Sustainable Development Goals - Status and Roadmap: 2016-2030

1.1 Context 1

1.2 Shared Aspirations 4 Chapter 2: Stage for the Implementation of SDGs 11

2.1 Identification 11

2.2 Instruments 14

2.3 Investment 17

2.4 Institutions 20 Chapter 3: Framework for Tracking Progress 25

3.1 Overview of Goals 25

3.2 Proposed Milestones 26

3.3 Details of Targets and Indicators 39 References 79 vii N E PA L : S U S TA I N A B L E D E V E L O P M E N T G O A L S viii N E PA L : S U S TA I N A B L E D E V E L O P M E N T G O A L S Abbreviations and Acronyms AHS Annual Household Survey AIDS Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome BIMSTEC Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation CAAN Civil Aviation Authority of Nepal CBS Central Bureau of Statistics CFU Colony-Forming Unit CO2 Carbon Dioxide CPIA Country Policy and Institutional Assessment CPR Contraceptive Prevalence Rate DOHS Department of Health Services DRCN District Road Core Network EDCD Epidemiology and Disease Control Division EMIS Education Management Information System ERO Education Review Office FDI Foreign Direct Investment FIES Food Insecurity Experience Scale FSM Faecal Sludge Management GBD Global Burden of Disease GDP Gross Domestic Product GFSI Global Food Safety Initiative GHG Green House Gas GNI Gross National Income GPI Gender Parity Index HDI Human Development Index HDU High Dependency Unit HIV Human Immunodeficiency Virus HMIS Health Management Information System HS Household Survey ICT Information and Communications Technology IHR International Health Regulation ILO International Labor Organization IMIS Insurance Management Information System KWh Kilowatt Hour LDC Least Developed Countries LPG Liquefied Petroleum Gas MDGs Millennium Development Goals MIS Management Information System MJ Mega Joule MMR Maternal Mortality Rate MOAD Ministry of Agricultural Development MOC Ministry of Commerce ix N E PA L : S U S TA I N A B L E D E V E L O P M E N T G O A L S MOCP Ministry of Cooperatives and Poverty Alleviation MOCTCA Ministry of Culture, Tourism and Civil Aviation MOD Ministry of Defense MOE Ministry of Education MOEN Ministry of Energy MOF Ministry of Finance MOFALD Ministry of Federal Affairs and Local Development MOFSC Ministry of Forest and Soil Conservation MOGA Ministry of General Administration MOH Ministry of Health MOHA Ministry of Home Affairs MOI Ministry of Industry MOIC Ministry of Information and Communications MOIR Ministry of Irrigation MOLE Ministry of Labor and Employment MOLJPA Ministry of Law, Justice and Parliamentary Affairs MOLRM Ministry of Land Reform and Management MOPE Ministry of Population and Environment MOPIT Ministry of Physical Infrastructure and Transport MOS Ministry of Supplies MOST Ministry of Science and Technology MOUD Ministry of Urban Development MOWCSW Ministry of Women, Children and Social Welfare MOWSS Ministry of Water Supply and Sanitation MOYS Ministry of Youth and Sports MPI Multidimensional Poverty Index MW Megawatt NASA National Assessment of Students Achievement NARC National Agriculture Research Council NCASC National Centre for AIDS and STD Control NCDs Non-communicable Diseases NDHS Nepal Demographic and Health Survey NER Net Enrolment Ratio NGOs Non-Governmental Organizations NHA National Health Accounts NHDR National Human Development Report NLSS Nepal Living Standards Survey NMICS Nepal Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey NMR Neonatal Mortality Rate NNJS Nepal Netra Jyoti Sangh NPC National Planning Commission NPHL National Public Health Laboratory NRB Nepal Rastra Bank NSDS National Strategy for the Development of Statistics ODA Official Development Assistance x N E PA L : S U S TA I N A B L E D E V E L O P M E N T G O A L S OECD Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development OPHI Oxford Poverty & Human Development Initiative OPMCM Office of the Prime Minister and Council of Ministers OWG Open Working Group PDNA Post Disaster Needs Assessment PNC Purine Nucleotide Cycle PPP Purchasing Power Parity PV Photovoltaic SAARC South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation SBA Skilled Birth Attendants SCP Sustainable Consumption and Production SDGs Sustainable Development Goals SLCPs Short-Lived Climate Pollutants STEPS STEPwise approach to Surveillance TB Tuberculosis TFR Total Fertility Rate TOE Ton of Oil Equivalent U5MR Under-5 Mortality Rate UNDESA United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs UNDP United Nations Development Program UNICEF United Nations International Children's Education Fund WASH Water, Sanitation and Hygiene WHO World Health Organization xi N E PA L : S U S TA I N A B L E D E V E L O P M E N T G O A L S xii N E PA L : S U S TA I N A B L E D E V E L O P M E N T G O A L S Chapter 1 Narrative of Nepal’s Development This document envisions building a just and

1.1 Context1 prosperous Nepal by 2030. The year 2030 co- Nepal’s relative For well over 200 years of Nepal’s existence underdevelopment incides with the end date of the Sustainable as a nation-state, from 1769 to 1990, its rul- is somewhat Development Goals (SDGs). While all the 17 ers were kings or prime ministers who were of a paradox SDGs and 169 targets are legitimate develop- hereditary and absolute. Territorial wars with compelling ment objectives seen through a global lens, a were continuous until 1815, after which Ne- resource-strapped country like Nepal needs potentials of pal entered a period of relative peace,2 but to prioritize, localize and motivate a bot- a uniquely without much prosperity. The population tom-up path towards greater progress. Nepal attractive country grew and small scale agriculture expanded, needs a home-grown roadmap that is consis- sitting under- but there was no economic breakthrough to tent with the SDGs, yet rooted in quintessen- utilized because undergird a rapid leap towards modernity tially Nepali events and milestones. of politico- until 1935,3 in the aftermath of one of the biggest earthquakes in Nepal’s history.4 institutional Nepal’s relative underdevelopment is weaknesses. somewhat of a paradox with compelling The country opened itself to international potentials of a uniquely attractive country influence and joined the United Nations sitting under-utilized because of politi- in the 1950s. There were then fickle, short- co-institutional weaknesses. Nepal can no lived attempts at democratic constitutional- longer wait. The young republic has no ism, but only in 1990 did the nation become choice but to ramp up its economic vigor if a full-fledged multi-party democracy. Co- it is to match the tall political achievements incidentally, another major earthquake, in of recent years and to meet the rising as- April 2015, hastened Nepal’s political par- pirations of nearly 30 million Nepalis who ties to end a protracted post-conflict tran- are increasingly educated, politically con- sition by promulgating a new constitution scious, and globally connected.5 that institutionalized a federal republic in an inclusive polity with ambitions to aspire Historically, the pace of economic change for a lasting, broad-based prosperity. in Nepal has been sluggish. The decadal 1 This chapter is excerpted from the Introduction in “Envisioning Nepal 2030,” prepared by NPC. 2 Except for a small war with Tibet in 1856. 3 See Pande, Bhim Bahadur, “Tyes Bakhatko Nepal”, Vol. II, page 171; and Shah, Rishikesh, “Modern Nepal: A Political History, vol. II (1885-1955), p. 151. Reminiscent of the Iwakura mission in Meiji Japan, Bahadur Shamsher and Gunja Man Singh had visited Europe to take stock of and learn from its development before being appointed the President and Secretary, respectively, of the Industrial Council. The Industrial Council was formed, which drafted Nepal’s first company act and paved the way for a wave of factories and a commercial bank to be established. 4 The three biggest earthquakes ever recorded in Nepal occurred in 1255, 1505 and 1934. 5 This paragraph draws on Waglé, S. 2017. “Sharing the future.” The Indian Express, August 24. 1 N E PA L : S U S TA I N A B L E D E V E L O P M E N T G O A L S average growth rate over the past 50 years ratio of achievements for women and men, has hovered between 2 and 5 percent, with measured by the Human Development In- investment levels grossly insufficient to dex (HDI), for example, is higher than in deliver the kind of economic change seen India, Bangladesh and Pakistan.8 The lat- elsewhere.6 Over the past decade, lack of est Multi-dimensional Poverty Index (MPI) well-paying jobs at home has fueled tem- shows that 28.6 percent of Nepalis are still porary migration on an epic scale making multidimensionally poor – meaning that the Nepali economy heavily reliant on re- their lives are battered by several depriva- mittances. tions simultaneously. But it also reveals that Nepal halved its official MPI between 2006 Politically, however, Nepal today is a pro- and 2014.9 gressive country, propelled by the demo- We envision cratic mass movements of 1950, 1990 and Nepal stands out on several measures of civil Nepal as an 2006, heading in earnest towards building engagement, from well-managed communi- enterprise- an inclusive state that is representative of ty forests to vibrant community radios. It is friendly its diverse people. The landmark constitu- fair, therefore, to assert that while Nepal has middle-income tion of 2015 envisions a bold reshaping of fought vigorously for socio-political critical country by statecraft and nationhood. It defines dozens junctures, it has not quite seen an economic 2030, peopled of fundamental rights of citizens, and fed- critical juncture yet.10 Economic reforms of by a vibrant erates a unitary state into seven provinces the early 1990s marked a meaningful turning and youthful for greater political and economic inclu- point, but they were not sustained. There is middle- siveness. broad realization now that the country needs class living to work towards a period of relative stability In the past two decades Nepal has more than and to project a clear roadmap to prosperity. in a healthy halved the proportion of people living in ab- environment, solute material poverty, from 49 percent in What, then, is an ambitious but realistic vi- with absolute 1992 to 23 percent in 2015. It dramatically sion for Nepal over the next generation? poverty in the reduced rates of child and maternal mortal- low single digits. ity. Primary school enrolment now exceeds We envision Nepal as an enterprise-friend- 96 percent and has gender parity. Average ly middle-income country by 2030, peopled life expectancy at birth has crossed 70. Ne- by a vibrant and youthful middle-class liv- pal’s pace of improvement has been one of ing in a healthy environment, with absolute the highest in the world.7 While huge gaps poverty in the low single digits and decreas- in quality remain, many of Nepal’s non-in- ing. To reach there we need to mobilize an come indicators of progress compare favor- unprecedented volume of public revenue as ably with other countries in the region. The well as private investment -- domestic and 6 Among the nine fast-growing Asian countries identified by the Commission on Growth and Development, the average gross capital investment as a share of GDP during their period of take-off 1965 and 1995 was nearly 30 percent compared with Nepal’s 15 percent. Note that with an average annual growth rate of 2 percent it takes 35 years for national income to double; at 10 percent, it increases 35-fold in 35 years. 7 “Global, regional, and national age–sex specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990–2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013,” The Lancet, vol. 385, no. 9963, p117-171, January 10, 2015. 8 This new measure of disparity, introduced in the 2014 Human Development Report, measures the gaps in all dimensions of human development between males and females. 9 See joint report on MPI prepared by NPC and OPHI (University of Oxford). 10 The hypothesis of “Critical Junctures,” popularized by Barrington Moore, refers to a point in a country’s development trajectory when significant changes occur that sets it off on a path-dependent course of history that ends up producing distinct legacies. 2 N E PA L : S U S TA I N A B L E D E V E L O P M E N T G O A L S foreign-- by sending credible signs of sus- of manufacturing have changed with ser- tained reforms. This requires pursuing a vices increasingly determining its compet- The new batch of legislation, relaxing the most itiveness. At the same time, some service government binding infrastructural constraints, and in- sectors have begun to assume characteristics bureaucracy, troducing new or consolidated packages of that used to be seen in mass manufacturing. while adept social protection. We also need to make sure The thrust for Nepal will be to move from at keeping that country’s environment and heritage are low-productive activities to higher produc- the country protected, and that its natural resources are tive activities within and across agriculture, functioning used sustainably. We need to make sure that industry and services, while taking advan- private and public infrastructure are built tage of the country’s location between India through taking into full account the country’s geo-fra- and China. turmoil, is gility, that preparations are in place to allow dominated by a quick recovery from natural disasters, and Well before 2030, Nepal will have graduated risk aversion that we take on an international leadership from the list of Least Developed Countries that slows role in fighting global climate change. (LDC) as defined by the United Nations. Ne- down decision- pal met almost all of the Millennium Devel- making. Over the medium term, Nepal requires a opment Goals set for achievement between bold set of institutional reforms aimed at 2000 and 2015.11 However, the record is un- achieving better governance while enforcing even across social groups, gender and geo- the rule of law. The government bureau- graphical regions. Building on this, Nepal cracy, while adept at keeping the country will have strived to meet most, if not all, of functioning through turmoil, is dominated the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) by risk aversion that slows decision-making. by 2030. It will have played an important To reach the envisioned Nepal in 2030 we role in steering the regional economy to- cannot afford to sustain the existing admin- wards greater reliance on clean sources of istrative institutions saddled with flawed energy, while combating climate change. incentives. An important challenge ahead, therefore, is to devise just processes and in- This requires a consensual agenda that pro- stitutions that are capable of aggregating, pels Nepal to a higher trajectory of rapid mediating and advancing hundreds of di- economic growth of at least 7 percent over verse political, ethnic, gender, and regional the next two decades,12 hand-in-hand with interests that populate and define Nepal. efforts to build stronger human capabilities and to augment national resilience to con- Nepali politicians and policymakers must front natural and economic shocks, while now work with the private sector to facili- preserving the country’s environment and tate the process of structural transformation natural resources. In aspirational terms, the which has traditionally required a growing vision is not only to accelerate the means of share of modern services and manufac- development, but also to nurture the end of turing, away from subsistence agriculture. development, which is to enlarge people’s However, these sectors are evolving: modes choices. 11 See NPC. 2016. “Nepal and the Millennium Development Goals: Final Status Report, 2000-2015,” Kathmandu. 12 The Istanbul Declaration adopted by the Fourth UN Conference on the Least Developed Countries in 2011 sets an average growth target of 7 percent for LDCs in the period 2011-2022. This has a mathematical logic: a 7 percent growth sustained for 10 years doubles the size of the economy. 3 N E PA L : S U S TA I N A B L E D E V E L O P M E N T G O A L S pipeline of large projects that can credibly de-

