Papua New Guinea National Environmental Management Strategy 2021-2025

1.1 Papua New Guinea 2

1.2 What is the National Environment Management Strategy (NEMS)? 4

1.3 Rationale for the NEMS 5

1.4 Formulation of the NEMS 6

1.5 The NEMS and Multilateral Environment Agreements 7

1.6 Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) 7 2 GUIDING PRINCIPLES 8

2.1 Leadership and Good Governance 8

2.2 Collective Responsibility for the Environment 9

2.3 Integration of the Environment and Development 10 3 THEMATIC AREAS 11

3.1 THEME 1 ENVIRONMENT MONITORING AND GOVERNANCE 12

3.2 THEME 2 ATMOSPHERE AND CLIMATE 16

3.3 THEME 3 FRESHWATER RESOURCES 22

3.4 THEME 4 LAND 26

3.5 THEME 5 MARINE AND COASTAL 29

3.6 THEME 6 BIODIVERSITY 36

3.7 THEME 7 BUILT ENVIRONMENT – CONSUMPTION AND WASTE 42

3.8 THEME 8 CULTURE AND HERITAGE 50 4 IMPLEMENTATION AND MONITORING FRAMEWORK 58 5 CONCLUDING REMARKS 59 6 REFERENCES 60 ACRONYMS BPEO Best Practice Environment Option NAQIA National Agriculture Quarantine Inspection Authority CCDA Climate Change and Development Authority NARI National Agriculture Research Institute CEPA Conservation and Environment Protection Authority NDoH National Department of Health CIC Coffee Industry Corporation NBSAP National Biodiversity Strategy Action Plan DAL Department of Agriculture and Livestock NCC National Cultural Commission DE Department of Education NDC National Disaster Center DF Department of Finance NDS National Development Strategy DFAT Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade NEMS National Environment Management Strategy DHERST Department of Higher Education Research NLUP National Land Use Policy Science and Technology NMAG National Museum and Arts Gallery DJAG Department of Justice and Attorney General NGO Non-government organisation DLPP Department of Lands and Physical Planning ODS Ozone Depleting Substance DMPGM Department of Mineral Policy and GeoHazard OPIC Oil Palm Industry Corporation Management OSL Oil Search Limited DNPM Department of National Planning and PA Protected Area Monitoring PNG Papua New Guinea DPE Department of Petroleum and Energy PNGCC Papua New Guinea Customs Commission DT Department of Treasury PNGFA Papua New Guinea Forest Authority DWTI Department of Works, Transport and Implementation PNGPL PNG Power Limited EBS Equitable Benefit sharing PNGSTC Papua New Guinea Science and Technology Council EIS Environment Impact Statement (EIS) SDG Sustainable Development Goal ESIA Environment and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) SMLI Social Mapping and Landowner Identification GEF Global Environment Facility SoE State of the Environment GHG Greenhouse Gas SPREP Secretariat of the Pacific Regional Environment Programme HCFC Hydrochlorofluorocarbon STaRS National Strategy for Responsible ILG Incorporated Land Group Sustainable Development IPNGS Institute of Papua New Guinea Studies TEK Traditional Ecological Knowledge IPR Intellectual Property Rights TPA Tourism Promotion Authority KIK Kokonas Indastri Koporesen UNDP United Nations Development Programme MDG Millennium Development Goal UNEP United Nations Environment Programme MEA Multilateral Environmental Agreement UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on MRA Mineral Resource Authority Climate Change MTDP Medium Term Development Plan WPNG Water PNG ii Papua New Guinea National Environmental Management Strategy 2021–2025 MESSAGE FROM THE Solomon Islands Minister for Environment, Climate Change, Disaster Management and Meteorology The Government of Solomon Islands recognises the its regional and global importance of the country’s environment to the health, commitments under welfare and economic development of the country and international frameworks its people. Thus the Ministry of Environment, Climate such as the SAMOA Change, Disaster Management and Meteorology (MECDM) Pathway, Multilateral welcomes the Solomon Islands National Environmental Environment Agreements Management Strategy (NEMS) 2020–2023. (MEA), and the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG). Since the NEMS is derived from the key recommendations The actions recommended in the State of the Environment (SoE) report 2019, its status as the environment blueprint for government to alleviate in the NEMS will enable the significant pressures on the country’s environment and MECDM to address these issues in an organised manner, socio-economic wellbeing is assured. The strategy will guide with the necessary support. the MECDM to address environment issues and promote The Government of Solomon Islands is grateful for the better livelihoods for the country. The SoE contained financial and technical support provided by the Secretariat disturbing revelations about the impact on our environment of the Pacific Regional Environment Programme (SPREP), from multiple drivers and pressures. We can all do better. through the GEF/UNEP INFORM project, and for its As an environmental policy framework with strategic leadership in the development of the NEMS. The valuable directions, the NEMS has the potential to strengthen contributions of stakeholders across public and private partnerships within sectors and provide opportunities for sectors alike, toward the NEMS, are also acknowledged. funding support from donor partners. The NEMS is a sign The successful implementation of the NEMS is vital for the of commitment by MECDM to ensure national development health of our environment and our wellbeing. I sincerely targets and sector planning activities are carried out welcome and look forward to further cooperation from coherently, and promote environmental sustainability. bilateral and multilateral donor organisations in supporting It also provides direction to the government to fulfil the strategy. Hon. Dickson Panakitasi Mua Minister for Environment, Climate Change, Disaster Management and Meteorology Papua New Guinea National Environmental Management Strategy 2021–2025 iii FOREWORD FROM THE MANAGING Director OF CEPA The Conservation and Environment Protection Authority The Agenda 2030 provides (CEPA) is the mandated government statutory body international targets which PNG recognised for the management and conservation of Papua must report on. I believe things New Guinea’s vast natural resources, including biodiversity will improve further from lessons and cultural heritage. This report complements the latest learnt in the past. State of Environment (SoE) report for Papua New Guinea Recognising PNG’s vulnerability and how to manage the complex environment issues. to both human-induced Although information is scattered, this report provides anthropogenic drivers and a snapshot of where the country is, given the diverse pressures and natural threats pressures and threats the country is facing from both natural such as climate change, invasive and anthropogenic causes. species, species extinction, With CEPA as the lead agency working with the Secretariat pollution and environment degradation, the NEMS Report of the Pacific Regional Environment Programme (SPREP), complements the 2020 SoE Report. I envisage the general information was collected from various national stakeholders public, development partners, business entities and state and professionals during the SoE consultation in 2019. I agencies will work together to address issues flagged in the am very grateful for your involvement, commitment and SoE and NEMS reports. collaboration in producing this very important document. All stakeholders must know that our journey does not stop Since the Government of PNG ratified the United here. We are committed to producing regular updates every Nations Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) in five years by tracking and evaluating our progress. Only by 2009, implementation has been below average with little knowing what is happening on the ground, can we make achieved. However, I commend the previous governments informed decisions in fulfilling our international obligations for developing national policies such as the Vision 2050, to conserve and manage our natural assets sustainably. I National Development Strategic Plan 2010-2030, National encourage all stakeholders to work together in collecting, Sustainable Responsible Strategy for Development storing, sharing and managing data and information and (StaRS), and the Medium Term Development Plan I-III, implement the NEMS to measure our progress. which all capture PNG’s vision for future development and environment sustainability priorities. In 2015, the United Mr Gunther Joku Nations Agenda 2030 or Sustainable Development Goals Managing Director, (SDG) were adopted by member States including PNG. Conservation and Environment Protection Authority iv Papua New Guinea National Environmental Management Strategy 2021–2025 Message from the Director General, SPREP The fragile environment of Pacific island countries the two processes. is increasingly facing pressures that threaten the The NEMS provides sustainability of Pacific island communities and its natural strategic direction to environment. Pacific leaders have reaffirmed climate inform and support policy, change as the single greatest threat to the livelihoods, planning, programming, security and wellbeing of the peoples of our Pacific. There and project development are the on-going challenges of deforestation, the over- to achieve sustainable exploitation of land and marine resources, unsustainable development goals and practices, inappropriate infrastructure development, aspirations at all levels. The increasing population growth and economic development PNG NEMS will contribute pressures on our fragile environment. These bring about towards the implementation a range of environmental issues such as waste, invasive of the PNG National Development Plan, Medium Term species, unsafe water, poor sanitation, air pollution, Development Plan, Vision 2050, Sustainable Development hazardous chemicals and environmental hazards that Goals and Agenda 2030, Multilateral Environmental impede sustainable development. Agreements (MEA), as well as key regional priorities. Papua New Guinea is the largest Pacific island Member of I acknowledge the financial contribution through the SPREP in terms of population, geographical scale, natural regional Inform Project funded by the Global Environment resources, and biodiversity. Having said this, PNG has its Facility, implemented by the United Nations Environment own suite of environmental challenges some of which are Programme and executed by SPREP, which made it common across most island communities in the Pacific. possible to develop the PNG NEMS 2021-2025. I would SPREP’s engagement in the development of the National also like to acknowledge the hard work and commitment Environmental Management Strategy (NEMS) for PNG of CEPA and all key stakeholders who worked tirelessly came about in July 2018, in response to a request from on the NEMS. the PNG Conservation and Environment Protection Finally, I commend and congratulate the Government of Authority (CEPA) for SPREP to support the development PNG and CEPA in reaching this milestone and wish you all of the PNG State of the Environment Report 2020-2025. the best and success with the implementation of the PNG It is encouraging to see the practical approach taken in NEMS 2021–2025. developing the NEMS, based on data and information in the 2020 PNG SoE report, as there is a clear link between Mr Kosi Latu Director General, SPREP Papua New Guinea National Environmental Management Strategy 2021–2025 v A young lad paddling through the Suki wetlands at sunrise in Western Province. (Biatus Bito) 1 INTRODUCTION The National Environmental Management Strategy (NEMS) 2021-2025 is a commitment by Papua New Guinea to conserve and improve its environment for current and future generations. It is a living document that provides a framework of environmental strategies and actions for the next five years. The strategy takes into consideration existing global, regional and local targets, threats and drivers and the environmental framework which PNG is committed to implement. The strategy is the outcome of a consultative process by national and state stakeholders during the development of the PNG SoE in 2019. The SoE report identified seven thematic areas, which have been organised into eight themes for the NEMS, as follows: Theme 1. Environmental Monitoring and Governance Theme 2. Atmosphere and Climate Theme 3. Freshwater Resources Theme 4. Land Theme 5. Marine and Coastal Theme 6. Biodiversity Theme 7: Built Environment: Consumption and Waste Theme 8. Culture and Heritage During the development of the SoE and NEMS, the CEPA in partnership with the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and the Global Environment Facility (GEF) also worked on the National Biodiversity Strategic Action Plans (NBSAP) 2018-2023. CEPA worked with UNDP on the 6th National Report for the Convention on Biodiversity 2019. Other reports were prepared for the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD) Secretariat, and three National Reports were finalised for the UNCCD Secretariat on Land Degradation. The NEMS is aligned with the NBSAP, CBD, UNCCD, DSP 2010- 2030, MTDP 3 2018-2020 and the Vision 2050. Papua New Guinea National Environmental Management Strategy 2021–2025 1

1.1 Papua New Guinea Papua New Guinea is situated on the island of New Guinea in the Oceania region, in the south-western Pacific Ocean. PNG occupies the eastern half of the island of New Guinea, and is a geomorphological diverse country, 6 degrees South and 143 degrees east of the equator (Figure 1). PNG shares a common international border with Australia to the south and the Papua province of Indonesia to the West, Palau to the North and Solomon Islands to the east. PNG has a total landmass of approximately 465,147.71 km2, of which 453, 672.24 km2 comprises of islands land mass while 11,475.47km2 is sea, where 72% of the landmass is believed to be inhabited (Prais 2018). Some reports state PNG has 462,840 km2 or 46.3 million ha of land, with approximately 75% covered by tropical primary rainforest (GoPNG 2014; GoPNG 2018). The mainland is almost 85% of the total landmass, covered in 78% of forest cover. The landmass includes the outlying tropical islands, namely the four provincial islands in New Britain, New Ireland, Manus, and Bougainville, plus approximately over 600 other islands and atolls. These four provincial islands and the small atolls and islands are spread over approximately 800,000 square km2 of the Pacific Ocean. PNG has a total sea area of 11,475.47km2, with the total Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) about 2,437.480km2, and a total coastline length of 20,538 km (NFA 2014; Sheppard 2014). The ADB report on the coral triangle mentions the EEZ is 3.12 km2 while GoPNG (2018) recorded the EEZ with 2.4 million km2 in extent, which is the largest in the Western and Central Pacific Ocean and the second largest in the world (ADB 2014). PNG is the last frontier for biodiversity conservation as it hosts between 6-8% of global species. The total number of species in PNG is not known but some estimates put it around 200,000 to 1 million. Approximately half of the plants and half of the animals are yet to be named scientifically, and every year new species are being discovered. PNG is also among the world’s top 17 mega-diversity countries (Mittermeier et al., 1997). 144° 150° 153° 156° 159° PACIFIC OCEAN PAPUA Pelelun Islands NEW GUINEA ,,.., National capital ~ Mussau NEW IRELAND ,: , Hermit MANUS Provincial capital Islands Lorengau St. Matthias Group 0 City,town Admiralty ~ fy\anus ,,_ LJ + Major air port WEST SEPIK Islands . -- -"- Taskul ~ , • Ka vieng 1> Reef ~.. /' DTabar - · · - International boundary ~6~,.'bfs\a~\) ~- Lihir Tanga 3• Provincial boundary Islands New ·' Main road Ireland 50 100 150 200 250km s· 12° 141° 147° 150° 153° 156° 159° Figure 1: Map of PNG (Source: United Nations, Wikipedia) 2 Papua New Guinea National Environmental Management Strategy 2021–2025 PNG’s national census is normally conducted every 10 years. The 1980 population of 3 million people rose to 7.3 million in 2011 (NSO 2011a). Some estimate that PNG has over 8 million people. It is projected that by 2021, at the current rate of 3.1%, the population would surpass 10 million (NSO 2011). This rising population trend is most likely to put a stress on environmental goods and services and the development aspirations of the country. PNG has a dual economy of traditional subsistence and commerce. With the growing population, the need for government services and resource exploitation is also increasing proportionally. The number of people migrating into towns and cities has increased substantially in the last 40 years and so too their environment footprints. The conservation and preservation of PNG’s natural heritage is nationally important and globally significant. The marine and terrestrial resources are the foundation of the country’s long-term economic self-sufficiency. Maintaining the ecosystems that nurture the vast and unique diversity is crucial to sustaining the country’s rich ethno-biological traditions while improving quality of life. This is because 80% of the population live in rural areas and depend on subsistence livelihoods. A thorough inventory and monitoring of PNG’s natural resources is integral to the effective management of these resources to benefit its people, and for biodiversity conservation. A baseline study is in the form of the SoE 2020-2025. However, various sectors such as forestry, mining, oil and gas, services, agriculture and others have documented numerous baselines, some published or in the public domain. PNG’s natural resources face numerous threats. The impacts of climate change will exacerbate existing threats and place additional pressures on the country’s people, natural resources and biodiversity. The impacts include coastal shoreline erosion, inundation of waterways, long dry seasons, and landslides, among others. These impacts will worsen with population growth and other development pressures. PNG has a mega-diverse culture with over 1000 tribes and over 843 languages spoken by various ethnic groups. The country has 22 provinces made up of different ethnic groups of Melanesian, Micronesian and Polynesian heritage. These groups have different cultures, traditions, and political and social structures. Ownership of land, aquatic and marine areas varies. Provinces such as the Autonomous Region of Bougainville (AROB), Milne Bay, New Ireland and East New Britain Provinces own the land and seascape through matrilineal bloodlines, where the ownership of land is passed down through the mothers’ bloodline. The rest of the country is patrilineal, where the ownership of land is passed down through the father’s bloodline. Over 80% of land in PNG is customarily owned by clans and clan groups while the rest is owned by private entities and the government. Some reports state that 97% of land is owned by the landowners and 3% by the state. However, this has changed over the years through land deals and acquisitions. Land, aquatic and marine ownership patterns greatly influence the strategies and actions required to sustainably manage the natural resources of the nation. This is because most land, aquatic and sea owners have a say in how their properties are used or managed. This is a dilemma often faced by development partners, investors and government alike. Young dancers from a local singsing group at Alexeshafen, Madang. (Biatus Bito) Papua New Guinea National Environmental Management Strategy 2021–2025 3

1.2 What is the National Environment Management Strategy (NEMS)? The NEMS 2021-2025 is the first for PNG and is linked to the SoE 2020 report. The SoE report indicates that PNG’s natural resources are still in relatively good condition. However, there are significant environmental problems, threats and pressures faced by the country into the future. There are still major gaps in environmental data to confidently measure the status of the environment and cultural health of the country. More research is needed to address these issues before they become unmanageable. There have been several national plans over the years to guide the country in terms of economic, social and environment development. Since there was no previous SoE or NEMS report, a good start is to report on the Millennium Development Goals (MDG). Between 1990 and 2010, there was little progress in achieving the MDGs. Most goals were incorporated into government policies such as the Vision 2050, Development Strategic Plan 2010-2030 (DSP), Medium Term Development Plan 1-3 (MTDP) and National Strategy for Responsible Sustainable Development (StaRS). PNG became independent in 1975 and was guided by the National Goals and Directive principles in the National Constitution. There may not be any national Environment Plan for the country, however, some sectors have their own plans. For the Environment Sector, it has the National Capacity Self-Assessment Report and Plan of Actions 2014, for the implementation of the United Convention on Biological Diversity (UNCBD), United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD) and the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). This report was made under the former Department of Environment and Conservation (DEC), with support from UNDP and GEF (Wickham et al., 2014), to meet the objectives of the 1993 Rio Convention. Prior to this plan there was the PNG National Biodiversity Strategy Action Plan (NBSAP) 2007 to complement the MTDS and the MDGs (GoPNG 2007). CEPA developed the National Protected Area Implementation Plan (NPAIP). These plans provide a pathway for achieving sustainable development, although implementation remains a challenge (GoPNG 2007, 2011). With limited capacity, resources and technical input from the implementing agency and other counterparts and stakeholders, CEPA is trying its best to improve its functions. For instance, a revised NBSAP is being prepared. Donor partners such as UNDP, SPREP, USAID and others are supporting CEPA with funding, training and staff capacity building, and providing resources to update reports or implement some of the core activities. A report by Leverington et al., (2017) shows most of the Protected Areas in PNG were not effectively managed except for those managed by NGOS or assisted by external donors. This led to the Protected Area Policy Implementation Plan 2018- 2028 developed by CEPA with support from UNDP GEF (CEPA 2018), to implement the Protected Area Policy (2014). UNDP is helping to develop a sustainable financing mechanism for the protected area network in the country, to support protected areas with small grants, capacity building and other activities. The PNG Forest Authority (PNGFA) is working on a plan to provide valuable data and information on the management of the forestry sector and biodiversity. There are other individual sector plans administered under the Mineral Resource Authority (MRA) for Mining, PNG Fisheries Authority (NFA), Department of Petroleum (oil and gas) and Climate Change and Development Authority, to name a few. The most significant government plans or policies are the Vision 2050, the DSP 2010- 2030, MTDS 1-3, and StaRS. The NEMS will be updated every five years in conjunction with the SoE report. PNG’s natural resources continue to degrade due to various threats. However, there has been a significant increase in the last 10 years in environmental policy at both the national and state level. In addition, there have been greater efforts by communities, provinces and the national government to improve the management of the environment and natural resources. The NEMS takes into account the advances made since the Rio Convention in 1993 and was developed alongside the 2020 SoE report, the 2019 National Biodiversity Strategic Action Plan and the PNG’s sixth National Report to the Convention on Biological Diversity 2019. 4 Papua New Guinea National Environmental Management Strategy 2021–2025

