence base that is ness Support Programme. There is currently at least presented in the NAP to support climate resilience at one project in preparation which intends to access the sectoral level. these funds. As noted above, the NAP addresses nine priority This first NAP should be considered a living docu- sectors. For each of these sectors, the NAP includes ment, to be modified and expanded as necessary. sectoral programmes to address priority vulnerabil- The NAP is intended to be presented to the UNF- ities. These sectoral programmes contain priorities CCC, and to guide adaptation in South Sudan from drawn from existing climate change documents (e.g. 2021-2025. The final chapter of the NAP outlines NAPA, NDC) which have been validated by relevant the next steps which should be carried out to further stakeholders during the NAP formulation process. enhance the NAP process. This includes developing The programmes also contain recommended a communication plan, a monitoring and evaluation actions that were formulated to address sectoral plan and a detailed implementation plan to achieve vulnerabilities that emerged during the NAP formu- the priorities described in the sectoral adaptation lation. These programmes represent South Sudan’s programmes. The NAP process is intended to be current adaptation priorities and should be used as iterative and so it is expected that in 2024 the gov- the basis for all climate change adaptation projects ernment will evaluate progress of the first NAP, and formulated over the next five years. They should also begin the process of formulating the second NAP. provide guidance to development partners, national Executive Summary 15 Chapter 1: Introduction 16 First National Adaptation Plan for Climate Change – Republic of South Sudan

1.1 SOUTH SUDAN’S CONTEXT OF VULNERABILITY Changes in rainfall patterns and total annual rainfall Floods and droughts are a part of life in South Sudan amounts are expected but these are less certain due to natural climatic variability. Over generations, than changes in temperature. Despite the uncer- the people of South Sudan have developed strate- tainty surrounding changes in rainfall parameters, it gies to address these hazards. However, there are is extremely likely that increasing temperatures will undeniable indications that anthropogenic global have significant consequences for water resources, warming is contributing to changes in South Sudan’s agriculture, natural resource management, human climate and that these changes will only increase health, biodiversity and infrastructure. South Sudan in the future. These changes take the form of sud- is also likely to experience changes in the frequency den shocks, such as extreme rainfall and flooding, and/or severity of extreme climate events, such as and longer-term stressors, which include gradual heat waves, droughts, and floods. Overall it is expect- increases in temperature and changes to seasonal ed that if significant actions are not taken, climate precipitation patterns and averages.1 These pro- change will reduce crop and livestock production, cesses have already had negative socio-economic increase poverty, increase conflict, reduce peoples’ impacts on the people of South Sudan in terms of in- income and livelihoods, reduce wildlife habitats and creased crop losses, loss of pasture lands and water furthermore, increase the incidence of pests and resources for livestock, reduction of critical habitats diseases while reducing the ability of ecosystems for biodiversity in wetlands and forests, reduction in to sustain livelihoods. All of these factors have a river flows, and adverse impacts on key habitats in high potential to slow the economic development of wetland ecosystems. South Sudan. A recent assessment by the African Development In short, climate change poses multiple threats that Bank (AfDB) projects that South Sudan may face have the potential to derail South Sudan’s develop- losses to its gross domestic product (GDP) by up ment and peace-building trajectory. There is a clear to as much as 10 percent higher than the next most imperative to establish a comprehensive response exposed region (India) (BRACED, 2017). South Sudan to climate change that empowers South Sudan and has experienced increasing temperature trends over its people to thrive and grow into the future. This vast regions of the country, rising by an average of first NAP represents the first step in establishing this .4ºC per decade between the late 1960s to 2000s. response. By 2060, anthropogenic climate change is likely to lead to an increase in average temperatures in 1.2 GOALS, OBJECTIVES AND South Sudan by up to 1.5ºC over and above 2020 ­OUTCOMES OF THE NAP PROCESS values (USAID, 2019). Such rates of increase make Building on NAPA,3 the NAP development process South Sudan one of the most vulnerable countries was established under the UNFCCC in 2010 as part in the world to the impacts of climate variability and of the Cancun Adaptation Framework. Whereas change. In 2017 the country was ranked as 5th most NAPA was designed to facilitate the identification of vulnerable to climate change globally.2 1 Throughout this document the term “shock” will be used to refer to sudden onset events, while “stressor” is used to refer to on- going processes of change that take place over longer periods of time. The use of these terms is consistent with the international lexicon used to describe climate change processes. 2 See 2017 Verisk Maplecroft Climate Change Vulnerability Index Summary: https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/ verisk%20index.pdf 3 South Sudan’s NAPA was approved in 2016 and, in keeping with the intended function of NAPAs, includes recommended actions to address the country’s most pressing climate vulnerabilities. Chapter 1: Introduction 17 the most urgent climate vulnerabilities and to guide ternational efforts to enhance resilience to climate action over the short term, the NAP process enables change and disasters. South Sudan recognizes that parties to the UNFCCC to formulate and implement establishing synergies and linkages, where possible, NAPs as a means of identifying medium- and long- between the NAP and these other key processes is term adaptation needs and to develop and imple- essential to: ment strategies and programmes to address those needs. It is a continuous, progressive, and iterative ● Contributing to achieving the Global Goal on process that follows a country-driven, gender-sen- Adaptation (GGA) by reducing vulnerability sitive, participatory and fully transparent approach. through integrating adaptation considerations The objectives of the NAP process are as follows:4 into all relevant plans, policies, and strategies, and prioritizing and planning for adaptation; ● To reduce vulnerability to the impacts of climate ● Ensuring that the adaptation component of change by building adaptive capacity and resil- the NDC becomes a strategic and ambitious ience; and vehicle for capturing, reporting and updating ● To facilitate the integration of climate change commitments and progress; and adaptation, in a coherent manner, into relevant ● Aligning long-term national development prior- new and existing policies, programmes, and ities with the Sustainable Development Goals activities, in particular development planning (SDGs) framework and 2030 Agenda. processes and strategies, within all relevant sectors and at different levels, as appropriate.

1.3 SOUTH SUDAN’S NAP PROCESS In practical terms, these objectives cover not only The Government of South Sudan launched its NAP specific projects and programmes aimed at decreas- process in 2016. The launch involved technical ing vulnerability, but also a broader evolution of consultations with link ministries and a stakeholder governance so that climate change considerations workshop to endorse the NAP concept, chaired by are mainstreamed5 into day-to-day processes of ministry undersecretaries. From 2016-2020, the De- governance at all levels. In this way, climate change partment of Climate Change (the lead agency for the mainstreaming is viewed as a principle of good gov- NAP) has participated in several capacity develop- ernance, similar to transparency and accountability. ment and planning workshops implemented by the Mainstreaming helps to ensure that public sector UNDP and UNEP and the NAP Global Support Pro- investments continue to provide benefits amidst gramme (NAP-GSP). Through these processes the changing climatic conditions, and that the gov- NAP has gradually taken shape. The NAP builds on ernment is taking steps to promote the safety and previous efforts to establish a national response to well-being of all South Sudanese people in the face climate change, including (NAPA), which was issued of emerging hazards. in 2016, the country’s first Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) to the Paris Agreement, issued The NAP process in South Sudan will facilitate the in 2015, and the First State of the Environment and coordinated and structured identification of key Outlook Report, which was published in 2018. adaptation issues, gaps, priorities and resource re- quirements for more effective planning, implemen- Work on the present document began in late 2019, tation and monitoring of adaptation in South Sudan. when the Government of South Sudan partnered The NAP establishes a common understanding of with NAP-GSP to formulate the first NAP based on climate change challenges for all stakeholders, as guidance received from the UNFCCC and the Least well as a common language and priorities to over- Developed Countries Expert Working Group (LEG). come these challenges so that all stakeholders are This guidance included a general outline of key NAP working in concert. The NAP process will also build contents and was intended to assist least developed on South Sudan’s NDCs and other national and in- countries (LDCs) in completing an initial NAP for sub- 4 UNFCCC decision 5/CP.17, paragraph 1 5 Throughout this document, mainstreaming refers to the incorporation of climate change adaptation considerations into day-to- day processes of governance at national, sectoral, and subnational levels. This includes incorporation into planning, budgeting and regulatory frameworks. 18 First National Adaptation Plan for Climate Change – Republic of South Sudan mission to the UNFCCC by the end of 2020. This in- ● Relevant regulatory frameworks and institution- formal deadline was motivated by the fact that 2020 al arrangements for climate change adaptation; was the target year for scaled-up financial support and from developed countries to support developing ● A set of priority adaptation programmes corre- countries’ responses to climate change.6 Since one sponding to the nine sectors prioritised by the of the functions of an NAP is to provide a blueprint Government of South Sudan. for channeling international financial support for ad- aptation into developing countries, not having a NAP Though this initial NAP is based on extensive re- in place is perceived to be a disadvantage. search and consultations with a wide range of stake- holders, the Government of South Sudan recognizes This initial document was prepared from January that additional work is needed to fully energize and to August 2020 with consultations taking place be- operationalize its NAP process. It is envisaged that tween March and August 2020. Consultations were additional work will be conducted over the period conducted at national and subnational levels. At 2020-2022 to strengthen the NAP process. It is ex- subnational level, Northern Bahr el Ghazal state and pected that this work will be supported by UNEP and Upper Nile state were selected for consultations. other partners, and will be supported with readiness Consultations targeted stakeholders from various and other funds available through the Green Climate national and state ministries. Consultations were Fund (GCF) and other partners. With this in mind, this also conducted with civil society and NGO represen- initial NAP provides extensive recommendations to tatives, local leaders, academicians and researchers strengthen the NAP process during this near-term and private sector stakeholders. Multi-stakeholder period. These recommendations appear in each consultations and engagements included key infor- chapter of the initial NAP and are collated into a mant interviews (KII) and focus group discussions programme of short-term priority actions described (FGD) with 3-4 individuals.7 An extensive desktop re- in Chapter 6. view was employed to compile and analyse data and information relating to the physical processes and It should be noted that the development of this first impacts of climate change. The entire NAP stocktak- NAP has been affected significantly by the global ing, consultation and drafting process was conduct- Coronavirus crisis that emerged in early 2020. ed under the guidance of the Deputy Director for Due to this situation and the Government of South Climate Change, who serves as the UNFCCC focal Sudan’s precautionary responses to the pandemic, point within the Ministry of Environment and Forest- most of the in-person stakeholder consultations that ry. Technical and material support was provided by were scheduled had to be cancelled. In addition, the NAP Global Support Programme (implemented the Coronavirus emergency has also affected the jointly by UNDP and UNEP) and the UNDP Country delivery of technical assistance from development Office for South Sudan. The final draft of the first partners aimed at supporting the formulation of this NAP was validated through a series of five validation NAP. However, in consideration of the Government workshops in September 2020. of South Sudan’s priority to have the initial NAP completed by the end of 2020, the MoEF has deter- The initial NAP includes the following contents fol- mined to exert all reasonable effort to complete this lowing the UNFCCC/LEG guidance: document as quickly as possible. ● National circumstances (geographic, environ- mental, economic, and social); ● Vision and goal for adaptation; ● Rationale for conducting climate change adap- tation in South Sudan; ● An overview of climate impacts, vulnerabilities, and risks; 6 In 2009 at COP15 in Copenhagen, in decision 2/CP.15, developed countries decided to commit to a goal of mobilizing jointly US$100 billion a year by 2020 to address the needs of developing countries. 7 FGD participants were limited due to Covid-19 safeguards against large gatherings. Chapter 1: Introduction 19

1.4 VISION AND GUIDING PRINCIPLES baseline information and the fostering of re- OF THE NAP PROCESS search capabilities within South Sudan; The vision of the NAP is to mainstream adaptation ● Full integration of indigenous knowledge into planning within South Sudan’s development plan- South Sudan’s adaptation response; ning across different government line ministries ● Consideration of land tenure issues; and and climate resilient communities, and ensuring ● The NAP process should be fully owned and climate-centric development for long term resilience driven by the people of South Sudan. and interruption of the poverty cycle. The mandate of the NAP is to build leadership and ensure stake- 1.5 FUNCTIONS OF THE NAP holder participation to fulfill South Sudan’s commit- Although the NAP process has been designed for ment to the UNFCCC, and to operationalize climate all developing countries, and although the UNFCCC change adaptation at all levels. and Least Developed Countries Expert Working Group has released guidance on NAP coverage, the The NAP process shall follow a number of guiding process is intended to be completely country driven. principles to ensure that it is consistent with the This means that each country’s NAP will have roles values and ideals of the government and people and functions specific to that country. In the case of of South Sudan. These principles have been deter- South Sudan, the functions of the NAP are as follows: mined through an extensive process of stakeholder consultation and include the following: ● To provide a roadmap of the steps needed to ● Integration and adaptation of needs from multi- mainstream climate change adaptation into ple sectors and pursuit of complementary activ- planning and budgeting at national, state, and ities that contribute to South Sudan’s social and local levels; economic development trajectory and goals; ● To identify actions that are needed to create ● Alignment of actions that should advance South enabling conditions for scaled up access to in- Sudan’s peace building processes; ternational climate finance from both public and ● Promotion of gender equality and equity in a private sources; manner consistent with South Sudan’s National ● To provide a baseline and starting point for Gender Policy and that women playing a lead- climate change adaptation in South Sudan by ing role in adaptation planning and implemen- consolidating all relevant information on the tation at all levels is actively ensured; physical processes and impacts of climate ● Paying special attention to groups that are most change and establish a common understanding vulnerable to climate change impacts, including for all stakeholders; farmers, pastoralists, internally-displaced peo- ● To provide a structure so that traditional systems ple (IDPs), and female-headed households;8 of governance and community organization can ● Contribution to the further development of be incorporated into formal processes of adap- legislative and regulatory frameworks in South tation-planning and implementation; and Sudan; ● To provide a common and coherent articulation ● South Sudan’s adaptation response to climate of adaptation priorities to guide and coordinate change should promote livelihood diversifica- all stakeholders, including government agen- tion and provide co-benefits that are consistent cies, NGOs, development partners, civil society with South Sudan’s other development priori- organizations, and the private sector, along the ties; same pathway to a resilient and climate-adapt- ● The promotion of capacity building of human, ed South Sudan. This includes providing a institutional, technical, and financial resources framework for determining and fulfilling South which should be incorporated into the design Sudan’s international commitments with re- of projects and programmes for adaptation; spect to climate change adaptation. ● Promotion of long-term research on climate change adaptation, including the collection of 8 It should be noted that this list is not exhaustive and will likely be expanded to include additional groups as the NAP process progresses. 20 First National Adaptation Plan for Climate Change – Republic of South Sudan The NAP will: empowers government stakeholders (e.g. line min- istries and subnational governments) to incorporate ● Guide effective facilitation and institutional co- guidance from the NAP into day-to-day processes of ordination around climate change adaptation governance, such as planning, budgeting, personnel planning and coordination decisions and regulatory frameworks. Therefore, this ● Serve as a tool for implementation of climate chapter proposes legal arrangements to encourage change adaptation in South Sudan; buy-in from government stakeholders at national ● Ensure effective institutional coordination and and subnational levels to ensure that the priorities help to ensure complementarities and syner- described in the NAP are implemented. This chap- gies between line ministries that are part of ter also proposes institutional and administrative South Sudan’s climate change adaptation re- arrangements for NAP implementation, including a sponse high-level inter-ministerial steering mechanism and ● Guide the process of accelerating resource mo- subsidiary technical working groups. The chapter bilization for adaptation and guide mainstream- also presents considerations for ensuring buy-in ing into the National Development Strategy from sectoral stakeholders and a mechanism for ● Deliver effective long-lasting adaptation out- facilitating mainstreaming of the NAP into sectoral comes for climate change affected populations processes. Also within Chapter 2 are potential entry in South Sudan and ensure integration of cli- points for integrating guidance from the NAP into mate change within all priority sectors the annual planning and budgeting cycle. ● Help South Sudan meet its obligations under the UNFCCC and help the country to align its Chapter 3 National Circumstances: Chapter 3 national priorities with sustainable develop- provides general background information about so- ment objectives cio-economic, political, environmental and cultural conditions in South Sudan. This information is im- The NAP includes nine priority sectors. These sec- portant for adaptation planning because these sys- tors are described throughout this document and tems interact with the physical processes of climate the adaptation measures that emerge from the NAP change described in Chapter 4 to produce impacts. process will focus on these sectors: The chapter describes some of the challenges that South Sudan faces as a post-conflict LDC and how ● Agriculture, livestock, and fisheries these characteristics shape vulnerability to climate ● Disaster risk reduction change and adaptive capacity in the country. This ● Energy information is also important because the NAP pro- ● Environment, ecosystems and biodiversity con- cess should be consistent with the specific national servation and local conditions in South Sudan and should be ● Health consistent with the aspirations of the South Suda- ● Human settlements nese people. The chapter also describes the unique ● Tourism and recreation cultural richness of South Sudan as a potential entry ● Industry, infrastructure and transportation point for community-led climate change adaptation. ● Water resources Chapter 4 Rationale for Conducting Climate Adap- tation in South Sudan: This chapter provides the ev-

1.6 OVERVIEW OF NAP CONTENTS idence base for climate change adaptation planning, This initial NAP contains seven chapters and appen- policy/regulatory formulation, and project design, by dices as describe below. consolidating information on the physical processes of climate change, and their impacts. The chapter Chapter 2 Legal and Administrative Context for also provides information on observed changes in South Sudan’s NAP: This chapter describes the legal physical parameters (e.g. observed temperature in- basis for the NAP, including the mandate for the NAP creases, observed changes in the timing and amount and its linkages to South Sudan’s broader economic of precipitation) as well as information on projected and social development strategies. There is clear changes into the future, based on the most recent evidence that an essential prerequisite for effective projections available. It also describes capacity gaps implementation of NAPs is a legal mandate that and needs within the South Sudan Meteorological Chapter 1: Introduction 21 Department (SSMD) and recommendations for ad- South Sudan’s NAP process and include mostly soft dressing these gaps. Lastly, the chapter describes measures for capacity development, awareness potential impacts in each of the NAP priority sectors. raising, improving institutional capacities, enhancing data, information, and knowledge management, Chapter 5 National Adaptation Plan Alignment and for strengthening vertical and horizontal coor- with Existing Strategic, Legal, and Regulatory dination for climate change adaptation. The second Frameworks: Described in chapter 5 are the regula- matrix lays out priority adaptation programmes for tory and institutional frameworks and arrangements each of the eight priority sectors. These adaptation that are relevant to the formulation and implemen- priorities consist of two sets of actions: 1) those tation of the NAP. The chapter describes the steps derived from other Government of South Sudan South Sudan has already taken in developing its policies and strategies related to climate adaptation; response to climate change, as well as additional and 2) actions that were determined through the strategies, plans and policies that are directly and review and consultative processes conducted for indirectly related to formulating a comprehensive this NAP. This set of actions corresponds to barriers, NAP. The chapter provides brief information on gaps and needs, as well as recommendations from NAPA, the Initial National Communication (INC) to various stakeholders. the UNFCCC, and the NDC to the Paris Agreement. The chapter also describes non-climate change pol- Chapter 7 Next Steps for South Sudan’s NAP icies and plans of relevance to the NAP process and Process. This concluding chapter provides a short entry points so that the NAP process can be aligned description of next steps to build on the first NAP. with existing policies and processes. These next steps include the development of a financing strategy, the formulation of a monitoring, Chapter 6 Climate Change Adaptation Priorities: evaluation, and learning (MEL) framework, compiling Chapter 6 presents two separate action matrices. of a communication strategy for the NAP and other The first covers recommended actions for imple- relevant actions. These steps will be completed in mentation over the short-term period from 2020 the near term (2020-2022) along with the full suite to 2022. These actions are intended to strengthen of short-term actions described in Chapter 6. 22 First National Adaptation Plan for Climate Change – Republic of South Sudan Chapter 2: Legal and Administrative ­Context for South Sudan’s National Adaptation Plan Chapter 2: Legal and Administrative ­Context for South Sudan’s National Adaptation Plan 23

2.1 INTRODUCTION Transitional Constitution of 2011 This chapter describes the legal basis for the NAP, The implicit mandate and legal basis for initiating the including the mandate for the NAP and its linkages NAP process is rooted in the Transitional Constitu- to South Sudan’s existing institutional administrative tion which directs the government of South Sudan system. There is clear evidence that an essential at all levels to ensure sustainable development as a prerequisite for the effective implementation of way of protecting the environment for the benefit of NAPs is a legal mandate that empowers government both present and future generations, through sound stakeholders (e.g. line ministries and subnational legislative action and other policies. The Transitional governments) to incorporate guidance from the NAP Constitution asserts that the people of South Sudan into day-to-day processes of governance, such as “…are conscious of the need to manage our natural planning, budgeting, personnel decisions, and reg- resources sustainably and efficiently for the benefit ulatory frameworks. As such, this chapter proposes of the present and future generations and to erad- legal arrangements to encourage buy-in from gov- icate poverty and attain the MDGs (Millennium De- ernment stakeholders at national and subnational velopment Goals).”9 Particularly, articles 41 (1), (2) and levels to ensure that the priorities described in the (3) offer all South Sudanese communities the right to NAP are implemented. This chapter also proposes a clean and healthy environment, stating that every institutional and administrative arrangements for individual is obligated to conserve the environment NAP implementation, including a high-level in- for the benefit of present and future generations. It ter-ministerial steering mechanism and a technical also states that every person has the right to have working group. The chapter also presents consider- the environment protected through appropriate ations for ensuring buy-in from sectoral stakehold- legislative strategies and other policies that prevent ers and a mechanism for facilitating mainstreaming pollution and ecological degradation, promote con- of the NAP into sectoral processes. The chapter servation, safe and sound ecologically sustainable also presents potential entry points for integrating development and the use of natural resources guidance from the NAP into the annual planning and while promoting balanced economic and social de- budgeting cycle. velopment so as to safeguard genetic stability and biodiversity. These provisions within the Transitional Constitution provide broad support and sanction for

2.2 LEGAL BASIS AND MANDATE FOR the NAP process. THE NAP The mandate to establish South Sudan’s NAP National Environment Policy (2015-2025) and process is derived from several key documents, South Sudan National Draft Environmental including the country’s organic laws as well as inter- Protection Bill (2012) national treaties. This mandate firmly establishes the These were designed to offer strategic direction and NAP process as a priority of the entire government, coordination on climate change response concerns regardless of political orientation. This mandate in South Sudan, including climate change adaptation allows for the NAP to recommend roles and respon- and mitigation. The National Environment Policy sibilities for various stakeholders in planning and calls for the development of a national strategy for implementing South Sudan’s adaptation response to climate change adaptation and mitigation, the for- climate change. The following paragraphs provide mulation of a climate change policy for South Sudan, further details on the legal basis for the NAP. and support for efforts to reduce community vulner- ability to climate variability and change. The NAP will 9 The NAP also interprets this as a mandate for addressing the Sustainable Development Goals, as they are the successor to the Millennium Development Goals. 24 First National Adaptation Plan for Climate Change – Republic of South Sudan serve as the country’s national strategy and action forward their best efforts through nationally devel- plan for climate change adaptation and will provide oped contributions. In the case of South Sudan, this a framework and specific steps for addressing vul- covers both adaptation and mitigation. The country’s nerability. The South Sudan National Environment signature on the Paris Agreement therefore supports Policy (2015-2025)/South Sudan National Environ- the mandate to initiate the NAP process. mental Bill (2012) contains four key observations that underscore the need for a coordinated approach to

2.3 ADMINISTRATIVE ARRANGEMENTS climate change adaptation, which the NAP will pro- vide. This section describes the administrative and institu- tional arrangements for the NAP process. 1. It recognizes the need for enacting legislation and regulations on the management of the 2.3.1 Lead Agency: Ministry of Environment environment and climate change. The NAP pro- and Forestry (MoEF) cess will facilitate efforts to advance national MoEF serves as the lead agency responsible for ad- climate change legislation and will provide sup- dressing the challenges of climate change over the port to national line agencies, their subnational medium and long term. MoEF plays a coordination counterparts and communities, with respect and implementation role and serves as the national to establishing regulatory frameworks that are focal point to the UNFCCC and the National Desig- conducive to adaptation and resilience build- nated Authority (NDA) to the GCF. MoFP will serve as ing. the lead agency to coordinate the formulation and 2. It defines the responsibilities at different levels implementation of the NAP. of governance including those of private sector institutions. The NAP process will build on these MoEF has several important agencies nested within existing roles to incorporate climate change re- it that are relevant to formulating and implementing sponsibilities where appropriate. South Sudan’s response to climate change. These 3. It emphasizes the importance of ensuring that include: environmental legal frameworks developed at different levels of government are consistent ● The Directorate of Climate Change and Me- with each other and have sound environmental teorology which develops and implements management. In keeping with this observation, programmes to address climate change issues through the NAP process, the Government of and coordinates the implementation of South South Sudan will establish coherent arrange- Sudan’s obligations under the UNFCCC. This ments for the coordination of climate change directorate is most relevant to climate change adaptation planning and implementation from adaptation and is mandated to i) undertake in- the national, through the state and county, and stitutional capacity development; ii) strengthen down to the payam and boma levels. partnerships and collaborations with all nation- 4. Finally, it recommends that all legal frameworks al and subnational stakeholders to address developed in South Sudan are consistent with climate change; iii) develop national response the international agreements that South Sudan strategies to climate change; and iv) strengthen is party to, including the UNFCCC, the Paris the national capacity of meteorological ser- Agreement and the Agenda for Sustainable vices. Development. ● The Directorate of Environmental Planning and Sustainable Development is responsible for i) These four observations provide guiding consider- undertaking capacity development; ii) develop- ations for the NAP and have been incorporated into ing the National Environmental Strategic Plan; the guiding principles for the NAP (section 1.4). Each iii) undertaking research and development; iv) of these observations will also inform the NAP pro- preparing the State of the Environment in South cess as it evolves in coming years. Sudan reports; v) strengthening partnerships and collaboration with stakeholders, vi) prepar- UNFCCC/Paris Agreement: ing the National Environmental Management South Sudan ratified the Paris Agreement on 22 Action Plan for South Sudan; vii) coordinating April 2016. The Agreement requires all parties to put South Sudan’s multilateral environmental Chapter 2: Legal and Administrative ­Context for South Sudan’s National Adaptation Plan 25 agreements and viii) preparing the budget for and that the CCWG will facilitate interagency coordi- the Ministry. nation as well. It is expected that the need for inter- ● The Directorate of Environmental Education agency coordination on climate change issues will and Information comprises the Department of increase significantly in the future, as priority sector Information and the Department of Education. ministries and agencies build their own internal ca- These departments are responsible for advo- pacity to address climate change. cacy, awareness raising, and education and training, and will have roles in the NAP process The Government of South Sudan is in the process of commiserate with these functions. formalizing thematic working groups (TWGs) to con- duct the technical aspects of NAP formulation and