1.2 Shared Aspirations liver more than 10,000 MW over the next de- cade. This will fully eliminate power cuts that Generating prosperity have hurt consumer welfare, stunted private Nepal’s strengths and vulnerabilities are well sector competitiveness, aggravated the trade known. Its formidable topography makes deficit and contributed to severe air pollution. material access to world markets as well as transport within the country costly. Nepal Cheap, reliable and clean energy will help sits on top of a seismically active tectonic provide consumer goods at affordable pric- plate boundary; it is at risk from an altered es, improve competitiveness of Nepali enter- monsoon cycle, melting Himalayan glaciers, prises, and allow the country to switch away and other impacts of climate change; and its from smoke-filled kitchens that today kill biodiversity is fragile. However, the same more than 23,000 people a year.14 Cheap, re- geography also supports an industry -- tour- liable and clean energy will further encour- ism and landscape marketing – that can be age private investment into manufacturing, an anchor of prosperity, as long as we can while expanding jobs. protect our natural resources from air pollu- tion, visibility decline, and other sources of These three sectors – clean energy, agricul- degradation. ture and tourism – carried along by ambi- The first game- tious but realistic policy decisions, will help Despite being one of the most beautiful changer is our move Nepal towards a job-creating low-car- countries in the world, tourism receipts as spatial location bon economy. In addition, Nepal will also a share of the economy are lower in Nepal between China need to build upon additional sources of today than they are in Haiti, and six times growth that are game-changing in nature. and India. What less than in Cambodia.13 This sector is vast- is happening ly under-exploited as are our fertile Terai The first game-changer is our spatial location among lands and agro-climates in the hills which between China and India – the two most pop- our direct could support a much more productive and ulous countries in the world. Historically, at neighbors is diverse agriculture. With the completion of the start of the Industrial Revolution, the UK a force that is large irrigation projects that can water fields took 150 years to double its per capita income, all year round, and with better roads, exten- much more while the US took 50 years; but both India sion services, access to finance, and provi- powerful than and China have doubled their outputs per sioning of inputs like seeds and fertilizers, the early days capita in about 15 years. As noted by McK- Nepal’s agriculture can yet take-off in the di- of the Industrial insey & Co., China and India, at the time of rection of modern commercialization while Revolution. their industrial take-off, each had a popula- maintaining food security. tion of 1 billion people, unlike the UK and the US which had less than 10 million people.15 Nepal has the potential to meet all of its ener- What is happening among our direct neigh- gy needs through clean hydroelectricity and bors, therefore, is a force that is much more to export its surplus. Over the next two years powerful than the early days of the Indus- it is poised to more than double its capacity trial Revolution. Nepal needs to strategical- (currently less than 1000 MW), followed by a 13 Online World Development Indicators, accessed March 1, 2015 14 http://www.searo.who.int/entity/water_sanitation/nep_c_h_profile.pdf?ua=1 15 Atsmon, Y., P. Child, R. Dobbs, and L. Narasimhan. 2012. “Winning the $30 Trillion Decathlon: Going for Gold in Emerging Markets.” McKinsey Quarterly, August. 4 N E PA L : S U S TA I N A B L E D E V E L O P M E N T G O A L S ly take advantage of regional growth poles productivity, absorbs a large workforce, and agglomerations, including latching on and caters to demand that is not constrained Patterns of to value-chains and international production by a small domestic market.17 However, trade and networks. Close to a half a billion consumers we also need to recognize that patterns of industrialization are at Nepal’s doorstep today, and there will trade and industrialization have themselves have evolved be more by 2030. Half the world’s popula- evolved in the 21st century. New emphases, in the 21st tion is within six hours of flight. While taking for example, are on fragmented tasks rather century. New steps to tap into the fortune at its gate, Nepal than complete industries, on removing be- emphases are should also continue to exploit the rich, ma- hind-the-border non-policy barriers, and on ture markets of the West. improving the competitiveness of individual on fragmented firms that can become regional champions. tasks rather The second game-changing source of growth To be competitive in providing services, we than complete is the ramping up of our prowess in exportable need to invest more in ensuring access to industries, on modern services that aid niche production in quality health care, clean water, clean air, removing behind- areas where Nepal can cultivate an edge. As and of course, high quality education. the-border a landlocked country, Nepal needs to be com- non-policy petent and competitive in sectors that help Today and in the immediate future, much barriers, and on link it better with the world economy while of Nepal’s development landscape is being improving the negating its disadvantage in shipping-based shaped by the large inflow of remittances. competitiveness trade. Nepal’s long-term ambition should be Amongst the fifty most populous countries of individual not only to have the cheapest per unit cost in in the world Nepal has the highest ratio of firms that can modern services, but also the most reliable, remittances to national income, at nearly 30 become regional so that new knowledge-based industries take percent. Millions of young people of work- root. Nepal has already shown some prom- ing age are engaged in building other coun- champions. ise in telecom and hospitality; the number of tries at a time when the unique bulge in Ne- trained bankers, engineers and doctors has pal’s demographics could be converted into grown exponentially in the last two decades; a dividend of higher economic growth, more recent years have marked a turning point in jobs, and a broader base for taxation. This the exploitation of clean energy sources. In phenomenon has been a result of both ‘push’ aviation alone there is tremendous scope for factors in Nepal and ‘pull’ factors abroad, growth.16 Nepal can play a much bigger role which have undervalued the social costs of than it has to date connecting the economies temporary migration, especially in terms of our two neighboring countries. of family discord and dislocation; these are high and require policy attention. The chal- Competitive services are also our best hope lenges going forward will be to find ways for reviving the manufacturing sector, which to pool and capitalize on private remittance has plunged from a peak of 10 percent of flows streaming in small amounts, to create GDP in 1996 to six percent today. As the a strategy to attract back and to utilize the recent international literature shows, man- skills of returning migrants, and to discour- ufacturing as a sector is quite special: it ex- age others from leaving by generating attrac- hibits unconditional convergence in labor tive opportunities within the country. 16 Ethiopia, a country as under-developed and landlocked like Nepal has an airline that serves 64 international destinations with 48 modern aircraft. Because of Ethiopian Airlines, an entire industry grew from one firm in 2000 to about 100 firms a decade later contributing exports worth over US$200 million and supporting the livelihoods of 250,000 people. 17 Rodrik, Dani. 2013. “Unconditional Convergence in Manufacturing”, The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 128 (1): 165-204. 5 N E PA L : S U S TA I N A B L E D E V E L O P M E N T G O A L S Building a prosperous country needs an Generating, sharing and sustaining Nepal’s excellent but affordable education system, prosperity will require Nepal’s political and from early childhood through the university bureaucratic institutions to be made much level – a system that promotes observation, more representative, accountable and effi- analytical thinking, creativity, indepen- cient than they are today. Its economic in- dence, and self-expression while also teach- stitutions, too, need to ensure that there is a ing tradable skills. Prosperity also needs level playing field, and that the rules of the heavy investment in science and technology, game are not rigged against ordinary peo- research, and vocational training. Nepal’s ple with ideas, creativity and enthusiasm. We need an mountain valleys and the plains cannot de- Socially, all forms of violence and discrimi- excellent but pend only on imported solutions, but need nation, based not only on class, but also on local research and development. Nepal has caste, race, ethnicity, sex, gender, geography affordable made a dramatic headway in meeting the and age will need to be eliminated from Ne- education first generation challenges in education, in- pal. In addition, it is essential that the newly system, from cluding universal enrollment at the primary created federal states over time become fis- early childhood level, ensuring gender parity, and widening cally viable and socially cohesive. through the functional literacy among adults. However, university level the second generation challenge of ensuring Taking the long view, Nepal today is poor, – a system that children not just go to school but actu- arguably, because it has been governed bad- that promotes ally learn useful skills and knowledge will ly with entrenched political and economic observation, continue to loom large in the coming years. institutions that were extractive in nature.18 analytical The state barred non-elites from receiving thinking, Sharing prosperity education and engaging in private enter- creativity, Today, the world’s most livable and progres- prise. Citizens could not vote. Property independence, sive countries are not the geo-political centers rights were not protected. The rulers taxed wielding veto power at the UN, but the small little, but also provided inadequate public and self- Nordic nations that not only built unprece- goods in return. expression dented wealth, but also did much to ensure while also that wealth is shared. What did they do right? In 1951, when the Ranas were overthrown, teaching First, they emphasized education, science less than one percent of Nepalis had any tradable skills. and basic public services. Second, they decid- formal education, and more than one-third ed that the nation would rise as one, with no of the total cultivable land was in the hands citizen left behind, whether in accessing basic of the elite birta holders.19 It is conceivable civil-political rights or in accessing the many that the living standard of the average Ne- economic forms of social protection. Third, pali household had not changed much from they created wealth through vigorous private 1769 to the 1950s. Nepal’s real glimmer of sectors under the watchful regulatory eye of hope for nation building was seen in 1960 the state. Theirs is the kind of path that Nepal with the first democratically elected govern- could learn from while realizing a vision of ment.20 But this momentum of progress was just and lasting prosperity. cut short by a royal coup that installed the 18 For a generalized framework on extractive versus inclusive institutions, see Acemoglu, D. and J. Robinson. 2012. “Why Nations Fail? The Origins of Power, Prosperity and Poverty,” Crown Publishers, New York,. 19 Birta lands were usually granted by the discretion of rulers and were tax-exempt. 20 It abolished the birta system, got rid of petty feudal kingdoms, initiated a second wave of industrialization, pioneered projects in irrigation and tourism, established Nepal’s first university, began construction of the East-West highway, developed cooperatives, and launched a major diplomatic outreach to the international community. 6 N E PA L : S U S TA I N A B L E D E V E L O P M E N T G O A L S undemocratic Panchayat system. Among orate scheme of affirmative action and pro- the major development reforms during this portional election enables the representation period, two stand out: schools were opened of women and historically disadvantaged around the country, enhancing mass litera- communities across federal and provincial cy, and a feudal regime gave way to a more parliaments, local governments and the civil equitable pattern of land ownership. service. Independent constitutional commis- sions (for women, Dalits, Janajatis, Madhe- With the widening of the Nepali political sis, Tharus and Muslims) will exist alongside space in 1990, its economy, too, opened, the National Inclusion Commission and the and the early reforms resulted in the highest National Human Rights Commission to rec- decadal growth rate in the country’s histo- ommend changes in laws, policies, and prac- ry. The restoration of multi-party democra- tices to foster greater inclusion as a continu- cy gave particular momentum to social and ous national quest. infrastructural development such as access to schools, health posts and transport and Sustaining prosperity communications, bolstered by sustained Nepal’s fragile landscape is composed of public spending. Civil society organizations, snow and rock surfaces, pastures, forests, too, became active in empowering the poor water bodies and painstakingly maintained Today more by generating awareness about citizen rights croplands. While the beauty of the landscape people are and helping people organize into self-help itself is attractive for tourism and other forms killed in Nepal community groups for improved liveli- of landscape marketing, it also contains rich every year by hoods. There is little doubt that this success biodiversity and sources of eco-services. in expanding the reach of modern amenities Protecting what is fragile, and harvesting landslides and was a direct result of a vociferous, represen- sustainably, are essential to ensure that the floods than by tative democracy that was responsive to the landscape remains a source of prosperity for violence, and demands of constituents at the district and generations to come. Nepal in 2030 needs to even more by village levels. By the 2000s, through targeted achieve prosperity that is not only shared, air pollution. interventions to reduce absolute poverty and but also lasting. This requires ensuring that The seismic by introducing social protection schemes, economic growth be designed to go hand in vulnerability Nepal made a meaningful march towards a hand with protecting and harnessing Ne- of the country more inclusive pattern of development. pal’s natural resources and people’s health, demands a while investing sufficient resources into pre- resilient model However, early cracks in a fledgling democ- paredness to address external and internal of human racy, including slow responses to checking threats. development. corruption and growing political instability, led to a degree of popular disenchantment. Today more people are killed in Nepal every Nepal experienced an armed civil conflict year by landslides and floods than by vio- between 1996 and 2006, whose peaceful un- lence, and even more by air pollution. Nepal winding steered the country towards the is among the most earthquake-prone coun- new federalist, republican constitution of tries in the world. The seismic vulnerability 2015. This provides a long list of fundamen- of the country demands a resilient model of tal rights on the socio-cultural front. An elab- human development, aided by stronger, bet- 21 See the “Post Disaster Needs Assessment 2015” prepared by the National Planning Commission. The earthquakes of 2015 resulted in nearly 9000 deaths and imposed an immediate disaster effect of about US$7 billion or one-third of national output. 7 N E PA L : S U S TA I N A B L E D E V E L O P M E N T G O A L S ter planned and safer infrastructure, build- tion and clean transportation is realistic by ings and settlements. 2030. However, Nepal is not only affect- ed by domestic SLCPs, but also by SLCPs Disaster preparedness requires increased from neighboring countries, so a concerted public awareness of the dangers and ways science-based regional approach to reduce to mitigate them, risk mapping of the land- their emissions is essential. scape, management plans and drills, dedicat- ed quick response teams, and the dispersed Air pollution is one of the biggest killers in stockpiling of relief supplies. The role of South Asia, responsible not only for lung Nepal’s security forces must shift towards diseases, but also for an increasing number preparing for and providing quick response of heart attacks and strokes. It also keeps to disasters like landslides, floods and earth- away tourists, reduces views of mountains quakes. The country’s transport, communi- that are marketed to tourists, and degrades cation and energy infrastructure needs to be the visibility needed for aviation safety. To- resilient. They need to be designed to with- day many parts of Nepal have unhealthy air. stand Nepal’s geo-fragilities, and networks Indoor air pollution reaches alarming levels to allow redundancies and rerouting, avoid- inside most homes that use traditional cook- ing choke points that could cut off places. ing fires, while outdoor air pollution is high in parts of the Terai, especially during agri- A complete Together with the poles, the high mountains cultural burning and winter fog events. switch to of the Himalaya are among the places on earth most affected by climate change. Snow surfac- Envisioning Nepal 2030 foresees a major clean cooking, es and glaciers are melting and disappearing, drive towards making Nepal’s cities and vil- clean brick threatening the availability of fresh water in lages not only more connected but also more production, rivers during the dry season. This will have livable – with clean air, clean water, proper clean major repercussions on hydropower, agricul- garbage management, and sufficient green electricity ture and industries across South Asia. space for people to exercise, play, socialize, generation and stay healthy. A better management of and clean Climate change observed in Nepal has two our environmental resources will determine transportation causes: long-lived greenhouse gases that are the extent to which major sources of Nepal’s is realistic by largely emitted in far-away industrial places prosperity, such as tourism, agriculture and 2030. but that are globally well mixed, and short- hydroelectricity can be harnessed. lived climate pollutants (SLCPs), includ- ing black carbon. Nepal has large domes- Sustaining prosperity also requires develop- tic sources of SLCPs, including traditional ing mechanisms to absorb exogenous eco- cooking fires, brick kilns, and diesel engines. nomic shocks. Nepal’s commercial relations Through incentives to switch to cleaner en- and supply chains are intertwined with In- ergy, SLCP mitigation is often cost effective dia, and external price fluctuations frequent- based on improvements they yield in terms ly lead to popular unrest. Too much depen- of air quality, health, crop yields, visibility dence on transit routes through one country and tourism without even considering their also puts Nepal at risk of facing blockades. climate impacts. Sustaining prosperity requires attaining a higher degree of energy security as well as A complete switch to clean cooking, clean infrastructure that provides easy sea access brick production, clean electricity genera- through both neighboring countries as well 8 N E PA L : S U S TA I N A B L E D E V E L O P M E N T G O A L S as better air cargo connections to countries tions. Institutional mechanisms will need to beyond the two immediate neighbors. evolve that resolve legal disputes peacefully. As local governments vie to match limited Sustainability demands fiscal responsibility resources with heightened expectations for too. As Nepal evolves into a truly federally social and infrastructure projects, a priority administered country, the next few elector- will need to be the building of a viable base al cycles will require a thoughtful sharing of local taxation, and a business climate for of available resources across tiers of gov- firms to thrive and to create jobs in large ernment to discharge constitutional func- numbers for young Nepalis. 9 N E PA L : S U S TA I N A B L E D E V E L O P M E N T G O A L S 10 N E PA L : S U S TA I N A B L E D E V E L O P M E N T G O A L S Chapter 2 Stage for the Implementation of SDGs T he Sustainable Development tutions – provide a coherent guide for the Agenda rests on three pillars: eco- fifth ‘I’ – the Implementation of the SDGs. nomic, social and environmental. They also map the development narrative of the preceding chapter where Nepal’s aspirations were structured around 2.1 Identification generating, sharing and sustaining prosper- The Millennium Development Goals (2001- ity leading up to 2030. 2015) were successful because they were time-bound, quantified and simple to mon- The Sustainable Development Goals itor. However, on several issues, they did (SDGs) were first discussed formally at the not go into the root causes of development. United Nations Conference on Sustainable The SDGs are not just an enlargement of Development held in Rio de Janeiro in June the MDGs in terms of the number of goals 2012 (Rio+20), and then at the UN Gener- and targets, but they also seek to address al Assembly in September 2014. Ahead of complex issues like inequality and human the MDG deadline, the UN Open Working rights. They take a more holistic approach Group (OWG) for SDGs proposed a set of 17 to development. The ambition, however, is SDGs with 169 targets for the period 2016 to so high that some governments see several 2030. By replacing the MDGs, the SDGs are goals and targets as aspirational. We group now the globally agreed common develop- the SDGs into the following five clusters The SDGs are ment framework for the planet, people and for a better conceptual appreciation as seen not just an their prosperity. The SDGs build on the from Nepal’s present development stage. enlargement MDGs, covering a wider and deeper range Basic mark of civilization of the MDGs of rights-based sustainable development issues. More than 230 indicators have been There are four goals [1, 2, 6, 7] which deal in terms of the suggested to measure and track progress. with the ending of poverty and hunger, number of goals and providing basic water, sanitation and and targets, In laying a framework for implementing modern energy for all citizens. Given the but they also the SDGs, there are core factors at stake as technologies on offer and the finance that seek to address follows. First, identification of priorities; is available, these goals set the bar for complex issues Second; intervention of policy instruments; minimum requirements that every citizen like inequality Third, investment of resources; and Fourth, around the world are entitled to. These set and human institutional readiness. These ‘I’s – Identifi- the physical standards for a basic mark of rights. cation, Instruments, Investment and Insti- civilization in the 21st century. 11 N E PA L : S U S TA I N A B L E D E V E L O P M E N T G O A L S Exercise of human capabilities and In the face of limited resources, a key chal- agency lenge is to identify an implicit order of pri- Goals 3 and 4 deal with healthy lives, quali- orities for the numerous goals. The focus on ty education and lifelong learning. They are the goals also need to be sequenced over the ends of development in themselves, but are 12 to 15-year horizon, and then costed. A also the means for a more productive econ- logical point to start is the country’s three- omy and a society that puts at the center the year 14th Plan which suggests the direction core capabilities of its citizens. for annual budget priorities. The develop- ment issues identified therein are related to Those goals Higher human aspiration the SDGs to varying degrees. Although all that have the Goals 5, 10 and 16 on achieving gender SDGs are important, indivisible, and com- equality, reducing inequality, and securing mon for all countries, their priorities are potential to peace, access to justice, inclusive institu- country specific. Preferences are, however, trigger inclusive tions, respectively, resemble higher aspira- difficult to set by ranking the goals from 1 economic to 17. The targets and indicators embedded tions of modern, democratic nation-states. growth through within the goals, however, do lend them- While complete equality or access may be job creation, selves to more explicit ranking and priori- difficult to pursue in a time-bound manner, strengthen they are goals worthy of pursuit on an on- tization. The goals can be clustered themat- social going basis. ically. protection systems, and Means for sustained progress Areas of priority will also have to be sec- reduce disaster Goals 8, 9, 11 and 12 related to economic tors where the MDG agenda is still unfin- risks are big growth, jobs, resilient infrastructure, in- ished. Those goals that have the potential to priorities. dustrialization, cities and settlements, and trigger inclusive economic growth through sustainability of consumption and produc- job creation, strengthen social protection tion are about generating and sustaining systems, and reduce disaster risks are also resources to improve the average quality of big priorities in today’s Nepal. However, life and human dignity. the SDGs are not stand-alone goals, and achievement of one goal has implications Threats to future prosperity for the achievement of others. They are in- Goals 13, 14 and 15 deal with the protection tertwined. For example, reduction of pov- of the global commons. From climate change erty depends on the reduction of hunger, to oceans and marine resources and forests, gender disparities, outcomes in education desertification, land degradation and bio- and health, and environmental stresses. diversity, they remind us that as economic growth is pursued and its benefits shared, Prioritization will also be guided by financ- the natural heritage of the planet need to be ing and other resource availability and protected. Physical development ought not the support of international development be secured at an environmental cost. partners to specific SDGs. These are better determined after a thorough needs assess- The first three sets of goals above are mostly ment exercise is undertaken. national in scope, but the latter two have a regional and global dimension. SDG 17 calls After priorities are determined, their se- for strengthening the means of implemen- quencing is vital. Those goals and targets tation and revitalizing global partnerships. deserve early attention if (i) new legislative 12 N E PA L : S U S TA I N A B L E D E V E L O P M E N T G O A L S mandate or organizational set-up is not nec- that sub-national governments will have in- essary; (ii) they deliver low hanging fruits creased resources to fund SDGs. Third, giv- in terms of development outcomes, and (iii) en the uneven development achievements, the delivery of other top priorities are con- prioritization and sequencing of SDGs can tingent upon their prior achievement. now be better tailored to local contexts. Fourth, local people’s participation and ef- Once the SDGs are built into periodic plans fective service delivery can be best assured and annual budgets, there is a need for an- when the SDGs are implemented at sub na- nual budget audit from an SDG perspec- tional levels. And fifth, “leaving no one be- tive by a designated body like the National hind” and ensuring equity in development Planning Commission. To prevent a con- outcomes require targeted interventions at flict of interest, this should not be an imple- pockets of poverty and deprivation; this is menting agency. a task best handled when information and peer-monitoring is leveraged locally. For effective monitoring of the outputs and outcomes, a Results Framework will also In prioritizing development challenges, have to be devised. Beyond the financial the temptation is often to look upwards, outlay, SDG priorities also need to factor in towards higher targets and achievements. the managerial, institutional and allied ca- Downside risks are often under-appreciat- pacity constraints. There is a need to institu- ed and ignored. Nepal is prone to disasters tionalize a system that prioritizes individual such as earthquakes, floods, landslides, av- projects on the basis of analysis, evaluation alanches, fires, and outbreak of pandemics. and evidence. An ambitious implemen- As was seen after the 2015 earthquakes, tation of the SDGs demands a heightened disasters halt and reverse past develop- culture of evidence-based policymaking. ment achievements accrued over decades. An SDGs dashboard must also be created This implies that adequate disaster risk The SDGs are to provide open source information on the reduction interventions must be identified state of SDGs implementation and progress themselves during SDGs needs assessments. The SDGs made throughout the 2016-2030 period. are themselves designed to reduce several designed to of the risks and vulnerabilities. Proactive reduce several As Nepal federates itself into seven provin- risk assessments, followed by mitigation of the risks and cial and 753 local governments, much of the need to be given higher priority. Instead of vulnerabilities. burden of SDG implementation will shift post-disaster coping, there ought be a pro- Proactive risk towards sub-national governments. Local- portionate allocation in pre-disaster prepa- assessments, ization of SDGs is important for several rations. followed by reasons. First, vital public services, which mitigation will form a social core of the SDGs, are now the An emerging consensus on effective disas- be given higher responsibility of the province and local lev- ter response is that countries need a coor- priority. els, such as basic and secondary education, dinated plan, nimble decision making and primary health care, water supply and sani- flexible financing on standby. Pre-agreed, tation, agriculture, basic infrastructure, and pre-financed, rules-based arrangements social security. Second, mandated transfer work; where there is no prior plan or fi- of revenue and other resource mobilization nancing, chaos reigns. A better balance of authority given by the constitution to the ex-ante risk management (preparations) provincial and local governments means and ex-post risk management (coping) re- 13 N E PA L : S U S TA I N A B L E D E V E L O P M E N T G O A L S quires knowledge about risks; protection to tricity and market infrastructure are antici- lower the probabilities of risks; and insur- pated in the initial SDG period. ance schemes when protection cannot elim- inate risks.22 On the other hand, in sector like health, expenditures will grow over time because Disasters that unfold without notice are, of of gradual ageing of the population and course, difficult to predict. However, slow the rollout of the universal health insur- disasters in the making, such as climate ance scheme. The energy sector will also be change, can be factored in plans that have back-loaded. Large hydro power projects a longer horizon. For instance, droughts ex- are implemented during the later years of acerbated by climate change have far-reach- the SDG period. Certain sectors will need ing implications on agriculture, livelihoods, constant attention, such as transport and access to water, food security, and the nutri- industry, forestry, gender, tourism, and cli- tion status of women and children. Contin- mate change. gency planning for unpredictable disasters, which demand additional financial and hu- As the Prime Minister notes in his foreword, man resources -- such as large networks of SDGs are not a government responsibility volunteers – must also be prioritized and alone; they are a national, country-wide re- planned for in Nepal. sponsibility. Strategic partnership among the government, non-government, private and community sectors would, therefore, be required. Importantly, there needs to be Relative to the 2.2 Instruments sufficient political buy-in of the agenda, in MDG period, After identifying and prioritizing major parliament as well as inside political parties. the role of the goals and targets, what is to be decided is the nature of intervention of policy instru- Relative to the MDG period, the role of private sector ments. Do these instruments entail capital the private sector has increased substan- has increased investments, human resources, or simple tially. For the partnership to be credible, substantially. For there needs to be a mechanism whereby stroke-of-the pen policy reforms? What the partnership kind of synergies and consistencies need to private sector participates in policy formu- to be credible, be sought or forged? What roles should be lation, implementation and monitoring of there will be apportioned to the state, private sector and the SDGs. Effective implementation of the a mechanism civil society. Will there be incentives for SDGs demands meaningful participation whereby collaboration and partnership in pursuit of of non-state actors. They were instrumental private sector shared goals? Are they to be front-loaded or in helping deliver several MDGs, and this participates back-loaded? should continue in the SDG era. Their par- in policy ticipation is necessary for the localization formulation, The nature of interventions will vary by of SDGs through provincial and local gov- sector. Post-quake reconstruction is slated ernments, and for strong multi-stakeholder implementation to end, by law, by 2020; hence investment structures necessary for providing feedback and monitoring in this sector is heavily front-loaded. In ag- for planning and budgeting purposes. of the SDGs. riculture, too, investment peters off because large investments in major irrigation and In Nepal’s constitution, there is a special agricultural infrastructure like roads, elec- role envisioned for cooperatives. The gov- 22 World Development Report 2014 14 N E PA L : S U S TA I N A B L E D E V E L O P M E N T G O A L S ernment expects the cooperatives to com- platform to which Nepal is party and where plement public and private sector activities. SDG related agenda must find a place. Oth- Social organizations such as trade unions er regional cooperation frameworks such as and youth organizations will also need to China’s Belt and Road Initiative and India’s be engaged in the implementation of the infrastructural outreach embedded in the SDGs. The media will continue to be an “Neighborhood First” policy must be uti- ally to disseminate innovatively about the lized for Nepal’s benefit. 2030 Agenda. Their creativity in arresting Partnering with the attention of lay audiences will greatly The monitoring and evaluation of SDGs multilateral and determine the political capital that the state will have to be done through collective bilateral donors expends on the SDGs. efforts of the government, private sector, is important civil society organizations and external for mobilizing Of the 19 different UN agencies currently development partners. A stronger and more resources working in Nepal, about 13 are directly in- more rigorous institutional and operational for SDGs. volved in SDGs implementation and mon- mechanism with enhanced capacity will be itoring. Their work will be instrumental in needed to see whether the country’s devel- generating awareness, providing catalytic opment programs at all levels are on track technical assistance, and helping build ca- to achieve SDGs. pacity in integrating SDGs into the plan- ning, programming, and budgeting pro- SDGs also require a rigorous, data-driven cesses across tiers of government. Their campaign. Mapping of the SDGs data re- work in strengthening the monitoring and quirement and their existing quality shows evaluation systems around the SDG agen- large gaps for monitoring targets and in- da will lend credibility and international dicators. Data for nearly 100 indicators are acceptance. not yet available, and the quality of the re- mainder is uneven. Large investments will, Partnering with multilateral and bilateral therefore, be required to undertake new donors is important for mobilizing more surveys, and to be innovative in adding on resources for SDGs. Increasingly, the mul- targeted modules to routine and regular tilateral and bilateral aid must flow into a statistical censuses and surveys, building consolidated country-owned treasury and capacity of the national statistical body, and allocated in accordance with national pri- utilizing new internet-enabled ICT technol- orities. Improved aid coordination among ogies to educate the public. development partners will also be critical for development effectiveness. Against this backdrop, what specific pol- icy instruments will the different goals Nepal is a member of SAARC which has demand? What follows are illustrative ex- taken several initiatives in the past to car- cerpts from a separate NPC study on needs ry forward MDGs. The region will have to assessment, costing and financing of SDGs. work collectively to address SDGs which have cross border implications such as Take poverty reduction, possibly the most trade, investment, tourism, capital flows, important challenge of this generation. trans-boundary pollution, migration, disas- How shall it be done? Informed by exist- ters, and social protection. The organization ing literature, the interventions include can agree upon regional targets and forge (i) income generation activities to directly collaboration. BIMSTEC is another regional solve “the problem of the last mile” and to 15 N E PA L : S U S TA I N A B L E D E V E L O P M E N T G O A L S serve the hard-to-reach, (ii) concessional grid, and grid connected solar system, (ii) micro-credit, with subsidized interest to transmission and distribution systems, (iii) small and medium enterprises expected to improvement in energy efficiency, and (iv) generate jobs, (iii) location-specific infra- O&M expenses to maintain a steady quality structure, (iv) prevention and mitigation of power supply. of disasters which could worsen poverty, and (v) widening of social protection cov- Interventions related to inclusive growth erage. and productive employment include (i) cre- ation of jobs in labor intensive sectors like In agriculture, the interventions that are agriculture, construction, manufacturing, Climate being planned include (i) improvements and tourism, (ii) promotion of small and change related in food & nutrition security of the most medium enterprises and access of small interventions disadvantaged groups, (ii) strengthened business to financial services, (iii) skill de- include (i) agricultural extension system, (iii) ex- velopment, (iv) employment information building pansion of year-round irrigation, (iv) im- system, (v) elimination of child labor, (vi) resilience provements in the distribution of seeds protection from work place injuries, and and adaptive and fertilizers, (v) expansion of rural (vii) enforcement of labor laws. capacity, (ii) roads, and (vi) commercialization of mod- reducing ern agriculture. Under tourism, the interventions include emissions, (iii) construction of hotel rooms, development of strengthening The interventions envisioned in education tourism products, and marketing for tourist are (i) improved management of pre-pri- inflows. Interventions planned and costed data and mary, basic and secondary education, (ii) under physical infrastructure include new monitoring literacy and lifelong learning, (iii) teach- construction of roads, railways, bridges of climate ers’ professional development, (iv) disas- and airports, maintenance, upgrading and change, and (iv) ter risk reduction and physical safety of new construction of the strategic road net- climate-proofing schools, (v) promotion of youth in sports, work and local road network. Investment technology for (vi) higher education and research, (vii) requirement for industry has been based infrastructure. technical and vocational education, and on the target set for increasing the share of (viii) better nutrition programs through manufacturing in GDP to 15 percent in 2030 the school meals and incentive grants. from 6 per cent in 2015. In water and sanitation, interventions Interventions costed in urban development planned include (a) universal and equi- and housing include (i) safe urban road table access to safe and affordable drink- constructions, (ii) storm drainage and sew- ing water and adequate sanitation and erage, (iii) housing for the poor and slum hygiene for all, (b) water quality concerns up-gradation, (iv) post-disaster reconstruc- including waste water treatment and recy- tion and pre-disaster mitigation, and (v) cling, (c) water efficiency to avoid water construction of urban utilities like piped scarcity, and (d) improvements in water water supply and electricity connection. resource management and protection of ecosystems. Climate change related interventions in- clude (i) building resilience and adap- The interventions costed in energy in- tive capacity, (ii) reducing emissions, (iii) clude (i) the generation of power through strengthening data and monitoring of cli- large hydro projects, micro hydro off- mate change, and (iv) climate-proofing 16 N E PA L : S U S TA I N A B L E D E V E L O P M E N T G O A L S technology for infrastructure. Forest and economic services offered by both the pub- ecosystem related interventions include lic and private sectors. Households vary by (i) conservation of forests, lakes, wetlands, income. If segregated by their position rela- wild life, biodiversity, and land (ii) integra- tive to the national poverty line, and under tion of ecosystem and biodiversity values varying assumptions of their marginal pro- into national and local planning, and (iii) pensity to consume or spend, households conservation of watershed. could finance up to five percent of the total SDG investment requirement. Interventions related to governance include (i) access to justice, (ii) capacity building for The private sector is expected to invest anticorruption, (iii) improvements in the more heavily in industry, energy, physical provisioning of public services, (iv) capacity infrastructure, housing, urban infrastruc- development for planning, budgeting and ture, and tourism. The private sector is ex- implementation, (v) electoral awareness, pected to contribute nearly three-fifths of and (vi) data systems for monitoring SDGs. the investment needs in tourism, industrial and transport infrastructure. Several of the SDGs indicators are qualita- tive in nature and thus cannot be costed to The public sector is expected to shoulder derive the investment requirement. They about 55 percent of the SDG investment re- have to be achieved through policies, reg- quirement, starting foremost with sectors ulations and administrative enforcement. like poverty reduction, followed by agricul- Furthermore, indicators related to inequali- ture, health, education, gender, water and ty, injustice, exclusion, or insecurity have to sanitation, transport infrastructure, climate be addressed through both policies and in- action, and governance. The public invest- Several of stitutions designed and mandated to work ment requirement is expected to be the low- the SDGs on these issues. est in tourism followed by energy, industry, and urban infrastructure (mainly housing). indicators are qualitative in Financing gap in the public sector will be nature and

