Papua New Guinea’s National Adaptation Plan

NAP Finale 01 05 2023 PAPUA NEW GUINEA NATIONAL ADAPTATION PLAN For more informa�on contact: Climate Change & Development Authority Address: PO Box 4017 BOROKO Na�onal Capital District District Papua New Guinea Telephone: (+675 ) 7091 0300 Email: info@ccda.gov.pg Published by the Climate Change and Development Authority Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea April 2023 ISBN: 978-9980-915-40-5 Copy @ 2023 Climate Change & Development Authority FOREWORD Dear fellow Papua New Guineans and Partners in Development, Papua New Guinea remains one of the most vulnerable countries in the Pacific region to climate change impacts. Papua New Guinea, along with other Small Island Developing States (SIDS) in the region, has contributed li�le to nothing toward global warming, however, has been le� to face this onslaught of climate-related calami�es. As climate change unfolds, adverse impacts on the popula�ons and rural communi�es will intensify and development achievements to date across all sectors will be hindered. The risks associated with climate change are likely to compromise Papua New Guinea’s ability to meet and sustain its na�onal development objec�ves. These include development goals such as the United Na�ons Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and SDG 13, which explicitly ar�culates the global commitment to comba�ng climate change adversi�es threatening our resolve to a�ain economic growth and prosperity. The need for the Na�onal Adapta�on Plan (NAP) became profound as the intensity, frequency, and magnitude of climate change impacts, as a result of increasing global temperatures, reduces the effec�veness and limits the success of tradi�onal coping strategies in overcoming adversi�es. The Na�onal Adapta�on Plan is a way forward for Papua New Guinea to cope with climate change that is intended to enhance adap�ve capaci�es, increase resilience, and reduce the level of vulnerability to the adverse effects of climate change, felt by our people. We need to rise to the challenge brought about by climate change. I expect all stakeholders, including our development partners, key sector agencies, the private sector and non-government organisa�ons (NGOs), to collabora�vely work with the Climate Change and Development Authority (CCDA) to execute effec�ve adapta�on ac�ons. Developing a Na�onal Adapta�on Plan is good but implemen�ng the programs and ac�vi�es inherent in the Na�onal Adapta�on Plan is even be�er. The Marape-Rosso Government is commi�ed to provide the leadership and poli�cal direc�on to ensure that we translate the noble inten�ons underpinning the Na�onal Adapta�on Plan into tangible results on the ground. The Government recognises that sea level rise, fast deteriora�ng cri�cal infrastructure, food and water insecurity, malaria and vector-borne diseases, amongst other climate change issues, are happening in our rural and urban communi�es. Ul�mately, our objec�ve is to alleviate the plight of our people facing these emerging threats. In pursuing climate change adapta�on ac�on, we need to coordinate and strengthen our network and liaison with all relevant sector agencies. The adapta�on ac�ons we are contempla�ng will have to be ins�tu�onalised and implemented through the policies of those relevant sectors. There needs to be a clear demarca�on of func�onal responsibili�es that are costed and adequately resourced, both at the na�onal and especially at the sub-na�onal level. Adapta�on to climate change through the implementa�on of Papua New Guinea’s Na�onal Adapta�on Plan, therefore, requires a whole of Government approach to promo�ng the Government’s development agenda of effec�vely and systema�cally “leaving no place or person behind”. Tangible adapta�on measures will require funds from both internal and external sources. As the Minister responsible for Environment, Conserva�on and Climate Change, I remain commi�ed to fully implemen�ng this evolving Na�onal Adapta�on Plan. With an itera�ve approach to climate change adapta�on adopted in our resourcing, budge�ng, and planning that undergoes regular updates, this Na�onal Adapta�on Plan starts our country’s journey to mainstreaming climate change adapta�on and considering climate change in all facets of government and the lives of our people. Finally, I wish to acknowledge the con�nued support and dedica�on of the United Na�ons Development Programme, UNDP, as our Delivery Partner and all other stakeholders for this historic achievement for the country. Thank you all. …………………………………… Hon. Simo Kilepa, MP Minister for Environment, Conserva�on and Climate Change 3 Climate Change con�nues to nega�vely impact Papua New Guinea affec�ng the country’s growth trajectory and socio-economic opportuni�es. More than 80% of the popula�on of PNG lives in rural areas, and more than 70% of households are dependent on subsistence agriculture – which accounts for nearly 30% of the GDP. As a result, most of PNG’s popula�on is vulnerable to climate variability and change. For over a decade, building resilience to climate change has featured in na�onal dialogues and poli�cal commitments. The PNG government and its partners have commi�ed to mainstreaming climate ac�ons in their planning and delivery process. This is the first Na�onal Climate Change Adapta�on Plan for Papua New Guinea and we are one of the few countries in the region to have developed a Na�onal Adapta�on Plan (NAP). The plan was developed through an extensive consulta�on process over two years involving all stakeholders both at the Na�onal and Sub-na�onal levels. The NAP was also developed through an open, inclusive, gender-responsive and transparent process ensuring at the outset that it is country-driven and in alignment with PNG’s higher-order policy documents including Vision 2050, the Medium-Term Development Plan III, the enhanced Na�onally Determined Contribu�ons (NDC), United Na�ons Sustainable Development Goals, to name a few. The NAP provides a clear vision for adapta�on and iden�fies priori�es to be addressed in partnership with sector agencies, academic ins�tu�ons, development partners, and private sector en��es over the next five years, and beyond. It looks at addressing the nine priority areas for adapta�on iden�fied in the country’s Na�onally Determined Contribu�ons (NDC) and Na�onal Communica�ons to UNFCCC. This document func�ons as a strategic high-level ac�on plan for adapta�on. It builds upon the exis�ng policy and planning landscape, shi�ing development planning processes towards a pathway of ‘climate-resilience’. The implementa�on of the NAP will encourage the collec�ve effort from all stakeholders. Week-long capacity development training for PNG’s NAP had been carried out in the Highlands, Southern, Momase, and New Guinea Islands, paving the way for mainstreaming and upscaling climate change adapta�on in sectoral and provincial plans. The accurate predic�on of the magnitude of these climate-related impacts is challenging because of the uncertainty of climate projec�ons. No amount or degree of sophis�ca�on can precisely predict when and where it is likely to impact. It is therefore important for us to develop appropriate strategies to enhance our adap�ve capaci�es, increase resilience and reduce the level of vulnerability of our people. The NAP will further climate ac�ons in the country par�cularly in its adapta�ve capaci�es all the while building its resilience. Its implementa�on will aim to reduce vulnerability to climate change’s impacts and integrate adapta�on into all levels of development planning. All in all, the GoPNG through Climate Change and Development Authority as a Na�onal Designated Authority (NDA) will work closely with all stakeholders to ensure the Na�onal Adapta�on Plan is carried out successfully. Thank you, ……………………………………… Mr. William Lakain Ac�ng Managing Director MANAGING DIRECTOR’S MESSAGE 4 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The development of Papua New Guinea’s Na�onal Adapta�on Plan (NAP) was led by the Adapta�on and Projects Division of the Climate Change and Development Authority (CCDA) under the Ministry of Environment, Conserva�on and Climate Change. The Green Climate Fund (GCF) funded the NAP planning process through the Advancing Papua New Guinea’s Na�onal Adapta�on Plan Project and implemented by the United Na�ons Development Programme (UNDP) in collabora�on with stakeholders to develop Papua New Guinea’s NAP. The CCDA, on behalf of the Government of Papua New Guinea, would like to thank our key partners and stakeholders for their valued financial support, technical inputs and guidance over the last two years. In par�cular, CCDA would like to thank the Green Climate Fund (GCF), the United Na�ons Development Programme (UNDP), GEF-UNEP-UNDP NAP-Global Support Programme (NAP-GSP), the USAID Climate Ready Project, the University of Papua New Guinea (UPNG) Centre for Climate Change and Sustainable Development (CCCSD), and Climate Law Policy (CLP) in the development of the NAP. Alongside those suppor�ng the development of the NAP, CCDA would like to acknowledge the valuable assistance, input, insights, and feedback from sector agencies of government such as the Na�onal Department of Health, Department of Agriculture and Livestock, Department of Transport, Department of Works, Department of Provincial and Local Level Government, Department of Finance, State Solicitors Office, the Department of Na�onal Planning and Monitoring and the Provincial Administra�ons, amongst others, and the development partners, private sector and non-government organisa�ons, including the Na�onal Agricultural Research Ins�tute (NARI) and Global Green Growth Ins�tute (GGGI) for their support and input. The NAP will go a long way in enhancing the adap�ve capacity, increasing resilience and reducing the vulnerability of our people. 5 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Papua New Guinea is experiencing increased climate variability through changes in temperature and precipita�on, increased intensity of tropical storms, increased coastal erosion and saline intrusion and inunda�on caused by sea-level rise. Papua New Guinea is par�cularly vulnerable to the climate change impacts posed to ecosystems, agriculture, health, transport, infrastructure, livelihoods, and economy, with climate change threatening the lives and safety of Papua New Guinea’s popula�on. Climate change has already begun to cause considerable impact in Papua New Guinea, triggering climate-related hazards, such as heatwaves, landslides, storms, and floods, alongside slow-onset impacts of increased disease and droughts. These impacts have caused substan�al damage and affected the daily lives and livelihoods of the na�on. Climate change is also likely to hinder progress in poverty allevia�on and sustainable development goals (SDGs), compounding development challenges and dispropor�onately affec�ng the poorest groups in the country. Therefore, for over a decade, building resilience to climate change has featured in Papua New Guinea’s na�onal dialogue and poli�cal commitments. Aside from developing domes�c climate change policy, Papua New Guinea has commi�ed to interna�onal frameworks on climate change as part of global commitments, including the United Na�ons Framework on Climate Change Conven�on (UNFCCC). Under the UNFCCC process, Papua New Guinea’s first Na�onal Adapta�on Plan (NAP) provides a strategic framework to support country-driven efforts to effec�vely mainstream adapta�on to climate-induced risks within sectoral planning processes. The NAP takes a phased approach to implementa�on that considers the ins�tu�onal frameworks and the NAP priority sectors. Sectoral climate change adapta�on priority areas outline Papua New Guinea’s climate change adapta�on priori�es for expected climate impacts and adapta�on targets, focusing on four priority sectors for the first phase: agriculture, health, transport, and infrastructure. Cross-cu�ng strategies also aim to enable the effec�ve and sustained implementa�on of climate change adapta�on strategies and measures by addressing policy, ins�tu�onal, coordina�on and technical barriers across sectors and levels of government with a whole-of-society approach. By defining a series of strategic ac�ons under cross-cu�ng and sectoral areas that seek to facilitate the opera�onalisa�on and implementa�on of the NAP and guide the country’s efforts to achieve Papua New Guinea’s adapta�on targets by 2030 through a gender-responsive and whole-of-society approach. The NAP establishes an implementa�on framework concerning financing, governance and coordina�on, and monitoring and repor�ng arrangements required to enable the opera�onalisa�on of the NAP and its cross-cu�ng strategies and sectoral ac�ons. The implementa�on framework includes a roadmap to guide the implementa�on of the NAP and track progress in the period 2022-2030, including indica�ve �melines, targets, and indicators. Papua New Guinea’s NAP also includes a stepwise and self-guided tool, the Sectoral Planning Guidelines for climate change adapta�on, and a Financing and Implementa�on Guidance to facilitate the design and implementa�on of iden�fied/priori�sed climate change adapta�on measures through mainstreaming adapta�on and development of sectoral climate change adapta�on plans. The guidelines aim to enable decision-making in priority sectors when iden�fying and priori�sing climate change adapta�on op�ons to address cri�cal sectoral climate change impacts, build synergies across sectors, and promote a gender-responsive and inclusive approach. Overall, during the 2022- 2030 period, the NAP will: i) Strengthen ins�tu�onal capaci�es and the ability to effec�vely mainstream climate change adapta�on and disaster risk reduc�on; ii) Build resilience at the na�onal, subna�onal and sectoral levels through informa�on and awareness-raising, educa�on and capacity building and the provision of early warning systems, and; iii) Facilitate resource mobilisa�on and foster public and private investments in climate change adapta�on in priority areas. 6 Table of Contents FOREWORD 3 MANAGING DIRECTOR’S MESSAGE 4 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 5 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 6 LIST OF FIGURES 8 LIST OF TABLES 9 ACRONYM 10 1. INTRODUCTION 11 2. CLIMATE CHANGE CONTEXT 14 2.1 OBSERVED CHANGES IN CLIMATE 15 2.2 CLIMATE CHANGE PROJECTIONS FOR PAPUA NEW GUINEA 16 Temperature 16 Precipita�on 18 2.3 VULNERABILITY 19 2.4 SECTOR-SPECIFIC CLIMATE CHANGE IMPACTS AND VULNERABILITIES 23 3 INSTITUTIONAL AND POLICY SETTING FOR CLIMATE CHANGE ACTION 24 3.1 NATIONAL LEGISLATION AND POLICY FRAMEWORKS 24 3.2 INTERNATIONAL LEGISLATION AND POLICY FRAMEWORKS 28 4 PAPUA NEW GUINEA’S NATIONAL ADAPTATION PLAN FORMULATION 30 4.1 THE NATIONAL ADAPTATION PLAN PRINCIPLES AND GUIDING FRAMEWORK 30 4.2 THE NATIONAL ADAPTATION PLANNING FORMULATION PROCESS 32 5 PAPUA NEW GUINEA’S NATIONAL ADAPTATION PLAN 34 5.1 NATIONAL ADAPTATION PLAN OBJECTIVES AND OUTPUTS 34 5.2 THE NATIONAL ADAPTATION PLAN ADAPTATION TARGETS AND GOALS 34 5.4 CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION PRIORITIES FOR THE 2022-2030 PERIOD 36 Sectoral Priority Area 1: Climate-resilient agriculture 38 Sectoral Priority Area 2: Climate-resilient infrastructure 39 Sectoral Priority Area 3: Climate-resilient transport 40 Sectoral Priority Area 4: Health sector responsive to climate-sensi�ve diseases 41 5.5 CROSS-CUTTING CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION STRATEGIES 43 Cross-cu�ng Area 1 Mainstreaming climate change adapta�on and resilience 43 Cross-cu�ng Area 2 Climate and Adapta�on Governance 42 Cross-cu�ng Area 3: Informa�on, educa�on, capacity building and awareness-raising 44 Cross-cu�ng Area 4: Gender-responsiveness 45 Cross-cu�ng Area 5: Climate-resilient terrestrial, coastal and marine ecosystems 46 Cross-cu�ng Area 6: Early warning systems and response measures to climate-induced events 47 6 IMPLEMENTATION FRAMEWORK 48 6.1 COORDINATION AND IMPLEMENTATION ARRANGEMENTS 50 6.2 NAP FINANCING AND RESOURCE MOBILISATION 53 Mobilising Climate Finance 56 Cos�ng and Appraisal fo Adapta�on Measures 56 6.3 MONITORING AND EVALUATION 58 Tracking database of adapta�on measures, finance, and impact-outcome effec�veness 64 7. ACCESSING NAP RESOURCES, GUIDANCE, AND MATERIALS 65 8. REFERENCES 66 9. ANNEXES 68 9.1 ANNEX 1: SECTORAL PLANNING GUIDELINES FOR CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION 68 9.2 ANNEX 2: NAP FINANCING AND IMPLEMENTATION FRAMEWORK GUIDANCE 68 7 List of Figures Figure 1 Average monthly mean, max, and minimum temperatures, and precipita�on in Papua New Guinea 1991-2020 ........................................................................................................................................................14 Figure 2 Changes in event intensity of maximum of daily maximum temperatures for Papua New Guinea. Source: World Bank (2022) ...........................................................................................................................................15 Figure 3 Mean temperature annual trends with the significance of trend per decade for Papua New Guinea. Source: World Bank (2022) ..............................................................................................................................15 Figure 4 Precipita�on monthly trends show increased amounts in millimetres (mm) for 2011-2020. Source: World Bank (2022) ........................................................................................................................................................15 Figure 5 Precipita�on annual trends with the significance of trend per decade for Papua New Guinea. Source: World Bank (2022) ...........................................................................................................................................15 Figure 6 Shows the future Co2 emissions used in SSP1-8.5. Source IPCC AR6 WGI, 2021 ...................................16 Figure 7 Compara�ve temperature trends between RCP 2.6 and RCP 8.5 from the historical records during 1986-2005. Source: World Bank (2022) .................................................................................................................17 Figure 8 Projected likely monthly temperature for 2040-2059 under RCP 8.5 compared with the historical reference period during 1986 - 2005. Source: World Bank (2022) ..........................................................................17 Figure 9 Shows the projected mean temperature for 2040-2059 for Papua New Guinea (using reference period 1995-2014). Source: World Bank (2022) .................................................................................................................17 Figure 10 Projected days with heat index >35°C for Papua New Guinea (1951-2100) under SSP5-8.5. Source: World Bank (2022) ...........................................................................................................................................17 Figure 11 Projected mean temperature in Papua New Guinea under different SSPs (Reference Period: 1995-2014). Source: World Bank (2022) .................................................................................................................18 Figure 12 Shows increase in surface temperature in each SSP scenario rela�ve to historic 1850-1900 levels. Source IPCC AR6 WGI (2021) ..............................................................................................................................18 Figure 13 Boxplots showing the projected average annual precipita�on for Papua New Guinea in the period 2080-2099. Source: Lafale et al. (2018) .................................................................................................................18 Figure 14 Projected number of consecu�ve wet days for 2020-2039 (annually) using the 1995-2014 reference period, SSP3-7.0. Source: World Bank (2022) ....................................................................................................18 Figure 15 Expected climate impacts in Papua New Guinea ..........................................................................19 Figure 16 Risk to river, urban and coastal floods in Papua New Guinea. Source: GFDRR (2020) ......................20 Figure 17 Number of tropical cyclones historically crossing Papua New Guinea’s Exclusive Economic Zone per season during the 1970-2010 period. Source: PACCSAPP (2015) ..........................................................................21 Figure 18 Projected Sea Level Rise (SLR) for Papua New Guinea’s coastal areas. Source: World Bank (2022) ..22 Figure 19 NOAA Coral Reef Watch Daily 5km Bleaching Alert Area for 12 June 2022. Source: NOAA Coral Reef Watch .....................................................................................................................................................................22 Figure 20 NOAA Coral Reef Watch Daily 5km Sea Surface Temperatures for 12 June 2022. Source: NOAA Coral Reef Watch ........................................................................................................................................................22 Figure 21 Sectoral impacts and vulnerabili�es for Papua New Guinea .............................................................23 Figure 22 Rela�onship between Papua New Guinea’s Na�onal and Interna�onal Frameworks on Climate Change ..................................................................................................................................................................................29 Figure 23 Papua New Guinea Na�onal Adapta�on Plan Guiding Principles ................................................30 Figure 24 Papua New Guinea's na�onal adapta�on planning process and �meline ...................................32 Figure 25 Adapta�on targets have been established throughout the na�onal policy, such as the Enhanced NDC ..................................................................................................................................................................................35 Figure 26 Figure 26 Four modes of implementa�on in the Na�onal Adapta�on Plan 2022 ......................48 Figure 27 Adapta�on planning approach under the Na�onal Adapta�on Plan ................................................49 Figure 28 Support arrangements and tools under the NAP vis-à-vis are exis�ng systems. Source: USAID 2022 ..........................................................................................................................................................................50 Figure 29 Structure for Governance, Coordina�on and Implementa�on for the NAP 2022-2030 ........50 Figure 30 Financing op�ons for the NAP ...............................................................................................54 8 List of Tables Table 1 Climate condi�ons overview for Papua New Guinea. Source: World Bank (2022) .....................................14 Table 2 Climate Projec�ons for Papua New Guinea and the level of confidence with which they are predicted ....................................................................................................................................................................................16 Table 3 Overview of the key impacts facing Papua New Guinea from climate-related risk .....................................20 Table 4 Relevant laws, regula�ons, policies, and other instruments underpinning Papua New Guinea’s NAP ....................................................................................................................................................................................26 Table 5 Key priority adapta�on areas in Papua New Guinea and links to priority sectors in the NAP ...........35 Table 6 Agriculture priority area climate change adapta�on implementa�on ac�ons .....................................38 Table 7 Infrastructure priority area climate change adapta�on implementa�on ac�ons .....................................39 Table 8 Transport priority area climate change adapta�on implementa�on ac�ons .....................................40 Table 9 Health priority area climate change adapta�on implementa�on ac�ons ..................................................41 Table 10 Mainstreaming of climate change adapta�on and resilience strategies to enable the implementa�on of climate change adapta�on ac�on ...................................................................................................................43 Table 11 Climate and adapta�on governance strategies to enable the implementa�on of climate change adapta�on ac�on .......................................................................................................................................................................44 Table 12 Informa�on, capacity building and awareness strategies to enable the implementa�on of climate change adapta�on ac�on .............................................................................................................................................44 Table 13 Gender responsive strategies to enable the implementa�on of climate change adapta�on