1.3 Rationale for the NEMS The NEMS is intended to guide various stakeholders in collaboration with CEPA to implement key policies, programmes and actions, to promote sustainable development and conservation of the environment of the country. The NEMS is a framework that links related key government policies and programmes, including other international obligations, to provide a roadmap for environmental actions and stewardship. It promotes good governance and highlights shortcomings that need to be addressed for the protection of the environment. This will help PNG achieve its economic aspirations and enhance community well-being. In the individual themes, specific objectives were developed, with activities tied to each theme. An implementing schedule will be undertaken by CEPA and agencies aligned to those activities, namely: • Environment Monitoring and Governance; Community awareness at one of the proposed Aramba-Suki Wildlife Management Areas, Seki village, Western Province. (Biatus Bito) • Atmosphere and Climate; • Freshwater Resources; • Land; • Marine and Coastal; • Biodiversity; • Built Environment; and • Culture and Heritage. The Markham Bridge outside Lae on the Wau-Bulolo Highway, Morobe Province, a key economic zone with forestry, mining and agriculture developments. (Biatus Bito) Papua New Guinea National Environmental Management Strategy 2021–2025 5

1.4 Formulation of the NEMS The NEMS, developed by CEPA in partnership with SPREP, is based on the PNG 2020 SoE report. Two national consultation write shops were held on 24-26 July 2019 and 14-16 October 2019 at Lamana Hotel, Port Moresby. A pre-write shop was hosted at CEPA’s conference room at Savannah Heights, two weeks prior to the first write shop in July 2019. Some people provided comments electronically without attending the write shops. The seven thematic areas in the SoE report were incorporated into the 2021-2025 NEMS. Many of the actions and recommendations in the NEMS supplement those in the PNG’s NBSAP 2019, the CBD 6th National Report and other nationally endorsed policies and programmes. However, most sections of the report followed the template provided by SPREP. Parts of the texts were derived from Participants sitting in different thematic groups and discussing other sources, including the SoE report. changes to the SoE report during the consultation write shops at Lamana Hotel, Port Moresby. (Tavita Su’a) Participants at the SoE and NEMS development process in 2019 at Lamana Hotel, Port Moresby. (Tavita Su’a) 6 Papua New Guinea National Environmental Management Strategy 2021–2025

1.5 The NEMS and Multilateral Environment Agreements Table 1 shows the 14 protocols and Conventions PNG has signed, for which CEPA is the focal point for reporting and implementation. The NEMS provides an implementation framework for Multilateral Environment Agreements (MEA). Table 1: Key MEAs implemented or managed by CEPA as the focal point Year MEA Ratified Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) 1993 Convention to Combat Desertification (CCD) 2000 Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) 1976 Convention on Wetlands of Importance, especially as Waterfowl Habitats, (Ramsar) 1993 Convention for the Protection of the World Cultural Natural Heritage 1972 Basel Convention on the Trans-boundary Movement of Hazardous Wastes and their Disposal 1995 Protocol on Biosafety (Cartagena Protocol) 2005 Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPS Convention) 2003 Rotterdam Convention on the Prior Informed Consent Procedure for certain Hazardous Chemicals and Pesticides in International Work in Trade (Rotterdam Convention) progress Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer 1992 Montreal Protocol on substances that deplete the Ozone Layer 1992 Convention to Ban the Importation in Forum Island Countries of Hazardous Waste and Radioactive Wastes and to Control the 2001 Transboundary Movement and Management of Hazardous Wastes within the South Pacific Region (Waigani Convention) Convention on Conservation of Nature in the South Pacific Region (Apia Convention) 1996 Convention for the Protection of the Natural Resources and Environment of the South Pacific Region and related Protocols (SPREP Protocol) 1986

1.6 Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), known as the Global Goals, or Agenda 2030, are a universal call to action to end poverty, protect the planet and ensure that all people enjoy peace and prosperity. The SDGs provide clear guidelines and targets for all UN member countries to adopt in accordance with their own priorities and the environmental challenges they face in the world at large. The goals are somewhat interconnected where most likely the key to success on one will involve tackling issues more commonly associated with another. Throughout this report, the SDGs will be linked to the different Thematic Areas and themes (Figure 2). 1 ~. Mi o/ V 2 3 4 5 6 NO ZERO GOOD HEALTH QUALITY GENDER CLEAN WATER POVERTY HUNGER AND WELL-BEING EDUCATION EQUALITY AND SANITATION \\\ Mt+t 7 AFFORDABLEAND 8 DECENT WORK AND 9 INDUSTRY. INNOVATION 10 REDUCED 11 SUSTAINABLE CITIES I! CLEAN ENERGY ECONOMIC GROWTH AND INFRASTRUCTURE INEQUALITIES AND COMMUNITIES I ,., ...... I flf & ~e~ ,,,,,' ◄=► .... .i.l~w 13 G -~ ~ @ CLIMATE ACTION • 14 LIFEBELOW WATER 15 LIFE ON LAND I 16 PEACE..IISJICE AND STRONG INSJITIITIDNS 17 PARTNERSHIPS FOR THE GOALS SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT G1..,ALS Figure 2: Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) Papua New Guinea National Environmental Management Strategy 2021–2025 7 2 GUIDING PRINCIPLES The NEMS 2021–2025 is guided by global principles that include leadership and good governance, collective responsibility for the environment, indigenous knowledge, practices and innovations, and integration of the environment and development. Based on these principles, CEPA and SPREP invited stakeholders from key institutions, including non-government organisations, private entities, professionals, individuals, universities, research institutes, and government organisations, to attend the write shop and provide feedback on the SoE Report. A national consultant was engaged to produce the SoE and NEMS reports. The project was under the PNG Inform Project, which reports to the head office of the Inform Project based at SPREP, in Apia, Samoa.

2.1 Leadership and Good Governance The PNG Government will lead efforts to protect, manage and promote the sustainable use of the country’s environment and its natural resources. This involves upholding good governance practices of transparency, accountability, shared responsibility and fairness in the consideration of environmental requirements in development practices. It respects everyone’s right to a clean and healthy environment. It also recognises key principles for respecting the needs and capacities of the natural environment such as the precautionary, polluter pays and carrying capacity principles. The Precautionary Principle is defined in the context of the UN Agenda 21 Rio Declaration as “Where there are threats of serious or irreversible damage, lack of full scientific certainty shall not be used as a reason for postponing cost-effective measures to prevent environmental degradation”. The Polluter Pays Principle means that populations are responsible for the waste and pollution they generate either directly or through payments for the available mitigation and management services. The principle extends to society’s responsibility to pay for the programmes that help to replenish, restore and rehabilitate natural resources and the environment that were exploited or degraded through extensive development activities. =The Carrying Capacity Principle may be defined as the ability of the environment to sustain the needs of human development and its own natural requirements. Development should respect the limits of the carrying capacities of its hosting environment if it is to achieve a more sustainable pathway. PNG is still lagging behind in terms of policies and implementation of laws and programmes to achieve the goals stated in those principles. These may be affected by issues of good governance in almost every sector of the country. Today, the timing is right and it is not too late. Many development opportunity costs may prevail but the onus is on the government and its key agencies to control the development challenges the country is facing. Lack of enforcement and good governance must be addressed by CEPA, its partner government entities and development partners, to improve the future of the environment. Participants developing the conservation planning map for South Fly District of Western Province The PNG Parliament House where laws are enacted and Merauke regency of West Papua (Indonesia), at Alexeshafen, Madang. (Biatus Bito) by Members of Parliament. (Donald Timons) 8 Papua New Guinea National Environmental Management Strategy 2021–2025

2.2 Collective Responsibility for the Environment Biodiversity and the environment provide important goods and services for communities. It is the responsibility of individuals, organisations and societies to protect and manage the sustainable use of biodiversity. The extraction or exploitation of natural resources have economic and environmental costs. It is our collective responsibility to ensure that these costs are not detrimental to the state of biodiversity and the goods and services it provides. Participants at the SoE write shop, Lamana Hotel, Port Moresby. (Tavita Su’a) Though the government provides key legal and strategic direction on the management of natural resources as stipulated in the National Constitution, many laws also empower government agencies at the national, provincial and municipal level to manage the economy, resources and environment. Since most of PNG’s land and sea territories are controlled by local land and sea owners, the onus is on the locals to manage their environment as well. However, most landowners face challenges of development in terms of social, political, economic, environment and spiritual empowerment. A Lowy Institute report by Lawrence (2020) discusses some challenges PNG is facing in terms of economic geopolitics, society, politics, infrastructures, security and future scenarios. Take, for example, infrastructure. The climate, topography, population, culture, economics and finance all raise significant barriers to providing economic and social infrastructure which are critical to future development. Lawrence argues that when comparing developed economies, the physical stock of infrastructure assets such as roads, bridges, airports and wharves in PNG are insufficient to deliver the economic and social services needed to drive faster economic growth and improve human development. Hence, PNG faces significant challenges that may also be influenced by the public infrastructure requirements of foreign direct investment in export oriented extractive resource sectors (Lawrence, 2020). A lack of effective national infrastructure planning and funding constrain PNG’s economy and its ability to improve the lives of its citizens through these infrastructure services. In addition, various cultural and ethnic groups and their behaviours may complicate the approach taken to development. The local context must be fully understood in order to ensure any plans and strategies are implemented successfully at the local, provincial and national level. The people across 22 provinces of PNG have unique traditional knowledge and practices, which have guided their survival and development for thousands of years. These practices are still relevant, and are integrated into the NEMS. • l Misty morning sunrise at the old Mumeng Station, Bulolo District, Morobe Province. (Biatus Bito) Papua New Guinea National Environmental Management Strategy 2021–2025 9

2.3 Integration of the Environment and Development This principle recognises that the environment underpins economic development. It recognises the challenges in balancing the needs of the environment and development. Several attempts have been made to do both conservation of the environment versus economic development but most Protected Area work has failed (WWF 2009; Leverington et al., 2017; Adams et al., 2017). Firstly, the opportunity cost for doing conservation is less appealing than those of economic development. Secondly, most conservation areas lack capacity, resources and sustainable financing. Thirdly, most Protected Areas (PAs) are established to protect the intrinsic and extrinsic values the environment possesses, but at the same time generating income and livelihoods of local people such as attracting researchers and tourists who may bring some benefits to the communities. Since most PAs are located in remote areas, the high cost of transport, lack of basic government infrastructure and services, high social issues and remoteness are major obstacles. Nevertheless, it is of utmost importance that economic development must ensure that environmental protection is promoted or encouraged, in order to facilitate long-term economic and environmental sustainability. This principle emphasises the importance of credible scientific information that must be made available to support the integration of the environment into development planning and implementation. It also recognises appropriate value systems of the people in PNG that promote the integrity of the environment. The PNG NEMS and the SoE reports contribute to a larger global effort towards the conservation of biodiversity and improving the environment for the benefit of all. It is important that the NEMS, while local in its approach, is closely linked with regional and international environmental conventions and agreements managed by CEPA as the focal point (Table 1). Papua New Guinea is rapidly transforming and Port Moresby is one of the fastest growing cities in the Pacific. PNG is not immune to environmental issues. (Biatus Bito) 10 Papua New Guinea National Environmental Management Strategy 2021–2025 3 THEMATIC AREAS The SoE Report 2020 has eight thematic areas or ‘themes’ with important ecosystems and environmental issues addressed under each themes. The themes are divided into habitats or sub-topics, with indicators developed for each one. For example, the Environment Monitoring and Governance theme focuses on government budget allocations for natural resource development under Environment Permit Conditions and compliance by developers. It also covers the government’s role in the implementation of MEA. Any issues or major setbacks raised in the thematic areas in the SoE report were addressed as recommendations. Consequently, these recommendations from the SoE report were developed as strategies which CEPA and its partners can address over five years (2021-2025). The themes are introduced in logical framework format. • Environment Monitoring and Governance • Atmosphere and Climate • Freshwater Resources • Land • Marine and Coastal • Biodiversity • Built Environment - Consumption and Waste • Culture and Heritage Papua New Guinea National Environmental Management Strategy 2021–2025 11

3.1 THEME 1 ENVIRONMENT MONITORING AND GOVERNANCE This theme focuses on how CEPA, government agencies and stakeholders will work towards improving environmental monitoring and governance work in the country. Under the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDG), the following targets can be achieved: 8.1.1, 8.2.1, 8.3.1, 8.4.18.5.1, 8.6.1, 9.1.1, 9.2.1, 9.2.2, 9.4.1, 9.5.1, 9.a.1, 9.c.1, 11.6.1, 12.2.1, 12.4.2, 15.5.1, 13.3.1, 14.7.1, 15.a.1, 15.b.1, 15.2.1, 15.3.1, 15.5.1, 16.5.1, 16.6.1, , 16.6.2, 16.10.1, 16.10.2, 16.b.1, and 17.5.1. The following objectives were highlighted as a guide to achieving specific targets and recommendations: • Increase budget allocation, capacity and reform for effective implementation of responsibilities and activities; • PNG Laws and Environment Permit Conditions complied with by all developers; • The reporting outcomes of MEA are improved; and • Developers and individuals comply with Environment Permit conditions and relevant laws. The Environment Act 2000 and the Conservation and Environment Protection Authority Act 2014 give CEPA the mandate to monitor and regulate all environment and conservation activities in the country. There are also other government agencies such as the National Fisheries Authority (NFA), PNG Forest Authority (PNGFA), Mineral Resource Authority (MRA), PNG Customs Services, Department of Commerce and Industry (DCI), Department of Petroleum and Energy (DPE), Department of Works and Implementation (DoWI), Department of Agriculture and Livestock (DAL), and Department of National Planning and Monitoring (DNPM), just to name a few, under their own Acts and regulations, who work closely with CEPA to manage the environment. Agencies have their own divisions and officers who monitor projects within their capacity (resources, budget, or with CEPA). The urgency is for transparency and accountability in all sectors, which is of utmost importance. Promoting open and accountable management of natural resources, strengthening government and company systems and policies, are important to inform public debate, support anti-corruption, promote investment and enhance trust. Collaborative work has been limited by a lack of capacity and resources, but a new paradigm shift will help in managing risks and in sustainably managing the environment and resources. A local Wildlife Management Area Chairman signing a conservation deed with a DEC representative (now CEPA) at Seki Village, Western Province. (Biatus Bito) 12 Papua New Guinea National Environmental Management Strategy 2021–2025 Objective 1.1 Increase budget allocation, capacity and reform for effective implementation of responsibilities and activities Key Implementing Activity Milestones Timeline Agencies and Partners Develop a five-year corporate plan Improve performace of staff and organisation. CEPA 2023 with goals, targets and activities. Develop a system to improve Payment of Environment fees done on time. CEPA 2024 Environment Permit fee collection. Conduct effective monitoring Capacity of officers are upskilled to enforce laws and CEPA 2025 and regulation of activities and Environment Permit Conditions. MRA, PNGFA, DAL, revenue raising. Permit holders supply environment audit reports to CEPA DPE, DWI on regular and timely basis. DJAG Training Consultant Establishing a transparent and Improved spending and reporting. Engage independent CEPA 2025 effective accounting, funding and reputable accounting firms to manage the permit Dept of Treasury and auditing mechanism and fees collected. management system. Develop realistic recurrent and development budget. At least 40% of revenues collected are kept by CEPA for its operations and budgetary requirements. Establishing an effective donor Do proposal writing, fund raising and managing of funds. CEPA 2025 funding unit. Project implementation monitoring and evaluation. Establish regional presence. Recruit personnel and increase funding and training for CEPA 2023 provincial environment officers. Provincial Inform provincial administration to establish environment adminstrations positions in their structure. Establish CEPA Board. CEPA Board is established and provides management CEPA 2021 advice to CEPA’s operation. CEPA Board members Recruit new graduates. Build capacity and promote transition of graduate CEPA 2022 trainees to permanent positions. Promote in-house capacity The number of consultants are reduced and activites CEPA 2024 building. done by competent staff. Training provider Papua New Guinea National Environmental Management Strategy 2021–2025 13 Objective 1.2 PNG Laws and Environment Permit Conditions complied with by all Developers Key Implementing Activity Milestones Timeline Agencies and Partners Environment Council is established and All Environment and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) CEPA 2022 effective. and Environment Impact Statement (EIS) are thoroughly Environment Council assessed by the Council before Envirionment Permits (EP) Minister are issued. Effective inspection, monitoring and coordination of the processes. Improve compliance and governance of All activities complement PNG laws, regulations and permit CEPA 2025 activities. conditions. Monitoring of activities are effective. Resources and capacity are improved. Improvement in personal skills, capacity and manpower. CEPA 2024 Improvement in revenue generation. Improvement in project monitoring and ESIA/EIS scrutiny before EP are issued for higher quality performance by the developer. Improve database and information on Improve Environment Permit registration database and CEPA 2024 permit applications. information (electronic and not manually filled). Review the Environmental Act 2000, Environment Act is amended. CEPA 2024 particularly impact assessment and Grievance Redress Mechanism introduced by CEPA to deal regulations. with problems in project areas or resource development. Regional presence of CEPA is Review the organisational structure. More positions CEPA 2025 established. created and budget increased. Provincial government Sign MOA with provincial governments and administration and Adminsitration for partnership work. Capacity building and training of provincial environment officers to monitor projects on the ground. Improve EIA coordination and reporting. All agencies and developers report to CEPA. CEPA, including 2025 other department and agencies (e.g. as PNGFA, MRA, DPE, DMPGM, DoWI, Provincial government) A scientific base or laboratory for Set up base to support inspection, coordination, CEPA, including other 2025 technical and scientific evidence to compliance and reporting of EIA. relevant agencies, assess and monitor environmental development partners impacts. and research institutes. 14 Papua New Guinea National Environmental Management Strategy 2021–2025 Objective 1.3 The reporting outcomes of Multilateral Environment Agreements (MEAs) are improved Key Implementing Activity Milestones Timeline Agencies and Partners Improve reporting processes. Meet deadlines and improve collaboration with partners. CEPA 2025 MEA Secratariat Improve staff morale and performance. Provide Incentives for staff responsible for MEAs. CEPA 2023 Establish a Coordination Desk for MEA Recruit fulltime staff with specific TOR. CEPA 2025 and reporting. Report to MEA secretariat or government. DNPM Secure funding for activities. Donors Objective 1.4 Developers and individuals comply with Environment Permit conditions and laws of the country Key Implementing Activity Milestones Timeline Agencies and Partners Projects are monitored, reviewed and Improved environment and social governance. CEPA and other 2023 Permit Conditions are enforced. government agenices (e.g. PNGFA, NFA, MRA, DMPGM, DPE, DWI) Improving staff capacity and skills. Training of staff. CEPA 2024 Increase publicity, communication and Improve communication, reporting and transparency CEPA 2022 awareness. with developers and partners. Improve partnerships and networks. Work with partners. CEPA 2025 Government Agencies NGOs Landowners A legal division is established within CEPA. Establishment of a legal division to screen projects and CEPA 2022 deal with legal matters, laws, policies and regulations. Papua New Guinea National Environmental Management Strategy 2021–2025 15