2.3 Investment the highest in infrastructure. Water and thus cannot be A preliminary estimate of the annual in- sanitation, energy, transport, industrial and costed to derive vestment requirement for the entire SDG urban infrastructure comprise 58 per cent the investment period, 2016-2030 ranges between 42 to 54 of the financing gap while social sectors requirement. percent of GDP. The average requirement including poverty, health, education and They have to is estimated to be about Rs. 1770 billion per gender comprise 31 percent of the financing be achieved year, or nearly 49 percent of GDP over the gap. The economic sectors will not face a through entire duration of the SDGs. A more de- significant financing gap, given the present policies, tailed assessment of needs and investment trend of resource allocation in those areas. regulations and requirements is published separately. The financing gap in agriculture will likely be minimal after irrigation, rural roads and administrative This scale of investment needs a full mo- electrification investments are made in the enforcement. bilization of all national and international early years. sources – public and private. Households are probably the least appreciated group Domestic financing through revenue mo- of investors. They already spend a large bilization and internal borrowing could fi- portion of their incomes on basic social and nance about 62 percent of the public sector 17 N E PA L : S U S TA I N A B L E D E V E L O P M E N T G O A L S SDG investment requirement while official for spending in social and economic activ- aid would finance another 20 percent of ities. On average, the annually available the public sector financing need under the financing resources for this sector through- assumption that the overall foreign aid pie out the SDG period are estimated at Rs. 76 grows by at least 10 percent during 2016- billion. The cooperative and NGO sector 2020, five percent during 2021-25 and two are not expected to face financing gap for percent thereafter. The amount of ODA in- the reason that their investment portfolios flow will have to double from existing lev- are constricted by what they fund-raise. els. We estimate that about two-thirds of domestically raised resources and about 90 Overall, as a share of GDP, the financing gap percent of official development assistance ranges between nine percent in the 2016- will need to be directed towards SDG areas. 2019 period to a high of about 15 percent in the last leg, 2025-2030. About 12 percent of In the private sector, the financing gap GDP is the average financing gap under the would be the highest for transport, indus- assumption that the real economic growth try, energy, and urban development. The will be a steady 6.6 percent throughout sources of private finance are equity gen- 2016-2030. As revenue mobilization and erated through domestic savings, foreign domestic borrowing are associated with equity mobilized through foreign direct the rate of economic growth, the optimal investment, debt financing through domes- growth scenario would automatically result tic and foreign banks, and resources shared in higher domestic resource mobilization. with the public sector through public-pri- However, if the economic growth follows a The financing vate partnerships (including viability gap sub-optimal path of 5 percent, it will shrink gap in the funding). the availability of domestic resources. private sector Almost 50 percent of bank credit is expect- The revenue mobilization strategy for will have to achieving SDGs will have to serve two crit- ed to flow into SDG areas, including five be met by percent that is already mandated to cover ical objectives of (i) mobilizing higher rev- reorienting “deprived sectors.” Given the existing pat- enue through a progressive, yet efficient, non-SDG tern of domestic equity financing, pattern system of taxation, and (ii) incentivizing investments of credit allocation, and FDI inflows, the private and other non-government sectors towards SDGs, annual average private financing in SDGs to allocate their resources towards SDGs. mobilizing is about Rs. 382 billion. The financing gap While undertaking the first objective, due larger volumes in the private sector will have to be met by care must be given to the likely impact and of equity, bank reorienting non-SDG investments towards incidence of the taxes on the poor and on financing, and SDGs, mobilizing larger volumes of equity, income distribution. While undertaking the attracting large bank financing, and attracting large foreign second objective, how much revenue is for- direct investment, especially in industries gone needs to be assessed. foreign direct and physical infrastructure. investment, Nepal’s nascent local governments will especially in The incremental financing resources of co- need to step up and raise substantial new industries operatives available for SDGs are estimated resources to finance SDGs locally. Transfers and physical at about Rs. 25 billion annually. The NGOs from the central government will remain infrastructure. also mobilize about Rs. 20 billion annually a principal source of financing for most 18 N E PA L : S U S TA I N A B L E D E V E L O P M E N T G O A L S of the local governments. However, the government resources from one sector to ever-growing demand for conditional or another requires a strong mixture of po- unconditional grants and their unpredict- litical drive and bureaucratic cooperation. ability will strain local governments while During MDGs era, it was easy to earmark a Nepal’s current preparing budgets and programs. larger percentage of government budget to revenue efforts basic social services. But for SDGs, it is dif- are satisfactory Local borrowing is needed to enhance the ficult (and perhaps not credible) to switch as revenue flexibility of long-term infrastructure plan- resources from economic sectors to social to GDP ratio ning. There are at least two windows that sectors, as the former is as important as the has exceeded local governments can use for borrowing: latter in the menu of SDGs. Increasing ex- Town Development Funds for municipali- 20 percent in penditure efficiency is also often suggested ties, and banks and financial institutions for as the main instrument for enhancing fiscal recent years. all local governments. As the need for local space for SDGs. Efficiency gains need to be financing is much higher than their present weighed against distributive priorities as income, debt financing is inevitable; thus, the SDG mantra is to “leave no one behind.” legal arrangements have to be made to en- able them to borrow both from local and Nepal’s current revenue efforts are satisfac- external sources. tory as revenue to GDP ratio has exceeded 20 percent in recent years. There is much Public-private partnership as a concept more that can be raised with administrative needs to be operationalized much more se- enforcement. But for a sustainable rise over riously in the era of federalism to finance the long haul, the tax base – GDP – needs local infrastructure. Private sector partic- to broaden. Indirect taxes are by their very ipation can take a variety of forms which nature regressive; widening such tax base provide opportunities for local govern- to cover basic goods and services could ex- ments to expand their scope of operations clude the access of the poor. and revenue generation such as (a) out-con- tracting, (b) issuing concessions and (c) In the medium run, a substantial increase in franchising. Communities can partake by domestic resource mobilization by the gov- organizing self-help groups. An enabling ernment will still be insufficient to finance act would allow for greater participation of SDG investment requirements. A large the private sector in the delivery of infra- share of the financing need arises on the structure or social projects at the local level. non-SDG front (such as debt servicing and Several additional financing mechanisms security). Thus, while higher amounts of would need to be introduced. Land-pool- ODA are needed to finance the gap, no dis- ing, for example, can enable the promotion tinction should be made between funding of shared infrastructure with the commu- capital and recurrent costs through ODA, nities incentivized with arguments that the since the country cannot afford to fully value of land appreciates after it I slinked fund recurrent expenditures which account with modern infrastructure. for a large share of total costs in health, ed- ucation, and agriculture, among others. To The scope for enhancing fiscal space in the maintain macroeconomic stability and debt public sector through pro-poor expenditure sustainability, a growing share of ODA will switching is considerable. Yet switching need to flow in the form of grants. 19 N E PA L : S U S TA I N A B L E D E V E L O P M E N T G O A L S Beyond finance, a critical constraint in Ne- without the accompanying values of hu- pal is the capacity deficit at the institutional man rights, equality and equity, inclusion, level. This has crippled quality delivery of solidarity, plurality, and respect for the services even when the will exists and funds people and environment they inhabit.23 are allocated. Unless capacity development A strong interventions are mainstreamed into the When governance is characterized by lack monitoring national planning and budgeting process, of transparency, accountability or com- system with they will not get the requisite priority and petence, the poor and vulnerable people credible data resources for expedited implementation. suffer the most. When income inequality is crucial for The capacity assessment exercise undertak- is high, economic growth does not reduce the success of en in the context of MDGs implementation poverty. When state policies and programs the SDGs. Only provides a lot of tools, knowledge and ex- are captured by the elite, the poor do not perience within the UN system and they have access to resources; opportunities an effective could be adapted for SDGs related capac- shrink, and voice is excluded. SDGs are government ity assessment. The global community can rightly concerned about these issues, and with a strong quickly build upon that existing resource they lay a powerful emphasis on building statistical effective, accountable and inclusive institu- to support the government to undertake system can a capacity assessment based on a credible tions at all levels. measure and framework and then help redress the gaps. incentivize In particular, the institutional and physical After the new constitution was declared, progress across capacity gaps need to be squared with the the government has been restructuring its the goals. depletion of qualified human resources, entire administrative apparatus, with new particularly in sectors with low-hanging units of governance being created at the deliverables. provincial and local levels. National-level institutions are also being overhauled. This is the right time to redesign grassroots in- stitutions to deliver more effective services

2.4 Institutions promoting community participation and Good governance demands that democratic downward accountability. Reformed pub- values and norms are engraved in the na- lic agencies at the federal level also need tion’s constitution and laws – and that the to focus much more on the design and co- organs of the state honor them. Free, fair, ordination of policies and facilitate private and inclusive elections to choose people’s sector investment, among others, which are representatives, peaceful handover of pow- critical to realize the SDGs. er, accountable government and respon- sible opposition, rule of law, respect for Nepal is a post-conflict country with sever- human rights, effective and transparent al pending challenges. The commissions on public administration, separation of pow- disappeared persons, transitional justice, ers and an impartial judiciary, a strong civil and truth and reconciliation are yet to com- society, free press, and inclusiveness in so- plete their mandates. The physical struc- cial, economic and political processes are tures destroyed during the conflict period some of the key dimensions of good gov- are not yet fully reconstructed. The Nation- ernance. These features, including the ones al Reconstruction Authority needs to expe- enshrined in the SDGs cannot be ensured dite its operations to complete post-quake 23 UN (2007) 20 N E PA L : S U S TA I N A B L E D E V E L O P M E N T G O A L S and post-flood reconstruction on time. The larly, access to public and even private sec- 2017 elections for 753 local and 7 provin- tor data is a big challenge for independent cial governments are expected to expedite monitoring agencies outside the govern- many of these social and economic tasks at ment. Furthermore, major surveys are of- The SDGs the local level. ten financed by donors, which is subject to are consistent delays in aid mobilization. The government with the A strong monitoring system with credible will have to make necessary legal, organiza- fundamental data is crucial for the success of the SDGs. tional and operational changes in the exist- rights of Only an effective government with a strong ing data system to generate and share large, the citizens statistical system can measure and incentiv- high quality and timely data for monitoring ize progress across the goals. While donors enshrined in the the progress of the SDGs. must maintain current contributions to sta- Constitution tistics, recipient countries must commit to All the institutions of the state, namely of Nepal and fill the gap, mobilizing domestic resources the parliament, judiciary and constitution- are in line with behind a national strategy for the develop- al bodies, and government need to be on the country’s ment of statistics (NSDS). For Nepal, this the same page to advance the sustainable roadmap of implies restructuring and upgrading the development agenda. Only a proper insti- transitioning Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS) into a tutional mechanism among state and non- swiftly to an national statistical office with the legal and state actors can ensure that interventions re- equitable financial wherewithal to marshal all data lated to SDGs are executed in a coordinated, middle-income needs required for SDGs monitoring. coherent and complementary way. The role country. of the parliament would be crucial, particu- Another two challenges in data are disag- larly when it comes to creating and reform- gregation (by sex, age, ethnicity, disability, ing laws facilitating and governing the im- location, administrative units of the state, plementation and monitoring of the SDGs. and income or wealth) and standardization Parliamentary committees would also be (definition, unit of measurement, method of instrumental in monitoring progress. computation. Data for more than 100 glob- al SDG indicators are not available.24 There The SDGs are consistent with the funda- are also much qualitative information to be mental rights of the citizens enshrined in the collected – such as perceptions of citizens on Constitution of Nepal and are in line with the public services, corruption and wellbeing. country’s roadmap of transitioning swiftly There is also big difference between govern- to an equitable middle-income country. The ment recorded data and those compiled by country ownership of the SDGs is manifest- non-government organizations. This is par- ed in the institutional set up of the Steering ticularly the case with violence, crime, hu- Committee chaired by the Prime Minister. man trafficking, violation of human rights. But lot of the action required is granular and painstaking as the full menu of indicators in The rapidly evolving innovation in data the next chapter exhibits. collection techniques and technologies and the capacity to distribute data widely and The country ownership of the SDGs is freely has expanded the horizon of possibil- manifested in the institutional set up of the ities. The current statistical system in Nepal High-level Steering Committee chaired by is, however, yet to evolve that way. Particu- 24 The proper mapping of the data and their strength will be done in the second part of the SDG Report. 21 N E PA L : S U S TA I N A B L E D E V E L O P M E N T G O A L S the Prime Minister. Below this lies a Coor- monitoring and evaluation. Its role is cru- dination and Implementation Committee cial in institutionalizing the culture of using chaired by the Vice-Chair of the National evidence in the SDG-friendly planning and Planning Commission, followed by The- policy making process. It will conduct sys- matic Committees led by Members of NPC. tematic monitoring and evaluation of SDGs With so much of the SDGs dependent on the collaborating with other partners and pro- initiatives of provincial and local govern- duce evaluation-based evidence. ments, these institutional arrangements are expected to be replicated at sub-national lev- The high level National Development Action els as well. Committee (NDAC) is the apex body of M&E in the government that seeks to relieve coor- NPC is gradually The Government of Nepal has a fairly robust dination bottlenecks and redress problems shifting from monitoring and evaluation system in place that cannot be solved at the ministerial level. a narrow to track the progress of policies, programs The committee is chaired by the Prime Min- and projects. The Government has drafted ister with ministers, the NPC Vice Chairman monitoring of the Monitoring and Evaluation (M&E) Act and members, and the Chief Secretary of the processes to which is expected to be ratified by the parlia- government as members and the Secretary of results-based ment in 2018. NPC is amending the National the NPCS as member-secretary. This Com- monitoring and M&E Guidelines to make it SDGs-friendly, mittee reviews the implementation of pro- evaluation. Its among others. These will promote an en- grams and projects and establishes inter-min- role is crucial in abling policy environment for tracking and isterial coordination on development related institutionalizing evaluating the SDGs. The Government has issues. NDACs are preceded by the Ministeri- the culture of internalized a results-based approach in its al Development Action Committee (MDAC) using evidence planning processes. Sectoral results frame- in each line ministry. These committees are in the SDG- works are annexed to the 14th Plan, whose chaired by the Minister with membership of friendly planning indicators are used by NPC and line minis- the relevant NPC member, the secretary of and policy tries to track progress. the concerned ministry, representatives of the making process. Ministry of Finance and Ministry of General Nepal has an Integrated Evaluation Action Administration. These committees organize Plan for 2016- 2020 that incorporates the ac- meetings every trimester to review the imple- tivities of government agencies, Voluntary mentation status of programs and projects. Organizations of Professional Evaluators (VOPEs) and UN agencies under the leader- Before the provincial administrations were ship of NPC. This equity-focused and gen- set up under the new constitution, M&E was der-responsive evaluation action plan aims carried out at the regional level by region- to generate, share and use evaluation-based al directorates and regional administration evidence in policy processes and to help offices. Regional directorates reported di- build capacity of evaluation commission- rectly to their line ministries while regional ers, evaluators and evaluation users. These administration office report to the Office of efforts aim not only to track SDGs but they the Prime Minister. The old M&E systems at also institutionalize EVALSDGs. the regional and district levels will now be restructured into appropriate mechanisms NPC is gradually shifting from a narrow at the sub-national levels, helping track the monitoring of processes to results-based local achievement of SDGs. 22 N E PA L : S U S TA I N A B L E D E V E L O P M E N T G O A L S 23 N E PA L : S U S TA I N A B L E D E V E L O P M E N T G O A L S 24 N E PA L : S U S TA I N A B L E D E V E L O P M E N T G O A L S Chapter 3 Framework for Tracking Progress T his chapter is based on published

