Palau Climate Change Policy

1Palau Climate Change Policy Government of Palau Palau Climate Change Policy For Climate and Disaster Resilient Low Emissions Development 2015 Top: Shoreline © J’nel/Shutterstock. Bottom, left to right: Coral © Luis A. Rocha/Shutterstock; Fisherman © PCS; Super Typhoon Haiyan © The Weather Channel; Woman on her way to a First-born Ceremony © PCS. 2 Government of Palau 2015 Support for the preparation of this policy was provided by the: European Union funded Global Climate Change Alliance: Pacific Small Island States Project, implemented by the Secretariat of the Pacific Community; German Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ) funded Coping with Climate Change in the Pacific Island Region Program (CCCPIR) implemented in partnership with Deutsche Gesellschaftfür Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ); and United States Agency for International Development (USAID). The contents of the policy in no way reflect the views of the above listed development partners. His Excellency Tommy E. Remengesau Jr., President of Palau, with members of the Ad-Hoc Climate Change Committee © Office of the President. Front Row, left to right: Hayes Moses, Calvin Emesiochel , Nyk Kloulubak, Xavier Matsutaro, Collin Joseph, Charlene Mersai. Back Row, left to right: Sunny Ngirmang, Gustav Aitaro, Klouldil Singeo, Bouveau Anastacio, Maria Ngemaes, President Remengesau, Maylene Joshua, Dina Sandei, Tarita Holm, Heather Ketebengang, Clarissa Adelbai, Karla West, John Kintaro. (Other Members of the Committee not include in the photo: Umai Basilius, Siual Blesam, Portia Franz, Edolem Ikerdeu, Shirley Koshiba, Sylvia Kloulubak, Debbie Nagata, Kimie Ngirchechol, Villaney Remengesau, Geraldine Rengiil, Tanya Rengulbai, Stalin Pedro, Destin Penland, Columbo Sakuma, Hilaria Singeo, Priscilla Subris, Sarah Sugiyama, Eden Uchel, Jon Vogt). 3Palau Climate Change Policy 4 Government of Palau 2015 Acronyms BoBP CO2 DRR EIA FGC ANZEC GDP GHG INDC IPCC IPP JNAP LEAP LED LEDS NAMA NAP NCD NDRMF NEC NEMO NEP NIE OERC PAN PPUC SLM UN UNFCCC USAID Bureau of Budget & Planning Carbon Dioxide Disaster Risk Reduction Environmental Impact Assessment New Zealand based international development consulting firm Gross Domestic Product Greenhouse gas Intended Nationally Determined Contributions Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Independent power producer Joint National Action Plan Local Early Action Plan Light-emitting Diode Low-Emission Development Strategies and Plans National Appropriate Mitigation Actions National Adaptation Plan Non-communicable disease National Disaster Risk Management Framework National Energy Committee National Emergency Management Office National Energy Policy National Implementing Entity Office of Environmental Response and Coordination Protected Areas Network Palau Public Utilities Corporation Sustainable Land Management United Nations United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change United States Agency for International Development Mastigias Papua Jellyfish © Ethan Daniels/Shutterstock 5Palau Climate Change Policy Table of Contents Palau Climate Change Policy 6 Executive Summary Section 1 – Introduction 8 Context 8 Vision and Objectives 10 Principles and Process 12 Evidence and Impacts Section 2 – Climate Change Adaptation 14 Risk and Existing Activities 16 Strategic Priorities Section 3 – Disaster Risk Management 18 Risks and Existing Activities 20 Strategic Priorities Section 4 – Mitigation and Low Emission Development 22 Background 24 Strategic Priorities Section 5 – Institutional Mechanisms for Effective Policy Implementation 26 Background and Strategic Priorities 29 Monitoring and Evaluation Section 6 – Financing Needs for Policy Implementation 30 Indicative Budget and Financing Plan Annexes 32 Acronyms used in the Annexes 34 Annex 1. Costed Action Plan (Sections A through P) 48 Annex 2. References 50 Annex 3. Background and Process to develop the Policy 51 Annex 4. Causes and Mechanisms of Climate Change 54 Annex 5. Elaboration of certain sector risks from climate change impacts and disasters 6 Government of Palau 2015 Executive Summary Climate Change is one of the greatest challenges ever to face the world and the island nation of Palau. Caused primarily by greenhouse gas emissions from fossil fuel energy consumption, current changes to climate are being driven by a global temperature rise of at least 0.6°C since pre-industrial times. Climate is expected to change more. Small Island States such as Palau have called for a lower limit of below 1.5°C and many industrialized countries have agreed to limit the rise in temperature to 2.0°C. Palau, with its long history of close ties to its natural environment, is already feeling the acute impacts of climate change. Communities and researchers have confirmed impacts and risks such as rising sea levels and increased incidences of extreme weather. Palau, in proactively preparing for the expected changes in climate, as well as anticipating the unexpected such as disasters, has developed this Palau Climate Change Policy and Action Plan for Climate & Disaster Resilient Low Emission Development. This Policy outlines Palau’s strategic priorities for adapting to impacts of climate change, preparing for and responding to disasters, and contributing to global efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Because climate change and disasters – whether directly caused by or exacerbated by climate change – affect all parts of society, this Policy addresses multiple sectors as well. The vision of this Policy is “Happy, healthy, sustainable and resilient Palauan communities in a changing world,” or “A Belau a kldmokl, mesisiich, moduades, e klekar.” To make this vision a reality, this Policy lays out objectives to 1) enhance adaptation and resilience, 2) manage disasters and minimize disaster risk, and 3) mitigate global climate change by working towards low emission development. This Policy establishes a single integrated Government Policy with intervention and financing priorities. This Policy was developed through a 2-year participatory process. It addresses ten sectors (Agriculture and Fisheries, Health, Finance/Commerce/ Economic Development, Biodiversity/ Conservation/Natural Resources, Critical Infrastructure, Utilities, Society and Culture; Good Governance, Education, and Tourism) and advises on both government and non- government action. In Palau, direct impacts from climate change are expected to include sea level rise, more extreme weather events, changes in seasonal rainfall, temperature regime changes, and increasing ocean acidification. These direct impacts will have indirect and cumulative impacts on natural and human systems (including human health), and on Palau’s economy. Each sector is at risk of indirect and exacerbated impacts from climate change. This Policy identifies the top three risks per sector and then identifies the Government’s priority interventions for addressing those top risks. Priorities are based on both need and on the existing adaptation activities already in place in country. The goal of these priority interventions is to build climate resilience within ecosystems, the economy, and society. Beyond the expected impacts of climate change are unexpected events such as disasters. Disasters may be natural or human-induced. As global and local climate regimes change, many disasters are expected to worsen, either caused or exacerbated by climate change. Thus, this Policy takes a proactive approach to preparing for disasters and reducing disaster risk. This Policy identifies the level of risk for possible disasters and then identifies the Government’s priority interventions for addressing those risks, both in terms of preparedness and risk reduction. The goal of these priority interventions is to build safe, resilient, and disaster-prepared communities. Climate change is caused by the release of global greenhouse gasses, such as carbon dioxide, from their stored forms on earth in fossil fuels and biomass. Palau, like other countries who are signatory countries who are signatory to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), has agreed to reduce its greenhouse gas emissions. This Policy builds on existing efforts in Palau to protect carbon sinks, improve energy efficiency, and increase low emission development such as investments in renewable energy. It identifies the Government’s priority interventions for mitigating the causes of climate change and expanding low emission development. The Mitigation and Low Emission Development section of this Policy is primarily focused on the energy sector, although there are overlaps among interventions for adaptation and disaster risk management. The goal of these interventions is to sustainably manage carbon sinks and reduce national greenhouse gas emissions by at least 20% by 2020. This Policy builds on existing commitments to increase renewable energy contributions by 20% and decrease electrical energy consumption by 30% by 2020. To achieve the vision and objectives of this Policy, stakeholders in Palau identified needs to improve governance and the institutional mechanisms necessary for effective Policy implementation. This Policy identifies existing gaps in governance, namely limited resourcing (human, technical, and financial), the lack of a centralized Climate Change Office, and an inefficient legal and institutional framework. It identifies priority interventions for adopting and improving the institutional framework (including a new government organizational chart), and for creating and empowering a Climate Change Office. The priority interventions for each objective have been made actionable with a 5-year Action Plan. The Action Plan outlines the activities needed for each intervention, and includes stakeholders, timeframes, and resourcing needs, including cost projections. The 5-year Action Plan is intended to be evaluated on an ongoing basis. The costs of the priority interventions as captured in the 5-year Action Plan is expected to be around US$500 million for the first five years. These costs are indicative of the scale of costs for both government actions and sector priorities. The Government of Palau will explore both domestic and international financing arrangements. By establishing this Policy, Palau is taking necessary steps to make its own National plans a reality and meet its obligations under the UNFCCC and other regional and international agreements. More importantly, though, by following the priorities in this Policy, Palau’s government and sector leaders will contribute to a global effort to minimize the impacts of climate change, and will build a more resilient and prepared nation that can thrive even in a changing world. Driftwood © Levent Konuk/Shutterstock 7Palau Climate Change Policy 8 Government of Palau 2015 Global Context Climate change is the greatest challenge facing humankind, according to leaders from the United Nations and nations across the globe. A 2015 Global Risks Report by The World Economic Forum identified climate- related issues, particularly extreme weather and failure to adapt to climate change, among the top global risks the world will face in the next ten years, both in likelihood and impact. Industrialised and developing countries have agreed, under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), to reduce global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions to levels that will limit the global rise in temperature to 2°C (3.6°F), thus minimizing the most dangerous impacts from climate change. To reach this global temperature goal, the United States and China, the world’s leading sources of GHG emissions, have agreed to a scale of GHG reductions that ranges from 20% to 28%. Islands around the world, already suffering from the negative consequences of the current global temperature rise of 0.6°C (1.1°F) and associated shifts in climate, have called for even greater GHG reductions. The Alliance of Small Island States, of which Palau is a member, has called to limit the temperature rise to below 1.5°C (2.7°F). In adopting this Palau Climate Change Policy and Action Plan for Climate & Disaster Resilient Low Emission Development (hereafter referred to as this Policy), Palau is joining the world in addressing both the causes of climate change and its impacts and risks on daily life and during disasters. Country Context The people of Palau, closely tied to and reliant on their natural resources and environment, have been increasingly concerned about the changes they are experiencing, from storms to rising seas to disasters that worsen with time. Community concerns have been reinforced by scientific findings from local research institutions such as the Palau International Coral Reef Center (PICRC) and global groups such as the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), showing real and immediate impacts, risks, and vulnerabilities – in both daily life and during disasters – from climate change. Palau is a leader among Small Island Developing States in taking action to preserve its natural resources and improve the quality of life for its people. This Policy is part of Palau’s proactive effort to protect itself from the expected impacts of climate change and the unexpected – but anticipated – risks of worsening disasters. It is also part of Palau’s contribution to global efforts to reduce GHG emissions and mitigate climate change. Using the best available information, from traditional knowledge to local and international research on effective responses, this Policy furthers efforts towards achieving the strategic vision of Palau’s National Master Development Plan to “Substantially enhance the quality of life of Palauans and future generations of Palauans.” Introduction | Context and Objectives Top: Napoleon Wrasse © Frantise K Hojdysz/Shutterstock. Bottom: Flower © Holm & Kitalong and PCS. 9Palau Climate Change Policy The impacts from climate change affect every sector and every level of society and government, as do the risks from and consequences of disasters, whether caused directly by or exacerbated in some way by climate change. Similarly, the responses to climate change and disasters cut across every sector. There is overlap among the impacts, risks, and responses to climate change, disasters, and mitigation. Thus, this Policy serves the purpose of reducing Palau’s vulnerability to climate change by enhancing national coordination in addressing new and additional challenges posed by climate change and its wide-reaching impacts. This Policy also demonstrates solidarity with global and regional efforts to manage the causes and impacts of climate change. By developing and implementing this Policy, Palau is keeping its commitments to the UNFCCC, the Pacific Islands Framework for Action on Climate Change 2006-2015, the Pacific Disaster Risk Reduction and Disaster Management Framework for Action 2005–2015, the Hyogo Framework for Action 2005–2015, the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030, and the Pacific Island Forum-mandated Regional Strategy for Climate and Disaster Resilient Development in the Pacific. It establishes a framework that will guide and inform action in accordance with Palau’s Medium Term Development Strategy - Action for Palau’s Future 2009–2014 and the National Master Development Plan – Palau 2020. Policy Objectives The main objective of this Policy is to build the resilience of Palau to climate change and disasters. Additional sub-objectives of the Palau Climate Change Policy are to: • Enhance adaptation and resilience to the expected impacts of global climate change across all sectors, • Improve Palau’s ability to manage unexpected disasters and minimize disaster risk, and • Mitigate global climate change by working towards low carbon emission development, maximizing energy efficiency, protecting carbon sinks, and minimizing greenhouse gas emissions. This Policy establishes, at the highest political level, a single integrated Government Policy with priorities and interventions to establish appropriate institutional frameworks and guide and inform actions that will meet the stated objectives. This Policy articulates Palau’s priority interventions on climate change across all sectors, at all levels (community, state, national, and international). This Policy informs national budgeting and government spending in relation to climate change and in synergy with ongoing economic development and environmental and climate change initiatives. This Policy and Action Plan form the basis for Palau’s National Adaptation Plan (NAP) and National Appropriate Mitigation Actions (NAMA) and Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDC) that will also inform and facilitate access to international climate change financing under the UNFCCC’s Green Climate Fund and Adaptation Fund. POlicy ViSiOn Happy, healthy, sustainable and resilient Palauan communities in a changing world “A Belau a kldmokl, mesisiich, moduades, e klekar” 10 Government of Palau 2015 Introduction | Principles and Process Organization of This Policy This Policy is organized around each sub-objective. Section 1 introduces this Policy, including its Vision and Objectives. Section 2 addresses the inevitable expected changes to climate by encouraging proactive adaptation. Section 3 addresses the unexpected – whether directly caused by or simply exacerbated by climate change – by institutionalizing preparation and risk reduction for disasters. Section 4 lays out Palau’s priorities for mitigating and minimizing GHG emissions. Section 5 prioritizes cross-sector institutional actions necessary to achieve the three objectives. Section 6 includes an indicative financing budget for implementing the first 5-year Action Plan. Because climate change and disasters touch every sector and every part of society, there are cross-cutting impacts and responses for all three objectives. Rather than repeat interventions that are applicable to multiple objectives, this Policy streamlines actions by placing them in the objective where they will have the most impact. Each section lays out anticipated changes, such as expected changes to climate or probable risks from disasters, and then describes the foundation of existing initiatives on which this Policy is built. It lays out a strategic goal for achieving each objective, and then summarizes priority interventions. A 5-year Costed Action Plan (Annex 1) describes the actions necessary to achieve the objectives in detail. The Action Plans are designed to be evaluated and updated in 5-year increments (and are equivalent to regional Joint National Action Plans for Climate Change and Disaster Risk Management (JNAP)). Guiding Principles This Palau Climate Change Policy: • Establishes a “No Regrets” approach to national development priorities. “No Regrets” is defined as an approach that achieves benefits under all possible future climate change and disaster scenarios, including both low emission and high emission (e.g. low impact and high impact) cases and worst case disaster scenarios; • Subscribes to the IPCC definition of climate change, which refers to any change in climate over time, whether due to natural variability or as a result of human activity; • Clarifies and links the roles, powers, duties, functions, and responsibilities of stakeholders within national and state governments, the private sector, civil society, communities, and Traditional Leadership; • Guides national budgeting and fiscal year spending, informs sector (including private stakeholder) spending priorities, and facilitates domestic and international fundraising. 