ac�on ....................................................................................................................................................................................45 Table 14 Climate resilient terrestrial, coastal and marine ecosystem strategies to enable the implementa�on of climate change adapta�on ac�on ...................................................................................................................46 Table 15 Early warning systems and response measures to climate-induced events strategies to enable the implementa�on of climate change adapta�on ac�on .........................................................................................47 Table 16 Roles and responsibili�es to support the implementa�on of the NAP ..................................................51 Table 17 Stages for adapta�on cos�ng ...................................................................................................................58 Table 18 The NAP Roadmap: ini�al implementa�on and monitoring framework ..................................................86 9 Acronyms ATWC Adapta�on Technical Working Commi�ee ATWG Adapta�on Technical Working Group BUR Biennial Update Report CACC Central Agencies Coordina�on Commi�ee CCA Climate change adapta�on CCDA Climate Change Development Authority CCMA Climate Change (Management) Act CEPA Conserva�on and Environment Protec�on Authority CIF Climate Investment Funds CMIP6 Coupled Model Inter-comparison Projects – 6th Phase CRGGTF Climate Resilience and Green Growth Trust Fund CSOs Civil society organiza�ons DAL Department of Agriculture and Livestock DCDYR Department for Community Development, Youth and Religion DHERST Department of Higher Educa�on, Research, Science and Technology DNPM Department of Na�onal Planning and Monitoring DoE Department of Educa�on DoF Department of Finance DoT Department of Transport DoWH Department of Works and Highways DPLLG Department of Provincial and Local Level Government EbA Ecosystem-based adapta�on ENSO El Niño Southern Oscilla�on EWS Early Warning Systems GCF Green Climate Fund GDP Gross Domes�c Product GEF Global Environment Facility GGGI Global Green Growth Ins�tute LDPP Lands Division of Physical Planning LLINs Long-las�ng insec�cidal nets LLG Local-level governments M&E Monitoring and Evalua�on MIEs Mul�lateral Implemen�ng En��es MPAs Marine protected areas MTDP III Medium Term Development Plan III (2018-2022) NAP Na�onal Adapta�on Plan NARI Na�onal Agricultural Research Ins�tute NCCB Na�onal Climate Change Board NCDC Na�onal Capital District Commission NCCDMP Na�onal Climate Compa�ble Development Management Policy 2014 NDA Na�onal Designated Authority NDC Na�onally Determined Contribu�on NDC Na�onal Disaster Centre NDoH Na�onal Department of Health NDRRF Na�onal Disaster Risk Reduc�on Framework 2017-2030 NEC Na�onal Execu�ve Council NFA Na�onal Fisheries Authority NGOs Non-governmental organiza�ons NWS Na�onal Weather Service OLPLLG Organic Law on Provincial and Local Level Governments PA Provincial Authority PHAs Provincial Health Authority PCCCs Provincial Climate Change Commi�ees PDC Provincial Disaster Commi�ees PFM Public Financial Management PIP Public Investment Program PNG Papua New Guinea PNGFA Papua New Guinea Forest Authority PNG IMR Papua New Guinea Ins�tute of Medical Research SDGs Sustainable Development Goals SIDS Small Island Development State SIP Service Improvement Program SNC Second Na�onal Communica�on SSP Shared Socioeconomic Pathway StaRS Na�onal Strategy for Responsible Sustainable Development for Papua New Guinea UNDP United Na�ons Development Programme UNFCCC United Na�ons Framework Conven�on on Climate Change USAID United States Agency for Interna�onal Development 10 1. INTRODUCTION Papua New Guinea’s diverse socio and economic circumstances, geophysical and geomorphic condi�ons, tropical climate, and biological diversity have resulted in social systems and unique terrestrial, coastal and marine ecosystems that are highly vulnerable to climate-induced hazards. Climate change has already begun to cause considerable impact in Papua New Guinea. Papua New Guinea is experiencing increased climate variability through changes in temperature and precipita�on, increased coastal erosion, saline intrusion and inunda�on caused by sea-level rise and a greater intensity of tropical storms. These changes have triggered climate-related hazards such as heatwaves, landslides, storms, floods, and slow-onset impacts of increased disease and droughts. For example, around 2.2 million people throughout many thousands of small villages are subject to heavy rainfall and drought weather extremes in Papua New Guinea's highland areas. While in Papua New Guinea’s coastal regions and the many low-lying coral atolls, nearly 500,000 people throughout 2,000 coastal villages are vulnerable to weather extremes and flooding. Climate change is likely to compound Papua New Guinea’s development challenges and slow the progress in poverty reduc�on. Projec�ons show that Papua New Guinea will be highly vulnerable to frequent inland flooding, coastal flooding, inland frost and droughts, landslides, coastal erosion and inunda�on, soil salinisa�on, and coral reef degrada�on. These risks are likely to result from the climate change impacts of increased air and sea surface temperatures, increases in the intensity and frequency of days of extreme heat, extreme rainfall, the incidence of drought, ocean acidifica�on, sea level rise and coastal inunda�on. Papua New Guinea has a geomorphically diverse and mountainous landscape that includes 5,152 kilometres of coastline and 40,000 square kilometres of coral reef. The diverse terrain and tropical climate have resulted in a unique diversity of terrestrial, coastal, and marine ecosystems, including rainforest lowlands, grasslands, savannahs, freshwater swamps, montane rainforest, and alpine grassland as well as deltaic floodplains (Government of Papua New Guinea, 2020). Papua New Guinea is home to the world’s third-largest rainforest, covering 77.8 per cent of the total land area and over thirty-six million hectares of Papua New Guinea. Characterised by high levels of endemism and diversity, Papua New Guinea’s forests are rela�vely intact. These forests are home to 298 species of mammals, 813 bird species, 335 rep�le species, 352 amphibian species, 314 species of freshwater fish and over 150,000 species of insects. Papua New Guinea’s marine ecosystems are also recognised globally for their high level of marine biodiversity, with approximately 2,800 fish species and 10 per cent of the world’s total diversity of fish species. The country is one of the four members of the Coral Triangle, a regional ini�a�ve protec�ng 76 per cent of the world’s coral species. Papua New Guinea has six of the world’s seven marine turtle species and over 37 per cent of the world’s coral reef fish. With approximately 2.4 million square kilometres of fishery zones, Papua New Guinea holds the South Pacific’s largest fisheries area (Government of Papua New Guinea, 2020). This marine diversity enhances the resilience of the livelihoods of over 100 million people in the South Pacific region (ADB, 2016). These ecosystems are cri�cal to Papua New Guinea’s resilience to climate change. The conserva�on, restora�on, and sustainable management of natural resources are essen�al to reducing the vulnerability of these terrestrial, marine, and coastal ecosystems to protect their biodiversity integrity and the human socie�es and livelihoods that depend upon them. Yet, the life-suppor�ng biodiversity and systems of fisheries and coastal, marine, and terrestrial ecosystems are likely to be hugely impacted by climate change. Papua New Guinea’s diverse terrestrial, coastal and marine ecosystems are suscep�ble to climate change impacts of drought and heatwaves, tropical cyclones and storm surges, king �des, sea level rise, floods and landslides, erosion and sedimenta�on, ocean acidifica�on and coral bleaching. Ocean acidifica�on, coral bleaching, storm surges, king �des, tropical cyclones, erosion and sedimenta�on, and sea-level rise affect Papua New Guinea’s fisheries and coastal and marine ecosystems. While terrestrial ecosystems and biodiversity are likely to undergo physical changes to terrestrial zones, declines in terrestrial biodiversity, the introduc�on and outbreaks of diseases and pests, and species invasion. These impacts are expected to affect agricultural yields, damage coral reefs, and further the penetra�on of malaria and other diseases into higher al�tudes in the highlands, with significant adverse implica�ons for water supply, health, food security and livelihoods. The human impact of these is also likely to be severe given that Papua New Guinea’s economy is founded on climate-sensi�ve sectors such as agriculture, fisheries, and forests, which collec�vely contribute to approximately a fi�h of the country’s GDP but provide for the livelihoods of the majority of the popula�on. Of Papua New Guinea’s popula�on of 8.9 million, about 88 per cent live in rural areas and rely on the natural resource 11 base or agricultural livelihoods (Government of Papua New Guinea, 2020).With approximately 97 per cent of land held under the customary land tenure system and the remaining 3 per cent of land being state-owned, much of the rural-based popula�on follows tradi�onal village structures and customary land management. More than 80 per cent of the popula�on depends on subsistence farming and natural resource extrac�on for their livelihoods (Government of Papua New Guinea, 2020). At the same �me, between 50,000 and 70,000 Papua New Guineans in coastal areas rely directly on coral reefs for their livelihoods, shelter, and the economic ac�vi�es they contribute through fisheries and ecotourism (Government of Papua New Guinea, 2014). Therefore, climate change impacts in Papua New Guinea are expected to have broader implica�ons on poverty, inequality, and disaster vulnerability, resul�ng in climate-induced migra�on, exacerba�ng gender inequality, and reducing access to food, clean water, and services such as health. Climate change impacts have already greatly affected some por�ons of the popula�on more than others. Rural-spread people rely heavily on natural resources for their livelihoods (including marine resources). Papua New Guinea is among the top 10 countries where poor popula�ons are at the most significant risk of disasters under a severe climate change scenario (UNESCAP 2021). Almost half of Papua New Guinea’s popula�on are youth, with 40 per cent under 15 years of age (Government of Papua New Guinea, 2020), highligh�ng the importance of future planning for climate change adapta�on. Climate change threatens Papua New Guinea’s progress on development goals, hindering socio-economic opportuni�es and hindering progress in poverty allevia�on and sustainable development goals (SDGs), compounding development challenges and dispropor�onately affec�ng the poorest groups in the country. Climate change is also likely to risk Papua New Guinea’s sustainable development and climate-compa�ble economic growth as defined in its Vision 2050 and Medium-Term Development Plan (MTDP) III/IV. Many projected climate changes will dispropor�onately affect the poorest groups in Papua New Guinea. Socio-economic vulnerabili�es challenge Papua New Guinea’s adap�ve capacity and resilience, with crucial development indicators placing Papua New Guinea’s ranking at 155 (out of 189) on the Human Development Index1 (UNDP, 2022). This ranking indicates the crucial challenges posed for Papua New Guinea’s rural-resource base. The country’s popula�on is sparsely spread throughout a varied and challenging terrain that poses limited access to infrastructure and services. Poorer farmers and communi�es, for example, are least able to afford local water storage, irriga�on infrastructure, and technologies for adapta�on (World Bank, 2021). Rising sea levels will force many coastal communi�es to relocate. Many have already been displaced by the inunda�on of coastal areas of islands as atolls are submerged alongside storms and other climate change events. These displacements weigh on the na�onal budget via housing and services in areas where climate migrants are relocated (Government of Papua New Guinea, 2020). Rese�lement of climate refugees will o�en be costly and exacerbates or raises the risk of conflict. At the same �me, climate change exacerbates pre-exis�ng inequali�es or imbalances, such as age, ethnicity, disability, socioeconomic status, or gender inequi�es, in that climate change disparately affects women (UNFCCC, 2020). The health sector is expected to see changes in vector ecology with increasing water-borne and vector-borne diseases (par�cularly mosquitoes transmi�ng malaria and dengue). Alongside this, common health problems are likely to be amplified with an increase in mental health issues, injuries, and fatali�es resul�ng from extreme and severe weather are likely to occur increasingly. At the same �me, poor hygiene and sanita�on due to water quality impacts and environmental degrada�on are likely to be exacerbated, along with the increased incidence of impaired nutri�on (malnutri�on and diarrheal diseases) due to food insecurity. The transport and infrastructure sectors are likely to be impacted by the deprecia�on of cri�cal infrastructure (such as road networks and bridges), the increasing cost burden on the transport system, and disrup�ons in the adequate func�oning of infrastructure and services. Climate change is also expected to impact the agricultural sector by reducing agricultural (crop and livestock) produc�vity and seeing the introduc�on and outbreak of pests and diseases, leading to greater incidences of food insecurity. Building resilience to climate change has therefore featured in the na�onal dialogue and poli�cal commitments for over a decade. Recognised as an acute challenge for Papua New Guinea, the government and partners have commi�ed to mainstreaming climate ac�on in their planning and budge�ng. 1See Human Development Index: https://hdr.undp.org/en/countries/profiles/PNG 12 Under the UNFCCC process, Papua New Guinea’s first Na�onal Adapta�on Plan (NAP) provides a strategic framework to support country-driven efforts to effec�vely mainstream adapta�on to climate-induced risks within sectoral planning processes. Papua New Guinea’s NAP sets a path for climate change adapta�on ac�on to be implemented from 2022 to 2030. The Papua New Guinea NAP 2022-2030 takes a phased approach to implementa�on that considers the ins�tu�onal frameworks in place and NAP priority sectors. The NAP ensures climate change risks are integrated within key na�onal and sectoral policies, along with a resource and financing framework to undertake climate change adapta�on in the medium to long term. Papua New Guinea’s first NAP 2022-20302 has been conceived as a strategic and opera�onal framework to enable Papua New Guinea’s Climate Change and Development Authority (CCDA) and other government Departments and Authori�es to lead climate change adapta�on efforts to advance effec�ve adapta�on planning and ac�on sustainably. Papua New Guinea’s NAP is underpinned by core goals and principles of integral human development defined in the country’s Na�onal Cons�tu�on, including equality and par�cipa�on, na�onal sovereignty and self-reliance, and Papua New Guinean ways. The NAP is also aligned with the Sustainable Development Goals, with climate-resilient development considered key to the broader sustainable agenda, providing opportuni�es to streamline efforts to achieve the SDGs. The NAP, therefore, provides a strengthened mechanism for coordina�on for mul�-sectoral adapta�on planning and implementa�on at the provincial and na�onal levels to overcome gaps in coordina�on, awareness, and informa�on on climate change. The NAP is country-driven, gender-sensi�ve, par�cipatory, and fully transparent in building capaci�es for adap�ng to climate change. Intended as a con�nuous and itera�ve process, NAP adapta�on planning has been built on past experiences, current observa�ons and advice, and future scien�fic projec�ons to create robust adapta�on plans and programs. The development of the NAP and the objec�ves, outcomes, and outputs of the Advancing Papua New Guinea’s Na�on Adapta�on Plan project, which supported the development of the NAP, have included linking the implementa�on and development of Na�onally Determined Contribu�on (NDC) adapta�on elements with the NAP. These linkages strengthen adapta�on ac�on and promote policy coherence and clarity on na�onal priori�es. The NAP sets out priority areas according to Papua New Guinea’s key vulnerabili�es to climate change with the greatest need for adapta�on. Priority areas outline Papua New Guinea’s sectors for the NAP’s first phase according to expected climate impacts and the adapta�on targets defined on adapta�on in the Revised Enhanced Na�onally Determined Contribu�on (NDC) 2020 to the UNFCCC. These focus on four priority sectors for the first phase: agriculture, health, transport, and infrastructure. Cross-cu�ng strategies also aim to enable the effec�ve and sustained implementa�on of climate change adapta�on strategies and measures by addressing policy, ins�tu�onal, coordina�on and technical barriers across sectors and levels of government with a whole-of-society approach. This NAP has six sec�ons: Sec�on 1: Provides an overview of Papua New Guinea’s na�onal context and biophysical and socio-economic vulnerabili�es; Sec�on 2: outlines Papua New Guinea’s climate condi�ons, both current and projected, and vulnerabili�es to climate change; Sec�on 3: details Papua New Guinea’s ins�tu�onal and policy apparatus for ac�on on climate change; Sec�on 4: presents the Na�onal Adapta�on Planning process and approach; Sec�on 5: outlines the Na�onal Adapta�on Plan priori�es and phased approach, and; Sec�on 6: details the Implementa�on Framework and resource mobilisa�on for achieving the NAP. The accompanying Annexes: Annex 1: Sectoral Planning Guidelines for Climate Change Adapta�on and Annex 2: NAP Financing and Resourcing Framework, provide further guidance for implemen�ng the NAP. 2The NAP, 2022-2030, will be reviewed within five years in conjunction with the NDC review, with necessary aspects of the NAP updated accordingly. 13 Papua New Guinea has a monsoonal climate characterised by high temperatures and humidity throughout the year. Temperatures are rela�vely steady across the country, with mean monthly temperature varying from 24.13°C to 25.65°C and maximum temperatures of 29.85°C to 31.77° for 1991-2020 (World Bank, 2021). Two monsoon seasons are recognised: the northwest monsoon, which occurs from December to March, and the southwest monsoon, which occurs from May to October. The climate in this part of the Pacific is governed by various factors, such as the movement of the South Pacific Convergence Zone (SPCZ). Papua New Guinea is home to one of the we�est climates in the world, and annual rainfall in many areas of the country exceeds 2,500 mm, with the heaviest events occurring in the highlands (World Bank, 2021). Precipita�on takes place all year round, typically in the range of 200–400 mm/month. Areas in the country with a more pronounced wet and dry season include Markham Valley, Bulolo Valley, Maprik—Angoram area, Eastern highlands, and the coastal regions near Cape Vogel, Port Moresby, and Daru (World Bank, 2021). However,these seasons are considerably different in Port Moresby, where about 78 per cent of the average annual rainfall comes in the wet season (CSIRO, 2015). Papua New Guinea has a wet season from November to April and a dry season from May to October. Year-to-year variability in precipita�on and climate in Papua New Guinea is influenced by the El Niño-Southern Oscilla�on (ENSO). El Niño condi�ons in the southeast Pacific bring drought condi�ons to Papua New Guinea, especially in the drier areas of the country (World Bank, 2021). Equally, the cool phase of ENSO (La Niña) may cause extreme precipita�on, flooding, and landslides (Kuleshov et al., 2019). Table 1 provides an overview of Papua New Guinea’s current climate context during 1991-2020, derived from historical data and observed trends. Climate Climate descrip�on: Hot, humid tropical climate which is experienced all year round. Two dis�nc�ve seasons: wet (Dec – Mar) and dry (Jun – Sep) Average Monthly Rainfall: 250-350 mm Average Monthly Temperature 26 - 28°C Humidity: 70% – 90% Observed trends Temperature Warming trends observed for both maximum and minimum temperatures across the regions with higher increases in the night-�me temperatures (1970– 2009). Rainfall An increase in rainfall was observed in all regions during the wet season since 1950 except the Northern region which had significant decreases. However, a significant increase in rainfall during the dry season was observed in the Northern region during the same period. Table 1 Climate conditions overview for Papua New Guinea. Source: World Bank (2022) 2. CLIMATE CHANGE CONTEXT Te m pe ra tu re (° C) Precipitation (m m ) Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Min-Temperature Mean-Temperature Max-Temperature Precipitation 17.5 20 22.5 25 27.5 30 32.5 0 60 120 180 240 300 360 14 2.1 OBSERVED CHANGES IN CLIMATE Current trends have been shi�ing towards much ho�er temperatures, with a greater concentra�on of extreme heat days evident from the year 2000 onwards. Figure 3 below shows the change in the mean (average) temperature at the different �mes of the year, with the colour shi� to red showing greater temperature varia�on during April to December from 2000 onwards. Each bubble represents climate extremes as standard devia�ons (SD) away from the monthly mean determined over the current climatology of 1991-2020. Figure 2 Changes in event intensity of maximum of daily maximum temperatures for Papua New Guinea. Source: World Bank (2022). Figure 3 Mean temperature annual trends with the significance of trend per decade for Papua New Guinea. Source: World Bank (2022). Similarly, precipita�on periods and the distribu�on of rainfall periods have significantly altered to show a trend toward increasing rainfall intensity for Papua New Guinea. Figure 4 Precipitation monthly trends show increased amounts in millimetres (mm) for 2011-2020. Source: World Bank (2022). Figure 5 Precipitation annual trends with the significance of trend per decade for Papua New Guinea. Source: World Bank (2022). 