3.1 Overview of Global Goals Some SDG and administrative data on so- There are several issues related to the goals, cial, economic and environment targets are targets and indicators of 2030 Agenda for aspects of SDGs and makes the less relevant Sustainable Development for Nepal. First, projection of SDG indicators through 2030, for Nepal the targets are highly ambitious for sever- mainly using linear extrapolation.25 The tar- while new al goals and have to be negotiated to make gets for 2030 are intrapolated to 2019 (end and additional them more realistic. Examples include end- year of 14th Plan), 2022 and 2025 using the targets would ing poverty, hunger and malnutrition, end- baseline data for 2015 and projected figures ing preventable newborns and under five be necessary till 2030. The targets for 2019 in some cas- child mortality, ending all forms of gender to address es were pre-set in sector strategies, and the discrimination, and ending deprivation in country specific jump to the intermediate ambitions in 2022 basic services like safe water, sanitation and challenges. and 2025 may appear somewhat ambitious modern energy. Unlike MDGs which were given the acceleration necessary during the non-negotiable, there exists some room for second half of the implementation period. adapting the targets of SDGs to the country context. The proposed SDGs indicators use sec- toral data published in the 14th Plan of Second, some SDG targets are less relevant the government, administrative data of for Nepal while new and additional targets government agencies, and publications by would be necessary to address country non-governmental organizations. For some specific challenges. For instance, in SDG 5 indicators related to governance, interna- (gender), targets related to Chhaupadi (un- tional sources are also referred to if and touchability during menstruation) would when national data are not available. In the be more important than other harmful prac- case of data discrepancy between NPC and tices specified in the global list of targets. other agencies, the former is taken as the Third, global targets set for some SDGs are most authoritative. In cases where no data insufficient; some are only proximate; they is available for the proposed indicators, rely more on markets than on state inter- they are left black with a clear indication ventions; and they may not work properly of proposal for data generation in the next for LDCs like Nepal. couple of years. 25 Interim projections made in this report are reconciled with the targets and their indicators set for 2019 in the 14th plan, and also with the targets already set for subsequent years in different sector strategies. 25 N E PA L : S U S TA I N A B L E D E V E L O P M E N T G O A L S Fourth, one of the goals related to Oceans, tal list of indicators would easily exceed Seas, and Marine Resources (SDG 14) is ir- 600 even when only the most important relevant for Nepal while some other goals targets are covered by disaggregated indi- like Combating Climate Change (Goal 13) is cators. So, for practical purpose, the list of most relevant, yet action is more dependent national indicators has been kept as small on other countries. Some of the goals like as possible. For those indicators specified Sustainable Consumption and Production more at an aggregated level, it is proposed Pattern (Goal 12) and Reducing Inequality that working level indicators of each sector among Countries (part of Goal 10) concern ministry or agency will have to hammer out the developed world much more. Finally, disaggregated indicators and report to the as the goals and targets overlap, one indi- national agency responsible for monitoring. cator may serve more than one target. Thus To produce disaggregated indicators, based there is a possibility of duplication. on social group and gender, NPC has sup- ported academics to conduct a social inclu- Overall, all the global SDG targets and in- sion survey. dicators are not fully applicable to Nepal’s country condition; nor are they sufficient to depict the country specific SDG issues. Many targets and indicators would require 3.2 Proposed Milestones heavy data which the country will take years to generate. However, they have to SDG 1 - End poverty in all its forms be retained for global comparison. At the everywhere same time, additional indicators have to be This goal proposes to (i) eradicate, by 2030, identified to serve the national context.26 extreme poverty for all people everywhere, (ii) reduce at least by half the proportion of The limited ability of the government to un- men, women and children of all ages living derstand how people of different sex, age, in poverty as nationally defined, (iii) imple- capability, geographic location or income ment appropriate social protection systems levels fare under the development process and measures for all, (iv) have equal rights would hamper the design and implemen- to economic resources, natural resources, tation of strategies to tackle discrimination and technology as well as access to basic and ensure achievement of the SDGs for all. services, and (v) build the resilience of the For this reason, SDG indicators have to be poor and the vulnerable people to econom- disaggregated, where relevant, by income, ic, social and environmental shocks, disas- sex, age, race, ethnicity, migratory status, ters, and climate-related extreme events. disability and geographic location.27 There would be at least six types of disaggrega- Using an international benchmark for ex- tion necessary to monitor the progress in treme poverty (US$ 1.25 per day), Nepal has detail. If the 230-plus global indicators are made substantial progress in reducing pov- to be disaggregated in such a way, the to- erty; nationally defined poverty stood at 26 The total number of indicators listed in this report is more than 425. However, about 10 indicators repeat under two or three different targets. Thus actual number of indicators in the list is 415. This is exclusive of the global indicators to be jointly monitored at the national and global levels. The indicators contained in this report are taken from the Report of the Inter-Agency and Expert Group on Sustainable Development Goal Indicatorsagreed upon at the UN Statistical Commission held in March 2017. 27 UN General Assembly Resolution 68/261, United Nations. 26 N E PA L : S U S TA I N A B L E D E V E L O P M E N T G O A L S 21.6 percent in 2015 compared to 31 percent ing (low height for age) and wasting (low in 2004. Also, the poverty at US$ 1.9 per day weight for height) for children of under five is estimated to be 36 percent. The Multidi- years of age are 36 percent and 11.3 percent, mensional Poverty Index shows that 28.6 respectively (Table 2). Anemia remains a percent of Nepalese are multidimensionally major health challenge for almost 53 percent poor. It reveals that Nepal halved its official of the children. Anemia amongst women of MPI between 2006 and 2014, from 0.313 to reproductive age is also high at 46 percent.

0.127 (Table 1). It is observed that one-third (36.1 percent) of the child population aged 0-59 months Nepal proposes to reduce extreme poverty has suffered from undernourishment. to less than five percent and raise per capita income to US$ 2,500 in 2030 from US$ 766 Livestock and crops are the major compo- in 2015. Similarly, the target for nationally nents of an integrated agriculture system defined poverty in 2030 is less than five per- in the country, and they contribute signifi- cent. The MPI is targeted to decline to less cantly to end hunger, achieve food security than 7 percent in 2030. To address poverty and improve nutrition. However, land pro- faster at the given income growth on aver- ductivity remains low at US$ 3278 AGPA age, the consumption share of bottom 20 per hectare. At present, only 25.2 percent of percent household is targeted to increase to the total arable land is irrigated round the 12 percent in 2030 from 7.6 percent in 2015. year and most of the financial institutions Similarly, social protection expenditure is constrict their lending in agriculture. This targeted to reach 15 percent of the federal is reflected in a low Global Food Security budget in 2030. Score of 42.8 out of 100 (Table 2). SDG 2 - End hunger, achieve The proposed targets for SDG 2 include re- food security and improved duction in prevalence of undernourishment nutrition and promote sustainable (measure of sufficiency of access to food at agriculture country level) to three percent and preva- SDG 2 has major targets of (i) ending hunger lence of underweight children under five by 2030 and ensuring access by all people to years of age to nine percent in 2030. The safe, nutritious and sufficient food all year other targets are to reduce the prevalence of round, (ii) ending all forms of malnutrition, anemia among women of reproductive age (iii) doubling agricultural productivity and and children both targeted to reach 10 per- incomes of small-scale food producers, (iv) cent by 2030. The target for per capita food ensuring sustainable food production sys- grain production is an increase by at least tems and implement resilient agricultural 66 percent by 2030.. practices, and (v) maintaining by 2020 the genetic diversity of seeds, cultivated plants SDG 3 - Ensure healthy lives and and farmed and domesticated animals promote well-being for all at all and their related wild species, including ages through soundly managed and diversified This goal contains targets which include seed and plant banks at the national, re- (i) reducing, by 2030, the global maternal gional and international levels. mortality ratio to less than 70 per 100,000 live births, (ii) ending preventable deaths In Nepal, still 30.1 percent of children aged of newborns and children under 5 years 6–59 months are underweight, while stunt- of age, (iii) ending the epidemic of AIDS, 27 N E PA L : S U S TA I N A B L E D E V E L O P M E N T G O A L S TB, malaria and neglected tropical diseases Premature mortality from NCDs is increas- and combat hepatitis, water-borne diseases ing, indicated by the rate of NCD deaths be- and other communicable diseases, (iv) re- ing 43.7 percent of all deaths. The incidence ducing by one third premature mortality of suicide cases is also increasing (16.5 per from Non-communicable Diseases (NCDs) 100,000 people). Mortality related to Road through prevention and treatment and pro- Traffic Accidents (RTA) is nearly 20 per mote mental health and wellbeing, and (v) 100,000 people. strengthening the prevention and treatment of substance abuse, including narcotic drug The proposed SDG 3 targets include the re- abuse and harmful use of alcohol. The Goal duction of MMR to less than 70 per 100,000 also includes halving by 2020 the number of live births by 2030 which is in line with global deaths and injuries from road traffic the global target. The child health targets accidents and ensuring, by 2030, universal include reduction of preventable death of access to sexual and reproductive health- newborn and children to less than one per- care services, including for family planning, cent. However, for overall newborn and U5 information and education, and the inte- mortality rates, the target is to reduce them gration of reproductive health into national from 23 and 38 per thousand live births to strategies and programs, among others. 12 and 20, respectively, by 2030. The other targets include elimination of the preva- The progress in the health sector so far is lence of HIV, TB, Malaria and other tropical encouraging. The NMR and U5MR have diseases, and water borne diseases. Global come down to 23, and 38 per 1,000 live targets for 2030 are also set to reduce NCDs births in 2015, respectively. Similarly, MMR to one–third of the existing level and to in- has also declined to 258 (per 100,000 live crease health care expenditure to at least 7 births), and several recent observations in- per cent from 5 percent of GDP in 2015. The dicate that this must have further decreased other targets are to increase CPR (modern as the Contraceptive Prevalence Rate (CPR) methods) to 60 percent, raise the proportion has increased to 47.1 percent in 2015, while of births attended by skilled health person- the Total Fertility Rate (TFR) has decreased nel to 90 percent, increase institutional de- to 2.3 in 2015 (Table 3). Furthermore, ado- livery to 90 percent and the proportion of lescent fertility rate remains high at 71 live women of reproductive age (aged 15-49 births per 1000 women aged 10-14. years) who have their need for family plan- ning satisfied with modern methods to 80 Currently, the number of new HIV infec- percent. tions among adults aged 15-49 years (per 1000 uninfected population) is 0.03 percent. SDG 4 - Ensure inclusive and The prevalence of TB, Lymphatic Filariasis, equitable quality education and Dengue cases has declined markedly to and promote lifelong learning 158 (per 100,000 live births), 30,000 and 728, opportunities for all respectively as reported in 2015. Similarly, The targets under SDG 4 include ensuring, the number of cases of Malaria, Kala-azar, by 2030, (i) that all girls and boys complete Rabies, Trachoma, and Cysticercoids has free, equitable and quality primary and also decreased. Nepal’s challenge hence- secondary education leading to relevant forth is to confront hepatitis, water-borne and effective learning outcomes, (ii) that all diseases, and communicable diseases. girls and boys have access to quality early 28 N E PA L : S U S TA I N A B L E D E V E L O P M E N T G O A L S childhood development, care and pre-pri- both men and women, achieve literacy and mary education so that they are ready for numeracy; gender disparities in tertiary ed- primary education, (iii) equal access for all ucation are eliminated. women and men to affordable and quality technical, vocational and tertiary education, SDG 5 - Achieve gender equality including university, (iv) that a larger per- and empower all women and girls: cent the number of youth and adults who The targets under SDG 5 include (i) end- have relevant skills, including technical and ing all forms of discrimination against all vocational skills, for employment, decent women and girls everywhere, (ii) eliminat- jobs and entrepreneurship, and (v) elimina- ing all forms of violence against all women tion of gender disparities in education and and girls in the public and private spheres, ensure equal access to all levels of educa- including trafficking and sexual and other tion and vocational training for the vulner- types of exploitation, (iii) eliminating all able, among others. harmful practices, such as child, early and forced marriage and female genital muti- Nepal is committed to enhancing access lation, (iv) recognizing and valuing un- to education, particularly for the poor and paid care and domestic work, (v) ensuring disadvantaged groups. As a result, NER in women’s full and effective participation primary education has reached 96.6 percent and equal opportunities for leadership at in 2015. Similarly, numeracy rate for all of all levels of decision-making in political, 15 years and above reached 62.2 percent economic and public life, and (vi) ensuring and literacy rate of population of age 15–24 universal access to sexual and reproductive years reached to 88.6 percent in 2015 (Table health and reproductive rights. 4). Nepal has narrowed the gender gap in im- Also 81 percent of the children have attend- portant socio-economic domains, notably ed early childhood education programs. in education, health, and in participation Gender parity has been achieved. Howev- in political decision-making process. Im- er, disparity exists at tertiary levels of ed- provement has also been made in elimi- ucation (88 men to 100 women).The adult nating practices that promote gender in- female literacy rate for the population aged equality and violence. Despite significant 15 and older has also increased drastically. progress made in ensuring wage equality for similar work, women’s average wage The proposed specific targets for SDG 4 stands at only 62 percent of that of men’s. include 99.5 percent net enrolment and Furthermore, the Gender Inequality Index completion of primary education, and 99 and Gender Empowerment Measurement percent gross enrollment in secondary stand at 0.49 and 0.57 (Table 5). On gender education by 2030. The other targets are parity in labor force participation and po- to ensure that 95 percent of students en- litical empowerment of women, Nepal has rolled in grade one reach grade eight; the marched ahead, ranking 110th globally on proportion of youth and adults who have gender gap in 2015. relevant skills (including technical and vo- cational skills for employment, decent jobs The ratio of women to men among profes- and entrepreneurship) reaches 75 percent; sional and technical workers is 0.24. How- all youth and at least 98 percent of adults, ever, women’s participation in the cooper- 29 N E PA L : S U S TA I N A B L E D E V E L O P M E N T G O A L S ative sector is encouraging. In comparison for similar work, elimination of physical/ to the government and political sphere, sexual violence, eliminating all harmful women’s participation in decision-making practices, increasing seats held by women is better in community levels organizations. in the national parliament to 40 percent, More than a third of the representation is of and increasing women’ share in public ser- women in users’ groups, NGOs private sec- vice decision making positions by nearly tor and community-based organizations. three-fold to 33 percent in 2030 from 11 per- Although remarkable progress is made cent of total public service employees.28 The towards participation of women in deci- Gender Inequality Index is targeted to de- sion-making at different levels, some sec- cline to 0.05 in 2030 from 0.49 in 2015 while tions of population have limited influence Gender Empowerment Measure is expect- on the decisions that affect their lives. In the ed to rise to 0.69 by 2030 from 0.57 in 2015. elections of 2017, over 40 percent of elected officials were women in local governments, SDG 6 - Ensure availability and and there is a constitutional guarantee that sustainable management of water at least 33 percent of the members of parlia- and sanitation for all ment must be women. The SDG 6 targets for 2030 include (i) achiev- ing universal and equitable access to safe Discrimination and violence against wom- and affordable drinking water for all, (ii) en and girls’ remain, despite significant and achieving access to adequate and equitable continuous improvement. More than one sanitation and hygiene for all and end open fourth (26 percent) of women aged 15-49 defecation, (iii) improving water quality by year experience physical or sexual violence. reducing pollution, eliminating dumping Among different forms of violence, domes- and minimizing release of hazardous chemi- tic violence is predominant, followed by cals and materials, (iv) substantially increas- girls trafficking, physical/sexual abuse, so- ing water-use efficiency across all sectors, (v) cial abuses and malpractices such as allega- implementing integrated water resources tion of witchcraft, Chhaupadi, dowry, early management at all levels, and (vi) protecting marriage (before the age of 18 years) that is and restore water-related ecosystems, in- often fatal. cluding mountains, forests, wetlands, rivers, aquifers and lakes. Nepal has the third highest rate of child marriage in South Asia, after Bangladesh Basic water supply coverage in the coun- and India. Child marriage is still in high try reached 87 percent of the population in prevalence, with 37 percent of women 2015, while sanitation reached 82 percent. getting married before 18, and 10 percent However, less than half (49.5 percent) of the getting married before the age of 15. Addi- households have access to piped water sup- tionally, in a survey, 26 percent of women ply (Table 6). Access to such supply varies reported having experienced physical or across social groups and place of residence. sexual violence. Access to piped water is positively associ- ated with household wealth; almost all (99 The proposed specific targets for SDG 5 in- percent) of households having access to clude elimination of wage discrimination piped water are located within 30 minutes 28 The proportion of decision making level officials in civil service is about 9 per cent. 30 N E PA L : S U S TA I N A B L E D E V E L O P M E N T G O A L S of the water source; and access for them is mobile phones. Electricity from solar PV uniform during both the rainy and dry sea- home systems is growing but it is sufficient sons. Providing safe water through pipe is mostly for lighting only. Grid electricity is challenging, as a recent survey indicated that unreliable with erratic power cuts in the 82.2 percent households are using contami- dry season. nated water (with E. coli). Ensuring access to affordable, reliable, and Although two-thirds (67.6 percent) of the modern energy for all is a daunting task. population is using latrine, only 30 percent However, given the immense hydro pow- urban households are connected to sewer er potential, and with the private sector systems. However, there is still a challenge becoming more competent in power gen- to close the sanitation gap in the Terai region. eration, grid connectivity expanding and alternative modern energy sources being The proposed specific targets for the year capitalized, the country can meet the tar- 2030 in SDG 6 include basic water supply gets. Thus the proposed specific targets coverage to 99 percent of households and for SDG 7 include accessibility of 99 per- piped water supply and improved sanita- cent households to electricity; reduction to tion to at least 90 and 95 percent of house- 30 percent - from nearly 75 percent now - holds, respectively. Other targets include the the households who resort to firewood for enabling of 98 percent of the population to cooking; limiting the use of LPG to less than have access to sanitary latrines. 40 percent of the households; generation of 15,000 MW of installed capacity; and per SDG 7 - Ensure access to capita electricity consumption increased to affordable, reliable, sustainable and 1500 kWh. modern energy for all The SDG7 targets include achieving, by SDG 8 - Promote sustained, inclusive 2030, (i) universal access to affordable, re- and sustainable economic growth, liable and modern energy services,(ii) in- full and productive employment and creasing substantially the share of renew- decent work for all able energy in the global energy mix and The targets under SDG 8 cover, among oth- (iii) doubling the global rate of improve- ers, (i) sustaining and achieving per capita ment in energy efficiency. economic growth with at least seven per- cent GDP growth per annum in the LDCs, Nearly three-fourths (74.7 percent) of (ii) achieving higher levels of economic households in the country use solid fuels productivity through diversification, tech- as the primary source of energy for cook- nological upgrading and innovation, (iii) ing, while one-fifth (18 percent) use LPG achieving full and productive employment for cooking (Table 7). While nearly three- and decent work for all women and men, fourths (74 percent) of the households have (iv) improve resource efficiency, (v) elimi- access to electricity, actual supply of elec- nation of the worst forms of child labor, and tricity is grossly inadequate. In rural areas, (vi) expanding financial services for all. electricity supply from off-grid hydropow- er plants is limited and used mostly for The average GDP growth over the two lighting and to charge small appliances like decades was around 4 percent; growth is 31 N E PA L : S U S TA I N A B L E D E V E L O P M E N T G O A L S partly dependent on agriculture which is (iv) upgrading the infrastructure and (v) mostly weather-reliant. Material intensity29 enhancing scientific research, and encour- of manufacturing is high at 66 percent. Un- aging innovation. der employment of 15 to 59 years old is as high as 27.8 percent; and nearly a quarter Nepal faces a severe deficit in physical in- of those who are employed fall in the cate- frastructure. By the end of the 2015/16, gory of ‘working poor’. The labor market is about 13,000 km of strategic roads were in predominantly informal with limited social operation. The length of the District Road security coverage and gender-based wage Core Network (DRCN) and Village Roads discrimination; child labor is not wholly (VR) has now reached 25,728 and 31,904 eliminated, with 30 percent of them work- km, respectively. However, the existing ing under hazardous conditions (Table 8). road density (km/sq. km) is very low at less than 0.5 km/sq. km, despite so much The global target for 2030 is to achieve per of priority being accorded to this sector by capita GDP growth of at least seven per- politicians. Most roads do not conform to cent. The other targets are to reduce materi- prescribed standards. In terms of tele-con- al intensity in manufacturing to 60 percent; nectivity, there has been a dramatic surge in lower underemployment to less than 10 use, with cell phone subscriptions exceed- percent; and to eliminate the worst forms ing the population size by a wide margin of child labor. Alongside, the target is also (Table 9). to increase annual number of jobs in the tourism industry tenfold and to increase The 2030 target is to increase road density the direct contribution of tourism to GDP to 1.3 km/sq. km and paved road density four-fold. Moreover, the target for access to to 0.25 km/sq. km. The industrial sector finance is set at 36 commercial bank branch- (manufacturing, water and electricity, and es per 100,000 people by 2030, doubling construction) suffers from low investment the current rate of prevalence; 80 percent and lack of competitiveness, particularly in of households are targeted to have access manufacturing. Thus the share of industry to community financial institutions such as in total output remains at just 15 percent cooperatives within 30 minutes of walking and this sector employs less than 7 percent distance. of the labor force. The target for 2030 is to increase the share of industry to 25 percent SDG 9 - Build resilient to promote labor intensive activities and infrastructure, promote inclusive raise employment in manufacturing to 13 and sustainable industrialization percent of total employment. and foster innovation The targets of SDG 9 cover (i) developing SDG 10 - Reduce inequality within quality, reliable, sustainable and resil- and among countries ient infrastructure, including regional and This goal includes targets of progressively trans-border infrastructure, to support eco- (i) achieving and sustaining income growth nomic development and human well-being, of the bottom 40 per cent of the popula- (ii) promoting inclusive and sustainable in- tion at a rate higher than the national av- dustrialization, (iii) increasing the access of erage, (ii) empowering and promoting the small-scale industrial and other enterprises, social, economic and political inclusion of 29 Material intensity refers to the value of material used in proportion to total value of output. Currently Rs. 66 equivalent of material input is used to achieve the output value of Rs. 100. 32 N E PA L : S U S TA I N A B L E D E V E L O P M E N T G O A L S all, (iii) ensuring equal opportunity and The proposed specific targets for SDG 10 reduce inequalities of outcome, (iv) adopt- are set to reducing consumption inequali- ing policies, especially fiscal, wage and so- ty (index) from 0.33 in 2015 to 0.16 in 2030 cial protection policies, and progressively and reducing income inequality from 0.46 achieving greater equality. It also aims for to 0.23. The Palma ratio is targeted to im- improving the regulation and monitoring prove from 1.3 to 1 in the same period. The of global financial markets and institutions targets also include increasing the share of and strengthening the implementation of the bottom 40 percent of the population to such regulations, and ensuring enhanced total income from 12 percent to 18 percent, representation and voice for developing and increasing the ratio of nominal wage countries in decision-making in global in- index to consumer price index from 2.94 ternational economic and financial institu- to 3 in the same period to protect workers tions, and facilitating orderly, safe, regular from deteriorating real wages. and responsible migration and mobility of people. SDG 11 – Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient Inequality in consumption, measured by and sustainable the Gini coefficient, is estimated at 0.33 in The targets under this goal include achiev- 2015 while income inequality is 0.46. Out ing by 2030 (i) access for all to adequate, of total consumption, the share of the bot- safe and affordable housing and basic ser- tom 40 percent of the population is only vices and upgrade slums, (ii) access to safe, 18.7 percent (Table 10). Similarly, the share affordable, accessible and sustainable trans- of the bottom 40 percent in total income port systems for all, improving road safety, is nearly 12 percent. Despite this, the im- notably by expanding public transport, (iii) provement in the Gini coefficient from the inclusive and sustainable urbanization, (iv) level of 2004 (0.47) suggests that the growth safeguarding the world’s cultural and nat- in income experienced by the bottom of the ural heritage, (v) significantly reducing the income groups has been faster than that of economic losses relative to GDP caused by groups above. This transition is reflected in disasters, including water-related disasters, the Palma ratio, measured by the share of with a focus on protecting the poor and the income of top 10 percent in proportion people in vulnerable situations, and (iv) to that of the bottom 40 percent, which was provide universal access to safe, inclusive steady at 1.3 between 2010 and 2015. and accessible, green and public spaces, in particular for women and children, older Some other indicators of inequality include persons and persons with disabilities. access to education and school completion, health and nutrition, labor market condi- In Nepal, less than 30 percent of people’s tions and wage rates, and social protection houses are considered to be safe. There is coverage. In 2015, the proportion of the a huge demand of building safe houses in richest quintile of income group completing urban areas. The private sector is emerg- primary education was 2.2 times the poor- ing as an active player in urban housing. est quintile while children free of stunting But housing is inadequate and expensive. in the richest quintile was 1.6 times higher About 500,000 people are living in slums than the poorest quintile. (Table10). or as squatters; nearly 46.7 percent of the 33 N E PA L : S U S TA I N A B L E D E V E L O P M E N T G O A L S households have five or more persons in reduction, recycling and reuse, and (v) en- one house (Table 11). suring relevant information and awareness to all for sustainable development and life- The 2030 target is to construct at least 60 styles in harmony with nature. new satellite cities. The catastrophic earth- quake of 2015 damaged 756,000 houses Nepal has abundant water resources, but (499,000 fully), 6,063 health facilities and only 10 percent of such resources have been 1,711 other structures. Two thousand nine used to generate commercial hydropower. hundred cultural and religious heritages at Given the low productivity in agriculture, least a century old were either destroyed or there is room for doubling land productivity damaged. For those affected by earthquake, rather than expanding cultivated land. Cur- construction of safe housing on govern- rently, 80 percent of the cultivated land has ment subsidies has begun. The target is to been used for cereal production, and culti- complete the reconstruction by 2020. vable land is shrinking due to urbanization and other alternative uses. Thus, the target The 2030 target is to reduce the number of for land to be available for cereal produc- households residing with more than five per- tion is set at 75 percent of all cultivated land. sons to 20 percent from 47 per cent in 2015. Currently, consumption of wood per capita The target is to make at least 50 percent of is 0.11 m3 per year, and this is proposed to the highways safe by global standards. The be contained within 0.05 m3 per year. Use proposed specific targets for 2030 include of plastic per capita which was 2.7 gram per doubling the proportion of households liv- day in 2015 is proposed to be close to nil. ing in safe houses to 60 percent; substan- Similarly, the post-harvest loss of food is tar- tially reducing air pollution, preventing the geted to reduce from 15 percent in 2015 to deaths and injuries due to disaster, repairing less than 1 percent by 2030 (Table 12). and reconstructing, by 2020, all cultural her- itages destroyed by earthquake, and increas- The other proposed specific targets for SDG ing the budget allocation to the protection of 12 include limiting water use to 20 percent cultural heritage from about 1.15 percent in of water resources, limiting fossil fuel con- 2015 to 2 percent by 2030. sumption to 15 percent of energy consump- tion, and reducing liquid and solid industrial SDG 12 – Ensure sustainable waste and eliminating of fossil fuel subsidy. consumption and production patterns SDG 13 – Take urgent action to This goal targets for (i) implementing 10- combat climate change and its year framework of programs on sustainable impacts consumption and production, (ii) achiev- The SDG 13 has the targets of (i) strength- ing, by 2030, sustainable management and ening resilience and adaptive capacity to efficient use of natural resources, (iii) halv- climate-related hazards and natural disas- ing by 2030 per capita global food waste at ters in all countries, (ii) integrating climate the retail and consumer levels and reduce change measures into national policies, food losses, (iii) achieving by 2020 the envi- strategies and planning, and (iii) improv- ronmentally sound management of chem- ing education, awareness-raising and hu- icals and all wastes throughout their life man and institutional capacity on climate cycle, (iv) substantially reducing, by 2030, change mitigation, adaptation, impact re- the waste generation through prevention, duction and early warning, among others. 34 N E PA L : S U S TA I N A B L E D E V E L O P M E N T G O A L S According to Green House Gas (GHG) In- Communities manage 39 percent of Nepal’s ventory, the agricultural sector is the larg- dense forests. In the context of conservation est GHG emitter (68 percent). The transport of bio-diversity, 23.2 percent of total land and industrial sectors each emitted about area is declared protected. Similarly, the 12 percent, while only five percent of GHG country also protects 1,727 lakes, wetlands was emitted by the commercial sector (Ta- and ponds. More than two-thirds (67.8 per- ble 13). A number of initiatives are to be cent) of the mountain ecosystem is covered taken to integrate mitigation and adapta- by the conservation areas (Table 15). Twen- tion of climate change at the national and ty of the total of 5,358 lakes found in Nepal sub-national levels. are considered to need special protection. So far, 3346 watersheds have been con- The proposed specific targets for SDG 13 served. Similarly, 1,675 kilometers of riv- include halving the existing CO2 emission ulets and riverbanks have been conserved level. Climate change adaptation plan is pro- through bio-engineering processes. posed for at least 120 Village Municipalities by 2030. In the meantime, climate smart vil- Degradation of natural habitats has threat- lages are proposed to increase from zero to ened flora and fauna. Some species are 170 and climate smart farming to 500 units moving towards extinction at an ever-faster from zero at present. Almost all schools will pace, with decline in both population and be covered by climate change education. distribution. There are 12,480 plant and 11,706 animal species, of which 60 plant SDG 14 – Conserve and sustainably species (0.48 percent) and 95 animal species use the oceans, seas and marine (0.81 percent) are threatened. resources for sustainable development The 2030 target is to maintain the share of This goal is not directly relevant for Nepal. protected area at 23.3 of the total land area, increase forest under community manage- SDG 15 – Protect, restore and ment from 39 percent to 42 percent of the promote sustainable use of terrestrial forest area, halt forest loss and degradation, ecosystems, sustainably manage increase mountain ecosystem covered by forests, combat desertification, and the protected area to 70 percent in 2030, and halt and reverse land degradation and undertake additional plantation of 5000 halt biodiversity loss hectares each year. This goal targets for (i) ensuring, by 2020, the conservation, restoration and sustain- SDG 16 – Promote peaceful and able use of terrestrial and inland freshwater inclusive societies for sustainable ecosystems and their services, in particular development, provide access to forests, wetlands, mountains and dry lands, justice for all and build effective, in line with obligations under international accountable and inclusive agreements, (ii) promoting the implementa- This goal is mainly accompanied by tar- tion of sustainable management of all types gets such as (i) significantly reducing all of forests, and halt deforestation. It also forms of violence and related death rates aims at ensuring by 2030 the conservation everywhere, ending abuse, exploitation, of mountain ecosystems, including their trafficking and all forms of violence against biodiversity, in order to enhance their ca- and torture of children, (ii) promoting the pacity to provide benefits that are essential rule of law at the national and international for sustainable development. levels and ensure equal access to justice for 35 N E PA L : S U S TA I N A B L E D E V E L O P M E N T G O A L S all, (iii) reducing illicit financial and arms zation, (ii) full implementation of official flows, (iv) strengthen the recovery and re- development assistance commitments by turn of stolen assets and combat all forms developed countries, (iii) mobilization of of organized crime, (v) reducing corruption additional financial resources for devel- and bribery in all their forms, and (vi) de- oping countries from multiple sources, veloping effective, accountable and trans- (iv) adopting and implementing invest- parent institutions at all levels. ment promotion regimes, (v) technolo- gy transfer to developing countries, (vi) Despite being a progressive democracy promoting rule based open, and equita- which has made globally significant ad- ble multilateral trading system, (vii) en- vances on inclusion, Nepal has a long way hancing policy coherence for sustainable to go in practicing elements of good gover- development, and (viii) strengthening nance, such as transparency, accountability data, monitoring and statistical capacity, and decent rule of law. The freedom and among others. vibrancy of the press and history of civic ac- tivism have provided a fine counterbalance This goal is for all the stakeholders to ad- to shortcomings by branches of the state here to, ranging from resource mobilization and created widespread demand among and capacity development and account- the population for better governance in ability to shared responsibility. The prece- the coming years. Trafficking of children dence of realization to global commitment abroad in 2015 as per official report was 64 is not encouraging, as several commitments (per 100,000). But children aged 1-14 who in trade, aid, investment and financing for experienced psychological aggression or development of LDCs have not been met in physical punishment during the last one significant proportions. Besides, the scale month (at the time survey was taken in of formal or organized technology transfer 2015) was alarmingly high at 81.7 percent. has been modest, unable to unleash pro- Direct death from armed and violent con- ductivity-driven economic change. flict was 1628 in 2015 (Table 16). Nepal’s ‘tax effort’ is relatively strong, as The proposed specific targets for SDG 16 in- revenue collection stood at nearly 20 per- clude ending death from violent conflict, vi- cent of GDP in 2015. The targets for reve- olence against women, and violence against nue collection for 2030 are set at 30 percent children, and to improve transparency and ac- of GDP (Table 17). Domestic government countability scores on globally benchmarked expenditure financed by internal revenue indices. The targets also include eliminating is targeted to reach 80 percent in 2030. The marriage before the age of 18 years, and to target appears modest because a scaled-up have universal birth registration. public investment drive to redress criti- cal infrastructure gaps will require large SDG 17 – Strengthen the means of amounts of external resources, in addition implementation and revitalize the to strong revenue collection. To meet the global partnership for sustainable private sector investment financing gap, development foreign direct investment (inward stock) This goal has 19 targets which include (i) needs to multiply at least five-fold from strengthening domestic resource mobili- present levels. 36 N E PA L : S U S TA I N A B L E D E V E L O P M E N T G O A L S GOAL 1 End poverty in all its forms everywhere End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition and GOAL 2 promote sustainable agriculture GOAL 3 Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote GOAL 4 lifelong learning opportunities for all GOAL 5 Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and GOAL 6 sanitation for all Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern GOAL 7 energy for all Promote sustained, inclusive and sustainable economic growth, GOAL 8 full and productive employment and decent work for all Build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and sustainable GOAL 9 industrialization and foster innovation GOAL 10 Reduce inequality within and among countries Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and GOAL 11 sustainable GOAL 12 Ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns GOAL 13 Take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas and marine GOAL 14 resources for sustainable development Protect, restore and promote sustainable use of terrestrial GOAL 15 ecosystems, sustainably manage forests, combat desertification, and halt and reverse land degradation and halt biodiversity loss Promote peaceful and inclusive societies for sustainable GOAL 16 development, provide access to justice for all and build effective, accountable and inclusive institutions at all levels Strengthen the means of implementation and revitalize the GOAL 17 Global Partnership for Sustainable Development 37 N E PA L : S U S TA I N A B L E D E V E L O P M E N T G O A L S 38