11Palau Climate Change Policy Policy Development Process The process to develop this Policy built on existing initiatives through a participatory, sector-based consultation effort. A multi- stakeholder Ad Hoc Climate Change Committee, with 10 sector working groups (in Agriculture and Fisheries, Health, Finance/Commerce/Economic Development, Biodiversity/Conservation/Natural Resources, Critical Infrastructure, Utilities, Society and Culture; Good Governance, Education, and Tourism), developed this Policy with input from communities, civil society, and teams of national experts. Over 150 individuals were involved in broad consultations to gather information and guide priorities. Standard planning tools included facilitator-led National workshops, sector-based focus groups, and 20 key informant interviews. Risk and capacity assessments followed accepted methods. Costs in the Action Plan were formed from expert opinions within sectors and then aligned and streamlined across sectors. In addition to assessments from earlier initiatives, this Policy incorporates the most recent peer reviewed scientific evidence and projections available. A list of documents used to develop this Policy is included in Annex 2. Additional technical and financial assistance was provided by the Secretariat of the Pacific Community, USAID, GIZ, FCG ANZDEC, and local consultants. Annex 3 includes more information on the process used to develop this Policy. Top: Light through the water © Ethan Daniels/Shutterstock. Bottom: Partners in Palau observe and adapt to climate change in Palau. Far left photo © PCC. Right three photos © Carol Emaurois/PICRC. 12 Government of Palau 2015 Evidence of Global Climate Change The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), the world’s leading international scientific body for the assessment of climate change, operates under the auspices of the United Nations (UN). It reviews and assesses the most recent scientific, technical, and socio-economic information produced worldwide relevant to the understanding of climate change. Thousands of scientists from all over the world contribute to the work of the IPCC on a voluntary basis. Membership in the IPCC is open to all UN Member Countries, and Palau is a member of the IPCC along with 21 other South- West Pacific nations. Annex 4 includes more information on the mechanisms and causes of climate change. In its 2014 Fifth Assessment Report, the IPCC reported that: • Human influence on the climate system is clear, and recent anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases are the highest in history; • Each of the last three decades has been successively warmer at the Earth’s surface than any preceding decade since 1850; • Warming of the climate system due to human-induced greenhouse gases is unequivocal. Global Impacts from Climate Change • Changes in climate have impacted natural and human systems on all continents and oceans; • Oceanic uptake of carbon dioxide has resulted in acidification of the ocean; • Melting of ice sheets, snow, and glaciers, reduced snow cover, and changing precipitation are altering hydrological systems, affecting water quantity and quality; • Many terrestrial, freshwater, and marine species have shifted their geographic ranges, seasonal activities, migration patterns, abundances, and species interactions; • Climate change has negatively impacted crop yields and marine organisms; • There has been increased frequency and variability in extreme weather and climate events; • An increase in extreme high sea levels has been observed; • Climate change will amplify existing risks and create new risks for natural and human systems. Introduction | Evidence and Impacts A coastal road following Typhoon Bopha in 2012 © Carol Emaurois/PICRC. 13Palau Climate Change Policy Impacts in Palau from Climate Change As an island nation, Palau is vulnerable to the impacts of climate change, principally from sea level rise and the increase in extreme weather events. Palau is vulnerable to both human-induced and natural disasters, which may be exacerbated by climate change. Many of these impacts have already been felt in Palau and will continue to affect all sectors and geographic areas. So far, annual and seasonal maximum temperatures have increased since 1953 at a rate of 0.11°C (0.2°F), per decade, sea level has risen by about 0.35 inches per year since 1993, faster than the global average, and levels of ocean acidification have been rising since the 18th century. 2014 analysis by the Australian Bureau of Meteorology and the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization projects future impacts under the low emissions scenario to include: Direct Impacts to Natural Systems (relative to 1995; most projections are medium to very high confidence) • Sea-level rise of 3.0 to 6.3 inches by 2030 and 11.2 to 25 inches by 2090; • Increased frequency and severity of extreme weather events (particularly rain events), with increasing numbers of extreme rainfall days and rainfall intensity; • Changes in seasonal and annual rainfall, with projected increases in rainfall during the wet season; • Temperature regime changes, with projected increases in mean air temperatures of 0.5°C (0.9°F) to 1.0°C (1.8°F) by 2030 and an increase in the frequency of very hot days; • Increasing ocean acidification; • Decline in frequency of droughts and decline in typhoons (noting only medium to low confidence in these two specific projections). Indirect/Exacerbated Impacts to Natural Systems • Increased inundation, storm surges, erosion, and other coastal hazards; • Changes to quantity, quality, and variability in seasonal and annual flows of surface and underground water; • Increased coral bleaching events and increased coral mortality; • Declining fisheries and other marine resources; • Reduced ecosystem functionality, particularly mangroves as coastal defences and nurseries; • Overall loss of marine and terrestrial biodiversity and productivity; • Increasing population, diversity, and range of invasive species. Indirect/Exacerbated Impacts to Economic Systems • Negative impacts to the economy in the order of 4 to 20% of Gross Domestic Product (GDP), at between US$9.88 to $49.4 million/year; • Adverse effects to subsistence and commercial agriculture and fisheries; • Direct and indirect declines in income from tourism; • Economic losses in households and other sectors, particularly from extreme weather. Indirect/Exacerbated Impacts to Health Systems • Reduced food security due to extreme weather events and changes in seasonal weather patterns; • Human stress and mortality from extreme weather events; • Increases in the incidences and range of water-borne and vector-borne diseases. Examples of impacts in Palau. Top to Bottom: Salt water intrusion into a taro patch, sea level rise, and destruction and damage after a Typhoon. All © Carol Emaurois/PICRC. Adaptation | Risks and Existing Activities Risks to Sectors from Direct Impacts of Climate Change Ten sectors identified by the Ad Hoc Climate Change Committee identified priority risks from impacts from climate change. Priority risks were defined based on probability, frequency, and severity of impacts (social, environmental, economic) associated with climate change and disaster events, based on accepted methods used in the Caribbean and elsewhere. Assessments also evaluated capacity constraints and identified technically viable risk management options that constitute the basis for the Action Plan in this Policy. Table 1 lists the top three priority risks for assessed sectors. Table 1. Priority Risks by Sector and Impact. Numbers indicate priority of risk. Direct Impact Sector Priority Risks Sea lev el r ise Ext rem e w eat her ev ent s Rai nfa ll r egi me ch ang e Tem per atu re r egi me ch ang e Oce an acid ific atio n Agriculture and Fisheries 1. Salt water intrusion/inundation (particularly taro patches) x x 2. Changes in fish movement and spawning seasons, negative impacts on marine species, & disruption to the food chain x 3. Erosion/sedimentation and changes in water quality impacting agricultural and marine resources and food security x x Health 1. Disruption of food supply/production systems, with increases in poor nutrition and non-communicable diseases (NCDs) x x 2. Damage or destruction of infrastructure (water, sewage, power, health etc.), disruption in community health services x x 3. Increases in water-borne and vector-borne diseases x Biodiversity Conservation & Natural Resources 1. Decreased resilience of marine resources and coral reef systems x 2. Destruction and transformation of forest ecosystems x x 3. Coral bleaching and loss of vulnerable marine species and habitats x Society & Culture 1. Negative impacts on traditional and subsistence food production x 2. Disruption of social units (families, clans, communities, cheldebechel, etc.) x 3. Changes in social behaviour and migration x Tourism 1. Reduced food supply for visitors x 2. Negative impacts on Palau’s brand/image and tourism arrivals x x 3. Disruption to power and water supply and other essential services x Critical Infrastructure 1. Damage or destruction to coastal infrastructure x 2. Higher costs for development and maintenance of public infrastructure x 3. Overloading and increased pressure on emergency response systems and damage to emergency response facilities x Utilities 1. Damage to utilities leading to disruption of services x 2. Damage to solid waste management systems with increased pollution and associated health impacts x 3. Decrease in quantity and quality of water provided by utilities x Finance, Commerce, & Economic Development 1. Damage and destruction to infrastructure, public facilities, and private and commercial facilities x 2. Increased costs for prevention, clean-up, reconstruction, recovery, and operation of essential services during disasters x 3. Increased costs of clean-up, loss of fishing income, and loss of tourism sector income x Education 1. Damage or closing of schools and relocation of students x 2. Increased costs of education x 3. Science information used in curriculum rapidly becomes outdated x x x x 14 Government of Palau 2015 15Palau Climate Change Policy Existing adaptation activities Even without a formal Climate Change Policy, Palau and its development partners have undertaken a number of initiatives to address risks from and adapt to the expected impacts of climate change. Because climate change has such wide-reaching impacts, many of these existing activities also address the risks from disasters, and are not exclusive to adaptation. Similarly, many of the existing activities undertaken to address disasters also contribute to climate change adaptation. These activities include completed and ongoing projects. Planning • Development of Community Local Early Action Plans (LEAP). • Water security planning within watershed Conservation Action Plans. • Development of Sustainable Land Management (SLM) policies to build ecosystem resilience. Research • Vulnerability assessments in Koror, Kayangel, Ngaraard, Ngardmau, and Melekeok States. • Testing of salt tolerant varieties of taro and other crops. Education and Capacity Building • Community programs to teach children local practices and knowledge to sustain local resources. • Capacity building and increased training to fill skills gaps in the green sector. • Improved national capacity for coordination of climate change financing with donors. Field Interventions • Integrated partner and community development and promotion of home gardens, local food production, income opportunities, and clean energy projects. • Demonstration projects in agriculture and aquaculture to increase local food production. • Improving access to health care, healthy productive ecosystems, employment, and clean water. • Disaster Risk Management measures as part of the recovery from Super Typhoon Bopha and Haiyan. After assessing impacts and risks from climate change and identifying existing efforts to adapt, the Working Groups of the Ad Hoc Climate Change Committee identified and prioritized gaps to develop strategic priorities. An adaptation project in Palau: Construction of a dike system in a taro patch to reduce the impacts of sea level rise, coastal erosion, flooding, and salt water intrusion © PCC. 16 Government of Palau 2015 Overview The Palau Climate Change Policy takes a “no regrets” and precautionary approach to prioritisation of interventions, meaning that the interventions will be beneficial across sectors in all anticipated scenarios of climate change – whether low likelihood or worst case scenarios. Focus is on addressing near term, rather than longer-term environmental, social, and economic climate change impacts due to the five year time frame envisioned for the policy and action plan implementation, as well as the review against indicators in 4 years. Strategic Priorities To achieve the strategic goal of climate resilience, priorities include identifying and protecting existing healthy and functioning natural and human systems, assessing and understanding vulnerabilities across sectors and geographic areas, and strengthening and improving the state of natural and human systems, including through initial planning steps. Table 2 defines high-level government visions, objectives, and priority interventions to proactively adapt to climate change and increase resilience. These high level directives form the basis of the first 5-year Action Plan (Annex 1), with associated targets for protection, knowledge, and improvements. Table 2. High-level government visions, objectives, and priority initiatives for adaptation. Sector and Relevant Action Plan Section Vision Objective Palau Government’s Priority Interventions Agriculture and Fisheries (Annex 1, Section A) A resilient, sustainable and food secured Palau By 2020, the Palau agriculture and fisheries enabling framework is established to sustainably manage and support local food production and consumption 1. Implement the National Policy, Institutional Framework and Strategy for Resilient Agriculture & Aquaculture to improve farm production 2. Build resilience to temperature change and ocean acidification in marine ecosystems/fisheries by protecting and improving coral sites 3. Stabilize soils by amongst other measures, re-vegetation and paving of roads in the Ngerikiil Watershed and other priority locations Health (Annex 1, Section B) Healthy people in resilient communities By 2020, the enabling framework is established to increase community resilience through improved access to health services 1. Strengthen the capacity and resilience of existing health infrastructure 2. Strengthen resilience within vulnerable communities including persons with disabilities 3. Improve health services communication systems and preventative health services to build resilience to water-borne and vector-borne diseases Biodiversity Conservation and Natural Resources (Annex 1, Section C) The people of Palau are resilient to climate change/ disasters and continue to protect and benefit (equitably) from our diverse natural & cultural heritage By 2020, the enabling framework is established to build ecosystem resilience and sustainably manage carbon sinks using holistic and synergistic management approaches 1. Undertake research on the carbon sink ability and resilience of marine and terrestrial ecosystems to climate change and disasters 2. Improve management frameworks to strengthen the resilience of marine and terrestrial ecosystems and sustainably manage carbon sinks 3. Improve invasive species management, including through biosafety and biosecurity legislation. Society & Culture (Annex 1, Section D) To conserve and protect the island nation and its communities from climate change and disaster impacts By 2020, community resilience is strengthened through the establishment of sound institutional arrangements that are based on dynamic traditional systems, improved capacity building, a robust labor force, and effective emergency preparedness 1. Establish a relocation/displacement or emergency support program for vulnerable members of society 2. Establish multi-purpose emergency shelters in strategic locations for vulnerable members of society (including the disabled) 3. Develop and implement appropriate measures to support traditional leaders and vulnerable members of society in times of emergency 4. Develop immigration/labor policies to, amongst other matters, better manage migrant workers and local laborers in times of emergency. Adaptation | Strategic Priorities 17Palau Climate Change Policy Sector and Relevant Action Plan Section Vision Objective Palau Government’s Priority Interventions Tourism (Annex 1, Section E) A sustainable, culturally- sensitive, and adaptive tourism sector that promotes a safe, environmentally-conscious, economically viable and pristine Palau By 2020, establish the enabling framework to build climate change/disaster resilience in the tourism industry while reducing the carbon footprint from tourism operations 1. Mainstream climate change and disaster risk management in a National Sustainable Tourism Policy 2. Undertake risk assessments and energy audits on tourism facilities and operations and develop climate/disaster risk management plans and energy conservation/efficiency plans 3. Financially support transforming existing tourism facilities/operations to become climate/disaster resilient and energy efficient 4. Establish a program to diversify tourism products Critical Infrastructure (Annex 1, Section F) Resilient infrastructure that fosters preparedness and adaptive capacity to address the impacts of climate change in Palau By 2020, the enabling framework established to strengthen resilience of critical infrastructure while reducing the carbon footprint from infrastructure 1. Integrate climate change and disaster risk management into National and State Integrated Land Use and Marine Spatial Plans in accordance with SLM principles 2. Undertake site-specific risk assessments and develop risk management plans for vulnerable infrastructure (private, commercial, and