3.2 THEME 2 ATMOSPHERE AND CLIMATE This theme focuses on how CEPA, government agencies and stakeholders will work towards improving environmental footprints, climate resilience and adaptation in the country. Under the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDG), the following targets can be achieved: 7.1.1, 7.1.2, 7.2.1, 7.3.1, 7.a.1, 7.b.1, 9.2.1, 9.4.1, 9.5.1, 9.a.1, 9.b.1, 11.1.1, 11.2.1, 11.3.1, 11.3.2, 11.6.1, 11.7.1, 11.a.1, 12.1.1, 12.2.1, 12.4.1, 12.4.2, 12.5.1, 12.6.1, 12.8.1, 12.a.1, 12.c.1, 13.1.1, 13.1.2, 13.1.3, 13.2.1, 13.3.1, 13.3.2, ,13.a.1, 13.b.1, 14.2.1, 14.3.1, 14.5.1, 14.a.1, 15.1.1, 15.2.1, 15.5.3, 15.3.1, 15.4.1, 15.5.1, 15.8.1, 15.9.1, 15.a.1, and 15.b.1. The following objectives are highlighted as a guide to achieving specific targets and recommendations: • Reduce reliance on fossil fuel to decrease greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions; • 90% of work done to complete the phase-out of ozone depleting substances (ODS) and to enforce the Kigali Amendment (2016) on phasing out hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs); • PNG becomes more resilient by mitigating climate change effects and providing enabling conditions; • Develop an effective adaptation response and capacity to protect livelihoods, natural resources and vulnerable areas from impacts of climate change; • 80% increase in partnership and funding for climate adaptation and mitigation work; and • Investment up by 70% in affordable renewable energy to improve lifestyles. The Atmosphere and Climate theme addresses GHG emissions and resilience though climate adaptation and mitigation funding (food security, water security, health and flood risks). More partnerships and funding for collaboration and mitigation work are needed, including investing in affordable renewable energy. Through the greenhouse effect, the increase in the concentration of GHGs in the atmosphere has been shown to influence global climate change, which results in more intense storms and droughts, and rising sea levels and temperatures. The PNG Climate Change Policy seeks to achieve 100% renewable energy by 2050 to address GHG emission commitments and align with the Vision 2050 target. In 2018 just under half of the country’s energy came from renewable sources (hydroelectricity 40% and geothermal 9% (GoPNG, 2018b), therefore it is necessary to prioritise the renewable energy sector. Other energy sources come from natural gas and diesel with 14% and 37%, respectively. If the objectives discussed here are implemented, CEPA and its partners will increase their performance and mandates as statutory bodies responsible for the sustainable management of the environment, and management of development activities. This could increase compliance and improve governance, leading to more transparency and better outcomes. A hazy afternoon with smoke from bushfires along the Morehead airstrip in South Fly District, Western Province. (Biatus Bito) 16 Papua New Guinea National Environmental Management Strategy 2021–2025 Objective 2.1 Reduce reliance on fossil fuel to decrease greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions Key Implementing Activity Milestones Timeline Agencies and Partners Increase data collection GHG Improved data collection, storage and sharing. CCDA and other 2025 inventory and assessment, and Updated PNG Total GHG Emissions and baseline data with government agencies reporting. current data/information. (CEPA, NDC, DWTI, DAL, All GHG emissions measured should include gases from NFA, PNGFA, DPE, DAL; industrial and household wastes PNG Customs, provincial governments and Every sector that contributes to GHG emissions have an agent industries) to produce an inventory. Improve reporting and Improve reporting on climate change impacts and adaption. CEPA and other 2024 documentation of climate Develop mitigation measures. government agencies change impacts. Update data and reports. (CCDA, NDC, DWTI, DAL, NFA, PNGFA, DPE) Different indicators must be assigned to relevant agencies/ stakeholders to review and provide input. Investing in climate compatible Increase investments in renewable energy sources/green CEPA, CCDA, DNPM, 2025 technology. technology. OST, DWTI, DAL, DF, DT, DNPM Improved capacity building, More people empowered. CEPA and government 2025 education, training and agencies (CCDA, NDS, awareness raising. DWTI, DAL, NFA, PNGFA, DPE) Finances and enabling Increase or secure budget for climate change impact CEPA and all government 2025 environment established. activities. agencies (CCDA, NDS, DWTI, DF, DT, DAL, NFA, PNGFA, DPE) Promotion of low carbon Become carbon neutral by 2050. CEPA and all government 2025 growth economy, and invest in Invest in green technology. agencies (CCDA, NDS, REDD+. 70% of the country has access to green energy. DWTI, DAL, NFA, PNGFA, DPE) Government plans on reducing GHG emissions to include the UNFCCC targets along with the SDGs and Aichi targets. Provide incentives to reduce emissions by introducing taxes, levies, penalty fees, etc. Establishing a national Assessment of sources of pollution in major growth centres, CEPA 2024 environmental monitoring large village communities and within the natural environment PNG Power and other standard and process to from all sources is done. government agencies monitor pollution. (CCDA, NDS, DWTI, DAL, NFA, PNGFA, DPE) Increased training of local Education curriculum improved and technical training within CEPA and other 2025 experts to reduce gaps of PNG universities and higher learning institutions broadened government agencies monitoring and measuring GHG to support future pollution research, standards, monitoring (CCDA, NDS, DWTI, NFA, emissions. and compliance protocols. PNGFA, DPE, DAL) Papua New Guinea National Environmental Management Strategy 2021–2025 17 Objective 2.2 90% of work done to complete the phase-out of ozone depleting substances (ODS) and enforce the Kigali Amendment (2016) on phasing out hydrofluorocarbons (HCFs) Key Implementing Activity Milestones Timeline Agencies and Partners i Shift from business as usual practices of Enact legislation to stop the import of ODS based RAC so CEPA 2025 importing either HCFC or HFC equipment. PNG does not become a dumping ground for HCFCs. PNGCC Implementing specific measures to enforce a change in CCDA the market structure. PNG Ports Increased awareness of the importance of Customer awareness of the effects of ODS and high-GWP CEPA 2021 ozone layer protection and linkages with refrigerants to raise interest in alternative solutions. PNGCC climate change impacts to industries and CCDA importers. Enforcement of licensing systems for the Customers take heed and abide by regulations. CEPA 2022 import and control of ODS. PNGCC CCDA Importers Provide capacity development of National Skills and technical capacity improved. CEPA 2025 Ozone Offices, refrigeration servicing PNGCC technicians, local stakeholders and CCDA customs and enforcement officers to Importers support the phase-out of HCFCs. Importers are investing in alternative non Conduct analysis on fiscal incentives for importers CEPA 2025 HCF equipment. to import non-HFC equipment and increase the PNGCC competitiveness of the price of HFC equipment on the CCDA market. Importers Improving and maintaining PNG’s Waste management policies and the Environmental Act CEPA 2025 regulatory and monitoring systems for reviewed. PNGCC better data collection. CCDA Importers 18 Papua New Guinea National Environmental Management Strategy 2021–2025 Objective 2.3 PNG becoming resilient by addressing and mitigating global climate change effects by providing enabling conditions Key Implementing Activity Milestones Timeline Agencies and Partners Conduct proper assessment, GHG Inventory and documentation of climate change impacts CEPA and all government 2025 inventory and reporting. and data improved. agencies (CCDA, NDC, Increased investment in automated weather stations (AWS) DWTI and NWS, DAL, NFA, for spatial analysis of weather and climate data. PNGFA, DPE, DAL, Water Public-Private Partnerships in data sharing and collection PNG) are required. Other weather datasets and information must be provided from other sectors and stakeholders. Measured heat trend in cities and oceans due to rise in global heat waves Invest in green technology Increased use of green technology and increased CEPA and all government 2025 development, transfer, and innovation. agencies (CCDA, NDC, financing. Climate resilient infrastructure development must be built. DWTI, DAL, NFA, PNGFA, DPE, DAL) Conduct capacity building, education Training to improve knowledge, information and CEPA and all government 2025 training and awareness raising infrastructure for professionals and students. agencies (CCDA, NDC, in targeted vulnerable sectors, Awareness and education on weather and climate prioritised DWTI, DAL, NFA, PNGFA, ecosystems and infrastructures. and conducted country wide. DPE, DAL) Development and prioritisation of Appropriate adaptation mechanisms established in CEPA and all government 2023 adaptation measures relating to preparation for any extreme weather events and natural agencies (CCDA, NDC, climate change impacts. disasters. DWTI, DAL, NFA, PNGFA, DPE, DAL) Increase and improve knowledge Knowledge and information on physical weather and CEPA and all government 2023 through publicity and awareness associated impacts are disseminated to the public. agencies (CCDA, NDC, on the impact of climate change on Increased collaborative effort in the region. DWTI, DAL, NFA, PNGFA, terrestrial and marine environment. DPE, DAL) Enactment of a Meteorological Act A Meteorological Act enacted by parliament and policy CEPA and all government 2025 and policy framework developed. developed. agencies (CCDA, NDC, DWTI, DAL, NFA, PNGFA, DPE, DAL) Objective 2.4 Develop an effective adaptation response and capacity to protect livelihoods, natural resources and vulnerable areas from impact of climate change Key Implementing Activity Milestones Timeline Agencies and Partners Develop early warning systems and Increased awareness and improved early warning systems CEPA and government 2024 awareness. so people are prepared for climate-related disasters and agencies such as CCDA, impacts. NDC, DNPM, DT, DF Ensure mitigation measures and steps Mitigation plans and measures are developed to address CEPA and government 2023 must be taken by authorities and climate change impacts. agencies such as CCDA, communities to minimise the impact NDC, DNPM, DT, DF on the availability of food and water, disease and other necessities of life. Ensure institutional strengthening is Training and capacity building, setting-up disaster response CEPA and government 2024 done. committees and adding more resources (e.g. increase agencies such as CCDA, funding for NDC) for swift responses to disasters. NDC, DNPM, DT, DF Ensure information is disseminated on Improved dissemination mechanisms on weather and CEPA and government 2024 time to disaster prone areas. climate information (early warning systems). agencies such as CCDA, NDC, DNPM, DT, DF Papua New Guinea National Environmental Management Strategy 2021–2025 19 Objective 2.5 80% increase in partnership and funding for climate adaptation and mitigation work Key Implementing Activity Milestones Timeline Agencies and Partners Increase funding for NDC Government and donor funding increased. DT, DF, DNPM, CCDA, 2025 and CCDA for disasters and CEPA, NFA, PNGFA adaption work. Improve collaboration with NDC and CCDA collaborates with other government agencies CEPA and other 2024 government and private and private entities in implementing disaster management work, government agencies entities. improve early warning systems, build awareness and education such as NDC, NDS, CCDA, on climate adaptation, species conservation, food security, DNPM, NMSA, Volcano sanitation and other areas of interest. Observatory NGOs Ensure training and capacity Training and capacity building improved. CEPA, CCDA, NDC, NDS 2025 building needs are improved. Develop a land use plan for A community-based land use plan for the chosen pilot sites is CEPA, DNPM, PNGFA, 2023 pilot sites for ground water developed and replicated across PNG. MRA, CCDA and resources. An NGO group or a professional Land Use Planner and a hydro- provincial government geologist is engaged to develop the land use plan for pilot and other stalkeholders projects. and village communities Ensure that adaptive capacity The adaptive capacity (wealth, technology, information, CEPA, DNPM, PNGFA, 2023 of urban and rural areas are institutions, infrastructure, and social capital) of urban and MRA, CCDA and improved. rural areas at individual and institutional levels are analysed provincial government to determine vulnerability, exposure and sensitivity to climate and other stalkeholders change impacts. and village communities Key adaptation options are Key adaptation options identified to ensure adaptation is effective CEPA, NFA, PNGFA, 2023 identified. when needs arise. NDC, NDS, DWTI, Seawalls are constructed and drainage improved. DNPM, NGOs, Provincial Alternative livelihood options are identified. governments Mangroves and seagrass are identified and areas of concern rehabilitated. Green building and climate proof materials promoted. Erosion control is done by planting on slopes, drainage to control erosion and flood-related damages. Ensure local communities Appropriate awareness raising is done. CEPA and other 2024 and the public are resilient to government agencies cliamte change impacts. such as NDC, NDS, CCDA, DNPM, NMSA, Volcano Observatory NGOs Conduct cutting edge research. Reports on climate change science, adaptation and mitigation CEPA and other 2025 docomented and published. government agencies such as NDC, NDS, CCDA, DNPM, NMSA, Volcano Observatory NGOs Regulate land tenure and Increasing capacity of local municipalities and Local Level CEPA and other 2024 construction to reduce Government to be climate resilient. government agencies vulnerability of rural and urban such as NDC, NDS, CCDA, poor. DNPM, NMSA, Volcano Observatory NGOs 20 Papua New Guinea National Environmental Management Strategy 2021–2025 Objective 2.6 Investment increased by 70% in affordable and cheaper renewable energy to improve lifestyle Key Implementing Activity Milestones Timeline Agencies and Partners Complete documentation and Proper assessment and reporting process on climate change CEPA, CCDA and other 2025 reporting on climate change impact impact and adaption, mitigation measures, technology government agencies adaption and mitigation. development and transfer completed. Ensure climate change impact Enabling environments such as technology transfer and CEPA, CCDA and other 2025 mitigation and adaptation enabling financing, improving capacity for institutions, education, government agencies environments are identified and training and awareness raising for vulnerable sectors, addressed. ecosystems and infrastructure. Ensure development plans Proper development planning done. CEPA, CCDA and other 2025 addresses climate change impacts. Priorities for climate change adaptation and compatible government agencies development are established. Financing instruments are developed to ensure PNG become resilient to climate change impacts. Invest in clean energy sources. Funding is earmarked to rehabilitate or develop hydropower CEPA, CCDA, PNGPL 2024 and renewable energy. and other government agencies PNG Power is restructured. PNG Power separated into two entities, with one a commercial CEPA, CCDA, PNGPL 2024 entity (service provider) and the other a regulatory entity. and other government agencies Energy issues are addressed. Regular maintenance of transmission lines to reduce energy CEPA, CCDA, PNGPL 2025 loss is addressed. and other government Daylight savings to be considered and enacted in parliament as agencies a law to save energy. Mixed electricity sources are used to supply customers (e.g. small rural town or village). For instance, energy from grid supplied for a specified time and switched off (load shedding) while the alternate source is used. Papua New Guinea National Environmental Management Strategy 2021–2025 21