2.3.2 Interagency (horizontal) coordination implementation (e.g. conducting sectoral and subna- Horizontal coordination will be operationalized tional vulnerability assessments and providing rec- through the structures described below: ommendations for mainstreaming of climate change into sectoral planning, budgeting, and regulatory The Climate Change Working Group (CCWG) was frameworks). Previously TWGs had been established established in 2019. It is “…the essential stakehold- to support NAPAs formulation of the NAP. TWGs will er body and mechanism for ensuring the technical build on these groups. Over the short term (2020- review of proposals…and alignment with national 2022) it is expected that development partners will priorities and policies.”(MoEF, 2019). The network support capacity building efforts for these TWGs, provides a forum for approximately 80 members and the groups will be legally gazetted by early from line ministries, development partners, NGOs, 2021. It is also expected that terms of references will research and academic institutions and private sec- be developed for the TWGs over the short-term pe- tor stakeholders to actively participate, exchange riod. The TWGs are expected to meet at least three ideas and discuss lessons learned and best prac- times per year. The composition of these groups is tices on how to improve their work in response to described in Appendix A. climate change. The Department of Climate Change within the MoEF serves as the secretariat and chair As the CCWG and TWGs will be composed mainly of of the CCWG. The group meets on a quarterly basis government officials, there will be a need to establish and plays a substantial role in facilitating information effective mechanisms to engage non-government and resource sharing among government ministries stakeholders and ensure that they are meaningful- at national and state level and with international ly engaged in the planning and implementation of NGOs and development partners engaged in cli- South Sudan’s adaptation response. To facilitate this mate change issues. The network strives to increase engagement, over the short term (2020-2022) the the resilience of the most vulnerable populations in NAP process will establish two engagement mech- South Sudan by ensuring a better coordination of anisms: climate change responses and work. 1. Community Based Organization (CBO)/NGO However, the roles and responsibilities of the CCWG, Advisory Committee and Forum. The adviso- with respect to the NAP, have yet to be defined and ry committee will consist of a fixed number of formalized. One of the primary objectives over the representatives from various organizations who near term (2020-2022) is to formalize and make will provide inputs to the NAP process. A larger permanent the ad-hoc consultative and coordination forum will invite membership from international, processes that were utilized for the formulation of national, and subnational organizations and will the NAPA, NDC and INC (to the UNFCCC) To this provide an arena for sharing knowledge and end, the MoEF is currently working with UNEP to de- experiences, for coordinating action and for fine the roles and responsibilities of the CCWG with establishing synergistic partnerships between respect to overseeing the NAP process, and also members. The charter/terms of reference for determining the roles and responsibilities of priority the advisory committee will ensure that mem- ministries in the NAP process. It is expected that this bership and participation is representative of work will be completed by early 2021. It is envisaged South Sudan’s entire society, and will include that the CCWG will serve as the high-level steering elders, faith leaders, livelihood groups (e.g. and coordination mechanism for the NAP process, farmers, cattle herders), and other groups. 26 First National Adaptation Plan for Climate Change – Republic of South Sudan Questions regarding the scope of the advisory play a significant role in planning and implementa- committees, including frequency of meeting tion for South Sudan’s NAP process. However, in and selection procedures, will be determined many cases, subnational governments are still in the over the short-term period. process of being organized, and in general, there 2. Private Sector Advisory Committee and are significant gaps across a wide range of technical Forum. These bodies will function similarly to competencies needed for effective governance and the analogue bodies for CBOs/NGOs, but will public service provision. This is particularly true for also serve as an entry point for activities aimed climate change; while some subnational stakehold- at capacitating the private sector, catalysing ers may be aware of some concepts related to cli- private sector investment in adaptation, intro- mate change, there is little, if any, official recognition ducing adaptation technologies, and catalysing of climate change as a priority for action, and climate a greater role for the private sector in financing change considerations have not been incorporated adaptation and resilience building measures in in any meaningful manner in the apparatuses of South Sudan. government at subnational level. Currently there is no process for developing subnational adaptation or Both of these mechanisms will have permanent disaster management plans. There are no state level full-membership representatives on the CCWG. Over plans for disaster risk reduction or climate change the short-term period, the MoEF will identify partners adaptation, and for the most part, state governments and financing sources (e.g. GCF readiness funds) to have not begun to tackle planning for either climate capacitate these committees and to empower them change adaptation or disaster risk reduction. to function effectively. In addition, the NAP process will establish a third forum for members of academic At the same time, subnational levels of government and research institutions to advise on scientific and are dependent on the national government for knowledge management aspects relevant to the financial and technical support. This means that in NAP process. order to advance adaptation at subnational levels, a robust programme of technical capacity develop- Climate Change Finance Interministerial Steering ment, along with technical guidance with respect to Committee. TheMoEF proposed the establishment planning and budgeting, will need to be established of the Climate Change Finance Interministerial and implemented at national and subnational levels, Steering Committee during the process of estab- because there is interaction between national and lishing the institutional arrangements for the GCF state level agencies when it comes to developing National Designated Authority and the no-objection regulations, plans, and budgets (see below). As part procedure. It is expected that the Interministerial of the NAP process, the MoEF will coordinate a ca- Steering Committee will coordinate matters related pacity development programme to be implemented to financing of climate change projects and pro- by state ministries of local government, which are grammes. Currently the Committee does not exist, responsible for coordinating capacity building at but over the short-term period the Government of lower administrative levels. South Sudan will prioritize establishing and capaci- tating the Committee. With respect to sectoral planning, each state has line agencies (state ministries) for most sectors, that op-

2.3.3 Vertical coordination for climate change erate somewhat independently from their national adaptation counterparts. However, new sectoral regulations are South Sudan’s governance structure includes a fairly developed at national level and then disseminated high degree of decentralization, with states, coun- to the state level ministries. This means that main- ties, payam, and boma10 having some autonomy11. streaming of climate change into regulatory frame- This means that these local government units will works at state level will be initiated by the national 10 South Sudan has five administrative levels: National, State, County, Payam, and Boma. The lowest level, Boma, comprise one or more self-governing village units. 11 It should be noted here that constitutional reform is ongoing, and there are uncertainties as to the ultimate outcome with respect to governance and the distribution of powers between different levels of government. However, as the NAP process progresses, it will strive to align with government reform processes. Chapter 2: Legal and Administrative ­Context for South Sudan’s National Adaptation Plan 27 level line ministries, and so in the short term (2020- to hazards and directing disaster risk management 2022), MoEF will coordinate with the priority sector programmes in order to save lives, restore dignity, line ministries at national level to establish sectoral sustain hope for development and promote resilient programmes for mainstreaming and institutional communities to manage hazards and disasters in strengthening. South Sudan. The MHADM is responsible for the es- tablishment of a policy/legal and institutional frame- As noted in section 2.5, the NAP process envisages work for humanitarian assistance. The MHADM also a strong role for stakeholders at the boma, payam, monitors, assesses, updates and disseminates di- and county levels, especially with respect to identify- saster related information to the country and various ing vulnerabilities and designing and implementing stakeholders. This includes promotion of a culture adaptation measures. It is envisaged that this will of disaster awareness and building the capacity for take place through Payam Development Com- disaster risk reduction at all levels of government. mittees (PDCs) (see section 2.4). However, these The Ministry has been working to undertake climate measures will require financial support, and in most change vulnerability assessment and responding to cases the counties, boma, and payam cannot gener- climatic disasters such as flooding in South Sudan, ate sufficient revenue to support these measures, as together with international organizations and state much of government at local level is funded through governments, making it a significant stakeholder in central government transfers and counties in gener- the NAP processes. The MHADM is currently in the al have weak capacity for revenue mobilization. process of developing a national Disaster Manage- ment Policy and implementation plan, which will be For budgets, branch directorates of state ministries used to guide both national and subnational disaster prepare draft budgets. These are in turn submitted management activities when these are approved by to the state line ministries, who aggregate the coun- the Cabinet. ty budgets and submit them to the state Ministries of Finance (MoF). The state level MoF reviews the sub- The MHADM is also linked with an international missions, compiles the budgets, and then submits organization through the South Sudan Relief and the budget to the national level MoF. After compiling Rehabilitation Commission (SSRRC), a government and examining all state submissions, the MoF then agency under the umbrella of the MHADM. The SS- develops the national budget and disburses the RRC coordinates vulnerability-related assessments funds to the state level. with international partners such as the International Organization for Migration (IOM), the United Nations Thus, in order to ensure that local level adaptation Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs initiatives can be incorporated into budget and (UNOCHA) and other international organizations. subsequently funded, MoFP will provide technical The SSRRC works together with the Inter Agency support to the national MoF in developing the rel- Rapid Flood Assessment. For example, REACH re- evant budgeting directives and guidance for local cently started flood vulnerability mapping in South government units. This technical assistance will in- Sudan with the coordination of the national MHADM clude the development of procedures for screening and the state Relief and Rehabilitation Commision investments against climate risks and other relevant (RRC). The RRC has a structure at state level and information and tools. county level called the RRC County Director. Vul- nerability and risk assessments carried out by these partners have high potential to inform the NAP pro-

2.4 KEY STAKEHOLDERS cess; to maximize this potential over the short-term This section describes the key stakeholders in the time frame, the MoEF will work with the MHADM NAP process and their roles and responsibilities. In- to explore possibilities for establishing uniform formation about national level ministries for priority procedures and indicators for vulnerability and risk sectors is described below. assessments for the purposes of standardization. This will enable the MoEF to aggregate the various The Ministry of Humanitarian Affairs and Disaster local and regional assessments. Management (MHADM): The MHADM is responsi- ble for coordinating humanitarian assistance to the The Ministry of Gender, Child, and Social Welfare needy, responding to disasters, reducing the risk (MGCSW): The MGCSW is delegated to promote 28 First National Adaptation Plan for Climate Change – Republic of South Sudan gender equality and safeguard the rights and wel- hensive Agriculture Master Plan (CAMP, described in fare of women, children, persons with disabilities Chapter 5) and irrigation scheme development pro- (PWDs) and other vulnerable groups. The scope of grammes with more emphasis on means of reducing the mandate covers gender and women’s empow- the risk and vulnerability of crops to seasonal and erment, and child and social welfare functions. The climate variability. The MAFS will serve as the co- MGCSW is in charge of formulation and implemen- lead agency for implementation of the agriculture, tation of policies and legislation for promotion of livestock, and fisheries sectoral programme. gender equality, women’s empowerment and social protection and welfare in South Sudan. The MGCSW The Ministry of Animal Resources and Fisheries has five directorates: Gender, Child Welfare, Social (MARF): The MARF’s mandate is to increase produc- Welfare, Administration, and Research and Planning. tion of livestock and fisheries commodities, ensure The Directorates of Gender will be an important sustainable increase of livestock, fish production stakeholder in the mainstreaming of gender into the and market supply of meat, milk and fish. The South Sudan NAP. Specific roles for MGCSW will Ministry works to improve the livelihood of South include: Sudan’s livestock-keeping and fishing communities and ensure food security by promoting competitive, ● Coordinating with the Department of Climate commercially oriented fisheries and livestock farm- Change and academic and research institutions ing through creation of an enabling environment to develop a research programme focusing and sustainable natural resource management. The on socially differentiated impacts of climate MARF and the MAFS are implementing the National change, including gender differentiated im- Agriculture and Livestock Extension Policy (NALEP), pacts, as well as decision support information 2011, as part of the effort to promote conservation, for government and non-government stake- agriculture and livestock practices that reduce the holders based on research findings; impact of climate change. The MARF will play a ● Providing capacity development programmes key role as the co-lead agency for implementation and leadership training on gender and climate of the agriculture, livestock, and fisheries sectoral change issues at the request of the Department programme. of Climate Change; ● Coordinating with the Department of Climate The Ministry of Finance and Planning (MoFP): The Change to provide input to the design of vul- MoFP plays an important role in ensuring mobiliza- nerability and risk assessments to ensure that tion of public resources for the whole government gender and social equity considerations are and is further charged with overseeing how these incorporated; and resources are accounted for. The MoFP is also ● Developing screening tools and guidance for tasked with the responsibility of achieving economic ensuring that Gender Equality, Disability and transformation combined with emerging economies Social Inclusion (GEDSI) considerations are and to formulate sound economic policies that lead adequately incorporated into projects and pro- to sustainable economic growth and development. grammes. It has the power to guide national development and economic policies in a way that determines where The Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security public and private finances are spent. The MoFP is (MAFS): The MAFS is responsible for ensuring a principle member of the Climate Change Finance household food security and increased agricultural Inter-Ministerial Steering Committee and a guarantor productivity through diversification and improvement to all grants from the development partners such as of commercial agricultural activities. The Ministry is GCF for the implementation of climate change and also responsible for the development of policies, environmental initiatives in South Sudan. The MoFP legislation and strategies related to agriculture, food is tasked with the mandate to monitor and track security and plans for agricultural development and climate-related project expenditures in their public promotion of appropriate technologies, research budget system. and efficient extension services, while addressing environmental degradation through afforestation The Ministry of Wildlife Conservation and Tour- and management of natural resources within South ism (MWCT). The MWCT has been tasked by the Sudan. The MAFS is now implementing a Compre- Transitional Constitution with the responsibility of Chapter 2: Legal and Administrative ­Context for South Sudan’s National Adaptation Plan 29 preserving South Sudan’s rich heritage of natural South Sudanese people. The Ministry is composed flora and fauna habitats and unique ecosystems and of directorates that implement adaptation-measur- biodiversity resources through responsible steward- ing projects for water management in response to ship, conservation management and the promotion climate variability and change and collect climato- of nature-based tourism. However, the Ministry has logical and meteorological data essential for water not yet developed an institutional framework to resources conservation and management. The most respond to climate change, ecosystem and wildlife significant directorates include the Directorate of Hy- conservation strategies and plan in the face of cli- drology and Survey, Directorate of Water Resources mate change. The MWCT will be the lead agency for Management and the Directorate of Irrigation and the Tourism and Recreation sectoral programmes. In Drainage. The MWRI will be the lead agency in im- addition, it is envisaged that over the next five years, plementing the water resources sector adaptation significant investments may be made in improving programme. South Sudan’s in-situ wildlife conservation, in par- ticular the management and infrastructure for the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Coop- country’s national parks and other protected areas. eration (MoFAIC): The MoFAIC will play a key role As a result, synergies between wildlife conservation in implementing South Sudan’s NAP by coordinating and climate change adaptation will emerge. There- the mobilization of international resources in coordi- fore, coordination between the MWCT, MoFP, MoEF nation with the Aid Coordination unit in the Ministry and development partners should be prioritized to of Finance and Planning. The MoFAIC will also take ensure that climate change considerations are ade- the lead in strengthening existing – and establishing quately integrated into these investments. new – bilateral and multilateral relations with devel- opment partners and donors to scale up financing The Ministry of Electricity and Dams (MoED): The for the projects and programmes prioritized through MoED is responsible for promoting the expansion the NAP process. The MoFAIC will also facilitate of the electrical grid in South Sudan. This includes multi-country approaches to addressing the chal- encouraging the development of renewable and lenges of climate change by fostering partnerships non-renewable energy resources and generation with regional entities and neighbouring countries facilities, including hydroelectric power stations. to address the issues identified in the section on The MoED is mandated to lead the formulation Transnational Considerations in Climate Change of necessary legislation and regulation for the Adaptation Planning (Chapter 3, below). management of generation and distribution in- frastructure (including environmental and social Ministry of Petroleum and Mining (MPM): The MPM impact assessment), as well as the development is delegated by the South Sudan Transitional Consti- and implementation of policies and strategies on tution to negotiate all oil contracts for the exploration power generation and distribution. The MoED has a and development of oil, and to ensure that they are directorate that supports climate change mitigation, consistent with its principles, policies, and guide- specifically the Directorate of Renewable Energies. lines. The MPM also initiates legislation, rules and Under the NAP the responsibilities of this director- regulations regarding the petroleum and mining sec- ate may be expanded to include adaptation and tor, manages the relations of the government with resilience building for the nation’s energy grid. The petroleum and gas companies operating in South MoED will serve as the lead agency for the energy Sudan and formulates strategies and programmes sectoral programme. for the development and management of the petro- leum, gas and mining sectors, while consulting with Ministry of Water Resources and Irrigation (MWRI): local communities, to ensure that all petroleum, gas The MWRI is responsible for managing and develop- and mining projects are subjected to environmental ing the water resources of South Sudan and over- and social impact assessment. The MPM also signs sees the implementation of policies, guidelines and contracts on behalf of the government upon the the development of master plans and regulations approval of the Environmental and Social Impact for water resource development. The agency is also Assessment (ESIA) by the MoEF. responsible for water conservation and is tasked with integrating water resource management to Ministry of Transport (MoT): The SSMD is housed enhance water availability and accessibility for the within the MoT, but it is primarily concerned with 30 First National Adaptation Plan for Climate Change – Republic of South Sudan providing data and information to inform aviation, rather than informing the country’s climate change Boma and Payam Development Committees (BDC response. In the future, the SSMD will be merged and PDC): Under the Local Government Act (LGA), with the Department of Meteorology (DoM) under citizens at the boma and payam levels are entitled to the MoEF. The combined SSMD/DoM will play a organize themselves into development committees pivotal role in South Sudan’s adaptation response with the objective of identifying and implementing to climate change by providing the data and infor- community-based development projects (Idris, mation required for evidence-based planning and 2017). Though the Government of South Sudan has decision making. Due to the civil war, the SSMD encouraged committees to form BDCs and PDCs operates under several crippling constraints, includ- in the past, financial resources to support project ing inadequate funding, outdated equipment and implementation, as well as technical training for untrained staff, and so it is unable to provide basic committee members has been lacking. Working weather and climate information to the public. Prior across government agencies and with development to the start of the second Sudanese civil war in 1983, partners, the NAP process will seek to reinvigorate southern Sudan had just over 40 meteorological sta- BDCs and PDCs on a tiered basis throughout the tions which generated data that was available to the country. These BDCs and PDCs will serve as an entry public. However, all but five of these were destroyed point for conducting vulnerability assessments and and only three of these were still functional as of developing community-driven adaptation initiatives. 2018. Additional records are kept by international The NAP process will also support the establishment organizations and individual farmers, but there is no of a domestic climate change and resilience fund, way to collate, analyze, or share the data with the which will eventually provide financial support to public. Priority actions to improve the capabilities of BDC- and PDC-initiated adaptation and resilience the SSMD with respect to supporting the NAP pro- building projects. cess are described in Chapter 4. Each of the national agencies described above cur- State Ministries of Local Government and Law rently have significant gaps in terms of addressing Enforcement: These ministries are responsible for climate change. Significant support will be required developing sectoral policies to guide the functional to build human and institutional capacities, es- organization of local government councils in order tablish the requisite knowledge base, review and to harmonize state and local government plans and strengthen regulatory frameworks, identify sectoral programmes. They also develop state frameworks vulnerabilities and design and implement adaptation for effective coordination of local government programmes. The initial NAP therefore proposes a council affairs between the state ministries and local five-year mainstreaming programme for the priority authorities and between local authorities and local sector agencies as illustrated in table 1 (below). It is community institutions. envisaged that the Department of Climate Change will provide technical and coordination support to The Local Government Board (LGB): The LGB is pri- national-level agencies responsible for the priority marily responsible for maintaining law and order in sectors identified in this NAP. The plan involves the county. The LGB is also responsible for executing identification of sectoral mainstreaming teams government policies and programmes at the local which will be embedded in the priority agencies level and is responsible for the delivery of a range and which will work closely with the Department of of services to communities including planning, hous- Climate Change and MoFP to facilitate institutional ing, community development, environmental protec- and human capacity strengthening, regulatory re- tion, recreation, and amenity services. The LGB also view and modification, project development, and has a strong role in preparing local government bills. mainstreaming of climate change considerations Given that South Sudan is a new country, the LGB into sectoral planning and budgeting processes. It is also is very influential in guiding the development also expected that the specific activities in this plan of emerging institutions at subnational level. For will be supported by development partners. Some the NAP process, the LGB will play a leading role in of these activities will be implemented through the mainstreaming climate change adaptation and risk UNEP-implementation NAP support project, which is reduction considerations into subnational processes expected to begin implementation in 2021. of governance. Chapter 2: Legal and Administrative ­Context for South Sudan’s National Adaptation Plan 31 32 Table 1 Sectoral Mainstreaming Implementation Programme Lead Stage Timeframe Indicative activities agency Support/Financing 1 Awareness raising; demon- Years 1-2 Preliminary analysis on key sectoral vulnerabilities MoEF Government of South strating importance and Sudan and development relevance of the NAP process; Development of informational products and presentations partners such as UNDP establishing ownership and and UNEP buy-in among key stakehold- Conduct initial meetings with relevant agencies ers Identify climate change champions within agencies and among non-gov- ernment stakeholders 2 Establishing sectoral Year 1 Develop terms of reference for priority sector agency mainstreaming MoEF Government of South agency climate change teams teams Sudan and with additional funding from GCF Identify focal points and support teams for agencies responsible for NAP priority sectors Develop mainstreaming plans 3 Identifying and addressing Years 1-2 Provide technical assistance to mainstreaming teams to conduct sectoral MoEF Government of South institutional and capacity institutional and capacity assessments to support mainstreaming of climate Sudan, GCF, develop- development needs change agreements (CCAs) into sectoral processes ment partners First National Adaptation Plan for Climate Change – Republic of South Sudan Formulate and implement capacity and institutional strengthening pro- gramme 4 Identifying and addressing Years 1-3 Conduct review of existing data and information as well as knowledge MoEF Government of South data and information gaps management systems for climate change and disaster risk reduction and Sudan and SSMD in the identify gaps and needs Ministry of Transport Formulate and execute knowledge management plan to strengthen sectoral evidence base and formal linkages to sectoral decision-making processes Conduct sectoral vulnerability and risk assessments Lead Stage Timeframe Indicative activities agency Support/Financing 5 Identifying key priorities for Years 2-3 Use vulnerability and risk assessments to identify potential adaptation MoEF Government of South adaptation and vulnerability measures Sudan and GCF funding reduction Sectoral mainstreaming teams review best practices for potential adapta- tion measures and pare long list to shortlist through consultative processes and by using multi-criteria analysis 6 Developing specific mea- Years 3-4 Provide technical support to develop project fiches and concept notes MoEF, Government of South sures and identifying resource MoEP Sudan; development requirements Conduct consultations with development partners to identify potential partners accredited entities and implementation partners Provide technical support to develop full projects 7 Identifying legal and year 2-3 Provide technical support to sectoral mainstreaming teams who review MoEF Government of South regulatory entry points sectoral legal and regulatory frameworks to identify entry points for Sudan and GCF addition- relevant regulations related to climate change adaptation. Develop a plan al funding and timeline to introduce new regulations Draft new regulations and guidance for affected stakeholders 8 Full integration of climate year 4-5 Incorporate climate change considerations into sectoral plans and budgets MoEF, Government of South change into sectoral planning, MoEP Sudan , GCF and budgeting, and regulatory development partners processes Chapter 2: Legal and Administrative ­Context for South Sudan’s National Adaptation Plan 33

2.5 GENDER CONSIDERATIONS In order to ensure a gender-responsive approach, It is of paramount importance that the NAP process the NAP will examine and address the gender be conducted in compliance with the Bill of Rights norms, roles and inequalities; and vigorously pro- within the Transitional Constitution of the Republic of mote gender equality. This means that gender will South Sudan 2011 (Article 16). Regarding gender con- be considered at all stages of the NAP implemen- siderations, the Transitional Constitution guarantees tation, monitoring and evaluation, and at different the rights of women to equal pay and property own- levels of the decision-making process. To monitor ership and South Sudan has taken steps to develop progress and to capture lessons learned, technical its normative framework in line with international monitoring and evaluation (M&E) parameters will be standards. The first NAP has been formulated to be proposed and used to determine whether gender is consistent with these existing directives to promote being adequately reflected in climate change adap- equality between women and men. Additionally, the tation plans, programmes, and projects. NAP process will be carried out in compliance with South Sudan’s commitments to various international However, South Sudan as a new state is only now instruments such as the Universal Declaration of developing the institutional mechanisms for gover- Human Rights and the Convention on the Elimina- nance, and this includes promoting gender equity tion of All Forms of Discrimination against Women and equality. Hence the NAP process will draw (CEDAW), and Sustainable Development Goal 5: on international best practices for mainstreaming Gender Equality. South Sudan’s National Gender gender and social equity considerations into public Policy (2013) and the UNFCCC highlight the need to policy and implementation. As such, the NAP pro- address gender inequality and a full gender integra- cess will have the important co-benefit of serving as tion programme. This is particularly vital within the a demonstration and example for other public policy realm of climate change, given the disparate impact processes in South Sudan. it has on women (Mai et al, 2018).

2.6 KEY ISSUES TO RESOLVE Incorporating gender considerations into South Su- WITH RESPECT TO THE LEGAL AND dan’s adaptation response is particularly important INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK FOR THE because women and men are likely to be affected NAP by climate change differently. This is due to gender This section provides an overview of key issues inequalities of economic, political, and social oppor- identified that should be prioritized over the short tunities, such as formal employment, access to credit term (2020-2022) to strengthen South Sudan’s and technologies, and education and public partici- NAP process. These priorities may be addressed pation. There are differing gender dynamics across through dedicated NAP support facilities (e.g. GCF South Sudan. Women in South Sudan are particularly NAP Readiness grants), or through direct technical vulnerable to the adverse impacts of climate change, assistance from bi- and multilateral development which could partly be attributed to extreme poverty partners. and sociocultural factors, including land tenure inse- curity, that can limit women’s capacity to adequately ● South Sudan has not yet developed a specific respond to climate change. In traditional households climate change strategy or policy. As noted in in South Sudan, women are usually the primary food the INC to the UNFCCC, “[…] it is critical that a providers for their families. Despite their critical role climate change policy and plan is developed, in management of natural resources, women have as this will enable South Sudan to put in place limited property rights that ensure their access to high level institutional and coordination mecha- land and forests. Women have comparatively fewer nisms to enhance the intersectoral adaptation employment opportunities in the collection, produc- response to climate change, as well as a tech- tion and sale of timber, wood, charcoal, and other nical institutional framework to guide policy forest products. The gender disparity in access to and the functional implementation of the legal and utilization of natural resources from forests and obligations of the Government of South Sudan elsewhere is a major contributor to the rising poverty regarding climate change.” (INC:183). among women. All of these conditions combine to ● A significant issue is a general lack of interagen- make women particularly vulnerable to the impacts cy coordination. This can cause duplication of of climate change. 34 First National Adaptation Plan for Climate Change – Republic of South Sudan work between line ministries. Adaptation cur- climate change considerations. Mainstreaming rently consists of ad hoc reactive interventions of climate change into planning and budgeting and fragmented and uncoordinated approach- requires a range of actions including capacity es to adaptation that may ultimately undermine development, creation of tools, methodologies, resilience. In particular, the roles and responsi- guidance, and changes to government agency bilities of the CCWG should be specified and regulations and procedures that will empower formalized. these government actors to integrate climate ● This lack of coordination is also true vertically, change into planning and budgeting processes. as there are currently few, if any, arrangements There is also a need to incorporate new climate for coordination between national, state, and change adaptation policy mechanisms or provi- county levels. There is also little, if any, capacity sions into existing and upcoming policies to en- in most states and counties for addressing cli- able the sectors to become resilient to climate mate change issues. While subnational officials change induced floods and droughts. are aware of climate change, institutional struc- ● Most agencies do not have budget line items tures and capacities at subnational level have for climate change adaptation and mitigation. not yet been established to empower action. ● There is a lack of regulatory mechanisms and ● In addition to institutional arrangements, ac- incentives that promote climate change adap- tion is needed to improve human capacities tation, the achievement of sustainable develop- in relevant government agencies to enhance ment and the minimization of greenhouse gas cross-sectoral and vertical coordination for (GHG) emissions in all sectors and industries. climate change adaptation. Many key agencies ● There is a general need for increased en- lack climate change focal points or operational gagement with the academic and research units, and where these do exist, they generally community as well as NGOs and Civil Society do not operate at full capacity due to financial Organizations (CSOs) with respect to data and human resource constraints. collection, information production, knowledge ● Climate change adaptation considerations are management, and other supporting functions, not sufficiently integrated into government plan- for effective adaptation planning and imple- ning and budgeting at national, sectoral, or sub- mentation. national levels. As a new country, South Sudan is creating new policies, strategies, and legal Measures to address these priorities are included in and regulatory frameworks, but in most cases the matrix of short-term priority programmes includ- they do not explicitly or effectively incorporate ed in Chapter 6. Chapter 2: Legal and Administrative ­Context for South Sudan’s National Adaptation Plan 35 Chapter 3: National Circumstances 36 First National Adaptation Plan for Climate Change – Republic of South Sudan

3.1 INTRODUCTION 24E-36E. It is bordered by Ethiopia to the east, Ken- The purpose of this chapter is to provide general ya to the southeast, Uganda to the south, the Dem- background information about socio-economic, ocratic Republic of Congo (DRC) to the southwest, political, environmental, and cultural conditions in the Central African Republic (CAR) to the West, and South Sudan. This information is important for adap- Sudan to the North. The country is approximately tation planning because these systems interact with 650,000 km2 and is situated almost entirely in the the physical processes of climate change described Nile River Basin, receiving water from the highlands in Chapter 4 to produce impacts. The chapter de- of CAR, DRC, Ethiopia, and Uganda. scribes some of the challenges that South Sudan faces as a post-conflict LDC and how these charac- South Sudan is divided into three regions, which teristics shape vulnerability to climate exchange and correspond to historical provinces dating back to adaptive capacity in the country. This information is when when South Sudan was still part of Sudan. also important because the NAP process should be These regions are Bhar el Ghazal in the northwest, aligned with the specific national and local condi- Equatoria in the south, and the Greater Upper Nile tions in South Sudan and should be consistent with in the northeast. These regions have no formal the aspirations of the South Sudanese people. The administrative significance but still serve as an im- chapter also describes the unique cultural richness portant spatial reference point for data and informa- of South Sudan as a potential entry point for commu- tion that predates the founding of the country. The nity-led climate change adaptation. largest settlements are Juba, the capital (526,000), Wau (233,000), and Malakal (147,450). The country comprises ten states: i) Northern Bahr el Ghazal;