government, particularly for ports and docks) 3. Develop, adopt and implement a climate/disaster resilient energy efficient building code 4. Strengthen emergency response systems (capacity, equipment, financial resources, institutional structure) Utilities (Annex 1, Section G) A green and sustainable utility sector that provides reliable and affordable high- quality services that are resilient to climate change and disasters and that safeguard the environment By 2020, establish the enabling framework to build resilience to climate change and disasters within Palau’s utilities while reducing the carbon footprint from utilities 1. Undertake site-specific risks assessments and develop risk management plans for utility facilities, services, and infrastructure 2. Undertake energy audits for all utility facilities, services, and infrastructure 3. Develop/expand carbon reduction programs for utilities 4. Assess the viability of introducing waste-to-energy technologies and waste reduction/recycling measures 5. Undertake a comprehensive water resource inventory and develop an integrated water resource management plan Finance, Commerce, & Economic Development (Annex 1, Section H) To have a responsible, dynamic, transparent, sustainable, and profitable climate/ disaster resilient low carbon economy By 2020, the enabling framework is established to support the transition to a climate and disaster resilient low carbon economy 1. Establish a National Disaster Recovery Fund and Insurance Program 2. Strengthen the legislative and enforcement framework to address risks from climate change and disasters Education (Annex 1, Section I) Future Palauan generations will be proactive, knowledgeable, and accountable and will use traditional and new adaptation and mitigation tools to promote positive behavior change By 2020, Palau’s educational system will include coordinated climate change and disaster risk information in its school curriculum and offer educational outreach to the broader community 1. Integrate climate change and disaster management into education policies and action plans 2. Revise the current school curriculum to incorporate climate change and disaster management, develop teacher training modules, source instructional materials, and revise assessments 3. Prioritize scholarship and education opportunities in climate change/ disaster management 4. Implement professional training in climate/disaster related studies including through a Teachers Conference on climate change and disasters 5. Improve access to information on climate change and disasters AdAPtAtiOn StrAtegic gOAl By 2020, the enabling framework is established to build climate resilience within ecosystems and society at the national, sector, and community levels, and within the private sector and civil society. Table 2. (continued) Disaster Risks The Palau National Disaster Risk Management Framework 2010 (NDRMF) highlights that Palau is vulnerable to a number of human-induced and natural disasters. Over the past forty years, Palau has experienced disasters such as typhoons, droughts, and the collapse of the Koror-Babeldaob Bridge. While disasters in Palau have been mostly “natural” events, human-induced or technological disasters are expected to increase in the future and may be exacerbated by climate change, if national development is not regulated or managed in a sustainable manner. Table 3 lists natural and human-induced disasters. They have been rated in terms of their risk potential as high, medium or low. Table 3. Natural and human-induced disasters and their level of risk. Natural Disasters Level of Risk Storm Surge High Drought High Typhoon High Sea level rise (sea water intrusion, saline soil, coastal inundation, and erosion) High Tsunami Low Earthquake Low Landslides Low Human-induced and Other Disasters Level of Risk Oil Spill High Water contamination including sewerage High Solid Waste Disposal High Wildlife Behavior (affecting aircraft movement) High Increased sedimentation of watershed/coastal waters High Fire (industrial areas) High Emerging/infectious disease High Fire (residential) Medium Invasive Species Medium Hazardous substances spill Medium Terrorism Low Airport/Port incidents Low Civil uprising Low Political instability Low Disaster Risk Management | Risks and Existing Activities Electrical Systems, including this power pole, are a priority for disaster risk management © Carol Emaurois/PICRC.18 Government of Palau 2015 19Palau Climate Change Policy Existing Activities to Manage Disaster Risks Among other disaster-related documents, Palau developed the NDRMF 2010, mandated by Executive Order No.287, which outlined priorities and processes for managing disasters and disaster risk. Existing actions to manage disaster risks include: Infrastructure • Establishment of the National Emergency Management Office (NEMO) as the central coordinating agency for Disaster Management. • Maintenance by NEMO of resources and systems to monitor, evaluate, warn, and cope with the effects of a disaster. • Construction of a NEMO Emergency Operation Centre with Communication Room, Training Room/Briefing Room, Resting Area, and office spaces for personnel. • Palau National Weather Office weather tracking systems which are linked to international weather tracking systems. • Emergency communication, early warning, and alerting systems using multiple media. • Tools and technologies in place such as Geographical Information Systems (GIS), satellite imagery, computer modelling software, and long-term climate predictions. • Identification of evacuation shelters in each community. • Improved solid waste management and recycling. Education and Capacity Building • Delivery of training programs through national, regional, or international training providers. • Formal and informal disaster risk management education and awareness programs offered by the National Weather Office and Palau Red Cross Society, among others. • Promotion of the 3Rs (reduce, reuse, and recycle). Planning and Evaluation • Development of response plans by government departments, private sectors, and media organisations to coordinate national disaster management. • Evaluation and reporting by NEMO on levels of disaster preparedness within departments, sectors, agencies, and communities. • Disaster risk assessment processes within agencies tasked with permitting development and major capital investments. • Development of a NDRMF and a Recovery Plan for Super Typhoon Bopha and Haiyan. • Participation in the Pacific Island Emergency Management Alliance and activities and capacity building to improve interoperability and cohesiveness between key response agencies. After assessing impacts and risks from climate change and identifying existing efforts to adapt, the Working Groups of the Ad Hoc Climate Change Committee identified and prioritized gaps to develop strategic priorities. Trash on shore after a storm © Ethan Daniels/Shutterstock. 20 Government of Palau 2015 Overview This Policy reiterates and supports the strategic priorities in the National Disaster Risk Management Framework 2010 (NDRMF). As with Palau’s approach to adaptation, disaster risk management also takes a proactive “No Regrets” approach that achieves benefits under even the worst case disaster scenario. Strategic Priorities To achieve the goal of safe, resilient, and disaster-prepared communities in Palau, overall priorities include preparing for disasters and reducing disaster risk. Directives in this Policy include implementing the NDRMF, with particular emphasis on strengthening of national disaster risk management structures and mechanisms, including budgetary allocation processes. Objectives of this Policy reiterate and expand on those in the NDRMF: • Strengthening mechanisms for control, coordination, decision- making, accountability, and organizational arrangements for disaster management and disaster risk reduction • Implementing organizational arrangements to maximize available resources • Promoting integrated planning and collaboration for disaster management and Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) across sectors Priority interventions to meet these objectives are outlined in Table 4. Disaster Risk Management | Strategic Priorities diSASter riSk mAnAgement StrAtegic gOAl By 2020, the enabling framework is established to build safe, resilient, and disaster- prepared communities in Palau. A resort in Palau © Blue Orange Studio/Shutterstock 21Palau Climate Change Policy Table 4. High level government visions and priority interventions for disaster risk management. Overall priority Vision Palau Government’s Priority Interventions Disaster Preparedness (Annex 1, Section J) Vulnerable communities have the knowledge and understanding of the hazards and risks to which they may be exposed to, in order to take appropriate actions to save lives and protect properties and the environment 1. Incorporate internationally adopted response systems into the National Disaster Risk Management Framework and review national and state emergency preparedness and response arrangements to strengthen the interoperability of emergency response agencies 2. Train national and state personnel in disaster response, relief, recovery and reconstruction 3. Implement annual education, awareness programs and simulation exercises 4. Upgrade existing shelters to use renewable energy where technically feasible and encourage construction of new ones away from hazardous locations 5. Increase the disaster contingency fund allocation 6. Increase the capacity of NEMO to undertake its functions and responsibilities Disaster Risk Reduction (Annex 1, Section K) DRR programs are fully integrated at the national, state, and community levels and address priority hazards, community development, and disaster coping mechanisms, and include relevant traditional knowledge and practices 1. Assess climate change and disaster vulnerability/risk at multiple levels 2. Develop risk reduction and emergency evacuation plans for sectors and sites 3. Develop, implement, and build capacity in resilient building codes 4. Integrate risk into the community planning and development processes 5. Promote disaster risk insurance program and micro-insurance programs 6. Develop climate change and disaster loss database, with identification of site- and sector-specific vulnerabilities 7. Retrofit existing buildings and structures to climate change and disaster resistant standards, including analyzing the national and state waste disposal systems for risks and improvements 8. Integrate climate change and disaster risk reduction into school curricula Processes in place confirm that DRR is carefully considered in national development projects or sectoral plans before making decisions on budget or resource allocation Led by the Bureau of Budget & Planning (BoBP) under the Ministry of Finance: 1. Develop DRR standards and criteria specific to each sector’s development 2. Develop DRR mainstreaming policies in planning and budgetary decisionmaking processes 3. Improve mainstreaming of DRR in all phases of development planning and budgeting 4. Develop and promote legislation to facilitate the incorporation and enforcement of risk assessments in development planning, decision-making, implementation, and management, including as part of the environmental impact assessment and permitting process Evidence of coastal erosion and sea level rise on a beach in Palau © Carol Emaurois/PICRC. 22 Government of Palau 2015 Causes of Climate Change Earth’s atmosphere is composed of a “transparent blanket” of gasses, primarily nitrogen, oxygen, and argon, with trace amounts of carbon dioxide and water vapor. These gasses reflect, absorb, and re-radiate energy. The sun is the source of all of earth’s energy. The sun’s energy enters earth as light, which is absorbed and then released as heat. Gasses in the atmosphere act as a “natural” greenhouse, trapping just enough heat to make life as we know it possible on Earth. More information on the mechanisms of climate change are in Annex 4. Since the start of the Industrial Revolution in about 1750, human activities have changed the composition of the atmosphere. In particular, burning of carbon-based fossil fuels such as coal, gasoline, diesel, and oil, which produce carbon dioxide gas as a byproduct, has increased the concentration of greenhouse gases (GHGs). Additionally, burning of forests (which store carbon) has contributed to increases in GHGs. As a result, the rate of heat-loss from the Earth has slowed, creating a warming effect. Increasing levels of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases result in global warming, which affects key elements of climate. Both winds and rainfall are directly influenced by temperature, and thus the increasing greenhouse effect is expected to change many of the basic weather patterns that make up our climate, including wind and rainfall patterns and the incidence and intensity of extreme weather events. Global warming has significant consequences for the oceans, as more than 85 per cent of the additional heat in the atmosphere is absorbed by the oceans. Contribution by Palau to Global Greenhouse Gas Emissions Greenhouse gas emissions in 2010 from Palau were on the order of 216 kilo tonnes (Figure 1; according to World Bank estimates). Emissions from the energy sector represent the majority of emissions in Palau for all years measured, ranging from between 84% to 96% of total emissions. Palau’s energy economy relies almost completely on fossil fuels and consists of an annual supply of approximately 14.5 million gallons of diesel fuel, and 15.8 million gallons of gasoline. Almost all of Palau’s diesel consumption is for power generation, with the rest being used for transport. Most of the diesel consumed for transport is used by fishing vessels and state- owned ferries, with little used for road transport. Mitigation and Low Emission Development | Background Source: Palau Second National Communication to the UNFCCC (OERC, 2013), according to the World Bank Figure 1. Palau’s Emission Trends by Gas 23Palau Climate Change Policy Existing activities to manage causes of climate change In 2010, Palau endorsed the National Energy Policy (NEP) along with an Energy Sector Strategic Action Plan to implement the NEP. The NEP called for improved institutional arrangements, increased energy efficiency, and the promotion of renewable energy. The NEP set national targets to reduce energy consumption by 30% by 2020 and to produce a minimum of 20% of electrical energy from renewable sources by 2020. Activities in Palau to manage climate change have fallen into two categories: 1) reducing fossil-fuel based energy consumption and emission of GHGs, and 2) management of carbon sinks. Carbon sinks include terrestrial resources such as forests and marine resources such as coral reefs, which remove carbon from the atmosphere and convert it to biomass. Protecting forests from fires is one way Palau conserves its global carbon sinks. Methods to mitigate, manage, or reduce GHGs include: Alternative Energy Production • Approximately 2.2% of Palauan energy use comes from local renewable energy sources. Palau has high solar energy potential. Solar water heating is used in many houses and tourist facilities. Large solar energy systems have produced as much as 11.6% of peak demand. Users who connect their systems to the grid may receive credits for excess energy produced. • Palau’s Bureau of Agriculture has experimented with a biogas pilot project for small pig farms. • Testing of renewable energy projects for infrastructure. • Wind monitoring stations have been established at three locations in Babeldaob. Other entities have found a notable potential for wind energy. Energy Efficiency and Energy Conservation • A shift to propane gas for cooking is reducing GHG emissions in the residential sector. • Conversion from two-stroke marine engines to more efficient engines is ongoing. • Utility-based programs to minimize waste and encourage energy conservation. • Subsidized funding for Compact Flourescent Lightbulbs for households. • Provision of low interest loans for energy efficient homes and industries. • Provision of loan subsidies for energy efficient retrofitting of residential and commercial buildings. Planning and Research • Development of an Energy Conservation Strategy. • Funding is in place for Technical studies to examine potential renewable energy resources. View from a canoe © Androver/Shutterstock 24 Government of Palau 2015 Overview This section of this Policy focuses on the mitigation of causes of global climate change by reducing Palau’s GHG emissions, achieved through a mixture of energy efficiency, low emission development, and management of carbon sinks. Priority risks and interventions for carbon sinks have been captured in Section 2 on Climate Change Adaptation, as Palau’s primary carbon sinks are coral reefs, marine resources, and forests. Thus this part of the Policy focuses on the energy sector, primarily energy efficiency. Low emissions development – whether energy efficient or not – is a growth area within Palau. Many low emissions efforts have commenced, but are not advanced enough to be the focus of priority interventions beyond renewable energy. This Policy reiterates and supports the priorities in the National Energy Policy 2010, which states the Government’s strategies for the planning and management of the nation’s energy sector to 2020. The National Energy Policy 2010 set national targets of a 20% contribution of renewable energy to the electrical energy mix by 2020 and a 30% reduction in energy consumption. Palau will use this Policy to inform its pre-2020 Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions (NAMAs) and its post-2020 Intended National Determined Contributions (INDCs) under the UNFCCC. Other options and new technologies for low emission development may be considered during reviews of this Policy if environmentally sound and locally appropriate and may contribute to Low- Emission Development Strategies and Plans (LEDS), which will again form the basis of Palau’s NAMAs and INDCs. Strategic Priorities To achieve the goals of sustainably managing carbon sinks and reducing GHG emissions by at least 20%, overall priorities include improving institutional arrangements for energy sector management, promoting and/or mandating energy efficiency and energy conservation, expanding renewable energy production and use, and diversification and improved security of the existing electricity supply. Existing priorities for adaptation and disaster risk management will enable sustainable management of carbon sinks. Table 5 outlines priority interventions for achieving these goals. Improving institutional arrangements includes development and enforcement of an Energy Act outlined in the National Energy Policy 2010, with associated Energy Administration and a National Energy Committee (NEC). Achieving a 30% reduction in primary energy consumption by 2020 is feasible. This Policy recognizes that improving the efficiency of energy use will reduce energy consumption more than any other action and prioritizes actions that support adoption of high efficiency appliances and vehicles, energy efficient building standards, efficient modes of transport (including public), and smart planning. Government is also committed to energy efficient purchasing and construction. Mitigation and Low Emission Development | Strategic Priorities mitigAtiOn And lOw emiSSiOn deVelOPment StrAtegic gOAl By 2020, Palau has established the enabling framework to sustainably manage carbon sinks (terrestrial and marine) and reduce national greenhouse gas emissions by at least 20% from 2005 levels. 