15 2.2 CLIMATE CHANGE PROJECTIONS FOR PAPUA NEW GUINEA Following the current trends in observed climate change, Papua New Guinea will likely face several con�nued and addi�onal increases in climate changes, variability, and impacts. These changes are likely to increase surface air temperature, sea surface temperature, and the intensity and frequency of days with extreme heat, accompanied by increasing incidents of drought. Conversely, annual mean rainfall is projected to increase, but with greater intensity and frequency of extreme rainfall days (affec�ng permeability and resul�ng in flash floods and landslides) and increases in the frequency of tropical cyclones. Increasing ocean acidifica�on will con�nue at the current trend rate, while sea-level rise will increase. Papua New Guinea’s projec�ons are shown in Table 2 below, with the confidence level included on how accurate these projec�ons are: CLIMATE VARIABLE PROJECTION CONFIDENCE LEVEL Surface Air Temp. Projected to Increase Very High Confidence Sea Surface Temp. Projected to Increase Very High Confidence Annual Mean Rainfall Projected to Increase High Confidence Seasonal Mean Rainfall Projected to Increase High Confidence Intensity and Frequency of days of extreme Heat Projected to Increase Very High Confidence Intensity and Frequency of days of extreme Rainfall Projected to Increase High Confidence Incidence of Drought Projected to Increase Moderate Confidence Frequency of Tropical Cyclones Projected to Increase Moderate Confidence Ocean Acidifica�on Projected to Con�nue Very High Confidence Mean Sea-Level Rise Projected to Increase Very High Confidence Table 2 Climate Projections for Papua New Guinea and the level of confidence with which they are predicted. Source: Government of Papua New Guinea (2020) i. Temperature Typically, two forecas�ng measurements are used to compare likely temperature forecast projec�ons: Representa�ve Concentra�on Pathways (RCP) set pathways for different greenhouse gas concentra�ons, whereas Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSPs) are based on scenarios according to whether specific reduc�ons in emissions will or will not be achieved. The fi�h and sixth phases of the global climate models (GCMs) are the Coupled Model Inter-comparison Project Phase 5 (CIMP5) and Coupled Model Inter-comparison Project Phase 6 (CIMP6). The Coupled Model Inter-comparison Project Phase 5 (CIMP5) models are used by the IPCC Fi�h Assessment Report (AR5). The IPCC Sixth Assessment Report (AR6) was updated with the Coupled Model Inter-comparison Project Phase 6 (CIMP6). Figure 6 Shows the future Co2 emissions used in SSP1-8.5. Source IPCC AR6 WGI, 2021. SSP data uses the Coupled Model Inter-comparison Project Phase 6 (CIMP6) models used by the IPCC Sixth Assessment Report (AR6). SSPs are based on five different scenarios (see Figure 6): SSP1-1.9: equate to a very ambi�ous scenario to represent the 1.5°C goal of the Paris Agreement (the rising global temperature at 1.4°C); SSP1-2.6: equate to a sustainable development scenario (the rising global temperature at 1.9°C); SSP2-4.5: equate to an intermediate scenario (the rising global temperature at 3.8-4.2°C); SSP3-7.0: equate to a regional rivalry scenario (the rising global temperature at 3.5-3.8°C); and, SSP5-8.5: equate to a fossil-fuel based development (the rising global temperature at 4.7-5.1°C). SSPs provide insight into poten�al future climates based on defined emissions, mi�ga�on efforts, and development paths. The projec�on data is presented as mul�-model ensembles, represen�ng the range and distribu�on of the most plausible projected outcomes of change in the climate system for a selected SSP. 16 3Spanning a broad range of forcing in 2100 without socioeconomic narratives included. Figure 8 shows the projected likely monthly temperature for 2040 – 2059 under RCP8.5 compared with the historical reference period from 1986 to 2005 (Word Bank 2022). This equates to a severe con�nuing increase past the 2060 interval under the RCP 8.5 scenario pathway and a stable trend under RCP 2.6. Projected es�mates are forecast here under the Four Representa�ve Concentra�on Pathways (RCP) used by the AR5 for Papua New Guinea, which ranges from slight at 2.6 (a likely global increase of 1.00C), moderate at 4.5 (a likely global increase of 1.80C), high at 6.0 (a likely increase of 2.20C globally) to very high, at 8.5 (a likely increase of 3.70C globally).3 Figure 7 indicates the rising upwards trend in average (median) temperature comparing the RCP 2.6 measurement with the RCP 8.5 scenario. Figure 7 Comparative temperature trends between RCP 2.6 and RCP 8.5 from the historical records during 1986-2005. Source: World Bank (2022). Figure 8 Projected likely monthly temperature for 2040-2059 under RCP 8.5 compared with the historical reference period during 1986 - 2005. Source: World Bank (2022). Figure 9 shows projected changes in mean temperature for Papua New Guinea. These show that increases in average temperatures are expected to result in a rise in the number of hot days and warm nights. The number of days with a heat index higher than 35°C is also projected to increase (Figure 10), having implica�ons for health and well-being, agriculture and food security, water security, ecosystems, and biodiversity, as well as infrastructure and transport. Figure 9 Shows the projected mean temperature for 2040-2059 for Papua New Guinea (using reference period 1995-2014). Source: World Bank (2022). Figure 10 Projected days with heat index >35°C for Papua New Guinea (1951-2100) under SSP5-8.5. Source: World Bank (2022). Historical RCP 2.6 RCP 4.5 RCP 6.0 RCP 8.5 1980 2000 2020 2040 2060 2080 2100 Year Te m pe ra tu re (° C) 29.0 28.5 28.0 27.5 27.0 26.5 26.0 25.5 25.0 24.5 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Te m pe ra tu re (° C) Projected Mean-Temperature Historical (Ref. Period, 1986–2005) 24 25 26 27 28 29 17 Figure 11 Projected mean temperature in Papua New Guinea under different SSPs (Reference Period: 1995-2014). Source: World Bank (2022). Figure 12 Shows increase in global surface temperature in each SSP scenario relative to historic 1850-1900 levels. Source IPCC AR6 WGI (2021). The projec�on forecasts for temperature for 2040-2059 under climate projec�on modelled data from the Sixth Phase of the Coupled Model Inter-comparison Projects (CMIP6) suggest an increase in the annual mean temperatures for Papua New Guinea to 25.84°C [25.39°C-26.09°C] under SSP1-1.9 Ensemble and 26.55°C [26.16°C-27.17°C] under the SSP5-8.5 Ensemble. ii. Precipita�on Notably, as one of the we�est areas in the region, Papua New Guinea is set to see an increase in precipita�on according to climate projec�ons. The El Niño Southern Oscilla�on (ENSO) phenomenon has already nega�vely affected Papua New Guinea’s climate, triggering more intense drought and flood events. While there is a high degree of uncertainty about changes in rainfall pa�erns and significant modelling uncertain�es for the Pacific region, rainfall pa�erns are expected to become less predictable, with more frequent and intense extreme events. Future El Niño-related events are likely to drive many expected changes in rainfall, including a rise in annual precipita�on and increases in drought condi�ons throughout the region, as well as sea-level changes (World Bank 2021; USAID 2018). Figure 13 Boxplots showing the projected average annual precipitation for Papua New Guinea in the period 2080-2099. Source: World Bank (2022) Figure 14 Projected number of consecutive wet days for 2020-2039 (annually) using the 1995-2014 reference period, SSP3-7.0. Source: World Bank (2022). Historical RCP 2.6 RCP 4.5 RCP 6.0 RCP 8.5 6000 5500 5000 4500 4000 3500 3000 2500 2000 1500 Pr ec ip ita tio n (m m ) 18 Climate change is expected to exacerbate exis�ng risk factors, raising significant challenges for the country’s development, with expected impacts on development sectors, natural resources, assets, services, and livelihoods. Papua New Guinea is highly vulnerable to climate change impacts such as floods and landslides, sea-level rise and coastal erosion and inunda�on, inland and coastal flooding, increased periods of heat, drought, soil salinisa�on and coral reef degrada�on, ocean acidifica�on, and tropical cyclones (Figure 15). The country’s highland region is suscep�ble to heavy rainfall. In contrast, the coastal areas, the islands, and the low-lying atoll areas are mainly affected by extreme weather events, storm surges, sea-level rise, and coastal inunda�on (Word Bank, 2021). This sec�on provides an overview of climate hazards and impacts based on exis�ng informa�on in Papua New Guinea using data from the CMIP5.4 4 Fifth phase of the global climate model compilations of the Coupled Model Inter-comparison Projects (CMIPs) Figure 15 Expected climate impacts in Papua New Guinea The climate risks faced by Papua New Guinea include rapid onset and long-term changes in climate parameters and the impacts on communi�es and economies because of these varia�ons, which are already underway (Table 3). 2.3 VULNERABILITY Climate change impacts are expected to exacerbate exis�ng urban development challenges and vulnerabili�es, such as inadequate housing a, and lack of access to infrastructure, basic services and social safety nets Effects on pa�erns and rates of internal migra�on and urbanisa�on within PNG, par�cularly for communi�es residing in the climate vulnerable areas and reliant on natural resources for livelihoods and well being IMPACTS ON WATER AND SANITATION It is expected that climate change will further hinder provision of safe drinking water and sanita�on that in turn will increase health risks of communi�es. LANDSLIDES Damage to vital infrastructure, homes and gardens and upland forests INCREASE IN MALARIA & VECTOR-BOURNE DISEASES Migra�on of malaria and other vector-bourne to regions where the disease was not previously founc Coral bleaching and reef degrada�on Decline of reef organisms and fish stocks COASTAL FLOODING Adverse impacts on rural coastal lowland areas, mangroves, estuaries and coral reefs as a result of the heavy silt and debris deposited, from flood events. Nega�ve impact on agriculture crops grown on coral atolls Damage to coastal infrastructures IMPACTS ON CITIES CLIMATE-INDUCED MIGRATION FOOD INSECURITY Increase food insecurity due to the decline in yield and crop quality of climate-sensi�ve crops like sweet potato, coffee and cocoa , as well as decreased water quality and availability Decrease in nutri�on and adverse impacts on the health of the popula�on DAMAGE TO CORAL REEFS INLAND FLOODING Adverse impacts on rural livelihoods that are reliant on agriculture in both the lowlands and highlands Damage to infrastructures KEY CLIMATE IMPACTS 19 Descrip�on Floods The risk of flooding is ranked among the highest level of climate risks in Papua New Guinea. Floods affect most parts of Papua New Guinea during the monsoon season. The highlands, in par�cular, have a long history of severe floods. Floods cause erosion and heavy sedimenta�on in the coastal plains that impact agricultural produc�vity and downstream se�lements. In the lowlands, coastal ecosystems such as mangroves, estuaries, and coral reefs endure damage due to heavy silt loads and debris brought in by flood events. Droughts Affects much of the Southwestern plains, Central Province plains, Cape Vogel area, Markham Valley, Bulolo Valley, Maprik–Angoram areas as well as parts of the Eastern Highlands and Madang Provinces. Landslides Are a common occurrence in the high mountainous regions of Papua New Guinea and frequently damage vital infrastructure, upland forests, and the homes and gardens of thousands of residents. Tropical cyclones Papua New Guinea is classified as a country with a high risk of cyclones, where there is more than a 20 per cent chance of poten�ally damaging wind speeds in the next 10 years. Cyclone-related damages can occur due to wind, cyclone induced heavy rainfall and subsequent flooding, as well as coastal floods in coastal areas. Sea-Level Rise The effects of sea-level rise are already apparent in the Carteret Islands and the Mortlock Islands, near the Solomon Islands, where much of the land is now underwater. Table 3 Overview of the key impacts facing Papua New Guinea from climate-related risks Source: Adapted from World Bank (2022) and GFDRR (2020) Drought and heatwaves Drought affects Papua New Guinea’s Southwestern plains, Central Province plains, Cape Vogel area, Markham Valley, Bulolo Valley, Maprik–Angoram area, and areas in the Eastern Highlands and Madang Provinces (World Bank, 2021). Past drought incidents in Papua New Guinea have led to significant disaster events. For example, the severe drought caused by El Niño in 2015-2016 affected about 40 per cent of the popula�on, with approximately 480,000 people impacted by cri�cal food shortages due to subsistence crops failing and extreme water shortages (Chua et al. 2019). Although there is some uncertainty about how climate change will drive drought impacts, Papua New Guinea faces an annual median probability of severe meteorological drought of around 4 per cent, defined by a standardised precipita�on evapora�on index (SPEI) of less than two (World Bank, 2021). Climate change-related warming and increased climate variability are also projected to dras�cally increase the frequency of heat waves (World Bank, 2021). Heatwaves represent a significant poten�al health hazard to Papua New Guinea’s communi�es. By the 2090s Papua New Guinea is likely to experience a considerable increase in the likelihood of a heat wave under all emission pathways (World Bank, 2021). Floods and landslides The risk of flooding is ranked among the highest climate impacts for Papua New Guinea. Changes in the intensity and severity of rainfall are expected to increase inland flooding, and more frequent and intense rainfall events are also expected to increase the risk of coastal flooding, which is already high (GFDRR, 2020). Figure 16 Risk to river, urban and coastal floods in Papua New Guinea. Source: GFDRR (2020) COASTAL FLOOD RIVER FLOOD URBAN FLOOD 20 Approximately 18 per cent of the total landmass of Papua New Guinea already experiences flooding, with the incidence and extent of coastal flooding expected to increase, par�cularly in the northern areas (Government of Papua New Guinea, 2020). These changes will regularly impact Papua New Guinea’s valleys and wetlands in both lowland and highland areas, adversely affec�ng agriculture-dependent livelihoods, public services, and infrastructure. Between 22,000 and 26,000 people are already affected annually by inland floods, which displace 6,000-8,000 people annually, with es�mated annual damages of over USD 8 million, a burden usually shouldered by the poorest people in the country (Government of Papua New Guinea, 2014). Atolls are also threatened by periodic inunda�on from extreme events, such as high waves and storm surges. Coastal flooding already affects 8,000 people annually and causes damages es�mated at USD 10 - 20 million (Government of Papua New Guinea, 2014). Floods cause erosion and heavy sedimenta�on in the coastal plains, affec�ng agricultural produc�vity and downstream se�lements. In the lowlands, heavy silt loads and debris brought in by flood events cause damage to coastal ecosystems such as mangroves, estuaries, and coral reefs (World Bank, 2021). Higher rainfall intensity cumulates with Papua New Guinea’s steep mountainous ranges, and elevated seismicity, in a very high landslide risk. Triggered by increased rainfall intensity and land-use changes in the mountainous rural areas of Papua New Guinea, landslides frequently already cause damage to vital infrastructure, homes and gardens, and upland forests (Government of Papua New Guinea, 2020). The increased risk of landslides is influenced by climate change, as changes in precipita�on and temperature will likely alter the slope and bedrock stability (GFDRR, 2020). Tropical Cyclones Papua New Guinea is also classified as a country with a high risk of cyclones, with more than a 20 per cent chance of poten�ally damaging wind speeds in the next ten years. Cyclone-related damages can occur due to wind, cyclone-induced heavy rainfall and subsequent flooding, and related coastal floods in coastal areas (GFDRR, 2020). Tropical cyclones affect southern Papua New Guinea areas, usually between November and April. An average of fi�een cyclones per decade developed within or crossed into Papua New Guinean waters during 1969-2010, with the number of cyclones varying widely from year to year (Figure 17). While the frequency of tropical cyclones is expected to decrease as part of a global trend, when cyclones do occur, they are likely to be of greater intensity, with projec�ons es�ma�ng an increase of maximum tropical cyclone wind speeds by around 5–10 per cent by 2050 (GGGI 2019). Figure 17 Number of tropical cyclones historically crossing Papua New Guinea’s Exclusive Economic Zone per season during the 1970-2010 period. Source: CSIRO (2015) 21 Sea level rise and Ocean acidifica�on The IPCC es�mates that sea levels will likely con�nue to rise around Small Islands and over more extended periods under higher emissions (IPCC 2022). In the Pacific Region, sea levels are likely to increase between 17 and 38 cen�metres by 2050 and are expected to rise by at least the global average projec�on of over 1 meter by 2100 (USAID 2018). By the 2050s, Papua New Guinea is likely to experience a sea-level rise of +0.2 to +0.3 meters (against the mean value of 1986-2005), while by the end of the century, projec�ons es�mate a sea-level rise of +0.4 to +0.5 meters under a low emissions scenario (RCP 2.6) and +0.7 to +0.9 meters under a high emissions scenario (RCP 8.5) shown in Figure 18 (World Bank 2021). Ocean acidifica�on has slowly increased in Papua New Guinea’s water (CSIRO, 2015). Figure 19 NOAA Coral Reef Watch Daily 5km Bleaching Alert Area for 12 June 2022. Source: NOAA Coral Reef Watch Figure 20 NOAA Coral Reef Watch Daily 5km Sea Surface Temperatures for 12 June 2022. Source: NOAA Coral Reef Watch Increasing warming of ocean surface waters around Papua New Guinea has put coral and marine ecosystems at risk, with high temperatures resul�ng in coral bleaching for most of the north coasts of Papua New Guinea at present (2022). 22 23 3. INSTITUTIONAL AND POLICY SETTING FOR CLIMATE CHANGE ACTION Specific adapta�on measures need to be planned and integrated into sectoral policies and planning and budge�ng processes. Accordingly, a concerted approach to adapta�on planning under the NAP ensures that climate change adapta�on is streamlined into exis�ng government plans, policies, and budgets, aligning with key development and sectoral strategies. Papua New Guinea’s NAP has been designed to reconcile mul�ple objec�ves and sectoral planning for climate change adapta�on framed by the interna�onal, na�onal policy and strategic planning landscape. 3.1 NATIONAL LEGISLATION AND POLICY FRAMEWORKS Building resilience to climate change has featured in the na�onal dialogue and poli�cal commitments for over a decade. Papua New Guinea passed legisla�on on climate change through the Climate Change Management Act of 2015 and the Amendment of the Climate Change Management Act of 2022. The Climate Change Management Act (CCMA) sets an overarching regulatory instrument for climate ac�ons in the country and sectoral en��es to mainstream adapta�on into sectoral planning and budge�ng through climate-compa�ble adapta�on ac�on plans. At the Na�onal level, the CCMA cons�tutes an overarching regula�on that underpins the NAP, as it provides an ins�tu�onal and opera�onal framework to foster climate-compa�ble development in Papua New Guinea and establishes the mandate for priority sectoral en��es to “implement a climate change and climate-compatible adaptation action” plan (Government of Papua New Guinea, 2021b). The Papua New Guinea Government established the Climate Change and Development Authority (CCDA) as the mandated en�ty to manage climate change ma�ers in Papua New Guinea through the Climate Change Management Act (2015). Overall, the role of the CCDA includes overseeing the implementa�on of the Na�onal Climate Compa�ble Development Management Policy, implemen�ng and repor�ng on Papua New Guinea's interna�onal commitments and ac�ons on addressing climate change and coordina�ng various stakeholders’ par�cipa�on in the sector. Under the CCMA, the CCDA is mandated as the coordina�ng body for all climate change-related policies and tasked with ensuring a path of climate-compa�ble growth. The CCMA also sets out the regulatory framework to a) Promote and manage climate-compa�ble development through climate change mi�ga�on and adapta�on ac�vi�es; b) Implement any relevant obliga�ons of the State under applicable rules of interna�onal law and interna�onal agreements related to climate change, including the United Na�ons Framework Conven�on on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and the Paris Agreement; and c) Establish Papua New Guinea’s Na�onal Designated Authority (NDA) or an equivalent en�ty for the UNFCCC, the Paris Agreement, and any other or subsequent arrangements or agreements made under the UNFCCC and the Paris Agreement. The CCMA Amendment 2022 also provides legisla�on to drive adapta�on planning throughout Papua New Guinea’s regulated sectors and supports the implementa�on of the NAP. Under the CCMA Amendment 2022, all regulated sectors (iden�fied in ar�cle 53) must develop sectoral adapta�on plans. The CCMA’s regulated sectors are the areas of agriculture and livestock; the energy sector (electricity genera�on, energy, petroleum, and natural gas produc�on); the Transport sector (road, sea, and air); works & infrastructure sector (including the manufacturing industry); the forestry and land use sector (LULUCF); the mining sector (minerals explora�on, extrac�on, produc�on, and refining); the fisheries and marine resources sector, and; the waste management sector (including industrial processing and disposal). Accordingly, several key departments and na�onal agencies are cri�cal in leading the implementa�on of the NAP in line with the mandated sectors. The Department of Agriculture and Livestock (DAL) oversees climate change adapta�on policy and planning for food security and the agriculture sector, with legisla�on governing separate commodi�es and decision-making powers and func�ons. The Na�onal Agriculture Research Ins�tute (NARI), for example, was established as an independent research ins�tu�on responsible for providing technical, analy�cal, diagnos�c, and advisory services along with up-to-date informa�on to the agriculture sector in Papua New Guinea, under the Minister for Higher Educa�on, Research, Science and Technology. Provincial agricultural offices report to the Provincial Administra�on Provincial Government and Provincial Execu�ve Council to progress five-year provincial and ward development plans. Key policies such as the Na�onal Food Security Policy, the Papua New Guinea E-agriculture Strategy 2017-2023, and the (Dra�) Climate Smart Agriculture Policy link the agriculture sector with the objec�ves of the NAP. 24 The Na�onal Department of Health (NDoH) is responsible for administering the health system, structures, ins�tu�ons, services, and personnel, as well as cri�cal health-related policies such as the (Dra�) Na�onal Strategy and Ac�on Plan on Climate Change and Health, the (Dra�) Na�onal Environmental Health Policy 2021-2030. At the organisa�onal level, the NDoH has a dedicated sec�on on Environmental Health, which in turn has programmes on water and sanita�on, sustainable environmental health and climate change, and food and quaran�ne, with four sub-programmes, including climate change and health, waste management, occupa�onal health and safety, and environmental health impact assessments. Aside from the NDoH, other key stakeholders include the Provincial Health Authori�es and the Ins�tute of Medical Research; there are also the Provincial and District Health Services at the sub-na�onal level under the administra�on of the Provincial Health Authority. The WASH Policy 2015-2030 covers some aspects of the relevant issues rela�ng to climate change risks as it relates to adapta�on priority areas. This is provided as part of the informa�on disseminated through the DNPM and as part of its core mandate as the central agency in coordina�on of overall na�onal development plans and policies and cross-sector or cri�cal thema�c plans and policies within the country. The Department of Works and Highways (DoWH) is mandated as the agency responsible for infrastructure in Papua New Guinea, specifically focused on quality control through implemen�ng infrastructure regula�ons and standards. These responsibili�es cover land use zoning and physical planning, as well as establishing and enforcing standards for the engineering, construc�on and maintenance of roads, the road network, and bridges throughout the country. DoWH also provides technical assistance to provincial, district and local governments to develop infrastructure. The CCMA calls for the need to have specific building standards to align with the climate change requirements under the UNFCCC rela�ng to adapta�on. At the same �me, the Building Act (1971) prescribes the minimum environmental standards in the construc�on and performance of all new buildings and refurbishments. The Physical Planning Act provides for specific land development plans that cover provincial, urban, local, or subject development and measures for improving the physical environment or land zoning. The Department of Works and Highways (DoWH) Climate Change Policy and Ac�on Plan (2022), as well as the Na�onal Transport Strategy 2013, outline the transport sector’s broad objec�ves on climate change as well as the specific adapta�on measures to be adopted in addressing both current and future impacts of climate change. The 2030 Transport Policy and Investment Plan also highlights climate change as a cross-cu�ng issue that needs to be integrated into all planning and development aspects of road, sea and air transport planning and development aspects. The Department of Transport (DoT) works closely with six separate government agencies in formula�ng new policies, including the Department of Works and Highways, the Civil Avia�on Safety Authority (CASA), the Na�onal Mari�me Safety Authority (NMSA), PNG Ports Corpora�on (PNG Ports), the Na�onal Roads Authority (NRA) and the Na�onal Road Safety Council. There is a clear dis�nc�on between the mandate that the DoWH and the Department of Transport (DoT) hold regarding building and infrastructure in Papua New Guinea. The DoWH is responsible for ensuring supervision and quality control by implemen�ng the country's regula�ons and standards. Roads, ports, and airports meet the bulk of Papua New Guinea’s transport demands, and the government plays a vital role in managing transport systems. As a unit within the DoT, the Na�onal Weather Service (NWS) plays a crucial role in adapta�on monitoring to assess the scale of vulnerability and its associated risk level at each loca�on. The NWS is responsible for collec�ng and analysing meteorological data for historical and current weather repor�ng and near-term weather forecas�ng within Papua New Guinea and the surrounding region. Weather reports and forecasts are provided for general use and specialist avia�on and mari�me purposes. NWS also advises on medium-term clima�c varia�on and long-term climate change. At the Provincial level, the five-year development plans are the primary legal instruments that help to promote the integra�on and coordina�on of climate change ini�a�ves into development objec�ves and projects at the subna�onal level. The DNPM is also linked to the provincial level through its provincial planning divisions, ensuring that crucial informa�on on these key policies and plans is disseminated at the subna�onal level and integrated into its exis�ng ins�tu�onal arrangements. The NAP highlights the coordina�on between these bodies through the CCDA Adapta�on Technical Working Commi�ee (ATWC), which meet quarterly or when the need arises. 