3.2 GEOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS OF ii) Western Bahr el Ghazal; iii) Lakes; iv) Warrap; v) SOUTH SUDAN Western Equatoria; vi) Central Equatoria; vii) Eastern South Sudan is a landlocked country located in the Equatoria; viii) Jonglei; ix) Unity; and x) Upper Nile. tropical zone of Eastern Africa between 3N-13N and Chapter 3: National Circumstances 37 Figure 1: Map of South Sudan S O U T H S U D A N UNITED NATIONS Geospatial 25°E 30°E 35°E Nyala Ed Renk Damazin Al-Fula Ed Da'ein S U D A N o Kadugli Umm Barbit Kaka o Paloich 10°N Ba Junguls Kodok Āsosa 10°N al o Radom hr -A Riangnom UPPER NILE Boing rab Abyei Fagwir Malakal o o Mayom o Bentiu Abwong Daga Post Malek War-Awar Wang Kan Wun Rog Fangak ba So t Gossinga NORTHERN Aweil o Kai o Kigille Raga BAHR-EL-GHAZAL Gogrial WARRAP o Nasser o Gumbiel o Akop Leer o r ez Z a r a Waat f Kuacjok Fathai Adok Gambēla Madeir UNITY Bah Duk Fadiat ETHIOPIA Deim Zubeir Bisellia Bir Di Akobo o WESTERN Wau BAHR-EL-GHAZAL Wakela o Tonj Atum JONGLEI it e CENTRAL Bo River Post Rafili LAKES Wh Ni le Kongor Jonglei Peper Pibor Akelo AFRICAN Rumbek o o Akot Yirol o Ukwaa Om Lol REPUBLIC r Khogali Bor Pibo Towot Pap o Boli Malek Mvolo Lowelli Jerbar ! ^ National capital Obo o Tambura Amadi Administrative capital Li Yubu WESTERN Terakeka Town, village EQUATORIA Madreggi Lanya EASTERN 5°N o Airport Ezo Maridi EQUATORIA 5°N International boundary o ^ Juba ! Lafon Kapoeta Undetermined boundary o Yambio o CENTRAL o State (wilayah) boundary EQUATORIA Torit Abyei region Main road DEMOCRATIC Roue o Nagishot L. Turkana REPUBLIC OF THE (L. Rudolf) Railway o Kajo Opari K E N YA Yei Lofusa CONGO 0 100 200 km Keji o 0 50 100mi o UGANDA The boundaries and names shown and the designations used on this map do not imply official endorsement or acceptance by the United Nations. Alb Final boundary between the Republic of Sudan and the Republic of South Sudan has not yet been determined. ert Map No. 4450 Rev. 2 Final status of the Abyei area is not yet determined. Nil Jul 2020 e 25°E 30°E 35°E South Sudan is rich in natural resources and has an Figure 2: Main climate zones of South Sudan abundance of fertile agricultural areas with abundant water, as the country is bisected by the White Nile riv- er and the many plains and plateaus are drained by its several tributaries. The Sudd wetland in the cen- tral part of the country covers around 100,000 km2 and comprises lakes, marshes, and extensive flood- plains. The Ironstone Plateau rises between the Nile and Congo watersheds and is characterized by numerous inselbergs. Found in the southern part of the country are the Imatong Mountains, rising to a height of 3,187m at Mount Kinyeti, the highest point in South Sudan. The country’s climate ranges from warm desert climate (BWh) in the extreme north of the country to warm semi-arid (BSh) as one travels to the south, with tropical savanna (Aw) covering most of the country. 38 First National Adaptation Plan for Climate Change – Republic of South Sudan The population of South Sudan is approximately reserves will be depleted by approximately 2035 13 million and is growing rapidly at a rate of greater (MoEF, 2018a). The high dependency on petroleum than 3.5 percent (UNEP and MoE, 2018). Approxi- and its associated price volatility means that South mately 70 percent of the population is under the age Sudan is highly vulnerable to external shocks. The of thirty and approximately 50 percent are under the Government of South Sudan has recognized the im- age of eighteen. This increases the population de- portance of diversifying the economy away from its pendency ratio, which has been linked to deepened over-reliance on the petroleum sector and investing poverty as it constrains the resources available to in agriculture, mining, forestry and manufacturing, and the working population. Although the country has developing more extensive regional linkages. In terms one of the lowest population densities in Sub-Saha- of its NAP process, this situation presents both an ran Africa (less than 13 people/km2), the age struc- imperative and an opportunity. The imperative is that ture of the population indicates that it will continue strategies, plans, and investments in these additional to grow rapidly well into the future. The population is sectors must incorporate climate change consider- not evenly distributed across the country; Jonglei is ations, including climate change risks, in order to en- the most populous area with 16 percent of the total sure their long-term sustainability and economic and population, and Western Bahr el Ghazal is the least financial viability. At the same time, the Government populous area, with only 4 percent of the total. The of South Sudan has the opportunity to incorporate highest population densities are found along the these climate change considerations at the earliest Nile and its tributaries. Currently, food security is stages of sectoral development, which means that among the most pressing issues in South Sudan. In with careful planning and execution, climate change the future, the country will have to work hard to en- adaptation can be mainstreamed into sectoral strate- sure that sufficient food is available for the growing gies, policies, plans, regulatory and investment frame- population. This challenge is made more difficult by works as they are being formulated, thus leading to changing climate conditions (see Chapter 4), as in- climate-resilient development pathways. Thus, as the creasing temperatures, increased and more intense NAP process matures, attention should be given to flooding and droughts, and seasonal variability will the function the NAP can play in terms of guiding the threaten agricultural productivity. Therefore, South mainstreaming of resilience and climate change into Sudan’s approaches to improve food security and efforts to enhance the role of the aforementioned agricultural productivity will need to take these as- sectors in the economic development of the country. pects of climate change into consideration. Failure to do so will leave the country at increased risk of The most obvious target for diversification is the ag- humanitarian catastrophe. riculture sector, which is currently the second largest sector of the economy. Approximately 90 percent of the land in South Sudan is arable, but only around

3.3 ECONOMIC CONTEXT OF SOUTH 5 percent is currently in use for crops. Agricultural SUDAN development has been viewed as an alternative South Sudan is an LDC and is currently one of the driver of growth which would have the co-benefits of poorest and most underdeveloped countries on the improving food insecurity while reducing household planet. There is a general lack of road infrastructure poverty. The country also has the potential for sig- and less than 1 percent of the population has access nificant returns on investment in cattle rearing, dairy to on-grid electricity (UNEP and MoE, 2018). The Min- products, poultry, meat processing and fisheries. In istry of Finance and Planning estimates that since the most cases it would be expected that private sector independence of South Sudan, the per capita Gross investment would contribute to the expansion of National Income (GNI) in US dollars has fallen by these sub-sectors, but the private sector in South around 70 percent (UNEP and MoE, 2018). These de- Sudan is significantly underdeveloped. The private velopmental deficits contribute significantly to climate sector faces significant constraints that affect com- change vulnerability and undermine adaptive capacity. petitiveness with imports and their ability to access export markets, including power shortages, high South Sudan is the most oil-dependent country on labour costs, lack of access to credit and foreign earth, with 98 percent of its GDP and 60 percent exchange and poor transport infrastructure. All of of the government budget coming from petroleum these conditions create barriers to enhancing the sales. However, it is estimated that the country’s oil private sector’s role in climate change adaptation. Chapter 3: National Circumstances 39

3.4 POLITICAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE judicial branches. The cabinet consists of a Nation- CONTEXT OF SOUTH SUDAN al Council of Ministers which are appointed by the South Sudan became independent on 9 July 2011 af- president and approved by the legislature. ter 98.8 percent of South Sudanese voted in favour of independence in a nationwide referendum. The Administratively, South Sudan is divided into three referendum ended a six-year transition period which levels of government: national, state, and local. There began with the signing of the Comprehensive Peace are currently 10 states in South Sudan. Local govern- Agreement (CPA) by the Government of Sudan and ments consist of counties in rural areas and cities the Sudanese Peoples’ Liberation Movement, end- and towns in urban areas. In both cases there is an ing a long civil war which raged at varying intensi- executive (counties are headed by a commissioner ties for half a century and claimed more than three and cities/towns are headed by a mayor). Both have million lives. Following independence, South Sudan legislative councils with up to 35 members directly was formally admitted into the United Nations Gen- elected through universal suffrage. County executive eral Assembly as the 193rd member state on 14 July officers are appointed by state governors. Counties 2011, and into the African Union as the 45th member are further divided into payam and boma, the lowest state on 15 August 2011. level of local government. Payam and boma is the main domain where traditional leaders perform their On the day of independence, the Government pro- administrative and customary functions. Cities are mulgated the Transitional Constitution (effective 9 divided further into payams and administered by the July 2011), which entrusts all levels of government city council, headed by the mayor. in the country to promote democratic principles and political pluralism, with the ultimate goal of national At state level, state line ministries are connected to reconciliation, healing, harmony, and peaceful co-ex- their national counterparts and work in close collab- istence (MoFP, 2018). South Sudan is a presidential oration with the national agency. Further down at republic with the president serving as chief of state the county level there are directorates (e.g. county and head of government and with three branches agriculture directorate) that serve as branch offices of government, namely the legislative, executive and of the national level agencies. Figure 3: Structure of government administration in South Sudan The Local Government Act (LGA, 2009), which was the powers, roles, and responsibilities of local gov- formulated during the transition period, describes ernment units. The LGA is governed by the princi- 40 First National Adaptation Plan for Climate Change – Republic of South Sudan ple of subsidiarity12 and aims at promoting peace, Outside of government at local level, people in reconciliation, and peaceful coexistence among general do not have a good understanding of the the various communities within South Sudan. The concept of climate change. This is not because LGA also prioritizes gender mainstreaming in local people do not understand the environment and government and acknowledges the importance of their connection to it, but rather because there are incorporating traditional authorities and customary no locally-appropriate sources of information that law in local systems of governance and government. address climate change in a way that connects with The LGA also tasks local governments with creating local peoples’ lived experiences. There are few, and promoting a safe and healthful environment, if any, vulnerability assessments that have been and delegates to Local Government Councils the conducted at local levels, and so currently there is responsibility for land administration and environ- an insufficient evidence base for planning and im- mental management. This means that partial respon- plementation of climate change adaptation and di- sibility for climate change adaptation and resilience saster risk reduction measures. There is a significant building falls to local governments. need for capacity development for developing and implementing community-based adaptation plans to However, there are a number of issues at subna- respond to priorities that have been identifed in the tional level that hinder climate change adaptation. Second Nationally Determined Contribution (MoEF, Firstly, the LGA is unclear about the role of the states 2021). in government as it does not fully define the specific service delivery functions that are assigned to local Additionally, subnational governments are depen- governments or how sub-county institutions can be dent on the national government for financial sup- formed (Idris, 2017). In many cases there are few port. Therefore in the coming years the Government existing mechanisms of formal government at local of South Sudan will need to establish a mechanism level, and there is a widespread lack of administra- whereby local governments can identify adaptation tive capacity where formal government entities exist. priorities and then relay these up to the national gov- A second issue is that there is weak and inadequate ernment to be incorporated into the relevant budget coordination between the central government and categories. states. Related to this are challenges with respect to resource allocation and accountability. BOX 1 TRANSNATIONAL CONSIDERATIONS IN CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION PLANNING South Sudan is a member of the African Union (AU), the East African Community (EAC), the Intergovernmen- tal Authority on Development (IGAD, an 8-country trade bloc with members from the Horn of Africa, Nile Valley, and Great Lakes region) and the Nile Basin Initiative (NBI), a regional body of nine countries working collaboratively to address water issues in the Nile Basin. Each of these regional forums provides opportu- nities for coordination and knowledge-sharing on a variety of issues that will likely be influenced by climate change in the future. Issues of key concern include the following: Nile River: As noted above, the White Nile river bisects South Sudan and approximately 96 percent of South Sudan’s territory is in the Nile drainage basin. Water from the Nile is a critical factor in expanding agricultural development in South Sudan. The Nile is a transboundary resource, and as a mid-stream country, South Sudan has neighbours both upstream and downstream. Although management of the Nile is governed by treaties signed in 1929 and 1959, South Sudan’s independence, as well as growing competition over water resources due to development as well as climate change. These processes threaten to complicate basin-wide management as upstream countries have little input in the management of the river (Farah and Opanga, 2016). The NBI’s Climate Change Strategy (2013) notes that the Basin is highly vulnerable to the impacts of climate change due to a number of factors, and that communities located in the Nile Basin 12 The principle of subsidiarity is that political and administrative issues should be the responsibility of the lowest level of gov- ernment, with adequate levels of competency to address the issues. The principle of subsidiarity is meant to ensure that the government is as close to the people as possible. Chapter 3: National Circumstances 41 BOX 1 TRANSNATIONAL CONSIDERATIONS IN CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION PLANNING, CONT. have limited ability to cope with the negative impacts of climate variability. The strategy further notes that the socioeconomic consequences of climate change will exacerbate existing challenges with respect to management of agriculture, fisheries, and livestock, with strong implications for food security and economic growth. It is understood that relying solely on national-level measures will be insufficient to address transboundary impacts. South Sudan’s adaptation planning process should incorporate these considerations and support evi- dence-based planning of water use from the Nile that is equitable and fair to all stakeholders. In addition, South Sudan’s adaptation planning should consider the NBI’s Climate Change Strategy (2013) for synergies that can be exploited, including the following areas, which are included in the NBI strategy: — Strengthen the knowledge base to enhance common understanding of climate risks and its impacts on water resources, ecosystems, and the socio-economic system of the Nile Basin. This includes improving information on climate risks, impacts and vulnerabilities in the Nile Basin and making it available to deci- sion makers. As the Government of South Sudan seeks to enhance its hydrometeorological monitoring and analysis capabilities, consideration should be given to data compatibility with other countries and regional research and data-sharing partnerships. This would not only improve regional research but would provide excellent opportunities for the development of research capabilities within South Sudan; — Promote scalable low-carbon development through enhanced transboundary cooperation in areas such as the protection of wetlands as well as clean energy use and development; and — Coordination of NBI activities with national and subnational climate change programmes in South Sudan. Transboundary wildlife conservation: A second transboundary issue where the NAP can guide internation- al coordination and cooperation is with respect to the management of transboundary wildlife and protected areas. As described in the National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan(NBSAP), 2018-2027 (see Chapter 5 for additional details), South Sudan has several protected areas that lie at the border of neighbouring coun- tries, with wildlife migrating across those borders. South Sudan has signed memorandums of understanding with Uganda for transboundary Peace Park management in four protected areas and there are plans to reach similar agreements with Ethiopia, Kenya, the Central African Republic, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo. These relationships serve to build trust between South Sudan and its neighbours. They also provide an opportunity for the design and implementation of synergistic bilateral and regional investments in capacity development to incorporate climate change considerations into protected area management, as well as other measures to ensure that protected areas are themselves protected against climate change impacts, and that the wildlife and ecosystems resources that dwell within them can adapt naturally and continue to thrive in the midst of changing climatic conditions. Transboundary migration and refugee issues: It was estimated in 2019 that more than one-third of South Sudan’s population, or 4.4 million people, are displaced, creating one of the world’s most dire refugee situations (USAID, 2019). In addition, South Sudan also hosts nearly a quarter of a million refugees who have fled violence in Sudan. Though most of these refugees are directly related to violent conflicts, as noted elsewhere, in many cases climate stresses and extreme events play an indirect role as a driver of the conflicts that force people from their homes. However, the relationship between climate events and climate change and migration in the context of South Sudan and its region is not well understood. In general, research indicates that though climate sometimes is a contributing factor in driving migration, it is rarely the only, or most important, factor (Brzoska and Frolich, 2015). However, as the physical processes of climate change become more intense and impacts are increasingly manifested, the research community, development partners and governments are recognizing that climate change will almost certainly generate higher rates of migration and displacement, and that migration will become a de facto adaptation strategy for many people (McLeman, 2019). As these pressures increase, additional tensions will likely emerge be- tween neighbouring countries that serve as sources and sinks for migrants, complicating relations between states. Moving forward, the Government of South Sudan should anticipate the emergence of these issues and therefore seek to enhance understanding of potential climate-driven migration scenarios. This will allow the government to work closely with neighbouring states to formulate comprehensive regional plans and policies for mitigating migratory pressures, and effectively and efficiently addressing migration issues when they emerge. 42 First National Adaptation Plan for Climate Change – Republic of South Sudan

3.5 ENVIRONMENTAL CONTEXT OF Forests: Approximately 30 percent of the country is SOUTH SUDAN covered by forests, while shrubs account for about South Sudan is rich in biodiversity and biological 39 percent (MoFP, 2018b). The country has diverse resources with economic, social, and conservation natural forests and woodlands, with dense forests value. The country’s forests and wetlands are partic- located in Greater Equatoria, Greater Bahr el Ghazal, ularly important for climate change adaptation and and the Upper Nile. However, much of the data that mitigation and can function as major assets in South existed on forests, including their economic poten- Sudan’s response to climate change. However, there tial, was lost during the civil war. While the forests are significant threats due to weak environmental of South Sudan provide multiple benefits for both regulations, poor development planning, and fragil- climate change adaptation and mitigation, they ity resulting from conflict, instability, and insecurity. face multiple threats. Extraction of timber is leading to severe deforestation, and encroachment for ag- Environment-livelihood connections: Due to the riculture is also a major threat at lower altitudes in population’s high dependency on primary sector the lowland forest zone (MoFP, 2018b). In addition, activity (farming, pastoralism and fishing), the natural approximately 99 percent of the population of South environment is an important factor in shaping both Sudan depends on forests as their source of ener- socio-economic livelihood potential and vulnerabil- gy in the form of fuel wood and charcoal, and the ities to climate and environmental change. Patterns production of charcoal is a major driver in the cur- of livelihoods are shaped by specific regional en- rent unprecedented decline in forest cover. Forests vironmental conditions. The country is divided into provide important ecosystem services, including the seven agro-ecological zones based on livelihood provision and maintenance of water resources, flood patterns, physical geography, agro-ecology, and mitigation, and food provision. Climate change, com- market access. These include: bined with the aforementioned human pressures, poses a significant threat to these ecosystem ser- ● Greenbelt vices, and so the NAP prioritizes addressing these ● Ironstone plateau issues over the short-, medium-, and long-term time ● Hills and mountains horizons. ● Arid pastoral ● Nile and Sobat rivers Wetlands: Over 5 percent of the country is covered ● Western flood plains by permanent wetlands and floodplains, with a ● Eastern flood plains network of seasonally variable wetlands interfacing multiple small flood plains. These wetlands are ex- The impacts of climate change in South Sudan will be tremely important for the ecosystem services they partially shaped by the differences between these provide and also economically, for their potential to zones and will vary from zone to zone. Therefore, draw ecotourists to the country. Most notably, the knowledge of these impacts as well as the lifeways Sudd wetland is located in the lower reaches of the and customary systems and knowledge associated Bahr el Jebel region. The Sudd is one of the largest with each of these agro-ecological zones will be tropical wetlands in the world and contains a large important for planning South Sudan’s response to diversity of ecosystems. In the climate change ad- climate change. In addition, these regional variations aptation context, the Sudd is an important natural underscore the importance of empowering and ca- asset because of the ecological services it provides, pacitating subnational actors so that communities as well as its role in regulating the entire Nile basin can lead bottom-up processes of adaptation to (MoFP, 2018b). climate change. Therefore, in determining vulner- abilities for key sectors (e.g. agriculture, livestock, 3.6 SOCIAL CONTEXT OF SOUTH SUDAN fisheries, ecosystems and biodiversity conservation, Climate vulnerabilities are also shaped by social fac- human settlements, tourism and recreation, and tors and trajectories. Social conditions are important water resources), the NAP process should consider in shaping the sensitivity and adaptive capacity of regional characteristics and risks. communities, households and individuals to climate shocks and stressors. Sensitivity refers to character- istics of people, places, and things that make them Chapter 3: National Circumstances 43 more or less susceptible to harm from climate shocks In most cases, policies, programmes and projects and stressors.13 Adaptive capacity refers to the abil- that address social issues improve either, or both, ity of people, places, and things to take actions to sensitivity and adaptive capacity. Adaptation plan- make themselves more resilient to climate impacts, ning processes in South Sudan should therefore and to reduce the harm they experience from shocks establish coordination mechanisms to identify and and stressors.14 Sensitivity and adaptive capacity are take advantage of opportunities to decrease vulner- major components influencing vulnerability to cli- ability by improving social conditions. In general, this mate shocks and stressors. Reducing sensitivity and is important because in most cases, climate change increasing adaptive capacity are common approach- adaptation involves addressing factors that create es to adapting to climate change. Figure 4 (below) vulnerabilities rather than the physical processes shows ratings for several characteristics of adaptive of climate change themselves. For example, in ad- capacity, including human capacity, technological dressing increasing temperatures and droughts, the capacity, financial capital, and institutional capacity. government will most likely have no control over These maps indicate significant and wide-ranging the temperature trajectory over the long run or the adaptive capacity gaps throughout the country, with frequency and intensity of drought. However, the the southern portion of the country faring the worst. government and non-government stakeholders can address the factors that make communities, house- Figure 4: FAO Spatial Adaptive Capacity Indicators: Human capacity (a), Technological Capacity (b), Financial Capital (c), Institutional Capacity (d) and Combined Adaptive Capacity (e).15 13 The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) defines sensitivity as “…the degree to which a system or species is affected, either adversely or beneficially, by climate variability or change. The effect may be direct (e.g. a change in crop yield in response to a change in the mean, range, or variability of temperature) or indirect (e.g., damages caused by an increase in the frequency of coastal flooding due to sea level rise). 14 The IPCC defines adaptive capacity as “…the ability of systems, institutions, humans, and other organisms to adjust to potential damage, to take advantage of opportunities, or to respond to consequences”. 15 FAO, Sub-Saharan Africa: impacts and adaptations (ClimAfrica) project, Work Package 4 (WP4) 44 First National Adaptation Plan for Climate Change – Republic of South Sudan holds, and individuals vulnerable to drought, thereby under 30 percent, and average levels of education enhancing resilience. are low. South Sudan has the world’s highest rate of school absenteeism, and it is estimated that at least A major factor contributing to vulnerability is the inci- 2.2 million school-aged children are out of school, dence of poverty. Poverty tends to increase sensitiv- with thousands more at risk of dropping out (MoGEI ity to climate change impacts and decrease adaptive and UNESCO, 2018). Educational possibilities and capacity. According to analysis from the World Bank, outcomes are also shaped by gender: girls are more incidence of poverty increased from 44.7 percent likely than boys to be excluded from education, in 2011 to 65.9 percent in 2015 (UNEP, 2018), and and in some parts of the country, over 75 percent in 2014 South Sudan’s human development index of primary-aged girls are not in school (MoGEI and (HDI) ranking was 169th of 188 countries tracked. Be- UNESCO, 2018). At least one in three schools has tween 2010 and 2014 the HDI declined by an annual been damaged, destroyed, occupied or closed. average of about .15 percent (UNEP, 2018). Poverty is lower in urban areas (24.4 percent) compared to Internet use is very low; in 2010 there were seven in- rural areas (55.4 percent) (UNEP, 2018). ternet users for every 100 people. By 2014 this num- ber had climbed to 16, while the number of mobile The level of poverty is evidenced in the country’s phone subscriptions rose from 14.4 to 24.5 per 100 startling vital rates. Infant mortality is 105 per 1000; over the same period (UNEP, 2018). While access to despite progress this rate is still the 9th highest in internet and cellular services will no doubt increase the world, while the maternal mortality rate is the in the future, current low levels of use should be highest in the world, with 1 in 7 women dying during considered in the NAP process and in all adaptation childbirth or pregnancy (BRACED, 2017; MoFP, 2018). measures that aim to increase awareness among Just over a quarter of children under the age of 5 are the general population and disseminate information moderately or severely (12 percent) underweight. Al- of one kind or another. though health indicators are improving, the average life expectancy in South Sudan is still only 55 years These factors suggest at least two conclusions. The (UNEP, 2018). Approximately 7.5 million South Suda- first is that investments in climate change adaptation nese are considered food insecure. Food insecurity should include social development co-benefits as and health issues increase sensitivity to climate well as integration of the SDGs. The second con- change impacts. clusion is that as South Sudan continues to make investments and receive international support in Education and access to information also affect both improving socioeconomic conditions (including in- sensitivity and adaptive capacity. There are a num- vestments in health, education, social and gender ber of issues related to education in South Sudan equity and equality), care should be taken to ensure that increase overall vulnerability to climate shocks that climate change considerations are incorporated and stresses. Overall, the country’s literacy rate is into these investments. BOX 2 ETHNIC DIVERSITY AND ITS CONTRIBUTION TO THE NAP PROCESS South Sudan is home to tremendous cultural diversity, with no less than 64 major ethnic groups speaking at least 50 different indigenous languages. The people of South Sudan are differentiated primarily through ancestry, family clans, linguistic characteristics, migration routes and political histories. The ten largest groups account for 80 percent of the total population. Each tribe has distinctive social and livelihood systems, cultural traditions and sense of identity. Though the functions of customary officials vary from place to place, chiefs have an important role in settling disputes, collecting taxes, allocating food aid, mobilizing the community in collective actions, and in enforcing regulations in the use and protection of natural resources (UNEP, 2018). Under the Local Government Act of 2009, chiefs also serve as intermediaries between the government and the community. Customary law is considered to be the predominant source of jurisprudence in South Sudan as about 90 percent of everyday criminal and civil cases are handled by traditional chiefs and leaders under Chapter 3: National Circumstances 45 BOX 2 ETHNIC DIVERSITY AND ITS CONTRIBUTION TO THE NAP PROCESS, CONT. customary law. As noted in the State of the Environment report, “…importantly, the holders of traditional knowledge play a role in upholding cultural norms related to protecting and equitably using environmental resources. Such regulations include, for example, the responsibility of fishers to return small fish to the water and rules about the use of forest fires and protecting certain wildlife tree species.” This ethnic and cultural diversity brings both challenges and opportunities. Among the challenges are that some groups consider their traditional leaders to be more legitimate than local government officials. In addition, as noted in the INC (to the UNFCCC) (MoFP, 2018: 43), “…competing tribal interests continue to make strong parochial demands on public appointments and resources…” which the government cannot meet, and so this has led to perceptions of marginalization among the less powerful ethnic groups, placing further strain on the country’s fragile social order. In addition, the majority of South Sudanese customary law systems are in stark contrast to international human rights laws with respect to rights granted to women and children. South Sudan’s recent history has also served to erode the influence of customary systems, and in many areas of South Sudan, war and ongoing conflict have undermined chiefly authority. During hostilities, warring sides installed new, sympathetic chiefs in the areas they controlled, undermining the existing chiefs and the legitimacy of the institution (Idris, 2017). At the same time, the country’s cultural diversity can serve as an asset for building resilience to climate change and disasters. Droughts, floods, and water scarcity have posed challenges to South Sudanese communities since time immemorial. As a result, communities have devised means to stay resilient in the midst of threats to resources (MoFP, 2018a). These locally-appropriate resilience strategies will play an important role in the country’s response to climate change. As part of the NAP process, the Government of South Sudan will work to inventory these local approaches, identify their enabling conditions and provide resources to strengthen and scale up local responses. This bottom-up approach will form an important complement to nationally-led programmes and initiatives. Moreover, the role of customary officials, in managing natural resources and mobilizing the community in collective actions, are potential entry points for supporting and empowering locally-led adaptation process- es. These leaders can also serve as the conduit for a two-way channel of communication and coordination between communities and higher levels of government, providing information about local vulnerabilities and needs on the one hand, and helping to localize information about climate shocks and stressors for local communities on the other hand. Chiefs and traditional leaders clearly should play a role in climate change adaptation in South Sudan, but there is a lack of legal definition and clarity about the roles of chiefs and traditional authorities. Under the Transitional Constitution and the Local Government Act, the precise position and role of chiefs is not defined, potentially leading to conflict. There are different levels of chief, and it has not yet been clarified the exact level of authority granted to the different types of chief. Over the short-term period (2020-2022), the NAP process will clearly define the roles of traditional authorities with respect to climate change adaptation and disaster risk reduction, and provide guidance and capacity building to traditional leaders to empower them to play a strong role in community resilience building. While the country’s cultural diversity is a resource for building resilience, the NAP process recognizes that cultural practices contribute to the shaping of climate change impacts. For example, the flooding that now occurs on an almost annual basis causes large areas of pasture and cropland to be submerged, affecting food supplies. Flooding also causes pastoralists to move their herds or shift patterns of transhumance, which can bring communities into conflict with one another. There is also the risk that climate change will disturb weather patterns that traditionally inform the pastoral calendar, thus altering decision making processes. Therefore, the NAP process will include research on the nexus between traditional practices and resource management systems, changing climate parameters to determine potential vulnerabilities and inform the proactive development of local risk management measures. 46 First National Adaptation Plan for Climate Change – Republic of South Sudan