3.3 THEME 3 FRESHWATER RESOURCES This theme focuses on how CEPA and its line government agencies and stakeholders will work towards improving environmental monitoring and governance work in the country. Under the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDG), the following targets can be achieved: 1.4.1, 1.5.3, 1.5.4, 3.2.1, 3.3.5, 3.9.2, 5.1.1, 5.3.1, 6.1.1, 6.3.1, 6.3.2, 6.4.1, 6.4.2, 6.5.1, 6.6.1, 6.a.1, 6.b.1, 12.1.1, 13.1.2, and 17.3.1. The following objectives were highlighted as a guide to achieving specific targets and recommendations: • Ensure fresh, clean and safe water is accessed by 90% of citizens, industries, municipalities, and villages in both rural and urban areas; and • Quality water supply and services are made available to 70% of the population to enjoy. The hydrological cycle in PNG is determined by the topography, sea and climatic conditions, which influences the moisture condition throughout the year. With increasing human population and impacts on the environment, most rivers, lakes and other water bodies are under threat from contamination. This is coupled with natural climate change phenomena that affects access to safer clean water as well. Access to fresh and quality water supply is a challenge throughout PNG where only 40% of the population has clean and treated water supply. If the objectives discussed here are implemented, CEPA and its partners will improve their performance and mandatory requirements as statutory bodies responsible for the sustainable management of the environment, management and governance of development activities and providing better government services. Increased compliance and governance in operational procedures will lead to more effective service delivery, transparency and better outcomes. Access to freshwater in PNG is a major challenge and most drinking sources are unsafe. People use water for cooking and drinking, travelling and washing. (Biatus Bito) 22 Papua New Guinea National Environmental Management Strategy 2021–2025 Objective 3.1 Ensure fresh, clean and safe water is accessed by 90% of citizens, industries, municipalities, and villages in both rural and urban areas Key Implementing Agencies Activity Milestones Timeline and Partners Improve access to safe and The Water, Sanitation and Health (WaSH) Policy Targets are Water PNG, NDoH, PNGFA, 2023 quality water supply. achieved whereby access to clean and safer water quality is MRA, DNPM, CCDA, met. DAL, Eda Ranu and other government agencies Ensure institutions are Development pace of infrastructure and investment are scaled Water PNG, NDoH, PNGFA, 2025 reformed and effective up through rebuilding and reforming planning and decision DNPM, MRA, DAL, CCDA, planning and implementation making institutions and entities to achieve WaSH programmes Eda Ranu and other of programmes to access safe and activities. government agencies and clean water is achieved. NGOs, and Provincial governments Ensure data collection is Capacity to collect, process and analyse hydrological, CEPA, PNGFA, DAL, MRA, 2023 improved. hydrogeological and meteorological information is achieved NDoH, Water PNG, Eda and sound management of water resources is met. Ranu and other government Coordination to improve the design and implement of agencies (DNPM, CCDA) capacity building programmes with national and provincial Provincial governments agencies are accomplished for effective disaster warning, NGOs preparedness, relief and rehabilitation systems Introduce sound catchment Water Districts and catchment management plans developed. CEPA 2025 management practices in all Close colaboration is achieved whereby any development MRA, PNGFA, CCDA, DAL, watershed areas. activities occuring throughout all water catchments and DoWI, DNPM watersheds areas provide reliable and timely data to CEPA All stakeholders including for management, reporting, monitoring and compliance regulators, developers and purposes. communities Improve collaboration and An effective system is established for information and data CEPA, MRA, PNGFA, CCDA, 2024 information and data sharing sharing between developers and regulators. DAL, National Weather on hydrology, climate Services, PPL and Water variability. PNG Invest in technology. Appropriate modern technologies are used for small islands CEPA, PNGFA, MRA, DNPM, 2025 and remote inland areas to withstand disasters such as DAL, CCDA, National droughts or floods. Weather Services, PPL and Staff are trained in water monitoring, data collection and Water PNG planning. Investment in appropriate technology is made. Develop a management A clear national and local level strategy is developed for CEPA, PNGFA, NDoH, CCDA, 2023 and programme strategy to sustainable water and wastewater management . DLPP, DNPM, National improve access to clean and All industries ensure water quality is improved by investing in Weather Services, PPL and safe water supply. sound water management and minimising waste or pollution. Water PNG Improve education, awareness Information on sustainable water use and management are CEPA 2025 and information dissemination. accessible by all through appropriate mediums to improve PNGFA, Water PNG, Eda quality of life. Ranu, MRA, DAL, NDoH Provincial and Local governments All stakeholders including regulators, developers and communities Papua New Guinea National Environmental Management Strategy 2021–2025 23 Objective 3.2 Quality water supply and services are made available to 70% of the population Key Implementing Activity Milestones Timeline Agencies and Partners Improve collaboration with Close collaboration in achieving the government’s goals of CEPA, NDoH, CCDA, MRA, 2024 partners and stakeholders supplying better freshwater quality and services, including DAL, DNPM, PNGFA, whereby clean water is protection and management of water catchments. National Weather Services, supplied to residents in rural Recommendations in the Vision 2050, DSP 2010-2030, WaSH PPL and Water PNG and urban areas. Policy 2015-2030 and MTDP3 2017-2022 are achieved. NGOs Provincial governments Private sectors Increase institutional capacity Research, data collection and documentation is achieved. CEPA, 2022 building for better data Consistent and quality data collection of water quality is CCDA, MRA, PNGFA, DAL, collection and management. achieved. NDoH, National Weather Private entities continue to assist government regulators in Services, PPL and Water the collection of water data (flow, volume, quality etc) and in PNG monitoring. NGOs Improved partnerships with private entities and provincial Provincial governments governments to collect data. Private sectors Explicit statement on freshwater uses and management becomes a prerequisite in the Environmental Permit condition issued to developers and companies using rivers, streams or bore water. State of the art equipment Purchased state of the art equipment for water quantity and CEPA, NDoH, MRA, 2023 used for water quality, quality measurements to improve data measurement and PNGFA, DAL, CCDA, data collection and other reporting. National Weather Services, measurements. The quality of data collection and collaboration is improved PPL and Water PNG through community surveys, household demographic and NGOs health surveys, and other monitoring programmes whereby the Provincial governments status of water quality services is understood. Private sector Freshwater quality surveys use state of the art equipment and protocols in different provinces to obtain data for management and monitoring purposes. Secure funding and resources The government and donors provide adequate funding to CEPA, NDoH, MRA, DAL, 2023 to collect water data. conduct research. PNGFA, DNPMCCDA, NSO, Activites and programmes are prioritised. National Weather Services, PPL and Water PNG NGOs Provincial governments Private sector 24 Papua New Guinea National Environmental Management Strategy 2021–2025 Objective 3.3 Safer water available for public use Key Implementing Agencies Activity Milestones Timeline and Partners Improve collaboration Closer collaboration towards achieving the government goals WPNG, Eda Ranu and other 2023 between government to achieve better freshwater quality and services, including water supply producers. agencies, developers and protection and management of water catchment. NDoH, DNPM, NSO, CCDA, donors. Clean and safe water is supplied to residents in both rural and DAL, MRA, PNGFA, NFA, urban areas. CEPA Industries NGOs Safer water is accessed by Recommendations in the Vision 2050, DSP 2010-2030, WaSH WPNG, Eda Ranu and other 2025 all people as a universal Policy 2015-2030 and MTDP3 2017-2022 are actioned. water supply producers. right. NDoH, DNPM, NSO, CCDA, PNGFA, MRA, DAL, CEPA Industries NGOs Improve capacity, skills and Institutional capacity building is achieved. WPNG, Eda Ranu and other 2023 data collection. Partnerships are forged with NGOs and donors at international water supply producers. and national level. NDoH, DNPM, NSO, CCDA, Technology is promoted to treat water at the community/village PNGFA, MRA CEPA level. Industries Increase resources for better data collection and management. NGOs Improve data collection through community surveys (household, demographic and health surveys and interviews). Freshwater quality surveys are conducted in provinces to obtain accurate data for monitoring and planning. An inventory for all water treatment is done and information is made available. All treatment technology and processes are explained to the public to promote consistent water treatment in rural and urban areas. Papua New Guinea National Environmental Management Strategy 2021–2025 25

3.4 THEME 4 LAND This theme focuses on how CEPA, government agencies and stakeholders will work towards improving terrestrial, ecological and environmental footprints and address governance issues in the country. Under the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDG), the following targets can be achieved: 1.1, 1.1.1, 1.2.1, 1.4.1, 1.4.2, 1.5.3, 1.a.1, 1.b.1, 2.1.1, 2.1.2, 2.2.1, 2.2.2, 2.3.1, 2.3.2, 2.4.1, 8.1.18.2.1, 8.3.1, 8.4.1, 8.4.2, 9.1.1, 9.2.1, 9.4.1, 9.5.1, 9.b.1, 12.1.1, 12.2.1, 12.4.1, 12.5.1, 12.6.1, 12.8.1, 12.a.1, 13.1.2, 13.2.1, 13.3.1, 13.3.2, 13.a.1, 13.b.1, 15.1.1, 15.1.2, 15.2.1, 15.3.1, 15.4.1, 15.4.2, 15.5.1, 15.6.1, 15.7.1, 15.8.1, 15.9.1, 15.a.1, and 15.b.1. The following objectives were highlighted as a guide to achieving specific targets and recommendations: • 80% of forests are sustainably used and managed; • 70% of land under cultivation are used and managed sustainably; • 90% of wetlands are used and managed sustainably to improve environmental services; and • Terrestrial Protected Areas are managed sustainably to preserve biodiversity, culture and livelihood. PNG is situated on the island of New Guinea, the second largest island in the world and lies in the Oceania region, in the western Pacific Ocean. PNG shares a common border with Australia to the south, Papua province of Indonesia to the West, Palau to the North and Solomon Islands to the east. Its total landmass is approximately 465,147.71 km2, of which 453,672.24 km2 comprises of islands land mass while 11, 475.47km2 is sea, where 72% of the landmass is believed to be inhabited (Prais 2018). Approximately 75% is covered by tropical primary rainforest (GoPNG 2014). The mainland is almost 85% of the total landmass. PNG has 78% of forest cover based on its national definition. The landmass includes outlying tropical islands, namely New Britain, New Ireland, Manus, Bougainville and about 600 other islands and atolls. If the objectives discussed here are implemented effectively, CEPA and its partner agencies or organisations will improve their performance and mandatory requirements as statutory bodies responsible for the sustainable management of the environment, and management and governance of development activities. This will increase compliance and governance, leading to more transparency and better outcomes. Most land in PNG is vulnerable or under threat from deforestation and degradation. PNG Forest Product Ltd’s cattle ranch in the Bulolo valley in foreground, with anthropogenic grassland and cloud forest of Mt Misim in the background (Biatus Bito). 26 Papua New Guinea National Environmental Management Strategy 2021–2025 Objective 4.1 80% of forests are sustainably used and managed Key Implementing Activity Milestones Timeline Agencies and Partners Sustainable management Forest depletion rate is reduced by 5%. PNGFA in collaboration 2024 of forests is implemenetd Forest governance and compliance is improved and activities are with CEPA, CCDA, to reduce forest depletion. coordinated to improve forest management across the country. DAL, MRA, DLPP, and Human resources that support monitoring and reporting of forest OPIC, Agriculture and activities is increased and capacities improved. forestry Developers, and provincial government, Adoption and implementation of the National Land Use Policy is and landowners achieved. Operations of small-scale loggers are improved through effective data collection and monitoring programmes, minimising forest degradation and deforestation. Increased collaboration with all developers and government agencies at both national and provincial level is achieved. Afforestation and Reforestation and forest replenishment activities or programmes are PNGFA in colaboration 2023 reforestation of grassland implemented and promoted across the country. with CEPA, CCDA, DAL, and other areas is done to DLPP, and OPIC improve the forest cover Agriculture and forestry in the country. Developers Provincial government Landowners Review Environment Act. Sustainable forest management is achieved through improved CEPA 2025 environmental monitoring and reporting. PNGFA, DAL Compliance and governance issues are addressed and enforcement done effectively by regulators. Increase training and Awareness and training of village scale logging and sawmilling owners PNGFA 2023 awareness on sustainable is done. PNGFA in colaboration forest management. Sustainable logging practices and training for loggers is achieved. with CEPA, DAL,CCDA The public perception on the impact of logging, shifting cultivation, Provincial governments and large scale deforestation is improved across the country. Developers Objective 4.2 70% of land under cultivation are used and managed sustainably Key Implementing Activity Milestones Timeline Agencies and Partners A national land use plan is A national land use plan and mapping of all potential arable land DAL in collaboration with 2025 developed. is documented whereby sustainable land management and better DLPP, PNGFA, CEPA, farming practices are implemented. Provincial government, agriculture industry and developers Education and Awareness People are educated and are aware of sustainable management of DAL in collaboration with 2024 is prioritised, improved their land. DLPP, CEPA, Provincial and conducted. Areas on steep slopes and mountainous areas are avoided and local government, and communities educated on the advantages and disadvantages of agriculture and forest and farming in such areas. developers Promotion of agriculture Agriculture extension programmes are implemented to support DAL in collaboration with 2024 and agroforestry through agroforestry initiatives and land use intensification programmes. DLPP, PNGFA, CEPA, land use intensification New innovative or integrated farming technology and science Provincial government, programmes. are adopted by both commercial and subsistence farmers, which and agriculture industry addresses soil preservation and enrichment, climate change and developers adaptation, rising population challenges and economy sustainability. Papua New Guinea National Environmental Management Strategy 2021–2025 27 Objective 4.3 90% of wetlands are used and managed sustainably to improve environmental services Key Implementing Activity Milestones Timeline Agencies and Partners Integrated land use and Documentation and development of integrated land use and CEPA 2024 management plans for Ramsar management plans for Ramsar sites are completed. PNGFA, DLPP, DAL, DFAT Sites are done. Assessment or inventory of biodiversity, ecological functions, Donors and International invasive species, and potential disaster risks from extractive Organisations industries documented. Industry and developers Recommendations from the UNDP report on Protected Areas identified several issues and challenges in PAs such as no management plans, no sustainable funding, poor capacity and resources affecting management of wetlands are addressed. Improve coordination, linkages Coordination of quarterly reviews and national updates are CEPA 2023 and identification of MEA gaps. done in a timely manner to improve linkages and address gaps. DFAT, DNPM, NFA, PNGFA Provincial governments Developers and Industry Raise awareness to Appropriate decisions on activities posing greater risks for CEPA 2024 improve decision making in wetlands, such as increase in clearance and harvesting of forest Other government agencies development activities. products, are made by local communities and the government. such as DAL, PNGFA, NFA Proper awareness on invasive species, climate change, and bushfires are shared widely. Strict mangrove management is promoted by government regulators in line with forestry laws banning logging in mangroves. Objective 4.4 80% of terrestrial protected areas are managed sustainably to preserve biodiversity, culture and livelihoods Key Implementing Agencies Activity Milestones Timeline and Partners Review draft PA Bill. Ensure the review helps to boost PA management, species CEPA in collaboration with 2021 and habitat management and conservation. NFA, PNGFA, MRA, MRA, DAL, DPE, DMPGM Increase conservation of Raise the target above 5% for 2019 to 2025 within six years. CEPA in collaboration with 2025 terrestrial, wetland and marine NFA, PNGFA, MRA, DPE, areas by 20%. DMPGM Improve PA management and Strengthened environment laws and regulations, sustainable CEPA, NGOs, Donor agencies 2024 effectiveness. financing, capacity building, enforcement, monitoring and Provincial governments training are addressed to improve PA management. A multi-resource approach is Activities such as ecotourism, use of rattan or other forest CEPA 2024 required. products, medicinal use of plants, and traditional knowledge DAL, PPL, MRA, DPE are promoted, supported or funded. NGOs Water catchment areas, hydropower, water supply and other Donor agencies important areas that protect the environment are identified as PAs thus promoting ex situ conservation of threatened and endangered species. Improve collaboration and Collaboration of line agencies in data collection and forest CEPA 2022 partnerships. inventory within PA is encouraged. Government agencies (e.g. NFA, DAL, PNGFA, CCDA, DJAG, DNPI, Dept Treasury) 28 Papua New Guinea National Environmental Management Strategy 2021–2025