25 In addi�on to the CCMA and mandated areas, several laws, regula�ons, policies, and planning instruments have mandated and underpinned the design of Papua New Guinea’s first NAP. These include the cons�tu�onal and direc�ve policies (Vision 2050, Papua New Guinea Development Strategic Plan 2010-2030, the Medium-Term Development Plan (MTDP), Sector, Provincial, District, Local-level Government and Ward Plans, and Annual Budgets) and those that support na�onal government policy implementa�on (Alotau Accord II, StaR, Papua New Guinea’s Development Coopera�on Policy, all sector policies, and policy M&E frameworks, amongst others) set out in Table 4 below. Table 4 Relevant laws, regulations, policies, and other instruments underpinning Papua New Guinea’s LAWS, REGULATIONS, POLICIES & INSTRUMENTS Climate Change Management Act (CCMA) 2015 and Amendment 2022 The CCMA is the central legisla�on for the promo�on and management for climate - compa�ble development in Papua New Guinea. The CCMA legislates climate change mi�ga�on and adapta�on measures and ac�ons, including for Papua New Guinea’s UNFCCC commitments such as the Paris Agreement (2015) and all subsequent Conference of Par�es (COP) agreements into Papua New Guinea’s legal framework. The 2015 Act has been recently Amended (2022). Paris Agreement Implementa�on 2015 The UNFCCC Paris Agreement was ra�fied by Papua New Guinea and is legally enforceable domes�cally, providing the structure and support to implement climate change adapta�on measures and ac�ons in Papua New Guinea. In addi�on to serving as a ra�fica�on instrument, the Paris Agreement serves as the basis for the development of Climate Change Management (Na�onally Determined Contribu�ons) Regula�on 2021 and enforcing the recently Revised Enhanced NDC Implementa�on Plan. Papua New Guinea’s Enhanced Na�onally Determined Contribu�on (NDC) 2020 Papua New Guinea’s Enhanced Na�onally Determined Contribu�on to the UNFCCC provides Papua New Guinea’s targets on na�onal climate change emissions reduc�ons, as well as se�ng core targets for na�onal adapta�on to the impacts of climate change. The adapta�on targets in the NDC target the agriculture, health, transport and infrastructure sectors, establishing four targets for achievement by 2030: a) in agriculture “10 percent of the total popula�on (0.8 million beneficiaries (25 percent are women)) have increased resilience with respect to food and water security, health and well-being in Papua New Guinea”’; b) in health “100 per cent of the popula�on benefits from improved health measures to respond to malaria and other climate-sensi�ve diseases in Papua New Guinea”; c) in transport “US1.2 billion (PGK 4.2 billion) value of transport (air, sea, and land) infrastructure and assets built/rehabilitated according to climate-resilient codes and standards”; d) in infrastructure “6 million people (70 percent of the popula�on) benefit from improved early warning systems/informa�on to respond to extreme climate events” as well as “ US$172 million (PGK 608 million) value of building and u�lity infrastructure assets built/rehabilitated according to climate-resilient codes and standards.” Na�onal Strategy on Responsible Sustainable Development Na�onal Strategy on Responsible Sustainable Development promotes sustainable development and management of natural resources to preserve Papua New Guinea’s environment and biodiversity via energy efficient (low carbon/carbon neutral) green growth paths for sustainable development in Papua New Guinea. 26 5Government of Papua New Guinea, 2017 Medium Term Development Plan III (2018- 2022) The Medium-Term Development Plan III (2018-2022) sets out specific indicators and targets rela�ng to the development of Papua New Guinea’s resources. All subsequent sectoral plans and programmes must align with or be consistent with these objec�ves, including forestry and climate change programs (under sec�ons 2.1, 3.2, 3.3, 4.2 and 4.4). The Medium-Term Development Plan III will shortly be replaced with the Medium-Term Development Plan IV. Na�onal Climate Compa�ble Development Management Policy 2014 The Na�onal Climate Compa�ble Development Management Policy preceded the Climate Change Management Act 2015 informs the basis for a NAP. The policy was the Government of Papua New Guinea’s blueprint to build a climate-resilient and carbon-neutral pathway through sustainable economic development by 2030 and become climate compa�ble by 2050. Papua New Guinea’s Sustainable Development Goal 13 Roadmap Papua New Guinea’s Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 13 Roadmap (“take urgent ac�on to combat climate change and its impacts”) outlines a path towards climate compa�ble development and reduced vulnerability to climate change. The roadmap targets ac�on on reducing greenhouse gas emissions by 2030 including 30 specific ac�ons to be completed between 2020 and 2030 to achieve SDG 13, as well as to make progress across all 17 of the SDGs. Papua New Guinea Green Climate Fund Country Programme 2020 Papua New Guinea Green Climate Fund (GCF) Country Programme (CP) 2020 sets out country priori�es in rela�on to the Green Climate Fund (GCF), as well as the current pipeline of investment and readiness projects. These priori�es have been selected based on alignment with the GCF’s result areas and investment criteria. The Country Programme was developed by synthesising na�onal climate change and development strategies and ac�on plans, and by conduc�ng intensive stakeholder engagement at the na�onal and provincial levels. The Country Programme is in alignment with the priori�es, goals and targets outlined throughout Papua New Guinea’s strategic documents rela�ng to climate change, e.g., the Na�onal Climate Compa�ble Development Management Policy (NCCDMP) 2014, the Na�onally Determined Contribu�on (NDC) 2015, the Medium-Term Development Plan III (2018-2022) and Papua New Guinea’s Vision 2050. The Na�onal Disaster Risk Reduc�on Framework 2017-2030 The Na�onal Disaster Risk Reduc�on Framework (NDRRF) 2017-2030 provides policy and opera�onal framework for risk preven�on and reduc�on, inclusive of climate induced risks in accordance with the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduc�on 2015-2030. The NDRRF 2017-2030 ar�culates seven agreed na�onal targets to be achieved by 2030.5 The Na�onal Disaster Mi�ga�on Policy 2019 The Na�onal Disaster Mi�ga�on Policy 2019 aims to enhance the powers and func�ons of the Disaster Management Act (1984, currently under review) in its role in management of disasters and emergencies in Papua New Guinea and highligh�ng the need for a Na�onal Environment and Disaster Mi�ga�on Authority. This policy 27 3.2 INTERNATIONAL LEGISLATION AND POLICY FRAMEWORKS Alongside na�onal-level efforts, Papua New Guinea has commi�ed to interna�onal frameworks addressing climate change under the UNFCCC. At the interna�onal level, adapta�on has taken a prominent role in the discussions under the UNFCCC. The Paris Agreement recognises in Ar�cle 7 the global goal on adapta�on and that the current need for adapta�on is significant. The Paris Agreement establishes that Par�es shall, as appropriate, engage in adapta�on planning processes and implemen�ng ac�ons, including developing NAPs (Ar�cle 7.9). Guided by these interna�onal commitments and Papua New Guinea’s na�onal policy and legal frameworks, the Papua New Guinean government has undertaken diverse ac�vi�es geared towards a na�onal adapta�on planning process. Environment Act 2000 The Environment Act 2000 governs and regulates the protec�on of the environment from the impacts of developmental ac�vi�es to environment-conscience development, safeguarding environmental systems. The Environment Act 2000 is integrated into the development and planning process, regula�ng development, and ensuring environmental protec�on through the permi�ng process required for economic ac�vi�es covered under the Environment (Prescribed Activities) Regulation 2002, which will have impacts on the environment, including for adapta�on ac�vi�es under the NAP (Agriculture, Health, Transport, and Infrastructure). The Na�onal Policy for Women and Gender Equality (2011-2015) The Na�onal Policy for Women and Gender Equality (2011-2015) was aimed at providing strategic direc�on to advance gender mainstreaming and equality in Papua New Guinea. Although this policy does not address gender differen�ated climate- induced risks and vulnerabili�es, the policy provides the basis for improving and strengthening women’s rights within key sectors such as agriculture, while sensi�sing responsible sectoral ins�tu�ons to incorporate gender-responsive considera�ons across levels of government. Na�onal Public Service Gender Equity and Social Inclusion (GESI) Policy Na�onal Public Service Gender Equity and Social Inclusion (GESI) Policy for the public service, focused on the preven�on of gender discrimina�on and inequality across all central line agencies and departments in Papua New Guinea. Organic Law on Provincial Governments and Local-level Governments Organic Law on Provincial Governments and Local-level Governments 1998/ Amendment No.13 Law 2014 and all subsequent amendments provide the overarching legal framework for subna�onal levels of government, and implemen�ng agencies, including in rela�on to provincial-level 5-year development plans. The Organic Law on Provincial and Local Level governments recognises the capacity of subna�onal �ers of government in terms of enac�ng appropriate laws at their level, provided they do not directly contradict Na�onal Laws, the provisions of the Cons�tu�on and certain provisions of the OL itself. Framework for Resilient Development in the Pacific 2017-2030 The Framework for Resilient Development in the Pacific 2017-2030 provides an integrated framework for Pacific Islands na�ons on addressing climate change and disaster risk management, under high level strategic guidance on enhancing resilience to climate change and disaster within sustainable development. Na�onal Oceans Policy Working with the Mari�me Zones Act 2015 seeks to improve the governance framework for the sustainable use and management of the oceans and its resources in PNG. 28 Figure 22 Relationship between Papua New Guinea’s National and International Frameworks on Climate Change. Papua New Guinea submi�ed its Ini�al Na�onal Communica�on (INC) to the UNFCCC in 2000, and in 2014 submi�ed its Second Na�onal Communica�on (SNC) to the UNFCCC, which already iden�fies adapta�on as a high priority. The SNC iden�fies sea-level rise, agriculture and food security, landslides, and risks to public health as the greatest climate change impacts on the country. The SNC also outlines a diversity of approaches for effec�vely mainstreaming adapta�on across sectors and levels of government. These include but are not limited to strengthened community resilience, par�cularly of local livelihoods, and reducing dependence on fragile natural resources; mainstreaming climate change considera�ons into na�onal development planning; informing na�onal planning according to climate impact informa�on at global, regional and na�onal scales, and; highligh�ng the need for adapta�on given that climate change and variability pose a challenge for Papua New Guinea’s development (Government of Papua New Guinea, 2014). Papua New Guinea’s First Biennial Update Report (BUR) to the UNFCCC was submi�ed in 2018/9, providing an overview of the country’s na�onal circumstances and observed climate impacts. Papua New Guinea’s Na�onally Determined Contribu�on (NDC) and, most recently, the updated Enhanced NDC 2020 directly recognise adapta�on to climate change as a high priority for the country. Submi�ed during the Conference of Par�es (CoP) 26 in Glasgow in 2021, Papua New Guinea presented the Revised Enhanced NDC 2020 Implementa�on Plan, providing a concrete framework for the country to meet its mi�ga�on and adapta�on priority ac�ons by 2030, and iden�fying nine predominant hazards that require strategic a�en�on. At the interna�onal level, Papua New Guinea’s Enhanced NDC 2020 – 2030 underscores the country’s high vulnerability to climate-induced hazards and priori�ses four development sectors given their role in Papua New Guinea’s economy and development priori�es: agriculture, health, transport, and infrastructure. The Revised Enhanced NDC 2020 Implementa�on Plan underscores the role of NAP as the Implementa�on Roadmap for Adapta�on. It reconfirms na�onal goals and adapta�on priority development sectors and ac�ons (Government of Papua New Guinea, 2021). Accordingly, the Enhanced NDC established a series of adapta�on targets by 2030, including: • Ten per cent of the total popula�on (0.8 million beneficiaries, 25 per cent of whom are women) have increased resilience concerning food and water security, health, and well-being in Papua New Guinea. • One hundred per cent of the popula�on benefits from improved health measures to respond to malaria and other climate-sensi�ve diseases in Papua New Guinea. • US$1.2 billion/PGK 4.2 billion value of transport (air, sea, and land) infrastructure built/rehabilitated according to climate-resilient codes and standards. • Six million people (70 per cent of the popula�on) benefit from improved early warning systems/informa�on to respond to extreme climate events. INTERNATIONAL FRAMEWORKSNATIONAL CLIMATE CHANGE STRATEGIESNATIONAL STRATEGIC POLICY & PLANNING Medium Term Development Plan III 2018 - 2022 8Key Areas for Inclusive Sustainable Economic Growth Alotau Accord II 2017 - 2022 Priority 87 - Strengthen abilities for Climate Change Challenges Na�onal Strategy for Responsible Sustainable Development for PNG 21 Principles of Inclusive Green Growth UNFCCC Paris Agreement (Implementa�on) Act 2016 Climate Change Management Act 2015/2022 Annual Opera�on Plan CCDA Corporate Plan 2018 - 2022 2023 - 2027 Development Strategic Plan Goal 6.7 - Climate Change Pacific Framework for Resilient Development Plan UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) Goal 13 - Climate Action UN Sendai Framework on Disaste Risk Reduc�on (DRR) UNFCCC Paris Agreement United Na�ons Framework Conven�on on Climate Change (UNFCCC) Na�onal REDD+ Strategy Na�onal Adapta�on Plan Na�onal Climate Compa�ble Development Management Plan Vision 2050 Pillar 6 - Environmental Sustainability and Climate Change 29 4. PAPUA NEW GUINEA’S NATIONAL ADAPTATION PLAN FORMULATION The NAP takes a phased approach to implementa�on that considers the ins�tu�onal frameworks, and the NAP priority sectors. Sectoral climate change adapta�on priority areas outline Papua New Guinea’s climate change adapta�on priori�es for expected climate impacts and adapta�on targets, focusing on four priority sectors for the first phase: agriculture, health, transport, and infrastructure, and are accompanied by cross-cu�ng strategies in six areas. The cri�cal sectoral priority ac�ons and cross-cu�ng strategies have been formulated to ensure that Papua New Guinea’s NAP both considers and adheres to key principles and objec�ves. 4.1 THE NATIONAL ADAPTATION PLAN PRINCIPLES AND GUIDING FRAMEWORK Papua New Guinea’s NAP is underpinned by core goals and principles of integral human development defined in the country’s Na�onal Cons�tu�on, including equality and par�cipa�on, na�onal sovereignty and self-reliance, and Papua New Guinean ways. National Soverignty, Leadership and Ownership Inclusiveness and Participation Environmental Sustainability Good Governance Gender Responsiveness Community Empowerment Precautionary ApproachCultural SensitivityEquity Figure 23 Papua New Guinea National Adaptation Plan Guiding Principles. Ensuring the successful implementa�on of Papua New Guinea’s NAP will require adherence to a set of governance, social, environmental and sustainability guiding principles (Figure 23) to achieve Papua New Guinea’s adapta�on priori�es, objec�ves and goals: na�onal sovereignty, leadership and ownership; inclusiveness and par�cipa�on; good governance; environmental sustainability; gender responsiveness; community empowerment; gender responsiveness; community empowerment; equity; cultural sensi�vity, and; a precau�onary approach. 30 Na�onal adapta�on planning can enable countries to assess their vulnerabili�es, mainstream climate change risks, and address adapta�on (UNFCCC, 2012). Under the UNFCCC process, Papua New Guinea’s first NAP enables this by providing a strategic framework to support country-driven efforts to effec�vely mainstream adapta�on to climate-induced risks within sectoral planning processes. NAPs are key planning instruments that support the development and assessment of op�ons to reduce vulnerability to the adverse impacts of climate change and define implementa�on arrangements and financing sources for implemen�ng these measures. These planning processes also seek to facilitate the integra�on of climate change adapta�on into development planning processes and strategies across all relevant sectors and levels. Accordingly, the objec�ves of the NAP process set out in the UNFCCC decision rela�ng to NAPs (Decision 5/CP.17 para 1) are to: • Reduce vulnerability to the impacts of climate change by building adap�ve capacity and resilience; and • Facilitate the integra�on of climate change adapta�on into relevant policies, programmes and ac�vi�es, par�cularly development planning processes and strategies, within all relevant sectors and at different levels. Key steps and building blocks for the NAP process have been developed through the technical guidelines for the NAP process, taking into considera�on vulnerable groups, communi�es, and ecosystems (Decision 5/CP.17, para 3). The UNFCCC has established guidelines for the formula�on of na�onal adapta�on plans, including four key elements: 1) laying the groundwork and addressing gaps; 2) preparatory elements; 3) implementa�on strategies; and 4) repor�ng, monitoring, and review (Decision 5/CP.17). The development of the NAP and the objec�ves, outcomes, and outputs of the Advancing Papua New Guinea’s NAP project suppor�ng the development of the NAP, therefore, followed the guidance provided, including key elements considered integral. These elements include linking the implementa�on and development of NDC adapta�on components with the NAP process, which has been iden�fied as a good prac�ce to strengthen adapta�on ac�on and promote policy coherence and clarity on na�onal priori�es. Similarly, alignment with Sustainable Development Goals has been sought, given the various intersec�ons between Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), NDCs and NAPs. Climate-resilient development is considered key to the broader sustainable agenda, providing opportuni�es to streamline efforts to achieve the SDGs. The NAP is intended to build capaci�es and be formulated with a country-driven, gender-sensi�ve, par�cipatory and fully transparent approach. At the same �me, gender responsiveness is one of the characteris�cs of an effec�ve NAP. Intended as a con�nuous and itera�ve process, adapta�on planning is built on past experiences, current observa�ons and advice, and future scien�fic projec�ons to create robust adapta�on plans and programs. Ensuring alignment of adapta�on op�ons with development planning is needed to streamline planning and promote policy coherence. The MTDP III seeks equal opportuni�es for all ci�zens to benefit from development (KRA 3.5), highligh�ng the need to address gender inequality and promote equal opportuni�es for women. Papua New Guinea’s adapta�on ac�ons aim to comprise tangible and intangible ac�vi�es that benefit targeted popula�ons. These include smallholder farmers, micro, small and medium enterprises in business, community-based organisa�ons, clans, and villages, and focusing on the most vulnerable groups, including women, children, youth, and persons with disabili�es. It is vital to ensure a socially inclusive approach to climate change adapta�on, so that adapta�on measures do not exacerbate exis�ng social inequali�es. Therefore, planning and implemen�ng adapta�on ac�ons considering mi�ga�on and sustainable development benefits can help achieve posi�ve benefits beyond climate change adapta�on, such as conserva�on or improvement of ecosystems, job crea�on, reduced poverty, and be�er health. In addi�on, priori�sing adapta�on op�ons that generate posi�ve mi�ga�on benefits can create synergies between mi�ga�on and adapta�on ini�a�ves to support mi�ga�on goals in the country. 31 6See www.ccda.gov.pg 7See www.ccda.gov.pg 4.2 THE NATIONAL ADAPTATION PLANNING FORMULATION PROCESS In 2016, the Green Climate Fund (GCF) Board established the opportunity for countries to access up to USD 3 million per country through the GCF Readiness and Preparatory Support Programme. GCF has accordingly funded, as a key priority, the development of the Na�onal Adapta�on Plan (NAP) and suppor�ng framework through the Advancing Papua New Guinea’s Na�onal Adapta�on Plan project. The joint UNDP-UN Environment Na�onal Adapta�on Plan Global Support Programme (NAP-GSP), funded by the Global Environment Facility (GEF), has assisted in iden�fying technical, ins�tu�onal, and financial needs to integrate climate change adapta�on into medium and long-term na�onal planning and financing. In 2017, supported by USAID through the Climate Ready Project, Papua New Guinea started the development of a rapid baseline assessment on capacity and policy needs to support the na�onal adapta�on planning process. A series of stocktaking efforts and consulta�ons were conducted, informing the prepara�on of a UNDP-implemented NAP proposal for GCF financing under its Readiness and Preparatory Support, approved in 2019, as well as informing Papua New Guinea’s Country Programme under the GCF. Commencing in 2020, the Advancing Papua New Guinea’s Na�onal Adapta�on Plan project built on earlier work to develop na�onal adapta�on capaci�es and planning. The Advancing Papua New Guinea’s Na�onal Adapta�on Plan project engaged in analysing the gaps needed for the NAP to address, assessing current na�onal strategy, planning and policy, and capacity needs. A legal, ins�tu�onal policy assessment and capacity development plan were developed as part of the NAP formula�on6. Aside from the gap analysis for policy and planning, the capacity assessment looked at the needs of local, provincial, and na�onal levels of government to implement climate change adapta�on within the wide range of sectors needing to include and mainstream addressing climate change impacts within their future budge�ng and planning. Several capacity training workshops followed this assessment for the na�onal and provincial levels and the development of a broadly accessible training module by the University of Papua New Guinea for enhancing adapta�on planning and ac�on capaci�es7. Alongside these ac�vi�es, the NAP forma�on as a consulta�ve process has engaged valida�on by cri�cal stakeholders across many sectors and endorsement through the Na�onal Execu�ve Council (NEC) for Papua New Guinea. An overview of Papua New Guinea’s NAP planning process is presented in Figure 24. One na�onal workshop and four regional workshops were held between June and August 2021, aimed at socialising adapta�on mainstreaming into policy development and planning in Papua New Guinea. The na�onal workshop included stakeholders from across government at na�onal and provincial levels with an emphasis on priority sectors (agriculture, transport, health and infrastructure), as well as from CCDA, the Adapta�on Technical Working Group (ATWG), and other relevant ins�tu�ons. Despite COVID-19-related travel restric�ons, regional workshops included stakeholders from subna�onal government authori�es, provincial administrators, provincial disaster planning, planning, finance and budge�ng divisions, development partners and other relevant ins�tu�ons. The workshop allowed the CCDA, the ATWG, the Department of Na�onal Planning & Monitoring (DNPM) and other relevant ins�tu�ons to engage, seek and provide feedback on the development of the NAP. As the NAP document was ini�ally dra�ed following these workshops, the ATWG held a 3-day workshop in Loloata in late January 2022 to review a dra� NAP document, as well as a follow-up session in Port Moresby in February 2022, with subsequent regular ongoing mee�ngs throughout February to July to itera�vely review and adjust the NAP tailored to feedback received. Suppor�ng the provincial level capacity to implement the NAP ac�vi�es, were then also three, week-long Capacity Development Training held during April – June 2022 in Port Moresby, Madang and Kokopo for the Southern, Highlands, Momase and New Guinea Island regions. Finally, ongoing engagement mee�ngs to finalise the NAP with key sectoral stakeholders and a peer review process were undertaken throughout June and July. A Na�onal Valida�on Workshop was held in Port Moresby in August 2022, with na�onal and provincial stakeholders par�cipa�ng. Finally, the NAP was submi�ed to the NEC for endorsement in November 2022. 