3.7 GENDER ISSUES AND CONTEXT With respect to climate change, there is a feedback Gender has an important influence in determining loop between climate change impacts and gender how men and women access and use natural re- inequality. While gender inequalities tend to make sources, public goods and services, information, and women and girls more vulnerable to environmental political and economic power. Following this princi- degradation and climate change impacts, these ple, gender can also shape how different people are impacts can also exacerbate gender inequalities, in- affected by climate change, as well as their ability creasing the overall gap between women and men. to adapt to climate change impacts. There are sig- For example, climate change and environmental nificant gender differences in South Sudan, starting degradation disproportionately affects women and from the rate of poverty, which is around 59 percent girls because it forces them to spend more time for female headed households, as opposed to 48 and energy fetching water and firewood. This in percent for male-headed households. Overall, male turn leaves them with less time for income gener- headed households have more assets than female ating activities or for studies and self-development. headed households (Mai et al, 2018). According to research conducted by the Sudd In- stitute (Mai et al, 2018), women in South Sudan rely There is significant inequality in terms of educational on natural resources like thatching grass and wild opportunities. The literacy rate for men is low at 40 fruit, and climate change can damage or destroy percent, but for women it stands at 16 percent. 87 these resources through increasingly severe and percent of women have no formal education, and so frequent droughts and floods. Their role in agricul- women are disadvantaged when it comes to formal tural production also increases their sensitivity and employment; only 9 percent of women have paid exposure to climate shocks and stressors. Men jobs. With respect to health outcomes, women face are also affected, but they tend to be in a relative- conditions that make them more vulnerable to cer- ly better position to cope due to other sources of tain climate impacts. For example, the INC indicates livelihood and assets, including goats, hunting, and that a loss in cattle and decline in milk production fishing. This same research shows that households leads to a reduction in women’s income from milk headed by females are more vulnerable to disaster sales. Women play a dominant role in the agricultural and famines. For example, when there is a drought, sector in South Sudan. Up to 85 percent of wom- women are often left behind to care for homesteads en and youth depend on agriculture for livelihood while men migrate with the livestock in search of sustenance. By some estimates the proportion of fodder and livelihood opportunities. This can ex- women engaged in cropping is 80 percent of the pose women disproportionately to hunger. However, workforce.Furthermore, 80 percent of households understanding specifics about potential differential working in agriculture are headed by women. Wom- vulnerabilities to climate change is difficult because en also dominate the post-harvest handling of crops there is very little gender-disaggregated data in the and are active in livestock rearing and fisheries as country, and there have been few, if any, studies well16. The prominent role of women in agriculture that examine how climate change affects women is contrasted by a lack of customary rights to tenure and men differently in South Sudan (BRACED, 2017, and inheritance. Mai et al, 2018). In general however, women are more likely to be affected by climate shocks as they Customary systems in South Sudan tend to be pa- depend more heavily on natural resources (water, triarchal, with little, if any, participation in decision firewood and agricultural resources (BRACED, 2017). making processes for women, disadvantaging Their overall lower social status and lower levels of women with respect to inheritance and property access to public goods and services (e.g. schooling rights. However, the Government of South Sudan and lack of access to health care) undermines adap- has taken some steps to address gender inequality, tive capacity, as does high levels of illiteracy among for example, the Transitional Constitution stipulates women and discriminatory/marginalizing practices that women should constitute at least 25 percent of such as early and forced marriage. decision-making institutions, however, in practice this has proven difficult to implement (Mai et al, 2018). 16 African Development Bank, "South Sudan: An Infrastructure Action Plan – A Programme for Sustained Strong Economic Growth", African Development Bank (AfDB) Group (2013), 163. Chapter 3: National Circumstances 47 These considerations should be mainstreamed into the Global Peace Index for 2019.17 This continuing the process of NAP formulation. Some potential en- conflict has largely stymied economic recovery and try points include: national reconciliation. An additional issue with re- spect to conflict relates to migration and movement ● Prioritize technical capacity building within key of humans. After the civil war with Sudan concluded, government institutions to be able to main- there were many returnees to South Sudan and stream climate change and gender equality and many IDPs. Many returnees and IDPs have ended up social inclusion measures. The Government of in urban areas and informal settlements, generally South Sudan can take stock of existing best living in crowded and unsanitary conditions. This practices and capacity development materials has also put increased pressure on environmental and adapt these for use in South Sudan in rela- resources. tively short order; ● Design policies that equally empower women Though the country has made progress, especially and men to become resilient to climate change though the Revitalized Transitional Government of impacts. This includes procedures to mandate National Unity (R-TGNU), peace building and conflict equitable gender representation in planning resolution are still important considerations and and programme design processes; should be incorporated into government policies ● Build climate data infrastructure to inform and programmes where possible and appropriate. gender equality and climate change policies At the same time, the connection between climate and plans. This includes collecting sex-disag- change and increasing conflict is not clear in South gregated data and establishing data collection Sudan and elsewhere (BRACED, 2017). However, procedures that are sensitive to, and account anecdotal evidence suggests that in South Su- for, gender differences in the country; and dan, conflict increases during time of drought and ● Require that all climate change projects and flooding (BRACED, 2017). According to some anal- programmes undertake an initial gender as- yses, there is little evidence of climate change and sessment and implement a gender action plan, variability directly causing conflict in South Sudan. including gender-specific activities (where ap- However, climate change and variability can function propriate), gender-mainstreamed monitoring, as a threat or risk multiplier for conflict. In addition, evaluation, learning, and reporting procedures. there are some suggestions that there may be a Projects and programmes should also include correlation between severe droughts and floods and gender specialists in design and implementa- the incidence of cattle theft. There is widespread tion, and budgets should provide the necessary agreement on the need for additional research into resources for effective incorporation of gender the nexus between conflict and climate change in into design and implementation processes. the country. Therefore, the NAP will strive to align with and

3.8 POST-CONFLICT CONSIDERATIONS reinforce peace-building and conflict resolution Despite winning its independence from Sudan after processes in South Sudan and will prioritize sup- a long struggle, the young nation of South Sudan porting research on the connection between natural has been troubled by internal violence which be- resource degradation, climate change processes, gan in 2013. This internal conflict has resulted in and conflict. The NAP process will incorporate thousands of deaths and hundreds of thousands, if lessons learned from UNEP’s Climate Change and not millions, being displaced internally. Although a Security project and its previous activities in South peace treaty which included a power-sharing agree- Sudan to identify linkages between climate change ment between the government and rebel factions processes and drivers of fragility and conflict (UNEP was signed in 2018, South Sudan is still rated as the and EU 2019a, b, c). Several actions to strengthen 3rd most fragile state in the world after Yemen and policy, planning, and project development synergies Somalia. South Sudan was also ranked 3rd to last on between peacebuilding efforts and climate change 17 https://fragilestatesindex.org/data/. This index is calculated by the Institute for Economics and Peace and is measured by 23 qualitative and quantitative indicators under three categories: 1) level of safety and security in society; 2) domestic and interna- tional conflict; and 3) militarization. 48 First National Adaptation Plan for Climate Change – Republic of South Sudan adaptation will be conducted through the NAP pro- NAP support facilities (e.g. GCF and NAP readiness cess. This includes coordinating with the National grants), or through direct technical assistance from Dialogue for Peace and Reconciliation. Specific bi- and multilateral development partners. entry points include: ● An eventual goal of the NAP process in South Su- ● Using the NAP process to develop a strong dan is for sectoral development plans, strategies evidence-based understanding of the potential and investments to mainstream climate change role of climate change in undermining peace considerations as part of standard procedures and so that proactive measures can be taken. This practices. This mainstreaming should be viewed will include an analysis of conflict and fragility as a medium- to long-term process of organiza- drivers at the national and subnational levels, tional change for the agencies which begins with and will incorporate the most recent climate awareness raising and ensuring that the agency analysis and information and future projections leadership understands the importance of, and from the IPCC AR6 and from other sources that is supportive of, building climate resilience. At build upon this work; the same time, since South Sudan is the world’s ● Identifying policy entry points at the national, newest country, many agencies are still being set sectoral, and subnational levels through which up, and systems and procedures are still in the climate change adaptation and peacebuilding process of being established. This provides a considerations can be mainstreamed; unique entry point to incorporate climate change ● Once the relationship between changing envi- adaptation considerations as these systems are ronmental conditions and conflicts are well un- being developed. Therefore over the short-term, derstood, exploring the possibility of designing it will be important to track external assistance for an early warning system that monitors climate governance and institutional strengthening from conditions and processes that have been development partners to identify entry points for linked to conflicts over land and resources. climate change adaptation, and coordinate with Such a system, when triggered, could prompt agencies and development partners to ensure government and other stakeholders to deploy that climate change considerations inform tech- conflict mitigation resources; nical assistance packages. ● Establishing screening tools for investment ● There are significant knowledge gaps with projects to ensure that they do not trigger or respect to the nexus between climate change, exacerbate conflicts between communities; migration and conflict. At the same time, de- and velopment partners and international NGOs, ● Developing common principles for re- as well as domestic stakeholders, are imple- source-based conflict resolution and adjudica- menting peace building and conflict resolution tion practices that all stakeholders agree on processes and projects. These processes and prior to the emergence of conflicts. If and when projects should incorporate climate change conflicts emerge, the agreed upon principles considerations and the government should and protocols would then be utilized to bring support ongoing research to build an evidence about peaceful and amicable resolutions. base for future policies and programmes to build peace and prevent or mitigate conflicts over natural resources.

3.9 KEY ISSUES TO RESOLVE WITH ● Regional coordination on climate change RESPECT TO UNDERSTANDING adaptation issues should be improved. There THE NATIONAL CONTEXT AND are a number of short-term actions that would CIRCUMSTANCES FOR CLIMATE CHANGE advance regional coordination, including: ADAPTATION IN SOUTH SUDAN — Identifying entry points in national policies and strategies and implementing measures This section provides an overview of key issues iden- that are consistent with the Nile Basin Initia- tified that should be prioritized over the short term tive’s Climate Change Strategy; (2020-2022) to strengthen South Sudan’s NAP pro- — Ensuring that investments in upgrading the cess and overall response to climate change. These hydrometeorological monitoring network priorities may be addressed through dedicated and in data and information management Chapter 3: National Circumstances 49 are aligned with regional considerations. ● Clarify the roles and responsibilities for tradi- This includes ensuring that data formats tional leaders with respect to climate change are interoperable and consistent with in- adaptation at local level and align these with ternational best practices, and establishing the overall improved institutional arrangements data sharing partnerships and protocols for vertical coordination recommended in with regional agencies and neighbouring Chapter 2. Proactively reach out to chiefs and countries; build awareness and capacity so that they can — Building research partnerships with regional serve as local focal points for resilience building institutions and universities through mem- and adaptation. orandums of understanding (MoUs) and ● Identify clear entry points for gender equity in exchanges; the NAP process and for South Sudan’s over- — Promoting bi- and multilateral management all adaptation response. Prioritize technical approaches to transboundary ecosystems, capacity building within the Department of conservation areas, aquifers, and other nat- Climate Change and other agencies to improve ural resources; and integration of gender equity and equality into — Improving capacity for addressing trans- adaptation planning and implementation. boundary climate issues at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Coopera- These recommendations are included in the matrix tion (MFAIC), and developing a coordination of short-term priority programmes included in Chap- mechanism between MFAIC and the De- ter 6. partment of Climate Change. 50 First National Adaptation Plan for Climate Change – Republic of South Sudan Chapter 4: Rationale for Conducting Adaptation Chapter 4: Rationale for Conducting Adaptation 51

4.1 INTRODUCTION 4.2 CLIMATE CONTEXT: GENERAL This chapter provides the climate science basis CLIMATE CHARACTERISTICS for climate change adaptation planning, policy and The climate of South Sudan is tropical with two dis- regulatory formulation, and project design by con- tinct rainy seasons and high humidity (AfDB 2018). solidating information on the physical processes of Temperatures in the country range from hot and dry climate change and their impacts. The chapter pro- in the southeast near the border with Kenya and vides information on observed changes in physical northeast near the border with Sudan, to temperate parameters (e.g., observed temperature increases, in the southern highlands. Average temperatures observed changes in the timing and amount of range between 18°C and 30°C (MoFA, 2018) and do precipitation) as well as information on projected not vary greatly with the change in season (Chen changes into the future based on the most recent et al., 2013). The hottest month is generally March; projections available. Capacity gaps and needs the coldest is August (MoFA, 2018). In Malakal (9.5N, within the South Sudan Meteorological Department 31.6E), the highest maximum daily temperature is and recommendations for addressing these gaps 39.1°C in April, while in Juba (4.9N, 31.6E) the highest are also described. Lastly, the chapter describes maximum daily temperature is 37.9°C in February potential impacts in each of the NAP priority sectors. (Table 2). It is expected that this chapter will be expanded and updated as South Sudan’s NAP process progresses Annual rainfall ranges from 200 mm in the southeast and so this chapter, like much of the rest of the first (Eastern Equatoria) to 1,200–2,200 mm in the forest NAP, should be considered a living document.18 area of Western Equatoria and the highland areas (MoFA, 2018). The north-eastern part of the country is drier and in general, precipitation increases towards the southwest (Figure 4). The driest parts of the country are the semi-arid areas of the south-eastern region, which are also the areas with the highest levels of food insecurity (USAID, 2019). 18 Some of the information presented in this chapter is derived from datasets collected while South Sudan was still part of Sudan, and some of the analyses cover areas beyond South Sudan’s borders. In some cases, locations that are currently in Sudan are used as no equivalent cases for locations in South Sudan are currently available. 52 First National Adaptation Plan for Climate Change – Republic of South Sudan Figure 5: Average rainfall in South Sudan. Source: Republic of South Sudan, First State of the Environment Report Rainfall patterns in South Sudan are seasonal. The 2018) and typically, rainfall falls unevenly across the longer wet season lasts from April to October, fol- country. Most of the country experiences monsoons lowed by a dry season from November to March between June and September during its long rainy (MoFA, 2018; Figure 2). Seasonal rainfall is driven season. The extreme south region has a longer rainy by the annual migration of the Inter-Tropical Con- season that extends from May to October with two vergence Zone (ITCZ; Government of South Sudan, distinct peaks occurring in May and July. Chapter 4: Rationale for Conducting Adaptation 53 Figure 6: Regional Climographs. Annual pattern in rainfall and Temperature for Malakal (9.5N, 31.6E) and Juba (4.9N, 31.6E) cities in South Sudan. The red line in the graph indicates the maximum daily temperature; the blue line is the minimum daily temperature. Distinct differences in seasonal rainfall are apparent 1). Approximately 99 percent of the rainfall in Malakal in a comparison between Malakal in the northern occurs during the 7-month wet season in compari- part of the country and Juba in the South. Overall, son to 89 percent over this same period in Juba. Juba receives more rainfall annually (953 mm) as op- posed to Malakal (770 mm), which begins in March The heavy rains that fall in August and September and ends in November. (Figure 6). The dry season cause the Nile River and its tributaries to flood, is particularly harsh in Malakal where on average, though many parts of the country are prone to flood- only one day with rainfall occurs each month (Table ing during the wet season, including the states of 54 First National Adaptation Plan for Climate Change – Republic of South Sudan Jonglei, Unity, Upper Nile, Warrap and Northern Bahr 2000 average (Schmidt & Arndt, 2020). The past six el Ghazal, as well as parts of Western and Eastern years (2014-2019) have been the six hottest years Equatoria (MoFA, 2018). The amount of rainfall and on record and the last decade has been the hottest the length of the rainy season has varied drastically decade in recorded history (Schmidt & Arndt, 2020). from year to year (Chen et al. 2013). Historical precip- itation has exhibited large annual variability that can Over the past 30 years, South Sudan has been shift from 50 percent below average rainfall in one among the most rapidly warming locations on the year to 50 percent above average the next year (US- planet, with observed temperatures increasing as AID, 2019). It should be noted that this background much as 0.4°C per decade (Funk et al., 2011). While variability is not a result of anthropogenic global warming has been detected since 1950, the rate of warming and climate change, but as is described be- warming has increased significantly over the past low, climate change may be increasing the degree of three to four decades (USAID, 2019). It has been annual variability. estimated that the observed warming between 1975 to 2009 was more than 1.3°C for South Sudan and more than 1°C within the extended Darfur region to

4.3 CLIMATE CHANGE OVERVIEW: the north (Funk et al., 2011). Annual temperatures OBSERVED CHANGES anomalies are illustrated in Figure 7, which clearly

4.3.1 Changes in temperature shows that over the 40 years between 1978 and Globally, 2019 has been identified as the second 2018, only two years were below the 1961-1990 av- warmest year in the instrumental record (Schmidt erage annual temperature. & Arndt, 2020). The combined global ocean and land temperatures were 0.95°C above the 1901- The rate of warming South Sudan is 2.5 times great- er than the global average change in air temperature Table 2: Mean climate characteristics for Malakal and Juba cities Malakal Juba Tmin (C°) Tmax (C°) Precip. Precip. Tmin (C°) Tmax (C°) Precip. Precip. (mm) Days (n) (mm) Days (n) Jan 18.7 34.9 0.0 0.4 20.1 36.8 5.1 1.4 Feb 20.3 36.8 0.4 1.3 21.7 37.9 11.0 2.0 Mar 22.9 38.9 6.7 3.0 23.6 37.7 36.7 6.6 Apr 24.3 39.1 26.9 4.5 23.4 35.4 111.5 11.6 May 23.5 36.0 97.4 8.7 22.6 33.5 129.9 12.4 Jun 22.3 33.2 107.8 9.8 21.9 32.4 117.8 10.3 Jul 21.7 31.4 163.9 11.7 21.1 31.1 144.7 13.0 Aug 21.6 31.0 170.2 11.8 21.0 31.6 127.5 11.5 Sep 21.9 32.3 117.8 6.7 21.1 33.1 103.7 8.6 Oct 21.9 34.0 75.6 4.3 21.3 34.0 114.5 10.4 Nov 20.0 35.6 3.6 0.3 20.9 34.7 43.1 6.5 Dec 18.7 35.2 0.0 0.0 20.0 35.9 8.2 1.9 Tmin is the mean minimum temperature; Tmax is the mean maximum temperature; Precip; Is the total average precipitation; Precip. Days. Is the average number of days where precipitation occurs; averages are calculated for observed data collected between 1971 to 2000 (WMO, 2020). Chapter 4: Rationale for Conducting Adaptation 55 Figure 7: Annual temperature anomalies in South Sudan from 1960 to 2018 (base period 1961- 1990). Data from CRU.CY.4.04 (Harris et al., 2020). 2 1.5 1 0.5 0 -0.5 -1 -1.5 1950 1952 1954 1956 1958 1960 1962 1964 1966 1968 1970 1972 1974 1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 (Funk et al., 2011). South Sudan is becoming drier Drought frequency has shown distinct spatial pat- and hotter, which is consistent with an increase in terns over the Greater Horn of Africa (GHA) region atmospheric circulation bringing dry subsiding air during the past 52 years with high frequencies ob- during the main rainy season (Funk et al., 2011). served in parts of South Sudan (Gebremeskel Haile, 2020). Early- to mid-1970s, mid-1980s, early-1990s

4.3.2 Changes in precipitation and early-2000s were reported as common drought According to the Famine Early Warning Network years. These were among the driest years in the (FEWSNET, Funk et al., 2011), much of South Sudan central region of Sudan, and some of the most se- has experienced a 10–20 percent decrease in long vere famines of the past are associated with the rains since the mid-1970s. Funk et al., (2011) has worst multiple year droughts (Yagoub et al., 2017). reported that summer rainfall decreased by 15-20 percent across parts of western Sudan and South There is a consensus that drought has become more Sudan between the mid-1970s and late-2000s. frequent in recent decades (BRACED, 2018) and that There is also evidence that seasonal rainfall patterns increases in temperature appear to be amplifying are shifting and the onset of the rainy season is now the effects of drought (Funk et al., 2011). Over the occurring one month later than previously (BRACED, past 20 years, declines in evapotranspiration (Figure 2018). Inter-annual rainfall variability in South Sudan 3) are larger for the extended Darfur region (approx- has been linked to changes in Indian Ocean Sea imately -40 percent) and southern Sudan19 (approxi- surface temperatures (Chen et al., 2013). In general, mately -28 percent) than the associated decreases in the driest years are associated with the warm (El rainfall (approximately -10 percent). Generally, higher Niño) phase of the El Niño Southern Oscillation In- drought frequency and longer drought duration with dex, which influences inter-annual rainfall variability higher intensity are distributed in parts of South Su- across the country (Chen et al, 2013). dan. Consequently, these drought conditions have proved to be highly damaging to agricultural yield

4.3.3 Extreme events (Elagib, 2009 and Sulieman and Elagib, 2018). Climate extremes such as flooding and seasonal drought have been more frequent over the last 30-60 years in South Sudan (Shiferaw et al., 2018). 19 At the time of the Funk et al. 2011 study, South Sudan was not yet independent from Sudan, therefore references to Southern Sudan encompass the areas of present-day South Sudan. 56 First National Adaptation Plan for Climate Change – Republic of South Sudan Figure 8: 20-year climate trends in rainfall, evaporation and temperature in Darfur (Sudan; left pane) and Southern Sudan (right pane), Source Funk et al., 2011. 130 29.0 130 22.00 Extended Darfur region Air temperature Southern Sudan region Air temperature Percentage of 1979−88 average Air temperature, in degrees Celsius Percentage of 1979−88 average Air temperature, in degrees Celsius 110 Rainfall 110 Rainfall 90 28.5 90 21.25 Evapotranspiration Evapotranspiration 70 70 50 28.0 50 20.50 1988 1998 2008 1988 1998 2008 The frequency of flood events has increased over 4.3.4 Climate change overview: the last 60 years, with the last 30 years witnessing projected changes the highest number of floods (BRACED, 2018). These The Greater Horn of Africa (GHA) region is one of the include increased incidence of flash floods, rivers most vulnerable regions to current and projected overflowing or the bank bursting following a heavy future changes in climate extremes (Shiferaw et al., rain (BRACED, 2018). The government declared the 2018). General Circulation Models (GCMs) indicate country a disaster zone in October 2013 after seven that the mean annual temperature in South Sudan is of South Sudan’s 10 states were heavily flooded. Be- projected to increase by 1-1.5°C by 2060 from 2020 tween August and November 2013, floods affected values (MoFA, 2018; USAID, 2018). In some areas around 150,000 people, destroying crops, property, and in some months these increases could be much and infrastructure (MoFA, 2018). Flooding from July higher (MoFA, 2018). By 2090, average tempera- to August 2014 resulted in deaths, displacement of tures are projected to increase by 3.3-3.6°C under a more than 40,000 people, destruction of property high emission scenario (RCP8.5) across the country and a widespread malaria epidemic. In Septem- (Table 2). Extreme heat days are also expected to ber 2015, flooding displaced around 2,000-3,000 increase with some regional variation. In the western households (MoFA, 2018). There are indications that city of Bor an estimated 24-58 extreme heat days the intensifying flooding and droughts are directly per year are projected in 2090 compared with pres- linked to extreme rainfall events driven by changes ent day values (Table 3). in the climate (Chen et al., 2013). Chapter 4: Rationale for Conducting Adaptation 57 Table 3: Summary of projected climate changes in year 2090 in seven locations in South Sudan. Total Increase Avg. Increase in Total in Extreme Increase in Increase in Precip Increase in Heat Precip Days Location Region Temp (C°) (mm/yr) Precip (%/yr) (days/yr) (days/yr) Torit Equatoria 1.5-3.3 78-244 7-22 20-55 1-4 Yambio Equatoria 1.6-3.5 55-249 4-16 17-54 1-3 Yei Equatoria 1.5-3.4 121-269 8-18 19-48 1-4 Aweil Bahr el Ghazal 1.5-3.5 73-176 7-17 13-36 1-3 Rumbek Bahr el Ghazal 1.7-3.6 54-123 5-12 23-58 1-3 Way Bahr el Ghazal 1.5-3.3 51-177 4-15 17-47 1-3 Bor Great Upper Nile 1.7-3.5 57-194 6-20 24-58 1-4 Sudd Great Upper Nile 1.6-3.5 57-173 7-21 19-51 1-4 Data is based on the average of 21 climate models that have been downscaled. Data ranges are based on the 21-model average for both low (RCP4.5) and high (RCP8.5) emission scenarios (USAID, 2019). The resulting warmer climate will amplify the ef- future periods, i.e., 2011-2030, 2046-2065 and fects of droughts in South Sudan, as with any ob- 2080-2099, as compared with the current climate served warming of more than 1°C is equivalent to a (1961-1990) at a rate of 1.0-1.5 °C, 2.5-3.0°C and 4.5- further decrease of 10-20 percent in rainfall (Funk 5.5°C, respectively (Figure 8b,c). The higher tem- et al., 2011). Predictions from seven GCMs showed perature regime is projected to result in not only an increasing trend for maximum (Tmax) and mini- more extreme heat days, but longer heat waves mum (Tmin) near-surface air temperatures in three (estimated at 5 to 32 days longer by 2085) and a future time periods (Chen et al., 2013). Both Tmax decrease in cold spells (USAID, 2019). and Tmin were shown to increase for the three 58 First National Adaptation Plan for Climate Change – Republic of South Sudan 24 Tmi 24 Tmi 22 22 GFCM21 GFCM21 CNCM3 IPCM4 NCCCS IPCM4 NCCCS HADCM3 INCM3 CNCM3 INCM3 HADCM3 MPEH5 MPEH5 Figure 9: Future temperature projections. Refer to text for details. g. 6 The differences of ecipitation between the future riods (2011–2030, 2046– 65, and 2080–2099) and the rrent period (1961–1990) in dan (a) and South Sudan (b) ough calculating the mean semble of 7 GCMs mperature and precipitation in Sudan and South Sudan 373 g. 7 The differences of the aximum temperature between e future periods (2011–2030, 46–2065, and 2080–2099) d the current period (1961– 90) in Sudan (a) and South dan (b) through calculating e mean ensemble of 7 GCMs 99, and the differences between the ensemble means and can combine with decreases in rainfall in JJA season to seline values for the seasonal precipitation were plotted in reduce crop yield. g. 6 for the periodsThese of 2011–2030, 2046–2065, and 2080– graphs show the differences between the projected rainfall suggest the occurrence of fewer 99. It is seen that in Sudan, the precipitation in JJA (June, future periods (2011-2030, 2046-2065 and 2080- but more intense rainy days by the end of the centu- ly, and August) shows a decreasing trend in the periods of 5 Conclusions ry (Shiferaw et al., 2018). Increases in the number of 2099) and the current period (1961-1990) in Sudan, 11–2030, 2046–2065, and 2080–2099. This result is con- for a) Precipitation, b) Maximum air temperature consecutive dry days (CDD) during summer months stent with other early studies in Africa. Mariotti et al. In the present study, (Tmax) and c) Minimum air temperature (Tmin), for we first tested the applicability of the (July, August and September) range from a slight de- 011) conducted RegCM3 and one GCM ECHAM4 to LARS-WG model four seasons, through calculating the mean ensem- in downscaling daily precipitation and crease over a few locations to an increasing pattern oject climate change over Africa in the twenty-first cen- daily maximum (Tmax) and daily minimum (Tmin) temper- ble of 7 GCMs (Chen et al., 2013). that dominates the entire region; and this pattern ry and indicated that there was a decreasing trend in JJA atures in Sudan and South Sudan and then used LARS-WG is most significant in South Sudan (Shiferaw et al., ason in the West Sahel regions. An obvious increasing to downscale future changes of precipitation, Tmin, and Projections of rainfall patterns are less certain than 2018). In the Equatorial region, a large increase in the end of precipitation in SON (September, October, and Tmax for nine stations in Sudan and South Sudan from the projections of temperature, with some models sug- length of dry periods of up to eight days is projected ovember) can be found in Sudan in the future. In South seven GCM outputs of SRA2 scenario for the periods of gesting increases while others suggest decreases by the end of the century in areas encompassing udan, the precipitation showed increasing trends in all 2011–2030, 2046–2065, and 2080–2099. Due to limitations (USAID, 2019). Chen et al. (2013) identified an increas- South Sudan that receive considerable amounts of asons in the future except in JJA in 2011–2030. From of data availability, nine stations of precipitation and tem- ing trend in most seasons in South Sudan in the future rainfall during this season (Osima et al., 2018). e above discussions, it can be inferred that Sudan and perature data for the period of 1961 to 1990 were used for except for the March, April and May (MAM) season outh Sudan have different change trends of precipitation calibrating the downscaling model and for comparison with during the 2011-2030 period (Figure 9a). From the above synthesis, it can be inferred that tem- the main rainy season JJA in the future. The increases of future scenarios. From the study, it is concluded that: peratures in South Sudan will continue to increase max and Tmin during the three future periods, i.e., 2011– The average of 21-GCM models showed that annual in the future, which will force the environment to 30, 2046–2065, and 2080–2099, as compared with the & The LARS-WG model is able to perform well in down- rainfall increases at seven locations across the coun- become less hospitable to plants. Observed warm- rrent climate (1961–1990) are about 1.0–1.5 °C, 2.5–3.0 ° scaling daily precipitation and excellent in downscaling try as well as the number of extreme precipitation ing appears to be amplifying the effects of drought and 4.5–5.5 °C, respectively, in these two regions (as Tmax and Tmin in the study region; days per year (Table 3). Projected increases in rainfall and when combined with decreases in rainfall in the own in Figs. 7 and 8). The temperature predictions in & The downscaled precipitation from the predictions of vary regionally but are as high as +22 percent under June, July, August (JJA) period has the potential to e future in Sudan and South Sudan are consistent with seven GCMs has different changing trends in the future a high emission scenario (Table 3). Other analyses reduce crop yields. Such climatic alterations and her earlier studies (Caminade et al. 2006; Kamga et al. three periods. This also illustrates that more GCMs suggest that for most locations seasonal rainfall is variability have inherent implications for land-use 005; Mariotti et al. 2011). From the above analysis, it is should be considered in the study of climate change to projected to decrease and that overall increases in and land-cover over the entire region (Elgib, 2009). rtain that the warming will last for a long time in Sudan reduce the uncertainty of GCMs; d South Sudan in the future, which will force the envi- & The precipitation prediction in main rainy season JJA in nment to become less hospitable to plants. These warming Sudan shows a decreasing trend in the future, which will fects appear to be amplifying the effects of drought and bring more difficulty in Sudan's agriculture productivity. Chapter 4: Rationale for Conducting Adaptation 59 g. 8 The differences of the nimum temperature between BOX 3: EXTREME RAINFALL IN SOUTH SUDAN Future projections of increased annual and/or seasonal rainfall may not necessarily mean a greater availabil- ity of potable water resources. Shifting rainfall patterns and more extreme events that bring larger amounts of rainfall over a shorter period can have damaging effects. Elgib (2009) showed that a recent enhancement of the overall (annual) rainfall in South Sudan was driven by only a few very wet days that year. Sulieman and Elagib (2012) found that around 61 percent of the annual rainfall in El Gedaref, Sudan in 2009 was recorded during only seven days, each with a rainfall > 30 mm/ day. Although rainfall of >30 mm/day is the least recurrent across the region (< 6 percent of the days) It contributes significantly to the total annual rainfall amount, about 28-42 percent (Salih et al., 2018). This kind of concentrated rainfall is less useful for rain-fed agriculture, compared to when the corresponding amount is distributed over a reasonably longer time. If severe rainfall (> 30 mm/day) coincides with the early stage of the growing season when the soil is dry and bare, it likely generates large overland flow (runoff), causing erosion of the fertile top layer of the soil (Sulieman and Elagib, 2012 and Elagib, 2009). Precipitation (water availability) is by far the most critical parameter for the region and therefore, changes in frequency and intensity of precipitation will ultimately affect water availability and may lead to decreased agricultural production and potentially widespread food shortages (Shiferaw et al., 2018).