25Palau Climate Change Policy Achieving a target of 20% renewable energy sourcing will require expansion into other forms of renewable energy such as wind, waste (landfill gas), hydropower, and/or marine energy (wave energy and currents). This Policy recognizes the role that development partners play in closing the gap between supply costs for renewable energy and conventional energy. Additional priorities include comprehensive assessments and analysis of options (including financing), data collection, improved capacity, and development of renewable energy equipment standards. Renewable energy technologies shall be integrated in all outer island energy development by 2020. To increase the security of Palau’s electricity supply, the Palau Public Utilities Corporation (PPUC) will be allowed to recover all cost associated with the supply of electricity and encouraged to decentralize. Diversification includes encouraging private sector participation in electricity supply, increasing renewable energy sources (including financing), and increasing the number of products and services offered by PPUC. Table 5. High-level government objectives and priorities for Mitigation and Low Emission Development. Overall Priority Objective Palau Government’s Priority Interventions Improved institutional arrangements for energy sector management (Annex 1, Section L) An Energy Administration with the authority and support required for effective and transparent implementation of the National Energy Policy and the related Strategic Action Plan Once the Energy Act is enacted 1. Establish and operationalize institutional structures to administer the new legislation. 2. Establish information and data systems for improved management of the energy sector. Energy Efficiency and Energy Conservation (Annex 1, Section M) A 30% reduction in energy consumption by 2020, recognizing that improving the efficiency of energy use has greater short term impact on reducing fossil fuel consumption of fossil energy than any other action; with taxes and policies revised to encourage the import and sale of: appliances, vehicles, and boats having the highest energy efficiency; and with development of energy efficiency standards for new buildings and renovations including homes, businesses, and government premises. 1. Energy Efficient Utilities - Plan and promote energy efficiency for public and private sector. Complete energy efficient utility upgrades in Koror and improve water and sewage infrastructure on Babeldaob and outlying states. Continue conversion of street lights to LED. 2. Energy efficient houses - Investigate funding support to expand the National Development Bank of Palau’s energy efficiency program for new home construction and retrofitting of existing homes. 3. Energy efficient transport - Finalise and launch the “Complete Streets Policy” to improve traffic flows, reduce congestion, and support alternative transport. Procure and operate fuel efficient vehicles. 4. Low carbon vehicles - Investigate viable options and for the use of biofuels, including options for converting existing fleet of government vehicles. 5. Energy efficient vehicles/equipment - Develop and enact legislation to introduce economic instruments that encourage the import and sale of energy efficient appliances and vehicles and develop and implement national efficiency standards for electrical appliances and labelling based on existing international standards. 6. Energy Efficient Building Code - Develop and implement an energy efficient building code, upgrade government buildings to comply with the new code, and develop and launch education programs on energy efficiency and energy conservation in schools and colleges. Renewable Energy (Annex 1, Section N) 20% contribution of renewable energy to the energy mix by 2020, eventual long-term substitution of all fossil fuels with renewable energy, and minimizing Palau’s carbon footprint, recognizing that renewable energies have the potential to reduce dependency on imported fuels and reduce the country’s vulnerability towards price shocks 1. Determine technically and economically viable renewable technology energy options and develop a renewable energy strategy. 2. Develop legislation to establish a feed-in tariff, establish renewable energy standards and operating procedures, establish connectivity or storage requirements to ensure grid stability, licensing, concessions on importation of technology, power purchase agreements, and to promote and license independent power producers (IPPs). 3. Establish a revolving fund to support IPPs and mobilize concessionary loans to support the financing of 5.6 Mw in renewable energy. Electric Power (Annex 1, Section O) A secure and diverse electricity supply 1. Determine technically and economically viable waste-to-energy and other options for Palau, and define enabling environment to promote private sector investment in such technologies. 2. Improve efficiency of PPUC’s overall ability to provide stable electricity to all of its users. Lush forest © PCS 26 Government of Palau 2015 Overview To achieve the three goals of increased adaptation and resilience, improved disaster management, and mitigation of global climate change through low carbon emission development, this Policy prioritizes dedicated resourcing (human, technical, and financial) for climate change within a supportive legal and institutional enabling framework, with a centralized Climate Change Office. Priority interventions related to overall institutional management of this Policy are in Table 6. Existing Governance There is no central focal point for climate change within the Palau government. The Office of Environmental Response and Coordination (OERC) within the Office of the President has the role of coordination within the Environment Sector and houses a National Climate Change Coordinator position. The Palau Grants Office is the National Focal Point for both the Adaptation Fund and the Green Climate Fund under the UNFCCC. The Vice President’s Office houses NEMO. NEMO is also the Secretariat for the National Emergency Committee. The Ad Hoc Climate Change Committee will continue to serve as the National Climate Change Committee. Gaps in Good Governance (Government- to Sector-level) Engagement by communities in building climate change resilience has been limited by competing interests, minimal capacity and understanding, and confusion arising from ad hoc government and partner projects on climate change that have not been aligned or coordinated. The absence of a central focal point for climate change and disaster risk programming has resulted in a limited ability to keep key stakeholders engaged over a sustained period of time, while the absence of core budget support from government for climate change programming has resulted in understaffed institutions with inadequate resourcing (human, technical, and financial) to effectively manage pressing climate change and disaster risk management priorities. Capacity assessments determined that within sectors: • There is some understanding on vulnerabilities to risks from climate change or disasters. • There is limited understanding of mechanisms/strategies to manage risks. • There is limited information on energy efficient or renewable energy technologies. • There is limited understanding of how to transition to energy efficient or renewable energy operations. • Mainstreaming of climate change and disaster risk management into sector planning, development, and operations has been limited. • There are limited institutions and tools at sector and site specific levels to manage risks. • There are limited resources (human, technical, financial) and social capital available. Institutional Mechanisms for Effective Policy Implementation | Background and Strategic Priorities Table 6. High-level priorities for good governance and institutional management of this Policy. Overall Priority Palau Government’s Priority Interventions Necessary institutional framework 1. Adopt Policy and new organizational chart (Figure 2) 2. Keep this Policy under regular review 3. Mobilise resources (human, technical, and financial) required to implement the Action Plan Centralized Climate Change Office 1. Provide supportive Government budget allocations 2. Provide the legal mandate and resources required to facilitate active engagement and participation by government agencies, civil society, communities, Traditional Leaders, and the private sector Effective Climate Change Office (Annex 1, Section P) 1. Serve as focal point for all climate change programs in Palau 2. Establish procedures and processes to mainstream climate change and DRR into environmental impact assessments (EIA), and sector and state planning and budget processes 3. Assist government agencies with integrating climate change and disasters into their policies/programs and annual work plans 4. Assist State Governments, private sector, and civil society in identifying risks from climate change/disasters and activities to transform to a low carbon economy 5. Establish databases and baseline information to monitor and report on effectiveness of the implementation of this Policy and ensure accessibility by the public at large to climate change information and data 6. Improve reporting to the UNFCCC, ISDR Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction, and other international conventions and regional strategies to which Palau is a party 7. Strengthen its institutional capacity so that it can qualify and register as a National Implementing Entity (NIE) under the Adaptation Fund and Green Climate Fund 8. Prepare proposals for submission to the Green Climate Fund and other development partners to implement the 5-year Action Plan ViSiOn Palau’s enabling framework for good governance (effective, transparent, accountable, responsive, well-coordinated) is established to build resilience to climate change and disasters and manage the transformation to a low carbon economy utilising traditional and elected governance systems. Palau’s Ngerukewid islands © Howamo/Shutterstock 27Palau Climate Change Policy 28 Governm ent of Palau 2015 Figure 2. Institutional Framework for Effective Policy Implementation (Organizational Chart). Monitoring and Evaluation This Policy shall be reviewed annually by the Climate Change Office and the National Climate Change Committee against the Measurable Indicators in the Action Plan. Within 4 years of the adoption of this Policy, the National Climate Change Committee in collaboration with the Climate Change Office shall initiate a broad-based evaluation to determine the effectiveness of this Policy and implementation of the associated Action Plan and to develop the next 5-year Action Plan. Evaluation shall also consider the incorporation of social and gender safeguards as this Policy and its interventions are implemented. This Policy encourages exploration of a National Planning and Accountability Office to monitor, at a high level, the adherence of sectors to the “No Regrets” approach to ensure that interventions will be beneficial under all future scenarios. Schools of fish on a reef © Kristina Vackova/Shutterstock 29Palau Climate Change Policy 30 Government of Palau 2015 The cost to implement the priority interventions during the first 5-year Action Plan (Annex 1) is on the scale of US$500 million dollars. This includes both government and sector costs. Costs were developed within sectors using expert judgement from professionals within each sector. The costs were then aligned and streamlined across the sectors to provide an overall assessment of financing needs. Costs are indicative of the scale of financing needed, and would require further elaboration within sectors before budgets are fully committed. The Government of Palau will explore options for innovative and coordinated financing to implement this Policy, from varied sources such as multilateral and bilateral donors and regional and national funding mechanisms and using tools such as the Pacific Climate Change Finance Assessment Framework. The Government of Palau has strengthened its budgetary systems and will seek accreditation as a National Implementing Entity to both the Adaptation Fund and the Green Climate Fund. Sector agencies will need to undertake detailed climate change and disaster risk planning and budgeting. Innovative financing approaches and operations will be explored, including options such as microfinance, levies, subsidies, soft loans, emergency funds, sovereign insurance, contingent credit, catastrophe bonds, and intergovernmental risk pooling. Financing Needs for Policy Implementation Table 7. Costs for implementing priority interventions (first 5 years). Policy Objective Cost (US$) Climate Change Adaptation Agriculture and Fisheries 15,000,000 Health 3,500,000 Biodiversity Conservation & Natural Resources 10,700,000 Society and Culture 87,000,000 Tourism 118,500,000 Critical Infrastructure 111,550,000 Utilities 19,500,000 Finance, Commerce, & Economic Development 11,750,000 Education 5,650,000 Good Governance 9,700,000 Adaptation Measures Total 392,850,000 Disaster Risk Management Disaster Preparedness 11,500,000 Disaster Risk Reduction/Management 29,300,000 Disaster Risk Management Measures Total 40,800,000 Mitigation and Low Emissions Development Improved institutional arrangements for energy sector management 450,000 Energy efficiency and energy conservation measures 17,640,000 Renewable energy measures 26,250,000 Improvements in supply of electrical power 21,875,000 Mitigation and Low Emission Development Measures Total 66,215,000 Total 499,865,000 “For it is only by taking control of our territory and our sovereignty that we can ensure that generations more of Palauans can preserve their heritage and enjoy the natural bounty provided to us.” PAlAU PreSident tOmmy e. remengeSAU Jr. United nAtiOnS, 2014 By establishing this Policy Palau is taking the necessary steps to make its own National plans a reality and meet its obligations under the UNFCCC and other regional and international agreements. More importantly, by following the priorities in this Policy, Palau’s government and sector leaders will contribute to a global effort to minimize the impacts of climate change, and will build a more resilient and prepared nation that can thrive even in a changing world. “Palau is an inspiring example of a small island nation courageously addressing the global challenges of climate change and biodiversity loss through a blue-green economy transition… “We should look upon small island nations like Palau as microcosms of our larger society, and not stand back and leave them to grapple with threats - such as climate change.” Un Under-SecretAry- generAl And UneP execUtiVe directOr Achim Steiner, 2014A Mechas in a taro patch © PCS 31Palau Climate Change Policy 32 Government of Palau 2015 Acronyms | Used in the Annexes ACCC Adapting to Climate Change in the Caribbean ADB Asian Developent Bank AG Attorney General AIPVAA An Integrative Planning and Vulnerability Assessment Approach BCI Bureau of Curriculum and Instruction BEEA Belau Educators and Employers Alliance BFSCA Belau Family School Community Association BLS Bureau of Lands and Survey BMR Bureau of Marine Resources BMZ German Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development BOA Bureau of Agriculture BPW Bureau of Public Works BTA Belau Tourism Association CC Climate Change CCCPIR Coping with Climate Change in the Pacific Island Region CIP Capital Improvement Program CO2 Carbon Dioxide CROP Council of Regional Organisations in the Pacific CRRF Coral Reef Research Foundation CSIRO Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (Australia) DRM Disaster Risk Management DRR Disaster Risk Reduction ECO Energy Conservation Officer EQPB Environmental Quality Protection Board ESSAP Energy Sector Strategic Action Plan FSM Federated States of Micronesia GCCA Global Climate Change Alliance GIS Geographical Information System GIZ Deutsche Gesellschaftfür Internationale Zusammenarbeit IPCC Inter-Governmental Panel on Climate Change IPP Independent power producer IWRM Integrated Water Resources Management JICA Japan International Cooperation Agency KSPLA Koror State Public Lands Authority kW Kilowatt LED Light-emitting diode MCCA Ministry of Community and Cultural Affairs MNRET Ministry of Natural Resources, Environment, and Tourism MOE Ministry of Education MOF Ministry of Finance MOH Ministry of Health MOJ Ministry of Justice MOS Ministry of State MPA Marine Protected Area MPIIC Ministry of Public Infrastructure, Industries, and Commerce MSC Micronesian Shipping Commission Mw Megawatt NAP National Adaptation Plan NCD Non-communicable disease Annexes 33Palau Climate Change Policy NDBP National Development Bank of Palau NDRMF National Disaster Risk Management Framework NEC National Energy Committee (in Mitigation and Low Emission Development) NEMO National Emergency Management Office NEP National Energy Policy NEPC National Environmental Protection Council NGO Nongovernmental Organization NIE National Implementing Entity NISS National Invasive Species Strategy OEK Olbiil Era Kelulau (Palau National Congress) OERC Office of Environmental Response and Coordination OP Office of the President OPS Office of Planning and Statistics OGTF Oil & Gas Task Force PALARIS Palau Automated Land and Resource Information System PAN Protected Areas Network PAT Palau Achievement Test PCAA Palau Community Action Agency PCC Palau Community College PCC-CRE Palau Community College Cooperative Research Extension PCS Palau Conservation Society PEO Palau Energy Office PHA Palau Housing Authority PICRC Palau International Coral Reef Center PNCC Palau National Communications Corporation PPA Pacific Power Association PPLA Palau Public Lands Authority PPP Public Private Partnership PPUC Palau Public Utilities Corporation PSIS Pacific Small Islands States PVA Palau Visitor’s Authority RMI Republic of the Marshall Islands ROP Republic of Palau SAP Strategic Action Plan SBDC Small Business Development Center SGP