32 Figure 24: Papua New Guinea's national adaptation planning process and timeline 2018 NAP development started under PNG GCF Readiness Programme 2020 NAP Project approved - project kick off in November Na�onal stakeholder consulta�ons - March - April 2021 4 Regional stakeholder consulta�ons - June - August 2021 2021 Legal, Policy, Regulatory and Ins�tu�onal Gap Assessments - November 2020 - February 2021 2022 2023 Dra� NAP for review - December 2021 - July 2022 NAP endorsement by NEC - February 2023 Submission to UNFCCC - April 2023 NAP valida�on - August 2022 33 5. PAPUA NEW GUINEA’S NATIONAL ADAPTATION PLAN The NAP 2022-2030 forms a comprehensive, con�nuous, gender-sensi�ve and itera�ve climate change adapta�on planning process for Papua New Guinea that builds on past experiences, current observa�ons, and scien�fic projec�ons to inform robust climate change adapta�on plans, strategies, and measures. Papua New Guinea’s first NAP 2022-2030 has been conceived as a strategic and opera�onal framework to enable Papua New Guinea’s CCDA and other government departments to lead climate change adapta�on efforts in advancing effec�ve adapta�on planning and ac�on. 5.1 NATIONAL ADAPTATION PLAN OBJECTIVES AND OUTPUTS The NAP supports the government’s efforts to build a climate-resilient and compa�ble development pathway through increased social, environmental, and economic resilience to climate-induced risks through three objec�ves: i) Strengthen ins�tu�onal capaci�es and the ability to effec�vely mainstream climate change adapta�on and disaster risk reduc�on. ii) Build resilience at the na�onal, subna�onal, and sectoral levels through informa�on and awareness-raising, educa�on, and capacity building, as well as the provision of early warning systems. iii) Facilitate resource mobilisa�on and foster public and private investment in climate change adapta�on priority areas. The NAP 2022-2030 sets about achieving these three objec�ves in five main outputs. 1. Output 1: Climate change adapta�on is budgeted for, and plans developed at the sectoral and provincial levels. 2. Output 2: Papua New Guinea’s climate change regulatory and coordina�on framework strengthened. 3. Output 3: Enhanced informa�on, capacity building and awareness raising. 4. Output 4: Strengthened financial planning and resource mobilisa�on. 5. Output 5: Enhanced capaci�es for monitoring and evalua�ng climate change adapta�on measures and impacts. To achieve these, the Papua New Guinea NAP 2022-2030 takes a phased approach to implementa�on that considers the ins�tu�onal frameworks and NAP priority sectors, through aligned adapta�on targets and goals. 5.2 THE NATIONAL ADAPTATION PLAN TARGETS AND GOALS The NAP establishes ac�ons to be implemented through sectoral climate change adapta�on plans under the Climate Change Management Act (CCMA)8 annually. These should incorporate priority climate change vulnerabili�es and risks and address these as strengthened climate change adapta�on compa�ble sectoral plans or as stand-alone adapta�on sectoral plans. Adapta�on plans for each regulated sector, as defined in the amended CCMA, should be prepared in a way that relevant priority climate change vulnerabili�es and risks are iden�fied, including adap�ng to climate-induced natural events; and iden�fying ways to par�cipate in coastal early warning systems; community-based mangrove plan�ng; coastal engineering protec�on; agricultural interven�on; human se�lement and migra�on; or protec�on of marine protected areas or marine reserves (CCMA, 2021). These adapta�on plans will form strengthened climate change-compa�ble sectoral plans or stand-alone adapta�on sectoral plans, as appropriate within the key sectoral and cross-cu�ng areas (Government of Papua New Guinea, 2021b). 8The Climate Change (Management) Act (under the 2022 Amendment) mandates the CCMA-regulated sectors to develop and implement a climate-compatible adaptation action plan on a yearly basis that is immediately actionable. 34 Through the close alignment of the NAP with the adapta�on goals of the Enhanced NDC, the NAP will also opera�onalise the implementa�on of the na�onal targets and goals contained within the Enhanced NDC: To strengthen adapta�on ac�on and target efforts to address the expected impacts of climate change in Papua New Guinea, mainstreaming and adapta�on op�ons in sector-specific adapta�on plans must be consistent with Papua New Guinea’s nine adapta�on priority areas. These priority area sectors for the NAP’s first phase have also been defined in the Revised Enhanced Na�onally Determined Contribu�on (NDC) 2020 adapta�on targets to the UNFCCC. Thus, implemen�ng strategic ac�ons under climate change adapta�on priority areas in agriculture, health, transport, and infrastructure is an immediate priority. The nine adapta�on priority areas within the priority sectors are summarised in Table 5 below. Adaptation priority areas Priority sectors Agriculture Health Transport Infrastructure 1. Coastal flooding and sea level rise 2. Inland flooding 3. Food insecurity 4 Cities and climate change 5. Climate-induced migration 6. Damage to coral reefs 7. Malaria and vector-borne diseases 8. Water and sanitation 9. Landslides Table 5 Key priority adaptation areas in Papua New Guinea and links to priority sectors in the NAP Figure 25: Adaptation targets have been established throughout the national policy, such as the Enhanced NDC. Source: adapted from Papua New Guinea’s Enhanced NDC. 10% of the total popula�on (0.8 million beneficiaries ( 25% are women)) have increase resiience with respect to food and water security, heath and well-being in Papua New Guinea 100% of the popula�on benefits from improved health measures to respond to malaria and other climate-sensi�ve diseases in Papua New Guinea US $1.2b (PGK 4.2b) value of transport (air, sea and land) infrastructure built or rehabilitated according to climate-resilient codes and standards US $172m (PGK 608m) value of building and u�lity infrastructure assets built/rehabilitated according to climate-resilient codes ans standards 6 million people (70% of the popula�on) benefit from improved early warning systems/informa�on to respond to extreme climate events 35 5.3 CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION PRIORITIES FOR THE 2022-2030 PERIOD Papua New Guinea’s commitment to adapta�on for the 2022-2030 period emphasises four key priority development sectors: agriculture, health, transport, and infrastructure, as the focus of climate change adapta�on efforts, no�ng their priority in Papua New Guinea’s economy and development priori�es. Papua New Guinea’s popula�on is primarily dispersed across islands and remote areas, relying on subsistence farming for their livelihoods. Rural economies and agricultural produc�on in Papua New Guinea con�nue to be highly vulnerable to climate-induced disasters. Agriculture is a priority sector in Papua New Guinea, given its importance for rural livelihoods, par�cularly food security, and as an essen�al export commodity. An es�mated 20 per cent of the popula�on prac�ces intensive commercial agriculture in rural landscapes. Subsistence and smallholder agricultural prac�ces provide a source of income for over 80 per cent of Papua New Guinea’s popula�on, mainly from small-scale crops such as coffee, cocoa, sugar, copra, oil palm, rubber, and fresh vegetables (Government of Papua New Guinea, 2020b). The agricultural sector accounts for approximately a quarter of Papua New Guinea's GDP (PWC, 2022). Although Papua New Guinea’s land mass is extensive and fer�le due to the volcanic soil in most parts of the country, only around 30 per cent is agriculturally viable due to mountainous landscapes and localised clima�c condi�ons, including long dry seasons, heavy rainfall, or excessive cloud cover (Government of Papua New Guinea, 2018). Women also tradi�onally dominate subsistence farming requiring that climate change adapta�on is gender-responsive adapta�on measures designed and implemented should ensure women’s par�cipa�on and empowerment. Therefore, enhancing food security is cri�cal for Papua New Guinea’s sustainable development and growth. Given its importance for the economy and overall services for the general popula�on, enhancing the transport sector’s ability to adapt to climate-induced impacts is crucial to ensure these public services are not disrupted. Due to the dispersed geographical distribu�on of Papua New Guinea’s popula�on, the transport and infrastructure sectors play a vital role in the economy, both as significant drivers in facilita�ng the logis�cs of economic growth and via the provision and distribu�on of services to the general popula�on. The transport sector is crucial regarding the overall provision of services to the country and its general contribu�on to the economy. It provides services essen�al for the general popula�on who rely on them for their daily livelihoods. Means of transporta�on in Papua New Guinea include road, air, and water. Passenger vehicles account for 20 per cent of road vehicles, government vehicles 15 per cent, and private use vehicles 65 per cent. Air transport in Papua New Guinea includes twenty na�onal and one interna�onal airport, all operated by the Na�onal Airports Corpora�on. Another six airports are used for mining and gas opera�ons. Regarding mari�me and inland water transporta�on, Papua New Guinea hosts 22 ports operated by the country’s Ports Corpora�on. Some smaller private ports provide services for extrac�ve industries (Government of Papua New Guinea, 2018). Infrastructure is an essen�al driver of economic growth and development in Papua New Guinea. Papua New Guinea’s challenging geography comprising mountainous areas and remote islands with a sca�ered popula�on requires massive investment for connec�ng rural people to urban areas throughout the country. Inves�ng in climate-resilient infrastructure is essen�al for las�ng and enhanced economic growth and ensuring access by the popula�on to economic and social services. The development of climate-resilient infrastructure is an important priority of the Government of Papua New Guinea. It will contribute to achieving economic development and strengthening other sectors' resilience, for instance, agricultural producers and rural communi�es. In priori�sing the infrastructure sector, the NAP will also contribute to the achievement of the goals and targets of the Na�onal Climate Compa�ble Development Management Policy (2014), the Na�onal Road Network Strategy (2018-2037), and the MTDP III (2018-2022). Papua New Guinea’s 2022 Na�onal Budget reiterates the poli�cal commitment to con�nue suppor�ng cri�cal development and infrastructure 36 programs across the country, providing an opportunity to support sectoral adapta�on strategies under the NAP with domes�c funding, for instance, by suppor�ng the Connect Papua New Guinea ini�a�ve9. Moreover, given the intricate connec�on between the transport and infrastructure sectors, where climate-resilience infrastructure (roads, bridges, je�es, wharves, airstrips, etc) enables climate-resilience economic ac�vi�es, improved coordina�on between these two priority sectors will be essen�al for mainstreaming climate change adapta�on for the country, accessing to climate finance for climate-proofing Papua New Guinea’s infrastructure, and ul�mately promo�ng co-benefits on economic growth and poverty allevia�on. The health sector is at the core of Papua New Guinea’s Vision 2050, “for a happy, healthy and wealthy society by 2050”, and is one of Papua New Guinea’s highest development priori�es when considering the 2022 Na�onal Budget. As a result of increased average temperatures, par�cularly those rising in areas such as the highlands of Papua New Guinea, Papua New Guinea is at risk of increased malaria infec�on rates, including in these previously risk-free regions. For example, the increased cost for the health sector is likely to reach es�mated costs to the government of Papua New Guinea of over USD 210 million by 2030. Increased climate hazards such as sea-level rise, drought, inland flooding, landslides, and higher temperatures pose a significant threat to public health, including environmental drivers of vector and water-borne diseases. Diarrheal disease is a significant health risk in Papua New Guinea. Around three in every 1,000 children die before the age of five due to diarrheal disease, and it is the cause of about 5 per cent of hospital admissions. A primary driver is the lack of essen�al clean water supply and sanita�on services, and global research relates floods and droughts to increased incidence of diarrheal disease. The rise in temperatures poses a significant risk for public health, as it has led to an increase in the malaria infec�on rate from 27 per cent to 29–31 per cent in 2015 – mainly due to a shi� of endemic and epidemic malaria zones to higher eleva�ons (Government of Papua New Guinea, 2014). The World Food Program (WFP) es�mates that without adapta�on, the risk of hunger and child malnutri�on on a global scale could increase by 20 per cent, respec�vely, by 2050 (WFP, 2022). In Papua New Guinea, extreme weather events and climate disasters are becoming more frequent, with food shortages commonly experienced by many rural communi�es in Papua New Guinea. Thus, enhancing climate change adapta�on ac�on in the health sector in Papua New Guinea is crucial to address the needs of vulnerable persons, recognising the cri�cal role of the health sector in climate change, health protec�on and well-being, as well as its contribu�on to growth and produc�vity in Papua New Guinea. 9The Connect Papua New Guinea Development Infrastructure Program 2020-2040 aims to enhance support for sustainable socio-economic development and national cohesion and unity by connecting Papua New Guinea's four main regions over the next 20 years. https://Papua New Guinea.highcommission.gov.au/pmsb/1154.html 37 St ra te gi c ac �o n Im pl em en �n g en �t y Su pp or �n g en �t y Ac �v i� es Ti m ef ra m e CLIMATE-RESILIENT AGRICULTURE 1. 1 Sc al e- up c lim at e- sm ar t ag ric ul tu re b es t p ra c� ce s an d ac �o n in v ul ne ra bl e re gi on s of P ap ua N ew G ui ne a. DA L N AR I CE PA N FA • Fi na lis a� on o f t he C lim at e Sm ar t A gr ic ul tu re P ol ic y • En co ur ag e im pl em en ta �o n of c on se rv a� on a gr ic ul tu re an d in te gr at ed fa rm in g sy st em s. • Pr om ot e an d im pl em en t i nd ig en ou s co pi ng s tr at eg ie s to dr ou gh t a nd in tr od uc e ne w c ro p va rie �e s th at c an e xt en d th e to le ra nc e ra ng e of c ro p gr ow in g co nd i� on s (e .g ., dr ou gh t, ex ce ss m oi st ur e, s al in e so il co nd i� on s an d hi gh er te m pe ra tu re s) . • Re se ar ch a nd d ev el op m en t o f r es ili en t v ar ie �e s. • Es ta bl ish m en t o f s ee d ba nk s. • Im pr ov e ex te ns io n se rv ic es a nd d iss em in at io n of in fo rm a� on . • Tr ai ni ng , i m pr ov in g in fo rm a� on a nd k no w le dg e m an ag em en t a nd a gr ic ul tu ra l e xt en si on • Im m ed ia te (2 02 3- 20 26 ) 1. 2 Im pl em en t c lim at e re sil ie nt w at er m an ag em en t & co ns er va �o n st ra te gi es /s ys te m s DA L CE PA • Pr ot ec t a nd e nh an ce w at er s ou rc es a nd s tr en gt he n w at er an d so il us e m an ag em en t • W at er e ffi ci en t i rr ig a� on a nd im pr ov ed w at er u se • Im pr ov e w at er a cc es s (d ig gi ng o f w el ls , w at er c ol le c� on , ra in w at er h ar ve s� ng , k itc he n ga rd en s w ith re cy cl in g of w at er , e tc ). • M id (2 02 6- 20 28 ) 1. 3 De ve lo p cl im at e- re sil ie nt a gr ic ul tu ra l v al ue ch ai ns a nd v al ue ch ai n/ m ar ke t in fr as tr uc tu re , m ar ke t in fo rm a� on a nd b us in es s su pp or t s er vi ce s to en ha nc e fo od s ec ur ity a nd th e re si lie nc e of vu ln er ab le fa rm er s. DA L Do W H Do T N AR I • De ve lo pm en t o f c lim at e- re si lie nt in fr as tr uc tu re (e .g ., su pp or �n g lin ka ge s be tw ee n fa rm er s to m ar ke ts ). • Ex pa nd c lim at e re sil ie nt p os t- ha rv es t p ro ce ss in g/ st or ag e te ch ni qu es a nd fa ci li� es a nd im pr ov e su pp ly a nd m ar ke t ac ce ss . • Bu ild c ap ac ity in s m al l s ca le fo od p ro ce ss in g, p re se rv a� on an d st or ag e at h ou se ho ld a nd c om m un ity le ve ls. • En co ur ag e an d su pp or t t he fo rm a� on o f s m al l a nd m ed iu m e nt er pr ise s (S M E) in th e fo od s ec to r. • Es ta bl ish m en t o f f ar m er c o- op er a� ve s an d m ic ro cr ed it fa ci li� es . • In co rp or a� on o f a gr ic ul tu re ri sk in su ra nc e in to a ll pr od uc �o n, s up pl y an d va lu e ad di ng , t ra ns po rt a� on a nd m ar ke �n g sy st em s. • M id (2 02 6- 20 28 ) 1. 4 In cr ea se s us ta in ab le in co m e ge ne ra �n g op po rt un i� es fo r w om en an d di ve rs ify e co no m ie s to re du ce ri sk s of c lim at e im pa ct s an d im pr ov e ac ce ss to fo od fo r c hi ld re n an d fa m ili es . DA L Do CD R N AR I • Di ve rs ify a nd im pl em en t c lim at e re sil ie nt li ve lih oo ds pr ac �c es /s tr at eg ie s, fo cu si ng o n w om en . • Im pr ov e w om en ’s a cc es s to e xt en si on s er vi ce s, te ch no lo gy , i np ut s, m ar ke ts , a nd in fo rm a� on . • Ex pa nd m ic ro fin an ce a cc es s an d sm al l e nt er pr ise c re a� on , m en to rin g an d su pp or t p ro gr am s fo r w om en . • Im m ed ia te (2 02 3- 20 26 ) Ta rg et 1 : 1 0 pe r c en t o f t he to ta l p op ul a� on (0 .8 m ill io n be ne fic ia rie s, 2 5 pe r c en t a re w om en ) h av e in cr ea se d re sil ie nc e w ith re sp ec t to fo od a nd w at er s ec ur ity , h ea lth , a nd w el l-b ei ng in P ap ua N ew G ui ne a 38 St ra te gi c ac �o n Im pl em en �n g en �t y Su pp or �n g en �t y • Ac �v i� es Ti m ef ra m e CLIMATE-RESILIENT INFRASTRUCTURE 2. 1 De ve lo p cl im at e- re sil ie nt c od es a nd st an da rd s fo r t he co ns tr uc �o n/ re ha bi lit a� on of b ui ld in gs a nd tr an sp or t an d u� lit y in fr as tr uc tu re Do W H Do T N Do H CC DA CE PA N W S • Co nd uc t a rig or ou s ris k an d vu ln er ab ili ty a ss es sm en t in cl ud in g in la nd ro ad ne tw or k, co as ta l ro ad s, an d bu ild in gs . • De ve lo p an a ss et -a t- ris k in ve nt or y an d m an ag em en t p la ns • U pd at e ro ad d es ig n st an da rd s in cl ud in g cl im at e ch an ge co ns id er a� on s • De ve lo p/ up da te b ui ld in g co de s to a dd re ss th e va rie ty o f ha za rd s th at a re li ke ly to re su lt fr om c lim at e ch an ge • M id (2 02 6- 20 28 ) 2. 2 Bu ild /r eh ab ili ta te u rb an an d co as ta l in fr as tr uc tu re ac co rd in g to cl im at e re sil ie nt co de s an d st an da rd s fo r in cr ea se d re sil ie nc e of ph ys ic al as se ts , co m m un iti es an d liv el ih oo ds Do W H Do T CC DA CE PA • Co as ta l de fe nc e st ru ct ur es (in cl ud in g co ns tr uc �o n of se aw al ls) . • In cl ud e cl im at e ch an ge c on sid er a� on s in u rb an de ve lo pm en t p la ns to re st ric t d ev el op m en t a nd re de ve lo pm en t i n ris k- pr on e ar ea s • Lo ng -t er m a nd on go in g (2 02 8- 20 30 ) 2. 3 Im pr ov e w at er a nd sa ni ta �o n in fr as tr uc tu re an d se rv ic es to m ee t de m an d co ns id er in g ex pe ct ed c lim at e im pa ct s Do W H W at er PN G N Do H CC DA DN PM CE PA • De ve lo p lo ng -t er m a ss es sm en ts o f p ot en �a l w at er s up pl y th re at s (s uc h as dr ou gh ts , sa ltw at er in tr us io n, an d flo od in g) a nd im pl em en t st ra te gi es t o in cr ea se r es ili en ce to t he se t hr ea ts a nd e ns ur e lo ng -t er m a va ila bi lit y of w at er . • Im pr ov e w at er a nd s an ita �o n in fr as tr uc tu re t o en ha nc e ac ce ss to s af e w at er s up pl y an d sa ni ta �o n fa ci li� es • Im pr ov em en ts in s to rm w at er a nd d ra in ag e sy st em s • M id (2 02 6- 20 28 ) Ta rg et : U SD 1 72 m ill io n (P G K 60 8 m ill io n) v al ue o f b ui ld in g an d u� lit y in fr as tr uc tu re a ss et s bu ilt /r eh ab ili ta te d ac co rd in g to c lim at e- re sil ie nt c od es a nd s ta nd ar ds G oa l 2 : E nh an ce th e re sil ie nc e of in fr as tr uc tu re to p ro te ct p hy sic al a ss et s a nd c om m un i� es a nd e nh an ce li ve lih oo ds . 39 St ra te gi c ac �o n Im pl em en �n g en �t y Su pp or �n g en �t y A c� vi �e s Ti m ef ra m e CLIMATE-RESILIENT TRANSPORT 3. 1 De ve lo p cl im at e- re sil ie nt c od es a nd st an da rd s fo r t he co ns tr uc �o n/ re ha bi lit a� on of b ui ld in gs a nd tr an sp or t an d u� lit y in fr as tr uc tu re Do W H Do T N Do H CC DA CE PA L DP P • Co nd uc t a rig or ou s ris k an d vu ln er ab ili ty a ss es sm en t in cl ud in g in la nd ro ad ne tw or k, co as ta l ro ad s an d bu ild in gs . • De ve lo p an a ss et a t ris k in ve nt or y an d m an ag em en t pl an s. • U pd at e ro ad d es ig n st an da rd s in cl ud in g cl im at e ch an ge co ns id er a� on s. • De ve lo p/ up da te b ui ld in g co de s to a dd re ss th e va rie ty of h az ar ds th at a re li ke ly to re su lt fr om c lim at e ch an ge . • M id (2 02 6- 20 28 ) 3. 2 Bu ild /r eh ab ili ta te tr an sp or t i nf ra st ru ct ur e ac co rd in g to c lim at e re sil ie nt c od es a nd st an da rd s Do T Do W H CC DA CE PA N CD C Pr ov in ci al Au th or i� es L DP P • De sig n an d/ or m an ag em en t of th e 4 w ha rv es in pa rt ne rs hi p w ith d ev el op m en t p ar tn er s. • Co ns tr uc �o n an d/ or r eh ab ili ta �o n of c lim at e re si lie nt ro ad s, b rid ge s a nd c ul ve rt s a cc or di ng to c lim at e re si lie nt st an da rd s. • De sig n an d/ or m an ag e th e re ha bi lit a� on o f a irp or ts to in te rn a� on al a nd c lim at e re si lie nt s ta nd ar ds . • Lo ng -t er m a nd on go in g (2 02 8- 20 30 ) Ta rg et : U S$ 1 .2 b ill io n (P G K 4. 2 bi lli on ) v al ue o f t ra ns po rt (a ir, s ea , a nd la nd ) i nf ra st ru ct ur e bu ilt /r eh ab ili ta te d ac co rd in g to c lim at e- re sil ie nc e co de s an d st an da rd s G oa l 2 : E nh an ce th e re sil ie nc e of in fr as tr uc tu re to p ro te ct p hy sic al a ss et s a nd c om m un i� es a nd e nh an ce li ve lih oo ds . 40 St ra te gi c ac �o n Im pl em en �n g en �t y Su pp or �n g en �t y A c� vi �e s Ti m ef ra m e HEALTH SECTOR RESPONSIVE TO CLIMATE CHANGE DRIVEN HEALTH IMPACTS 4. 1 Ev id en ce -b as ed pl an ni ng a nd d ec is io n- m ak in g to d ev el op c lim at e ch an ge a da pt a� on st ra te gi es in th e he al th se ct or . N Do H PH As PN G IM R • De ve lo p st an da rd iz ed as se ss m en t to ol s to as se ss he al th im pa ct s of e nv iro nm en t a nd c lim at e ch an ge to ob ta in c om pa ra bl e da ta fo r p la nn in g, e va lu a� on s, a nd re po r� ng . • Co nd uc t vu ln er ab ili ty a nd a da pt a� on a ss es sm en ts us in g st an da rd iz ed a pp ro ac he s to d ev el op a n a� on al cl im at e ch an ge a nd h ea lth p ro fil e. • De ve lo p st ra te gi es an d sy st em s to im pr ov e m on ito rin g of h ea lth im pa ct s of c lim at e ch an ge to s et pr io ri� es fo r P ap ua N ew G ui ne a ba se d on e vi de nc e. • Es ta bl ish c lim at e- he al th in fo rm a� on s ys te m . • As se ss a nd e s� m at e th e co st o f c lim at e ch an ge im pa ct s on h ea lth . • Im m ed ia te (2 02 3- 20 26 ) 4. 2 Im pr ov e en vi ro nm en ta l h ea lth se rv ic es p ro m o� ng cl im at e ch an ge a da pt a� on an d re du c� on o f c lim at e ris ks . N Do H PH As PN G IM R • St re ng th en e nv iro nm en ta l h ea lth p ro gr am s t o in cl ud e pr im ar y he al th c ar e an d pr ev en �v e he al th s er vi ce s, en vi ro nm en ta l he al th i n em er ge nc ie s, d isa st er r is k m an ag em en t in he al th , co m m un ic ab le an d no n- co m m un ic ab le d ise as es . • De ve lo p in ve st m en t c as e fo r c lim at e- he al th re sil ie nc e bu ild in g on e vi de nc e- ba se d in fo rm a� on . • St re ng th en p ub lic h ea lth s ys te m s an d cl im at e re la te d di sa st er p re pa re dn es s an d re sp on se c ap ac i� es . • M id (2 02 6- 20 28 ) 4. 3 Im pr ov e th e cl im at e re sil ie nc e of h ea lth in fr as tr uc tu re . N Do H Do W H • De ve lo p de ta ile d in ve st m en t p la ns in fo rm ed b y so un d ec on om ic a na ly se s, i nc lu siv e of e xi s� ng r es ou rc es , co st s an d ga ps t o in cr ea se r es ili en ce o f he al th -c ar e fa ci li� es . • Re ha bi lit at e an d re fu rb ish p rio rit y he al th in fr as tr uc tu re id en �fi ed to m ee t t he N a� on al H ea lth Se rv ic e St an da rd s. • M id (2 02 6- 20 28 ) 4. 