4.4 A NOTE ON CLIMATE MONITORING SSMD has reported several gaps and barriers that AND DATA AVAILABILITY IN SOUTH are directly and indirectly relevant to the effective- SUDAN ness of adaptation planning in South Sudan (Modo, Climate monitoring in South Sudan is overseen n.d.), including: by the South Sudan Meteorological Department (SSMD), a government institution within South Su- ● Inadequate physical infrastructure to support dan Civil Aviation Authority. The South Sudan Civil robust and comprehensive meteorological Aviation Authority is organized under the Ministry monitoring (e.g., office space, connectivity and of Transport, Roads and Bridges. The mission of the electrical generation) SSMD (2018 est.) is to provide timely, high quality ● Lack of comprehensive coverage for monitor- and reliable meteorological information and early ing stations and a lack of up-to-date monitoring warning to help in disaster risk reduction efforts. equipment suitable for conditions in South Su- SSMD relies on a national network of monitoring dan stations, but currently, only five functional synoptic ● Lack of budget and technical capacity to im- meteorological stations are in operation (Modo, n.d.). plemented required periodic maintenance for These stations are located at Malakal, Juba, Renk, available instruments Raja and Wau. In the past there were seven stations ● Lack of forecasting tools, including radar, sat- but the stations at Benteiu and Rumbek were closed ellite ground station, computers and modelling during the civil war in 1984. software ● Insufficient staff and lack of technical expertise In addition to these stations, nine Automatic Weather with no opportunities or support for training and Stations were installed by FAO in 2009 but at pres- professional development ent, only two are still operational. One aeronautical ● Inadequate research support and partnerships meteorological station is operational at Juba Airport; with academic and research institutions. The however, this station only operates 12 hours a day, central and eastern African climate system reflecting the airport’s opening hours. Meteorolog- remains one of the most understudied areas in ical data observed at this station include measure- the world, in part due to the lack of weather re- ments of temperature, rainfall, cloud fraction and cords, lack of recognition of the importance of dew point. weather management systems, chronic under 60 First National Adaptation Plan for Climate Change – Republic of South Sudan investment and low levels of technical capacity change. The agriculture sector is key to the future (BRACED, 2017) of the country for several reasons. Given that most ● Aid and humanitarian agencies rely on data and people depend on livestock and crops for survival, information from IGAD and FEWSNET, but it is a healthy and resilient agriculture sector is critical rarely localized and is not translated into rele- for long-term peace and development. Therefore, vant information for stakeholders on the groud incorporating climate change considerations into (BRACED, 2017) agriculture sector planning and investment indirect- ly contributes to peace and reconciliation in South The World Meteorological Organization facilitated Sudan. The agriculture sector also has tremendous a stakeholder-led assessment of South Sudan’s hy- potential for improved productivity; the country’s drometeorological services capabilities in 2019. This fertile soil and abundant water resources allow for assessment analysed functional capacities accord- scaling up production. South Sudan was in fact once ing to six categories: governance, basic systems, a net exporter of food thanks to these natural bless- user interface, capacity development, provision, ings. However, due to years of conflict, the country and application climate services and monitoring and now imports as much as 50 percent of its food from evaluation of socio-economic benefits. The assess- Kenya and Uganda at an estimated annual cost in ment concluded that South Sudan is deficient in all the range of $200-300 million (UNEP, 2018). these categories. Currently, productivity in the agriculture sector is Some of these issues will be addressed over the extremely low. Major challenges include lack of short- and medium-terms with support provided inputs, poor land management leading to saliniza- by donors and development partners for the NAP tion, runoff, erosion and loss of fertility, absence of process (e.g., GCF Readiness resources). However, extension services and an absence of meteorolog- the Government of South Sudan will need to secure ical information. Moreover, despite the abundance additional assistance to support the buildout of the of surface and (predicted) groundwater resources, national monitoring network and to make the capital low water availability is the biggest challenge for improvements necessary to increase the capabilities improving agricultural productivity, as most farmers of the SSMD. are dependent on seasonal rains (Qureshi et al., 2018). Nevertheless, the government understands agriculture as a sector for strategic growth over the

4.5 SECTORAL BASELINES medium- to long-term and is proactively engaging AND CURRENT AND FUTURE investors to develop industrial farming. VULNERABILITIES This section provides a general overview of baseline The NAP process is important for the agriculture conditions as well as current and potential climate sector for two main reasons: vulnerabilities and impacts for the nine sectors pri- oritized by the Government of South Sudan for the 1. To identify current and future climate vulner- NAP process. This section is based on a thorough abilities and to take proactive measures to review of existing sources and overcome them through investment projects, consultations with sectoral stakeholders. Currently regulatory incentives, improved planning and there are virtually no sector-specific assessments climate-smart outreach and extension services. of climate impacts, vulnerabilities, or risks for South 2. To understand the impact that climate change Sudan. This is a significant constraint on adaptation can have on agriculture investments them- planning for the country. A detailed sectoral vulnera- selves, as well as the development trajectory of bility and risk assessments is planned to be conduct- the agriculture sector and to take measures to ed from 2020-2022. climate proof and increase the resilience of all investments and to avoid maladaptation.

4.5.1 Agriculture, livestock and fisheries Of all the sectors that are prioritized in South Su- 4.5.1.a Crop agriculture: A significant source of dan’s NAP process, the agriculture sector is the most vulnerability to crop agriculture stems from the fact critical for economic and social development, while that it is mainly rain-fed and as rainfall becomes simultaneously being the most vulnerable to climate increasingly unpredictable and variable, it will have Chapter 4: Rationale for Conducting Adaptation 61 increasing impacts on productivity and consequent- intergroup strife, as conflict between different pasto- ly, the livelihoods of farmers. For example, almost ralist communities seems to be exacerbated in times 70 percent of the variability in production of grain of drought and flooding. and cereal in South Sudan is due to variable rainfall. Sorghum, the most important crop in South Sudan The baseline conditions for animal husbandry cre- (70 percent of cultivated area), is particularly vul- ate a development deficit that also contributes to nerable and recent research suggests that climate climate vulnerabilities. Livestock is characterized by change may result in reductions of sorghum yields low calving percentages at 30 percent, high death by 5-25 percent between now and 2050 (GoNMFA, rates for young stock (ranging from 15-40 percent) 2018). Maize (27 percent of cultivated area) is also and adult death rates ranging from 5-10 percent sensitive to variable rainfall patterns, particularly per annum. It is likely that livestock will be further in dry periods with increased temperatures, while stressed, especially during critical reproductive and sorghum and millet are more resilient to projected developmental life cycle phases, by the increased climate changes (USAID, 2019). temperatures brought about by climate change, as well as an uptick in cattle diseases. The positive Current and expected impacts on crop agriculture side to this is that general investments in improved include: animal husbandry should contribute to climate resilience, but additional measures are needed to ● Increased evapotranspiration in plants and re- address specific vulnerabilities. duction of soil moisture, increasing the amount of water crops will need. At the same time, Observed and expected impacts on livestock in- reduced rainfall in combination with increasing clude: temperatures could make reliance on rain-fed agriculture no longer feasible in many parts of ● Increased potential for pest and disease the country. outbreaks among crops and livestock due to ● Increased rainfall variability affecting the onset changing temperature and precipitation con- and length of the rainy season, have led to de- siderations. layed planting and earlier harvesting, leading ● Delay or shortening of the rainy season causing to a shortened growing season and reduced crop failure or reducing water resources, lead- yields and/or crop failure. Seasonal patterns ing to decreased livestock health. At the same have become erratic and are expected to wors- time, increased flooding due to more extreme en in the future. rainfall events contributes to the loss of grazing ● Increased soil degradation due to wildfires and areas for pastoralists, whereas more frequent extreme meteorological conditions contributes and extended droughts lead to reduced access to declining agricultural yields and diminution of to water for livestock. long-term sustainability. ● The combination of drought and high tempera- ● Increased temperatures have biophysical im- tures contributes to wildfires that destroy graz- pacts on many economically and nutritionally ing and agriculture habitats. important plant species. Crops such as wheat ● It is expected that all climate change related and sorghum and maize reach their thermal impacts could intensify local conflicts over land maximum temperatures, thus producing lower use and resources between and amongst pas- yields. toralists and farmers. 4.5.1.b Livestock: South Sudan has among the larg- 4.5.1.c Fisheries: South Sudan’s rivers, ponds and est livestock populations in Africa and livestock have wetlands support mainly subsistence and artisanal a high cultural value in the country. This contributes activities and are important sources of protein for to potential vulnerability as climate change threat- many South Sudanese. Approximately 17.3 percent ens livestock and the pastoralist communities that of the population directly depends on fisheries (Gov- depend on them due to the loss of pasture lands and ernment of South Sudan and UNEP, 2018). Commer- reduced access to water resources. There is also a cial fishing is relatively small scale and Improvement potential nexus between climate change impacts of fisheries and the commercial sector is explicitly on livestock health and numbers and an increase in referred to as a priority in Vision 2040. It is estimated 62 First National Adaptation Plan for Climate Change – Republic of South Sudan that fish production suffers post-harvest losses of up 4.5.3 Environment, ecosystems and biodiversi- to 60 percent due to the lack of cold storage and ty conservation refrigerated transport (FAO, 2014) and poor roads Since the 1970s, forests in South Sudan have expe- limit the delivery of fish to markets further away from rienced pressure from degradation, uncontrolled the Nile River. There is also significant potential for fires, uncontrolled grazing and overharvesting. It is aquaculture development in some parts of the coun- estimated that between 1973 and 2006 on average try and some development partner initiatives have South Sudan lost 2 percent of its forests per year focused on building village aquaculture ponds. For (MoFP, 2018b). these initiatives to be successful, institutional capac- ity within the government needs to scale up. Additionally, prolonged periods of war have promot- ed poaching and endangering of wildlife and wildlife Typical impacts of climate change on fisheries in- managers. During periods of armed conflict, civilian clude: communities and combatants alike fed on wildlife and other natural resources for survival which in ● Reduced fish populations and aquatic diversity several areas resulted in uncontrolled hunting and owing to reduced river flow and drying of wet- over-exploitation during the extended periods of lands war. Combatants on all sides left anti-personnel and ● Reduced aquatic diversity owing to increased land mines and other unexploded ordnance in some water temperatures of South Sudan’s protected areas. This presents a ● Decreased access to fishing sites during in- hindrance for rehabilitation, research, tourism and creased flooding other wildlife management activities. The war years ● Reduced rainfall could lead to the disappear- also led to a general decline in the capacity of man- ance of some economically and nutritionally agement and conservation personnel. important migratory fish species Though conservation management, South Sudan is For example, according to consultations conducted recovering but there is still a long way to go. Current- for the Initial National Communication, fishermen in ly conservation efforts are a low priority and so re- Nyamlel who fish on the Lol River reported that five sources are lacking to implement a comprehensive of the 15 known fish species had disappeared from program of biodiversity conservation. Additionally, the river and the average size of the fish catch had there are unclear delineations of authority and re- also decreased. sponsibility with respect to forest governance be- tween the states and the central government (MoFP,

4.5.2 Disaster risk reduction 2018b). Given its baseline environmental, political and eco- nomic conditions, South Sudan is already vulnerable Future efforts to improve capacity and strengthen to a wide range of disasters and natural hazards. institutional capacities for ecosystem restoration These include drought and flooding. It is expected and biodiversity conservation will create an import- that climate change will exacerbate their intensity, ant entry point for incorporating climate change frequency and duration. South Sudan declared its considerations and for introducing, piloting and intention to implement the Sendai Framework for di- upscaling ecosystem-based adaptation (EbA). As saster risk reduction in the East African region along noted in the guiding principles, the NAP process with Burundi, Kenya, Rwanda, Uganda and Tanzania will prioritize EbA and recognize that ecosystems on 31 May 2017. The country then began developing and biodiversity are crucial resources for resilience a disaster risk management policy to prevent and building and climate change adaptation. In this way, prepare for natural hazards. In the short-term, it will significant co-benefits between these two areas will be important for the country to ensure coordination be realized. between climate change adaptation efforts and those aimed at reducing and managing disaster Potential impacts of climate change on ecosystems risks. and biodiversity include: ● Increased evapotranspiration, combined with longer dry periods, which will lead to shrinking Chapter 4: Rationale for Conducting Adaptation 63 wetlands, reducing their ability to provide criti- 4.5.4 Energy cal ecosystem services The energy sector is one of the most important for ● Increased competition among users of non-tim- supporting the social and economic development of ber forest products and other resources the country and for improving stability. Currently less ● Reduction of habitats and spawning areas for than 1 percent of the population of South Sudan has fish in rivers access to on-the-grid electricity (UNEP, 2018). Cur- ● Reduced food and fodder availability for wildlife rently, households in South Sudan rely predominant- ● Reduced forest density and diversity due to ly on biomass to meet their energy needs, burning desertification. A hotter, drier climate with in- charcoal, grass, wood, cow dung and agricultural termittent droughts may see a southward shift residues. These inefficient sources have well-docu- in the Sahel, leading to declines in tree density mented health and environmental impacts and are and tree species, limited growth and increased not sustainable sources of energy for a growing incidence of wildlife. population. ● Increased incidence of wildfires due to higher temperatures and changes to ecosystem com- The lack of reliable energy is not only a constraint on position that are more conducive to burning the well-being and resilience of the South Sudanese ● Combined with changing rainfall patterns, de- population, but it is also a major obstacle to econom- sertification may increase, particularly in the ic development and the growth of a thriving private north and southeast of South Sudan and the sector, as more than 70 percent of businesses in Sahel shifting southward, leading to changing the country rely on expensive diesel-powered gen- habitats. erators to operate. When grid electricity is available ● Changes cyclic and seasonal natural phenome- to consumers, they must pay some of the highest na (phenological changes), including flowering electricity rates in the world. and growing cycles, especially in critical habi- tats such as the Sudd wetland Because the country is largely rural, the scattered population presents challenges for infrastructure USAID’s Climate Vulnerability Profile for South Su- design and service provision for electricity, but also dan (2019) provides an analysis of the Sudd, one opportunities to introduce new technologies for mi- of the largest freshwater ecosystems in the world, crogrids and distributed energy generation. Current which is also the largest Ramsar Wetland of Interna- facilities for transmitting electricity are highly inad- tional Importance in the world. The Sudd is made up equate and the infrastructure that exists is aging. of channels and lagoons spread out across a shal- There is a general lack of spare parts and facilities low depression fed by the White Nile, rainfall and are inadequately maintained. runoff from the surrounding catchment. It is part of the Jonglei Plains, which is a much larger ecosystem To address these issues, significant investments forming the largest area of intact savannah in Africa. will need to be made in energy production over the The Sudd is being affected by changing tempera- short-, medium- and long-term. Much of this invest- ture and hydrological conditions and so many of the ment will be aimed at exploiting renewable energy impacts listed above have been observed or are resources, including South Sudan’s abundant hydro- expected to be observed in the Sudd. power potential (e.g., the planned 1,080 MW Grand Fula hydropower project). However, investments In addition to the impacts on the ecosystem itself, in hydropower are potentially vulnerable to the im- there are indirect impacts on people. For example, pacts for climate change, including increasing erratic people living in the area already suffer from poor rainfall regimes that can reduce generating capacity access to water for household consumption and when there is not enough rainfall and increase the sanitation. These difficulties are exacerbated by the siltation rate in hydropower station reservoirs. This ongoing changes in the Sudd. Additionally, it has decreases the lifespan of dams, or significantly in- been suggested that the changing physical param- creases maintenance costs. Additionally, increasing eters may be conducive to increasing instances of temperatures decrease the efficiency of power gen- malaria. eration. 64 First National Adaptation Plan for Climate Change – Republic of South Sudan With respect to water availability for power genera- a population influx. Unplanned growth in cities is a tion, there is still a significant amount of uncertainty major contributor to climate change vulnerability. as to the impacts of climate change on aridity in the major river basins of Africa (Sridharan et al., 2019). In At the same time, South Sudan’s majority rural pop- the face of this uncertainty, investment planning for ulation faces several climate-related challenges. large hydropower plants in the Nile Basin is often Many of these challenges are related to WASH. The conducted under the assumption that future pre- provision of adequate sanitation and waste manage- cipitation patterns will resemble historical trends. In ment facilities and services are significant challeng- many cases, studies for expanding energy systems es across the country. There are inadequate sewage are conducted in isolation from other water-reliant systems. This means, liquid waste, grey water and systems, such as agriculture, industry and domestic sludge from kitchens, laundries, toilets and bath- usage, all of which compete with the energy sector rooms generally flow untreated onto open ground for the same resources (Ibid 2019). Therefore, there or spaces. There is also widespread defecation in is a need to examine energy and water use together open spaces, bushes and backyards. Investments in to assess electricity generation needs for the future sanitation are increasing and it is a priority for the in the context of dynamic processes (including cli- government, but delivery of sanitation services lags mate change, urbanization and expansion of the ag- population growth. riculture sector). This context will continue to shape demand for water resources in the future. Investments in sanitation should consider the phys- ical processes and impacts of climate change. Sew- Potential climate change related impacts relevant to age systems are flooded with increasing frequency the energy sector include: due to an upsurge in extreme rainfall events. This can lead to a variety of health issues and the contam- ● Continued deforestation for building materials ination of water sources and the local environment. and household use will increase the risk of New investments in sanitation should be engineered drought, soil erosion and landslides. in consideration of future rainfall projections and ● Variations in water availability due to climate should be built so that they can be upgraded if future change could affect the viability and long-term climate conditions require. performance of investments in the electricity sector. Solid and household waste management is also an ● Large investments in hydropower generation issue. Only a small percentage of waste is collected capacity that do not take into consideration fu- and disposed of properly. Much of the balance is il- ture scenarios for water availability and stream legally dumped along riverbanks and stream beds or flow risk leading to maladaptive outcomes, being burned in the open on roadsides and vacant including an increase in conflicts over water spaces. These haphazard patterns of disposal can resources between different sectors and stake- interact with increasingly frequent floods to contami- holders. In addition, there could be supply inter- nate watersheds and aquatic ecosystems. Increased ruptions or substantial fluctuations in electricity rainfall and flooding can temporarily elevate the wa- costs, which will hamper social and economic ter table, which can be contaminated by unmanaged development processes. waste disposal sites.

4.5.5 Human settlements Potential impacts of climate change on human set- The extent of urbanization in South Sudan is current- tlements include: ly much lower than the African average. However, the rate of urbanisation is increasing and it has been ● Increased potential for migration from rural to estimated that the percentage of the population urban areas. living in rural areas will decline from 74 percent in ● Unplanned land conversion can compound 2020 to 34 percent by 2050 (MoEF, 2018a). Much climate change stressors and degrade ecosys- of this is due to very high birth rates and the return tems that provide important services. For exam- of internally displaced people (IDPs) and the migra- ple, the loss of green spaces (e.g., parks and tion of returnees from neighbouring countries. This public recreational spaces) due to poor urban means that South Sudan’s cities will need to plan for Chapter 4: Rationale for Conducting Adaptation 65 planning can exacerbate the urban heat island rivaling the famous migration of the Serengeti be- effect.20 tween Kenya and Tanzania. Additionally, the Sudd wetlands is home to a large variety of rare and en-

4.5.6 Industry, infrastructure and transporta- dangered bird species. South Sudan is also accessi- tion ble to the European market via large hubs in Dubai, The infrastructure and transportation sectors are key Addis Ababa and Nairobi. Thus, there is significant to the economic and social development of South potential to leverage the country’s biodiversity and Sudan. The Initial National Communication to the cultural assets to grow the tourism sector, especially UNFCCC notes, “the development of an efficient, as the 2018 peace agreement takes hold and the effective and climate-resilient transport sector is [...] country continues to stabilize. However, since much crucial for South Sudan in order to lower its overall of South Sudan’s growth potential in this sector is costs of doing business and to increase its competi- tied to nature-based tourism it is indirectly vulnera- tiveness”(9). Currently, there is no reliable road, rail, ble to climate change as disruptions to ecosystems air, or water transport infrastructure in the country, and biodiversity potentially diminish the drawing and most roads that lead out of Juba are gravel. As power of these resources. a result, existing infrastructure is vulnerable to the impacts of climate change, especially heavy rain Climate change is viewed as a major challenge to and flooding. Poorly developed and maintained tourism. The Davos Declaration on Climate Change infrastructure also leaves the population more vul- and Tourism emphasized that climate change, “must nerable to disasters. Without adaptation, by directly be considered the greatest challenge to the sustain- impacting infrastructure, climate change will indi- ability of tourism in the 21st century” (Agyeman 2019). rectly affect trade by disrupting markets upon which South Sudan’s NAP process considers how climate rural households are highly dependent. change may negatively impact the emergence of the tourism sector in the country, and how the develop- Impacts include: ment of the tourism sector can be stimulated in such a way that it actively contributes to adaptive capacity ● Damage/destruction to infrastructure due to and resilience at all levels, especially among local extreme events, especially flooding communities. ● Increased potential for damage to infrastructure from extreme temperatures Potential negative consequences of climate change ● Flooding and landslide damage to transport affecting tourism fall into two general categories. infrastructure The first is through impacts on ecosystems and biodiversity, such as degraded landscapes, loss of

4.5.7 Tourism and recreation endemism, disrupted migration, and other impacts, which reduce the overall attractiveness as a na- South Sudan has a wealth of natural wonders and ture-based tourism destination. Studies conducted cultural diversity, which can serve as the foundation as part of programs to increase the resilience and to develop a vibrant tourism sector. Supporting adaptive capacity of environment and biodiversity the development of the tourism sector will help to sector (see section 4.5.3) will also benefit the tour- diversify the economy away from overdependence ism sector. However, additional work is needed to on petroleum products. It will also create income incorporate the results of these studies into tourism and livelihood diversification opportunities for local development and promotional strategies, and to communities. develop approaches to tourism that anticipate these changes (e.g., climate-smart tourism development). The Boma-Jonglei plain hosts one of the world’s The second category of negative consequences greatest seasonal mammal migrations, with 1.2 mil- would be driven by climate change impacts on lion white-eared kob, Mongalla gazelle, and tiang rural communities, which could lead to continued 20 The heat island effect refers to built up areas that are hotter than nearby rural areas. This is primarily driven by the conversion of land cover from surfaces that reflect more of the sun’s energy (e.g., trees) to those that absorb more energy and re-emit it as heat (e.g., streets, buildings). The annual mean air temperature of a city with 1 million people can be 1-3˚C warmer than its surroundings. In the evening, this difference can be as high as 12˚C. Heat islands affect communities by increasing health risks, increasing energy demand and air conditioning costs, and increasing air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions. 66 First National Adaptation Plan for Climate Change – Republic of South Sudan resource-based conflicts, thereby diminishing the tional operators to incorporate best practices for potential for cultural tourism throughout the country. climate-smart tourism into their operations. While addressing these vulnerabilities, the NAP 4.5.8 Health process also will support high-value, low-volume Climate change has direct and indirect impacts tourism as part of a broader portfolio of adaptation on health and called, “the greatest threat to glob- strategies. Examples from elsewhere on the African al health in the 21st century” (WHO, ND). Indirect continent indicate that ecotourism around protected impacts include stunting and malnutrition due to areas has potential to provide employment, revenue decreased food security and injuries and mental generation, livelihood diversification, sociocultural health issues resulting from increased disasters. revitalization, and entrepreneurial opportunities, These indirect issues are discussed in the relevant thereby reducing rural vulnerability to climate sectoral sections in this document. However, climate change. change also brings direct impacts on human health and have implications for the delivery of healthcare To optimize these opportunities, the NAP process and therefore should be taken into consideration in will support establishing enabling conditions for the health sector planning processes. For this reason, growth of climate-smart nature-based and cultural South Sudan has identified the health sector as a tourism. This will include new/revised regulations to priority sector for its response to climate change. incentivize and de-risk tourism investments, capaci- This is reflected by the inclusion of the health sector ty building and other support for community-based in the country’s NDC and now the NAP. ecotourism (e.g., tour guiding, interpretation, cook- ing, hygiene, facility maintenance and cultural pre- Currently South Sudan has no analyses of the poten- sentation). tial health impacts of climate change at the national or subnational levels. However, literature describes Stimulating low-impact ecotourism as an alternative the relationship between changing climatic condi- to larger-scale tourism will reduce the impacts on tions and deteriorating health indicators. Overall, the natural environment (non-climate stressors), between 2030 and 2050, WHO expects climate which will increase the resilience of these systems change to cause an additional 250,000 deaths glob- in the face of climate change. It is expected that ally per year from malnutrition, malaria, diarrhoea this approach will also lead to scaled-up financing and heat stress.21 from international conservation agencies, who are eager to support biodiversity conservation and WHO notes several general health impacts from climate-smart resource stewardship, but currently climate change:22 have no entry points in South Sudan. Overall, the de- velopment of ecotourism will help rural communities ● Extreme heat contributes to deaths from car- and households diversify livelihoods away from a diovascular and respiratory disease, especially singular dependence on climate sensitive activities among elderly people. South Sudan has been (e.g., subsistence farming and pastoralism). one of the most rapidly warming locations on the planet over the past 30 years. The rate of Related to these points, South Sudan’s Diagnostic warming in the country is 2.5 times greater than Trade Integration Study, released in 2016, recom- the global average change in temperature. This mends delegating the right to grant concessions for means that these health impacts are likely to services in national parks to legally constituted com- become increasingly significant in the future, munity organizations so they can lease these con- especially when combined with South Sudan’s cessions to experienced tourism operators. Through reliance on subsistence agriculture and pasto- the NAP process, the government will ensure that ralism. There are high levels of exposure due to the enabling regulations governing concessions the prevalence of outdoor activities. incorporates climate change considerations, and that a framework is in place to encourage interna- 21 https://www.afro.who.int/health-topics/climate-change 22 https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/climate-change-and-health Chapter 4: Rationale for Conducting Adaptation 67 ● Floods increase water-borne diseases and Increased pollution of water sources is also a grow- create breeding grounds for disease carrying ing stressor. Much of this stems from the lack of insects such as mosquitoes. municipal wastewater and sewage infrastructure in ● Changes in climate are likely to lengthen the urban areas, and industrial effluent running directly transmission seasons of important vector-borne into water sources (Jubek et al., 2019). Overapplica- diseases and to alter their geographic range. tion of fertilizers and pesticides, as well as pollution ● Changes in climate can cause mental health from the oil industry are also threats to surface water issues, especially among youth, those depen- and wetlands, particularly in Unity and Upper Nile dent on agriculture, and internally displaced states. people. There is limited information on the hydrogeologic Increasing temperatures and heat waves also affect characteristics of the country’s aquifers and poten- the amount of time that people can safely spend tial of South Sudan’s groundwater resources. It is outdoors and increases dehydration and heat ex- believed that they are currently underutilized and haustion. These impacts fall disproportionately on can support a higher level of abstraction. women, children and the elderly. Changing rainfall patterns associated with anthropo- It is well known that climate change can cause envi- genic climate change have already impacted surface ronmental pollution that threatens human health. As water resources in South Sudan. In 2016, MoFP re- Nhamo and Muchuru (2019) explain, “Accumulation ported that over the preceding two decades, water of harmful chemicals in human bodies through air, flow in several perennial rivers along the border with food and water may lead to diseases such as car- the Central African Republic had become seasonal. diovascular diseases, cancers, and diabetes.” Areas Climate change will continue to affect water avail- with weak health infrastructure will be the least able ability throughout the country, as the Sobat and Bahr to cope without assistance to prepare and respond. el Ghazal river catchments volume varies signifi- cantly with the seasons. Research on the Equatorial Investments in improving the health infrastructure lakes and Bahr El Ghazal sub-basins suggests that and service delivery in South Sudan will have adap- an increase in temperature of 2˚C could cause the tation co-benefits. However, as these investments natural flow of the river to fall to 50 percent of the are made, the Government of South Sudan should current average (GoNMFA, 2018). be sure to incorporate climate change observations and projections into planning processes. This in- Climate change impacts on water resources and cludes developing context indicators and improving follow-on effects may include: monitoring to support improved Early Warning Sys- tems. Chapter 6 includes several suggested actions ● Droughts leading to potential drops in the wa- for building resilience in the health sector in South ter table, drier seasonal rivers and reduction of Sudan. These suggestions are based on a review of wetland size. Decreased recharge rates would best practices from other Sub-Saharan Africa coun- have manifold impacts on the more than 60 tries facing similar circumstances and challenges. percent of the population that relies on wells and boreholes to access water.