3.3 Details of Targets and Indicators Table 1: SDG 1 – End poverty in all its forms everywhere Monitoring Framework Targets and Indicators 2015 2019 2022 2025 2030 Sources of Level of Responsible Frequency Data Disaggregation Agency Target 1.1 By 2030, eradicate extreme poverty for all people everywhere, currently measured as people living on less than $1.25 a day

1.1.1 Proportion of population below the international poverty NLSS Subnational/ 5 years CBS line, by sex, age, employment status and geographical Rural-Urban location (urban/rural) 1 Population below US$ 1.25 per day (PPP value) (%) 23.7a 17 13.7 10.4 4.9 NLSS,HS Subnational/ 5 years CBS Rural-Urban 2 Poverty $1.9 Per day (PPP value) 36c 28.5 22.9 17.3 8 NLSS,HS Subnational/ 5 years CBS Rural-Urban 3 Per capita Gross National Income (GNI) (US$) 766d 821 1647 2029 2500 Rolling Annual CBS Survey of Enterprises Target 1.2 By 2030, reduce at least by half the proportion of men, women and children of all ages living in poverty in all its dimensions according to national definitions

1.2.1 Proportion of population living below the national poverty 21.6b 17.1 13.8 10.5 4.9 NLSS,HS Subnational/ 5 years CBS line, by sex and age Rural-Urban 1 Women of all ages below national poverty line (%) 5 NLSS,HS Subnational/ 5 years CBS Rural-Urban

1.2.2 Proportion of men, women and children of all ages living Survey Subnational/ 5 years CBS in poverty in all its dimensions according to national Rural-Urban definitions 1 Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) Headcount ratio (H, 28.6g 22.73 18.26 13.86 6.48 Survey/MIS Subnational 5 years CBS %) 2 Children below national poverty line (under 5 years of age, 36e 27.7 21.5 15.3 5 Survey Subnational 5 years CBS/ %) MOWCSW Target 1.3 Implement nationally appropriate social protection systems and measures for all, including floors, and by 2030 achieve substantial coverage of the poor and the vulnerable

1.3.1 Proportion of population covered by social protection 8.1 27.3 41.7 56 80 Survey/MIS Gender, Annual CBS/ floors/systems, by sex, distinguishing children, Social Group, MOWCSW unemployed persons, older persons, persons with Subnational/ disabilities, pregnant women, newborns, work-injury Rural-Urban victims and the poor and the vulnerable 1 Social protection expenditure in total budget (%) 11d 12.1 12.9 13.7 15 MIS Gender, Annual CBS/ Social Group, MOWCSW Subnational/ Rural-Urban 39 N E PA L : S U S TA I N A B L E D E V E L O P M E N T G O A L S 40 Monitoring Framework Targets and Indicators 2015 2019 2022 2025 2030 Sources of Level of Responsible Frequency Data Disaggregation Agency 2 Employed people living below US$ 1.25 per day in total 22b 16.4 12.2 8 1 Survey Gender, Annual CBS employment (%) Social Group, Subnational/ Rural-Urban Target 1.4 By 2030, ensure that all men and women, in particular the poor and the vulnerable, have equal rights to economic resources, as well as access to basic services, ownership and control over land and other forms of property, inheritance, natural resources, appropriate new technology and financial services, including microfinance

1.4.1 Proportion of population living in households with access NLSS,HS Gender, Annual CBS to basic services Social Group, Subnational/ Rural-Urban N E PA L : S U S TA I N A B L E D E V E L O P M E N T G O A L S 1 Households having access to market center within 30 min 45h 57 66 75 90 NLSS,HS Gender, Annual CBS walk (% of total) Social Group, Subnational/ Rural-Urban 2 Households covered by formal financial services (% of 40h 50.7 58.7 66.7 80 NLSS,HS Social Group, Annual CBS total) Subnational/ Rural-Urban

1.4.2 Proportion of total adult population with secure tenure MIS Subnational Annual MOLRM rights to land, with legally recognized documentation and who perceive their rights to land as secure, by sex and by type of tenure 1 Share of bottom quintile in national consumption (%) 7.6h 8.8 9.7 10.5 12 NLSS Social Group, Annual CBS Subnational/ Rural-Urban 2 Households having property/tangible assets in women’s 19.7f 25.1 29.2 33.2 40 MICS,Panel Social Group, Annual MOLRM name (% of total) Subnational Target 1.5 By 2030, build the resilience of the poor and those in vulnerable situations and reduce their exposure and vulnerability to climate-related extreme events and other economic, social and environmental shocks and disasters

1.5.1 Number of deaths, missing persons and directly affected MIS Social Group, Annual MOHA persons attributed to disasters per 100,000 population Subnational 1 Loss of lives from disaster (number) 8891i 331 268 205 100 MIS Social Group, Annual MOHA Subnational 2 Missing persons and persons affected by disaster per 415i 402 392 382 50 MIS Social Group, Annual MOHA 100,000 (number) Subnational Monitoring Framework Targets and Indicators 2015 2019 2022 2025 2030 Sources of Level of Responsible Frequency Data Disaggregation Agency

1.5.2 Direct economic loss attributed to disasters in relation to global gross domestic product (GDP) 1 Direct economic loss attributed to disasters in relation to MIS/PDNA Social Group, Annual MOHA national gross domestic product (GDP) Subnational

1.5.3 Number of countries that adopt and implement national MIS Annual MOHA disaster risk reduction strategies in line with the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030

1.5.4 Proportion of local governments that adopt and MIS Subnational Annual MOHA implement local disaster risk reduction strategies in line with national disaster risk reduction strategies Target 1.a Ensure significant mobilization of resources from a variety of sources, including through enhanced development cooperation, in order to provide adequate and predictable means for developing countries, in particular least developed countries, to implement programs and policies to end poverty in all its dimensions 1.a.1 Proportion of domestically generated resources allocated 55.2d MIS Subnational Annual MOF by the government directly to poverty reduction programs 1.a.2 Proportion of total government spending on essential 25.2d MIS Subnational Annual MOF services (education, health and social protection) 1.a.3 Sum total of grants and non-debt-creating inflows directly 4.1d MIS Subnational Annual MOF allocated to poverty reduction program as a proportion of GDP Target 1.b Create sound policy frameworks at the national, regional and international levels, based on pro-poor and gender-sensitive development strategies, to support accelerated investment in poverty eradication actions 1.b.1 Proportion of government recurrent and capital spending MIS Subnational Annual MOF/MOWSW to sectors that disproportionately benefit women, the poor and vulnerable groups 1 Proportion of national budget directly contributing to 22.3d MIS Subnational Annual MOF/MOWSW gender equality Source: a: MDGI (2015), b: NPC (2015), c: World Bank (2017), d: MOF (2016), e: UNICEF (Estimate from NLSS 2011), f: NPC (2016), g: OPHI (2015), h: CBS (2011b), i: MOHA (2015) 41 N E PA L : S U S TA I N A B L E D E V E L O P M E N T G O A L S 42 Table 2: SDG 2 – End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture Monitoring Framework Targets and Indicators 2015 2019 2022 2025 2030 Sources of Level of Responsible Frequency Data Disaggregation Agency Target 2.1 By 2030, end hunger and ensure access by all people, in particular the poor and people in vulnerable situations, including infants, to safe, nutritious and sufficient food all year round 2.1.1 2.1.1 Prevalence of undernourishment 36.1a 27.3 20.6 14 3 MICS, Panel Subnational, Annual/5 CBS/MOH Gender, Social years groups, Rural- Urban 2.1.2 2.1.2 Prevalence of moderate or severe food insecurity in the NLSS, HS Subnational, Annual/5 CBS population, based on the Food Insecurity Experience Scale (FIES) Gender, Social years groups, Rural- Urban 1 Population spending more than two-third of total consumption 20b 15.5 12.1 8.7 3 NLSS, HS Subnational, 5 years CBS N E PA L : S U S TA I N A B L E D E V E L O P M E N T G O A L S on food (%) Gender, Social groups, Rural- Urban 2 Per capita food grain production (kg) 320c 376 418 460 530 MIS Subnational Annual MOAD 3 Global Food Security Index (score) 44.3d 57 66 75 90 GFSI website Target 2.2 By 2030, end all forms of malnutrition, including achieving, by 2025, the internationally agreed targets on stunting and wasting in children under 5 years of age, and address the nutritional needs of adolescent girls, pregnant and lactating women and older persons

2.2.1 Prevalence of stunting (height for age <-2 standard deviation 36e 32 28.6 20 15 NDHS, NMICS, Subnational 5 years CBS/MOH from the median of the World Health Organization (WHO) Child Panel Growth Standards) among children under 5 years of age

2.2.2 Prevalence of malnutrition (weight for height >+2 or <-2 11.3 8 7 5 4 NDHS, NMICS, Subnational 5 years CBS/MOH standard deviation from the median of the WHO Child Growth Panel Standards) among children under 5 years of age, by type (wasting and overweight) 1 % of children under age 5 years who are underweight (-2SD) 30.1 20 18 15 9 NDHS, NMICS, Subnational, 5 years CBS/MOH Panel Gender, Social groups 2 Prevalence of anemia among women of reproductive age % 35 26 24 18 10 NDHS, NMICS, Subnational, 5 years CBS/MOH Panel Social groups Monitoring Framework Targets and Indicators 2015 2019 2022 2025 2030 Sources of Level of Responsible Frequency Data Disaggregation Agency 3 Prevalence of anemia among children under 5 years % 46 33 28 23 10 NDHS, NMICS, Subnational, 5 years CBS/MOH Panel Gender, Social groups Target 2.3 By 2030, double the agricultural productivity and incomes of small-scale food producers, in particular women, indigenous peoples, family farmers, pastoralists and fishers, including through secure and equal access to land, other productive resources and inputs, knowledge, financial services, markets and opportunities for value addition and non-farm employment