3.5 THEME 5 MARINE AND COASTAL This theme focuses on how CEPA, government agencies and stakeholders will work towards improving marine and fisheries work and ecological footprints in the country. Under the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDG), the following targets can be achieved: 1.4.1, 1.5.3, 10.1.1, 10.2.1, 13.1.2, 13.1.3, 13.3.2, 13.b.1, 14.1.1, 14.2.1, 14.3.1, 14.4.1, 14.5.1, 14.6.1, 14.7.1, 14.a.1, 14.b.1, and 14.c.1. The following objectives were highlighted as a guide to achieving specific targets and recommendations: • 90% of off-shore environments and fisheries are managed sustainably without depleting the fisheries stocks; • Inshore marine environment and fisheries are sustainably managed; • Marine Protected Areas are established and managed sustainably to preserve biodiversity and to improve marine health and ecosystem functions; • 30% of coral cover, seagrass and mangrove ecosystems are studied, conserved and managed sustainably, and • 80%of water quality of lagoons is free from degradation and pollution in order to improve quality of marine life. PNG has a total sea area of 11,475.47km2 with an Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) of about 2,437.480km2, and a total coastline length of 20,538 km. The ADB report on the coral triangle puts the EEZ at 3.12 million km2 while GoPNG (2018a) recorded the EEZ at 2.4 million km2, which is the largest in the Western and Central Pacific Ocean, and the second largest in the world (ADB 2014). The marine environment is intact but gradually degrading because of anthropogenic pressures and climate change impacts. If the following objectives are implemented, CEPA and its partners will increase their performance and mandatory requirements as statutory bodies responsible for the sustainable management of the environment, and management and governance of development activities. The increasing compliance and governance will lead to more transparency and better outcomes. Ships docking off the main wharf in Huon Gulf, Lae, Morobe province (Biatus Bito) Papua New Guinea National Environmental Management Strategy 2021–2025 29 Objective 5.1 90% of off-shore environment and fisheries are managed sustainably without depleting the fisheries stocks Key Implementing Activity Milestones Timeline Agencies and Partners Enforcement and PNG tuna fishery is managed under PNA’s Vessel Day Scheme NFA 2020 implementation of the Nauru (VDS), where member countries limit the number of fishing days. CEPA, DJAG Agreement, Niue Treaty, Member countries follow regulations, treaties and conventions. International treaties Forum Fisheries Agreement Improved surveillance and enforcement of fisheries laws by and Convention and international maritime working together with stakeholders in addressing illegal fishing and member countries conventions or treaties. other unlawful activities. Fishing companies Effective implementation of Implementation of the Tuna Management Plan and banning of any NFA 2022 Tuna Management Plan and activities associated with harvesting of sharks for commercial DJAG promoting better fisheries purposes, including unsustainable fishing practices. International treaties management. and Convention member countries NGOs Fishing coumpanies Amending and enacting Implementing the EAFM to ensure sustainable exploitation is NFA and other 2025 existing policies and achieved. government agencies legislations. A legal framework is completed to address the implementation of such as CEPA, CCDA Promote Ecosystem Approach EAFM principles. and DJAG to Fisheries Management Knowledge in applying EAFM principles is understood and shared. NGOs (EAFM). Fisheries management plans in tandem with existing national and Fishing Industries local legislation (e.g. Fisheries Act 1998) are done by stakeholders. Empowering fishing Planning, training, awareness, research, collaboration and NFA 2023 institutions and regulators to enforcement are encouraged with adequate resources provided. CEPA, DJAG function effectively. Donors Provincial governments Improve Tuna Fisheries The tuna tagging, VM, port sampling, by-catch management, NFA 2024 management. observer programme are implemented by all stakeholders. DJAG, CEPA The commonwealth marine economy plan is adopted and Donors implemented, with the SOER team consulting the fisheries offshore Provincial governments management division of NFA for collaboration and fisheries management. 30 Papua New Guinea National Environmental Management Strategy 2021–2025 Objective 5.2 Inshore marine environment and fisheries are sustainably managed Key Implementing Activity Milestones Timeline Agencies and Partners Addressing pressures and Locals are trained and inshore fish, prawns, seaweed, etc. farms NFA and other 2023 threats in coastal communities established to meet growing population demand. government agencies from uncontrolled commercial Effective national and provincial resource management systems such as CEPA, CCDA fishing pressures, habitat that support sustainable use by communities are developed and and DJAG degradation, population used. Provincial government growth, climate change, and Sustainable harvesting practices and conservation strategies for all NGOs other investment in community marine species are promoted widely. Fishing Industries development. Mangrove forests as a fisheries nursery are promoted to boost fish populations. Other sources and sound management practices for sustainable use of fisheries resources are encouraged. Promote partnerships and Partnerships and collaboration are achieved for small cottage NFA and other 2022 collaboration. industries such as inshore fisheries farms (e.g. prawns, sea government agencies cucumber, seaweed, oyster shells, etc.) to meet growing population such as CEPA, CCDA, demands. DJAG and DNPM. Provincial government NGOs Fishing Industries Improve capacity, data Sustainable fisheries management and conservation of critical NFA and other 2025 collection, analysis and habitats is addressed. government agencies collaboration of institutions. Collaboration, research and capacity building inform decision- such as CEPA, CCDA, making, conservation, planning and resource management. DJAG and DNPM. Provincial government NGOs Fishing Industries Promoting education and More awareness raising is needed country-wide, using appropriate NFA and other 2021 awareness nationwide. media. government agencies Education curriculum developed and used. such as CEPA, CCDA, DJAG and DNPM. Provincial government NGOs Fishing Industries Encourage innovation, Funding secured and aquaculture facilities developed as a feasible NFA and other 2025 research and development option for restoring depleted stocks under threat such as sandfish, government agencies through appropriate fisheries prawns and other species. such as CEPA, CCDA, institutions. Construction and establishment of appropriate research facilities. DJAG and DNPM. Provincial government NGOs Research organisations and universities Fishing Industries Papua New Guinea National Environmental Management Strategy 2021–2025 31 Objective 5.3 40% marine protected areas are established and managed sustainably to preserve biodiversity and to improve marine health and ecosystem functions Key Implementing Activity Milestones Timeline Agencies and Partners Continue to advocate for the The number of Locally Marine Managed Areas (LMMA) CEPA 2021 PA Bill. established or increased. DJAG Establishment of Environment Conservation and Climate Change office or division to promote LMMA by provincial governments. The provincial government plans link with the national plan through collaboration with CEPA, NFA, DJAG and other government agencies. Improve management of LMMA are managed in tandem with existing Acts and policies CEPA 2023 LMMA. such as the National Ocean Policy (NOP) 2020-2030, thus NFA, DJAG promoting the management of the ocean and other jurisdiction NGOs within provincial waters. Donors Funding constraints are Effective data collection and collation is achieved. CEPA 2024 addressed and funds secured Separate funding for data management (and monitoring and NFA, DT , DJAG and DF for short-term or long-term evaluation) is secured. Donors work. Implementation of plans to achieve specific SDGs, Aichi targets NGOs or government plans (Vision 2050, STaRS, MTDP 3, etc.). Improved management of the fisheries sector. Improve awareness and More awareness and funding to encourage sustainable projects CEPA 2023 management of marine in LMMAs to meet the conservation target of 20% for the NFA, DCI, CCDA, DJAG, environment. country. DFAT Donors NGOs Complete priority seascape Priority seascape investment plans are completed. CEPA 2025 investment plans. Arrangements for investments consistent with Vision 2050 are NFA, DJAG, DPE, MRA, implemented. DMHP Development of fisheries and marine management plans NGOs (species, ecosystems, landscape, etc.) are done. Donors A separate marine policy on seascapes is implemented. 32 Papua New Guinea National Environmental Management Strategy 2021–2025 Objective 5.4 Endangered and Threatened Marine Mammals, Rays, Sharks and Turtles are Conserved from Threats and Pressures Key Implementing Activity Milestones Timeline Agencies and Partners Assessing the status of Collaboration and partnerships for research and data collection CEPA 2025 marine biodiversity and and analysis increased. NFA their environment (habitat, Coastal provincial data collection studies are done. Universities ecosystem, etc.). Data used to complement population and trend studies. Research organisations Donors NGOs Development of management Appropriate management and recovery plans for turtles, sharks CEPA 2022 and recovery plans for and rays, fish, marine mammals, and endangered species NFA threatened species. are developed and database centralised at CEPA under the Universities Environment Portal (www.png-data.sprep.org). Research organisations Donors NGOs Education and awareness More education and awareness on endangered species, CEPA 2025 raising are promoted. population pressure, species status, and laws are promoted/ NFA Universities Research organisations Donors NGOs Improve the capacity of staff Training of rangers or monitors with appropriate skills. CEPA 2023 and local communities. Local communities collaborate with conservation and NFA management initiatives. Universities Awareness raising programmes to conserve and manage the Research organisations threatened species are encouraged. Donors Participation in research, education, and outreach programmes NGOs are encouraged. Improving and implementing The regulations and policy at the community level are CEPA, NFA, TPA and 2024 regulations and policies. strengthened to ensure effective monitoring and enforcement. Provincial Governments. A review of the Whaling Act and other Acts which promotes the marketing of threatened species, such as eco-tourism products, is done. Appropriate resources, training and technologies are provided to improve enforcement and regulation activities. Laws and regulations are followed. Improve data sharing and Data sharing through signing of Memorandum of Understanding CEPA, NFA, 2024 collection. (MOU) with government agencies, NGOs and other stakeholders Universities are encouraged. Research organisations Support or small grants provided to CBOs and NGOs to collect Donors and compile data for sharing. Provincial Governments Awareness raised across all sectors to support collaborative data NGOs collection, data sharing and community outreach. The provincial governments in maritime provinces take ownership of data collection. Review and update of Review of PNG threatened species list and update of IUCN CEPA 2022 threatened species. Redlist is completed and IUCN informed of any changes. NFA, Updating of Fauna Act, including threatened inshore dolphin Donor species/trial phase is done. Provincial government Human resources gaps covered by interns or volunteers under NGOs the leadership of experts on data entry, filing, etc. for reporting purposes. Papua New Guinea National Environmental Management Strategy 2021–2025 33 Objective 5.5 30% of coral cover, seagrass and mangrove ecosystems are studied, conserved and managed sustainably Key Implementing Activity Milestones Timeline Agencies and Partners Collaboration and partnerships Working relationship between the implementers of the Law of the NFA, CEPA,DJAG and 2025 encouraged to improve Sea and the PNG Oceans policy is improved. CCDA monitoring of marine Partnerships made with research organisations, NGOs, Universities and research environment and species. universities and bilateral partners to monitor reef states, cover organisations and species. Donors Capacity building and training for coral research, breeding, NGOs restoration and conservation are encouraged. Budget and resources are improved. State of the art equipment such as satellite programmes or technologies are purchased for monitoring and research purposes Reliable and up to date information on all marine activities including habitats and species are documented. Invest, develop and improve A vessel is purchased for marine research. CEPA 2025 marine research. More funding and resources are provided and capacity NFA, CCDA development addressed. Universities (UPNG, Establishment of monitoring stations for live coral and seagrass UNRE) and research to complement satellite monitoring of mangrove or coral cover, organisations etc. Donors Collaboration with partners to measure and monitor blue carbon NGOs initiative or products is achieved. Address existing gaps in Any gaps in regulations and policies, treaties and conventions CEPA 2022 regulations and policies, are addressed. NFA, CCDA treaties and conventions. Insert the blue carbon concept into the draft PA bill so the green Donor and blue carbon initiatives are used across the country in pilot NGOs projects. International Reduce carbon dioxide emissions to protect the rich marine life organisations in the coral triangle. 34 Papua New Guinea National Environmental Management Strategy 2021–2025 Objective 5.6 80% of water quality of lagoons is protected from degradation and pollution to improve quality of marine life Key Implementing Activity Milestones Timeline Agencies and Partners Improve the management of Activities such as palm oil, logging, mining, urban development CEPA, NFA, DLPP 2024 marine environments through and shifting cultivation, must develop conservation plans that NGOs sustainable development plans protect reefs and lagoon water quality to ensure sustainable Donors and conservation initiatives. development is achieved. Universities and research Land use planning by government and developers protects the organisations environment and livelihoods. Developers and industries Any development that generates revenue from natural resources complies with laws and regulations to manage the environment wisely. Reduce the impacts and Any resources are managed effectively and the risk of adverse CEPA 2024 footprint on the land and impacts on local community livelihoods and the ecosystem NFA marine ecosystems. are reduced by ensuring marine-dependent livelihoods and NMSA ecosystems are not affected. DWTI Coastal communities enjoy their environment from degradation, Provincial government loss of water quality from urban expansion and resource development. Sustainable resource development is achieved and does not compromise coastal reef fisheries and livelihoods. Where development has taken place, alternative management practices are used to reduce erosion and discharge of other waste (i.e. build waste management systems, terraces, restore degraded lands, especially peatlands, and rehabilitate mangroves, to improve degraded o ecosystems). Adopt and monitor appropriate Reducing the impact of oil palm development, logging, shifting CEPA 2024 development plans. cultivation or mining on marine ecosystems requires stringent NFA, NMSA, PNGFA, DAL, measures and compliance with regulations e.g. limiting new DWTI plantings of palm oil to hill slopes below 15°, reducing logging, Provincial government control of mining or municipality wastes discharged into the Developers marine ecosystem and reducing urban waste. Stricter adherence to sustainable guidelines are encouraged. Conduct water quality tests More water quality tests and research conducted. CEPA 2025 and research. Collaborative work and partnerships with research organisations, NFA, NMSA, DWTI, DAL, universities, NFA and others are promoted. PNGFA Resources, capacities and facilities are improved. Provincial government Appropriate land uses, coastal zone management planning and Universities and research more sustainable development upstream are promoted. organisations Protection of degraded habitats implemented to preserve NGOs threatened species is promoted. Improve sewerage treatment Improve partnerships between provincial governments, city CEPA 2023 and discharge. authorities and Water PNG to establish sewerage treatment NFA plants. NMSA Annual water quality monitoring of the lagoons conducted. DWTI Ensure WaSH Policies and other policies such as Vision 2050 Provincial government and MTDS 3 are achieved. Developers Papua New Guinea National Environmental Management Strategy 2021–2025 35