4.5.9 Water Resources ● Increased potential for conflict over limited wa- South Sudan’s water resources are unevenly distrib- ter resources. uted both spatially and temporally, given that water ● Decreased surface water quality, especially quantities can vary substantially between years during droughts and floods. Reduced rainfall depending on periodic flooding and drought events. and inflows can lead to water stagnating into Demand for water is low given the country’s small ponds due to prolonged dry seasons. Decreas- population, lack of irrigation infrastructure for agri- ing quality of surface water levels and quality culture, and lack of industrial development, but is due to climate change would heavily impact expected to increase in the future in step with rapid the one-third of the population that relies on population growth and economic development. surface water for domestic use. ● Rivers dry up or change from perennial to seasonal flows due to higher evaporation from 68 First National Adaptation Plan for Climate Change – Republic of South Sudan increased temperatures. Decreased water ● Coordinate with regional and international re- flows can lead to increased sedimentation of search institutes and development partners to watercourses and more congested irrigation develop a set of downscaled future projections channels. based on the most recent Coupled Model Inter- ● Reduced access to water for drinking and sani- comparison Project (CMIP) products. tation. ● Develop guidelines to incorporate climate change considerations and climate proofing practices into sectoral planning and large, sus-

4.6 GENERAL RECOMMENDATIONS FOR tainable investments. SECTORS ● Improve agricultural extension services to raise This section provides an overview of key issues awareness among farmers, fishers and pasto- identified that should be prioritized over the short- ralists about projected climate change impacts term (2020-2022) to strengthen South Sudan’s NAP and climate resilient livelihood practices. process and overall response to climate change. ● Ensure that climate change considerations are These priorities may be addressed through dedicat- incorporated into agriculture and irrigation de- ed NAP support facilities (e.g., GCF NAP Readiness velopment strategies. support), or through direct technical assistance from ● Identify pathways to align the NAP and climate bi- and multilateral development partners. change adaptation planning with disaster man- agement and disaster risk reduction planning. Recommendations: ● Identify opportunities to introduce ecosys- tem-based adaptation and build awareness ● Develop standard methodologies based on and the requisite capacities to implement EbA international and industry best practice. measures. Ensure that EbA is incorporatd into ● Conduct sectoral vulnerability and risk assess- land, resource and watershed management ments. strategies. ● Improve sector specific climate services by ● Conduct research on how changing climate investing in improved climate information and conditions are affecting the Sudd wetland and delivery of information at sector-specific levels incorporate these findings into relevant man- to improve decision-making and understanding agement plans. of the impacts of climate change and variability. ● Ensure that climate change projections and po- ● Coordinate with WMO to establish a plan to tential hydrological scenarios are incorporated bring South Sudan’s hydrometeorological into planning for large hydropower investments. monitoring and information services in line with standards and capacities recommended by These recommendations are included in the matrix the WMO Integrated Global Observing System of short-term priority programs included in Chapter (WIGOS) and Climate Data Management Sys- 6. tems Specifications. ● Develop a strategic plan to rebuild the hy- drometeorological monitoring network and strengthen the scientific abilities of the meteo- rological services. Chapter 4: Rationale for Conducting Adaptation 69 Chapter 5: National Adaptation Plan Alignment with Existing Strategic, Legal and Regulatory Frameworks 70 First National Adaptation Plan for Climate Change – Republic of South Sudan

5.1 INTRODUCTION (UNFCCC) in November 2015 and revised in This chapter describes the regulatory and institution- 2019-202023 al frameworks and arrangements that are relevant ● South Sudan joined the GEF in April 2013 and to the formulation and implementation of the NAP. was to engage in working on GEF enabling The chapter opens with the steps South Sudan has activities (to fully qualify for funding from GEF), taken in developing its response to climate change, including a NAPA, National Biodiversity Strate- as well as additional strategies, plans and policies gy and Action Plan (NBSAP) and country self-as- that are directly and indirectly related to formulating sessment a comprehensive NAP. The chapter provides brief ● South Sudan is a partner to Reducing Emissions information on the National Adaptation Programme from Deforestation and Forests Degradation of Action, the Initial National Communication to (REDD) and completed a REDD+ Country Needs the UNFCCC, and the Nationally Determined Con- Assessment in 2017 tribution to the Paris Agreement. The chapter also describes non-climate change policies and plans of 5.3 CLIMATE CHANGE PLANS AND relevance to the NAP process and entry points so POLICIES that the NAP process can be aligned with existing This section describes existing and pipeline plans, policies and processes. policies and strategies related to climate to ensure that the NAP is aligned with South Sudan’s overall

5.2 EXISTING PROGRESS response to climate change. Since gaining its independence, South Sudan has joined the community of nations in prioritizing main- 5.3.1 National Adaptation Programme of tenance of the natural environment. The country has Action (NAPA 2016): recognized that climate change poses one of the South Sudan developed its NAPA in 2016 through greatest threats to humanity. This is evidenced by a consultative multi-stakeholder process that in- South Sudan’s embrace of international conventions volved five thematic working groups. The objective and treaties, as well as the country’s commitment of the NAPA is, “to communicate to the international to implement these international obligations. The community priority activities that will address South present NAP builds on this ongoing commitment, Sudan’s urgent and immediate needs for adapting and represents the most recent policy statement in to the adverse impacts of climate change” (21). Spe- a trajectory that includes the following milestones: cifically, the NAPA aimed to identify a list of potential adaptation activities, formulate priority adaptation ● South Sudan became a party to the Rio Conven- project profiles, build capacity for adapting to lon- tions (UNFCCC, UN Convention on Biological ger-term climate change and variability, and raise Diversity, UN Convention to Combat Desertifi- public awareness on the urgency to adapt to the cation) on 18 May 2014 adverse effects of climate change. ● Signed the Paris Agreement on climate change in April 2016 The NAPA identifies five Priority Adaptation Projects ● Published the National Adaptation Programme across five thematic areas: of Actions (NAPA) in 2016 ● South Sudan's Intended Nationally Determined 1. Environment: Reforestation and agroforestry to Contribution (INDC), was submitted to the UN reduce vulnerability to droughts and floods Framework Convention on Climate Change 23 At the time of writing this NAP, the revised NDC was awaiting government approval. Chapter 5: National Adaptation Plan Alignment with Existing Strategic, Legal, and Regulatory Frameworks 71 2. Water resources: Sustainable management Short-term actions in the NAP will address a range and conservation of wetlands in South Sudan of issues affecting the successful implementation 3. Agriculture: Climate-smart agricultural tech- of the country’s NDC commitments. For example, a niques to improve livelihoods and food security current weakness is that priority sectors lack NDC under changing climate patterns implementation plans that prioritize concrete adap- 4. Disaster risk reduction: Improved drought and tation (and mitigation) measures to achieve the NDC flood early warning systems in South Sudan support goals. Many aspects of the NAP process, through a fortified hydro-meteorological moni- including sectoral vulnerability assessments, ca- toring network pacity building for sectoral officials, and support for 5. Policy and institutional framework: Stronger strengthened mainstreaming of climate change into institutional capacity of the Government of sectoral regulatory and planning frameworks and South Sudan to integrate climate change into budgets will help to overcome this barrier, enabling national policies and planning processes South Sudan to achieve and scale up the ambition of its NDCs.

5.3.2 Second Nationally Determined Contribu- tion (to the Paris Agreement; SNDC 2021) 5.3.3 Initial National Communication to the South Sudan formulated its first NDC in 2015, and UNFCCC (INC, 2018) submitted its second NDC in 2021. The SNDC identi- South Sudan’s Ministry of Environment and Forestry fied 14 sectors24 and includes adaptation and mitiga- in conjunction with UNEP and support from the Glob- tion strategies for each. The proposed sectoral strat- al Environment Facility (GEF) developed the INC. egies, if implemeted, will move South Sudan onto The INC “represents the commitment of the gov- an ambitious decarbonization pathway comapitble ernment and its people to address global warming with the Paris Agrement’s goal of holding global and climate change, along with the strong belief that temperature rise to well below 2C, with efforts to all countries must make an effort to greatly reduce limted tempearture rise to 1.5C above preindustrial greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in order to avoid levels. The strategies also promote climate resilient the dangerous and potentially catastrophic impacts development. of climate change” (iii). The INC identifies gaps and constraints relevant to the country’s response to The SNDC estimates that South Sudan will require climate change, and those that related to adaptation a total of USD100 billion for the implementation of have been incorporated into this initial NAP, as have all NDC interventions and strategies over a period any recommended actions for overcoming the gaps. of 10 years. Of this, international investments of For example, the INC notes that the main challenge approximately USD93 billion will be required, while in compiling the document was that data was insuf- USD6.5-7 billion will be financed domestically by the ficient and inaccurate for some sectors. As noted in Government of South Sudan. These are preliminary Chapters 4 and 6, the NAP prescribes a variety of estimates and full-scale assessment of international actions over the short- and medium-term to address finance needs must still be carried out; this will be a this issue. key priority of the NAP process. The INC further recommends that systems and As the NAP process evolves over the next five years, structures, including international climate policy ob- South Sudan’s NDC commitments to climate change ligations and relevant policy, legal and institutional adaptation will be integrated into NAP planning, im- frameworks be established to ensure that adapta- plementation, monitoring and learning, and financ- tion measures are suitably coordinated. ing. In South Sudan the NAP process serves to pro- vide a comprehensive and overarching framework Many of the short-term (2020-2022) recommenda- for the country’s adaptation response to climate tions included in this initial NAP will fulfil INC recom- change. Future NDC adaptation commitments will mendations. Specific priorities and how they relate be part of the overall NAP structure. to the NAP process include: 24 i) Agriculture, livestock, and fisheries; ii) Infrastructure (construction and buildings); iii) Forestry; iv) Biodiversity, ecosystems and sustainable wetland management; v) electricity; vi) water; vii) waste; viii) Tourism and recreation; ix) Mining and quarrying; x) Transport; xi) Industry; xii) Petroleum, chemicals, and non-metallic mineral products; xiii) Health; xiv) Disaster risk management. 72 First National Adaptation Plan for Climate Change – Republic of South Sudan ● Formulate and implement climate change to address the priorities that have been identi- adaptation policies, legislation, strategies and fied. plans: The formulation of the initial NAP and initiation of the NAP process responds directly

5.4 OTHER DOCUMENTS AND POLICIES to this priority. ● Establish clear mechanisms to address cli- This initial NAP and the subsequent NAP process mate change adaptation in sectoral policies are also aligned with other relevant strategies and and regulations: The initial NAP and the NAP policies, beginning with South Sudan’s economic process will establish sector-based technical development policies and trajectory, as well as the working groups and will provide direct support strategic plans of the priority sector agencies. The to line agencies at the national level to main- NAP is also aligned with and reinforces the goals stream climate change into sectoral policies of international frameworks, including the Sendai and regulation. Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030 ● Build the capacity of relevant institutions to and the Agenda for Sustainable Development work on climate change issues: The actions (Agenda 2030), among others. Lastly, the initial NAP prescribed for the initial NAP over the short-term has been developed in consideration of policies for (2020-2022) aim to build institutional capacity cross-cutting issues, including the National Gender among national and subnational government Policy. agencies and community-based organizations (CBOs) at all levels. 5.4.1 South Sudan Vision 2040: Toward Free- ● Mainstream traditional adaptation measures dom, Equality, Justice, Peace and Prosperity and coping strategies in national planning: for All (2011): The NAP process recognizes the importance of This document provides the long-term development traditional knowledge and customary practices vision for South Sudan and establishes the political, in improving resilience and adaptive capacity economic and social framework for development in at the community level as one of its guiding the country. It is intended to be implemented through principles. The initial NAP prescribes actions to successive 5-year plans. Vision 2020 does not catalyse engagement with traditional systems explicitly mention climate change, but that climate and supports creating formal mechanisms and change could pose a threat to the achievement of roles for traditional leaders and systems. some objectives under the strategy’s seven pillars. ● Mobilize international climate funding for The NAP process therefore serves to safeguard adaptation in South Sudan: A significant part the progress envisaged by Vision 2040 against the of the NAP process over the short-term (2020- threat of climate change. 2022) is to establish a financing plan to support priority actions identified through the NAP 5.4.2 National Development Strategy (NDS) process. The initial NAP provides the essential 2018-2021 evidence base and background information to This is the second implementation plan for Vision inform the design of project proposals for inter- 2040, following the South Sudan Development national financiers (e.g., GCF, Adaptation Fund, Plan 2011-2013, which was extended until 2016. As etc.). the implementation plan for Vision 2040, the NDS ● Harness the support of NGOs and civil society 2018-2021 adopts the seven pillars of Vision 2040. in adaptation work: The initial NAP and the The objective of the NDS 2018-2021 is to “consol- NAP process include actions to engage with idate peace and stabilize the economy”, and the NGOs and civil society and supports their full three priority missions for the NDS are to establish engagement in the NAP process. The initial conditions in which people feel like they can safely NAP consolidates existing adaptation priorities go back to their daily business, to stabilize prices for and identifies additional priorities, creating a food, currency exchange and wages, and to improve centralized database of adaptation needs. This the provision of basic services. Implementation of aims to improve coordination between NGOs, the NDS 2018-2021 will be primarily through sectoral donors and development partners. The initial line ministries. The NDS Secretariat housed in the NAP also encourages these stakeholders to Ministry of Finance and Planning supports imple- work with appropriate lead agencies and MoFP Chapter 5: National Adaptation Plan Alignment with Existing Strategic, Legal, and Regulatory Frameworks 73 74 The NDS 2018-2021 is operationalized through four clusters: governance, economic, social services and cross-cutting. Each cluster has several priority ac- tions with indicators, a baseline and targets. Though there is no specific reference to climate change in the mentation, collects updated implementation plans NDS 2018-2021, there are important entry points for climate change considerations to be mainstreamed into its implementation. This could create a pathway for the next NDS to more effectively mainstream cli- mate change adaptation through the NAP process. from the sectors, and checks them for consistency These entry points are described in Table 4. As the NAP process evolves, it should be a high priority to identify channels to incorporate climate change con- siderations more effectively and explicitly into NDS with the NDS. formulation and implementation. Table 4: NAP entry points in South Sudan’s National Development Strategy 2018-2021 First National Adaptation Plan for Climate Change – Republic of South Sudan Cluster/outcome Priority Measure Threat Opportunity Entry Points Governance: Relevant Government institutions Policy, regulatory and legal As new legal and regulatory Review and incorporate best legal frameworks are with updated legal frameworks that do not frameworks are established it practices from other countries; reviewed, reforms are frameworks improves from incorporate climate change presents a unique opportunity establish sectoral task forces to enacted, passed, assent- 50% to 70% considerations risk, contrib- to mainstream climate change oversee mainstreaming; develop ed to and implemented uting to economic and social considerations into new awareness raising and capacity accordingly development pathways that policies, regulations, and legal building materials for non-govern- increase medium- and long-term frameworks ment stakeholders vulnerabilities to climate change Governance: Refugees Percentage of displaced Resettlement and repatriation Incorporating climate Siting decisions for resettlement, and returnees are that are repatriated and efforts place people in positions change considerations into vocational training, climate-smart resettled; reconstruction resettled improves from of current or future climate vul- resettlement and repatriation agricultural techniques, cli- and recovery services 10% to 55% nerability, undermining chances will increase medium- and mate-resilient building techniques ensured of recovering and risking long-term resilience to climate and infrastructure ongoing and iterative crises shocks and stressors Cluster/outcome Priority Measure Threat Opportunity Entry Points Governance: Institutional Civil servants with capac- Without understanding the Capacity development for civil Civil servant training courses; and human resources ities required to function relevance of climate change for servants provides an oppor- mentoring programs; international developed, enhanced, optimally improves from good governance, civil servants tunity to incorporate relevant exchanges; establishing appro- and ensured. 35%-->55% will be less likely to incorporate knowledge of climate change priate information resources; climate change considerations and adaptation and resilience twinning with other agencies into planning and budgeting building and improves own- ership and buy-in for climate change adaptation Economic: Economy is Improve the ratio of non-oil Scaled-up investments in Incorporating climate change Conduct sectoral and regional increasingly diversified; GDP alternative sectors could poten- considerations in early stages vulnerability assessments; deter- revenue mobilisation is tially be maladaptive without reveals opportunities for mine value chain vulnerabilities; intensified considering changing climatic investments in adaptation and develop and incorporate future conditions resilience that will improve scenarios into planning; private overall economic performance sector outreach and capacity and reduce potential losses building on climate change; from climate change develop financial instruments for de-risking Economic: Development Feeder roads rehabilitated Infrastructure designed without Adopting climate proofing Research best practices for of economic infrastruc- or constructed; construc- considering changing climate regulations and design climate proofing from other ture is expedited tion of a major highway; conditions will likely require in- standards will ensure that countries and regional develop- food reserve depots built; creased maintenance costs and infrastructure investments ment banks; incorporate climate number of developed or shorter operational lifespans are resilient against future proofing design standards into rehabilitated irrigation conditions, reducing government tenders for infra- schemes; construction of maintenance and extending structure; develop awareness urban water and sanitation operational life. More resilient raising and capacity building for facilities infrastructure will improve private sector engineering and the competitiveness of South construction; design, pilot and Sudan's important economic disseminate low-cost resilient sectors and will enhance rural housing designs; develop com- economic development. munity guidance on climate-smart irrigation infrastructure and construction techniques Chapter 5: National Adaptation Plan Alignment with Existing Strategic, Legal, and Regulatory Frameworks 75 76 Cluster/outcome Priority Measure Threat Opportunity Entry Points Economic: Fast-track the Number of legal Policy, regulatory and legal As new legal and regulatory Review and incorporate best development of legal, frameworks revised and frameworks that do not frameworks are established, it practices from other countries; regulatory and institution- submitted increases from incorporate climate change presents a unique opportunity establish sectoral task forces to al frameworks 1% to 25% considerations risk contrib- to mainstream climate change oversee mainstreaming; develop uting to economic and social considerations into new awareness raising and capacity development pathways that policies, regulations and legal building materials for non-govern- increase medium- and long-term frameworks ment stakeholders vulnerabilities to climate change Social Services: Ade- Access to inclusive and Scaled up investments in social Incorporating climate change Conduct analyses to determine quate coverage and quality services improves services without consideration considerations into health, specific vulnerabilities of women, inclusive access to from 44% to 60% of the of potential impacts of climate education, rural development IDPs, children and other groups quality social services is population; percentage of change can create new climate and other social sector and design measures to address provided human resources capaci- risks and liabilities, reducing or investments will ensure the these; conduct analyses of tated improves from 13.5% reversing the return on these resilience of these investments climate change impacts on to 27% investments and increasing vul- and will help to address vector-borne disease transmis- nerability of at-risk populations climate vulnerabilities of at-risk sion; develop climate screening groups, including women, chil- procedures for social sector line dren and internally displaced ministry investments in health, people education and social welfare Social Services: Leader- Percentage of national Scaled up investments in social Incorporating climate change Conduct analyses to determine First National Adaptation Plan for Climate Change – Republic of South Sudan ship and policy environ- budget allocated to social services without consideration considerations into health, specific vulnerabilities of women, ment is strengthened services increases from of potential impacts of climate education, rural development IDPs, children, and other groups 5% to 15%; number of change can create new climate and other social sector and design measures to address policies promulgated, risks and liabilities, reducing or investments will ensure the these; conduct analyses of implemented, monitored reversing the return on these resilience of these investments climate change impacts on and evaluated improves investments and increasing vul- and will help to address vector-borne disease transmis- from 75% to 100% nerability of at-risk populations climate vulnerabilities of at-risk sion; develop climate screening groups, including women, chil- procedures for social sector line dren and internally displaced ministry investments in health, people education and social welfare

5.4.3 National Biodiversity Strategy and Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries (MAFCRD & MLFI Action Plan 2018-2027 (NBSAP) 2015). The CAMP acknowledges the risks posed The NBSAP recognizes the importance of climate by climate change to the agricultural sector and change to biodiversity and conservation, specifically the need to mitigate the adverse effects of climate referencing the possibility of impacts from changing change over the medium- and long-term. However, rainfall regimes, river flow patterns and the increas- the CAMP does not include information on specific ing potential for fires, droughts, floods and other vulnerabilities. It notes that it is necessary to identify threats. risks, recognize and minimize obstacles to risk man- agement through public and private action.

5.4.4 National Environment Policy 2015-2025 The short-term actions described in Chapter 6, as As noted in Chapter 2, the National Environmental well as the sectoral adaptation program for agricul- Policy acknowledges the need for the development ture, livestock and fisheries will help to advance the of a national strategy for climate change adaptation CAMP, but the NAP and its associated processes and mitigation and the formulation of a climate and projects should also coordinate closely with the change policy for South Sudan. It also recognizes CAMP to ensure that investments made under the the need for efforts to lessen community vulnerabili- CAMP consider changing climate conditions and are ty to climate variability and change. resilient to shocks and stressors over the long-term.

5.4.5 National Gender Policy (NGP)

5.4.7 Irrigation Development Master Plan South Sudan National Gender Policy (NGP) 2012, 2015-2040 (IDMP) the Strategic Plan 2013–2018 developed in 2013 for The IDMP is a comprehensive programmatic ap- the implementation of NGP, and the South Sudan proach to address policy, institutional, capacity National Action Plan 2015–2020 on UNSCR 1325 development and infrastructure issues and require- with regard to women, peace and security, launched ments of the agriculture sector in relation to water in 2016. The NGP provides for the needs of vulner- resources across the country without jeopardizing able groups such as children, the disabled and the the needs of other sectors or stakeholders (MEDI- elderly. WR, 2015). It is a strategic approach to investments in the water sector.

5.4.6 Comprehensive Agriculture Master Plan 2015-2040 (CAMP)

5.4.8 Specific sectoral policy linkages The CAMP describes the national priorities, de- Additional details about how the NAP process inter- velopment themes and projects of the Ministry of faces with specific sectoral strategies and policies Agriculture and Food Security along with programs can be found in Table 5 below. of the Ministry of Environment and Forestry and the Chapter 5: National Adaptation Plan Alignment with Existing Strategic, Legal, and Regulatory Frameworks 77 78 Table 5: NAP linkages and relevance to sectoral and cross-cutting policies and strategies Policy/Strategy Document Linkage/Relevance to NAP Process Lead Agency Transitional Constitution of The Transitional Constitution mandates the Government of South Sudan at all levels to ensure sustainable The Government the Republic of South Sudan, development as a way of protecting the environment for the benefit of both present and future generations, of South Sudan 2011 through sound legislative action and other politics. Articles 41 (1), (2) and (3) offer all South Sudanese com- munities the right to a clean and healthy environment, stating that every individual is obligated to conserve the environment for the benefit of present and future generations. It also states that every person has the right to have the environment protected through appropriate legislative strategy and other policies that prevent pollution and ecological degradation, promote conservation, safe and sound ecologically sustainable development and use of natural resources while promoting balanced economic and social development to safeguard stability and biodiversity. Environmental Protection Bill, The bill aims to protect South Sudan’s environment and promote ecologically sustainable development that Ministry of 2013 and National Environ- improves quality of life while the NEP is the key policy that governs natural resources. It calls for development Environment and mental Policy, 2014. of a national strategy for climate change adaptation and mitigation; formulation of a climate change policy for Forestry South Sudan; and the need to lessen communities’ vulnerability to climate change and vulnerability. South Sudan has not yet formulated its climate change policy; nevertheless, adaptation strategies or plans have been incorporated in its development plans National Biodiversity Strategy The NBSAP recognizes climate change as a major threat to biodiversity and environmental sustainability and Ministry of and Action Plan 2018-2027 a challenge for improving management efforts. Climate change is relevant to all seven strategic objectives Environment and (NBSAP), 2018 of the NBSAP, and so work under the NAP process to build resilience in the Environment and Biodiversity Forestry Conservation sector will also address many of the priorities identified in the NBSAP. There will be substantial First National Adaptation Plan for Climate Change – Republic of South Sudan opportunities to build synergies between conservation and climate change adaptation, and so NAP imple- mentation will be well coordinated with NBSAP implementation. Coordination will ensure that climate change is appropriately incorporated into analysis, capacity development and planning processes undertaken under the NBSAP. Actions recommended under the NBSAP also present an important entry point to incorporate ecosystem-adaptation into national planning frameworks. Several priorities consistent with NBSAP priorities have been incorporated into the NAP priorities matrix in Chapter 6. South Sudan Development The SSDP ensures that the government responds to major challenges for development, including climate Government of Plan (SSDP) SSDP 2011-2016 change. It also mandates the government acceding to and ratifying applicable and beneficial multilateral South Sudan environmental treaties, conventions and agreements. This mandates the Government of South Sudan under the Ministry of Environment to meet its obligations under the UNFCCC, which it ratified on 18 May 2014. National Development Strate- gy (NDS) The NDS may support NAP implementation as it aims at consolidating peace, stabilizing the economy and guiding national investment and development actions for three years from 1 July 2018 to 30 June 2021. Policy/Strategy Document Linkage/Relevance to NAP Process Lead Agency National Policy on Food The National Policy on Food Security recognizes natural disasters as threats to national food security, Ministry of Security, 2012 including droughts, floods, pests and diseases, attributing the cause of these disasters to climate variability Agriculture and and change. The policy identifies development of drought- and flood-resistant seed varieties as one way to Food Security build adaptive capacity. Draft (as of 2015) Disaster The (draft) Disaster Risk Management Policy proposes building dikes to prevent floods. Drought resilience is Ministry of Risk Management Policy absent from this draft. Humanitarian Af- fairs and Disaster Management (South Sudan) National Adaptation Pro- The NAPA identifies important opportunities for the formulation and implementation of policies on climate Ministry of gramme of Action (NAPA) change adaptation that are vital for sustainable development in South Sudan Environment and 2016. Forestry Draft Wildlife Bill & Wildlife The bill emphasizes the need to establish an autonomous policy, strategy and body such as SSWS as Ministry of Wild- Conservation and Protected proposed by the South Sudan Transitional Constitution. The bill also recognizes the need for the protection of life Conservation Areas Bill, 2015 wetlands to ensure these are better managed and protected and Tourism and South Sudan wildlife Services (SSWS) Petroleum Act of 2012 The Petroleum Act of 2012 provides that an ESIA be undertaken by oil contractors or licensees in compliance Ministry of with international standards to determine any negative damage on the environment, natural resources, Petroleum biodiversity and local community livelihoods. This provides a great measure to climate change response. Comprehensive Agricultural CAMP identifies South Sudan to have limited knowledge of climate change within its agricultural sector and Ministry of Agri- Development Master Plan emphasizes the need to ensure effective climate-smart agriculture programming. culture, Forestry, (CAMP), 2015 and Irrigation Cooperatives Development Master Plan The CAMP and IDMP identify the negative threat of climate variability, such as erratic rainfall on agriculture and Rural (IDMP) and consequently identifies opportunities for managing water. Development (MAFCRD) and Ministry of Animal Resourc- es and Fisheries (MARF) Chapter 5: National Adaptation Plan Alignment with Existing Strategic, Legal, and Regulatory Frameworks 79 80 Policy/Strategy Document Linkage/Relevance to NAP Process Lead Agency The Agriculture Sector Policy The policy framework acknowledges that climate change is one of the environmental issues that needs to be Ministry of Agri- Framework 2012-2017 addressed. It recommends that policy measures are needed to mitigate the adverse effects of climate change culture, Forestry, in the medium- and long-term. The Agricultural Sector Policy Framework priority objective aims to strengthen Cooperatives measures to mitigate the adverse impacts of climate change in the medium- and long-term on agricultural and Rural production. The policy framework also outlined a green agriculture policy, adopting agricultural practices that Development minimize environmental pollution and encourage agroforestry practices. (MAFCRD) South Sudan Initial National The INC was formulated to enable South Sudan to fulfil its commitments and obligations to the United Nations Ministry of Communication (INC) to the Framework Convention on Climate Change. The INC stresses the need to strengthen South Sudan’s resil- Environment UNFCCC ience to changes in climate, extreme weather events and climate variability. and Forestry, Government of South Sudan The National Agriculture and The policy links identify the promotion of conservation agriculture practices and climate change adaptation. Ministry of Livestock Extension Policy Agriculture and (NALEP), 2011 Forestry (MAF) and Ministry of Animal Resourc- es and Fisheries (MARF) South Sudan Energy Policy, The policy emphasizes the need for climate change mitigation measures in the energy sector, focusing on Ministry of 2012 designing energy strategies such as advanced renewable energy technologies as alternatives to fossil fuels Electricity and First National Adaptation Plan for Climate Change – Republic of South Sudan to reduce GHG emissions and provide long-term resilience as adaptation measures do not usually provide Dams durable solutions. South Sudan Water Policy, The policy lays ground to set up strategies for the development of rural and urban water supply in addition to Ministry of 2007 water resources management. Irrigation and Water Resources Fisheries Policy Framework, This policy recognizes the potential for food security and poverty alleviation. The policy acknowledges Ministry of 2006 key constraints and recommends relevant programs of activities to improve food security. The policy aims Animal Resourc- for increased fish production, income generation, infrastructure development, research and training, and es and Fisheries aquaculture development. (MARF) Chapter 6: Climate Change Adaptation Priorities Chapter 6: Climate Change Adaptation Priorities 81