Small Grants Program SLM Sustainable Land Management SOPAC Pacific Islands Applied GeoScience Commission SPC Secretariat of the Pacific Community SPREP Secretariat of the Pacific Regional Environment Programme TNC The Nature Conservancy UAK Ulkerreuil A Klengar UN United Nations UNDP United Nations Development Programme US DoE United States Department of Education USAID United States Agency for International Development USDA United States Department of Agriculture WEF World Economic Forum WMO World Meteorological Organization WSC Water Science Center Nudibranch © J’nel/Shutterstock 34Palau Climate Change Policy Annex 1 | 5-Year Action Plan Palau Climate Change Policy Annex 1 | 5-Year Action Plan Type of Strategy Strategy Time frame Lead Agency Supporting Agencies Cost Indicators CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION SECTION A: Agriculture and Fisheries Sector OBJECTIVE: By 2020, the Palau agriculture and fisheries enabling framework is established to sustainably manage and support local food production and consumption Intervention A.1 Implement the National Policy, Institutional Framework and Strategy for Resilient Agriculture & Aquaculture to improve farm production Year 1 – Year 5 PCC-CRE BOA $10,000,000 • Total area of land used for taro production increased by 50%. • Farm production improved. Intervention A.2 Build resilience to temperature change and ocean acidification in marine ecosystems/fisheries by protecting coral sites Year 1 – Year 3 MNRET BMR, PAN, PICRC, CRRF, PCS, TNC, State Government $2,000,000 • Increased number of resilient coral sites protected. • Total area of coral increased Action A.2.1 Undertake detailed site-specific studies on the impacts of temperature change and ocean acidification on marine ecosystems/fisheries Year 1 – Year 3 PICRC • Study started and completed Action A.2.2 Based on the results of such research, launch coral replanting in viable coastal areas that have been affected by bleaching Year 1 – Year 3 MNRET State Governments • Number / Area of coral planted Intervention A.3 Stabilize soils by amongst other measures, re-vegetation, and paving of roads in the Ngerikiil Watershed and other priority locations. Year 1 – Year 4 State Government BOA, CIP $3,000,000 (Grants/Stimulus) • Water quality improvements indicate reduction in sedimentation and erosion Action A.3.1 Revegetate Ngerikiil Watershed and other priority watersheds Year 1 – Year 4 State Government • Total area of revegetated land increases Action A.3.2 Pave roads in Ngerikiil and other priority watersheds Year 3 – Year 4 CIP, State Government • Total length of paved road increases SECTION B: Health OBJECTIVE: By 2020, the enabling framework is established to increase community resilience through improved access to health services Intervention B.1 Strengthen the capacity and resilience of existing health infrastructure Year 2 MOH $1,300,000 Action B.1.1 Babeldaob & outlying states - Equip health centers in Babeldaob and Youldaob for emergency services. (2 centers in Babeldaob and 1 center in Youldaob) Year 2 MOH NEMO ($1,200,000 (X-ray, Medical supplies Comm. Equip, Water supply, Alt. Energy -Generator, solar panel)) • 3 Centers have been equipped with proper health equipment & -health providers (#) and -are included as part of NEMO -are included as part of mock emergency training Action B.1.2 Identify & train community members to provide basic emergency health services and communicate with MOH Emergency Services Year 2 MOH NEMO • Number of community members trained Action B.1.3 Equip health centers with proper medical equipment & communication system Year 2 MOH NEMO • Number and type of health centers with improved equipment Action B.1.4 Equip w/ Alternative Energy Year 2 MOH NEMO • Number of centers with self-sustaining alternative energy Action B.1.5 Vulnerable, disabled - Coordinate a process to identify all disabled in Babeldaob & outlying areas Year 2 Omekesang MCCA, MOH ($50,000) • All disabled have contacts and addresses are identified Annex 1 – 5-Year Costed Action Plan, SECTION A through P.* *Costs indicative of scale of financing necessary. Costs derived through expert judgement and aligned across sectors. The total sum of $500 million is derived from the sum of interventions only. Sectors will assign costs to blank interventions and actions as they are determined. Palau Climate Change Policy Annex 1 | 5-Year Action Plan 35Palau Climate Change Policy Annex 1 | 5-Year Action Plan Type of Strategy Strategy Time frame Lead Agency Supporting Agencies Cost Indicators CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION SECTION A: Agriculture and Fisheries Sector OBJECTIVE: By 2020, the Palau agriculture and fisheries enabling framework is established to sustainably manage and support local food production and consumption Intervention A.1 Implement the National Policy, Institutional Framework and Strategy for Resilient Agriculture & Aquaculture to improve farm production Year 1 – Year 5 PCC-CRE BOA $10,000,000 • Total area of land used for taro production increased by 50%. • Farm production improved. Intervention A.2 Build resilience to temperature change and ocean acidification in marine ecosystems/fisheries by protecting coral sites Year 1 – Year 3 MNRET BMR, PAN, PICRC, CRRF, PCS, TNC, State Government $2,000,000 • Increased number of resilient coral sites protected. • Total area of coral increased Action A.2.1 Undertake detailed site-specific studies on the impacts of temperature change and ocean acidification on marine ecosystems/fisheries Year 1 – Year 3 PICRC • Study started and completed Action A.2.2 Based on the results of such research, launch coral replanting in viable coastal areas that have been affected by bleaching Year 1 – Year 3 MNRET State Governments • Number / Area of coral planted Intervention A.3 Stabilize soils by amongst other measures, re-vegetation, and paving of roads in the Ngerikiil Watershed and other priority locations. Year 1 – Year 4 State Government BOA, CIP $3,000,000 (Grants/Stimulus) • Water quality improvements indicate reduction in sedimentation and erosion Action A.3.1 Revegetate Ngerikiil Watershed and other priority watersheds Year 1 – Year 4 State Government • Total area of revegetated land increases Action A.3.2 Pave roads in Ngerikiil and other priority watersheds Year 3 – Year 4 CIP, State Government • Total length of paved road increases SECTION B: Health OBJECTIVE: By 2020, the enabling framework is established to increase community resilience through improved access to health services Intervention B.1 Strengthen the capacity and resilience of existing health infrastructure Year 2 MOH $1,300,000 Action B.1.1 Babeldaob & outlying states - Equip health centers in Babeldaob and Youldaob for emergency services. (2 centers in Babeldaob and 1 center in Youldaob) Year 2 MOH NEMO ($1,200,000 (X-ray, Medical supplies Comm. Equip, Water supply, Alt. Energy -Generator, solar panel)) • 3 Centers have been equipped with proper health equipment & -health providers (#) and -are included as part of NEMO -are included as part of mock emergency training Action B.1.2 Identify & train community members to provide basic emergency health services and communicate with MOH Emergency Services Year 2 MOH NEMO • Number of community members trained Action B.1.3 Equip health centers with proper medical equipment & communication system Year 2 MOH NEMO • Number and type of health centers with improved equipment Action B.1.4 Equip w/ Alternative Energy Year 2 MOH NEMO • Number of centers with self-sustaining alternative energy Action B.1.5 Vulnerable, disabled - Coordinate a process to identify all disabled in Babeldaob & outlying areas Year 2 Omekesang MCCA, MOH ($50,000) • All disabled have contacts and addresses are identified Type of Strategy Strategy Time frame Lead Agency Supporting Agencies Cost Indicators Activity B.1.6 Communities in high risk areas, Malakal & barracks – Assess risk and develop risk management plan Year 2 KSPLA MPIIC, NEMO, PALARIS ($50,000) • Number of residents and businesses contacted and with addresses identified Intervention B.2 Strengthen resilience within vulnerable communities including persons with disabilities Year 1 – Year 5 MOH $1,750,000 Action B.2.1 Improve access to innovative financing for relocation and/or climate proofing Year 1 – Year OEK NDBP, PHA ($1,000,000) • Innovative financing mechanisms established • # of people in vulnerable areas relocated with help of innovative financing increases Action B.2.2 Facilitate local food production within vulnerable segments of society (persons with disability, low income households, elderly, single mothers) Year 1 – Year 5 BOA Civil Society Partnerships ($750,000) • # households with family gardens increases Action B.2.3 Develop and facilitate the adoption of nutritional guidelines for daily food consumption amongst vulnerable segments of society. Year 1 – Year 5 BOA and Civil Society Partnership (UAK, PCAA, Kotel A Deurreng, Red Cross, Churches, Community groups) • # families adopting nutrition guidelines for vegetable consumption increases Intervention B.3 Improve health services communication systems and preventative health services to build resilience to water-borne and vector-borne diseases Year 1 – Year 5 Civil Society Partnership (UAK, PCAA, Kotel A Deurreng, Red Cross, Churches, Community groups) $450,000 • Number and type of health communications and preventative services offered increases • Reduction in number of cases of water-borne and vector-borne diseases. SECTION C: Biodiversity Conservation & Natural Resources OBJECTIVE: By 2020, the enabling framework is established to build ecosystem resilience and sustainably manage carbon sinks using holistic and synergistic management approaches Intervention C.1 Undertake research on the carbon sink ability of and resilience of marine and terrestrial ecosystems to climate change and disasters Year 1 – Year 2 MNRET • Understanding of carbon sinks in Palau increased Action C.1.1 Undertake research focused on carbon sink ability and resilience Year 1 – Year 2 MNRET PICRC • Study completed Intervention C.2 Improve management frameworks to strengthen the resilience of marine and terrestrial ecosystems and sustainably manage carbon sinks Year 1 – Year 3 MNRET BOA $5,700,000 (Sector will assign costs to actions as they are determined) • MPA established and/or meeting effectiveness criteria -# of species conserved -#area of marine protected -# of sanctuaries • Reduced amount of sediment entering reefs Action C.2.1 Integrating SLM into PAN Management plans & State SLMs Year 1 – Year 5 MNRET • SLM activities integrated in PAN activities Action C.2.2 Ensure resilience of forest ecosystems by: -Developing a forest management policy & regulations -Identify key old growth areas for protection -Manage/control/prevent invasive species -Adopt & implement new biosecurity legislation -Post typhoon damage assessments Year 1 – Year 5 MNRET • Policy written and adopted • Maps of: old growth, invasive species, wetlands • Control initiated Action C.2.3 MPAs in Palau PAN are ecologically connected (baseline assessments, nationwide management frameworks) Year 1 – Year 5 MNRET ($1,000,000) • PAN design complete 36Palau Climate Change Policy Annex 1 | 5-Year Action Plan Palau Climate Change Policy Annex 1 | 5-Year Action Plan Type of Strategy Strategy Time frame Lead Agency Supporting Agencies Cost Indicators Action C.2.4 Eliminate overfishing especially in herbivorous fisheries (size limits/ quotas MPAs etc.) and complete ban [advocacy & data collection regulations] Year 1 – Year 5 MNRET • Increased density of herbivores Intervention C.3 Improve invasive species management, including through biosafety and biosecurity legislation. Year 1 – Year 5 MNRET $5,000,000 • Threats from invasive species reduced or maintained Action C.3.1 Implement the National Invasive Species Strategy (NISS) Year 1 – Year 5 MNRET ($5,000,000) • Number of activities in the NISS increases SECTION D: Society and Culture OBJECTIVE: By 2020, community resilience is strengthened through the establishment of sound institutional arrangements that are based on dynamic traditional systems, improved capacity building, a robust labor force, and effective emergency preparedness Intervention D.1 Establish a relocation/displacement or emergency support program for vulnerable members of society Year 1 – Year 5 MCCA Rubekul Belau, Mechesil Belau, Governors Association, PPLA $5,000,000 • Emergency support system in place for vulnerable members of society Action D.1.1 Undertake a study on historical settlement sites to assess possible relocation sites Year 1 – Year 5 MCCA • Study completed Action D.1.2 Establish a relocation/ displacement program Year 1 – Year 5 MCCA • Land designated for displaced community members • Regulations established Intervention D.2 Establish multi-purpose emergency shelters in strategic locations for vulnerable members of society (including disabled) Year 1 – Year 5 State Governments $80,000,000 • Each state and Koror State hamlets will have a multi- purpose community center Action D.2.1 Establish cultural/community/multi-purpose centers in every state run by local communities (Eldebechel) that can serve as relocation/ displacement/ disaster shelters (and accommodate disabled) Year 1 – Year 5 Eldebechel • Number of centers able to serve as shelters Intervention D.3 Develop and implement appropriate measures to support traditional leaders and vulnerable members of society in times of emergency Year 1 – Year 5 MCCA Governors Association, Rubekul Belau, Mechesil Belau, Eldebechel $1,500,000 • Traditional leaders and vulnerable members of society are better supported during times of emergency Action D.3.1 Support and revive Klobak and Eldebechel (traditional and non- traditional) Year 1 – Year 5 MCCA ($1,000,000) • Stronger, more self-sufficient Klobak and Eldebechel and well established Action D.3.2 Establish/support a Kinship Registry Year 1 – Year 5 MCCA ($500,000) • Registry of Palauan kinship Intervention D.4 Develop immigration/labor policies to, amongst other matters, better manage migrant workers and local laborers in times of emergency. Year 1 – Year 5 MOJ MCCA, NGOs, OEK $500,000 • Strengthened immigration laws • Strengthened labor laws Action D.4.1 Strengthen existing immigration and labor laws addressing migrant workers and local laborers Year 1 – Year 5 MOJ • Established Homeland Security guidelines -Stronger enforcement -Repatriation guidelines Action D.4.2 Establish Visa system Year 1 – Year 5 MOJ • Visa requirements established w/ fees (including international police clearance) Palau Climate Change Policy Annex 1 | 5-Year Action Plan 37Palau Climate Change Policy Annex 1 | 5-Year Action Plan Type of Strategy Strategy Time frame Lead Agency Supporting Agencies Cost Indicators SECTION E: Tourism OBJECTIVE: By 2020, establish the enabling framework to build climate change/ disaster resilience in the tourism industry while reducing the carbon footprint from tourism operations Intervention E.1 Mainstream climate change and disaster risk management in a National Sustainable Tourism Policy Year 1 – Year 3 Bureau of Tourism PVA, BTA, Palau Chamber of Commerce, Palau Boaters Association $500,000 • National Sustainable Tourism Policy and Action Plan developed • National budget allocated to of Tourism Policy and Action Plan. Intervention E.2 Undertake risk assessments and energy audits on tourism facilities and operations and develop climate/disaster risk management plans and energy conservation/efficiency plans Year 1 – Year 4 Bureau of Tourism PVA, BTA, Palau Chamber of Commerce, Palau Boaters Association $3,000,000 • Management plans for every tourism facility and operator developed, including operator risk management plans Intervention E.3 Financially support transforming existing tourism facilities/ operations to become climate/disaster resilient and energy efficient Year 1 – Year 5 Ministry of Finance Bureau of Tourism, PVA, BTA, Palau Chamber of Commerce, Palau Boaters Association $50,000,000 (including a loan on concessional terms) • Financing mechanisms in place • Climate/Disaster Resilience use in marketing materials Intervention E.4 Establish a program to diversify tourism products Year 1 – Year 5 Ministry of Finance Cultural Affairs • Number of tourists rise • Number of tourists using alternative attractions rises Action E.4.1 Establish concessionary loan to assist the tourism industry in developing and establishing new and additional attractions Year 1 – Year 5 Ministry of Finance Private sector (loans) ($50,000,000 (loan on concessional terms)) • Number of tourism attractions increases Action E.4.2 Advertising (international and domestic) and improved information technology. Year 1 – Year 5 PVA Office of the President ($15,000,000) • Advertisements feature climate/disaster resilience and/or new attractions SECTION F: Critical Infrastructure OBJECTIVE: By 2020, enabling framework established to strengthen resilience of critical infrastructure while reducing the carbon footprint from infrastructure Intervention F.1 Integrate climate change and disaster risk management into National and State Integrated Land Use and Marine Spatial Plans in accordance with SLM principles Year 1 – Year 5 OERC $5,200,000 • Climate change and DRM better integrated into and marine use plans Action F.1.1 Develop and implement national zoning & planning policy linked to SLM Year 1 – Year 2 MPIIC Palaris, BLS ($2,000,000) • Development of policy • State land use plans in place Action F.1.2 Integration of Climate Change & DRM into National and State Land Use Plans Year 1 – Year 5 State Governments PPUC/WSC, PNCC ($3,200,000) • Initial development of infrastructure consistent with strategies & planning Intervention F.2 Undertake site-specific risks assessments and develop risk management plans for vulnerable infrastructure (private, commercial, and government, particularly for ports and docks) Year 1 – Year 5 BPW $100,350,000 • Vulnerable infrastructure identified and vulnerabilities reduced Action F.2.1 Carry out risk assessments to identify vulnerable infrastructure and develop appropriate risk mgmt. plans Year 1 – Year 2 BPW/PALARIS ($300,000) • Data collected and entered • Risk management plans developed • Upgraded sewer layer Action F.2.2 Prioritize & identify cost for each infrastructure - via consultations w/ national, state & local communities Year 3 OERC ($50,000) • List of priority infrastructure improvements developed with costs 38Palau Climate Change Policy Annex 1 | 5-Year Action Plan Palau Climate Change Policy Annex 1 | 5-Year Action Plan Type of Strategy Strategy Time frame Lead Agency Supporting Agencies Cost Indicators Action F.2.3 Relocate National Hospital Year 1 – Year 5 MOH ($100,000,000) • Financing in place • Hospital relocated Intervention F.3 Develop, adopt and implement a climate/disaster