4 Sc al e- up m ea su re s fo r th e pr ev en �o n an d co nt ro l o f m al ar ia a nd ot he r c lim at e- se ns i� ve di se as es . N Do H PN G IM R • M ax im iz e ac ce ss t o pr om pt q ua lit y di ag no si s an d ap pr op ria te tr ea tm en t f or m al ar ia . • M ai nt ai n hi gh c ov er ag e of L LI N s an d in cr ea se t he u� liz a� on of ap pr op ria te m al ar ia pr ev en �o n m ea su re s. • St re ng th en m al ar ia p ro gr am m an ag em en t a t a ll le ve ls w ith d ist ric t l ev el a s pr io rit y. • St re ng th en m al ar ia a dv oc ac y, c om m un ic a� on , an d so ci al m ob ili za �o n. • Im m ed ia te (2 02 3- 20 26 ) 41 42 Table 10 Mainstreaming of climate change adaptation and resilience strategies to enable the implementation of climate change adaptation action As a strategic and opera�onal framework to support country-led efforts to achieve Papua New Guinea’s adapta�on goals and successfully mainstream climate change adapta�on in sectoral planning processes and instruments, the NAP also defines a series of cross-cu�ng strategies. Cross-cu�ng climate change adapta�on strategies aim to enable the effec�ve and sustained implementa�on of climate change adapta�on measures by providing solu�ons and addressing policy, ins�tu�onal, coordina�on and technical barriers across sectors and levels of government with a whole-of-society approach. Given the cross-cu�ng, mul�-stakeholder and mul�-level nature of climate change adapta�on, the opera�onalisa�on of the NAP will require a diversity of mutually reinforcing efforts across different levels of government and with the par�cipa�on of a variety of actors, including civil society, academia and research ins�tu�ons, the private sector and local stakeholders. The NAP’s cross-cu�ng strategies aim to enable the effec�ve and sustained implementa�on of sectoral strategic areas while addressing policy, ins�tu�onal, coordina�on and technical barriers across sectors and levels of government with a whole-of-society approach. 5.4 CROSS-CUTTING CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION STRATEGIES The NAP seeks to foster the effec�ve integra�on of climate change adapta�on and disaster risk preven�on and management into na�onal and provincial planning and budge�ng processes across sectors and levels of government. Strategic ac�ons under this cross-cu�ng area aim to address barriers related to limited alignment and integra�on across policies, the absence of effec�ve means to translate a diverse and evolving policy landscape into tangible and pragma�c ac�ons on the ground, and the limited availability of a comprehensive and coherent approach to adapta�on planning and budge�ng processes. A detailed list of entry point opportuni�es to strengthen Papua New Guinea’s policy and regulatory framework is included in Annex 1 and may inform sectoral climate change adapta�on planning efforts. Cross-cutting Area 1: MAINSTREAMING ADAPTATION AND RESILIENCE Cross- cu�ng Area Cross-cu�ng Strategic Ac�ons Overview of Cross-cu�ng Strategic Ac�vi�es Lead Target and coordina�ng En��es Timeline M AI N ST RE AM IN G A DA PT AT IO N A N D R ES IL IE N CE Strategy Ac�on 1.1: Mainstreaming climate change adapta�on into sectoral and provincial plans. • Prepare sectoral climate change adapta�on plans according to the “Sectoral Guidelines for Planning for Climate Change Adapta�on”. • Prepare provincial climate change adapta�on plans consistent with Council Wards and Districts and facilitated by Provincial Authori�es. • CCDA • DPLLG • DNPM • CCDA • Immediate (2023-2026) • Mid (2026-2028) • Long-term and ongoing (2028-2030) Strategy Ac�on 1.2: Strengthen Papua New Guinea’s regulatory framework • Streamline climate change in relevant sectoral policies (e.g., review, finalise, adopt, and enforce the Dra� Climate Smart Agricultural Policy; develop a dedicated climate resilience policy in the infrastructure and transport sectors; finalise and enact the dra� Na�onal Environmental Health Policy and Papua New Guinea’s Strategy and Ac�on Plan on Climate Change and Health). • Strengthen and/or develop regula�ons and standards (e.g., integrate climate change adapta�on standards within EIAs, developing Climate Resilient Infrastructure Standards Regula�on, sectoral climate compa�ble standards). • CCDA • Office of the State Solicitor • DPLLG • CCDA • Immediate (2023-2026) • Mid (2026-2028) • Long-term and ongoing (2028- 2030) Strategy Ac�on 1.3: Improve financing planning • Strengthen the Public Financial Management (PFM) system to improve effec�ve alloca�on and use and resources for climate change adapta�on. • Align sectoral climate change adapta�on plans with sectoral budgets to provide a basis for tracking implementa�on and financing for climate change adapta�on (e.g., strengthening the links between plans and budgets, improving the budget prepara�on and consulta�on process). • CCDA • DoT • DNPM • CCDA • Immediate (2023-2026) • Mid (2026-2028) • Long-term and ongoing (2028-2030) 43 Table 11 Climate and adaptation governance strategies to enable the implementation of climate change adaptation action Table 12 Information, capacity building and awareness strategies to enable the implementation of climate change adaptation action The Cross-cu�ng Area 2 of Climate and Adapta�on Governance aims to foster a robust and opera�onal governance framework that facilitates policy integra�on, interins�tu�onal coordina�on, and par�cipa�on of relevant non-governmental stakeholders, including civil society, academia and research ins�tu�ons, the private sector, and local stakeholders. Strategic ac�ons under this cross-cu�ng area aim to address challenges related to the ins�tu�onalisa�on, representa�on and opera�on of the ins�tu�onal framework established to facilitate decision-making and inter-ins�tu�onal collabora�on and coordina�on. A detailed overview lis�ng poten�al entry points for strengthening governance and coordina�on are included in Annex 1. Cross-cutting Area 2: CLIMATE AND ADAPTATION GOVERNANCE Cross- cu�ng Area Cross-cu�ng Strategic Ac�ons Overview of Cross-cu�ng Strategic Ac�vi�es Lead Target and coordina�ng En��es Timeline CL IM AT E AN D AD AP TA TI O N G O VE RN AN CE Strategy Ac�on 2.1: Strengthen and opera�onalize decision-making and coordina�on arrangements • Strengthen the Adapta�on Technical Working Commi�ee (ATWC) to ensure consistency with the NAP, including in terms of objec�ves, roles and responsibili�es and composi�on. • Designa�on of high-level / poli�cal focal points in each sectoral en�ty, at both decision-making and technical level. • Establish Sectoral climate change adapta�on Core Teams to design and track progress of sectoral climate change adapta�on plans, associated regula�ons, and standards (see Sectoral Planning Guidelines). • CCDA • DFAIT • CCDA • DPLLG • Immediate (2023-2026) • Mid (2026-2028) • Long-term and ongoing (2028-2030) Cross-cutting Area 3: INFORMATION, EDUCATION, CAPACITY BUILDING AND AWARENESS-RAISING Cross- cu�ng Area Cross-cu�ng Strategic Ac�ons Overview of Cross-cu�ng Strategic Ac�vi�es Lead Target and coordina�ng En��es Timeline IN FO RM AT IO N , C AP AC IT YY B U IL DI N G A N D AW AR EN ES S RA IS IN G Strategy Ac�on 3.1: Increase ins�tu�onal and technical capaci�es for climate change adapta�on • Implement the NAP’s capacity development plan, with a focus on priority sectors and consider provinces at the Ward and District Level and other State Agencies that will be suppor�ng the Sectors with the implementa�on, such as CEPA. • Strengthen the CCDA’s ins�tu�onal capaci�es to foster its ability to lead the implementa�on of the NAP and oversee the coordinated design and implementation of sectoral climate change adapta�on ac�ons in priority sectors, including in rela�on to the design and implementa�on of sectoral climate change adapta�on plans in applica�on of the Sectoral Planning Guidelines. • Facilitate high-level dialogues across sectors to foster and accelerate climate change adapta�on ac�on. • CCDA • DFAIT • CACC • CCDA • Immediate (2023-2026) • Mid (2026-2028) • Long-term and ongoing (2028-2030) Strategy Ac�on 3.2: Awareness raising and educa�on at the local level • Integrate targeted efforts for con�nuous informa�on dissemina�on and awareness raising ac�vi�es on climate-induced impacts and opportuni�es to engage in the design and implementa�on of climate change adapta�on ac�ons. • Integrate basic concepts of climate change mi�ga�on and adapta�on within primary and high school curriculum development (via the Department of Higher Educa�on, Research, Science and Technology (DHERST) and the Department of Educa�on (DoE)). • Include the DHERST as a member of the ATWC in a key advisory role. • Collaborate with the DHERST in the design of educa�on and awareness raising material on climate change, climate-induced impacts and climate change adapta�on op�ons, targeted for the provincial and local community level. • CCDA • CCDA • DHERST • DoE • DPLLG • CSOs • NARI • NWS • NDC • Immediate (2023-2026) • Mid (2026-2028) • Long-term and ongoing (2028-2030) 44 Table 13 Gender responsive strategies to enable the implementation of climate change adaptation action Informa�on, capacity building and awareness-raising aim to improve understanding of climate-induced risks and increase capaci�es to implement climate change adapta�on ac�ons across governmental en��es at the na�onal and subna�onal level, as well as across members of the society, in a way that enhances their ability to prevent and respond to climate-induced impacts. Papua New Guinea has undertaken significant efforts to assess ins�tu�onal capaci�es and iden�fy op�ons to address exis�ng gaps to enhance climate ac�on. As part of these efforts, Papua New Guinea has iden�fied the need for developing a robust base of individual capaci�es and skills across ins�tu�ons to design, implement and monitor climate change adapta�on ac�ons across sectors, which will be essen�al to achieving the objec�ves of the NAP. Such capacity development needs have been captured in a climate change adapta�on capacity development plan prepared as part of the na�onal adapta�on planning, which will be instrumental in strengthening the ins�tu�onal ability to effec�vely mainstream climate change adapta�on in sectoral policies and instruments. Gender responsiveness is inclusive not just in terms of equal par�cipa�on but ensures all sectoral climate change adapta�on plans and ac�ons are responsive to the differen�ated vulnerabili�es, needs and capaci�es of both men and women. This includes ensuring gender-responsive planning, budge�ng, and implementa�on process, promo�ng full, effec�ve, and informed par�cipa�on in both the development and implementa�on of sectoral climate change adapta�on plans and ac�ons. Ensuring gender-responsive implementa�on of the NAP will require women's representa�on and par�cipa�on in decision-making pla�orms to priori�se sectoral climate change adapta�on op�ons and measures to be implemented at the community level. Effec�ve par�cipa�on will also require efforts to raise awareness-raising and disseminate informa�on, training and other capacity-building measures targe�ng women. Gender-responsiveness and inclusiveness ensure the recogni�on of women as agents of change in the community, reflec�ng the view of other vulnerable/marginalised groups. A gender-responsive approach to developing, monitoring and evalua�ng sectoral climate change adapta�on plans can provide an opportunity to effec�vely promote or foster gender equality in i) the recogni�on of gender differences in adapta�on needs and capaci�es; ii) gender-equitable par�cipa�on and influence in adapta�on decision-making processes, and; iii) gender-equitable access to financial resources and other benefits resul�ng from investments in adapta�on (GGGI, 2020; UNFCCC, 2020; UNDP, 2020). Strategy Ac�on 3.3: Strengthen climate informa�on research and knowledge genera�on • Facilitate coordinated, interdisciplinary, and con�nuous research that provides informa�on on climate related impacts, technologies and poten�al solu�ons to adapt to climate change to inform policy decision-making and implementa�on in priority sectors. • Establish a climate research and informa�on working commi�ee under the NCCB to facilitate • CCDA • DHERST • DPLLG • CCDA • NARI • Immediate (2023-2026) • Mid (2026-2028) • Long-term and ongoing (2028-2030) Target: 10 per cent of the total popula�on (0.8 million beneficiaries, 25 per cent are women) have increased resilience with respect to food and water security, health, and well-being in Papua New Guinea Cross- cu�ng Area Cross-cu�ng Strategic Ac�ons Overview of Cross-cu�ng Strategic Ac�vi�es Lead Target and coordina�ng En��es Timeline G EN DE R- RE SP O N SI VE N ES S Strategy Ac�on 4.1: Conduct sector-specific gender gap assessments • Conduct sector-specific gender gap assessments when se�ng the ground for the development of ssectoral climate change adapta�on plans to ensure the NAP and sectoral climate change adapta�on plans and ac�ons are responsive to the differen�ated vulnerabili�es, needs and capaci�es of both men and women alike. • Ensure women representa�on and par�cipa�on in climate change adapta�on na�onal and sectoral decision-making pla�orms in rela�on to the NAP and sectoral climate change adapta�on plans and ac�ons. • Ensure gender-equitable access to financial resources and other benefits from climate finance for climate change adapta�on. • CCDA • DCDYR • DPLLG • CCDA • Immediate (2023-2026) 45 Table 14 Climate resilient terrestrial, coastal and marine ecosystem strategies to enable the implementation of climate change adaptation action Resilient and sustainably managed terrestrial, coastal and marine ecosystems are cri�cal to enhancing Papua New Guinea’s resilience to climate hazards like floods, droughts, heat waves, and hurricanes. Forests, fisheries and soil and water resources are sources of food and shelter, so resilient ecosystems are essen�al to achieve Papua New Guinea’s objec�ves for a climate-compa�ble economic development pathway (Government of Papua New Guinea 2018). Sustainable management prac�ces in terrestrial, coastal and marine ecosystems will be cri�cal to fostering climate-resilient and sustainable livelihoods in Papua New Guinea. Strategic adapta�on ac�ons under this Sectoral Priority Area seek to promote Ecosystem-based Adapta�on (EbA) to foster a holis�c approach to adapta�on planning and implementa�on, harnessing the poten�al of healthy ecosystems and biodiversity to reduce vulnerability and build social and economic resilience to climate change (SPREP 2020). Cross-cutting Area 5: CLIMATE - RESILIENT TERRESTRIAL, COASTAL AND MARINE ECOSYSTEMS Goal 5: Improve conserva�on, restora�on and management of terrestrial and coastal ecosystems to protect livelihoods and communi�es Cross- cu�ng Area Cross-cu�ng Strategic Ac�ons Overview of Cross-cu�ng Strategic Ac�vi�es Lead Target and coordina�ng En��es Timeline CL IM AT E- RE SI LI EN T TE RR ES TR IA L, C O AS TA L & M AR IN E EC O SY ST EM S Strategy Ac�on 5.1 Improve the management of coastal and inland fisheries and support the development of sustainable value chains • Develop and implement ecosystem-based approaches for the management of fisheries. • Support the development of sustainable aquaculture and the value chains for their outputs. • Improve research, extension services and marke�ng capaci�es to support vulnerable fishers and SMEs manage climate risks. • NMSA • NOO • NFA • CCDA • Mid (2026-2028) Strategy Ac�on 5.2 Coastal rehabilita�on and protec�on to enhance resilience of coastal communi�es and ecosystems. • Mangrove management and rehabilita�on. • Plan�ng of sea grass and coral replan�ng, rehabilita�on, and protec�on. • Establishment of marine protected areas (MPAs), locally managed marine areas (LMMA). • Development of sustainable reef to ridge programme to enhance the resilience of vulnerable communi�es to improve food and water security. • Protec�on and promo�on of biodiversity conserva�on through EbA approaches. • CEPA • NMSA • NOO • PNG FA • Mid (2026-2028) Strategy Ac�on 5.3 Protec�on, restora�on and sustainable management of forest resources and biodiversity to reduce vulnerability and enhance natural capital • Protec�on and restora�on of terrestrial landscapes, biodiversity and degraded ecosystems through ecosystem-based adapta�on (EbA) approaches. • Develop strategies to protect forests from climate-related risks such as pest, disease, and forest fires. • Development of terrestrial protected areas to enhance ecosystem services and community resilience and livelihoods. • Reforesta�on and soil stabiliza�on. • Promote the adop�on of sustainable and climate resilient natural resource management prac�ces. • PNG FA • CEPA • DAL • Mid (2026-2028) Strategy Ac�on 5.4 Green urban development • Create, protect and manage systems of green infrastructure (e.g., urban forests, parks and open spaces, natural drainage systems) in towns and ci�es. • CEPA • DoWH • DPLLG • Long-term and ongoing (2028-2030) 46 Table 15 Early warning systems and response measures to climate-induced events strategies to enable the implementation of climate change adaptation action Reducing Papua New Guinea’s vulnerability to climate-induced risks to achieve a climate-resilient and climate-compa�ble development pathway across all priority sectors, requires strengthening the ability of na�onal and provincial ins�tu�ons to prevent and respond to the impacts of climate change, including through improved understanding of climate hazards and risks, as well as concerning climate-induced migra�on. Essen�al features of protec�ng Papua New Guinea’s popula�on from climate change hazards include conduc�ng rigorous risk and vulnerability assessments. These can be updated on a regular basis according to new or improved informa�on, or to strengthen and scale up the Early Warning Systems (EWS), along with the capaci�es of the NWS, NDC and other na�onal, provincial, and local level ins�tu�ons to provide �mely informa�on and enhance disaster preparedness. Efforts on climate-induced migra�on are also cri�cal to NAP implementa�on, in considering that islands like Manam and Carteret have already seen the displacement of communi�es due to environmental degrada�on and climate-related impacts. Cross-cutting Area 6: EARLY WARNING SYSTEMS AND RESPONSE MEASURES TO CLIMATE-INDUCED EVENTS Goal 4: Strengthen climate informa�on and early warning systems to improve community resilience and livelihoods Target: 6 million people (70% of the popula�on) benefit from improved early warning systems/informa�on to respond to extreme climate events. Cross- cu�ng Area Cross-cu�ng Strategic Ac�ons Overview of Cross-cu�ng Strategic Ac�vi�es Lead Target and coordina�ng En��es Timeline EA RL Y W AR N IN G S YS TE M S & R ES PO N SE M EA SU RE S TO C LI M AT E- IN DU CE D EV EN TS Strategy Ac�on 6.1 Improve informa�on for adapta�on planning and management of climate risks • Develop vulnerability assessments and climate change scenarios at the sectoral level and integrate these into provincial and na�onal planning tools and instruments. • Consolidate updated informa�on on climate risks in a centralized instrument (e.g. climate risk atlas, web pla�orm, sectoral risk profiles). • CCDA • NDC • NWS • Immediate (2023-2026) Strategy Ac�on 6.2 Enhance adapta�on and resilience through Impact-based forecas�ng and early warning systems. • Establish effec�ve early warning systems and communica�on networks that provides alerts on nutri�on and food insecurity which may be precipitated by emergencies such as drought and floods or unfavourable food market condi�ons. • Scale up climate informa�on and early warning systems (including community-based flood simula�on exercises and early warning systems for coastal flooding) • NWS • NDC • CCDA • Immediate (2023-2026) • Mid (2026-2028) • Long-term and ongoing (2028-2030) Strategy Ac�on 6.3 Develop a strategy for reloca�on/ rese�lement/retreat • Develop vulnerability assessments and analysis on expected climate impacts on migra�on and reloca�on, as well as implica�ons for rese�lement, gender and social inclusion. • Develop strategies and ac�vi�es to prepare for reloca�on, including comprehensive consulta�ons with the climate-induced migrants and their host communi�es • NDC • CCDA • Long-term and ongoing (2028-2030) 47 This sec�on of the NAP covers the NAP implementa�on framework, providing an overview and guidance to enable the opera�onalisa�on of the NAP using a whole-of-government approach to address the climate change challenge in strategic sectoral ac�ons and applying cross-cu�ng strategies. Included here is the summary of the full implementa�on framework (see Annex 2), which provides a roadmap to guide the implementa�on of the NAP and track progress in the period 2022-2030, including illustra�ve �melines, targets, and indicators. The Papua New Guinea 2022-2030 NAP oversees all of Papua New Guinea’s adapta�on planning, based on an overarching framework that aims to facilitate the systema�c integra�on of climate change adapta�on considera�ons throughout government, partner, and private sector opera�ons. Aligned with the mandate of the CCMA, and coordinated by the CCDA, the NAP implementa�on will be undertaken in a phased approach – with immediate priority ac�ons (2023-2026), mid-term priority ac�ons (2026-2028), as well as long-term and ongoing priority ac�ons (2028-2030). At the same �me, the NAP will be reviewed in 2025, and adjustments will be made aligning the review of the Enhanced NDC on adapta�on also in 2025. Primarily, NAP implementa�on relies on mainstreaming climate change adapta�on into the plans and policies at the na�onal and provincial levels, with adjustments for the impacts of climate change and ac�ons taken to reduce these impacts. Implementa�on of the NAP should therefore supplement exis�ng systems in a way that minimises resource demands, avoids duplica�ng established arrangements, and facilitates the mainstreaming of adapta�on. The NAP does not replace exis�ng plans and policies, processes, and mechanisms or any suppor�ng arrangements necessary to facilitate responding to the urgent and complex nature of climate change adapta�on in Papua New Guinea. Rather, the NAP is concerned with crea�ng an enabling environment for the effec�ve and sustained mainstreaming of climate change adapta�on in sectoral planning and policy instruments to achieve Papua New Guinea’s adapta�on targets and goals. The financing and resourcing mobilisa�on strategy also includes a tracking system for monitoring the progress of the NAP implementa�on. The Implementa�on Framework brings together informa�on facilita�ng the mainstreaming of plans, policies, and systems; mobilisa�on of resources for adapta�on; and tracking of progress against agreed adapta�on targets. Overall, the Implementa�on Framework for the NAP uses four modes of implementa�on, based on the recommenda�ons from the NAP Financing Baseline assessment10. These are: 10NAP Financing Baseline Assessment www.ccda.gov.pg 6. IMPLEMENTATION FRAMEWORK A por�olio of appraised NAP measures created that evolves over �me. Forming the basis for resources mobilisa�on, progress tracking and repor�ng (CCDA, NAP Priority Sectors, other agencies) Integrated NAP approach to exis�ng governmental planning processes and document requirements. This includes preferences for mainstreaming into exis�ng planning documents over standalone sectoral and subna�onal adapta�on plans (CCDA, UNDP) Inclusion of adapta�on elements into ongoing and pipeline projects with secure or likely funding ( CCDA, NAP priority sectors, other agencies) Mainstreaming of planning and budge�ng guidance and templates and technical support provided to the gradual mainstreaming of climate change adapta�on into na�onal, subna�onal, sector and agency plans, as these are updated. This should cover the recurrent budget, the PIP and SIP, and subna�onal planning and budge�ng. Wherever possible, plans and budgets should be align to facilitate tracking of financing and implementa�on performance (CCDA, DNPM (PIP & aid), DOT (recurrent budget), DIRD/DOF (SIPs), DPLGA (subna�onal)). SHORT TERM to MEDIUM TERM IMMEDIATE ONGOING Figure 26 Four modes of implementation in the National Adaptation Plan 2022-2030 48 Sectoral climate change adapta�on plans11, accompanied by the mainstreaming of climate change adapta�on, are key in implemen�ng the NAP and achieving Papua New Guinea’s adapta�on goals and targets. Papua New Guinea’s NAP also incorporates tools such as the stepwise and self-guided tool, and sectoral planning guidelines for climate change adapta�on (see Annex 1). These tools for implemen�ng the NAP are intended to guide, facilitate and assist the na�onal, provincial, and local level governments in implemen�ng the NAP. The guidelines, for example, aim to facilitate decision-making in priority sectors when iden�fying and priori�sing climate change adapta�on op�ons to address key sectoral climate change impacts, building synergies across sectors and promo�ng a gender-responsive and inclusive approach. The guidelines cons�tute an instrumental tool in the NAP implementa�on as they aim to facilitate decision-making in priority sectors. As such, sectoral climate change adapta�on planning is a key part of the NAP’s implementa�on framework and roadmap. 11 As defined in the Guidelines, pathways or options to develop sectoral CCA plans, include: 1) Mainstreaming CCA into an existing sectoral development plan; 2) Integrate a CCA plan in existing sectoral climate policies; and 3) Developing a stand-alone dedicated sectoral CCA plan. Figure 27 Adaptation planning approach under the National Adaptation Plan The Implementa�on Framework, therefore, suggests integrated, useful tools that link planning, resource mobilisa�on, implementa�on progress tracking/monitoring, and repor�ng. Figure 28 outlines the suppor�ng system for implemen�ng the NAP arrangements. 