6.1 INTRODUCTION “encompasses all the arrangements necessary to This chapter describes climate change adaptation in develop the knowledge to support decision-making South Sudan. The first section describes actions to and required capacity building to facilitate all ac- be implemented over the short-term (2020-2022). tions that are needed for a strategic country-owned These actions are divided into three short-term pro- adaptation planning process” (LEG Expert Group, grams, responding to immediate needs that were 2012:14). Hence the first phase of the NAP works identified during the formulation of the first NAP and to build a solid foundation for sustained action to address gaps and barriers of the NAP process. Ac- address climate change. It consists of actions to tions are designed to improve the country’s overall strengthen the evidence base for informed deci- climate change adaptation planning capabilities to sion-making processes as well as strengthening improve the NAP process. institutional arrangements and human capacities for adaptation planning. The second part of the chapter consists of adap- tation matrices that correspond to the nine priority Identified needs have been consolidated into three sectors of the first NAP: interlinked short-term programs comprising 57 actions. The implementation programmes address 1. Agriculture livestock and fisheries three interrelated supporting systems for the NAP 2. Disaster risk reduction process: 3. Energy 4. Environment, ecosystems and biodiversity con- Programme 1: Improved coordination to support servation climate change adaptation and planning: This pro- 5. Health gramme addresses vertical and horizontal coordina- 6. Human settlements tion and includes activities to formally establish the 7. Tourism and recreation institutional arrangements for adaptation planning 8. Industry, infrastructure and transportation at all levels. It also includes actions to strengthen 8. Water resources the legal mandate for climate change adaptation and to legally empower government stakeholders These matrices describe between 1-4 adaptation pro- to mainstream climate change considerations into grams per sector corresponding to priorities that have sectoral planning, budgets and regulatory frame- been identified in other policy instruments (e.g., NDC, works. This programmecomplements the sectoral NAPA), or which have been identified during research mainstreaming program described in Chapter 2. The and consultative processes to formulate the first NAP. programme also institutionalizes intersectoral com- mittees (CCWG, TWGs, private sector and NGO com- The adaptation priorities described in this chapter mittees, ICFWG) that steer and implement the NAP. represent South Sudan’s nationally articulated ad- The first program also includes actions to strengthen aptation priorities and should serve as the basis of coordination between development partners. all climate change adaptation projects advanced by domestic stakeholders as well as international de- Programme 2: Improving human and institutional velopment partners. capacities to support NAP process: This programme sets up comprehensive capacity building measures for government staff (including the coordination

6.2 SHORT-TERM ADAPTATION committees as well as adaptation units embedded in PROGRAMS line agencies) and non-government stakeholders so The implementation plan for South Sudan’s NAP that they can fulfil the responsibilities created in pro- responds to the LEG Guideline’s vision that the NAP, gram 1. This programme also includes measures to 82 First National Adaptation Plan for Climate Change – Republic of South Sudan strengthen the NAP process overall and to improve dardized methodologies for sectoral and communi- implementation. This includes a review of progress ty-level climate vulnerability and risk assessments. on the NAPA, the formulation of GCF ready project concept notes, and the next steps described in It is expected that short-term financial support imple- Chapter 7 (communications strategy, financing plan, mentation plan will come from a variety of sources, MERL framework). including the general budget. However, the NAP recognises that as an LDC, the Government of South Programme 3: Data, information and knowledge Sudan has limited financial resources to support management systems enhanced to support climate adaptation, and that under the UNFCCC, the country change adaptation planning processes: This pro- is entitled to international financing and technical gramme includes actions to establish the data and resources to support its adaptation response. information infrastructure and associated protocols Therefore, the government will identify international and support services that are needed to support sources of funding, including GCF NAP Readiness evidence-based planning and decision-making. and general readiness funds to implement the short- These services will ensure that South Sudan’s NAP term implementation plan. is a learning process that is able to incorporate new information on changing climate conditions. This Several short-term actions have been incorporated programme also includes activities to build research into a GCF NAP Readiness Request that is currently partnerships, including co-production of knowledge25 being finalized by UNEP and should begin implemen- arrangements between government agencies and tation in 2021. It should be noted that South Sudan is academicians and researchers. This programme also eligible to access up to $1 million annually from the includes activities to develop and implement stan- GCF’s Readiness Programme. These funds should be applied towards short-term implementation programs. SHORT-TERM PROGRAMME 1: IMPROVED COORDINATION TO SUPPORT CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION AND PLANNING Output Specific Action

1.1 Vertical 1.1.1 Formalize roles and responsibilities for climate change adaptation planning for national, institutional state, payam, boma levels. Include specific planning and budgeting responsibilities and arrangements for powers and clarify this in draft amendment to the Local Government Act. Ensure alignment climate change and coordination with disaster risk reduction and management tasks and roles. Incorporate adaptation mandatory guidelines to mandate equitable gender representation in all decision-making established/ bodies. strengthened

1.1.2 Draft relevant regulations to direct and empower relevant agencies to conduct climate vulnerability and risk assessments at subnational level.

1.1.3 Develop and disseminate guidance and other relevant informational products and develop training materials for government officials pertaining to 1.1.1.

1.1.4 Identify formal entry points for information generated through climate vulnerability and risk assessments to inform planning and budgeting processes at all levels.

1.1.5 Establish pilot programme to establish state-level climate change adaptation/resilience plans and vertical implementation arrangements in three states. 25 “Co-production of knowledge” refers to an approach to academic research in which the researchers work closely with decision- makers (usually within government) to identify policy-relevant research questions and to design research activities so that they provide useful, actionable information for policy and planning. Chapter 6: Climate Change Adaptation Priorities 83 Output Specific Action 1.1, cont. 1.1.6 Clarify roles and responsibilities for traditional leaders with respect to climate change adaptation at local level and ensure that these are incorporated into institutional arrangements developed for 1.1.1. Establish an outreach program for traditional leaders and establish a champions program (Chiefs for Climate Resilient Communities) to provide capacity building and technical support to traditional leaders who prioritize building climate resilience at local level and through existing culture-based systems.

1.2 Horizontal 1.2.1 Conduct bilateral consultations with national line and coordinating agencies to deter- coordination mine specific roles and responsibilities for NAP planning and implementation, including arrangements for membership on technical working groups. Identify specific linkages between NAP process climate change and sectoral long-term and strategic planning processes. Formulate MoUs between these adaptation agencies and MoEF and draft appropriate national executive order formally establishing established/ NAP coordination arrangements. strengthened

1.2.2 Formulate terms of references, determine membership composition, selection procedures, and other relevant considerations for all coordination groups (CCWG, TWGs, CBO/NGO Advisory Committee, Private Sector Advisory Committee and Inter-ministerial Climate Finance Working Group). Include mandatory guidelines to ensure equitable gender representation.

1.2.3 Establish secretariat and convene regular (quarterly) meetings for each coordination group.

1.2.4 Conduct needs assessment and establish capacity targeted development program for each coordination group.

1.2.5 Establish exploratory committee to review options for developing a climate change act/law.

1.3 Synergies 1.3.1 Identify coordination and synergy between climate change adaptation efforts and food between NAP security strategies, policies and plans. process and sec- toral/cross-cutting 1.3.2 Identify coordination and synergy between climate change adaptation efforts and strategies and humanitarian assistance and relief programs and refugee/displaced person return and plans identified resettlement efforts.

1.3.3 Review disaster management policy and associated implementation plan to identify synergies and entry points for climate change adaptation and modify roles and responsi- bilities accordingly. Conduct annual coordination meetings to ensure synergies between disaster risk reduction and climate change adaptation processes.

1.3.4 Identify specific entry points for coordination between NAP process and CAMP and IDMP.

1.3.5 Conduct conflict analysis at national and local level to determine potential interactions between climate change physical processes, hazards, and impacts and existing/known/ emerging factors shaping fragility and potential conflicts. Identify synergies between peacebuilding and adaptation objectives, and incorporate joint peacebuilding-adaptation objectives and actions into appropriate policy and strategy frameworks at the national, sectoral, and subnational level. 84 First National Adaptation Plan for Climate Change – Republic of South Sudan Output Specific Action

1.4 Development 1.4.1 Formulate climate proofing guidance and ensure that development partner invest- partner coordina- ments are incorporating climate change considerations, especially for investments in tion improved electricity generation, transportation infrastructure and agriculture.

1.4.2 Coordinate with development partners and NGOs to ensure that all studies, analyses, assessments and feasibility studies, are collecting and tracking data in formats that are consistent with national standards developed in Programme 3

1.4.3 Establish system for tracking development partner governance and institutional capacity development programs (e.g., World Bank) to identify entry points for incorporating climate change considerations at early stages of institutional development

1.4.4 Update GCF Country Program

1.4.5 Establish donor coordination mechanism and conduct regular structured donor dialogues to support and implement priority sector adaptation programs SHORT-TERM PROGRAMME 2: IMPROVING HUMAN AND INSTITUTIONAL CAPACITIES TO SUPPORT NAP PROCESS Output Specific Action

2.1 Establish 2.1.1 Conduct capacity assessment of technical working groups and sector agency teams technical capacity and formulate medium and long-term capacity building plan. Engage with development development pro- partners and resident diplomatic missions to implement capacity development programs gram on climate change adapta- 2.1.2 Develop standardized curriculum materials (stand alone or integrated into existing tion for national civil servant training programs) for subnational officials to a) raise awareness about climate and subnational change impacts; b) build competency for incorporating climate change considerations into stakeholders governance processes.

2.1.3 Identify local/national partners to deliver training materials to subnational civil servants and conduct training of trainers (ToT) for instructors. Develop plan and timeline to cover all 10 states and their counties.

2.1.4 Establish an outreach model for traditional chiefs to raise awareness about climate change. Develop specific coordination pathways appropriate for each tribe and reach out proactively to chiefs to build awareness and capacity so they will serve as champions and focal points for resilience building and adaptation

2.2 NAP im- 2.2.1 Conduct assessment of NAPA progress and identify barriers and gaps and incorporate plementation lessons into NAP. improved

2.2.2 Formulate GCF aligned concept notes for NAP sectoral priorities which have been included in South Sudan’s GCF Country Program and develop cost estimates.

2.2.3 Compile NAP financing plan with cost estimates for priority actions and implementa- tion timeline. Identify appropriate modalities (e.g., grants, concessional loans, private sector) and potential sources (e.g., bilateral finance, GCF) for priority actions. Identify potential for on-budget support for projects, including potential co-financing national and sectoral levels. This activity may be supported by GCF Readiness funds. Chapter 6: Climate Change Adaptation Priorities 85 Output Specific Action 2.2, cont. 2.2.4 Conduct background research on potential models for a national climate change adaptation/resilience building fund. Prepare analysis with recommendations and draft legislation/regulations to establish the fund. Conduct consultations with development partners to determine the feasibility of external capitalisation for the fund.

2.2.5 Conduct participatory stakeholder mapping exercises at national and regional level and prepare stakeholder analysis including classification, power, influence and potential role in climate change adaptation and implementation. Ensure that women and other socially, economically and culturally marginalized groups are meaningfully represented and identified.

2.2.6 Formulate monitoring, evaluation, reporting and learning (MERL) framework for first NAP implementation. Identify and capacitate to the degree necessary focal point within MoEF for carrying out MERL plan.

2.2.7 Establish formalized procedures for conducting second NAP. Conduct monitoring, review and evaluation of first NAP implementation.

2.3 Tools and 2.3.1 Establish a toolkit for government and NGOs for incorporating the integration of resources climate change adaptation and conflict resolution/peacebuilding based on emerging best developed practice from other contexts and informed by conflict-climate nexus research conducted under short-term Programme 3.

2.3.2 Coordinate with and support Ministry of Gender, Child and Social Welfare Services to develop and disseminate screening tools and guidance for ensuring that GEDSI con- siderations are adequately incorporated into projects and programs. Establish mandatory guidelines to require that all climate change projects and programs undertake an initial gender assessment and include gender-specific activities where appropriate.

2.3.3 Establish a national roster and certification procedures for individual and institutional service providers (consultants) to work on government and development partner supported projects and programs.

2.4 Commu- 2.4.1 Develop a communication strategy (based on stakeholder mapping conducted in nications and 2.2.5) to guide outreach and awareness raising efforts for national, state-level and local outreach level stakeholders about climate change and climate change impacts and South Sudan's response to climate change.

2.4.2 Develop culturally appropriate and context specific messaging campaigns to raise awareness about the relevance of climate change to communities. Identify potential readiness project concept notes to support awareness raising activities.

2.4.3 Create school materials on climate change and incorporate these into primary and secondary school curriculum.

2.4.4 Develop awareness raising products and locally relevant examples of ecosys- tem-based adaptation at multiple scales.

2.4.5 Formulate and execute a private sector engagement strategy to begin to lay the foundation and enabling conditions for private sector involvement in resilience building. Identify potential readiness project concept notes. 86 First National Adaptation Plan for Climate Change – Republic of South Sudan SHORT-TERM PROGRAMME 3: DATA, INFORMATION AND KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS ENHANCED TO SUPPORT CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION PLANNING PROCESSES Output Specific Action

3.1 Establish 3.1.1 Coordinate with MHADM to review current methodologies for risk and vulnerability frameworks assessments in use in South Sudan, as well as best practice from other contexts for for risk and conducting risk and vulnerability assessments and design a standard methodology for vulnerability community level risk and vulnerability assessments. Develop standardized forms and assessments smartphone app for systematically recording quantitative data and geotagging. Coordinate with Ministry of Gender, Child and Social Welfare to mainstream gender, disability and social inclusion aspects into CVRA methodologies.

3.1.2 Coordinate with South Sudan Relief and Rehabilitation Commission to disseminate methodology to development partners and NGOs to ensure uptake. Appoint government point of contact to ensure ongoing coordination with non-government stakeholders and establish system for registering and archiving CVRA results. Develop a system for dis- seminating results of CVRA to communities. Establish online CVRA viewer to make results accessible to all stakeholders.

3.1.3 Develop guidance materials and training program to ensure relevant stakeholders can implement the risk and vulnerability assessment methodology at local level. Establish partnerships with South Sudanese NGOs and CBOs to lead CRVAs.

3.1.4 Review best practices and establish a standard and uniform CRVA methodology for use as the sectoral level. Develop standard vulnerability/risk/resilience indicators based on WMO sectoral indicators.

3.2 Improve 3.2.1 Establish a focal point in MoEF and conduct a review and consolidate existing informa- research and tion on climate risks, impacts, vulnerability and adaptation measures. data gathering

3.2.2 Establish research coordinator function within Department of Climate Change and formalize engagement with academic and research community, including formalized protocols for requesting research permission for international academicians. Establish a program to facilitate co-production of knowledge relationships between researchers and government agencies, to improve coordination between information producers and information consumers.

3.2.3 Develop data collection and management plan that includes the types of socio-eco- nomic and hydrometeorological data and formats that will be collected for planning and project design. Develop protocols for data storage, quality control, gap filling and other procedures. Include data sharing and exchange protocols for regional agencies and international researchers. Develop guidebooks and manuals. Conduct training for meteoro- logical agency staff.

3.2.4 Identify needs for collecting gender disaggregated data relevant to climate change and establish a system for collecting the required data. Coordinate with the Ministry of Gender, Child and Social Welfare to establish a research program focusing on socially differentiated impacts of climate change, including gender differentiated impacts. Based on research, develop decision support information for government and non-government stakeholders.

3.2.5 Develop long-term research plan and related tracking indicators with institutional partnerships and funding streams to further understanding of the nexus between climate change, migration and conflict. Issue regular reports with relevant information to inform peace building and conflict resolution projects and programs. Utilize downscaled projec- tions to model future migration scenarios to inform internal strategic planning and to inform dialogues with neighbouring countries, regional agencies and development partners. Chapter 6: Climate Change Adaptation Priorities 87 Output Specific Action 3.2, cont. 3.2.6 Identify partner institution and implement long-term research program to monitor cli- mate change and climate variability impacts to the Sudd wetland and ecosystem responses to shocks and stressors. Track the climate regulation functions of the Sudd over long-term (e.g., 30 years). Identify sites for longitudinal community-based socio-economic research in local communities that depend on the wetland to understand how local people experience historical and ongoing climate changes and impacts.

3.2.7 Develop a set of downscaled projections covering South Sudan’s agro-ecological zones

3.3 Enhance 3.3.1 Establish monitoring remediation plan and related project fiches for external financing data and knowl- including, hydrometeorological network coverage, gaps, and instrumentation needs; infra- edge network structure (e.g., offices, computers) and equipment; and ongoing maintenance of equipment infrastructure and and stations. management

3.3.2 Identify staffing and capacity gaps among Department of Climate Change and De- partment of Meteorology and establish staffing and capacity development plan (including modelling).

3.3.3 Establish research and data partnerships with neighbouring countries, regional organisations, and partner research institutions and universities within South Sudan and internationally.

3.3.4 Formulate costed plan with timeline to link improved climate and hydrometeorological services (3.3.1) to improved early warning system (to be developed), including last kilometre dissemination.

3.3.5 Develop knowledge products (e.g., bulletins and seasonal forecasts) in accessible and locally appropriate formats.

3.4 Conduct 3.4.1 Conduct national-level priority sector climate risk and vulnerability assessments (CRVA) vulnerability utilizing methodology developed in 3.1. assessments

3.4.2 Conduct community-level risk and vulnerability assessments.

3.4.3 Conduct baseline inventory of national forest resources and identify and quantify ecosystem services potential as well as potential for EbA activities.