resilient energy efficient building code Year 1 – Year 5 Public Works $2,500,000 • Buildings have improved energy efficiency Action F.3.1 Develop climate/disaster resilient energy efficient building code Year 1 – Year 2 Public Works, Energy Office, NEMO, OERC, Chamber of Commerce ($2,000,000) • Code developed and adopted Action F.3.2 Provide training on new climate/disaster resilient energy efficient building code Year 3 Public Works, Energy Office, NEMO, OERC, Chamber of Commerce ($500,000) • Number of individuals trained in new code Intervention F.4 Strengthen emergency response systems (capacity, equipment, financial resources, institutional structure) Year 1 – Year 3 NEMO $3,500,000 • Emergency response systems in place and improved Action F.4.1 Strengthening emergency response systems and early warning systems, including Capacity, Equipment, Financial resources, and Structure (e.g. roles of ministries) Year 1-3 NEMO MPIIC, MOJ, MOH, PPUC, PNCC, Traditional Leaders, State Governments ($3,500,000) • Emergency Response System Committee established and empowered • Recovery time improves SECTION G: Utilities OBJECTIVE: By 2020, establish the enabling framework to build resilience to climate change and disasters within Palau’s utilities while reducing the carbon footprint from utilities Intervention G.1 Undertake site-specific risks assessments and develop risk management plans for utility facilities, services, and infrastructure Year 1 – Year 5 PPUC MPIIC/MOE, PNCC $6,000,000 • Improved infrastructure services • Reduced outage and delay of services Action G.1.1 Undertake site-specific risks assessments and develop risk management plans Year 1 – Year 2 PPUC MPIIC/MOE, PNCC ($1,000,000) • Assessments and management plans completed Action G.1.2 Upgrade vulnerable utilities Year 3 – Year 5 PPUC MPIIC/MOE, PNCC ($5,000,000 (PPUC)) • Number of vulnerable utilities upgraded Intervention G.2 Undertake energy audits for all utility facilities, services, and infrastructure Year 1 – Year 2 PPUC MPIIC/MOE, PNCC $500,000 • Reduction of GHG emissions • Audits completed Intervention G.3 Develop/expand carbon reduction programs for utilities Year 3 – Year 5 PPUC MPIIC/MOE, PNCC $5,000,000 • Waste reduction • Guidelines for validation/verification Intervention G.4 Assess the viability of introducing waste-to-energy technologies and waste reduction/recycling measures Year 1 – Year 2 PPUC MPIIC/MOE, PNCC $500,000 • Assessments completed Intervention G.5 Undertake a comprehensive water resource inventory and develop an integrated water resource management plan Year 1 – Year 5 Public Works $7,500,000 • Improved water quality and quantity of potable water Action G.5.1 Water resource inventory Year 1 – Year 3 Public Works EQPB ($2,000,000) • Inventory completed and priority needs identified Action G.5.2 Develop integrated water resource management plan Year 1 – Year 3 Public Works EQPB ($500,000) • Management plan completed Action G.5.3 Upgrade water systems Year 1 – Year 5 Public Works EQPB ($5,000,000) • Number of water systems upgraded • Number of people with improved water systems Palau Climate Change Policy Annex 1 | 5-Year Action Plan 39Palau Climate Change Policy Annex 1 | 5-Year Action Plan Type of Strategy Strategy Time frame Lead Agency Supporting Agencies Cost Indicators SECTION H: Finance, Commerce, & Economic Development OBJECTIVE: To have a responsible, dynamic, transparent, sustainable, and profitable climate/disaster resilient low carbon economy Intervention H.1 Establish a National Disaster Recovery Fund and Insurance Program MOF $11,000,000 • Financial resilience after disasters improved Action H.1.1 Establish Disaster Recovery Fund Year 1 – Year 5 MOF, OEK, UN ($10,000,000) • Account set and available for use Action H.1.2 Establish insurance program for Government infrastructure Year 1 – Year 2 MOF, MPIIC, OEK ($1,000,000) • Insurance plan established and in use Intervention H.2 Strengthen the legislative and enforcement framework to address risks from climate change and disasters Year 1 – Year 5 EQPB MOH, PVA, AG’s office, MPIIC, traditional institutions, state govts, NEMO $750,000 • Legislative Framework in place better prepares for and responds to disasters Action H.2.1 Develop, draft and enact legislation Year 1 ($250,000) • EQPB Regulations in place Action H.2.2 Strengthen enforcement capacity Year 1 – Year 5 ($500,000) • Number of reports, inventories, monitoring reports, fines SECTION I: Education OBJECTIVE: By 2020, Palau’s educational system will include coordinated climate change and disaster risk information in its school curriculum and offer educational outreach to the broader community Intervention I.1 Integrate climate change and disaster management into education policies and action plans Year 1 – Year 2 MOE $250,000 • Have strategic plan for MOE completed and approved by 2017 Intervention I.2 Revise the current school curriculum to incorporate climate change and disaster management, develop teachers training modules, source instructional materials, and revise assessments Year 1 – Year 5 MOE $1,600,000 • Curriculum that incorporates climate change and disaster management revised • Teacher training modules for curriculum implementation develop • Instructional materials for implementation of revised curriculum purchased Action I.2.1 Revise current school curriculum, pilot revised curriculum, and make final changes based on pilot Year 1 – Year 3 MOE • Curriculum revised • Piloting of revised curriculum completed • Curriculum finalized based on pilot and adopted Action I.2.2 Develop training modules and train teacher to use revised curriculum Year 2 – Year 4 MOE • Training modules completed • Teachers trained to implemented curriculum • All teachers trained to implement new curriculum Action I.2.3 Source instructional materials: (books, apps, lab equipment, etc.) Year 1 – Year 5 MOE-BCI (Bureau of Curriculum & Instruction) • Inventory of materials completed • Instructional materials made available for all students Action I.2.4 Assessment (PAT) -hire consultant to write assessment -pilot assessment -teacher training to use assessment Year 1 – Year 2 MOE • Assessments completed • Teacher training completed • Assessments implemented Intervention I.3 Prioritize scholarship and education opportunities in climate change/disaster management Year 1 – Year 5 Scholarship Office MOE, Congress $1,000,000 • Scholarship list climate related studies as a priority • Number of scholarships offered and awarded for climate change and disaster management 40Palau Climate Change Policy Annex 1 | 5-Year Action Plan Palau Climate Change Policy Annex 1 | 5-Year Action Plan Type of Strategy Strategy Time frame Lead Agency Supporting Agencies Cost Indicators Intervention I.4 Implement professional training in climate/disaster related studies including through a Teachers Conference on climate change and disasters Year 2 – Year 4 National Emergency Council $800,000 • Trainers guide pamphlet is produced and disseminated • Trainers have been trained to go out to site-visits Professional training established & implemented annually Action I.4.1 Teachers Education Conference dedicated to climate change Year 2 MOE ($400,000) • Number of teachers participating in climate change conference Action I.4.2 Establish office at MOE to help in coordination, implementation, monitoring, and evaluation of climate change and disaster management activities Year 1 MOE ($100,000) • Office established • Staff hired Action I.4.3 Conduct community outreach for adults and youth on climate change/disasters and their impacts on communities. Year 2 – Year 3 MOE ($300,000) • Number of communities reached • Number of adults served • Number of youth served Intervention I.5 Improve access to information on climate change and disasters Year 2 – Year 3 MOE & MOS BFSCA, BEEA, Private Schools $2,000,000 • Repository of information established • Resources identified and made available DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT SECTION J: Disaster Preparedness VISION: Vulnerable communities have the knowledge and understanding of the hazards and risks to which they may be exposed to, in order to take appropriate actions to save lives and protect properties and the environment Intervention J.1 Incorporate internationally adopted response systems into the National Disaster Risk Management Framework and review national and state emergency preparedness and response arrangements to strengthen the interoperability of emergency response agencies Year 1 – Year 3 NEMO $900,000 • Response systems strengthened and using best practices Action J.1.1 Upgrade early warning systems and communication framework Year 1 NEMO ($400,000) • Early warning systems upgraded Action J.1.2 Provide technical assistance to support development of climate change and disaster risk assessments and preparedness plans for communities and across all sectors. Year 1 – Year 3 NEMO OERC ($500,000) • Number of risk assessments and preparedness plans increases Intervention J.2 Train national and state personnel in disaster response, relief, recovery and reconstruction Year 1 NEMO $150,000 • Number of trained individuals increases Action J.2.1 Provide training on disaster preparedness at all levels of community Year 1 NEMO ($150,000) • Training module prepared and delivered Intervention J.3 Implement annual education, awareness programs and simulation exercises Year 1 NEMO • Number of educational activities and simulations increases Intervention J.4 Upgrade existing shelters to use renewable energy where technically feasible and encourage construction of new ones away from hazardous locations Year 1 – Year 5 NEMO $9,700,000 • Shelters increasingly use renewable energy and are in safe locations Action J.4.1 Identify suitable multi-purpose emergency shelters. and ensure suitability for use by persons with disability Year 1 NEMO ($100,000) • Locations identified Palau Climate Change Policy Annex 1 | 5-Year Action Plan 41Palau Climate Change Policy Annex 1 | 5-Year Action Plan Type of Strategy Strategy Time frame Lead Agency Supporting Agencies Cost Indicators Action J.4.2 Equip shelters with rainwater tanks, backup generators, medical supplies and emergency food. Year 1 – Year 5 NEMO ($6,000,000) • Number of shelters with minimum equipment Action J.4.3 Provide training exercises on the use of such shelters. Year 1 – Year 5 NEMO ($100,000) • Number of individuals trained increases Action J.4.4 Construct new shelters or upgrade existing shelters which should be off-grid and use renewable energy where technically feasible Year 2 – Year 5 NEMO ($3,500,000 (7 shelters)) • Number of shelters built or upgraded Intervention J.5 Increase the disaster contingency fund allocation Year 1 OEK • Financial resilience increased due to access to fund Intervention J.6 Increase the capacity of NEMO to undertake its functions and responsibilities Year 1 – Year 5 OEK $750,000 • NEMO better manages disasters and reduces risk Action J.6.1 Upgrade capacity of NEMO (DRR Officer, Response Officer, Education/Training Officer, Community Outreach Officer, Disaster Planning Officer and Information Technology Officer). Year 1 NEMO ($450,000) • Staffing at NEMO Action J.6.2 Professional training for NEMO staff Year 1 – Year 5 NEMO ($300,000) • Number of staff trained SECTION K: Disaster Risk Reduction VISION: DRR programs are fully integrated at the national, state, and community levels and address priority hazards, community development, and disaster coping mechanisms, and that include relevant traditional knowledge and practices Intervention K.1 Assess climate change and disaster vulnerability/risk at multiple levels Year 1 – Year 5 NEMO OERC $250,000 • Assessments identify risks and vulnerabilities Action K.1.1 Undertake community level climate change and disaster vulnerability and risk assessments Year 1 NEMO • Number of assessments completed Action K.1.2 Support the development of community-level risk management plans. Year 1 – Year 5 NEMO • Number of management plans completed Intervention K.2 Develop risk reduction and emergency evacuation plans for sectors and sites Year 1 NEMO OERC $250,000 • Plans identify and communicate risk reduction and emergency evacuation procedures Action K.2.1 Undertake community level climate change and disaster vulnerability and risk assessments for vulnerable businesses, utilities and other essential services Year 1 NEMO • Number of assessments completed Action K.2.2 Support the development of site-specific risk management plans. Year 1 NEMO • Number of management plans completed Intervention K.3 Develop, implement, and build capacity in resilient building codes Year 1 – Year 3 NEMO, OERC, PEO $1,000,000 (Sector will determine remaining appropriate actions and costs) • Code developed and implemented Action K.3.1 Provide training on new code Year 3 – Year 5 NEMO ($500,000) • Number of individuals trained Intervention K.4 Integrate risk into the community planning and development processes Year 1 – Year 4 OERC $27,675,000 • Disaster risk is addressed in existing and new plans Action K.4.1 Include climate change and disaster risks as part of the EIA and permitting process. Year 1 EQPB ($75,000) • EIA and permitting process updated Action K.4.2 Undertake LIDAR surveys to identify and map vulnerable areas to guide development planning Year 2 OERC ($1,000,000) • LIDAR surveys completed 42Palau Climate Change Policy Annex 1 | 5-Year Action Plan Palau Climate Change Policy Annex 1 | 5-Year Action Plan Type of Strategy Strategy Time frame Lead Agency Supporting Agencies Cost Indicators Action K.4.3 Capacity building (including legislation) for physical planning and integration of vulnerability maps and energy efficient, climate and disaster resilient building code into physical planning process which is on GIS platform. Year 4 OERC ($1,250,000) • Number of individuals with built capacity • Code included into planning process documents Action K.4.4 Review and update NDRMF 2010 Year 1 OERC ($100,000) • NDRMF updated Action K.4.5 Continue training exercise including for developing and rolling out best practices to disaster response, and monitor efficiency. Year 2 NEMO ($250,000) • Number of training exercises Action K.4.6 Establish disaster contingency fund to respond in times of emergency (overlaps with F.4) Year 2 OEK ($25,000,000) • Fund established and in place Intervention K.5 Promote disaster risk insurance program and micro-insurance programs Year 3 MOF $50,000 • Number of individuals using insurance programs increases Intervention K.6 Develop climate change and disaster loss database, with identification of site- and sector-specific vulnerabilities Year 1 NEMO $75,000 • Database identifies vulnerabilities Intervention K.7 Retrofit existing buildings and structures to climate change and disaster resistant standards, including analyzing the national and state waste disposal systems for risks and improvements Year 1 – Year 5 CIP • Number of buildings retrofitted Intervention K.8 Integrate climate change and disaster risk reduction into school curricula Year 1 – Year 5 MOE • Curricula updated MITIGATION AND LOW EMISSION DEVELOPMENT SECTION L: Improved Institutional Arrangements for Energy Sector Management OBJECTIVE: An Energy Administration with the authority and support required for effective and transparent implementation of the National Energy Policy and the related Strategic Action Plan Intervention L.1 Establish and operationalize institutional structures to administer the new legislation and Energy Policy. Year 1 – Year 5 NEC PEO, PPUC, PCC, MOS, MPIIC, PCAA, AGs Office $350,000 • Institutional structures support Energy Policy and legislation Action L.1.1 Design and implement a sector-wide capacity building program Year 1 – Year 5 PEO NEC, OP, PPUC ($200,000) • Number of individuals trained, certificates obtained Action L.1.2 Align energy policies with other resource policies and strategic plans and translate into performance-based budget Year 1 – Year 5 PEO ($150,000 ($30,000 per year)) • Cross references in other policies MoUs and joint declarations Intervention L.2 Establish information and data systems for improved management of the energy sector. Year 1 – Year 5 PEO $100,000 • Information systems help improve energy sector management Action L.2.1 Develop, regularly update and manage national energy database to support effective analysis and project development Year 1 – Year 5 PEO / PPUC Oil companies, Statistics office, PALARIS $100,000 • Information accessible on internet and in publications Action L.2.2 Constantly review energy supply, delivery, and distribution methods and make recommendations for efficient operation and reliability, addressing procurement regulations, economics, technological innovations, supplier relationships, reliability and any other factors directly related to optimizing energy sector investments Year 1 – Year 5 PEO • Number of reviews • Number and type of recommendations Palau Climate Change Policy Annex 1 | 5-Year Action Plan 43Palau Climate Change Policy Annex 1 | 5-Year Action Plan Type of Strategy Strategy Time frame Lead Agency Supporting Agencies Cost Indicators SECTION M: Energy Efficiency and Energy Conservation OBJECTIVE: A 30% reduction in energy consumption by 2020, recognizing that improving the efficiency of energy use has greater short term impact on reducing fossil fuel consumption of fossil energy than any other action; with taxes and policies revised to encourage the import and sale of: appliances, vehicles, and boats having the highest energy efficiency; and with development of energy efficiency standards for new buildings and renovations including homes, businesses, and government premises Intervention M.1 Energy Efficient Utilities - Plan and promote energy efficiency. Complete energy efficient utility upgrades in Koror and improve water and sewage infrastructure on Babeldaob and outlying states. Continue conversion of street lights to LED. Year 1 – Year 5 PEO $1,140,000 • Utilities have improved energy efficiency Action M.1.1 Continue Implementation of the Palau Energy Efficiency Action Plan and the Palau Energy Conservation Strategy Year 1 – Year 5 PEO MNRET, PPUC, NGOs, MPIIC, PCAA, promotion by Executive Branch ($500,000) • Energy savings against 2008 baseline Action M.1.2 Design energy conservation curricula and training material for all educational institutions in Palau starting with primary school Year 1 – Year 2 PEO NEC, MOE, PCC, Media, PCAA, Private Schools, NGOs ($120,000) • Energy conservation has become a regular subject in Palau’s educational system Action M.1.3 Continue training of Government ECOs and expand training to include private sector and NGO representatives Year 1 – Year 5 PEO PPUC, NGOs ($250,000 ($50,000 per year)) • Results of skill survey to be performed in 2012 Action M.1.4 Develop a comprehensive set of educational material related