49 Adapta�on Planning Interlinked Adapta�on Process Exis�ng Na�onal, Sectoral, Agency & Sub-Na�onal Arrangements Sectoral & Provincial Adapta�on Guidelines Proposed Supplementary Arrangements & Tools under NAP Financing/Resource Mobiliza�on Implementa�on Progress Tracking, Monitoring & Repor�ng Coordinarion & Oversight Costing of Adaptation Measures Costing Guidance Sectoral & Provincial Adapta�on Plans (only if mainstreaming is not feasible) Database of Adapta�on Measures Financing/Donor Inteligence database Adapta�on M&E Framework (including CCDA Website Dashboard Planning & Policy-Making Processes Cos�ng Methodologies for Plans & Budgets (including PIP + SIPs) & from Partners Budge�ng Processess, Development Partner Financing Mechanisms & Rela�onships Public Finance Management Systems for Budget Implementa�on, Development Partner and Private Sector projects Financial & Technical M&E Arrangements for Budget Resources, Enhance NDC M&E proces, Partners’ M&E Frameworks CCMA Governance Arrangements ( e.g., ATWC, CFSC, PCCCs); Thema�c & Cross-cu�ng Coordina�on Mechanisms (e.g., PFM, PPPs, Transport, Health, PLLSMA) Dedicated Adapta�on Resource Mobiliza�on & Partnerships & Technical Support Team(s) Figure 28 Support arrangements and tools under the NAP vis-à-vis existing systems.12 Source: USAID 2022 12ATWC = Adaptation Technical Working Group, CCDA = Climate Change and Development Authority, CCMA = Climate Change (Management) Act, CFSC = Climate Finance Steering Committee, M&E = monitoring and evaluation, NDC = Nationally Determined Contribution, PCCC = Provincial Climate Change Committee, PFM = public financial management, PLLSMA = Provincial and Local-level Services Monitoring Authority, PPP = public private partnership, PIP = Public Investment Program, SIP = Service Improvement Program. 6.1 COORDINATION AND IMPLEMENTATION ARRANGEMENTS The overall governance structure to support the implementa�on of Papua New Guinea’s first NAP 2022-2030 involves governance, coordina�on, and implementa�on roles, as structured below. Figure 29 Structure for Governance, Coordination and Implementation for the NAP 2022-2030 PROVINCIAL CLIMATE CHANGE COMMITTEE (PCCC) & OTHER KEY STAKEHOLDERS REDD+ & MITIGATION TEAM ADAPTATION & PROJECTS TEAM MRV & NATIONAL COMMUNICATIONS TEAM RTWC ATWC MTWC CCDA NCCB NEC DEVELOPMENT PARTNERS/DONORS GOVERNANCE COORDINATION & IMPLEMENTATION 50 At the Governance level, the Climate Change and Development Authority (CCDA) interfaces with both the governance and implementa�on arrangements. The Na�onal Climate Change Board (NCCB) will also play an oversight role and report to the Na�onal Execu�ve Council (NEC) through the Minister responsible for climate change. The Managing Director of CCDA reports directly to the NCCB on all areas of climate change rela�ng to policy formula�on, upscaling, replica�on, and general repor�ng to the government on funding or otherwise in both areas of mi�ga�on and adapta�on. The Adapta�on Division will then be responsible for mobilising resources to ensure the effec�ve implementa�on of the NAP in close consulta�on with all relevant stakeholders. The Adapta�on and Projects Division is expected to coordinate and facilitate scheduled mee�ngs and provide the necessary secretariat responsibili�es. Implemen�ng a resource mobilisa�on strategy is a key part of the opera�onalisa�on of the NAP. The resource mobilisa�on approach for mainstreaming adapta�on under the NAP, and corresponding sectoral climate change adapta�on plans are envisaged as a long-term con�nuous, ac�vely managed stakeholder engagement process using both formal and informal channels. To support resource mobilisa�on, a dedicated team of CCDA and priority sector focal points, supplemented with technical exper�se provided by development partners, is to be established. The posi�oning of the team is to strengthen the CCDA’s role as a climate finance coordina�on and a support hub with resource mobilisa�on exper�se, as well as strengthen the capaci�es of sectoral Departments Authori�es to carefully priori�se adapta�on ini�a�ves based on their poten�al return on investment. In addi�on, the resource mobilisa�on team will bring together local and interna�onal exper�se on public finance to understand government systems and processes (such as the roles of DNPM and the Department of Treasury for grants and loans, respec�vely) as well as partnership building with donor agencies and private sector organisa�ons. The roles and responsibili�es of each en�ty are outlined in Table 16 below. Table 16 Roles and responsibilities to support the implementation of the NAP En�ty Roles and Responsibili�es Na�onal Execu�ve Council (NEC) The NEC is the highest-level decision-making body in Papua New Guinea, chaired by the Prime Minister and composed of senior government ministers. The NEC will officially review the NAP every five years, as part of the itera�ve and adapta�ve implementa�on process. The NEC will also enact stand-alone sectoral climate change adapta�on plans or amend exis�ng sectoral or climate policies/plans, as required. Climate Change Development Authority (CCDA) The CCDA is Papua New Guinea’s overarching authority on climate change mi�ga�on and adapta�on and is responsible for promo�ng, coordina�ng, and managing a climate change compa�ble development in Papua New Guinea. The Climate Change Management Act 2022 (amendment) provides for the establishment of the CCDA. The Authority is mandated to execute all func�onal responsibili�es related to Climate Change. The CCDA is Papua New Guinea’s focal point under the UNFCCC, the Adapta�on Fund, and Na�onal Designated Authority (NDA) under the GCF. The CCDA is the overall body responsible for the NAP and will oversee the development, implementa�on, and evalua�on of sectoral climate change adapta�on plans in priority sectors and oversee the achievement of Papua New Guinea's adapta�on targets. Department of Foreign Affairs & Interna�onal Trade Plays a significant role in coordina�ng and fostering con�nued high level bilateral and mul�lateral rela�ons for Papua New Guinea in areas of security, trade and others including climate change and ensuring climate change policies, partnerships, programs, etc are mainstreamed to ensure alignment with interna�onal agreements such as the Paris Agreement on Climate Change. 51 13Consistent with the recent amendments made to the CCMA, an Adaptation Technical Working Committee (ATWC) builds on the existing ATWG, which will then become the main advisory and coordination body for CCA in Papua New Guinea, including the NAP. Adapta�on Technical Working Commi�ee (ATWC)13 The Adapta�on Technical Working Commi�ee (ATWC), established under the CCMA Amendment 2022, is responsible for planning the development of climate change adapta�on regulatory developments, as well as the review of climate change adapta�on projects and interven�ons. The ATWC will provide strategic direc�on and oversight to sectoral [and/or provincial] climate change adapta�on core teams in the development of their climate change adapta�on implementa�on ac�on plans. The ATWC is focused overall on adapta�on with an overview on developing and implemen�ng sectoral and/or provincial climate change adapta�on plans, as well as strategic direc�on. The commi�ee will also focus on decision-making, with specific sub-commi�ees for the NAP providing: 1) policy direc�ons, 2) recommenda�ons, and 3) financing recommenda�ons. The ATWC is composed of members from government departments, the private sector, development partners, non-governmental organisa�ons (NGOs) and civil society organisa�ons (CSOs) as well as provincial/ local- level representa�ves. Facilitated by the CCDA, this includes key sector agencies for the NAP, including Transport, Works, Health, and Agriculture. Sectoral Lead En��es Sectoral Lead En��es are responsible for developing, implemen�ng, and evalua�ng sectoral climate change adapta�on plans in their respec�ve priority sectors, informed by the NAP and its cross-cu�ng and sectoral areas and strategic ac�ons. Cross-cu�ng En��es Cross-cu�ng en��es facilitate the effec�ve, efficient, and coordinated implementa�on of the NAP as permanent members of the ATWC and provide targeted technical and strategic advice to the CCDA and Sectoral Leading En��es, as necessary. Sectoral climate change adapta�on core teams Sectoral climate change adapta�on core teams established by lead sectoral en��es, through exis�ng or dedicated sectoral coordina�on pla�orms, include representa�on from relevant sectoral en��es, public and private, civil society organisa�ons. These comprise gender representa�on, cross-cu�ng en��es and the CCDA, as appropriate. Sectoral climate change adapta�on core teams ensure inclusive and sector-driven development, implementa�on and evalua�on of the sectoral climate change adapta�on plans. Department of Health Key implemen�ng department for the first phase of the NAP 2022-2030, at both na�onal and regional levels for adapta�on ac�vi�es and planning under health. Department of Transport A key implemen�ng department for the first phase of the NAP 2022-2030, at both na�onal and regional levels for adapta�on ac�vi�es and planning under transport. Department of Works & Highways A key implemen�ng department for the first phase of the NAP 2022-2030, at both na�onal and regional levels for adapta�on ac�vi�es and planning under infrastructure. This also includes for the infrastructure under health (e.g., water and sanita�on infrastructure), transport (e.g., road and facility infrastructure), and agriculture (e.g., market infrastructure, water infrastructure). 52 6.2 NAP FINANCING AND RESOURCE MOBILISATION The NAP envisages a strategic approach for financing and resource mobilisa�on, focusing on the most promising financing sources in the short term while exploring access to addi�onal resources and channels in the medium- and long-term. By 2100 the annual cost of adapta�on is es�mated to range between 0.14 and 1.52 per cent of Papua New Guinea’s GDP (Government of Papua New Guinea, 2020a). Financing these adapta�on costs, in addi�on to socio-economic development needs, is a moun�ng challenge for Papua New Guinea. One that requires addi�onal resources and a global mobilisa�on of climate finance that must go far beyond previous efforts. Nevertheless, financing for the NAP is also taking place within a favourable environment framed by high-level poli�cal commitments globally. Various financing sources are available to fund NAP interven�ons, comprising domes�c, interna�onal and private sector finance sources. For example, in recogni�on of the large financing gap for climate ac�on, both for mi�ga�on and adapta�on in developing countries, climate change commitments are accompanied by growing financing pledges from developed countries, mul�lateral development banks, and other development partners. Although, currently, the global financial resources pledged or commi�ed have not met the expecta�ons of these pledged amounts. The private sector is also increasingly aware of the importance of climate resilience. Considering this context, the NAP financing and resource mobilisa�on will be formed through three key source areas (a) Domes�c public finance is channelled through the government’s na�onal recurrent and development budgets as well as subna�onal budgets, to fund sectoral ac�vi�es and projects that can address climate change adapta�on. (b) Interna�onal sources from bilateral partners, climate financing facili�es, and mul�lateral development banks are channelled through either the government budget (as grants and loans) or directly to projects, to fund ac�vi�es that can address climate change adapta�on. Provincial Governments Provincial governments have the devolved authority to develop provincial climate change adapta�on plans and so may choose to implement relevant cross-cu�ng and sectoral strategic ac�ons through provincial planning instruments. Provincial Climate Change Commi�ees (PCCCs) and Provincial Disaster Commi�ees Provincial Climate Change Commi�ees (PCCCs) and Provincial Disaster Commi�ees (PDC) can play a key role in the development, implementa�on, and evalua�on of provincial climate change adapta�on ac�ons. Na�onal Marine Time Safety Authority (NMSA) The Papua New Guinea Na�onal Mari�me Safety Authority (NMSA) was established by the NMSA Act 2003 and is responsible for ma�ers concerning mari�me safety, coordina�on of search and rescue and marine pollu�on preven�on. Addi�onal to these mandated func�ons, the NMSA is also responsible for collec�ng and managing data, as well as, to act on behalf of the State on any domes�c and interna�onal agreements rela�ng to mari�me safety, marine pollu�on preven�on and search and rescue. Under NMSA the Oceans Zone commi�ee was established to provide overseer roll on the Oceans ac�vi�es and ma�ers. Na�onal Oceans Office The NOO provides oversight, coordina�on and implementa�on of the Mari�me Zones Act 2015. Coordinate Mari�me Boundary Delimita�on Nego�a�ons, mee�ngs and related work and Marine Scien�fic Research (MSR). Play the Secretariat support to Governance Commi�ees and any other work iden�fied in rela�on to the oversight and implementa�on of the MZA. 53 (c) Earmarked domes�c revenue sources for climate change ac�on, including those assigned to the CCDA under the CCMA (2015 and 2022 amendment) and provide complementary funding for CCDA to deliver roles, responsibili�es and supplementary resources for climate change adapta�on ac�vi�es and projects. Figure 30 Financing options for the NAP Source: Baseline Assessment Report for Papua New Guinea’s NAP financing and investment strategy General domes�c public finance channelled through na�onal budgets: General domes�c revenues, which are not explicitly earmarked for climate change ac�on, cons�tute the largest poten�al source of financing for the NAP. Supplemented by domes�c borrowing (as well as external grants and loans) and complemented by subna�onal revenue collected by provincial administra�ons, these resources fund the government’s na�onal recurrent and development budgets. Together, they cons�tute a substan�al financing poten�al for capital investments in adapta�on (e.g., to climate-proof infrastructure) and recurrent ac�vi�es (e.g., to develop and implement sectoral resilience policies). These resources are allocated through established budget processes. At the na�onal level, the budget is prepared annually and passed by the Parliament in the last quarter of each year comprising two components, the recurrent budget and the development budget. Recurrent budget: The recurrent budget is developed by the Department of Treasury and funds staff, opera�onal expenses, and minor capital outlays for ac�vi�es of na�onal departments and agencies and provides support to subna�onal government administra�ons and authori�es. The la�er includes func�on grants primarily for non-staff recurrent costs and Service Improvement Program (SIP) grants for capital projects in priority sectors of provinces, districts, local-level governments, and wards. 54 Development budget: The development budget includes the Provincial Support Improvement Program (PSIP), the District Support Improvement Program (DSIP), and the Public Investment Program (PIP), with prepara�on led by the Department of Na�onal Planning and Monitoring (DNPM). The development budget comprises one-year or mul�-year public investment projects and programs, primarily in physical capital (e.g., roads, schools, health facili�es) and human capital. The development budget can also provide co-financing/counterpart funding for development partner projects. Subna�onal budgets: At the subna�onal level, budgets are prepared for ac�vi�es and projects in provinces, districts, local-level governments, and wards. These bring together locally generated revenues and transfers from the na�onal government, including for staff, func�on grants and Service Improvement Program (SIP) funding. Two elements are important in accessing these resources. First, as adapta�on measures will be implemented mainly through the sectors at na�onal and subna�onal levels, mainstreaming plans at all levels to ensure these plans consider climate change adapta�on throughout their ac�vi�es and investments will be cri�cal. These plans then provide the basis for resource alloca�on through the different budge�ng processes. Climate change adapta�on should also gradually be reflected in planning and budge�ng guidance, star�ng with the Public Investment Program (PIP) Guidelines, which are currently being updated and will feature a risk screening process. Second, every government agency needs to make a case for the financing of iden�fied priority climate change adapta�on measures. This includes working closely with the Department of Treasury (DoT), Department of Na�onal Planning and Monitoring (DNPM) and its Budget Screening Commi�ee (during the prepara�on of the recurrent and development budgets), Provincial governors and legislators (including through Provincial Planning & Budget Priori�es Commi�ees), and provincial administra�ons. Provincial Health Authori�es will need to be consulted with for the use of provincial revenues and na�onal transfers, including func�on grants and Provincial SIP funds. Members of Parliament in their cons�tuencies, District Development Authori�es, and local-level governments (LLG) and Ward Development Commi�ees (WDC) are also key in consulta�ons for local revenues and na�onal transfers, including District, LLG, and Ward SIPs. Interna�onal climate finance sources: Interna�onal climate finance sources cons�tute another significant financing source for adapta�on. Sources include bilateral providers, mul�lateral climate funds, mul�lateral development banks, and other interna�onal and regional organisa�ons. Adapta�on finance commitments have increased substan�ally in Papua New Guinea in recent years, primarily as development-funded projects with climate adapta�on components14. As government capacity is increasing, Papua New Guinea will also strive to access financial resources from climate funds directly (e.g., by becoming accredited as a Na�onal Implemen�ng En�ty). Alterna�vely, or in parallel, Papua New Guinea can also con�nue to nominate Mul�lateral Implemen�ng En��es (MIEs) par�cularly where pre-accredita�on is required to implement funds. At the same �me, also to mobilise technical exper�se and resources to secure funding on behalf of the Execu�ng Agency as they are interna�onally recognised and have sound fiduciary and project management experience. When seeking interna�onal finance for climate change adapta�on, it will be necessary to include cri�cal long-term aspects that cover: ● Building government capacity as well as including ac�vi�es, tools and knowledge products in the project and programme designs that allow upscaling and replica�on of results across other sectors and communi�es within the country. ● Ensuring that the external financing supplements the government’s resources (including through counterpart funding) and does not replace it. ● Proac�ve coordina�on in overseeing the various projects and programming, including through CCDA and central agencies (Department of Treasury, Finance and Na�onal Planning), to ensure alignment and consistency with the medium- and long-term na�onal development plans and the United Na�ons Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Earmarked domes�c revenue sources for climate change ac�on: Earmarking specific revenue sources or expenditure programs for climate change adapta�on also provides supplementary domes�c public financing. 14The baseline assessment report for Papua New Guinea’s NAP financing and investment strategy provides more information on the allocation of international finance in Papua New Guinea. 55 Dedicated revenue sources currently comprise the CCMA legisla�on, for example on import, climate, and deforesta�on levies and other fees and charges that fall under the CCMA legisla�on imposing funding levies, fees, and charges in accordance with Sec�on 38 of the CCMA15. A planned Climate Resilience and Green Growth Trust Fund (CRGGTF) to be established under the CCMA can provide a transparent channel for funds earmarked for climate change adapta�on. By aiming to pool financing to help Papua New Guinea transform into a climate-resilient development path consistent with na�onal poverty reduc�on and sustainable development goals. Similarly, the recently established Papua New Guinea Biodiversity and Climate Fund (PNG BCF) is an independent Conserva�on Trust Fund catalysing financial and technical resources to enable present and future genera�ons of Papua New Guineans to restore, protect, and enhance the country’s biodiversity and build resilience in the face of climate change. The Fund builds on the priori�es of the Protected Area Act (2020) and the Climate Change Management Act in establishing long-term sustainable financing strategies for protected area management and climate change mi�ga�on and adapta�on. Addi�onal poten�al sources of finance: Other sources of finance can complement these key sources for NAP financing, such as private sector financing for adapta�on from corpora�ons, commercial, financial ins�tu�ons, NGOs/philanthropy, and households and individuals have significant poten�al. Private enterprises and financiers contribute to adapta�on by capitalising on business opportuni�es and mainstreaming climate change risks into their business opera�ons. Private resources can also be leveraged with the help of public funds, including through mainstreaming adapta�on into public-private partnerships, and revenue-genera�ng projects. Tax incen�ve schemes, such as the tax credit for infrastructure development as well as rural development, primary produc�on, and agricultural produc�on extension services incen�ve schemes can also be included. i. Mobilising climate finance Overall, mobilising climate finance is a complex process because of the technical requirements and capaci�es needed to design and implement climate change adapta�on projects, the diversity of funding sources (na�onal, subna�onal, interna�onal, private), and the requirements to access those funds. Financing sources and channels will be pursued in a phased manner that fits with the phasing of the NAP into immediate, mid-term, long-term and ongoing phases of implementa�on, in order to reduce stresses upon and work within the limita�ons of implementa�on capaci�es. Efforts to strengthen governance (including public financial management), in general, and specifically concerning transparency and accountability of climate finance, will be key to enabling a prudent and efficient use of resources. General guidance on budge�ng is provided in the Department of Treasury’s Budget Manual from 2008 and the Consolidated Budget Opera�ng Rules from 2017 (2015 version available online). For the recurrent budget, the annual budget circular and informa�on sessions provide guidance and templates for the budge�ng of new priori�es in Stage 1 and ongoing ac�vi�es in Stage 2 of the budget prepara�on process. For the capital budget’s Public Investment Program (PIP), the DNPM issued PIP Guidelines in 2007, which are currently being updated and will feature basic risk screening. For the capital budget’s Service Improvement Program (SIP), the Department of Implementa�on and Rural Development issued SIP Administra�ve Guidelines (4A/2019) in 2019. The Department of Finance issued complementary financial instruc�ons for the SIP. Guidance is also given in the Annual Ac�vity (or Implementa�on) Plan templates for agencies. ii. Cos�ng and appraisal of adapta�on measures Aside from iden�fying and priori�sing the climate change impacts and the adapta�on measures to address these, the first step in implemen�ng adapta�on measures is cos�ng and appraisal. The adapta�on appraisal tool included in the Sectoral Planning Guidelines (Annex 1) assists with appraising and priori�sing adapta�on ac�vi�es in detail. Cos�ng these remains, within limits, a variable factor that can be adjusted through changes to scale and technical specifica�ons of an interven�on. Ideally, detailed assessments of the costs and benefits of various 15The fiscal arrangements for the CCDA and its ability to implement Climate Change programs are governed by the CCMA. Under the CCMA, it is intended that the Authority should have sufficient revenue raising powers to become financially autonomous. The proceeds are expected to be used to finance climate change adaptation and mitigation activities in vulnerable communities throughout Papua New Guinea. 