3.6 THEME 6 BIODIVERSITY This theme focuses on how CEPA, government agencies and stakeholders will work towards improving biodiversity and conservation work and ecological footprints in the country. Under the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDG), the following targets can be achieved: 1.1.1, 1.2.1, 1.2.2, 2.1.2, 2.5.1, 2.5.2, 3.3.3, 3.3.5, 3.b.2, 4.1.1, 4.2.2, 4.3.1, 4.5.1, 4.7.1, 5.1.1, 6.3.1, 6.5.1, 6.5.2, 6.6.1, 4.7.1, 8.3.1, 9.1.1, 9.2.1, 9.3.1, 9.5.1, 10.1.1, 10.2.1, 12.2.1, 12.2.2, 12.4.1, 12.4.2, 12.5.1, 12.8.1, 13.1.2, 13.1.3, 13.2.1, 13.3.1, 13.3.2, 13.b.1, 14.1.1, 14.2.1, 14.3.1, 14.4.1, 14.5.1, 14.6.1, 14.7.1, 14.c.1, 15.1.1, 15.1.2, 15.2.1, 15.3.1, 15.4.1, 15.5.1, 15.7.1, 15.8.1, 15.9.1, and 17.9.1. The following objectives were highlighted as a guide to achieving specific targets and recommendations: • 80% of studies conducted on high species diversity and endemism and documented; • Endemic and native species are protected from over-exploitation and managed sustainably with 20% of areas protected; • Threatened species of concern are studied, documented and protected from extinction and threats with over 60% of areas covered; and • Invasive or exotic species are managed, controlled, prevented or eradicated by 70%. PNG is situated just south of the equator and has a rich biodiversity with 6-8% of global species. The total number of species in PNG is not known but some estimates are from 200,000 to 1 million. Roughly half the plants and animals are yet to be named scientifically and every year new species are found. PNG is also among the world’s top 17 mega-diverse countries (Mittermeier et al., 1997). PNG is biodiversity rich because of its intrinsic and extrinsic features of the environment such as local climatic conditions, the diverse geological landforms, terrain, mountains and undulating hills, rainforests, swamps, rivers, savannah, grassland, and pristine coral reefs. Natural events such as volcanic activities, fires, floods, landslips, natural treefall gaps in the forests, and other ecological factors such as isolation, competition, and predation also contribute to this species richness and endemism. Altitudinal gradients and geology also play a significant role in the outstanding biodiversity of the country. Every year new species have been discovered, especially in areas where no scientific research has been conducted. PNG’s mountain terrestrial and marine ecosystems are known for high endemism. However, with increasing natural and anthropogenic disturbances and phenomena, the rich biodiversity is at stake. If the following objectives are implemented, CEPA and its partners will improve their performance and mandatory requirements as statutory bodies responsible for the sustainable management of the environment, and the management and governance of development activities. The increasing compliance and governance will lead to more transparency and better outcomes. Goodfellow’s Tree Kangaroo (Dendrolagus goodfellowi) is a marsupial that lives in tree canopies in the forests of PNG. Adventure Park in Port Moresby. (Biatus Bito) 36 Papua New Guinea National Environmental Management Strategy 2021–2025 Objective 6.1 80% of studies conducted on high species diversity and endemism and documented Key Implementing Activity Milestones Timeline Agencies and Partners Amend the PA Protection and management of species are achieved. CEPA 2023 bill or pass Enable the preservation or management of high species diversity and endemism. PNGFA new Species PAs are managed sustainably, with more funding to achieve targets. NFA Management Act. Establish sustainable funding for PA. NGOs Developers and Improve capacity Funding, resources and capacity of CEPA, PA managers, and provincial conservation Industries 2023 and resources. officers are improved. Universities Customary landowners are supported to establish PAs on their land that contribute to the Protected Area Network (PAN). Increased training of conservation practitioners, including landowners is promoted. Improve publicity, More awareness is conducted to educate people about the rich biodiversity and culture. 2025 education and Collaborate with learning institutions to ensure curricula are developed. awareness. Share high conservation value areas with the public through media, publications, newsletters, televisions, internet, radios and other communication means. Implementing the The PA Policy and Plan are effectively implemented through government funding. 2021 PA policy and plan International grants are given to NGOs and development partners for activities. through funding Establishment of a financial mechanism for programme implementation is achieved. and grants. Governance issues Proper EIA and monitoring done with governance issues addressed. CEPA, PNGFA, MRA, 2023 are addressed. Preservation of species ex situ are encouraged if under threat, with small incentives for DPE, DAL, NFA, DMGH ex situ conservation. Deelopers Enforce penalties on those who breach environmental laws and regulations. NGOs Adherence to existing laws and regulations is achieved. Universities and Governance and management of PAs is enhanced. research organisations The legal framework becomes fully operational with clear lines of responsibility and high standards of governance, accountability and reporting achieved. Effective legal and institutional arrangements are established for provincial, district and local level governments, and communities including customary landowners, PA managers and other partners. Increase research, More research done and data collected for more informed decisions. CEPA, PNGFA, MRA, 2025 monitoring and Capacity building for communities to manage PNG’s biodiversity is improved. DPE, DAL, NFA, DMGH data collection Ranger training, recording, conducting community entry and awareness raising are Deelopers and capacity. done to educate locals. NGOs The management of PNG’s rich flora and fauna resources, where people are closely Universities and linked through their cultures and traditions, is encouraged. research organisations Monitoring of species and investing in cutting edge research is achieved. Funding and collaborative research is encouraged for evidence-based research. Small incentives provided to researchers and organisations to study, protect and preserve the rich and unique biodiversity of PNG. Further studies done to confirm species endemism for PNG and endemism for New Guinea as an island group. This includes referencing data from Indonesia. Ensure Implementation of conservation activities at local level such as sustainable livelihood 2024 implementation programmes and training are encouraged. of conservation Local people given options to venture into sustainable livelihood activities while efforts at local protecting their environment and resources. level is effective. Incentives or grants offered for management of biodiversity and ecosystems to protect the rich and unique biodiversity of PNG. Identify key Key data sources and data collected by research institutions (e.g. Binatang Research CEPA, NRI and 2022 sources of data Centre, WWF, CI, and WCS and CSIRO); developers (e.g. oil and gas, mining companies government agencies and data collected doing EIS studies); and education institutions (e.g. UPNG and PAU) are identified and such as NAQIA, NARI, by research stored in a database for use. PNGFA and NFA. institutions and Ensure biodiversity reports from institutions and companies such as Exxon Mobil PNG, NGOs organisations and Oil Search, Museums such as Bishop Museum and PNG National Museum, and reports Universities and used for species from expeditions are accessed. research organisations management and Identify and connect working groups on species diversity and endemism to enable data Donors conservation. sharing for reporting. Papua New Guinea National Environmental Management Strategy 2021–2025 37 Objective 6.2 Endemic and native species are protected from over-exploitation and managed sustainably with 20% of areas protected Key Implementing Activity Milestones Timeline Agencies and Partners Governance issues are Proper EIA and monitoring done with governance issues addressed. CEPA, PNGFA, MRA, DPE, 2023 addressed. Preservation of species ex situ are encouraged if under threat, DAL, NFA, DMGH provided small incentives are given to ex situ conservation. Deelopers Enforce penalties on those who breach environmental laws and NGOs regulations. Universities and research Adherence to laws and regulations achieved. organisations Governance and management of PAs enhanced. Ensure the legal framework has clear lines of responsibility and high standards of governance, accountability and reporting. Effective legal and institutional arrangements are established for provincial, district and local level governments, and communities including customary landowners, PA managers and other partners. Develop management Detailed management plans for a number of species and resources are CEPA, NFA, DAL, PNGFA, 2025 plan for species developed. DPE, MRA monitoring, Funding available for species management plans, monitoring and Universities management and regulation. Donors regulation. A balanced practice using science-based and traditional knowledge to Research Organisations conserve important species and habitats is promoted. Appropriate benefit sharing agreement is done and policies or regulations developed to protect species from exploitation as stipulated in the Nagoya Protocol. Conservation and With the National Biodiversity Strategic Action Plan, the Protected Area CEPA, NFA, DAL, PNGFA, 2025 management plans are Policy Implementation Plan and the Protected Area Policy in place, DPE, MRA prioritised for endemic priority is given to manage endemic and threatened species. Universities and threatened species. The importance of conserving replicas, relics or small areas with Donors important habitats and biodiversity are promoted. Research Organisations Developers National land use and Proper national land use and seascape plan are done or promoted and CEPA, NFA, DPE, MRA, 2022 seascape plans are capacity building provided to agencies DLPP, DAL developed. The National land use plan is developed, launched and implemented. Provincial government Developers Amend the new PA bill. Ensure the new PA Bill captures species protection and management, CEPA, NFA, PNGFA, MRA, 2021 and financing of PAs, before it becomes law. DPE, DAL Increase publicity, Education and awareness conducted to empower people. CEPA, NFA, DPE, MRA, 2025 education and Traditional knowledge on biodiversity is taught in schools or DLPP and DAL awareness. community level to empower people to conserve their biological NGOs assets, revive the traditional knowledge and practices of conserving Donors the natural surroundings, and to help preserve biodiversity, traditions Universities and culture. Encourage and Encourage data sharing and networking. CEPA, NFA, DPE, MRA, 2021 promote data sharing, Funding is allocated by the National Government for monitoring DLPP and DAL collaboration and programmes and research projects around the country. NGOs research. Identify working groups to update species databases and lists. Donors Do more awareness and research into endemic species to improve Universities understanding and knowledge. More funding and Funding, resources and capacity of CEPA, PA managers, and provincial CEPA 2024 resources. conservation officers to do conservation work are improved. PNGFA Customary landowners are supported in their initiatives to establish NFA effective PAs on their land to strengthen the PA network. NGOs Increased training in conservation, including landowners, is promoted. Developers and Industries Universities 38 Papua New Guinea National Environmental Management Strategy 2021–2025 Objective 6.3 Threatened species of concern are studied, documented and protected from extinction and threats with over 60% of areas covered Key Implementing Agencies Activity Milestones Timeline and Partners Governance issues are Proper EIA and monitoring done with governance issues CEPA, PNGFA, MRA, DPE, DAL, 2023 addressed. addressed. NFA, DMGH Preservation of species ex situ are encouraged if under threat, Deelopers provided small incentives are given to ex situ conservation. NGOs Enforce penalties on those who breach environmental laws and Universities and research regulations. organisations Adherence to laws and regulations achieved. Governance and management of Protected Areas is enhanced Ensure the legal framework has clear lines of responsibility and high standards of governance, accountability and reporting. Effective legal and institutional arrangements are established for provincial, district and local level governments, and communities including customary landowners, PA managers and other partners. Monitor and document More baseline data collected and monitoring of the current CEPA and other government 2025 threats on biodiversity status and trends of threatened species conducted. agencies such as PNGFA, MRA, such as climate change, Research and use of camera trapping aids monitoring of DPE, NFA, CCDA and DWTI development activities, endangered and threatened species is promoted. NGOs habitat loss, pests and A Red List for threatened species is updated annually and Universities and research diseases, exploitation and submitted to the IUCN Redlist. organisations invasive species. Appropriate benefit sharing agreement is done and policies or Industries regulations developed to protect species from exploitation as stipulated in the Nagoya Protocol. Training and funding are Increase funding and collaboration on biodiversity studies and CEPA and other government 2024 provided or secured. monitoring. agencies such as DF, DT, Strengthen resource and species management through financing PNGFA, MRA, DPE, NFA, CCDA and resource mobilisation from all stakeholders. and DWTI Government allocates funding for monitoring programmes and NGOs research projects. Universities and research Customary landowners are supported to establish PA on their organisations land to strengthen the PA network. Industries Increase training in conservation, including landowners. All development activity Most development activities have proper plans to ensure critical CEPA and other government 2022 plans are approved to ecosystems and species of concern are protected from negative agencies such as PNGFA, MRA, protect threatened species impacts. DPE, NFA, CCDA and DWTI and their ecosystems. Habitat protection and monitoring of species is conducted. NGOs New technologies (e.g. GIS, satellite software, etc.) are used in Universities and research planning. organisations Industries Improve education, Communities, school children and the public are educated CEPA and other government 2022 publicity and awareness. to make informed decisions in planning and conservation of agencies such as PNGFA, MRA, biodiversity and natural resources. DPE, NFA, CCDA and DWTI Appropriate mediums and materials are used to increase NGOs education and awareness. Universities and research organisations Industries cont. Papua New Guinea National Environmental Management Strategy 2021–2025 39 Objective 6.3 Threatened species of concern are studied, documented and protected from extinction and threats with over 60% of areas covered cont. Key Implementing Agencies Activity Milestones Timeline and Partners Upskill institutions, Ensure capacity building and training in the supply or value CEPA and other government 2025 industries, professionals added chains so resources are managed wisely without affecting agencies such as PNGFA, MRA, and local communities threatened species and habitats. DPE, NFA, CCDA and DWTI with skills and training. Downstream processing and using plantation timber species are NGOs promoted, which reduce round log exports of threatened species Universities and research (e.g. Pericopsis moonni harvested from natural forest), thus organisations easing pressures on threatened species, habitats and ecological Industries functions. Quota or ban is imposed on harvesting or trade of threatened species. Use DNA/RNA tracking of species through collaboration with international partners. Customary landowners are supported in their initiatives to establish PAs on their land that strengthen the PA network. Increased training in conservation, including landowners, is promoted. Ensure data is shared. Encourage data sharing, networking and monitoring. CEPA and other government 2021 Data collection and sharing among working groups achieved agencies such as PNGFA, MRA, through MoU. DPE, NFA, CCDA and DWTI Ensure research permit conditions make it mandatory for NGOs researchers or developers to supply research data to a central Universities and research database. organisations Industries Promote collaboration and Identify working groups and collaborate. CEPA and other government 2022 partnerships. Engage in partnerships through MoU. agencies such as PNGFA, MRA, DPE, NFA, CCDA and DWTI NGOs Universities and research organisations Industries 40 Papua New Guinea National Environmental Management Strategy 2021–2025 Objective 6.4 Invasive or exotic species are managed, controlled, prevented or eradicated from spreading by 70% Key Implementing Activity Milestones Timeline Agencies and Partners Governance is addressed. Proper EIA and monitoring done with governance CEPA, PNGFA, MRA, DPE, 2023 addressed. DAL, NFA, DMGH Enforce penalties on those who breach environmental Deelopers laws and regulations. NGOs Adherence to laws and regulations. Universities and research Governance and management of PAs enhanced. organisations Invasive species or exotic Invasive species prevention, eradication, containment CEPA and other 2025 species are documented, and asset-based protection and management is government agencies prevented, eradicated, encouraged. such as NAQIA, contained and managed. An invasive species management strategy is Manufacturing Council, developed from regional and international DAL, NFA, PNGFA, TPA, frameworks. and PNGCS Protection of the genebank and ex-situ conservation Industries is encouraged. NGOs Increased quarantine inspections of foreign products (such as chemicals, food products (limit foreign processed food), machinery, vehicles and equipment, and manufactured or frozen products) so importers, suppliers and distributors follow rules. Destructive threats from Blue Green Algae (cyanobacteria) which is deadly in marine and freshwater ecosystems are effectively addressed, managed or reduced. Reduction of waste discharge into the ocean. Proper treatment plants and management of waste discharge. Collaboration and partnerships Collaboration, capacity building, baseline monitoring, CEPA and other 2023 are improved to manage research and awareness are encouraged. government agencies invasive species. Legislation and policy on invasive species such as NAQIA, management are improved and used. Manufacturing Council, Implementation of biosecurity measures (customs, DAL, NFA, PNGFA, TPA, border security, etc.) and species EIA prior to and PNGCC introducing new species. Industries The sectoral approach to contain invasive species NGOs should be strengthened. All stakeholders in invasive species management, eradication, containment and prevention use and share resources, skills, information and knowledge. Customary landowners are supported to establish PAs on their land that strengthen the PA network. Increased training in conservation, including landowners, is promoted. Increase communication and Effective communication within government agencies CEPA and other 2023 awareness. when introducing species (e.g. Tilapia) is promoted. government agencies Public awareness and education on invasive species such as NAQIA, and their impacts are communicated widely. Manufacturing Council, DAL, NFA, PNGFA, TPA, and PNGCS Industries NGOs Papua New Guinea National Environmental Management Strategy 2021–2025 41