to energy conservation and energy efficiency in co-operation with regional and subregional partners Year 1 – Year 5 PEO PEO, NGOs, MOE, NDBP, PPUC, CROP agencies, media ($250,000 ($50,000 per year)) • Materials developed and distributed Action M.1.5 Establish an energy conservation web site allowing the public to retrieve relevant data and information on energy efficient equipment, incentive programs (concessionary loans) and conservation tips Year 1 – Year 5 PEO Energy offices Guam Saipan, CROP agencies, SPC, SOPAC, US DoE, Grants Office, SBDC, MoS ($20,000) • Quality information and material accessible on internet Intervention M.2 Energy efficient houses - Investigate funding support to expand the National Development Bank of Palau’s energy efficiency program for new home construction and retrofitting of existing homes. Year 1 – Year 5 PEO $5,000,000 • Number of energy efficient homes increases Action M.2.1 Expand energy efficient housing (and home renewable energy) through concessionary finance for efficient building features and appliances Year 1 – Year 5 PEO, NGOs, SGP, USDA, Palau Housing, OEK, Grant Office ($5,000,000) • Number of loans • Total loan portfolio (US$) Intervention M.3 Energy efficient transport - Finalise and launch the “Complete Streets Policy” to improve traffic flows, reduce congestion, and support alternative transport. Procure and operate fuel efficient vehicles. Year 1 – Year 5 PEO $1,000,000 • GHGs from transportation reduced 44Palau Climate Change Policy Annex 1 | 5-Year Action Plan Palau Climate Change Policy Annex 1 | 5-Year Action Plan Type of Strategy Strategy Time frame Lead Agency Supporting Agencies Cost Indicators Action M.3.1 Review current transport systems with respect to efficiency reliability, and affordability Year 1 PEO NEC, MPIIC, Customs, OPS, Division of Transportation, Bureau of Public Safety, Shipping Agents, MoF ($50,000) • Study published, recommendations for policy and legislation regarding vehicle importation Action M.3.2 Implement the Complete Streets program Year 1 – Year 5 PEO ($950,000) • Complete Streets program completed Intervention M.4 Low carbon vehicles - Investigate viable options and for the use of biofuels, including options for converting existing fleet of government vehicles. Year 1 – Year 5 PEO • Number of low carbon vehicles increases Intervention M.5 Energy efficient vehicles/equipment - Develop and enact legislation to introduce economic instruments that encourage the import and sale of energy efficient appliances and vehicles and develop and implement national efficiency standards for electrical appliances and labelling based on existing international standards. Year 1 – Year 5 PEO $250,000 • Sales of energy efficient vehicles, equipment, and appliances increases Action M.5.1 Design and implement and enforce a mandatory energy labelling program for major equipment and appliances (fridges, freezers, air conditioners, lights, washing machines, etc.) Year 1 – Year 2 PEO NEC, Private, Customs, Tax, OEK, PPUC ($250,000) • All energy equipment sold in Palau rated and labelled Intervention M.6 Energy Efficient Building Code - Develop and implement an energy efficient building code, upgrade government buildings to comply with the new code, and develop and launch education programs on energy efficiency and energy conservations in schools and colleges. Year 1 – Year 5 PEO $10,250,000 • Buildings increase energy efficiency Action M.6.1 Adopt an Energy Code for inclusion into National Building code Year 1 – Year 3 PEO NDBP, PPUC, Private, SLM, MPIIC, OERC, OEK – CIP Committee ($250,000) • Energy code incorporated into building code, licensed inspectors appointed Action M.6.2 Upgrade government buildings to comply with Code Year 4 – Year 5 PEO ($10,000,000) • Number of building upgrades SECTION N: Renewable Energy OBJECTIVE: 20% contribution of renewable energy to the energy mix by 2020, eventual long-term substitution of all fossil fuels with renewable energy, and minimizing Palau’s carbon footprint, recognizing that renewable energies have the potential to reduce dependency on imported fuels and reduce the country’s vulnerability towards price shocks Intervention N.1 Determine technically and economically viable renewable technology energy options and develop a renewable energy strategy Year 1 – Year 5 PEO $850,000 • Renewable Energy Strategy guides implementation of renewable technologies Action N.1.1 Assess in detail the national potential of renewable energies (solar, wind, hydro, ocean, waste, biomass) and compile national resource database Year 1 – Year 5 PEO NEC, PPUC, development partners, PALARIS ($350,000) • Database developed and accessible for general public, data published Palau Climate Change Policy Annex 1 | 5-Year Action Plan 45Palau Climate Change Policy Annex 1 | 5-Year Action Plan Type of Strategy Strategy Time frame Lead Agency Supporting Agencies Cost Indicators Action N.1.2 Keep current on renewable energy technology development and update list of recommended technologies accordingly Year 1 – Year 5 PEO PPUC, MPIIC, Private, NDBP, PCC ($50,000) • New entries in list of recommended technologies, seminars and conferences attended Action N.1.3 Develop Renewable Energy Strategy Year 1 PEO PPUC, NDBP, Palau Housing Authority ($250,000) • Net metering bill signed into law (should not be detrimental to PPUCs economic viability and should maintain fair market prices for customers) Action N.1.4 Educate general public on renewable energy opportunities Year 1 – Year 5 PEO CROP agencies, NGOs, NDBP ($100,000) • Quality information and material accessible Action N.1.5 Convert outer island power supply systems to hybrid configuration and operate systems in efficient mode Year 2 PPUC PEO, State Governments • Fuel consumption reduced to 50% of 2009 baseline Action N.1.6 Promote solar hot water systems for all new high cost residential and commercial buildings Year 1 – Year 5 NDBP Private sector, NDBP, Palau Housing Authority (Included in loan) • Number of solar water heaters installed Action N.1.7 Design and implement pilot projects for small and medium scale wind energy generation (2 - 100 kW) once study proves feasible for wind Year 1 – Year 5 PEO NEC, PPUC, Palau Housing Authority (Included elsewhere) • kW of wind energy connected to the grid Action N.1.8 Develop and apply a standard scrutinizing procedure for all unsolicited renewable energy proposals offered to the government Year 1 – Year 5 PEO & PPUC NEC, regional organizations, PPUC • Study on carbon finance opportunities published • Standard procedures published Action N.1.9 Engage with all development partners in order to promote priority projects of the SAP Year 1 – Year 5 PPUC NEC, MoF, OP, MPIIC, MCCA • Donors accept projects from pipeline Action N.1.10 Investigate and pursue sub-regional biofuel bulk procurement initiative between FSM, RMI & ROP Year 1 – Year 5 MSC OGTF, PPUC, Petroleum Suppliers ($100,000) • Regional procurement initiative established Intervention N.2 Develop legislation to establish a feed-in tariff, establish renewable energy standards and operating procedures, establish connectivity or storage requirements to ensure grid stability, licensing, concessions on importation of technology, power purchase agreements, and to promote and license independent power producers (IPPs) Year 1 – Year 5 PEO $250,000 • Legislation supports multiple elements of renewable energy Action N.2.1 Develop Feed In Tariff Year 1 – Year 5 PPUC PEO, MPIIC, private sector, PPUC, NDBP ($250,000) • SPPA drafted and published • Promotion campaign • Signed agreement • Private developers investing in IPP projects Intervention N.3 Establish a revolving fund to support IPPs and mobilize concessionary loans to support the financing of 5.6 Mw in renewable energy Year 1 – Year 5 PEO $25,150,000 • Financing for renewable energy increases Action N.3.1 Identify and develop medium scale projects conducive for IPP investment (hydro, wind) and tender projects competitively Year 1 – Year 5 PPUC PEO, NGOs, PCC ($50,000) • Approved • Project identified and tendered 46Palau Climate Change Policy Annex 1 | 5-Year Action Plan Palau Climate Change Policy Annex 1 | 5-Year Action Plan Type of Strategy Strategy Time frame Lead Agency Supporting Agencies Cost Indicators Action N.3.2 Mobilise concessionary loans to support financing of 5.6 Mw of Renewable Energy Year 1 – Year 3 NDBP PEO, NEC ($25,000,000) • Loan volume disbursed for renewable energy finance • Number of loans Action N.3.3 Explore all carbon finance opportunities for renewable energies Year 1 – Year 5 PEO, OP NDBP, MOF, MOS ($100,000) • Study on carbon finance opportunities published SECTION O: Electric Power OBJECTIVE: A secure and diverse electrical power supply using technically and economically feasible methods while ensuring sustainability, quality and continuity of existing electrical generation, distribution, and transmission systems Intervention O.1 Determine technically and economically viable waste-to-energy and other options for Palau, and define enabling environment to promote private sector investment in such technologies Year 1 – Year 5 PEO $225,000 • Private sector investment in alternative technologies increases • Alternative energy technologies increases Action O.1.1 Study opportunities and options for private sector participation and public private partnerships in electricity supply Year 1 – Year 5 PEO NEC, OP, MoF, MoS ($75,000) • Study on PPP options published and accepted by NEC and OEK. Action O.1.2 Explore opportunities for waste to energy project on Koror Babeldaob Year 2 – Year 3 PEO PPUC, BPW Koror State Govt. (Included elsewhere) • Study published Action O.1.3 Feasibility assessment to determine technically and economically viable waste-to-energy options for Palau, and define enabling environment to promote private sector investment. Year 1 – Year 3 PPUC PEO, Pacific Power Associations ($150,000) • Assessment completed Intervention O.2 Improve efficiency of PPUC’s overall ability to provide stable electricity to all of its users Year 1 – Year 5 PPUC/PEO $21,650,000 • Efficiency measures improved Action O.2.1 Identify and evaluate options to address loss in electrical power transmission and distribution, illegal connections, and overall grid loss/efficiency. Year 1 – Year 4 PPUC/PEO ($350,000) • Number of pre-paid meters installed • Arrears reduced • Appropriate prepaid meter specs available Action O.2.2 Conduct an independent tariff review for PPUC including its outer island operations + for Independent Power Producers Year 1 – Year 5 PEO NEC, PPUC, UNDP, IPPs $100,000) • Tariff regime including adjustment formula approved by OEK Action O.2.3 Regularly and automatically implement tariff adjustments as recommended in tariff study and also explore fuel price hedging Year 1 – Year 5 PPUC NEC, PEO ($100,000) • Response procedures published Action O.2.4 Develop and up-date an integrated system management and expansion plan for PPUC Year 1 – Year 5 PPUC PEO, NEC, JICA ($500,000) • Revised plan approved Action O.2.5 Upgrade PPUCs distribution system (including possible off-grid renewable energy) Year 1 PPUC PEO, NEC, JICA ($20,000,000) • Improved and stable power grid for Babeldaob Action O.2.6 Promote and enhance academic, professional, and apprentice training and develop/exchange of technologies and technological information Year 1 – Year 5 PPUC PPA, PCC, Equipment Suppliers, Palau National Scholarship Board (500,000) • Trained and qualified local mechanical and electrical engineers • Improvement in performance of distribution system Palau Climate Change Policy Annex 1 | 5-Year Action Plan 47Palau Climate Change Policy Annex 1 | 5-Year Action Plan Type of Strategy Strategy Time frame Lead Agency Supporting Agencies Cost Indicators Action O.2.7 Create strong incentives and compensation to attract local employment Year 1 – Year 5 PPUC/ PPA PPUC Board, Regional: FSM, RMI, Guam (Power Co.) ($100,000) • Retain local skills and expertise INSTITUTIONAL MECHANISMS FOR EFFECTIVE POLICY IMPLEMENTATION SECTION P: Necessary Institutional Framework and Climate Change Office (Good Governance) VISION: Palau’s enabling framework for good governance (effective, transparent, accountable, responsive, well-coordinated) is established to build resilience to climate change and disasters and manage the transformation to a low carbon economy utilising traditional and elected governance systems. Action P.i Develop & Endorse CC Policy • Establish state gov’t CC liaisons • Establish CC Media Program Year 1 NEPC CC Ad Hoc Committee, Core Coordinating Group ($1,600,000) • Policy is completed and endorsed by Senate Action P.ii Ensure projects are in line with national priorities • Place CC Office in the Bureau of Budget and Planning Year 1 OERC MOF, Grants Office, MNRET ($2,500,000) • Manual for Rules and Procedures for Project Management is completed and approved Action P.iii Ensure program objectives are met • Establish linkages amongst line agencies and between line agencies and state governments, Communities, NGOs, private sector Year 1 MOF (Office of Project Mgmt & Performance and CC Office) Relevant executing agencies ($100,000) • The Manual is being implemented as written Action P.iv Ensure economies of scale and fiduciary integrity • Establish an oversight agency w/in Bureau of Budget & Planning for project implementation Year 1 MOF, Grants Office ($1,500,000) • Executive Order is issued, revising the organizational chart Action P.v Undertake institutional and human resource capacity building • Hold gov’t-wide training on new rules, procedures and tools/software • Active engagement with state liaisons • Obtain needed equipment and software for data mgmt. (e.g., computers, servers, establishing communications data systems, such as info sharing systems) • Identify and obtain toolkits for management improvement Year 1 MOF (Office of Project Mgmt & Performance) and relevant agencies in national and state government ($4,000,000) • 1 training is completed • At least 1 meeting with reps from all 16 states has taken place • Hardware and software for each ministry have been installed • Toolkit installed and training completed 48 Government of Palau 2015 Annex 2. References and Additional Resources. Annex 2 1. Relevant or Referenced Palau Specific Plans or Frameworks Asian Development Bank Project: An Integrated Planning and Vulnerability Assessment Approach (AIPVAA) conducted in Melekeok State. Unpublished. BOA. National Policy, Institutional Framework and Strategy for Resilient Agriculture & Aquaculture. Unpublished. European Union. 2008. Republic of Palau Energy Efficiency Action Plan. Assistance to the Energy Sector in Five ACP Pacific Islands (REP-5) http://www.globalislands.net/userfiles/Palau-1.pdf MNRET (2011). Working Document: Sustainable Land Management and Sustainable Finance – Draft. Unpublished. Koror, Palau. MNRET. 2012. Palau Water Policy. http://www.pacific-iwrm.org/community/attachment.php?s=0 39f9c946c3cb64197d5242e17d56b39&attachmentid=254&d=1336003327 MPIIC and PEO. 2010. National Energy Policy (NEP). http://www.palauenergyoffice.com/wp- content/uploads/2013/06/Palau-Energy-Policy.pdf NEMO. 2010. Palau National Disaster Risk Management Framework 2010. http://www. pacificdisaster.net/pdnadmin/data/documents/8550.html NEPC. 2004. National Invasive Species Strategy. https://www.cbd.int/doc/submissions/ias/ias-pw- strategy-2007-en.pdf OEK. 2009. Net Metering Act. http://www.palauenergyoffice.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/ Net-Metering-Act-RPPL-8-39-dat.pdf OERC (2002). First National Communication to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate 2002. Office of Environmental Response and Coordination. Koror, Palau. OERC. 2013. Palau Second National Communication to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. PALARIS (2012). Sustainable Land Management Policy. SLM Medium Sized Project. Ministry of Public Infrastructure Industries and Commerce. Koror, Palau. Palau Energy Office (2009). Development of the Palau National Energy Policy: Energy Sector Review Final Report. NEPF/PAL5/NPE2. Koror, Palau. Palau Energy Office. Complete Streets Policy. Unpublished. Palau Energy Policy Development Working Group. 2009. Energy Sector Strategic Action Plan (ESSAP). http://www.palauenergyoffice.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/2009-10-Palau- strategic-energy-plan-final-draft.pdf PPUC, PEO, MOF, and Philippe McCracken, Peter Johnston, and Herbert Wade. Palau Energy Conservation Strategy. 2007 Interim Report on The Palau Energy Conservation Strategy: http://ict.sopac.org/VirLib/PI0074.pdf Republic of Palau and ADB. 2009. Palau’s Medium Term Development Strategy - Action for Palau’s Future 2009–2014. http://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/linked-documents/cobp-pal-2014- 2016-sd.pdf Republic of Palau. 1996. National Master Development Plan – Palau 2020. http:// phtpacific.org/sites/default/files/arrgmts plans dev frame/90/files/PLW NationalMasterDevelopmentPlan-2020 2010-06 Part1.pdf ROP (2009). Actions for Palau’s Future: The Medium Term Development Strategy Explanatory Booklet. Government of Palau with the assistance of the Facility for Economic and Infrastructure Management and the support of the Asian Development Bank. Koror, Palau. The Environment, Inc. and Sustainable Decisions (2013). Draft Climate Change Policy Review. Unpublished, MNRET. Koror, Palau. 2. Relevant or Referenced Regional or International Plans and Frameworks SOPAC. 2005. Pacific Disaster Risk Reduction and Disaster Management Framework for Action 2005–2015. http://www.preventionweb.net/files/34617 mr06131.pdf SPC. 2014. Strategy for Climate and Disaster Resilient Development in the Pacific (SRDP). http://www.spc.int/crga/sites/default/files/documents uploads/CRGA44%20-%206.2%20 Strategy%20for%20Climate%20and%20Disaster%20Resilient%20Development%20in%20 the%20Pacific%20%28SRDP%29.pdf | References and Additional Resources 49Palau Climate Change Policy SPREP. 2006. Pacific Islands Framework for Action on Climate Change 2006-2015. http://www. sprep.org/climate change/pycc/documents/PIFACC.pdf United Nations. 2005. Hyogo Framework for Action 2005–2015. http://www.unisdr.org/ files/1037 hyogoframeworkforactionenglish.pdf United Nations. 2015. ISDR Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction. http://www. preventionweb.net/files/resolutions/N1514318.pdf 3. Relevant or Referenced Local and Global Scientific Information on Climate Change Australian Bureau of Meteorology and CSIRO. 2014. Climate Variability, Extremes and Change in the Western Tropical Pacific: New Science and Updated Country Reports. Pacific- Australia Climate Change Science and Adaptation Planning Program Technical Report. http://www.pacificclimatechangescience.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/PACCSAP CountryReports2014 WEB 140710.pdf Caribbean Community Secretariat. 