2.3.1 Volume of production per labor unit by classes of farming/ MIS/Agri Subnational Annual CBS/ MOAD pastoral/forestry enterprise size Census/ Economic Census/Survey

2.3.2 Average income of small-scale food producers, by sex and MIS/Agri Subnational Annual CBS/ MOAD indigenous status Census/ Manufacturing Census/Survey 1 Land productivity (AGPA/ha) USD 3278 4003 4646 5339 7018 MIS Subnational Annual MOAD Target 2.4 By 2030, ensure sustainable food production systems and implement resilient agricultural practices that increase productivity and production, that help maintain ecosystems, that strengthen capacity for adaptation to climate change, extreme weather, drought, flooding and other disasters and that progressively improve land and soil quality

2.4.1 Proportion of agricultural area under productive and sustainable MIS Subnational Annual MOAD agriculture 1 Agricultural land at the present level (000 hectare) 2641 2641 2641 2641 2641 MIS Subnational Annual MOAD 2 Degraded land including forest (000 hectre) MIS Subnational Annual MOAD 3 Round the year irrigated land in total arable land (%) 25.2 40 50.5 60 80 MIS Subnational Annual MOAD 4 Soil organic matter (SOM in crop land %) 1.96 2.79 3.37 3.92 4 MIS Subnational Annual MOAD Target 2.5 By 2020, maintain the genetic diversity of seeds, cultivated plants and farmed and domesticated animals and their related wild species, including through soundly managed and diversified seed and plant banks at the national, regional and international levels, and ensure access to and fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising from the utilization of genetic resources and associated traditional knowledge, as internationally agreed

2.5.1 Number of plant and animal genetic resources for food and MIS Subnational Annual MOAD, MOLD, agriculture secured in either medium or long-term conservation MOFSC, NARC facilities

2.5.2 Proportion of local breeds classified as being at risk, not-at-risk or MIS Subnational Annual MOAD, at unknown level of risk of extinction MOFSC,NARC 1 Number of DNA bank for variety of seeds 1 1 MIS Subnational Annual MOAD, NARC 2 Number of DNA bank for variety of plants MIS Subnational Annual MOFSC,NARC 3 Number of DNA bank for endangered animal species MIS Subnational Annual MOFSC, NARC 43 N E PA L : S U S TA I N A B L E D E V E L O P M E N T G O A L S 44 Monitoring Framework Targets and Indicators 2015 2019 2022 2025 2030 Sources of Level of Responsible Frequency Data Disaggregation Agency 4 Number of Community Seed banks (number) 115 115 MIS Subnational Annual MOAD, NARC 5 Number of arboratatem and breeding center for indigeneous species Target 2.a Increase investment, including through enhanced international cooperation, in rural infrastructure, agricultural research and extension services, technology development and plant and livestock gene banks in order to enhance agricultural productive capacity in developing countries, in particular least developed countriesand policies to end poverty in all its dimensions 2.a.1 The agriculture orientation index for government expenditures 0.14 0.21 0.26 0.31 0.38 MIS Subnational Annual MOAD 2.a.1 Government expenditure in agriculture (% of total budget) 3.3c MIS Subnational Annual MOAD 2.a.2 Total official flows (official development assistance plus other 0.8b MIS Subnational Annual MOF N E PA L : S U S TA I N A B L E D E V E L O P M E N T G O A L S official flows) to the agriculture sector Target 2.b Correct and prevent trade restrictions and distortions in world agricultural markets, including through the parallel elimination of all forms of agricultural export subsidies and all export measures with equivalent effect, in accordance with the mandate of the Doha Development Round 2.b.1 Agricultural export subsidies MIS Annual MOF Target 2.c Adopt measures to ensure the proper functioning of food commodity markets and their derivatives and facilitate timely access to market information, including on food reserves, in order to help limit extreme food price volatility 2.c.1 Indicator of food price anomalies MIS Annual MOF/NRB 2.c.1 Food Consumer Price Index MIS Annual MOF/NRB 2.C.2 Number of food reserve depots MIS Annual MOAD, MOS Source: a: NPC (2016), b: CBS (2011b), c: MOF (2016), d: GFSI (2015), e: NDHS (2016) Table 3: Goal 3 - Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages Monitoring Framework Target and Indicators 2015 2019 2022 2025 2030 Level of Responsible Data source Frequency Disaggregation Agency Target 3.1 By 2030, reduce the global maternal mortality ratio to less than 70 per 100,000 live births

3.1.1 Maternal mortality ratio 258r 125 116 99 70 NDHS 5 years MOH

3.1.2 Proportion of births attended by skilled health personnel 55.6n 69 73 79 90 NDHS, NMICS Subnational Annual, 5 MOH years Target 3.2 By 2030, end preventable deaths of newborns and children under 5 years of age, with all countries aiming to reduce neonatal mortality to at least as low as 12 per 1,000 live births and under-5 mortality to at least as low as 25 per 1,000 live births

3.2.1 Under-five mortality rate 38n 28 27 24 20 NDHS, NMICS Subnational, Gender, Annual, 5 MOH Social group years

3.2.2 Neonatal mortality rate 23n 18 16 14 12 NDHS, NMICS Subnational, Gender, Annual, 5 MOH Social group years Target 3.3 By 2030, end the epidemics of AIDS, tuberculosis, malaria and neglected tropical diseases and combat hepatitis, water-borne diseases and other communicable diseases

3.3.1 Number of new HIV infections per 1,000 uninfected HMIS Subnational, Gender, Annual MOH population, by sex, age and key populations Social group a. Number of new HIV infections among adults 15–49 years 0.03i 0.022 0.018 0.014 0.014 HMIS Subnational, Gender, Annual MOH old (per 1000 uninfected population) Social group

3.3.2 Tuberculosis incidence (per 100,000 population) 158s 85 67 55 20 HMIS Subnational, Gender, Annual MOH Social group

3.3.3 Malaria incidence (per 1,000 population) 0.1c 0.05 0.04 0.03 0.01 HMIS Subnational, Gender, Annual MOH Social group

3.3.4 Hepatitis B prevalence (per 100,000 population) 2654d 2654 2654 2610 2566 HMIS Subnational, Gender, Annual MOH Social group

3.3.5 Number of people requiring interventions against neglected tropical diseases a. Leprosy cases 2271c 1693 1370 911 0 HMIS Subnational, Gender, Annual MOH Social group b. Kala-azar (Leishmaniasis) cases* 325c 203 163 102 0 HMIS Subnational, Gender, Annual MOH Social group c. Lymphatic Filariasis cases 30,000c 25,100 21,000 18,000 14,000 HMIS Subnational, Gender, Annual MOH Social group d. Dengue cases 728c 455 364 228 0 HMIS Subnational, Gender, Annual MOH Social group e. Active Trachoma cases 136o 85 73 61 49 HMIS Subnational, Gender, Annual MOH Social group 45 N E PA L : S U S TA I N A B L E D E V E L O P M E N T G O A L S 46 Monitoring Framework Target and Indicators 2015 2019 2022 2025 2030 Level of Responsible Data source Frequency Disaggregation Agency a. % of children under age 5 with Diarrhoea in the last 2 weeks 12n 8 6 4 1 NDHS, NMICS Subnational, Gender, 5 years MOH/CBS Social group b. Number of laboratory confirmed cases of Influenza (H1N1) 204p 128 113 98 83 HMIS Subnational, Gender, Annual MOH Social group Target 3.4 By 2030, reduce by one third premature mortality from non-communicable diseases through prevention and treatment and promote mental health and well-being

3.4.1 Mortality rate attributed to cardiovascular disease, cancer, diabetes or chronic respiratory disease a. Mortality between 30 and 70 years of age from 2.8d 2.54 2.35 2.15 1.96 CRVS Subnational, Gender, 3 years MOH Cardiovascular disease, Cancer, Diabetes or Chronic Social group respiratory disease (per 1000 population) a. Cardiovascular disease 1.44d 1.31 1.21 1.11 1.01 CRVS Subnational, Gender, 3 years MOH Social group b. Cancer 0.67d 0.61 0.56 0.52 0.47 CRVS Subnational, Gender, 3 years MOH Social group N E PA L : S U S TA I N A B L E D E V E L O P M E N T G O A L S c. Diabetes 0.27d 0.25 0.23 0.21 0.19 CRVS Subnational, Gender, 3 years MOH Social group d. Chronic respiratory disease 0.8d 0.73 0.67 0.62 0.56 CRVS Subnational, Gender, 3 years MOH Social group

3.4.2 Suicide mortality rate (per 100,000 population) 16.5j 14.5 9.7 7.8 4.7 MIS Subnational, Gender, Annual MOHA Social group Target 3.5 Strengthen the prevention and treatment of substance abuse, including narcotic drug abuse and harmful use of alcohol

3.5.1 Coverage of treatment interventions (pharmacological, Survey Subnational 3 years MOH/MOHA psychosocial and rehabilitation and aftercare services) for substance use disorders % of hard drug users who ever visited Rehabilitation Centres 40e 50 55 60 75 HDU survey Subnational 3 years MOH/MOHA for comprehensive services

3.5.2 Harmful use of alcohol, defined according to the national 6.5q STEPS Subnational, Gender, 3 years MOH context as alcohol per capita consumption (aged 15 years Social group and older) within a calendar year in litres of pure alcohol % of people aged 15 years and older having harmful use of 2q 1.9 1.9 1.8 1.8 STEPS Subnational, Gender, 3 years MOH alcohol (defined according to the national context) Social group Target 3.6 By 2020, halve the number of global deaths and injuries from road traffic accidents

3.6.1 Death rate due to road traffic injuries 19.86b 9.93 8.94 7.45 4.96 MIS Subnational Annual MOHA Target 3.7 By 2030, ensure universal access to sexual and reproductive health-care services, including for family planning, information and education, and the integration of reproductive health into national strategies and programs

3.7.1 Proportion of women of reproductive age (aged 15-49 66n 71 74 76 80 NDHS, NMICS Subnational, Social 5 years MOH years) who have their need for family planning satisfied with Group modern methods a. Contraceptive prevalence rate (modern methods) (%) 47.1n 52 53 56 60 NDHS, NMICS Subnational, Social 5 years MOH Group Monitoring Framework Target and Indicators 2015 2019 2022 2025 2030 Level of Responsible Data source Frequency Disaggregation Agency b. Total Fertility Rate (TFR) (births per women aged 15-49 2.3n 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 NDHS, NMICS Subnational, Social 5 years MOH years) Group

3.7.2 Adolescent birth rate (aged 10-14 years; aged 15-19 years) 71n 56 51 43 30 NDHS, NMICS Subnational, Social 5 years MOH per 1,000 women in that age group Group Target 3.7 Achieve universal health coverage, including financial risk protection, access to quality essential health-care services and access to safe, effective, quality and affordable essential medicines and vaccines for all

3.8.1 Coverage of essential health services (defined as the average HMIS, NDHS, Subnational, Gender, 5 years MOH coverage of essential services based on tracer interventions that NMICS Social group include reproductive, maternal, newborn and child health, infectious diseases, non-communicable diseases and service capacity and access, among the general and the most disadvantaged population) a, % of women having 4 antenatal care visits as per protocol 59.5n 71 75 81 90 NDHS, NMICS Subnational, Social 5 years MOH (among live births) group b. % of institutional delivery 55.2n 70 74 79 90 NDHS, NMICS Subnational, Social 5 years MOH group c. % of women attending three PNC as per protocol 20c 50 65 75 90 NDHS, NMICS Subnational, Social 5 years MOH group d. % of infants receiving 3 doses of Hepatitis B vaccine 88n 90 93 95 95 NDHS, NMICS Subnational, Gender, 5 years MOH Social group e. % of women aged 30-49 years screened for cervical cancer 16.6q 36 47 63 90 Survey Subnational, Social 5 years MOH group f. % of people living with HIV receiving Antiretroviral 39.9i 90 92 93 95 HMIS Subnational, Gender, 5 years MOH combination therapy Social group g. % of population aged 15 years and above with raised 11.7q 31 39 50 60 Survey Subnational, Gender, 3 years MOH blood pressure who are currently taking medication Social group h. % of population aged 15 years and above with raised 25q 33 38 47 60 Survey Subnational, Gender, 3 years MOH blood glucose who are currently taking medication Social group i. % of households within 30 minutes travel time to health 61.8m 69.3 75 80.6 90 NLSS,AHS Subnational, Gender, 3/5 years CBS facility Social group j. % of poor people enrolled in health insurance 0g 20 50 75 100 IMIS Subnational, Gender, Annual MOH Social group

3.8.2 Proportion of population with large household expenditures 10.7b 7.5 6 4 2 Annual Subnational Annual CBS on health as a share of total household expenditure or income Household Survey % of out of pocket expenditure in total health expenditure 53k 45 42 40 35 NHA Subnational MOH Target 3.8By 2030, substantially reduce the number of deaths and illnesses from hazardous chemicals and air, water and soil pollution and contamination

3.9.1 Mortality rate attributed to household and ambient air 111d 103.32 98.19 90.51 77.7 GBD Study Subnational 3 years MOH pollution per 100000 population a. Mortality rate attributed to ambient air pollution 64.2d 59.76 56.79 52.35 44.94 GBD Study Subnational 3 years MOH d b. Mortality rate attributed to household air pollution 64.3 59.85 56.88 52.43 45.01 GBD Study Subnational 3 years MOH 47 N E PA L : S U S TA I N A B L E D E V E L O P M E N T G O A L S 48 Monitoring Framework Target and Indicators 2015 2019 2022 2025 2030 Level of Responsible Data source Frequency Disaggregation Agency

3.9.2 Mortality rate attributed to unsafe water, sanitation and hand 37.7d 35.09 33.35 30.74 26.39 GBD Study Subnational 3 years MOH washing (exposure to unsafe Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for All (WASH) services) per 100000 population

3.9.3 Mortality rate attributed to unintentional poisoning 0.53d 0.49 0.47 0.43 0.37 GBD Study Subnational 3 years MOH Target 3a Strengthen the implementation of the World Health Organization Framework Convention on Tobacco Control in all countries, as appropriate 3a.1 Age-standardized prevalence of current tobacco use among 30.8q 26.18 24.332 21.56 15.09 STEPS Subnational, Gender, 3 years MOH persons aged 15 years and older Social group Target 3b Support the research and development of vaccines and medicines for the communicable and non- communicable diseases that primarily affect developing countries, provide access to affordable essential medicines and vaccines, in accordance with the Doha Declaration on the TRIPS Agreement and Public Health, which affirms the right of developing countries to use to the full the provisions in the Agreement on Trade- Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights regarding flexibilities to protect public health, and, in particular, provide access to medicines for all N E PA L : S U S TA I N A B L E D E V E L O P M E N T G O A L S 3b.1 Proportion of the target population covered by all vaccines 88n 90 95 95 95 HMIS, NDHS, Subnational, Gender, 5years MOH/CBS included in their national program NMICS Social group 3b.2 Total net official development assistance to medical research 12.7k 14.5 16 18 20 NHA Subnational Annual MOH and basic health sectors (External Funds for Health as % of Total Health Budget) % of health sector budget for research and development na 2 2 3 3 NHA Subnational Annual MOH 3b.3 Proportion of health facilities that have a core set of relevant essential medicines available and affordable on a sustainable basis % of government health facilities with no stock out of 70l 95 95 100 100 LMIS Subnational Annual MOH essential drugs Target 3c Substantially increase health financing and the recruitment, development, training and retention of the health workforce in developing countries, especially in least developed countries and small island developing States 3c.1 Health worker density and distribution (per 1000 population) 1.05f 4.45 4.45 4.45 4.45 HRH Profile Subnational Annual MOH h Total health expenditure as % of GDP 5 5.60 6.00 6.50 7.00 NHA Subnational Annual MOH Target 3d Strengthen the capacity of all countries, in particular developing countries, for early warning, risk reduction and management of national and global health risks 3d.1 International Health Regulations (IHR) capacity and health 77a 82 85 90 95 Assessment Annual MOH/WHO emergency preparedness Report (WHO) Source: a: Assessment Report, WHO (2015) b: CBS (2014b), c: DOHS (2014), d: NHRC (2013), e: MOHA (2012), f: WHO (2015), g: MOHP (2015), h: MOF (2015), i: NCASC database(2015), j: Nepal Police (2014), k: MOHP (2012), l: MOPH (2016a), m: CBS (2011b), n: NMICS (2014), o: NNJS (2015), p: MOHP (2015a), q: MOHP, NHRC & WHO (2013), r: UN Estimates (2015), s: WHO estimates (2015) Table 4: SDG 4– Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote lifelong learning opportunities for all Monitoring Framework Targets and Indicators 2015 2019 2022 2025 2030 Level of Responsible Sources of Data Frequency Disaggregation Agency Target 4.1 By 2030, ensure that all girls and boys complete free, equitable and quality primary and secondary education leading to relevant and effective learning outcomes

4.1.1 Proportion of children and young people: (a) in grades 2/3; (b) at the end of primary; and (c) at the end of lower secondary achieving at least a minimum proficiency level in (i) reading and (ii) mathematics, by sex 1 Net enrolment rate in primary education (%) 96.6a 98.5 99 99 99.5 MISC,NASA,NLSS Provincial/Social Annual MOE,CBS Group 2 Primary completion rate (%) 80.6a 90.7 93.1 95.5 99.5 MISC,NASA,NLSS Provincial/Social Annual MOE,CBS Group 3 Proportion of pupils enrolled in grade one who reach grade eight (%) 76.6a 81.5 92 93 95 MISC,NASA,NLSS Subnational/ Annual MOE,CBS Social Group 4 Ratio of girls (to boys) enrolled in grade one who reach grade 1.04a 1.03 1.02 1.01 1 MISC,NASA,NLSS Subnational/ Annual MOE,CBS eight Social Group 5 Ratio of girls (to boys) enrolled in grade one who reach grade 1.1a 1.04 1.03 1.02 1 MISC,NASA,NLSS Subnational/ Annual MOE,CBS twelve Social Group 6 Learning Achievement / Score (Math, Nepali and English) for Class 5 (%) a) Math 53.3 55 58 63 65 NASA Subnational, 3 years MOE, ERO Gender, Social b) Nepali 63 66 70 72 75 Group c) English 53.6 57 60 63 68 7 Gross Enrollment in secondary education (grade 9 to 12) (%) 56.7a 72 90 95 99 EMIS,NASA,NLSS Subnational/ Annual MOE,CBS Social Group Target 4.2 By 2030, ensure that all girls and boys have access to quality early childhood development, care and pre- primary education so that they are ready for primary education

4.2.1 Proportion of children under 5 years of age who are MICS, Panel Subnational, 3 years MOE,CBS developmentally on track in health, learning and psychosocial Gender, Social well-being, by sex Group

4.2.2 Participation rate in organized learning (one year before the MICS, Panel Subnational, 3 years MOE,CBS official primary entry age), by sex Gender, Social Group 1 Coverage of child grant for pre-primary education (number in 506c 596 620 650 700 EMIS Subnational Annual MOE ‘000) 2 Attendance to early childhood education (Gross Enrollment) (%) 81a 85.8 89.4 93 99 EMIS Subnational Annual MOE 49 N E PA L : S U S TA I N A B L E D E V E L O P M E N T G O A L S 50 Monitoring Framework Targets and Indicators 2015 2019 2022 2025 2030 Level of Responsible Sources of Data Frequency Disaggregation Agency Target 4.3 By 2030, ensure equal access for all women and men to affordable and quality technical, vocational and tertiary education, including university

4.3.1 Participation rate of youth and adults in formal and non-formal Survey, Census Subnational, 5-10 years MOE,CBS education and training in the previous 12 months, by sex Gender, Social Group 1 Ratio of girls enrollment in technical and vocational education 0.53g 0.66 0.75 0.84 1 EMIS Subnational, Annual MOE Social Group 2 Ratio of girls enrollment in tertiary education (graduate level) 0.88g 0.91 0.94 0.96 1 EMIS Subnational, Annual MOE Social Group 3 Scholarship coverage (% of total students) 37c 38.3 39.3 40.3 42 EMIS Subnational, Annual MOE Gender, Social Group,Level of schools N E PA L : S U S TA I N A B L E D E V E L O P M E N T G O A L S Target 4.4 By 2030, increase the number of youth and adults who have relevant skills, including technical and vocational skills, for employment, decent jobs and entrepreneurship

4.4.1 Proportion of youth and adults with information and Survey Subnational, 5 years MOE,CBS communications technology (ICT) skills, by type of skill Gender, Social Group 1 Youth & adults with technical & vocational training (number in 50b 165 300 350 480 EMIS Subnational, Annual MOE ‘000,annual) Gender, Social Group 2 Working age population with technical and vocational training 25h 38 48 58 75 EMIS Subnational, Annual MOE (%) Gender, Social Group 3 Internet users (percent of adult population) 46.6a 59.5 69.2 78.9 95 EMIS, Survey Subnational, Annual MOIC, CBS Gender, Social Group Target 4.5 By 2030, eliminate gender disparities in education and ensure equal access