3.7 THEME 7 BUILT ENVIRONMENT – CONSUMPTION AND WASTE This theme focuses on how CEPA, government agencies and stakeholders will work towards improving built environmental issues and ecological footprints in the country. Under the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDG), the following targets can be achieved: 3.9.2, 6.1.1, 6.2.1, 6.3.1, 7.1.1, 7.1.2, 7.2.1, 7.a.1, 7.b.1, 9.2.2, 9.3.1, 9.3.3, 9.4.1, 9.5.1, 9.b.1, 11.1.1, 11.3.2, 11.6.1, 11a.1, 12.1.1, 12.2.2.1, 12.2.2, 12.3.1, 12.4.1, 12.4.2, 12.4.2, 12.5.1, 12.6.1, 12.8.1, 12.1.1, and 12.c.1. The following objectives were highlighted as a guide to achieving specific targets and recommendations: • Household wastes are collected and managed appropriately and reduced with over 80% of areas covered; • Municipal Waste Per Capita is managed or reduced and is addressed by local municipalities with over 80% of areas covered; • Household wastes are collected efficiently, segregated and recycled with over 80% of areas covered; • Quality sewerage treatment plants are built and managed effectively across 80% of the country to cater for increasing population; • Efficient and clean transport energy is promoted with over 60% achievement; • Solid and liquid waste are managed effectively with over 70% of areas covered, and • Energy consumption is used efficiently with almost 70% coverage. The consumption and waste production in PNG is increasing rapidly with population growth. This is exerting pressure on government and municipal development and infrastructure. The 1980 population of 3 million people doubled to 7.3 million in 2011 (NSO 2011a). According to the World Bank, 86% of the population lives in rural areas which most government services do not cover (Trading Economics 2016). Between the 1980 and 1990 census, the population growth rate was 2.3% but reached 3.1% between the 2000 and 2011 census, growing by 40%. By 2021, at the current growth rate of 3.1%, the population would reach 10,185,454 (NSO 2011b). The rural population is about 87.5% compared to 12.5% for urban areas in 2011. With increasing urbanisation and pull factors, people have more access to imported goods, including white goods such as fridges, washing machines, and vehicles. The main impact of urbanisation is the strain on accessing services (e.g. electricity, power, and improved sanitation) given the increasing population. If the following objectives are implemented effectively, CEPA and its partners will improve their performance as statutory bodies responsible for the sustainable management of the environment. This will improve the management and governance of development activities, leading to more transparency and better outcomes. PNG is developing a national waste management policy and this report complements that policy. The objective is to achieve the Cleaner Pacific 2025 goals, i.e. prevention of wastes and pollution, recovery of resources, improvement of residuals, and monitoring of the receiving environment. Locals travelling in pristine wetlands in Suki, Western Province (Biatus Bito). 42 Papua New Guinea National Environmental Management Strategy 2021–2025 Objective 7.1 Household wastes are collected, captured and managed or recycled appropriately and reduced with over 80% of areas covered Key Implementing Activity Milestones Timeline Agencies and Partners Enactment of Waste A national waste management Act is passed by Parliament. CEPA, CCDA, MRA, 2024 Management Act. A waste management division is set up in CEPA. DPE Legislation to regulate industries and for residents to sort recyclable wastes Local city and town is enacted. authorities Legislation on plastic products including plastic shopping bags is enacted. NGOs Regulations to address the sources, entry points, recycling, biodegradable Provincial governments and reusable materials, etc. is enacted and implemented. Donors Manufacturers, producers and users of large quantities of non- biodegradable products are responsible for awareness, and management or recycling of wastes (e.g. plastic bags, bottles, wrappers). Polluters pay for Polluters pay for their actions. Polluters should pay for waste management CEPA, CCDA, MRA, 2022 dumping of waste. to prevent damage to human health or the environment. DPE User pays system enforced whereby waste generators pay for the Local city and town collection, transportation and disposal of their waste. authorities Manufacturers responsibility is extended with the producer or importer Provincial governments required to support product return, collection and recovery systems. Penalties enforced against those who break the law and cause harm to human health and the environment through practices such as illegal dumping and littering. Strategies Long-term strategies developed to manage and control household wastes. 2021 Waste in urban areas, particularly settlements and suburbs, are effectively managed. Properly designed and durable storage bins are installed in all residential areas (mainly hotspots). Ensure wastes are collected regularly. Strategies are developed to monitor the storage bins, making sure they are emptied by contractors in a timely manner. Chemicals and substances harmful to human health and the environment are managed appropriately. A national household A National Household and Waste Recycle Management Framework is 2023 and waste recycle prepared on type of waste to be recycled; who/what is responsible for management plan is managing the waste; and how the waste should be disposed. CEPA, CCDA, MRA, developed. DPE Local city and town Waste collection Over 80% of areas covered by waste collection. authorities 2022 service becomes 10% charge for waste management services by local government. NGOs sustainable. Sustainable waste management with full cost recovery is enforced through Provincial governments user charges set by local authorities (excluding financial costs and negative Donors environmental effects). Local governments develop sustainable waste management and operating systems. A nationwide waste collection permit system to be operated by all local authorities. Invest in technology A sustainable technology that recycles waste is developed, which converts 2025 to improve waste waste into energy and earns revenue. recycling. Best Practice BPEO assessment identifies the best option. 2023 Environment Option BPEO analysis identifies viable scenarios for waste management. (BPEO) assessment is Waste management impacts and other environmental issues such as done to cover waste climate change, land contamination, loss of habitats, invasive species, etc. disposal options. are documented. cont. Papua New Guinea National Environmental Management Strategy 2021–2025 43 Objective 7.1 Household wastes are collected, captured and managed or recycled appropriately and reduced with over 80% of areas covered cont. Key Implementing Activity Milestones Timeline Agencies and Partners Increase publicity, More awareness empowers and educates people to reduce waste in public 2023 education and places, and sort waste before disposal. awareness. People are educated to reduce waste, starting with school children and mothers. Awareness and training on waste recycling, reuse and waste reduction are promoted widely to educate everyone to be responsible for their waste. Awareness on recycling of wastes is done with urban authorities and other stakeholders such as NGOs, CBOs and waste collection contractors. Waste collection data Ensure that contractors collecting waste in residential areas have 2024 CEPA, CCDA, MRA, are documented. “conditions” to do data collection or waste audits. DPE A national waste data inventory is done for provincial centres to provide Local city and town comparative data for urban household waste. authorities Over 80% of areas covered by waste collection. NGOs A national data collection for household waste is required for a baseline Provincial governments so planners and municipal governments can address household waste Donors problems. More consultation with provincial and local level government authorities regarding household waste is done. Consultation with CBD authorities and NGOs is done to address household waste. Waste segregation is City authorities are encouraged to promote waste sorting at household 2024 promoted. level. Incentives to manage waste from the source are promoted. Different waste bins are distributed to sort waste (e.g. yellow for general household waste and red for recycle waste). 44 Papua New Guinea National Environmental Management Strategy 2021–2025 Objective 7.2 Municipal waste per capita is managed or reduced and is addressed by local municipalities with over 80% of areas covered Key Implementing Activity Milestones Timeline Agencies and Partners Government Unnecessary government spending on waste and other environmental and social 2025 spending is threats are minimised or addressed. addressed by Encouraging people to be responsible with their wastes is done by government and minimising other partners including NGOs and donor agencies. waste. Chemicals and substances harmful to human health and the environment are managed appropriately. A resource recovery programme will be available for scrap materials. Capacity building Capacity building empowers people to minimise wastes through better habits. 2023 and training is provided. Waste collection Over 80% of areas covered by waste collection. 2022 becomes 10% charge for waste management services by local government. sustainable. Sustainable waste management with full cost recovery through user charges set by local authorities (excluding direct financial costs and negative environmental effects). CEPA, CCDA, MRA, DPE Local governments develop sustainable waste management operating systems. Local city and town A nationwide waste collection permit system to be operated by all local authorities. authorities NGOs Develop Urban area municipalities develop sustainable waste management strategies, plans 2025 municipal waste or policies. Provincial governments management Municipal governments build technical capacity to minimise waste. Donors strategies. A national, regional and provincial solid waste management framework is developed. Provincial governments developed their own waste management plans and implement it. Best Practice BPEO assessment identifies the best option. 2023 Environment BPEO analysis identifies viable scenarios for waste management. Option (BPEO) Waste management impacts and other environmental issues such as climate assessment of change, land contamination, loss of habitats, invasive species, etc. are waste disposal documented. options. Data is collected Reports on municipal waste have reliable data from all centres documented. 2025 effectively. Future SoE reports document datasets from the private sector, industry, government, CBDs, NGOs, provincial, LLG, etc. Collaboration with industries and households in collecting data. Legislation Legislation is passed for urban administrations and institutions to develop waste CEPA 2022 to minimise management strategies, data collection and reporting to a competent authority Local city and town municipal waste (e.g. CEPA). authorities is passed. A national waste management policy is developed to improve living standards. NGOs A national waste management Act is passed by Parliament. Provincial governments A waste management division is set up in CEPA. Donors Increase Increased awareness on municipal solid wastes to encourage healthy hygiene CEPA, CCDA, MRA, DPE 2022 publicity, practices in homes and public places. Local city and town education and Waste management in primary curriculum. authorities awareness. NGOs Provincial governments Donors Polluters pay Polluters pay for their actions. Waste generators pay the full costs of services to CEPA, CCDA, MRA, DPE 2022 for dumping of manage their wastes. Local city and town waste. User pays system enforced for collection and disposal of their waste. authorities Manufacturers responsibility extended to support product return, collection and Provincial governments recovery systems. Penalties enforced for law breakers who harm human health and the environment through illegal dumping and littering. Papua New Guinea National Environmental Management Strategy 2021–2025 45 Objective 7.3 Quality sewerage treatment plants are built and managed effectively across 80% of the country to cater for increasing population Key Implementing Activity Milestones Timeline Agencies and Partners Improve 10% charge for waste management services by local government. CEPA, CCDA, MRA, 2022 sustainable Sustainable waste management services with full cost recovery through user charges DPE services. by local authorities (excluding direct financial costs and negative environmental Local city and town effects). authorities Local governments develop a sustainable waste management system. NGOs Provincial governments Donors Faulty sewerage Faulty sewerage systems in major towns and cities are repaired. WPNG, DF, DT, DNPM, 2025 systems are Sewerage treatment plants are built in all centres of PNG for processing and disposal. CCDA repaired. Waste recycling for agriculture or industrial uses innovations. Local municipality Government funding made available to repair sewerage systems to achieve WaSH Provincial government targets. Donors Provincial governments provide annual funding to support health sanitation (e.g. WaSH policy 2015) and maintain treatment facilities. Investment in sewerage recycling is done if economically feasible for energy production (e.g. biogas). Improve An effective monitoring system is in place to minimise environmental and social WPNG, CCDA 2025 monitoring problems from sewerage systems. Local municipality and reporting Proper data collection, reporting and planning by local authorities for sewerage. Provincial government on sewerage Provincial and local governments fund collection of health and sanitation data. NGOS systems. Collection of data on sewerage access for settlements outside city boundaries is Donors collected for planning purposes . Increase Human waste disposal discouraged in rural communities into the streams, rivers or sea. 2024 education and Settlements have proper toilets built. awareness. Animals are kept in enclosures. More awareness of the WaSH policy in urban and rural areas to educate the population. Effective WaSH Policy 2015 implemented to improve quality of water and sanitation services. WPNG, CCDA 2023 implementation Promoting long-term hygiene behaviour change is significantly increased. Local municipality of WaSH Policy Access to clean water and sewerage facilities in settlements and villages is improved. Provincial government is done. WaSH projects in rural areas is facilitated by the Government, development partners, NGOs and CBOs CBOs, NGOs and donors. Donors Best Practice BPEO assessment identifies the best option. CEPA, CCDA, MRA, 2023 Environment BPEO analysis identifies viable scenarios for waste management. DPE Option (BPEO) Waste management impacts and other environmental issues such as climate change, Local city and town assessment on land contamination, loss of habitats, invasive species, etc. are documented. authorities waste disposal NGOs Chemicals and substances harmful to human health and the environment are managed options. appropriately. Provincial governments Donors Polluters pay A national waste management Act is passed by Parliament. CEPA, CCDA, MRA, 2022 for dumping of A waste management division is set up in CEPA DPE waste. Polluters pay for the costs of their actions. Local city and town User pays system enforced for collection and disposal of waste. authorities Manufacturers responsibility extended to support product return, collection and Provincial governments recovery systems. Penalties against law breakers who harm human health and the environment through illegal dumping and littering. 46 Papua New Guinea National Environmental Management Strategy 2021–2025 Objective 7.4 Efficient and clean transport energy is promoted with over 60% achievement Key Implementing Activity Milestones Timeline Agencies and Partners Promote energy Invest in efficient and clean energy transport systems and technologies. DWTI 2025 efficient transport A major review of transport use, fuel efficiency and demand to collect CCDA systems and quality data. Investors technologies. Donors Minimise or ban Minimise or ban imports of low energy efficiency electrical devices. CCDA, and PNG Power 2024 low energy efficient Investors electrical products. Donors Invest in green Increase renewable energy sources like solar, hydro, wind and geothermal CCDA, DPE and PNG 2025 technology. energy to avoid carbon emissions from fossil fuels. Power, DNPM, DF, DT Incentives for using off-grid renewable energy introduced. Investors Donors Improve data Data improved on the storage of energy in batteries (dry-cells). CCDA and PNG Power 2024 availability and Quality data collected by authorities to improve understanding of energy Investors accessibility. efficiency. Donors Best Practice BPEO assessment identifies the best option. CEPA, CCDA, MRA, DPE 2023 Environment Option BPEO analysis identifies viable scenarios for waste management. Local city and town (BPEO) assessment Waste management impacts and other environmental issues such as authorities to waste disposal climate change, land contamination, loss of habitats, invasive species, etc. NGOs options. are documented. Provincial governments Donors Polluters pay for Polluters pay for their actions. Polluters pay the full costs of services for CEPA, CCDA, MRA, DPE 2022 dumping of waste. their wastes. Local city and town User pays system enforced for the collection and disposal of waste. authorities Manufacturers responsibility extended to support product return, collection Provincial governments and recovery systems. Penalties against law breakers who harm human health and the environment through illegal dumping and littering. Papua New Guinea National Environmental Management Strategy 2021–2025 47 Objective 7.5 Solid and liquid waste are managed effectively and efficiently achieved with over 70% of areas covered Key Implementing Activity Milestones Timeline Agencies and Partners Improve solid Collect reliable data on the composition and quantity of solid and liquid waste. CEPA, WPNG, NDoH, 2024 and liquid waste Over 80% improvement in the management, data collection, monitoring, planning and Provincial government management, reporting. Local municipalities data collection, Quality data collected and used to set targets for waste reduction, reuse and recycling. Donor monitoring, Data collection and reporting on wastes generated by municipalities is improved. NGO reporting and Future planning of activities with routine data collection by municipalities. Business community planning. A national, regional and provincial solid and liquid waste management framework is developed for PNG. Waste 10% charge for waste management services by local government. CEPA, CCDA, MRA, 2022 management Sustainable waste management with full cost recoveries through user charges set by local DPE service becomes authorities (excluding direct financial costs and negative environmental effects). Local city and town sustainable. Local governments develop sustainable waste management and operating systems. authorities NGOs Provincial governments Donors Increase capacity, Improve capacity of responsible agencies for solid and liquid waste management. 2024 resources and Provincial governments set aside funding and construct proper waste treatment facilities. training of Standards developed to encourage proper disposal and treatment of solid and liquid government waste. agencies. Amend or enact A national waste management Act is passed by Parliament. CEPA, WPNG, NDoH, 2025 regulations and A waste management division is set up in CEPA Provincial government policies. Regulations are developed for household and commercial generators to provide suitable Local municipalities storage containers for their Municipal Solid waste (MSW). Donor Enforcement and regulation of activities as per the Environment Act, Mining Act and other NGO laws prevent pollution in water catchments, using appropriate protocols and compliance Business community and monitoring tools. Increase penalties for those disposing wastes inappropriately in informal markets, towns, cities and squatter settlements. Legislation formulated for urban administrations and institutions to develop waste management strategies, collect data on waste and report to competent authority (e.g. CEPA). Best Practice BPEO assessment identifies the best option. CEPA, CCDA, MRA, 2023 Environment BPEO analysis identifies viable scenarios for waste management. DPE Option (BPEO) Waste management impacts and other environmental issues such as climate change, land Local city and town assessment of contamination, loss of habitats, invasive species, etc. are documented. authorities waste disposal NGOs Chemicals and substances harmful to human health and the environment are managed options. appropriately. Provincial governments A national hazardous waste treatment facility is established. Donors PNG’s hazardous waste arrangements are reviewed and aligned with all relevant MEAs. Conduct or Increase awareness by stakeholders and organisations on new rules and regulations. CEPA, WPNG, NDoH, 2023 improve publicity, Offer incentives for waste sorting at source. Provincial government education and Raise awareness on municipal solid and liquid waste to encourage healthy hygiene Local municipalities awareness. practices e.g. in schools, health institutes, churches, etc. Donor Waste management integrated into primary curriculum. NGO Business community Polluters pay Polluters pay their actions. Polluters pay the full costs of services to manage their wastes. CEPA, CCDA, MRA, 2022 for dumping of User pays system enforced for the collection and disposal of waste. DPE waste. Manufacturers responsibility extended to support product return, collection and recovery Local city and town systems. authorities Penalties against law breakers who harm human health and the environment through Provincial governments illegal dumping and littering. Chemicals and substances harmful to human health and the environment are managed appropriately. 48 Papua New Guinea National Environmental Management Strategy 2021–2025 Objective 7.6 Energy consumption and uses are used efficiently with almost 70% coverage Key Implementing Activity Milestones Timeline Agencies and Partners Good data for transport Improve quality of data for future SoE reports. 2023 use is documented. Collect good data on air, sea and land transport to understand trends for energy consumption. The National Executive Council (NEC) instructs stakeholders to provide information and data for future SoE reports. Diversification of Promote diversifying and investing in energy sources and selling it back into 2025 energy sources. the grid. Improve partnerships Work with development partners to develop renewable energy sources. 2023 and collaboration. CCDA, DCA, CEPA, The government works with partners in energy to achieve the MTDP 3 and DWTI, MVIL and PNGCC, Vision 2050 goals. Industries, Service Review and amend Review of the energy policy and pricing. providers (e.g. PNGPL, 2025 policies and laws Improve government subsidy to increase access to suitable energy sources. Exxon Mobil, OSL), to improve energy Donors accessibility. Energy efficiency is Collect fuel data from service stations, aviation hubs and wharves for 2024 promoted through assessment. reliable data and Fuel suppliers provide fuel data (e.g. Puma, Total, Mobil, Pacific Energy information sharing. Aviation Ltd, TSSP data). Collect data on vehicle imports and registration. Improve monitoring of vehicle years of services. Collect and share good data from relevant departments, through MoU. Best Practice BPEO assessment identifies the best option. CEPA, CCDA, MRA, 2023 Environment Option BPEO analysis identifies viable scenarios for waste management. DPE, Local city and (BPEO) assessment on Waste management impacts and other environmental issues such as climate town authorities, NGOs, waste disposal options. change, land contamination, loss of habitats, invasive species, etc. are Provincial governments, documented. Donors Chemicals and substances harmful to human health and the environment are managed appropriately. Address GHG State taking over public transport in major centres to reduce personal vehicle CCDA, DCA, CEPA, 2025 emission offset and use to curb GHG emissions. DWTI, MVIL and PNGCC, minimisation. Emission monitoring equipment required on vehicles by MVIL prior to Industries, Service registration. providers (e.g. PNGPL, Cycling and walking (e.g. improve access for cyclers and pedestrians) are Exxon Mobil, OSL), encouraged. Donors Use of energy efficient fuel. Polluters pay for Polluters pay for their actions. Polluters pay the full costs of services to CEPA, CCDA, MRA, DPE, 2022 dumping of waste. manage their wastes. Local city and town User pays system enforced for the collection and disposal of their waste. authorities, Provincial Manufacturers responsibility extended to support product return, collection governments and recovery systems. Penalties against law breakers who harm human health and the environment through illegal dumping and littering. Papua New Guinea National Environmental Management Strategy 2021–2025 49