2003. Caribbean risk management guidelines for climate change adaptation decision making. Adapting to Climate Change in the Caribbean (ACCC) Project. http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=2&ved=0CCU QFjAB&url=http%3A%2F%2F200.32.211.67%2FM-Files%2Fopenfile.aspx%3Fobjecttype%3D0 %26docid%3D2879&ei=O4-LVaCxC8zy-AGnp6GYCw&usg=AFQjCNH djGMu7aUsjZmLxeqnTL S8c97w&bvm=bv.96782255,d.cWw&cad=rja EQPB and Pacific IWRM. 2012. Ngerikiil Watershed Restoration for Improved Water Quality. https://www.thegef.org/gef/sites/thegef.org/files/documents/document/Pacific-IWRM- Results-Note-Palau-Final-cp%20%281%29.pdf IPCC. 2014: Summary for Policymakers. In: Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability. Part A: Global and Sectoral Aspects. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Field, C.B., V.R. Barros, D.J. Dokken, K.J. Mach, M.D. Mastrandrea, T.E. Bilir, M. Chatterjee, K.L. Ebi, Y.O. Estrada, R.C. Genova, B. Girma, E.S. Kissel, A.N. Levy, S. MacCracken, P.R. Mastrandrea, and L.L. White (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, pp. 1-32. https://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar5/syr/AR5 SYR FINAL SPM.pdf McLeod, Elizabeth, Jeffrey Maynard, Ruben Van Hooidonk, Yimnang Golbuu, Annick Cros, Rodney V. Salm, Edward M. Warner, Lindsey Harriman, and Gabriella Ahmadia (2012). Integrating reef resilience and climate change vulnerability into protected area design and management in Palau and greater Micronesia. Western Pacific Coral Reef Institute, University of Guam. Mangilao, Guam. Mcleod, Elizabeth, Kenneth RN Anthony, Andreas Andersson, Roger Beeden, Yimnang Golbuu, Joanie Kleypas, Kristy Kroeker, Derek Manzello, Rod V Salm, Heidi Schuttenberg, and Jennifer E Smith (2012). Preparing to manage coral reefs for ocean acidification: lessons from coral bleaching. Front Ecol Environ 2012; doi:10.1890/110240. Palau National Weather Service Office and the Pacific Climate Change Science Program. 2011. Current and future climate of Palau. http://www.pacificclimatechangescience.org/wp- content/uploads/2013/06/2 PCCSP Palau 8pp.pdf van Woesik, Robert, Peter Houk, Adelle L. Isechal, Jacques W. Idechong, Steven Victor, and Yimnang Golbuu (2012). Climate-change refugia in the sheltered bays of Palau: analogs of future reefs. Ecology and Evolution: doi: 10.1002/ece3.363. White House. 2014. U.S.-China Joint Announcement on Climate Change. https://www. whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2014/11/11/us-china-joint-announcement-climate-change World Economic Forum (WEF). 2015. Global Risks Report. http://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF Global Risks 2015 Report15.pdf 50 Government of Palau 2015 Annex 3. Additional Background and Processes to Develop this Policy Palau has been addressing issues related to climate change in its private and public sector planning for many years. The formal process for developing this Policy in its current state began in 2012 with an OEK House Resolution to develop a policy and action plan. That same year the Republic of Palau requested technical assistance and in 2013 a formal project to develop the Policy was initiated with funding support from the SPC and USAID. SPC funding was from the European Union-funded Global Climate Change Alliance Pacific Small Islands States Project (GCCA: PSIS) and the Coping with Climate Change in the Pacific Island Region program (CCCPIR) implemented in partnership with Deutsche Gesellschaftfür Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) on behalf of the German Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ). The OEK House Resolution called for the creation of a Climate Change Committee (called the Ad Hoc Climate Change Committee (AHCCC)) that would report to the National Environmental Protection Council (NEPC). The AHCCC through its secretariat the Office of Environmental Response & Coordination (OERC) retained the services of local and international consultants, including the Palau-based Sustainable Decisions, The Environment Inc., and Palau Conservation Society, New Zealand-based FCG ANZDEC, and United States-based D&D Biodiversity Consulting. Additional development partners included SPREP and the University of the South Pacific. The AHCCC established 10 working groups to represent the following sectors: 1. Agriculture and Fisheries 2. Health 3. Finance, Commerce, & Economic Development 4. Biodiversity, Conservation, and Natural Resources 5. Critical Infrastructure 6. Utilities 7. Society and Culture 8. Good Governance 9. Education 10. Tourism The process to develop the Policy was built on existing initiatives through a sector-based consultation effort to provide a framework for a coordinated approach to building resilience to climate change and disasters and reduce greenhouse gas emissions. The process builds upon earlier work, and has been defined and developed through: (a) initial assessments of vulnerability and levels of greenhouse gas emissions conducted to prepare the Palau Second National Communication to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change; (b) initial risk assessments undertaken to develop the Palau National Disaster Risk Management Framework 2010; (c) energy assessments undertaken as part of the process to develop the National Energy Policy (NEP) and the National Energy Efficiency Action Plan 2010; (d) sector risk and capacity assessments undertaken by sector working groups (e) national capacity assessments and definition of priority risks, gaps, and needs by the Ad- Hoc Climate Change Committee and other stakeholders. The process included national level planning and meetings as well as sector-level assessments and focus group interviews that included input from all levels of society: government, non-government, and private; national, local, and traditional, and multiple representatives from communities. Sector assessment tools were standard and followed generally tested and accepted methods from around the region and the world. A key tool was the “Caribbean risk management guidelines for climate change adaptation decision making” tool (Caribbean Community Secretariat, 2003), which guided assessments. Steps in the process included: • Priority Climate Change Risk Assessments • Sector Adaptive Capacity Assessments • Capacity Assessments for Mainstreaming Climate Change • A National Adaptive Capacity Assessment • Community Engagement Assessment • Standardized action-plan matrix • Plus/Delta Evaluation Assessments occurred during facilitated focus group sessions and from at least 20 confidential Key Informant Interviews. Through the process over 150 individuals provided input to the priorities in this Policy. Annex 3 | Additional Background and Process 51Palau Climate Change Policy Annex 4. Causes and Mechanisms of Climate Change 1. Evidence for Climate Change and its impacts The Inter-Governmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)1, the world’s leading international scientific body for the assessment of climate change, releases periodic reports on the causes and effects of climate change. In the Fifth Assessment Report released in 2014, the IPCC reported that:  Human influence on the climate system is clear, and recent anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases are the highest in history;  Each of the last three decades has been successively warmer at the Earth’s surface than any preceding decade since 1850;  Recent climate changes have had widespread impacts on human and natural systems;  Warming of the climate system due to human- induced greenhouse gases is unequivocal, and since the 1950s, many of the observed changes are unprecedented over decades to millennia - the Annex 4 | Causes and Mechanisms of Climate Change atmosphere and oceans have warmed, the amounts of snow and ice have diminished, and sea level has risen;  Changes in climate have caused impacts on natural and human systems on all continents and across the oceans.  Since the beginning of the industrial era, oceanic uptake of carbon dioxide has resulted in acidification of the ocean - the ocean has absorbed about 30% of the emitted anthropogenic CO2;  Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets have been losing mass, glaciers have continued to shrink almost worldwide, while Northern Hemisphere spring snow cover has continued to decrease in extent;  In many regions, changing precipitation or melting snow and ice are altering hydrological systems, affecting water resources in terms of quantity and quality;  Many terrestrial, freshwater, and marine species have shifted their geographic ranges, seasonal activities, migration patterns, abundances, and 1. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) is the leading international body for the assessment of climate change. It was established by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) in 1988 to provide the world with a clear scientific view on the current state of knowledge in climate change and its potential environmental and socio-economic impacts. The IPCC is a scientific body under the auspices of the United Nations (UN). It reviews and assesses the most recent scientific, technical and socio-economic informa- tion produced worldwide relevant to the understanding of climate change. It does not conduct any research nor does it monitor climate related data or parameters. Thousands of scientists from all over the world contribute to the work of the IPCC on a voluntary basis. The IPCC is an intergovernmental body. It is open to all member countries of the United Nations (UN) and WMO. Currently 195 countries are members of the IPCC. Governments participate in the review process and the plenary Sessions, where main decisions about the IPCC work programme are taken and reports are accepted, adopted and approved. The IPCC Bureau Members, including the Chair, are also elected during the plenary Sessions. Because of its scientific and intergovernmental na- ture, the IPCC embodies a unique op- portunity to provide rigorous and bal- anced scientific information to decision makers. By endorsing the IPCC reports, governments acknowledge the author- ity of their scientific content. The work of the organization is therefore policy- relevant and yet policy-neutral, never policy-prescriptive. Source: UNEP/GRID-Arendal Source: UNEP/GRID-Arendal 52 Government of Palau 2015 species interactions in response to ongoing climate change;  Negative impacts of climate change on crop yields and marine organisms have been observed;  Changes in many extreme weather and climate events have been observed - including a decrease in cold temperature extremes, an increase in warm temperature extremes, an increase in extreme high sea levels and an increase in the number of heavy precipitation events in a number of regions;  Climate change will amplify existing risks and create new risks for natural and human systems. 2. Causes of Climate Change  The ‘natural’ greenhouse effect makes life as we know it possible on Earth, without which the average global temperature would be about – 18°C rather than its current +14°C. Earth’s surface temperature is determined by the radiative balance, the net difference between the energy gained from incoming energy from the sun and the amount lost into space as infrared radiation. The Earth’s atmosphere acts like a transparent blanket (or Annex 4 | Causes and Mechanisms of Climate Change greenhouse), letting in light but trapping some of the heat it generates. Without an atmosphere, all of this energy would be lost to space. This natural effect relies on ‘greenhouse’ gases in our atmosphere allowing sunlight to pass through, and trapping some of the resulting heat energy that radiates back up from the Earth’s surface.  Since the start of the Industrial Revolution in about 1750, human activities such as the burning of fossil fuels including coal and oil which emit carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases, have dramatically increased the concentration of greenhouse gases in our atmosphere. As a result, the rate of heat-loss from the Earth has slowed, creating a warming effect. More than 85 per cent of the additional heat in our atmosphere is absorbed by the oceans. Concentrations of carbon dioxide in the Earth’s atmosphere in 2013 was approximately 395 parts per million, and is now at a level higher than at any time over the past 800,000—and possibly 20 million—years.  As levels of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases rise, the delicate chemical balance in the Source: UNEP/GRID-Arendal 53Palau Climate Change Policy atmosphere is affected, resulting in global warming that affects key elements of the climate. The enhanced greenhouse effect caused by increases in human- induced emissions of greenhouse gases is expected to change many of the basic weather patterns that make up our climate, including wind and rainfall patterns and the incidence and intensity of storms. Source: Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory/NOAA Source: National Climatic Data Center/NOAA Source: Global Climate Change Program/NASA Source: Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)/UN 54 Government of Palau 2015 Annex 5. Elaboration of certain Sector Risks Several Sector Working Groups developed detailed information on the direct and indirect risks that climate change poses to their sectors. The main text of this Policy includes only the Priority Risks; however, this additional information is important for understanding the context for the priorities. Health Sector Priority Risk 1: Disruption of food supply/production systems, with increases in poor nutrition and non- communicable diseases (NCDs) • Impacts are poor nutrition and malnutrition. • Particular concern is amongst vulnerable segments of society. • Poor nutrition may arise from increased reliance upon imported processed foods and increased costs of food for community members. Priority Risk 2: Damage or destruction of infrastructure (water, sewage, power, health, etc.) and disruption in community health services • Damage and destruction to infrastructure may include damage to outdated health infrastructure as well as delivery of health programs. • Associated increased health risks in community is of concern. Biodiversity Conservation & Natural Resources Priority Risk 1: Decreased resilience of marine resources and coral reef systems • Biological erosion is of particular concern. Priority Risk 2: Destruction and transformation of forest ecosystems • Of particular concern are old growth species and ecosystems in low-lying terrestrial ecosystems. Society & Culture Priority Risk 1: Negative impacts on traditional and subsistence food production • Of particular concern are traditional farms and taro patches (mesei) and fishing activities • Subsequent impacts may include: o Community members unable to conduct traditional food production activities (farming and fishing), which reduces social interactions needed by communities, and o Communities becomes reliant on food imports rather than the traditional diet. Annex 5 | Elaboration of Sector Risks A taro patch in Kayangel at risk of salt water inundation and sea level rise © Carol Emaurois/PICRC. 55Palau Climate Change Policy Priority Risk 2: Disruption of social units (families, clans, communities, cheldebechel, etc.) • Subsequent impacts may include: o clans/lineages/families (kebliil/telungalek/ongalek) disputes (particularly over land-use) occur because of displacement caused by storm surge, tension in the community rises over families that have to be accommodated at the community bai for extended periods of time; o clans/lineages/families (kebliil/telungalek/ongalek) are displaced and unable to establish/ build homes and farms because land on coastline is lost to erosion or degraded; o immediate family tensions increase over roles and responsibilities during recovery after extreme event; o family members are separated from one another - individuals and immediate families lose their sense of belonging and security after extreme events that destroy large areas of the community; o destruction of tangible historical sites and traditional names of places (as well as the tangible places) on coastal areas lost, further eroding the sense of identity and belonging in community members; o vulnerable members within traditional communities more at risk from damage or destruction of property, injury and even death during extreme events, some communities are fragmented because traditional leadership is absent or divided; o increased incidents of deaths in community, which can erode social structure of families/ lineages/clans; o conflicting perceptions of cultural and social understanding of personal property, space and access (i.e. foreign hotels refuse access to locals, etc.) affects ability to respond in times of extreme events. Priority Risk 3: Changes in social behaviour and migration patterns • Subsequent impacts may include: o increased out-migration causing loss of human, traditional and intellectual resources and fragmentation in families and communities; o increase in dependency on foreign labor to rebuild degraded/destroyed infrastructure and facilities, which can also result in loss of local skills; o shift in internal migration within Palau. Critical Infrastructure Priority Risk 1: Damage or destruction to coastal infrastructure • Coastal infrastructure may include public infrastructure such as schools, hospital(s), and utilities, as well as private homes, etc. • Subsequent impacts may include: o entire coastal villages/neighborhoods infrastructure damaged or destroyed; o infrastructure for local food production as well as important cultural facilities (farms, docks for fisheries, aquaculture, traditional waterways, etc.) damaged or destroyed; o tourism infrastructure (hotels, restaurants, etc.) destroyed or damaged due to location on vulnerable shorelines. Priority Risk 2: Higher costs for development and maintenance of public infrastructure • Of particular concern are poorly built and poorly maintained infrastructure Finance, Commerce, & Economic Development Priority Risk 1: Damage and destruction to infrastructure, public facilities, and private and commercial facilities • Infrastructure includes in residential homes in low lying areas, roads, docks, utilities, farms (agriculture & aquaculture), national hospital, etc. public facilities, private commercial facilities, national hospital), due to sea level rise & storm surges. 56 Government of Palau 2015 Office of the President Office of Environmental Response and Coordination PO Box 100 Koror, Palau 96940 Palau Climate Change Policy 2015 Top: Raft © Sunipix55/Shutterstock. Bottom, left to right: Children © PCS; Tunicates © Ethan Daniels/Shutterstock; Sea Turtle © Kristina Vackowa/Shutterstock; An arch in the Rock Islands © Blue Orange Studio/Shutterstock.