56 interven�ons and different design op�ons for each interven�on would lead to the selec�on, specific design, and priori�sa�on of effec�ve, value-for-money adapta�on measures. In prac�ce, however, real-life complexi�es, data gaps, and resource limita�ons in terms of capacity and funding more broadly render such an approach unfeasible. The cos�ng of adapta�on op�ons should u�lise the established cos�ng/budge�ng and appraisal approaches from the government of Papua New Guinea and development partners. This aims to strengthen exis�ng processes, avoid duplica�on, and reduce resource demands regarding funding and capacity. Basic cos�ng and appraisal approaches, guidance, and templates exist for domes�c government financing sources. While more comprehensive approaches are supported mainly by technical assistance. To avoid the inefficient use of resources on cos�ng, es�mates should be developed stepwise as part of the project or ac�vity design process and in parallel with the progress made on resource mobilisa�on. The approach to cos�ng follows three steps: Costs are only one factor among several that influence decisions and design. Available financing is a cri�cal factor that o�en drives the scope and specific design of interven�ons rather than the es�mated costs of a proposed interven�on. The way funding decisions are taken is therefore also important, regularly involving informal decision-making processes, such as preferences of the poli�cal leadership or a specific development partner reflected in earmarked resource alloca�ons. Lastly, technical feasibility influences the costs of an interven�on. In this context, costs are a variable factor that can be adjusted based on a proposed interven�on’s approach, scope, and design features. Table 17 below sets out the phases for cos�ng adapta�on measures. Different cos�ng and appraisal approaches are available, and approaches vary depending on the stage of the interven�on. Generally cos�ng and appraisal becomes more comprehensive as an idea is developed into a concept and ul�mately into a detailed design. At the idea stage, either no es�mates of benefits and costs exist, or a short list of probable benefits and ballpark costs is developed to serve as an ini�al es�mate when exploring poten�al funding sources. At the concept stage, the absence of any es�mates of benefits and costs is less common, with templates generally requiring a list of non-mone�sed, probable benefits and ballpark costs (e.g., subdivided into main cost categories or by ac�vity). Only in a few cases, more detailed informa�on on benefits and costs is developed at the concept stage. At the detailed design stage, substan�ated informa�on on benefits and costs is compiled, and at �mes, benefits are mone�sed and put into rela�on to costs in the form of a cost-benefit analysis or similar methodology. Ini�al cos�ng at the idea stage to ballpark es�mates covering investment and recurrent costs Funding instruments-specific detailed cos�ng and economic analysis requirements at the concept and detailed design stages (All government agencies) Strengthen exis�ng government cos�ng, appraisal and selec�on processes to ensure climate risk are considered, low value-for-money proposals are filtered out and recurrent cost implica�ons are factored into decision-making. These processes should be used for all larger measures where detailed funding instrument- specific appraisal and economic analysis are not required (e.g. CCDA, DNPM (PIP & aid), DOT (recurrent budget), DIRD/DOF (SIPs), DPLGA (subna�onal)) Develop capacity of na�onal and subna�onal agencies in using established cos�ng, appraisal and selec�on processes for regular ac�vi�es and for adapta�on (e.g. Central agencies, CCDA, partner programs) Ongoing As soon as revision of guidance is feasible Immediate 57 Stage Documentation Costing approach Sources of information (examples) Idea CCA Option Factsheet, Project Identification Document for Government of Papua New Guinea projects Ballpark cost estimate Existing plan, expert knowledge, experience from similar interventions in PNG or elsewhere Concept Concept note using prescribed templates and guidance from specific financing source, Project Formulation Document for Government of Papua New Guinea projects High-level cost estimates by main activity and/or cost category Quantities and unit costs of main inputs, expert knowledge, experience from similar interventions in PNG or elsewhere Detailed design Project document package using prescribed templates and guidance from specific financing source Detailed cost estimates: cost- benefit and/or financial analysis as required Quantities and unit costs of inputs, feasibility studies, impact evaluations, cost-benefit analysis from similar interventions Financing instruments generally prescribe specific approaches, with templates and guidance o�en included for the planning, appraisal, and budge�ng of interven�ons. Climate funds, as well as bilateral and mul�lateral development partners, prescribe their own guidance and templates for the development of cos�ngs and project budgets, which are generally completed by staff from the organisa�on, with inputs from government staff as required. Climate funds and bilateral and mul�lateral development partners, also produce guidance and templates for the development of cos�ngs and project budgets. These are generally completed by staff of the partner organisa�on, reques�ng specific informa�on inputs from government counterparts in the process as needed. Most development partners also have their own requirements, methodologies, and templates for cos�ng and economic analysis, which need to be followed when funding for a specific interven�on is requested. While on the private sector side, detailed cos�ngs and financial analysis is generally required for obtaining financing. For domes�c public finance sources, this can include guidance for mul�-year na�onal, sector, agency, and subna�onal plans as well as annual implementa�on plans; separate guidance for recurrent budget ac�vi�es and capital projects; and guidance for specific expenditure programs, e.g., for grants/transfers provided to authori�es or organisa�ons outside the government. Table 17 Stages for adaptation costing 58 O ut pu ts Im pl em en ta tio n pe rio d R es po ns ib ili ty fo r im pl em en ta tio n M on ito rin g an d Ev al ua tio n R es po ns ib ili ty fo r m on ito rin g an d re po rti ng 20 22 - 20 25 20 25 - 20 30 20 30 - 20 40 L ea d E nt ity Su pp or tin g en tit ie s R es ul t In di ca to r B as el in e (2 02 2) M id - te rm T ar ge t (2 02 7) E nd T ar ge t (2 03 0) L ea d E nt ity Su pp or tin g en tit ie s O ut pu t 1 . C lim at e ch an ge a da pt at io n bu dg et ed fo r, an d pl an s d ev el op ed a t t he se ct or al a nd p ro vi nc ia l l ev el s 1. 1 Pr ep ar e se ct or al cl im at e ch an ge a da pt at io n pl an s a nd b ud ge tin g fo r th e N A P pr io ri ty se ct or s ac co rd in g to m ai ns tr ea m in g an d th e Se ct or al G ui de lin es fo r Pl an ni ng fo r cl im at e ch an ge a da pt at io n D A L D oW H D oT N D oH C C D A D N PM D oF N um be r o f C C A se ct or al pl an s de ve lo pe d 0 2 4 C C D A D A L D oW H D oT N D oH 1. 2 E st ab lis h se ct or al cl im at e ch an ge a da pt at io n te am s f or th e pl an ni ng , im pl em en ta tio n an d m on ito ri ng o f c lim at e ch an ge a da pt at io n m ea su re s a cc or di ng to th e Se ct or al G ui de lin es fo r Pl an ni ng c lim at e ch an ge ad ap ta tio n D A L D oW H D oT N D oH N um be r o f se ct or al C C A te am s es ta bl is he d 0 4 4 C C D A D A L D oW H D oT N D oH 1. 3. P re pa re se ct or al cl im at e ch an ge a da pt at io n pl an s f or fi sh er ie s, en vi ro nm en t a nd fo re st ry se ct or s a cc or di ng to th e Se ct or al G ui de lin es fo r Pl an ni ng fo r cl im at e ch an ge a da pt at io n N FA C EP A PN G FA C C D A D N PM C C D A D oF N um be r o f C C A se ct or al pl an s de ve lo pe d 0 1 2 C C D A N FA C EP A PN G FA 1. 4 C on du ct se ct or -s pe ci fic ge nd er g ap a ss es sm en ts fo r th e de ve lo pm en t o f se ct or al c lim at e ch an ge ad ap ta tio n pl an s D A L D oW H D oT N D oH N um be r o f se ct or -s pe ci fic ge nd er g ap as se ss m en ts de ve lo pe d 0 2 4 C C D A D A L D oW H D oT N D oH 1. 5 Se ct or al c lim at e ch an ge ad ap ta tio n pl an s d es ig ne d an d im pl em en te d th ro ug h a ge nd er r es po ns iv e ap pr oa ch , i nc lu di ng a ge nd er in cl us iv e pl an ni ng pr oc es s a nd g en de r- re sp on si ve a nd w om en -le d cl im at e ch an ge a da pt at io n ac tio ns D A L D oW H D oT N D oH N um be r o f ge nd er re sp on si ve se ct or al C C A pl an s a nd st ra te gi c ac tio ns 0 2 4 C C D A D A L D oW H D oT N D oH 59 1. 6 Im pl em en t s ec to ra l cl im at e ch an ge a da pt at io n pl an s i n th e N A P pr io ri ty se ct or s D A L D oW H D oT N D oH C C D A D N PM C C D A D oF N um be r o f se ct or al C C A st ra te gi c ac tio ns im pl em en te d 0 3 7 D A L D oW H D oT N D oH C C D A N um be r o f N D C C C A ta rg et s ac hi ev ed 0 3 5 1. 7 A ss es s t he st at us o f pr ov in ci al a da pt at io n pl an s a nd id en tif y pr ov in ce s w he re su pp or t sh ou ld b e pr ov id ed to en ha nc e th e pr ep ar at io n of pr ov in ci al p la ns C C D A D PL L G D N PM N um be r o f as se ss m en ts de ve lo pe d 0 1 1 C C D A D PL LG O ut pu t 2 . P ap ua N ew G ui ne a’ s c lim at e ch an ge re gu la to ry a nd c oo rd in at io n fr am ew or k st re ng th en ed 2. 1 R ev ie w , f in al iz e an d ad op t t he D ra ft C lim at e Sm ar t A gr ic ul tu ra l P ol ic y (C SA P) D A L C C D A D N PM N um be r o f na tio na l po lic ie s o r pl an s de ve lo pe d or ad ju st ed to in te gr at e cl im at e ris ks an d C C A m ea su re s 0 2 3 C C D A D A L D oW H D oT N D oH 2. 2 D ev el op a c lim at e re si lie nc e po lic y fo r th e in fr as tr uc tu re a nd tr an sp or t s ec to rs D oW H D oT C C D A D N PM 2. 3 Fi na liz e an d ad op t t he dr af t N at io na l E nv ir on m en ta l H ea lth Po lic y an d Pa pu a N ew G ui ne a’ s S tr at eg y an d A ct io n Pl an o n C lim at e C ha ng e an d H ea lth N D oH C C D A D N PM 2. 4 D ev el op /r ev is e th e co m po si tio n, r ol es a nd re sp on si bi lit ie s o f t he A T W C to su pp or t t he im pl em en ta tio n of th e N A P. C C D A To R s de ve lo pe d/ re vi se d 0 1 1 To R s re vi se d C C D A 2. 5 E st ab lis h hi gh - le ve l/p ol iti ca l a nd te ch ni ca l fo ca l c lim at e ch an ge / cl im at e ch an ge a da pt at io n po in ts in se ct or al e nt iti es fr om th e N A P pr io ri ty se ct or s D A L D oW H D oT N D oH C C D A N um be r o f se ct or al en tit ie s w ith a hi gh - le ve l/p ol iti ca l an d/ or te ch ni ca l C C or C C A fo ca l po in t 0 4 4 C C D A D A L D oW H D oT N D oH 60 O ut pu t 3 . E nh an ce d in fo rm at io n, c ap ac ity b ui ld in g an d aw ar en es s r ai si ng 3. 1 Im pl em en t t he N A P’ s ca pa ci ty d ev el op m en t p la n C C D A D A L D oW H D oT N D oH N FA C EP A PN G FA D PL LG D N PM N um be r o f ca pa ci ty bu ild in g an d tra in in g pr og ra m s de ve lo pe d an d ro lle d ou t16 0 2 2 D A L D oW D oT N D oH N FA C EP A PN G FA D PL LG D N PM N um be r o f m an ag er ia l an d te ch ni ca l st af f i n na tio na l, se ct or al a nd pr ov in ci al in st itu tio ns tra in ed in k ey th em es to su pp or t C C A in P ap ua N ew G ui ne a. 0 50 (2 5 w om en an d 25 m en ) 10 0 (5 0 w om en an d 50 m en ) C C D A 3. 2 St re ng th en C C D A ’s te ch ni ca l a nd in st itu tio na l ca pa ci ty C C D A D N PM D oF N um be r o f ad di tio na l st af f t ra in ed in sp ec ia lis ed ar ea s 3 3 C C D A D N PM D oF St ru ct ur e of C C D A as se ss ed a nd re vi se d to in cl ud e ad di tio na l di vi si on s & st af f n ee de d to pr ov id e ad eq ua te ov er si gh t a nd m on ito rin g of th e N A P 0 1 1 pl an fo r r e- st ru ct ur in g C C D A de ve lo pe d an d im pl em en te d 3. 3 E st ab lis h a cl im at e re se ar ch a nd in fo rm at io n w or ki ng c om m itt ee u nd er th e A T W C to fa ci lit at e co lla bo ra tio n ac ro ss se ct or al a nd r es ea rc h en tit ie s. C C D A A ca de m ic an d re se ar ch in st itu tio ns W or ki ng co m m itt ee es ta bl is he d 0 1 1 C C D A 61 3. 4 D ev el op p ar tn er sh ip s w ith tr ai ni ng in st itu tio ns & u ni ve rs iti es to su pp or t st re ng th en in g of in fo rm at io n an d ca pa ci tie s re le va nt to c lim at e ch an ge ad ap ta tio n. C C D A A ca de m ic an d re se ar ch in st itu tio ns N um be r o f pa rtn er sh ip s/ M O A s de ve lo pe d w ith tr ai ni ng in st itu tio ns & un iv er si tie s 0 1 2 C C D A 3. 5 In te gr at io n of b as ic co nc ep ts o f c lim at e ch an ge m iti ga tio n an d ad ap ta tio n w ith in p ri m ar y an d hi gh sc ho ol c ur ri cu lu m de ve lo pm en t v ia th e E du ca tio n D ep ar tm en t (D H E R ST ). C C D A D oE D H ER ST Pr im ar y an d hi gh sc ho ol cu rr ic ul um in te gr at es ba si c co nc ep ts of c lim at e ch an ge m iti ga tio n an d ad ap ta tio n 0 1 1 C C D A D oE D H ER ST 3. 6 D es ig n of e du ca tio n an d aw ar en es s r ai si ng m at er ia l o n cl im at e ch an ge , c lim at e- in du ce d im pa ct s a nd c lim at e ch an ge a da pt at io n op tio ns , ta rg et ed fo r th e pr ov in ci al an d lo ca l c om m un ity le ve l. C C D A D oE D H ER ST N um be r o f ed uc at io n an d aw ar en es s ra is in g m at er ia l o n cl im at e ch an ge , cl im at e- in du ce d im pa ct s a nd C C A o pt io ns pr od uc ed a nd di ss em in at io n ef fo rts 0 1 1 C C D A D oE D H ER ST O ut pu t 4 . S tre ng th en ed fi na nc ia l p la nn in g an d re so ur ce m ob ili za tio n 4. 1 A lig n se ct or al c lim at e ch an ge a da pt at io n pl an s w ith se ct or al b ud ge ts in th e N A P pr io ri ty se ct or s t o pr ov id e a ba si s f or tr ac ki ng im pl em en ta tio n an d fin an ci ng fo r cl im at e ch an ge a da pt at io n D A L D oW H D oT N D oH D oF N um be r o f se ct or al bu dg et s t ha t in cl ud e al lo ca tio n to C C A m ea su re s ac co rd in g to se ct or al C C A pl an s 0 2 4 D A L D oW H D oT N D oH D oF 4. 2 E st ab lis h a po rt fo lio o f ap pr ai se d m ea su re s in cl ud ed in c lim at e ch an ge ad ap ta tio n se ct or al p la ns in cl ud in g co st a nd fin an ci ng in fo rm at io n. C C D A D A L D oW H D oT N D oH N A P da ta ba se an d a pr og re ss da sh bo ar d pu bl is he d on th e C C D A w eb si te a nd re gu la rly up da te d 0 1 N A P da ta ba se an d a pr og re ss da sh bo ar d de ve lo pe d an d up da te d 1 N A P da ta ba se a nd a pr og re ss da sh bo ar d de ve lo pe d an d up da te d C C D A D A L D oW H D oT N D oH 62 4. 3 E st ab lis h a de di ca te d te am to su pp or t r es ou rc e m ob ili sa tio n co m pr is ed o f st af f f ro m C C D A a nd N A P pr io ri ty se ct or s, su pp le m en te d w ith te ch ni ca l e xp er tis e pr ov id ed b y de ve lo pm en t pa rt ne rs . C C D A D A L D oW H D oT N D oH R es ou rc e m ob ili za tio n te am es ta bl is he d 0 1 R es ou rc e m ob ili za t io n te am es ta bl is h ed 1 R es ou rc e m ob ili za tio n te am es ta bl is he d C C D A O ut pu t 5 . E nh an ce d ca pa ci tie s f or m on ito rin g an d ev al ua tin g cl im at e ch an ge a da pt at io n m ea su re s a nd im pa ct s 5. 1 E st ab lis h a M & E fr am ew or k fo r m on ito ri ng cl im at e ch an ge a da pt at io n in P ap ua N ew G ui ne a w hi ch a llo w s t o in te gr at e in fo rm at io n on im pa ct s a s w el l a s f ac ili ta te r ep or tin g of N D C ta rg et s. C C D A D A L D oW H D oT N D oH N FA C EP A PN G FA C C A M & E Fr am ew or k es ta bl is he d an d us ed fo r m on ito rin g an d re po rti ng im pl em en ta tio n of C C A m ea su re s C C A M & E Fr am ew o rk es ta bl is h ed a nd us ed C C A M & E Fr am ew or k es ta bl is he d an d us ed C C D A D A L D oW H D oT N D oH N FA C EP A PN G FA 63 i. Tracking database of adapta�on measures, finance, and impact-outcome effec�veness The NAP’s monitoring and repor�ng framework require an integrated approach to monitor and evaluate progress in rela�on to sectoral climate change adapta�on plans and strategic ac�ons and their contribu�on to achieving Papua New Guinea’s adapta�on targets, as well as to monitor and evaluate progress on the NAP’s objec�ves and cross-cu�ng strategies and sectoral priority areas. Conceived as a policy integ ra�on and mainstreaming instrument, the NAP also builds on exis�ng policy, ins�tu�onal, regulatory and coordina�on arrangements in Papua New Guinea. The monitoring and evalua�on framework for the NAP draws on these systems to facilitate the collec�on and aggrega�on of qualita�ve and quan�ta�ve data on the progress of implementa�on of the adapta�on measures for the sectoral areas and cross-cu�ng pillars of the NAP. However, a large segment of this informa�on will be drawn from the ongoing updates to the tracking database, housed online by CCDA, which will also form an integral part of the communica�on strategy for the NAP progress, in turn informing reviews and updates to the next phase of the NAP. Adapta�on communica�on under the Paris Agreement was established by Ar�cle 7 and refers to the voluntary submission and periodic updates of informa�on on adapta�on, including in rela�on to priori�es, implementa�on, and support needs, plans and ac�ons. Regular and consistent repor�ng on adapta�on is cri�cal to increase the visibility and importance of adapta�on, promote a balance with support provided to mi�ga�on and strengthen adapta�on ac�ons, inform global stocktakes, as well as improve the understanding of adapta�on needs and ac�ons. A database including the climate change adapta�on measures in the NAP por�olio has been established and published on CCDA’s website, alongside a progress dashboard to monitor resource mobilisa�on and delivery in progress on adapta�on measures under the NAP. The database will combine implementa�on progress informa�on with financial data, with summary informa�on, for example, by interven�on stage, sector, and results17. Informa�on will be regularly collected from lead sectoral en��es to CCDA and updated in the progress dashboard. Efforts should also be conducted to iden�fy and address implementa�on issues for successful future fundraising. The NAP database and progress dashboard will provide inputs for the monitoring and repor�ng of NAP progress, as well as for the monitoring and evalua�on of climate change adapta�on strategic ac�ons and impacts. Such an approach will allow the NAP to evolve over �me, keeping it a “living” document/framework with the database providing a ‘home’ for adapta�on measures from exis�ng plans, policies, and strategies; future mainstreamed plans; and measures not (yet) included in plans, e.g., resul�ng from feasibility studies or implemented outside the public sector (e.g., by the private sector, non-government organisa�ons, or communi�es). This is intended to over-�me provide a (gradually more) comprehensive, real-�me overview of adapta�on ac�vity in Papua New Guinea. The database could integrate appraisal, fundraising, implementa�on monitoring, and repor�ng aspects, enabling the NAP to fulfil its mainstreaming, fundraising support and accountability func�ons effec�vely while minimising duplica�on with established processes and documents. A�er successfully implemen�ng the financing monitoring and tracking through the database and website dashboard, Papua New Guinea will strive to build upon this design to transi�on towards a system to track climate change adapta�on-related budget alloca�ons and expenditure in the medium term. A stepwise approach will be pursued, star�ng with the NAP priority sectors before covering the en�re budget. 17NAP Climate Change Adaptation Database www.ccda.gov.pg 64 7. ACCESSING NAP RESOURCES, GUIDANCE AND MATERIALS All NAP resources, guidelines and other tools and support developed and provided to assist in the implementa�on of the NAP can be found online, through the Climate Change and Development Authority’s portal website: www.ccda.gov.pg 65 8. REFERENCES ADB (2016). Coral Triangle, Asia Development Bank. h�ps://www.adb.org/mul�media/coral-triangle/ CSIRO (2015). Current and future climate of Papua New Guinea. Papua New Guinea Na�onal Weather Service. Pacific-Australia Climate Change Science and Adapta�on Planning Program. Australian Bureau of Meteorology, Commonwealth Scien�fic and Industrial Research Organisa�on (CSIRO) GCA, WRI (2019). Adapt now: a global call for leadership on climate resilience. Global Commission on Adapta�on & World Resources Ins�tute. Retrieved from h�ps://gca.org/reports/adapt-now-a-global-call-for-leadership-on-climate-resilience/ GFDRR (2020). Think Hazard! Papua New Guinea report. Global Facility for Disaster Reduc�on and Recovery h�ps://thinkhazard.org/en/report/192-papua-new-guinea/WF Government of Papua New Guinea (2021a). Papua New Guinea Revised Enhanced Na�onally Determined Contribu�ons (NDCs) 2020 Implementa�on Plan (2021-2030). Climate Change Development Authority (CCDA), NDC Partnership Government of Papua New Guinea (2021b). Climate Change Management Act, Amendment 2022 Government of Papua New Guinea (2020). Papua New Guinea’s Na�onally Determined Contribu�on (NDC) Government of Papua New Guinea (2018). Papua New Guinea’s First Biennial Update Report to the United Na�ons Framework Conven�on on Climate Change (UNFCCC). Government of Papua New Guinea (2014). Papua New Guinea Second Na�onal Communica�on (SNC) to the United Na�ons Framework Conven�on on Climate Change (UNFCCC) GGGI (2020). Report: Gender Mainstreaming Guideline for Project Implementers, Global Green Growth Ins�tute, Papua New Guinea GGGI (2019). Green Growth Poten�al Assessment Papua New Guinea Country Report, Global Green Growth Ins�tute IPCC (2022). Summary for Policymakers. [H.-O. Pörtner, D.C. Roberts, E.S. Poloczanska, K. Mintenbeck, M. Tignor, A. Alegría, M. Craig, S. Langsdorf, S. Löschke, V. Möller, A. Okem (eds.)] In: Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adapta�on and Vulnerability. Contribu�on of Working Group II to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [H.-O. Pörtner, D.C. Roberts, M. Tignor, E.S. Poloczanska, K. Mintenbeck, A. Alegría, M. Craig, S. Langsdorf, S. Löschke, V. Möller, A. Okem, B. Rama (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press. In Press. (IPCC, 2022). IPCC (2021) Annex II: Models [Gu�érrez, J M., A.-M. Tréguier (eds.)]. In Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribu�on of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Masson-Delmo�e, V., P. Zhai, A. Pirani, S.L. Connors, C. Péan, S. Berger, N. Caud, Y. Chen, L. Goldfarb, M.I. Gomis, M. Huang, K. Leitzell, E. Lonnoy, J.B.R. Ma�hews, T.K. Maycock, T. Waterfield, O. Yelekçi, R. Yu, and B. Zhou (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, pp. 2087–2138, doi:10.1017/9781009157896.016. Kuleshov, Y., Inape, K., Watkins, A. B., Bear-Crozier, A., Chua, Z., Xie, P., Kubota, T., Tashima, T., Stefanski, R., & Kurino, T. (2019). Climate Risk and Early Warning Systems (CREWS) for Papua New Guinea. In (Ed.), Drought - Detec�on and Solu�ons. IntechOpen. h�ps://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.85962 66 NOAA (2022). Coral Reef Watch Satellite Monitoring and Modelled Outlooks, Coral Reef Watch, NOAA Satelite and Informa�on Service, Na�onal Environmental Satelite, Data and Informa�on Service (NESDIS), Na�onal Oceanic Atmospheric Administra�on (NOAA) h�ps://coralreefwatch.noaa.gov/ PWC (2022). Agriculture & Fisheries in Papua New Guinea. Price Waterhouse Coopers h�ps://www.pwc.com/pg/en/industries/industries-agriculture-and-fisheries.html SPREP (2020). Pacific ecosystem-based adapta�on to climate change: strengthening and protec�ng natural ecosystem services to enhance resilience to climate change. Secretariat of the Pacific Regional Environment Programme UNESCO (2022). Papua New Guinea, Country Indicators. Ins�tute for Sta�s�cs, United Na�ons Educa�onal, Scien�fic and Cultural Organiza�on, h�p://uis.unesco.org/en/country/pg UNDP (2020). Gender Responsive NDC Planning and Implementa�on, United Na�ons Development Programme.h�ps://www.ndcs.undp.org/content/ndc-support-programme/en/home/our-work/focal/cross-cu�ng -gender.html UNDP (2022). Human Development Reports: Papua New Guinea, Human Development Indicators. United Na�ons Development Programme. UNESCAP (2021). Asia-Pacific Disaster Report 2021. United Na�ons Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific h�ps://www.unescap.org/kp/2021/asia-pacific-disaster-report-2021 UNFCCC (2020). Gender and Climate Change Brief for the Adapta�on Commi�ee, United Na�ons Framework Conven�on on Climate Change h�ps://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/resource/Brief Gender%20in%20the%20work%20of%20the%20AC.pdf USAID (2020). USAID Climate Ready, Knowledge Products, Mul�-criteria Analysis Tool, United States Agency for Interna�onal Development World Bank (2020). The World Bank in Papua New Guinea. h�ps://www.worldbank.org/en/country/PNG/overview# World Bank (2021). Climate Risk Country Profile Papua New Guinea, World Bank Group, Washington DC, h�ps://climateknowledgeportal.worldbank.org/sites/default/files/country-profiles/15871-WB Papua%20New%20 Guinea%20Country%20Profile-WEB.pdf World Bank (2022). Climate Change Knowledge Portal. h�ps://climateknowledgeportal.worldbank.org/country/papua-new-guinea/ WFP (2022). Climate ac�on. World Food Program h�ps://www.wfp.org/climate-ac�on 67 9. ANNEXES 9.1 Annex 1: Sectoral Planning Guidelines for Climate Change Adapta�on For Annex 1: Sectoral Planning Guidelines for Climate Change Adapta�on, see www.ccda.gov.pg 9.2 Annex 2: NAP Financing and Implementa�on Framework Guidance For Annex 2: Na�onal Financing and Implementa�on Framework Guidance, see www.ccda.gov.pg 68