3.8 THEME 8 CULTURE AND HERITAGE This theme focuses on how CEPA, government agencies and stakeholders will work towards improving culture and heritage issues or maintaining the diverse cultures and traditions of PNG. Under the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDG), the following targets can be achieved: 1.4, 2.1.1, 2.1.2, 2.2.1, 2.2.2, 2.3.1, 2.3.2, 2.4.1, 2.5, 2.5.1, 2.5.2, 3.1.1, 3.1.23.2.1, 3.2.2, 3.3.1, 3.3.2, 3.3.3, 3.3.4, 3.3.5, 3.4.1, 3.7.1, 3.7.2, 3. 8.1, 3.8.2, 3.9.1, 3.9.2, 3.b, 3.b.2, 3.b.3, 3.c.1, 4.1.1, 4.3.1, 4.1.2.1, 4.4.1, 4.5.1, 4.6.1, 4.7.1, 4.a.1, 5.1.1, 5.2.1, 5.2.2, 5.5., 5.a.1, 5.c.1, 8.2.1, 8.3, 8.4.1, 8.4.2, 8.5.1, 8.9.1, 8.9.2, 9.1.1, 9.3.1, 9.5, 9.5.1, 9.5.2, 9.b, 9.b.1, 10.1.1, 11.3.1, 11.4.1, 11.a.1, 11.2.1, 12.b.1, 13.1, 13.3.1, 13.3.2, 14.2.1, 14.5.1, 14.7, 14.a, 15.1.1, 15.1.2, 15.2.1, 15.3.1, 15.4.1, 15.4.2, 15.5.1, 15.6, 15.6.1, 15.7.1, 15.9.1, 15.a, 15.a.1, 15.b.1, 15.c.1, 16.3, 16.6.1, 16.6, 16.7.1, 16.10.2, 17.3.1, 17.6.2, 117.9.1, 7.11.1, 17.14.1, 17.16.1, 17.17.1, 17.18.1, 17.8.3, and 17.9.1. PNG’s cultural and heritage elements are closely knitted to the environment which people live in, and modernisation is driving rapid changes. There is a significant link between people, traditions and the environment. Of all the indicators, traditional culture forms the basis for both new and old environmental practices since approximately 80% of all land in PNG is customarily owned. The changing diet and ‘easy to prepare’ foods is having a significant negative impact on the ability of people to cope with the changing social and economic aspects, particularly food security. In addition, there are historic and traditional sites that require better management and care. These sites are essential as they maintain and sustain ties between the people, culture and the environment. Modernisation is rapidly changing the traditional social structure. However, much of PNG’s success can be found in embracing both the past and the future. The following objectives were highlighted as a guide to achieving specific targets and recommendations: • 20% of the history and culture of PNG is documented and preserved; • 30% of the diverse language of PNG is preserved and documented; • Thirty per cent of traditional diets and medicines are documented and used to improve health standards; • 90% of land is managed in a transparent manner to promote development and livelihood thereby avoiding conflicts; • Over 70% of agriculture crops collected and preserved in genetic banks; and • PNG ways and customs are documented, preserved and promoted in managing the environment covering 30% of the country. If the following objectives are implemented, CEPA and its partners can improve their performances as statutory bodies responsible for the sustainable management of the environment, and management and governance of development activities. This would increase compliance and governance leading to better outcomes in protecting the culture and heritage for the present and future generations. Cultural showcasing of different traditional tribal costumes during the 2017 Rugby League World Cup in Port Moresby. (Biatus Bito) 50 Papua New Guinea National Environmental Management Strategy 2021–2025 Objective 8.1 20% of the history and culture of PNG is documented and preserved Key Implementing Activity Milestones Timeline Agencies and Partners Improve Map, document, record and archive historical sites, languages, spiritual sites, 2025 collaboration and historical sites and so forth such as: 1) Funerals, 2) marriage ceremonies, 3) partnerships to Taboo places or scared sites, 4) Tattoo making, 5) Basket making, 6) Canoe document PNG’s making, 7) Languages, 8) Cultural singsing ceremonies, attires, songs, 9) cultural heritage. Myths, 10) artefacts, 11) Traditional houses, 12) Paternal and matrilineal society, 13) Feasts, etc. Recording of Traditional-Customary Environmental and Ecological Knowledge in both local languages and a lingua franca. Cultural and historical data are collected and recorded by village or ward NMAG, NCC, IPNGS, councillors through partnerships and collaboration with key stakeholders, CEPA, DE, and TPA experts and researchers. Provincial government Extract cultural heritage information in the EIS and EIA reports, and annual CEPA Development partners reports. and donors Preservation and promotion of traditional knowledge (skills, arts, music, NGOS language, etc.) by video recording and uploading onto YouTube, Facebook, etc. Universities, students and researchers Provide incentives Video competition to document culture and traditional information with prizes 2025 and awards to and awards. document unique Implementing the 2005 Convention on Culture Heritage (The Intangible Cultural cultural heritage Heritage was already ratified) by Ward councillors to record intangible and information. tangible cultures. Engage professionals, experts and freelance writers funded by government agencies and partners. Retired teachers and public servants tom help document information. Conduct publicity, Increased promotion, awareness and education are done in schools and 2023 education and provinces by way of cultural shows awareness. Promotional cultural heritage videos recorded and aired on available platforms such as Television, Facebook, Website etc. Promotion of cultural heritage information featured in radio and newspapers targeting citizens and others Support cultures Increased funding and resources. 2024 at risk. Educational institutions to help revive dying cultures and traditions (unique or good). Support organisations that document, map, record and archive cultural diversity with increased funding. NMAG, PNG CC, UN World Day for Cultural Diversity for Dialogue and Sustainable Development IPNGS, CEPA, DE, and on 21st May is observed annually. TPA Provincial government Cultural Traditional-Customary Environmental or Ecological Knowledge (TEK) values are Development partners 2024 knowledge recognised to promote investment in in situ community-led programmes. and donors and systems Activities that use TEK records to educate and advocate for changing social NGOS contribute to contexts of village societies within PNG are promoted. development. Universities, students Recognise the strong customary structure under which information collection and researchers can inform local development. Monitoring of Monitor the impact of tourism on cultural heritage. 2024 cultures. Each province establishes cultural centres or museums to preserve their identities. Support monitoring with funding. Develop a national A national policy is formulated under the National Cultural Property and 2025 policy. Preservation Act to cater for culture and heritage. Capacity Train key personnel. Building and Appropriate resources and technology for organisations responsible for cultural empowerment. heritage. Papua New Guinea National Environmental Management Strategy 2021–2025 51 Objective 8.2 30% of the diverse language of PNG is preserved and documented Key Implementing Agencies and Activity Milestones Timeline Partners Promoting languages. Invest in the registration and teaching of local NMAG, NCC, IPNGS, CEPA, DE, 2024 languages. and TPA Teaching of local languages is supported. Provincial government Language as the identity of a tribe or clan is recognised. Development partners and donors Lost languages are recorded and revived. NGOS Languages under threat from extinction are documented Universities, students and and revived. researchers Education and awareness is improved. Encourage parents to speak Despite intermarriages, children are encouraged by NMAG, NCC, IPNGS, CEPA, DE, 2025 local lingua franca. their parents to speak their mother tongue or learn from and TPA fluent speakers. Provincial government Teaching children with local lingua franca at early age Development partners and donors by parents is encouraged. NGOS Universities, students and researchers Connect with local cultures Children in villages and elementary schools are taught NMAG, NCC, IPNGS, CEPA, DE, 2024 through language. and encouraged to speak English and local vernacular. and TPA Children and adults who don’t speak their mother Provincial government tongues are encouraged to make close contact with Development partners and donors their village roots and local speakers to enhance NGOS learning. Universities, students and researchers 52 Papua New Guinea National Environmental Management Strategy 2021–2025 Objective 8.3 30% of traditional diets and medicines are documented and used to improve health standards Key Implementing Activity Milestones Timeline Agencies and Partners Increase awareness and People are educated about sanitation, eating proper diets, cutting WPNG, DAL, NDoH, DE 2023 education. down on processed food and living healthy lifestyles. Education institutions More awareness of healthy lifestyles because of loss of traditional NGOs food crops and diversity, and increasing lifestyle diseases. Industries New ways of food preparation and cooking are taught. Donors The mind-set of people must change and proper medical checks done when ill. Most people cannot afford high medical costs and revert to traditional medicines or practices. Implementation of programmes where traditional cooking methods are taught to students and the public. Improve medical drug Medicines become affordable and available to the public. NDoH 2024 procurement processes and Medical services are improved to reduce the health issues faced in Industries distribution. the country. Distributor Improving organisational structure and performance in delivering Donors pharmaceutical services. Funding made available for medicine procurement and delivery. Improve organisational Review of National Medicines Policy 2014. DE, NDoH, DHERST, 2025 performance and service Periodic review of performance versus funding to improve service CEPA, NCC delivery. delivery. Universities and research organisations NGOs Industries Donors Ratify the Nagoya Protocol The Nagoya Protocol is promoted whereby medicines are produced CEPA, NDoH, DAL, 2023 that addresses Access Benefit locally so benefits go to locals. PNGSTC, NARI, NCC Sharing (ABS) and Intellectual Free, prior, informed consent and equitable benefit sharing Universities Property Rights (IP). arrangements are made with locals and pharmaceutical companies NGOS or others such as researchers. Donors Recognise and improve use of Holistic approaches of traditional medicine are recognised in DE, NDoH, DHERST, 2024 traditional medicine. psychology and mental health for patients. CEPA, NCC Certification to approved traditional medicines. Non-certified Universities and traditional medicines are banned. research organisations Funding and research support is provided to local medicinal NGOs producer. Industries Donors Document traditional PNG cultural studies are incorporated into high school curricula. DE, NDoH, DHERST, 2024 medicines. Map and document traditional medicines, diets, artefacts, and their CEPA, NCC uses. Universities and Traditional medicine producers are recognised (certified) and their research organisations local knowledge documented where intellectual property rights NGOs (IPR) are achieved. Industries Donors Increase collaboration and The National Department of Health (NDoH) works with National NDoH, NARI, DAL, 2023 partnerships. Agriculture Research Institute (NARI) t to encourage traditional CEPA diets over imported and processed food. Industries Traditional medicine practitioners form an association. All research Donors comes through the association. Universities and The government and partners to document and test medicinal research organisations properties of reefs, seagrasses, plants and animals, etc. Papua New Guinea National Environmental Management Strategy 2021–2025 53 Objective 8.4 90% of land are managed in transparent manner to promote development and livelihood thereby avoiding conflicts Key Implementing Activity Milestones Timeline Agencies and Partners Document land Inventories are conducted in all provinces to demarcate traditional land DLPP 2023 boundaries. boundaries. Provincial government Students hired to document land groups and boundaries and archive them. Developers Continuation of digital work and transparency in any land matters is upheld Donors within Department of Lands and Physical Planning (DPLL) and provincial land Private landowners departments. DLPP conducts nationwide land boundary mapping for private land, state land, customary land and leased land. DLPP fast tracks land registration for customary, private and state land. Implementing the Raise awareness at Local Level Government and Provincial (LLG) levels on DLPP 2025 land use planning customary land registration or acquisition process – especially in urban areas. Provincial government policy and Lands Finalise and launch the National Land Use Policy (NLUP). Developers Act effectively. Implement the NLUP to ensure landowners get their land and participate fairly Donors in development activities. Private landowners Over-population often leads to land disputes and this is addressed through the NLUP. Current Acts, policies and legislation are reviewed to identify gaps, and recommendations made to improve the link between cultural heritage and land. The Customary Land Registration Act is reviewed. Document oral Loss of knowledge and skills are documented. DLPP, CEPA, DAL, NCC, 2024 and modern land Oral histories are documented during Incorporated Land Group (ILG) MRA, DPE histories. registration or other social and genealogical studies. Developers and Appropriate record keeping using modern technologies is used. industries Donors Provincial government Private landowners Ensure Land disputes are resolved through proper legal avenues. DLPP, CEPA, DAL, NCC, 2023 appropriate Delineation of customary land boundaries by land or sea are verified by MRA, DPE land dispute landowners. Developers and mechanisms are Empower cooperative society groups in PNG to develop their land. industries used in dealing Donors with disputes. Provincial government Improving Collect data on land groups register, ILGs, etc. DLPP, CEPA 2024 institution Urban customary landowners are assisted in planning, utilities zoning, etc., to Developers and functions. avoid removal of rights. Industries CEPA may establish a social mapping and landowner identification (SMLI) NGOs section for customary landowner issues. Sustainable land Projects with more than 5ha of land should develop mitigation measures to CEPA, DLPP, DAL, 2024 use management. manage cumulative impacts. MRA, DPE Awareness raising to improve understanding of land use planning and Developers and management. industries Development activities have land use plans approved by relevant government Donors agencies (e.g. logging, agriculture, mining, oil and gas, roads, urban Provincial government development, etc.). Increase CEPA is working with DLPP to provide land registration support for customary 2023 collaboration and landowners in project areas. partnerships. DLPP works in partnership with provincial municipalities, governments and developers to promote better land use plans. 54 Papua New Guinea National Environmental Management Strategy 2021–2025 Objective 8.5 Over 70% of agriculture crops collected and preserved in genetic banks Key Implementing Agencies Activity Milestones Timeline and Partners Investment Investment is made in a national programme to document the ethno- NARI, DAL, CEPA, NCC 2024 in a national botany of plant resources for both wild and propagated crops, covering Industries, Commodity programme is all language groups and clans or tribes across PNG. Boards, Provincial promoted to Documenting traditional agronomic and social status of food varieties, government, universities and document the DNA sequencing and chemical and nutritional composition. research entities, and NGOs ethno-botany of A multi-disciplinary approach is undertaken in defining appropriate plant resources. means of maintaining the above as living knowledge through in situ by providing support is achieved Recording of all aspects of localised Papua New Guineans’ knowledge of plant varieties within a framework that ensures intellectual property rights remain with the customary custodians of this information is recognised or facilitated Information are recorded in local languages and in other PNG lingua franca using appropriate recording methods. This also will enable preserving local languages as is achieved. Ex situ and In Whilst ex situ repositories of genetic material need consistent long-term DAL, NARI, CIC, KIK, CEPA, 2024 situ repositories support, an innovative programme is urgently provided to facilitate in NCC, NMAG, DE, Commodity established or situ maintenance of the diversity of heritage crops across the country. Boards, Universities and maintained. Continued funding is provided to conserve and preserve gene banks. Research Institutions, Gene banks are improved. Provincial government Donors Capacity building Capacity building, training and awareness is done in close collaboration DAL, NARI, CIC, CIC, 2023 and training. with partners institutions KIK, CEPA, NCC, NMAG, Increase of funding appropriation is made by the government DE, Commodity Boards, Climate change impact, adaptation and resilience is taught to locals to Universities and Research preserve local genetic banks Institutions, Provincial government Donors Increase Collaborative awareness programmes on agricultural practices and DAL, CEPA, CIC, CCDA, NARI 2024 awareness and climate tolerant crops are conducted. Commodity Boards education. Use of appropriate communication mediums and programmes. Universities and Research Local people and farmers are educated and empowered with best Institutions, Provincial agriculural practices. government Donors Promote data Consultation is done for updated crop data. DAL, CCDA, CEPA, NARI, 2024 collection. A systematic and holistic approach is used to document information from NCC all sectors. Donors All data collected is published or shared. Developers Recognition of Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) and equaitable beneit Industries sharing (EBS) arrangements is recognised by regulations and laws. Papua New Guinea National Environmental Management Strategy 2021–2025 55 Objective 8.6 PNG ways and customs are documented, preserved and promoted in managing the environment covering 30% of the country Key Implementing Activity Milestones Timeline Agencies and Partners Nagoya protocol Ratifying the Nagoya protocol is promoted for the preservation of genetic TPA, NCC, CEPA, DJAC, 2023 ratified and resources. Appropriate policies and legislation are developed to enable local NMAG, DAL, appropriate communities to preserve or benefit from their natural resources, culture and Provincial government legislations and traditions. Developers and policies are Recognition of Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) and equitable benefit sharing DFAT formulated. (EBS) arrangements. industries NGOs Donors Capacity building Local champions encouraged to visit other areas so when they return to their TPA, NCC, CEPA, NMAG 2023 and training. villages, they are ready to advocate for change. Provincial government Engage professionals and experts to document PNG ways that benefit the Developers and industries country. NGOs Capacity building so local communities know the biodiversity of their marine Donors and terrestrial environments. Academia and research organisations PNG ways and Continuous work to encourage stakeholders to map, document, record and NCC, CEPA, IPNGS, 2025 customs are archive PNG ways and customs. NMAG documented. Important information on the PNG ways are documented. Universities Loss of culture and heritage researched and documented. Provincial government Management of the environment in light of increased exploitation, uses and Developers and industries trade of wildlife, plants, corals and other local resources for food or cash are NGOs improved though local PNG ways and customs. Academia and resesarch Conservation management using PNG ways, customs, leadership, etc., organisations encouraged. Donors PNG ways Promotion by conservation practitioners through awareness and education in TPA, NCC, CEPA, NMAG 2025 and customs schools and communities by way of cultural shows, radio talk back, and so Provincial government promoted for forth. Developers and industries tourism and Educational institutions to revive dying cultures and traditions and adapt good NGOs cultural revival. PNG ways in the curriculum. Academia and research Document traditional practices and share them widely. organisations Record Traditional-Customary Environmental and Ecological Knowledge Donors (Ethnobiology). Marketing of tourism activities is undertaken. Revive custom Invest in in situ community-led programmes that use records to educate. TPA, NCC, CEPA, NMAG 2024 PNG ways. Signing of conservation deeds between village clans and conservation Provincial government practitioners so that zoning of conservation and other land uses is achieved. Developers and industries The conservation deed is binding through by-laws agreed upon by the NGOs communities. Academia and research Conserve traditional knowledge and biodiversity by adding value with genetic organisation resources, plants and animals. Donors Important biodiversity and medicinal resources are documented and conserved through the Nagoya Protocol and related laws or regulations. Sustainable livelihood practices and programmes (e.g. planting of food crops, venture into eco-tourism, establish research station, identify medicinal plants, training, etc.) are promoted in rural communities. Locals venture into effective conservation and management of their resources and cultures. cont. 56 Papua New Guinea National Environmental Management Strategy 2021–2025 Objective 8.6 PNG ways and customs are documented, preserved and promoted in managing the environment covering 30% of the country cont. Key Implementing Activity Milestones Timeline Agencies and Partners Improve Improve networking to strengthen partnerships. CEPA, NCC, TPA 2023 partnerships and Use Free Prior Inform Consent (FPIC) so local people (customary land and sea Donor collaboration. owners) are actively involved in conservation planning. NGOs Awareness raising and educating locals is promoted. Provincial government Barriers that restrict community entry into new areas to do conservation Local communities outreach is addressed to create a sense of ownership by the local people and making conservation programmes successful. Improve local Traditional chief and leader systems are recognised and not done away with in CEPA, NCC, TPA 2025 political and favour of government ward members (councillors) when doing conservation. Donor social systems Respecting and recognising the roles of the chiefs and village leaders are NGOs in doing adhered to by villagers, thus favouring local conservation practices in terms Provincial government conservation. of enforcement and compliance of rules set by the community. Local communities Respecting community leaders and chiefs allow the community to work together to achieve conservation and sustainable environment management. Traditional governance to sustaining conservation efforts is maintained. Amend or enact An Act of Parliament is passed that recognises values of leaders in the village. CEPA, NCC, TPA 2025 existing laws that Gender and youths policies and regulations revisited and amended where Donor recognise the role appropriate NGOs and leadership of A bottom-up approach to develop sound policy framework, connecting Provincial government chiefs and elders, community actions to national environmental and climate change policies. Local communities youth and gender. Promote Alternative livelihood activities must be a major conservation output by CEPA, NCC, TPA 2024 alternative conservation practitioners, NGOs, government and private . Donor livelihood options Locals are supported into alternative livelihoods using PNG ways as stipulated NGOs to complement in the constitution. Provincial government conservation. Local communities Papua New Guinea National Environmental Management Strategy 2021–2025 57 4 IMPLEMENTATION AND MONITORING FRAMEWORK The Implementation and Monitoring Framework is a key component of any management strategy or action plan. The NEMS is a living document that will be reviewed and amended as new information, knowledge, strategic focus and directions come to the fore. The implementation relies on a collective commitment and partnership from all government agencies, the private sector, civil society, traditional leaders and the public. The role of CEPA is critical in coordinating and providing the necessary support to the implementing partners to ensure the NEMS actions are pursued, documented and disseminated. The monitoring of the NEMS is crucial to guide actions and to ensure that each thematic area is being pursued with urgency. The review of NEMS should be conducted in alignment with the review of the SoE. This should be done regularly, including a mid-term review, and a more comprehensive review within five years from the date of endorsement. The strategic themes of the NEMS are purposely developed and prioritised to align with the many international MEAs and other regional environmental strategies, including the SDG, the NBSAP, CBD 6th National Report, CBD Aichi Targets, and Regional Framework for the Conservation and Protected Areas. The themes also align with existing priorities of government departments and agencies, as well as the interests of civil society and private sector. A number of existing government plans will assist with the implementation and monitoring of the NEMS. This includes the Strategic Development Plan 2010-2030, Vision 2050, MTDS 1-3 and StaRS. Villages in Suki wetland, Western Province where traditional transport are dugout canoes made from logs. (Biatus Bito) 58 Papua New Guinea National Environmental Management Strategy 2021–2025 5 CONCLUDING REMARKS Coordination and collaboration of all national, state and municipal government agencies, NGOs and external partners will be critical to the successful implementation of the PNG NEMS. The CEPA is the key coordinating unit that will oversee the development, implementation and the monitoring of the NEMS. It is important to be realistic on what is achievable given the limited resources, especially human resources and funds for implementation. The role of external and development partners cannot be understated but, equally important, any assistance must be guided by the principles and values outlined in the NEMS. PNG faces many urgent issues, including unsustainable development, over-harvesting of marine and terrestrial resources and threats from climate change. These issues are addressed in the NEMS through strategic actions. The challenges are ongoing, and some will even get worse over time, especially if no action is taken. Monitoring and evaluating the progress is a crucial part of adaptive management and will ensure that these activities remain the best option. The onus is now on CEPA to advocate for change, mutual cooperation and collaboration with all partners and stakeholders. Lake Murray is the second largest freshwater lake on the Island of New Guinea and is situated in Western Province. (Biatus Bito) Papua New Guinea National Environmental Management Strategy 2021–2025 59 6 REFERENCES Adams V.M, Tulloch V.J. and Possingham H.P. (207). Lawrence G. (2020). Infrastructure challenges for Papua Land-sea conservation assessment for Papua New Guinea: New Guinea’s future. In Lowy Institute. Papua New Guinea: A report on the work undertaken to fulfil the terms of Seven snapshots of a nation. the project Review and Integration of the Terrestrial and Leverington F, Peterson A, Peterson G, Jano W, Sabi J, Marine Program of Works on Protected Areas. University of and Wheatley A. (2017). Assessment of management Queensland, Australia. effectiveness for Papua New Guinea’s protected areas ADB (2014). State of Coral Triangle: Papua New Guinea. 2017. Final Report. SPREP, Apia, Samoa. Manila, Philippines. Mittermeier R.A, Gil P.R. and Mittermeier C.G. (1997). CEPA (2018). Protected Area Policy Implementation 2018- Mega-diversity. Earth’s biologically wealthiest nations. CEMEX, 2028. Conservation and Environment Protection Authority, Mexico City, Mexico. Port Moresby, PNG. NSO (2011a). Papua New Guinea 2011 National Report. GoPNG (2007). Papua New Guinea National Biodiversity Government Printing Office, Port Moresby, PNG. Strategy Action Plan. Department of Environment and NSO (2011b). Final Figures Papua New Guinea National Conservation, Port Moresby, PNG. Population and Housing Census 2011. Government Printing GoPNG (2011). Millennium Development Goals. Second Office, Port Moresby, PNG. National Progress Comprehensive Report 2010 for Papua Prais (2018). UN Convention to Combat Desertification: New Guinea. Port Moresby, PNG. Report from Papua New Guinea. UN CCD Secretariat. GoPNG (2014). Papua New Guinea policy on protected Trading economics (2016). http://tradingeconomics.com/ areas. CEPA, Waigani, NCD, PNG. papua-new-guinea/rural-population-per cent-of-total- GoPNG (2014b). Papua New Guinea second national population-wb-data.html. Communication to United Nations Convention on Climate Wickham F, Kinch J, Mitchell D, Bongro M, Alphonse R.W, Change. CCDA, Port Moresby, PNG. Sissiou G, Maru G, Kula G ,and Nicholls S. (2014). National GoPNG (2018a). Medium Term Development Plan III Capacity Self-Assessment Report and Plan of Action. 2018-2022. Department of National Planning, Port Department of Environment and Conservation, Moresby, PNG. Port Moresby, PNG. GoPNG (2018b). Papua New Guinea’s First Biennial WWF (2009). Rapid Assessment and Prioritization Update Report to the United Nation Convention on Climate of Protected Area Management (RAPPAM) in Change. CCDA, Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea. PNG. WWF PNG. A Suki woman weaving her baskets, made from swamp reeds and tree bark. (Biatus Bito) 60 Papua New Guinea National Environmental Management Strategy 2021–2025 UNC!) r.t,~R~f '.IFo'rm environment programme ~ EnvironmentProgramme ENVIRONMENTAL INFORMATION FOR DECISION MAKING