4.5.1 Parity indices (female/male, rural/urban, bottom/top wealth quintile and others such as disability status, indigenous peoples and conflict-affected, as data become available) for all education indicators on this list that can be disaggregated 1 Gender parity index (GPI) (primary school) 1.02a 1.01 1.01 1.01 1 EMIS Subnational, Annual MOE Gender, Social Group 2 Gender Parity Index (GPI) (secondary school) 1a 1 1 1 1 EMIS Subnational, Annual MOE Gender, Social Group Monitoring Framework Targets and Indicators 2015 2019 2022 2025 2030 Level of Responsible Sources of Data Frequency Disaggregation Agency 3 Gender Parity Index (GPI) based on literacy (above 15 years) 0.62a 0.72 0.8 0.87 1 EMIS Subnational, Annual MOE Gender, Social Group Target 4.6 By 2030, ensure that all youth and at least 95 per cent of adults, both men and women, achieve literacy and numeracy

4.6.1 Proportion of population in a given age group achieving at least a fixed level of proficiency in functional (a) literacy and (b) numeracy skills, by sex 1 Literacy rate of 15-24 years old (%) 88.6c 91.4 95 98 99 Census Subnational, 10 years CBS Gender, Social Group 2 Literacy rate of 15-24 years old (women) (%) 87.4b 90.5 92.8 95.1 99 Census Subnational, 10 years CBS Social Group 3 Numeracy all (reading and writing in numeric terms) of 15 years 62.2d 71.7 78.9 86.1 98 Survey Subnational, 5 years MOE,CBS & older (%) Gender, Social Group 4 Numeracy of female (reading and writting numeric terms) of 15 51.9d 63.4 72 80.6 95 Survey Subnational, 5 years MOE,CBS years and older (%) Social Group 5 Public spending per student (Basic education in ‘000) 15c 19 22 25 30 EMIS Subnational, Annual MOE Social Group Target 4.7 By 2030, ensure that all learners acquire the knowledge and skills needed to promote sustainable development, including, among others, through education for sustainable development and sustainable lifestyles, human rights, gender equality, promotion of a culture of peace and non-violence, global citizenship and appreciation of cultural diversity and of culture’s contribution to sustainable development

4.7.1 Extent to which (i) global citizenship education and (ii) education Yes for sustainable development, including gender equality and human rights, are mainstreamed at all levels in: (a) national education policies; (b) curricula; (c) teacher education; and (d) student assessment (In scale of 0 to 5: Where “0” is none) 1 Human assets index 66.6e 68.9 70.5 72.2 76 EMIS Subnational 3 years MOE, NPC 2 Gender development index 0.53f 0.58 0.61 0.64 0.7 EMIS Subnational 3 years MOE, NPC Target 4.a Build and upgrade education facilities that are child, disability and gender sensitive and provide safe, non- violent, inclusive and effective learning environments for all 4.a.1 Proportion of schools with access to: (a) electricity; (b) the Internet EMIS Subnational 3 years MOE, NPC for pedagogical purposes; (c) computers for pedagogical purposes; (d) adapted infrastructure and materials for students with disabilities; (e) basic drinking water; (f ) single-sex basic sanitation facilities; and (g) basic handwashing facilities (as per the WASH indicator definitions) 4.a.1 Schools with access to electricity (%) EMIS Subnational 3 years MOE, NPC 4.a.2 Schools with access to internet (%) 3.9c 28.6 47.2 65.8 99 EMIS Subnational 3 years MOE, NPC 51 N E PA L : S U S TA I N A B L E D E V E L O P M E N T G O A L S 52 Monitoring Framework Targets and Indicators 2015 2019 2022 2025 2030 Level of Responsible Sources of Data Frequency Disaggregation Agency 4.a.3 Basic schools with access to “WASH” facilities (%) 80i 85 88.3 91.9 99 EMIS Subnational 3 years MOE, NPC 4.a.4 Disability friendly schools (%) 99 EMIS Subnational 3 years MOE, NPC Target 4.b By 2020, expand globally the number of scholarships available to developing countries, in particular least developed countries, small island developing States and African countries, for enrolment in higher education, including vocational training and information and communications technology, technical, engineering and scientific programs, in developed countries and other developing countries 4.b.1 Volume of official development assistance flows for scholarships by sector and type of study Target 4.c By 2030, increase the supply of qualified teachers, including through international cooperation for teacher training in developing countries, especially least developed countries and small island developing States 4.c.1 Proportion of teachers in: (a) pre-primary; (b) primary; (c) EMIS Subnational, Annual MOE lower secondary; and (d) upper secondary education who have Social Group received at least the minimum organized teacher training (e.g. N E PA L : S U S TA I N A B L E D E V E L O P M E N T G O A L S pedagogical training) pre-service or in-service required for teaching at the relevant level in a given country 4.c1 Proportion of teachers in basic education who have received at 95.5a 96.5 97.5 98.4 100 EMIS Subnational, Annual MOE least the minimum organized teacher training, (%) Social Group 4.c2 Proportion of teachers in secondary education who have received 95.4a 96 97 98.5 100 EMIS Subnational, Annual MOE at least the minimum organized teacher training, (%) Social Group Source: a: MOE (2016a), b: NPC (2016), c: MOF (2016), d: CBS (2013a), e: UNDESA (2015), f: UNDP (2014), g: UGC (2015), h: MOE (2015), i: MOE (2016b) Table 5: SDG 5– Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls Monitoring Framework Targets and Indicators 2015 2019 2022 2025 2030 Sources of Level of Responsible Frequency Data Disaggregation Agency Target 5.1 End all forms of discrimination against all women and girls everywhere

5.1.1 Whether or not legal frameworks are in place to promote, MIS Subnational Annual MOWCSW enforce and monitor equality and non‑discrimination on the basis of sex 1 Wage equality for similar work (ration of women’s wage to that 0.62f 0.72 0.8 0.87 0.92h NLFS, Time Provincial 5 years MOWCSW,NPC of men) use Survey 2 Gender Inequality Index 0.49b 0.38 0.29 0.2 0.05 NHDR Subnational 3 years NPC/UNDP b 3 Gender Empowerment Measurement (Index) 0.57 0.6 0.63 0.66 0.69 NHDR Subnational 3 years NPC/UNDP Target 5.2 Eliminate all forms of violence against all women and girls in the public and private spheres, including trafficking and sexual and other types of exploitation

5.2.1 Proportion of ever-partnered women and girls aged 15 years MICS,Survey Subnational 3 years MOWCSW,CBS and older subjected to physical, sexual or psychological violence by a current or former intimate partner in the previous 12 months, by form of violence and by age 1 Lifetime Physical and/or Sexual violence (%) 28.4e 22.2 17.5 12.8 5 NDHS Provincial 5 Years MOH c 2 Children age 1-14 years who experienced psychological 81.7 59.9 43.6 27.2 13.6 NMICS Provincial 5 Years CBS aggression or physical punishment during the last one month (%)

5.2.2 Proportion of women and girls aged 15 years and older NMICS Provincial 5 Years CBS subjected to sexual violence by persons other than an intimate partner in the previous 12 months, by age and place of occurrence 1 Women aged 15-49 years who experience Physical / sexual 26h 19.1 13.9 9.7 6.5 NHRC,MIS Subnational Annual CBS violence (%) 2 Women and Girls Trafficking (in number) 1697a 725 650 425 325 MIS Subnational Annual MOHA Target 5.3 Eliminate all harmful practices, such as child, early and forced marriage and female genital mutilation

5.3.1 Proportion of women aged 20-24 years who were married or NMICS Subnational 5 years CBS in a union before age 15 and before age 18 1 Women aged 15-19 years who are married or in union (%) 24.5c 18 13.1 8.2 4.1 NMICS Subnational 5 years CBS

5.3.2 Proportion of girls and women aged 15-49 years who have undergone female genital mutilation/cutting, by age 53 N E PA L : S U S TA I N A B L E D E V E L O P M E N T G O A L S 54 Monitoring Framework Targets and Indicators 2015 2019 2022 2025 2030 Sources of Level of Responsible Frequency Data Disaggregation Agency Target 5.4 Recognize and value unpaid care and domestic work through the provision of public services, infrastructure and social protection policies and the promotion of shared responsibility within the household and the family as nationally appropriate

5.4.1 Proportion of time spent on unpaid domestic and care work, Time Use Subnational 5 years CBS by sex, age and location Survey 1 Ratio of women to men participation in labor force 0.93f 0.95 0.96 0.98 1 Time Use Subnational 5 Years CBS Survey 2 Average hours spent in domestic work by women 14a 11.87 10.27 8.67 6 Time Use Subnational 5 Years CBS Survey Target 5.5 Ensure women’s full and effective participation and equal opportunities for leadership at all levels of decision- making in political, economic and public life

5.5.1 Proportion of seats held by women in (a) national parliaments MIS National/ 5 years NEC and (b) local governments Subnational/ N E PA L : S U S TA I N A B L E D E V E L O P M E N T G O A L S Local 1 (a) national parliament (%) 29.5a 33 34.4 36.5 40 NEC National 5 Years NEC (b) provincial parliament (%) 33 34.4 36.5 40 NEC Provincial 5 Years NEC (c ) local government bodies (%) 40.5 41 41.5 42 NEC local 5 Years NEC

5.5.2 Proportion of women in managerial positions MIS Subnational Annual 1 Women’s participation in decision making level in the private 25f 30.3 34.3 38.3 45 Economic Subnational Annual CBS sector (%) Census 2 Women’s participation in cooperative sector (%) 50g 50 50 50 50 MIS Subnational Annual MOCP d 3 Women in public service decision making positions (% of total 11 17 21.3 25.7 33 MIS Subnational Annual MOGA employees) 4 Ratio of women to men in professional and technical workers 24a 28 31 35 40 NLFS Subnational 5 Years CBS (%) Target 5.6 Ensure universal access to sexual and reproductive health and reproductive rights as agreed in accordance with the Program of Action of the International Conference on Population and Development and the Beijing Platform for Action and the outcome documents of their review conferences

5.6.1 Proportion of women aged 15-49 years who make their own NMICS,NDHS Subnational 5 years CBS,MOH informed decisions regarding sexual relations, contraceptive use and reproductive health care 1 Awareness about reproductive rights among girls and women 59.5e 68 74 80 90 NMICS,NDHS Subnational 5 years CBS,MOH (%)- Proportion of women aged 15-49 years who make their own informed decisions regarding sexual relations, contraceptive use and reproductive health care. 2 Receiving specific support and service provisions related to HMIS Subnational Annual MOH sexual health care to the poor, discriminated and marginalized groups (%) Monitoring Framework Targets and Indicators 2015 2019 2022 2025 2030 Sources of Level of Responsible Frequency Data Disaggregation Agency

5.6.2 Number of countries with laws and regulations that MIS MOH guarantee full and equal access to women and men aged 15 years and older to sexual and reproductive health care, information and education Target 5.a Undertake reforms to give women equal rights to economic resources, as well as access to ownership and control over land and other forms of property, financial services, inheritance and natural resources, in accordance with national laws 5.a.1 (a) Proportion of total agricultural population with ownership Agri Census, Subnational 10 years CBS or secure rights over agricultural land, by sex; and (b) share of NLSS/AHS women among owners or rights-bearers of agricultural land, by type of tenure 5.a1 Number of enterprises owned by women Economic Subnational Annual, 5 CBS Census years 5.a.2 Women’s ownership of property (land and house) 26a 29.7 32.5 35.3 40 Census, MIS Subnational, Annual, 10 CBS, MOLRM, Social Group years MOWCSW 5.a.2 Proportion of countries where the legal framework (including MIS MOWCSW, customary law) guarantees women’s equal rights to land MOLRM ownership and/or control Target 5.b Enhance the use of enabling technology, in particular information and communications technology, to promote the empowerment of women 5.b.1 Proportion of individuals who own a mobile telephone, by sex Survey, MIS Subnational, Annual, 5 MOIC, CBS Gender years 5.b1 Use of Internet by women aged 15-24 years (%) 19.6c 40.5 56.2 71.9 98 NMICS, MIS Provincial 5 years CBS Target 5.c Adopt and strengthen sound policies and enforceable legislation for the promotion of gender equality and the empowerment of all women and girls at all levels 5.c.1 Proportion of countries with systems to track and make public MIS Subnational Annual MOF allocations for gender equality and women’s empowerment Source: a: NPC (2016), b: UNDP (2014), c: CBS (2014b), d: MOGA (2014), e: NDHS (2011), f: Estimation based on labor force census data, g: MOCP (2016),h: NDHS (2011) 55 N E PA L : S U S TA I N A B L E D E V E L O P M E N T G O A L S 56 Table 6: SDG 6– Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all Monitoring Framework Targets and Indicators 2015 2019 2022 2025 2030 Sources of Level of Responsible Frequency Data Disaggregation Agency Target 6.1 By 2030, achieve universal and equitable access to safe and affordable drinking water for all

6.1.1 Proportion of population using safely managed drinking water Census Survey Subnational 10 years CBS services 1 Population using safe drinking water (%) 15a 35 50 65 90 Census Survey Subnational 10 years CBS 2 Household with access to piped water supply (%) 49.5a 60.3 68.4 76.5 90 Census Survey Subnational 10 years CBS a 3 Basic water supply coverage (%) 87 90.2 92.6 95 99 Census Survey Subnational 10 years CBS 4 Households with E. coli risk level in household water ≥ 1 82.2b 60.3 43.8 27.4 1 MICS, Thematic Subnational 3-5 years CBS cfu/100ml) (%) Study 5 Household with E. coli risk level in source water ≥ 1 cfu/100ml 71.1a 52.1 37.9 23.7 1 MICS, Thematic Subnational 3-5 years CBS N E PA L : S U S TA I N A B L E D E V E L O P M E N T G O A L S (%) Study Target 6.2 By 2030, achieve access to adequate and equitable sanitation and hygiene for all and end open defecation, paying special attention to the needs of women and girls and those in vulnerable situations

6.2.1 Proportion of population using safely managed sanitation Survey Subnational 5 years CBS services, including a hand-washing facility with soap and water 1 Households using improved sanitation facilities which are not 60d 69.3 78.7 85.7 95 Survey Subnational 5 years CBS shared (%) 2 Proportion of population using latrine (%) 67.6e 75.7 83.8 90 98 Survey Subnational 5 years CBS 3 Sanitation coverage (%) 82a 86.5 89.9 93.3 99 Survey Subnational 5 years CBS a 4 Urban households with toilets connected to sewer systems/ 30 46 62 74 90 MICS Subnational Annual CBS proper FSM (%) Target 6.3 By 2030, improve water quality by reducing pollution, eliminating dumping and minimizing release of hazardous chemicals and materials, halving the proportion of untreated waste water and increasing recycling and safe reuse.

6.3.1 Proportion of wastewater safely treated Survey Subnational 5 years CBS 1 Proportion of untreated industrial waste water (%) 99c 75.3 57.5 39.7 10 MIS Subnational Annual MOI

6.3.2 Proportion of bodies of water with good ambient water quality MIS Annual MOWSS Target 6.4 By 2030, substantially increase water-use efficiency across all sectors and ensure sustainable withdrawals and supply of freshwater to address water scarcity and substantially reduce the number of people suffering from water scarcity

6.4.1 Change in water-use efficiency over time Survey Subnational 5 years CBS

6.4.2 Level of water stress: freshwater withdrawal as a proportion of Survey, MIS Subnational 5 years, CBS available freshwater resources Annual 1 Wastage of water – Irrigation (Field losses in %) 40 35 25 20 1 MIS Subnational Annual MOI 2 Availability of freshwater (per person per day in liters) MIS, Study Subnational Annual CBS Monitoring Framework Targets and Indicators 2015 2019 2022 2025 2030 Sources of Level of Responsible Frequency Data Disaggregation Agency 3 Level of water stress: freshwater withdrawal as a proportion of MIS, Study Subnational Annual CBS available freshwater resources 4 Non- Revenue Water 20c 16 13 10 5 MIS, Study Subnational Annual CBS Target 6.5 By 2030, implement integrated water resources management at all levels, including through trans boundary cooperation as appropriate

6.5.1 Degree of integrated water resources management 16 28 40 60 MIS Subnational Annual MOEN, MOIR, implementation (0-100) MOWSS

6.5.2 Proportion of transboundary basin area with an operational MIS MOEN, MOIR, arrangement for water cooperation MOWSS Target 6.6 By 2020, protect and restore water-related ecosystems, including mountains, forests, wetlands, rivers, aquifers and lakes

6.6.1 Change in the extent of water-related ecosystems over time Survey MOWSS Target 6.a By 2030, expand international cooperation and capacity-building support to developing countries in water- and sanitation-related activities and programs, including water harvesting, desalination, water efficiency, wastewater treatment, recycling and reuse technologies 6.a.1 Amount of water- and sanitation-related official development 0.7f MIS Annual MOF, MOWSS assistance that is part of a government-coordinated spending plan Target 6.b Support and strengthen the participation of local communities in improving water and sanitation management 6.b.1 Proportion of local administrative units with established and MIS Subnational Annual MOF, MOWSS operational policies and procedures for participation of local communities in water and sanitation management Source: a: MWSS (2016), b: NPC (2016), c: Based on consultation with thematic committee, d: CBS (2014b), e: CBS (2013a), f: MOF (2015) 57 N E PA L : S U S TA I N A B L E D E V E L O P M E N T G O A L S 58 Table 7: SDG 7– Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy for all Monitoring Framework Targets and Indicators 2015 2019 2022 2025 2030 Sources of Level of Responsible Frequency Data Disaggregation Agency Target 7.1 By 2030, ensure universal access to affordable, reliable and modern energy services

7.1.1 Proportion of population with access to electricity 74b 80.7 85.7 90.7 99 Census, MIS Subnational Annual, 10 years MOEN, CBS 1 Per capita energy (final) consumption (in gigajoules) 16a 18.1 19.7 21.3 24 MIS Subnational Annual MOEN Proportion of population with primary reliance on clean fuels 7.1.2 and technology Survey Subnational 5 years MOEN, CBS 1 Households using solid fuel as primary source of energy for 74.7c 65 55 45 30 cooking (%) MIS Subnational Annual MOEN, MOPE 2 People using liquid petroleum gas (LPG) for cooking and heating (%) 18b 23.6 27.8 32 39 Census Subnational 10 years CBS 3 Electricity consumption (kWh per capita) 80d 230 542 1027 1500 MIS Subnational Annual MOEN Target 7.2 By 2030, increase substantially the share of renewable energy in the global energy mix N E PA L : S U S TA I N A B L E D E V E L O P M E N T G O A L S

7.2.1 Renewable energy share in the total final energy consumption 11.9c 22.1 29.7 37.3 50 MIS Subnational Annual MOEN d 1 Installed capacity of hydropower (MW) 782 2301 5417 10260 15000 MIS Subnational Annual MOEN Target 7.3 By 2030, double the global rate of improvement in energy efficiency

7.3.1 Energy intensity measured in terms of primary energy and GDP MIS Subnational Annual MOEN 1 Commercial energy use per unit of GDP (ToE/mRs) Manufacturing 3.20c 3.28 3.17 3.15 3.14 Census Subnational 10 years CBS 2 Energy efficiency in Industry ( MJ per 1000 rupees of product) Manufacturing 47.20e 45.3 43.8 42.4 40 Census Subnational 10 years CBS 3 Higher efficiency appliances (in residential & commercial) (%) 10 15 30 40 60 MIS Subnational Annual MOEN 4 Electric vehicles in public transport systems (%) 1 5 20 35 50 MIS Subnational Annual MOEN Target 7.a By 2030, enhance international cooperation to facilitate access to clean energy research and technology, including renewable energy, energy efficiency and advanced and cleaner fossil-fuel technology, and promote investment in energy infrastructure and clean energy technology International financial flows to developing countries in support 7.a.1 of clean energy research and development and renewable energy production, including in hybrid systems MIS Annual MOF, MOPE Target 7.b By 2030, expand infrastructure and upgrade technology for supplying modern and sustainable energy services for all in developing countries, in particular least developed countries and small island developing States. Investments in energy efficiency as a proportion of GDP and the amount of foreign direct investment in financial transfer 7.b.1 for infrastructure and technology to sustainable development MOF, MOEN, services MIS Annual MOPE Source: a: Consultation with thematic committee and experts from NEA, b: CBS (2011b), c: NPC (2016), d: NPC (2015a),e: CBS (2014a) Table 8: SDG 8– Promote sustained, inclusive and sustainable economic growth, full and productive employment and decent work for all Monitoring Framework Targets and Indicators 2015 2019 2022 2025 2030 Sources of Level of Responsible Frequency Data Disaggregation Agency Target 8.1 Sustain per capita economic growth in accordance with national circumstances and, in particular, at least 7 per cent gross domestic product growth per annum in the least developed countries

8.1.1 Annual growth rate of real GDP per capita National A/c Subnational Annual CBS a 1 Per capita GDP growth (%) 2.3 3.6 4.5 5.4 7 National A/c Subnational Annual CBS Target 8.2 Achieve higher levels of economic productivity through diversification, technological upgrading and innovation, including through a focus on high-value-added and labor-intensive sectors

8.2.1 Annual growth rate of real GDP per employed person 1.6 3.8 5.5 7.2 10 HS, National Subnational Annual CBS A/c Target 8.3 Promote development-oriented policies that support productive activities, decent job creation, entrepreneurship, creativity and innovation, and encourage the formalization and growth of micro-, small- and medium- sized enterprises, including through access to financial services