6.3 SECTORAL ADAPTATION MATRICES workshops included representatives from national The NAP includes adaptation action matrices for line and coordinating ministries, development part- each of the nine priority sectors. Each of the nine ners, NGOs and CBOs. Additionally, an earlier draft matrices have been divided into adaptation pro- of these matrices was circulated to a wide range of grams. The specific actions included in the programs stakeholders for review. Comment and suggestions have been drawn from South Sudan’s NDC, NAPA, were subsequently incorporated into the final matri- INC, African Development Bank pipeline and other ces, which are included in the first NAP. sources, including the large GEF project that is cur- rently in development. Priority adaptation programs have been divided by sector and are illustrated in the matrices on the fol- As no pre-existing actions existed for the health and lowing pages. The adaptation programs have been tourism sectors, actions emerged during the process classified and coded according to five categories. of formulating this first NAP. All the actions were These categories are useful for illustrating how validated at a series of five consultations workshops the various actions build upon one another and it that were conducted in September 2020. These is envisaged that these categories will be useful in identifying appropriate implementation modalities. 88 First National Adaptation Plan for Climate Change – Republic of South Sudan An important part of this classification exercise is to enhancement of sectoral and/or subnational identify actions that can be carried out by utilizing policy, regulatory, or legal frameworks. These existing resources in South Sudan. This will ensure priorities may be implemented by sectoral ad- that the NAP does not become merely a wish list of aptation teams (see Chapter 2) with technical priority projects for external financing. support from development partners coordinat- ed though the Department of Climate Change. Categories include: ● Research: This identifies priorities that involve enhancing available data and information, as ● Physical investments: These priorities involve well as the associated capacities to produce, building or construction. In most cases, these process and utilize data and information. These priorities will require external financing from priorities may be supported by development development partners, but in some cases, they partners. There is also a role here for innovative may be financed by domestic sources. Also, in partnerships between domestic institutions, in- most cases these investments will require pub- cluding government agencies such as Depart- lic funds through grants or loans. ment of Climate Change, academic institutions, ● Human capacity development: These priorities international agencies and academic/research involve training or capacity development for institutions in developed countries. individuals within the government and among non-government stakeholders (e.g., private Next step: The next step is to develop implementa- sector, NGOs, CSOs and FBOs). Some of these tion plans for each of these priority actions. These priorities may be supported by domestically implementation plans should include specific steps sourced funds. In other cases, development to achieve the priority actions. These steps then partners will support these relatively low-cost, can be linked to a monitoring and evaluation frame- high impact investments. work and budget plan, which identifies sources of ● Institutional strengthening: This refers to prior- financing for implementation. it is envisaged that the ities that involve improving institutional compe- Climate Change Finance Inter-Ministerial Steering tencies and other aspects of governance. This Committee (see Chapter 2) will have a strong role category can be supported by development to play in coordinating financial support for the pri- partners through grants and technical assis- orities. tance. ● Regulatory modifications: This category re- fers to priorities that involve modification or Chapter 6: Climate Change Adaptation Priorities 89 90 PRIORITY SECTOR 1: WATER RESOURCES Source Physical Human Institutional Regulatory Research Timeline Investment Capacity Strengthening Modification (years 1-5) Development Water Programme 1: Integrate climate change adaptation into water resources management Wat 1.1 Enhance access to water considering growing NDC/AfDB X X X 1-5 climate threats through integrated watershed man- agement, wetland management and improved waste management. Wat 1.2 Establish pilot program for climate-smart Validation X X X 2-4 integrated water resource management, including workshop capacity development and demonstration project. Wat 1.3 Promote the formulation of water resource INC X X X 1-5 management plans at all levels of government. Wat 1.4 Build institutional capacity in water resources INC X X 1-5 management. Wat 1.5 Introduce and expand water reservoir water Validation X X X 2-5 management approaches. workshop First National Adaptation Plan for Climate Change – Republic of South Sudan Water Programme 2: Improving management and climate resilience of community and household water resources Wat 2.1 Establish/strengthen/build capacity of GEF7 X X 1-5 community-based micro-watershed committees to lead planning and management of community water resources. Wat 2.2 Promote harvesting and retention of water for NDC X X X 2-5 different users through community-based watershed management (e.g., contour/assess hydropower dams, channel maintenance, afforestation). Wat 2.3 Improve ground water recharge and soil GEF7 X X X 1-5 moisture retention through community-based soil and water conservation measures. Wat 2.4 Enhance resilience to drought through GEF7, NDC, X X 1-5 creation of water points. AfDB Source Physical Human Institutional Regulatory Research Timeline Investment Capacity Strengthening Modification (years 1-5) Development Wat 2.5 Introduce rainwater harvesting, recycling NAPA, INC, X X X 2-5 and water savings techniques and technologies to AfDB communities and households. Wat 2.6 Establish regulatory and monitoring measures Validation X X X 2-4 to prevent water pollution and to discourage wetland workshop encroachment by settlement. Wat 2.7 Establish pilot, demonstration and inventive Validation X X X 3-5 programs to encourage the use of solar and wind workshop powered water provision technologies. Water Programme 3: Strengthen data, information and knowledge management capabilities to inform climate-smart water resources management Wat 3.1 Develop digital watershed atlas showing hy- GEF7 X X X 1-5 drological delineations and major land-uses identifying the most vulnerable catchment areas. Wat 3.2 Progressively develop aquifer maps and Validation X X X 2-5 local-scale water vulnerability information to inform workshop siting of haffirs and boreholes for human and livestock use. Wat 3.3 Develop system to monitor water quality in Validation X X 4 Feb flood-prone areas to ensure the safety of drinking workshop water during and after flooding. Chapter 6: Climate Change Adaptation Priorities 91 92 PRIORITY SECTOR 2: ENERGY Source Physical Human Institutional Regulatory Research Timeline Investment Capacity Strengthening Modification (years 1-5) Development Energy Programme 1: Incorporate climate resilience into energy sector planning En 1.1 Conduct analysis to determine poten- INC X X X X 2-3 tial climate impacts under different scenar- ios on electricity demand and generation capacity to inform National Electricity Policy. En 1.2 Establish regulatory framework, pro- INC X X X X 2-4 cedures and guidelines to ensure climate resilience is incorporated into the design of new energy generation and transmission infrastructure and the retrofitting of existing infrastructure. En 1.3 Promote the generation and use NAPA X X X X 2-5 renewable energy and distributed energy generation to enhance local resilience. En 1.4 Promote energy saving technologies, INC X X X 1-5 such as improved charcoal stoves, biogas First National Adaptation Plan for Climate Change – Republic of South Sudan and solar. En 1.5 Establish incentives program to Validation X X X 3-5 promote LPG and electrical cars and workshop associated infrastructure. PRIORITY SECTOR 3: ECOSYSTEMS, ENVIRONMENT AND BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION Source Physical Human Institutional Regulatory Research Timeline Investment Capacity Strengthening Modification (years 1-5) Development Environment and Biodiversity Programme 1: Incorporate climate change adaptation into environment and biodiversity conservation sector policy and planning frameworks Env 1.1 Establish and incorporate mechanism for coor- NBSAP X X 1-3 dination with NAP in National Biodiversity Coordination Framework. Env 1.2 Incorporate projected effects of climate change NBSAP X X X 1-3 on invasive species spread into Strategy on Invasive Alien Species. Env 1.3 Incorporate EbA considerations into national NBSAP X X 2-5 policy review and regulatory/policy revisions conducted under NBSAP. Env 1.4 Identify appropriate targets, indicators and NBSAP X X X 2-4 means of verification for climate change into Integrated National Biodiversity Monitoring, Assessment and Re- porting System. Incorporate data needs into expansion of hydrometeorological monitoring network. Env 1.5 Incorporate data needs for Integrated National Validation X X X 2-4 Biodiversity Monitoring, Assessment and Reporting workshop system into hydrometeorological network. Env 1.6 Develop and implement procedures to incorpo- NBSAP X X X 3-5 rate climate change adaptation functions (e.g., avoided costs and losses due to future climate change shocks and stressors) into national biodiversity and ecosystem valuation system. Env 1.7 Integrate Ecosystem-based Adaptation (EbA) into NBSAP X X X 2-4 Ministry of Wildlife, Conservation and Tourism (MWCT) plans and guidance for capacity development and mainstreaming biodiversity values into national policies Chapter 6: Climate Change Adaptation Priorities and plans. 93 94 Source Physical Human Institutional Regulatory Research Timeline Investment Capacity Strengthening Modification (years 1-5) Development Environment and Biodiversity Programme 2: Improve sectoral capacity to mainstream and implement climate change adaptation Env 2.1 Establish and capacitate climate change and INC X X 1-3 resilience unit within South Sudan Wildlife Service. Env 2.2 Conduct research on high conservation Validation X X 1-5 value wildlife habitat vulnerability to changing climate workshop conditions. Env 2.3 Conduct climate change analyses to inform NAPA X X X 3-5 expansion of the protected area network of South Sudan. Env 2.4 Promote conservation measures that protect INC X X X X X 1-5 biodiversity and increase ecosystem resilience. Env 2.5 Establish waterpoints for wildlife in protected AfDB X 3-5 areas to reduce the negative impacts of drought on animal populations. Env 2.6 Incorporate climate change considerations into AfDB x x x 2-5 forest reserve management plans to protect water- First National Adaptation Plan for Climate Change – Republic of South Sudan sheds. Environment and Biodiversity Programme 3: implement community led EbA and NRM measures Env 3.1 Support community-based sustainable utilisation NAPA/ X 1-5 and management of wetlands in selected parts of South INC Sudan. Env 3.2 Promote afforestation of degraded landscapes AfDB/ X X 2-5 and watersheds using multi-use forest species (agrofor- NAPA estry) to increase community safety nets and diversify livelihoods. Env 3.3 Introduce and scale up climate change resilient, NAPA/ X X X X 2-5 participatory and sustainable community-led forest INC management. PRIORITY SECTOR 4: HUMAN SETTLEMENTS Source Physical Human Institutional Regulatory Research Timeline Investment Capacity Strengthening Modification (years 1-5) Development Human Settlements Programme 1: Urban and regional planning for climate change adaptation improved HS 1.1 Identify vulnerabilities and create resilience for NAPA X X X X 1-3 communities living in montane areas in the face of climate change. HS 1.2 Reduce vulnerability of population by integrating NDC, INC X X X 2-5 climate change considerations into land use planning. HS 1.3 Ensure that building codes reflect the expected AfDB X X X X 2-5 impacts of climate change. HS 1.4 Develop improved flood risk maps for urban Validation X X X 2-5 areas. Workshop HS 1.5 Create map and buffer zones and relocate NDC X X X X 3-5 vulnerable communities away from flood prone areas. Human Settlements Programme 2: Payam and Boma Development Committees empowered to lead local adaptation efforts HS 2.1 Ensure capacity building and participation of the NDC X X X 1-5 society, local communities, indigenous peoples, wom- en, men, youth, civil organizations and private sector in national and subnational climate change planning by developing formal and mandatory inclusive stakeholder participation procedures. HS 2.2 Strengthen the adaptative capacity of the popu- NDC X X X 1-5 lation through transparent and inclusive mechanisms of social participation in the implementation of adaptation interventions, designed with gender and human rights approaches incorporated throughout. HS 2.3 Develop capacity building program for commu- INC X X 1-4 nities on use of weather and climate data generated by Chapter 6: Climate Change Adaptation Priorities weather stations. 95 96 Source Physical Human Institutional Regulatory Research Timeline Investment Capacity Strengthening Modification (years 1-5) Development HS 2.4 Promote and upscale traditional conflict INC X X X X 2-4 management systems to address projected increase in conflicts due to climate change. HS 2.5 Develop and implement community-based NDC X X 2-5 adaptation plans. Human Settlements Programme 3: Climate change considerations incorporated into WASH system investments HS 3.1 Develop risk maps and regulatory codes to Validation X X X 2-5 inform solid and liquid waste disposal site selection Workshop and management. HS 3.2 Develop regulatory codes and guidance materi- Validation X X X 2-5 als based on future climate change scenarios to ensure Workshop new investments in water and sanitation infrastructure are resilient to climate shocks and stresses. HS 3.3 Build climate resilient WASH infrastructure in Validation X 3-5 regional capital cities. Workshop HS 3.4 Establish demonstration sites and provide Validation X X 2-5 First National Adaptation Plan for Climate Change – Republic of South Sudan training programs for small scale WASH innovations for Workshop rural towns. PRIORITY SECTOR 5: DISASTER RISK REDUCTION Source Physical Human Institutional Regulatory Research Timeline Investment Capacity Strengthening Modification (years 1-5) Development Programme 1: Climate-smart disaster risk reduction practices DRR 1.1 Utilize climate data and projections to develop Validation X X X X 1-5 disaster risk maps for flooding, drought, earthquakes workshop and crop pests. DRR 1.2 Establish toolkit and capacity development/ Validation X X X X 2-5 demonstration program for ecosystem-based disaster workshop management and climate change adaptation. DRR 1.3 Implement reforestation and tree planting NAPA X X (including fruit trees and indigenous species) to reduce land degradation and soil erosion in South Sudan. Programme 2: Improving early warning systems and capabilities DRR 2.1 Rehabilitate and expand hydrometeorological NDC X X X 1-4 monitoring network to support improved early warning capabilities. DRR 2.2 Design and implement communications and Keith X X 1-4 information management protocols for national and state level EWS. DRR 2.3 Establish capacity development program for Validation X X 1-4 decision makers for effectively using DRR and EWS data workshop and information. DRR 2.4 Establish and implement locally appropriate Validation X X X 2-5 end user notification systems so that all South Suda- workshop nese have access to EWS notifications. DRR 2.5 Coordinate/negotiate with cellular service Validation X X 2-5 providers to offer no-cost EWS notifications to telecom workshop subscribers. Chapter 6: Climate Change Adaptation Priorities DRR 2.6 Increase investments in disaster prevention NDC X X X X X 1-5 97 mechanisms, such as EWS, rather than disaster re- sponse mechanisms. 98 Source Physical Human Institutional Regulatory Research Timeline Investment Capacity Strengthening Modification (years 1-5) Development Programme 3: Enhancing community awareness and preparedness for climate shocks and disasters DRR 3.1 Increase knowledge of climate change and Validation X X 1-3 environmental issues through a national awareness workshop raising campaign and inclusion in school curricula. DRR 3.2 Reduce water-borne diseases due to flooding Validation X X x 3-5 and river overflow resulting from climate extremes. workshop Develop mechanisms to reduce water-borne diseases with complementary awareness raising program. DRR 3.3 Promote development of grassroots informal INC X X X 2-4 social networks. Household reliance on borrowing and gift receiving from members of self-help groups, rela- tives, neighbours, families and communities is a highly relevant coping strategy in South Sudan and strongly determines the ability of households to better cope with shocks. These informal social networks should be promoted. DRR 3.4 Improve and enhance community-based disas- Validation X X 2-4 First National Adaptation Plan for Climate Change – Republic of South Sudan ter management plans and preparedness and response workshop capability for climate related disasters. DRR 3.5 Educate communities on disaster management Validation X X 2-4 at national, subnational and grassroots levels. workshop DRR 3.6 Increase awareness of disaster risks through Validation X 2-4 media outreach and cultural heritage. workshop DRR 3.7 Enhance the development of community-based Validation X X X 2-4 disaster management action plans. workshop Programme 4: Strengthening national level disaster preparedness and response capabilities DRR 4.1. Establish formalized protocols and procedures Validation X X X 2-4 for activating People's Defense Force during emergency workshop declarations. Develop coordination procedures for subnational governments and the People's Defense Force. Source Physical Human Institutional Regulatory Research Timeline Investment Capacity Strengthening Modification (years 1-5) Development DRR 4.2 Establish and implement training program for Validation X X 2-4 People's Defense Force for disaster preparedness, workshop response and recovery. Strengthen special units such as the fire brigade and the Mercy Corp branch. DRR 4.3 Formulate prepositioning plan based on Validation X X 2-4 international best practice to establish supply caches in workshop vulnerable locations to improve disaster response. DRR 4.4 Establish system for conducting disaster Validation X X 2-4 simulations at the national and state level to improve workshop coordination and preparedness and community-based disaster drills to improve community preparedness and awareness. Chapter 6: Climate Change Adaptation Priorities 99 PRIORITY SECTOR 6: TOURISM AND RECREATION Source Physical Human Institutional Regulatory Research Timeline Investment Capacity Strengthening Modification (years 1-5) Development Tourism Programme 1: Establishing Enabling Conditions for Climate-smart Tourism Development T 1.1 Conduct research on wildlife species habitat and Validation X X 2-4 ecosystem vulnerability to changing climate conditions workshop focusing on Sudd wetland, Boma-Jonglei landscape and Imotong, Didinga and Dongotono mountains. T 1.2 Establish regulatory framework to promote Validation X X X 2-4 climate-smart tourism and to avoid maladaptive workshop investments in tourism sector. T 1.3 Develop targeted knowledge products on climate Validation X X 1-4 change impacts on tourism potential and sustainable workshop tourism business models for investment community. T 1.4 Improve coordination, planning linkages and Validation X X 1-3 knowledge sharing on climate change between tourism workshop and biodiversity sectors. T 1.5 Establish specific regulations on climate sensitive Validation X X X X 2-4 100 First National Adaptation Plan for Climate Change – Republic of South Sudan wildlife tourism and explore community enforcement workshop mechanisms. Tourism Programme 2: Supporting ecotourism development for increasing rural resilience T 2.1 Establish and disseminate principles for cli- Validation X X X 2-4 mate-adaptive sustainable ecotourism development. workshop T 2.2 Develop capacity building program for rural Validation X X X 3-5 communities to support nature-based (ecotourism) and workshop cultural tourism. T 2.3 Develop licensing and branding framework to Validation X X X 2-4 register and promote rural ecotourism ventures. workshop T 2.4 Establish community grants program to catalyze Validation X X X 3-5 community-based tourism businesses. workshop Source Physical Human Institutional Regulatory Research Timeline Investment Capacity Strengthening Modification (years 1-5) Development T 2.5 Develop climate resilient and sensitive road Validation X X X 4-5 infrastructure and tourism facilities in national parks workshop and game reserves. T 2.6 Identify local and regional human drivers of Validation X X X 2-5 ecosystem degradation and wildlife exploitation and workshop develop strategies for shifting behaviors to support ecosystems and biodiversity. Chapter 6: Climate Change Adaptation Priorities 101 PRIORITY SECTOR 7: HEALTH Source Physical Human Institutional Regulatory Research Timeline Investment Capacity Strengthening Modification (years 1-5) Development Health Programme 1: Improve health sector capacities to address climate change related health threats Hel 1.1 Conduct comprehensive vulnerability assess- Validation X X 1-3 ments in the health sector under current and future workshop climate change scenarios. Hel 1.2 Mainstream climate change, including future Validation X X X X 1-5 climate scenarios, into health sector strategies, plans workshop and policies. Hel 1.3 Establish research program to understand the Validation X X X 1-3 impacts of climate change on the health of vulnerable workshop groups. Hel 1.4 Establish a training program on climate change Validation x x 1-5 related health risks for health sector workers, with workshop special focus on community health workers (CHW). Hel 1.5 Develop action plans and strategies to control Validation x 2-5 infectious diseases and vectors. workshop 102 First National Adaptation Plan for Climate Change – Republic of South Sudan Health Programme 2: Establish early warning capabilities for climate change related health threats Hel 2.1 Establish surveillance system for tracking current Validation X X X X 1-4 and emerging disease risks. workshop Hel 2.2 Develop monitoring guidelines and train CHWs Validation x x to monitor climate change related health threats. workshop Hel 2.3 Expand capacity for modelling and forecasting Validation x x climate related health effects. workshop Hel 2.4 Develop risk maps to identify areas and Validation x x populations most susceptible to climate change related workshop health hazards (e.g., heat, disease). Source Physical Human Institutional Regulatory Research Timeline Investment Capacity Strengthening Modification (years 1-5) Development Hel 2.5 Develop health hazard forecasting products Validation x x x for early warning based on climate and meteorological workshop data. Hel 2.6 Develop and implement preparedness and Validation x x x response plans for health threats (e.g., heat waves, workshop diseases). Health Programme 3: Improve public awareness of health threats and adaptive capacity to address threats Hel 3.1 Develop, disseminate and implement guidance Validation x x and provide capacity building support to state and workshop local health sector officials on health effects of climate change at national and subnational levels. Hel 3.2 Promote climate health education in school Validation x curricula. workshop Hel 3.3 Establish targeted public information and Validation x messaging campaign to promote risk reducing behavior workshop change in communities and to raise awareness on climate change induced diseases, with special empha- sis on highly vulnerable groups. Hel 3.4 Build capacity to consider climate change relat- Validation x x x x ed health threats in urban, rural and regional planning. workshop Hel 3.5 Develop low-cost, user friendly blueprints for Validation x x latrines, hand washing stations and other public facilities workshop to minimize vector promotion of diseases. Health Programme 4: Establish partnerships to address health threats from climate change Hel 4.1 Develop, disseminate and implement health Validation x x x guidelines for other line agencies to encourage workshop multifunctional use of new buildings to provide public health benefits (e.g., cooling centres). Chapter 6: Climate Change Adaptation Priorities 103 Source Physical Human Institutional Regulatory Research Timeline Investment Capacity Strengthening Modification (years 1-5) Development Hel 4.2 Work with cellular companies to explore Validation x x x partnerships to provide early warning messages and workshop other information via SMS. Hel 4.3 Coordinate with Department of Climate Change Validation to develop risk indicators, data/information sources and workshop data management protocols for monitoring and early warning systems. Hel 4.4 Incorporate innovative architectural designs into Validation x x x new schools and develop siting guidelines to reduce workshop adverse impacts of climate change (e.g., heat) on students. Hel 4.5 Establish learning and knowledge sharing Validation x x partnerships with other countries in the region for health workshop adaptation and innovation. 104 First National Adaptation Plan for Climate Change – Republic of South Sudan PRIORITY SECTOR 8: INDUSTRY AND INFRASTRUCTURE Source Physical Human Institutional Regulatory Research Timeline Investment Capacity Strengthening Modification (years 1-5) Development Infrastructure Programme 1: Improve institutional capacities for climate resilient infrastructure planning Inf 1.1 Conduct vulnerability assessments of existing Validation X X X 1-3 infrastructure under current and projected climate workshop change conditions to inform planning and design. Inf 1.2 Compile hazard maps (e.g., flooding, earth- Validation X X X 1-4 quakes and landslides) featuring current and projected workshop exposure zones. Inf 1.3 Compile best practices and develop climate Validation X X 1-3 proofing/resilience guidelines for infrastructure design, workshop construction and maintenance. Inf 1.4 Develop sectoral standards and regulations to Validation X X X 1-4 ensure new infrastructure investments incorporate workshop climate proofing guidance. Inf 1.5 Formulate list of priority sector infrastructure Validation X 2-5 upgrades and retrofits and incorporate into develop- workshop ment partner pipelines. Inf 1.6. Promote transfer and piloting of transportation AfDB X X X 2-5 technologies that are resilient to the adverse effects of climate change for roads and large-scale transpor- tation of goods and technologies for the protection of infrastructure, particularly in flood prone areas. Infrastructure Programme 2: Construct new and retrofit existing critical infrastructure for climate resilience Inf 2.1 Improve environmental management in the oil NAPA X 2-5 industry to reduce the impacts of floods and droughts on industry infrastructure and operations. Inf 2.2 Build flood protection infrastructure including, Validation X 2-5 Chapter 6: Climate Change Adaptation Priorities improved drainage systems, flood barriers and workshop retention areas. 105 PRIORITY SECTOR 9: AGRICULTURE, LIVESTOCK AND FISHERIES Source Physical Human Institutional Regulatory Research Timeline Investment Capacity Strengthening Modification (years 1-5) Development Agriculture Programme 1: Agriculture infrastructure supports climate resilience A 1.1 Introduce and expand irrigated agriculture for crop NAPA X 3-5 and livestock production. A 1.2 Improve agricultural infrastructure and facilities to NAPA/ X X 3-5 support climate-smart multi-cropping systems. GEF7 A 1.3 Establish and improve facilities to reduce GEF7 X X X X 3-5 post-harvest waste and to enhance value-added food processing (e.g., pasta, biscuits and bread) in market centres. A 1.4 Improve storage and conservation of seeds and Validation X X X 3-5 introduce early maturing varieties. workshop Agriculture Programme 2: Climate adaptive land and resource management Ag 2.1 Enhance resilience to rainfall variability through NAPA X X X X 3-5 rangeland rehabilitation. 106 First National Adaptation Plan for Climate Change – Republic of South Sudan Ag 2.2 Encourage soil erosion control measures, NDC/GEF7 X X X 1-5 including early adoption in areas susceptible to increased rainfall under climate change scenarios. Ag 2.3 Promote water technologies for water savings, AfDB X X X 1-5 recycling, harvesting, irrigation and sustainable management for agricultural purposes. A 2.4 Improve community and farm-level water Validation X X 1-5 resources management and incorporate projected workshop moisture availability and variability into local-level water management and planning. Source Physical Human Institutional Regulatory Research Timeline Investment Capacity Strengthening Modification (years 1-5) Development Agriculture Programme 3: Supporting climate resilient agriculture practices A 3.1 Strengthen agriculture extension services to NAPA, INC X X X X 1-5 support community-based climate-smart agriculture including improved seed and crop management practices. A 3.2 Improve animal health systems to reduce the NAPA X X X X 2-5 vulnerability of pastoral communities to climate change. A 3.3 Identify and introduce drought and disease GEF7 X X X 1-5 resistant varieties of crops with shorter maturity and higher yields. A 3.4 Provide insurance to help farmers, especially INC X X X X 2-5 smallholder agriculturalists and pastoralists by enhanc- ing their resilience and reducing risk when investing in agriculture and animal husbandry. A 3.5 Establish and strengthen farmers' organizations INC/GEF7 X X X 2-5 and CBOs and establish capacity building, demonstra- tion and support programs to encourage climate-smart agriculture. A 3.6 Support local seed production and private sector Validation X X X 2-4 led seed development system. workshop A 3.7 Undertake innovative and integrated pest and Validation X X X X 2-4 disease control for crop pests and diseases. workshop A 3.8 Improve post-harvest crop handling and resil- Validation X X X X 2-4 ience of value chains, including improved regulations workshop and phytosanitary procedures. Chapter 6: Climate Change Adaptation Priorities 107 Source Physical Human Institutional Regulatory Research Timeline Investment Capacity Strengthening Modification (years 1-5) Development Agriculture Programme 4: Promote climate resilient fisheries management A 4.1 Provide fingerlings, feed production and the ap- INC X X 2-5 propriate tools and equipment for community managed fisheries and aquaculture ventures. A 4.2 Conduct studies on potential climate impacts NDC X X 2-4 on fisheries and formulate climate-smart strategies to increase fisheries productivity. A 4.3 Conduct studies and research to support the INC X X X X 2-5 commercialization of fisheries and establish capacity building program to empower fisheries entrepreneurs and to utilize climate resilient fisheries management practices, climate resilient inland and village pond management. A 4.4 Promote sustainable value chain development to Validation X X X X 2-5 utilize climate resilient fisheries management practices, workshop climate resilient inland and village pond management. 108 First National Adaptation Plan for Climate Change – Republic of South Sudan A 4.5 Conduct research on and promote traditional INC X X X 2-4 fishing regulations that contribute to resilience and sustainable use. A 4.6 Incorporate observed and projected climatic INC X X X 2-5 changes into fishery policies, regulations and institu- tions to improve resilience fish production. Chapter 7: Next Steps for South Sudan’s NAP Process Chapter 7: Next Steps for South Sudan's NAP Process 109

7.1 INTRODUCTION The initial NAP also provides comprehensive recom- This first NAP laid the groundwork for South Sudan’s mendations for strengthening the NAP process over NAP process by outlining national circumstances the short-term (2020-2022). This NAP represents and recommending institutional arrangements and the culmination of over a year of research and con- coordination mechanisms for climate change adap- sultations on the part of the Department of Climate tation planning and implementation. It offers a robust Change, and a first step in formulating a unified rationale for adaptation in South Sudan by provid- vision for climate change adaptation for the country. ing a baseline analysis of observed and projected changes in the physical processes driving climate. This section briefly describes the next steps in the It describes expected impacts with the information NAP process for the Government of South Sudan. that is currently available. These analyses provide The Government has already taken initial steps to a foundation for evidence-based decision-making implement many of the short-term measures identi- processes and allow for the Government and its fied in Chapter 6. By following the next steps, it is ex- partners to begin implementing priority adaptation pected that the Government will be able to achieve measures. The first NAP compiles adaptation prior- its goal of realizing a NAP process by 2022. ities that have been identified through strategies, plans and policies, and synthesizes them into adap- 7.2 NEXT STEPS tation programmes that can guide immediate action The NAP takes a first step towards establishing a in South Sudan. coherent and effective National Adaptation Plan process for South Sudan. Upon ratification, over the As more information becomes available, it is expect- following 24 months, Department of Climate Change ed that these profiles will be expanded and refined. will take the lead in completing the following steps to enhance the NAP: This can be achieved largely through the support of GCF readiness ­Formalizing institu- resources and by following the recommendations found in Chapter 2. tional arrangements, This step requires significant technical support and human capacity ­establishing a formal l­egal development, but there are support mechanisms, tools and other use- mandate and ­ensuring buy- ful resources widely available. Several of the foundational activities to in and ­ownership of line establish these formal institutional arrangements will be implemented agency stakeholders through the GCF-supported NAP Readiness project, which UNEP is currently finalizing. 110 First National Adaptation Plan for Climate Change – Republic of South Sudan Department of Climate Change should first coordinate a stocktaking exercise to gauge progress on the priorities and programmes that have been compiled in Chapter 6, with a particular focus on progress made with respect to implementing South Sudan’s NAPA. Subsequently, Stocktaking of progress based on this analysis and extensive stakeholder consultations, the and updating prioritized NAP process will generate plans to implement existing priorities. This adaptation actions will include projects, but also mainstreaming options for incorporating climate change adaptation considerations into day-to-day processes of governance. Options will be prioritized utilizing a to-be-determined methodology (e.g., cost-effectiveness analysis, multi-criteria analysis). Some project concept notes may be developed for this part of the NAP. With support from GCF and other development partners, Department of Climate Change will develop and implement a NAP communications strategy for engaging stakeholders in the broader NAP process. The Formulating NAP com- communications strategy will detail steps for engaging a wide range of munication and outreach stakeholders in all stages of the NAP process and disseminating results strategy of the NAP process. This communication strategy will include provisions for effective communication and engagement with vulnerable and mar- ginalized groups, and also for providing relevant information on climate change processes and impacts in accessible formats through culturally appropriate pathways to local communities in South Sudan. As a newly established country, South Sudan does not have many sources of climate finance from international public and private sources, or domestic public and private sources because public policy frame- works to facilitate this funding are not well developed. There is a need Costing and to establish climate change finance policies that will enable South financing plan Sudan to tap into international, domestic and private sector funding. The NDC estimates that over $50 billion will be required for both the mitigation and adaptation actions across all sectors in South Sudan until 2030, but with the expanded first NAP, this estimate is likely outdated. Based on revised adaptation priorities and programmes, Department of Climate Change will coordinate the estimation of costs for the priority actions, as well as cost-benefit analyses, cost effective analyses, and other approaches where applicable. Department of Climate Change will also work with the newly estab- lished Inter-ministerial Committee on Climate Finance to identify fund- ing sources, including domestic sources, private sector possibilities, and international financiers to provide grants and loans to support the priorities. This information will be compiled into a costing and financing plan that will be included as a chapter in the expanded NAP, expected to be completed by the end of 2022. The monitoring and evaluation framework will include SMART indica- Monitoring, evaluation, tors for determining progress during the first NAP process. This section and learning framework will also describe mechanisms for capturing lessons learned to be incor- porated into the enhanced NAP, to be completed by 2022. Chapter 7: Next Steps for South Sudan's NAP Process 111 REFERENCES AfDB (2018a). South Sudan National Climate Change dom, equality, justice, peace and prosperity Profile. for all. Juba. Government of South Sudan (2011b). 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South Sudan: First State of the Environment and Yagoub, Y. E., et al. (2017). Detection of Drought Outlook Report. Cycles Pattern in Two Countries (Sudan and South Sudan) by Using Standardized Precip- USAID (2019). South Sudan Climate Vulnerability itation Index SPI. Journal of Environmental Profile: Sector- and Location-Specific Cli- Engineering (1966), pp. 93–105. mate Risks and Resilience Recommenda- tions. 114 First National Adaptation Plan for Climate Change – Republic of South Sudan Appendix A: Composition of Technical Working Groups As noted in Section 2.3, each priority sector for the NAP will have a corresponding Technical Working Group. Table X.X shows the recommended representation of each technical working group at national and subnation- al levels. Sector National stakeholders Subnational stakeholders Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture and food security State Ministry of Agriculture and forestry Livestock and Ministry of Animal Resources and Fisheries State ministry of livestock and fisheries Fisheries Farmers’ Union Federation County Directorate of Agriculture, Food Security and Forestry (CAD) Development partners –UNDP, UNEP among others County Directorate of Livestock and fisheries Private sector/CSO eg SUDD County, payam and boma level extension University of Juba/Upper Nile workers. Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Development partners Cooperation State universities Directorate of Environment and Natural Resources Farmers’ Unions Environment Ministry of Environment and Forestry State Directorate of Agriculture and Forestry and Biodiver- Ministry of Wildlife Conservation State directorate of forestry, Local Govern- sity Conserva- ment tion South Sudan Wildlife Services State-level wildlife services Directorate of Metrology, Ministry of Transport State-level forestry authorities Ministry of Petroleum Traditional leaders Ministry of Mining Ministry of Electricity and Dams South Sudan renewable energy Development partners –UNDP, UNEP among others International conservation NGOs (e.g., Wildlife Conservation Society) Private sector/CSO e.g., SUDD University of Juba/Upper Nile Appendix A: Composition of Technical Working Groups 115 Sector National stakeholders Subnational stakeholders Energy Ministry of Electricity and Dams Local Government Ministry of Petroleum Private sector at the state level Nile petroleum and oil companies, Ministry of transport Ministry of Environment and Forestry South Sudan Electricity Corporation South Sudan Renewable Energy Association Development Partners – UNDP, UNEP among others Private sector and CSOs e.g., SUDD University of Juba – Upper Nile Infrastructure Ministry of Land and Housing Local Government, Directorate of Transport and Transpor- Ministry of Transport, Road and Bridges Town council authority tation Ministry of Finance Traditional leaders transport association at the state level Water Ministry of Water Resource and Irrigation Local Government Resources South Sudan Urban Water Corporation Water cooperation at the state Nile Basin Initiative in South Sudan Disaster Risk Ministry of Disaster Management and Humani- Local government Reduction tarian Affairs Development partners at the state level Development partners – UNDP, UNEP, JICA, The World Bank, among others Private sector/CSO e.g., SUDD University of Juba – Upper Nile Human Ministry of Land and Housing State local Government Settlements Ministry of Transport, Roads and Bridges Town Council authority Tourism and Ministry of Wildlife, Tourism and Conservation Local Government Recreation South Sudan Wildlife Services State wildlife, tourism and recreation services 116 First National Adaptation Plan for Climate Change – Republic of South Sudan Appendix B: NAP National and Subnational Stakeholder Consultation List S/No Name Institution Designation Contact detail Email Postal address Phone. No 1 Sisto Paulino Ministry of Foreign Deputy Director for Environ- Ministries of Foreign 0921419158 Paulinosisto567@gmail.com Ladu Affairs and International ment and Climate Change/ Affair and International cooperation African Affairs cooperation 2 Albert South Sudan Wildlife Director and Conservation WCS, Tonging area 0926048930 aschenk@wcs.org Schenk/ Conservation Society – Policy Coordinator GPOC Road Ohing Bush/ 3 Banak Ministry of Humanitarian Director for Disaster Manage- Custom, Ministries 0926106108 Joshua Affairs and Disaster ment complex Management 4 Dr. Malik Ministry of Wildlife Con- Undersecretary/ Director for Ministry's Road (former Nil malik.doka@gmail.com Doka servation and Tourism Protected Areas UNOPS place) near bbojo4520@gmail.com Notos/Hamza Inn 5 Payai Man- Ministry of Environment Deputy Director for Climate Ministry of Environment 0925727889 yok John and Forestry Change and UNFCC national focal point 6 Regina Ossa Ministry of Gender, Child Director General Ministries 0912919187 Lullo and Social Welfare 7 Samuel SMAF- NBeGs Director General Aweil, NBeGs 09299060222 samuelajiing@gmail.com Ajiing 8 Stephen State Ministry of Physical Director General Aweil, NBeGs 092202269 Nil Ajok Mou Infrastructure, Road and 0911557924 Bridge 9 Dr George Ministry of Agriculture Director for Crop Production MAF building, Ministries 0921288331 Nil Appendix B: NAP National and Subnational Stakeholder Consultation List Tadu and Food Security complex 117 118 S/No Name Institution Designation Contact detail Email Postal address Phone. No 10 Makauc National Ministry of Acting Director General for Juba – South Sudan 0914224220 Ador Irrigation and Water Irrigation and Drainage Resources 11 Aquilino National Ministry of Researcher Juba- South Sudan 0928813837 Nil Lado Agriculture and Food Security 12 Simon Chap National Ministry of Senior Inspector for Disaster Juba- South Sudan, 0921057400 Nil Humanitarian Affairs and Management MHADM Disaster Risk Manage- ment 13 John Ajoung National Ministry of Trade Senior Inspector for Trade Juba- MTI 0913479999 Nil Mach and Industry and Industry 14 Dr Thomas University of Juba Assistant Professor University of Juba 0926086097 jsuliman.lado@gmail.com F. Lado NAPA member campus 15 Dr. John University of Juba Assistant Professor University of Juba 0924698722 Leju C NAPA member campus First National Adaptation Plan for Climate Change – Republic of South Sudan 16 Dr. Andrew University of Juba Assistant Professor University of Juba 092171005 L.thibia@yahoo.com L. Athiba NAPA member campus 17 Hon Deng National Legislative Representative of Parliamen- Parliamentary building, 0921752202 Tong Kuol Assembly tary Committee for Natural Ministries Resources and Agriculture 18 Reja Ebony/ Ebony Centre Policy Researcher Juba near MTN 0911303794 Nil Selina 19 Peter Jok Dit Directorate of Livestock Director General Aweil NBeGs 0912968376 Nil and Fisheries 20 Chan SMARF Veterinary Officer Upper Nile State 09134569897 channyik@gmail.com Nyikang Nyiker S/No Name Institution Designation Contact detail Email Postal address Phone. No 21 James SMAF – Renk County Director of Plant Protection SMAF – Renk County 0925555166 Nil Akwuch Deng 22 Peter Okach Directorate of Animal Director Animal Production SMARF – Upper Nile Nil peterokach@yahoo.com Aney Production State 23 Angok Koch County Government Former Commissioner Renk 0914562785 Nil 24 Elizabeth Women Representative Chairperson, Women Upper Nile 0923567892 Nil Mayik Representative 25 Aguol Ayel Local Government, Paramount Chief Former Upper Nile 0921568923 Nil Adie Traditional Chief State) 26 Denis Tipo Directorate of Extension Director of Extension Upper Nile -Renk Nill Nil Arop and Research 27 Hon. Ayiik Local Government Minister of Local Government Upper Nile State -Renk 0912266666 Nil Akuei Local Government 28 Hakim Araba Upper Nile University Head, Department of Upper Nile University 0920206660 Hakimaba@yahoo.com Forestry Mukuni area-Juba 30 Ogawi Upper Nile University Dean, Faculty of Agriculture Mukani area 0916053045 Ojwok 31 Oyor Moses Upper Nile University Dean, Animal Production Mukuni area 09252220132 (NAPA member) 32 Andrew Upper Nile University Lecturer (NAPA member Mukuni area zakaria@gmail.com Zakaria Wani 33 Cement State Ministry of Local Director General Aweil NBeGs 0916175424 Nil Manyuat Government and Law 0920091679 Upio Enforcement Appendix B: NAP National and Subnational Stakeholder Consultation List 119