8.3.1 Proportion of informal employment in non‑agriculture employment, 70b 54 42 30 10 Survey Subnational Annual CBS by sex 1 Contribution of Micro-,Small-, and Medium-scale enterprises in GDP Economic National 10 years CBS (%) Census 2 Access to Financial Services NLSS,Economic Subnational 5,10 years CBS Census 3 Access to Cooperatives (% of households within 30 min walk) 54e 60.9 66.1 71.3 80 NLSS,Economic Subnational 5,10 years CBS Census Target 8.4 Improve progressively, through 2030, global resource efficiency in consumption and production and endeavor to decouple economic growth from environmental degradation, in accordance with the 10-year framework of programs on sustainable consumption and production, with developed countries taking the lead

8.4.1 Material footprint, material footprint per capita, and material footprint Survey 5 years CBS per GDP 1 Material Intensity in total manufacturing (Rupees of material input to 66.1c 64.4 63.2 62 60 Rolling Survey 5 years CBS achieve the output value of Rs 100)

8.4.2 Domestic material consumption, domestic material consumption per Survey 5 years CBS capita, and domestic material consumption per GDP Target 8.5 By 2030, achieve full and productive employment and decent work for all women and men, including for young people and persons with disabilities, and equal pay for work of equal value

8.5.1 Average hourly earnings of female and male employees, by 32d 50.1 63.7 77.3 100 NLFS Subnational 5 years CBS occupation, age and persons with disabilities

8.5.2 Unemployment rate, by sex, age and persons with disabilities NLFS Subnational 5 years CBS d 1 Underemployment rate (15-59 y) (%) 27.8 23.1 19.5 15.9 10 NLFS Subnational 5 years CBS Target 8.6 By 2020, substantially reduce the proportion of youth not in employment, education or training

8.6.1 Proportion of youth (aged 15-24 years) not in education, employment MIS, Survey, Subnational Annual, MOE, MOYS, 59 or training Census 5years, 10 CBS N E PA L : S U S TA I N A B L E D E V E L O P M E N T G O A L S years 60 Monitoring Framework Targets and Indicators 2015 2019 2022 2025 2030 Sources of Level of Responsible Frequency Data Disaggregation Agency 1 Youth underemployment rate (%) 35.8d 28.9 23.8 18.6 10 MIS, Survey, Subnational Annual, MOE, MOYS, Census 5years, 10 CBS years Target 8.7 Take immediate and effective measures to secure the prohibition and elimination of the worst forms of child labor, eradicate forced labor and, by 2025, end child labor in all its forms, including the recruitment and use of child soldiers

8.7.1 Proportion and number of children aged 5‑17 years engaged in child Survey Subnational 5 years CBS labor, by sex and age 1 Children working under hazardous conditions (%) 30d 22 16 10 0 Survey Subnational 5 years CBS Target 8.8 Protect labor rights and promote safe and secure working environments for all workers, including migrant workers, in particular women migrants, and those in precarious employment management

8.8.1 Frequency rates of fatal and non-fatal occupational injuries, by sex and Ecomic Census Subnational 10 years CBS migrant status

8.8.2 Level of national compliance of labor rights (freedom of association MIS MOLE N E PA L : S U S TA I N A B L E D E V E L O P M E N T G O A L S and collective bargaining) based on International Labor Organization (ILO) textual sources and national legislation, by sex and migrant status Target 8.9 By 2030, devise and implement policies to promote sustainable tourism that creates jobs and promotes local culture and products

8.9.1 Tourism direct GDP as a proportion of total GDP and in growth rate 2.6d 4 5.1 6.2 8 MIS Subnational Annual MOCTCA 1 Tourist arrival (million) 0.8d 1.6 1.9 2.2 3 MIS Subnational Annual MOCTCA 2 Tourism revenue (us$) (million) MIS Subnational Annual MOCTCA

8.9.2 Proportion of jobs in sustainable tourism industries out of total tourism NLFS, MIS Subnational Annual, CBS, jobs 5years MOCTCA 1 Annual number of jobs in tourism industries (‘000) 90d 332.7 514.7 696 1000 NLFS, MIS Subnational Annual, CBS, 5years MOCTCA Target 8.10 Strengthen the capacity of domestic financial institutions to encourage and expand access to banking, insurance and financial services for all

8.10.1 (a) Number of commercial bank branches per 100,000 adults and 18a 23 26 30 36 MIS Subnational Annual NRB, MOF a b) Automated teller machines per 100000 adult population (number) 11 17 21 26 33 MIS Subnational Annual NRB, MOF 1 Life insurance coverage (%) 5d 10.3 14.3 18.3 25 MIS Subnational Annual MOF d

8.10.2 Proportion of adults (15 years and older) with an account at a bank or 34 51.3 64.3 77.3 99 MIS, Census Subnational, Annual, 10 MOF, CBS other financial institution or with a mobile-money-service provider Gender, Social years Group 8.a.1 Aid for Trade commitments and disbursements 0.2a MIS Annual MOF, MOC 8.b.1 Existence of a developed and operationalized national strategy for MIS Annual MOYS youth employment, as a distinct strategy or as part of a national employment strategy Source: a: MOF (2016), b: ILO (2014), c: CBS (2014a), d: NPC (2016), e: CBS (2011b) Table 9: SDG 9– Build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and sustainable industrialization and foster innovation Monitoring Framework Targets and Indicators 2015 2019 2022 2025 2030 Sources of Level of Responsible Frequency Data Disaggregation Agency Target 9.1 Develop quality, reliable, sustainable and resilient infrastructure, including regional and trans-border infrastructure, to support economic development & human well-being, with a focus on affordable & equitable access for all

9.1.1 Proportion of the rural population who live within 2 km of NLSS Subnational 5 years CBS an all-season road 1 Road density (km/sq. km) 0.55a 1.3 1.35 1.41 1.3 MIS Subnational Annual MOPIT

9.1.2 Passenger and freight volumes, by mode of transport MIS, Subnational Annual, 5 MOPIT Transport years Survey 1 Paved road density (km/sq. km) 0.01a 0.07 0.12 0.17 0.25 MIS, Subnational Annual, 5 MOPIT Transport years Survey 2 Passenger, by mode of transport (Road) (%) 90 Transport Subnational 5 years MOPIT Survey 3 Passenger, by mode of transport (Air) (%) MIS Subnational Annual CAAN Target 9.2 Promote inclusive and sustainable industrialization and, by 2030, significantly raise industry’s share of employment & gross domestic product, in line with national circumstances, & double its share in least developed countries

9.2.1 Manufacturing value added as a proportion of GDP and per 6.6b 8.8 10.5 12.2 15 National A/c Subnational Annual CBS capita 1 Industry’s share in GDP (%) 15b 17.7 19.7 21.7 25 National A/c Subnational Annual CBS

9.2.2 Manufacturing employment as a proportion of total 6.6e 8.3 9.6 10.9 13 NLFS Subnational 5 years CBS employment Target 9.3 Increase the access of small-scale industrial and other enterprises, in particular in developing countries, to financial services, including affordable credit, and their integration into value chains and markets

9.3.1 Proportion of small-scale industries in total industry value Economic Subnational 10 years CBS added Census

9.3.2 Proportion of small-scale industries with a loan or line of 20f 22.7 24.7 26.7 30 MIS Subnational Annual NRB credit Target 9.4 By 2030, upgrade infrastructure and retrofit industries to make them sustainable, with increased resource- use efficiency and greater adoption of clean and environmentally sound technologies and industrial processes, with all countries taking action in accordance with their respective capabilities

9.4.1 CO2 emission per unit of value added Survey Subnational 5 years CBS b 1 CO2 per capita in manufacturing and construction value 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 Survey Subnational 5 years CBS added (grams) 61 N E PA L : S U S TA I N A B L E D E V E L O P M E N T G O A L S 62 Monitoring Framework Targets and Indicators 2015 2019 2022 2025 2030 Sources of Level of Responsible Frequency Data Disaggregation Agency Target 9.5 Enhance scientific research, upgrade the technological capabilities of industrial sectors in all countries, in particular developing countries, including, by 2030, encouraging innovation and increasing the number of research and development workers per 1 million people by 75 percent and public and private research and development spending

9.5.1 Research and development expenditure as a proportion of 0.3c 0.62 0.86 1.1 1.5 MIS Subnational Annual MOF GDP

9.5.2 Researchers (in full-time equivalent) per million inhabitants MIS Subnational Annual NPC d 1 Enrollment in Science and Technology in proportion to total 6.8 9 10.6 12.3 15 MIS Subnational Annual MOE enrollment (%) 2 Number of patent registered 75c 322 507 692 1000 MIS Subnational Annual MOI g 9.a.1 Total official international support (official development 4.0 assistance plus other official flows) to infrastructure 9.b.1 Proportion of medium and high-tech industry value added MIS, Survey Annual MOI, CBS in total value added N E PA L : S U S TA I N A B L E D E V E L O P M E N T G O A L S 9.c.1 Proportion of population covered by a mobile network, by 94.5e 96 97.1 98.2 100 MIS, Census Subnational Annual, 10 MOIC, CBS technology years Source: a: MOPIT (2015), b: CBS (2014a), c: Consultation with thematic committee, d: MOE (2015a), e: NPC (2016), f: NRB (2015), g: MOF (2015) Table 10: SDG 10 – Reduce inequality within and among countries Monitoring Framework Targets and Indicators 2015 2019 2022 2025 2030 Sources of Level of Frequency Responsible Data Disaggregation Agency Target 10.1 By 2030, progressively achieve and sustain income growth of the bottom 40 per cent of the population at a rate higher than the national average

10.1.1 Growth rates of household expenditure or income per capita among NLSS Subnational 5 years CBS the bottom 40 per cent of the population and the total population 1 Consumption inequality (measured by the Gini coefficient) 0.33a 0.28 0.25 0.22 0.16 NLSS Subnational 5 years CBS 2 Income inequality (measured by the Gini coefficient) 0.46b 0.4 0.35 0.31 0.23 NLSS Subnational 5 years CBS c 3 Share of bottom 40% of population in total consumption (%) 18.7 17.4 21.2 15.6 23.4 NLSS Subnational 5 years CBS 4 Share of bottom 40% of population in total income (%) 11.9c 13.1 14.7 15.9 18 NLSS Subnational 5 years CBS d 5 PALMA ratio 1.3 1.22 1.16 1.1 1 NLSS Subnational 5 years CBS Target 10.2 By 2030, empower and promote the social, economic and political inclusion of all, irrespective of age, sex, disability, race, ethnicity, origin, religion or economic or other status

10.2.1 Proportion of people living below 50 per cent of median income, by NLSS Subnational 5 years CBS sex, age and persons with disabilities 1 Social Empowerment Index 0.41e 0.48 0.54 0.6 0.7 NHDR Subnational 3 years NPC, UNDP 2 Economic Empowerment Index 0.34e 0.43 0.51 0.58 0.7 NHDR Subnational 3 years NPC, UNDP e 3 Political Empowerment Index 0.65 0.7 0.74 0.78 0.85 NHDR Subnational 3 years NPC, UNDP Target 10.3 Ensure equal opportunity and reduce inequalities of outcome, including by eliminating discriminatory laws, policies and practices and promoting appropriate legislation, policies and action in this regard

10.3.1 Proportion of population reporting having personally felt NMICS Subnational 5 years CBS discriminated against or harassed in the previous 12 months on the basis of a ground of discrimination prohibited under international human rights law 1 Finished primary school on time (ratio of richest vs poorest quintile) 2.20f 1.88 1.64 1.4 1 EMIS, NLSS Subnational 5 years MOE,CBS f 2 Childhood free of stunting (ratio of richest vs poorest quintile) 1.60 1.44 1.32 1.2 1 EMIS, NLSS Subnational 5 years MOH,CBS Target 10.4 Adopt policies, especially fiscal, wage and social protection policies, and progressively achieve greater equality

10.4.1 Labor share of GDP, comprising wages and social protection transfers National Subnational Annual CBS A/c, Survey 1 Ratio of wage index to consumer price index 2.94g 2.96 2.97 2.98 3 MIS Annual MOF, CBS, NRB Target 10.5 Improve the regulation and monitoring of global financial markets and institutions and strengthen the implementation of such regulations

10.5.1 Financial Soundness Indicators Global Reports 1 Proportion of farm households covered by microfinance (%) 24 28.3 31.5 34.7 40 Survey, MIS Subnational Annual MOF,CBS, NRB 63 N E PA L : S U S TA I N A B L E D E V E L O P M E N T G O A L S 64 Monitoring Framework Targets and Indicators 2015 2019 2022 2025 2030 Sources of Level of Frequency Responsible Data Disaggregation Agency 2 Financial Risk Index 27 25.6 11.3 4.6 1 MIS Annual MOF, NRB i 3 Global Competitive Index (Score) 3.9 4.1 4.9 5.3 6 MIS Annual MOF 4 Doing Business Index (country ranking) 105j 95 84 75 60 MIS Annual MOF Target 10.6 Ensure enhanced representation and voice for developing countries in decision-making in global international economic and financial institutions in order to deliver more effective, credible, accountable and legitimate institutions

10.6.1 Proportion of members and voting rights of developing countries in MIS Annual MOF, MOFA international organizations Target 10.7 Facilitate orderly, safe, regular and responsible migration and mobility of people, including through the implementation of planned and well-managed migration policies

10.7.1 Recruitment cost borne by employee as a proportion of yearly income MIS Annual MOLE earned in country of destination 1 Recruitment cost borne by migrant labor (average of cost for 1000h 867 767 667 500 MIS Annual MOLE N E PA L : S U S TA I N A B L E D E V E L O P M E N T G O A L S Malayasia, South Korea and Middle East - USD)

10.7.2 Number of countries that have implemented well-managed migration MIS Annual MOHA policies Target 10.a Implement the principle of special and differential treatment for developing countries, in particular least developed countries, in accordance with World Trade Organization agreements 10.a.1 Proportion of tariff lines applied to imports from least developed MIS Annual MOC countries and developing countries with zero-tariff Target 10.b Encourage official development assistance and financial flows, including foreign direct investment, to States where the need is greatest, in particular least developed countries, African countries, small island developing States and landlocked developing countries, in accordance with their national plans and programs 10.b.1 Total resource flows for development, by recipient and donor MIS Annual MOF, MOI countries and type of flow (e.g. official development assistance, foreign direct investment and other flows) Target 10.c By 2030, reduce to less than 3 per cent the transaction costs of migrant remittances and eliminate remittance corridors with costs higher than 5 per cent 10.c.1 Remittance costs as a proportion of the amount remitted 3.97h 3.5 3.1 2.7 2 MIS Annual MOF, MOLE, NRB Source: a: MOF (2015), b: MOF (2016), c : CBS (2011b), d: UNDP (2015), e: NPC (2015), f: Estimation based on nutrition data, g: NRB (2015), h: NPC (2016), i: WEF (2016), j: World Bank (2016) Table 11: SDG 11 – Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable Monitoring Framework Targets and Indicators 2015 2019 2022 2025 2030 Sources of Level of Responsible Frequency Data Disaggregation Agency Target 11.1 By 2030, ensure access for all to adequate, safe and affordable housing and basic services and upgrade slums

11.1.1 Proportion of urban population living in slums, informal Census, Subnational 10 years, 5 CBS settlements or inadequate housing Survey years 1 Population living in slum and squatters (‘000) 500a 400 325 250 125 Census, MIS Subnational 10 years, Annual CBS 2 Household units roofed with thatched/straw roof (%) 19b 15.3 12.5 9.7 5 NLSS Subnational 5 years CBS c 3 Households living in safe houses (%) 29.8 37.8 43.9 49.9 60 AHS Subnational Annual CBS Target 11.2 By 2030, provide access to safe, affordable, accessible and sustainable transport systems for all, improving road safety, notably by expanding public transport, with special attention to the needs of those in vulnerable situations, women, children, persons with disabilities and older persons

11.2.1 Proportion of population that has convenient access to public Census Subnational 10 years CBS transport, by sex, age and persons with disabilities 1 Availability of safe public transport (%) 0.1d 13.4 23.4 33.4 50 Transport Subnational 5 years CBS Survey 2 Access to paved road within 30 minutes of walking (%) 51.4e 59 64.7 70.5 80 NLSS Subnational 5 years CBS Target 11.3 By 2030, enhance inclusive and sustainable urbanization and capacity for participatory, integrated and sustainable human settlement planning and management in all countries

11.3.1 Ratio of land consumption rate to population growth rate Census Subnational 10 years CBS

11.3.2 Proportion of cities with a direct participation structure of MIS Subnational Annual MOUD civil society in urban planning and management that operate regularly and democratically 1 Planned new cities (number) 10f 23 33 43 60 MIS Subnational Annual MOUD 2 Households residing with 5 and more persons (%) 46.7g 39.6 34.2 28.9 20 Census Subnational 10 years CBS Target 11.4 Strengthen efforts to protect and safeguard the world’s cultural and natural heritage

11.4.1 Total expenditure (public and private) per capita spent on the MIS Subnational Annual MOF, preservation, protection and conservation of all cultural and MOCTCA natural heritage, by type of heritage (cultural, natural, mixed and World Heritage Centre designation), level of government (national, regional and local/municipal), type of expenditure (operating expenditure/investment) and type of private funding (donations in kind, private non-profit sector and sponsorship) 1 Budget allocated for the protection of natural and cultural 1.15a 1.38 1.55 1.72 2 MIS Subnational Annual MOF, heritage (%) MOCTCA Target 11.5 By 2030, significantly reduce the number of deaths and the number of people affected and decrease the economic losses relative to gross domestic product caused by disasters, including water-related disasters, with a focus on protecting the poor and people in vulnerable situations

11.5.1 Number of deaths, missing persons and directly affected persons MIS Subnational, Annual MOHA attributed to disasters per 100,000 population Gender 1 Deaths due to natural disaster (number) MIS Subnational, Annual MOHA Gender 65 N E PA L : S U S TA I N A B L E D E V E L O P M E N T G O A L S 2 Injuries due to disaster (number) 22300h 0 0 0 0 MIS Subnational, Gender Annual MOHA 66 Monitoring Framework Targets and Indicators 2015 2019 2022 2025 2030 Sources of Level of Responsible Frequency Data Disaggregation Agency

11.5.2 Direct economic loss in relation to global GDP, damage to critical MIS Subnational Annual MOHA, NPC infrastructure and number of disruptions to basic services, attributed to disasters Target 11.6 By 2030, reduce the adverse per capita environmental impact of cities, including by paying special attention to air quality and municipal and other waste management

11.6.1 Proportion of urban solid waste regularly collected and with adequate MIS Subnational Annual MOFALD/ final discharge out of total urban solid waste generated, by cities MOUD

11.6.2 Annual mean levels of fine particulate matter (e.g. PM2.5 and MIS Subnational Annual MOPE PM10) in cities (population weighted) 1 Concentration of Total Suspension Particulates (µg/m3, 24 hours’ 230j 199.3 176.3 153.3 115 MIS Subnational Annual MOPE average) 2 Concentration of Particulate Matters (µg/m3, 24 hours’average) 120j 101.3 87.3 73.3 50 MIS Subnational Annual MOPE j 3 Concentration of PM2.5 (µg/m3, 24 hours’ average) 40 34.7 30.7 26.7 20 MIS Subnational Annual MOPE 4 Concentration of Sulphur Dioxide (µg/m3, 24 hours’ average) 70j 70 70 70 70 MIS Subnational Annual MOPE N E PA L : S U S TA I N A B L E D E V E L O P M E N T G O A L S Target 11.7 By 2030, provide universal access to safe, inclusive and accessible, green and public spaces, in particular for women and children, older persons and persons with disabilities.

11.7.1 Average share of the built-up area of cities that is open space for public Survey, MIS Subnational Annual, MOUD use for all, by sex, age and persons with disabilities 5years

11.7.2 Proportion of persons victim of physical or sexual harassment, by sex, NMICS Subnational 5 years CBS age, disability status and place of occurrence, in the previous 12 months 1 Proportion of women victim of physical or sexual harassment in 14i 10.27 7.47 4.67 0 NMICS Subnational 5 years CBS previous 12 months (%) Target 11.a Support positive economic, social and environmental links between urban, peri-urban and rural areas by strengthening national and regional development planning 11.a.1 Proportion of population living in cities that implement urban and MIS Subnational Annual MOUD regional development plans integrating population projections and resource needs, by size of city Target 11.b By 2020, increase the number of cities and human settlements adopting and implementing integrated policies and plans towards inclusion, resource efficiency, mitigation and adaptation to climate change, resilience to disasters, develop and implement, in line with the forth-coming Hyogo Framework, holistic disaster risk management at all levels 11.b.1 Number of countries that adopt and implement national disaster MIS Subnational Annual MOHA risk reduction strategies in line with the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030 11.b.2 Proportion of local governments that adopt and implement local MIS Local Annual MOFALD disaster risk reduction strategies in line with national disaster risk reduction strategies Target 11.c Support least developed countries, including through financial and technical assistance, in building sustainable and resilient buildings utilizing local materials 11.c.1 Proportion of financial support to the least developed MIS Annual MOF, MOHA countries that is allocated to the construction and retrofitting of sustainable, resilient and resource-efficient buildings utilizing local materials Source: a: NPC (2016), b: CBS (2012), c: CBS (2013a), d: NPC (2015b), e: CBS (2011a), f: NPC (2015), g: CBS (2013a), h: NPC (2015a), i: Nepal Police (www.nepalpolice.gov.np) (2016), j: CBS (2013b) Table 12: SDG 12 – Ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns Monitoring Framework Targets and Indicators 2015 2019 2022 2025 2030 Sources of Level of Frequency Responsible Data Disaggregation Agency Target 12.1 Implement the 10-year framework of programs on sustainable consumption and production, all countries taking action, with developed countries taking the lead, taking into account the development and capabilities of developing countries

12.1.1 Number of countries with sustainable consumption and MIS Annual MOFSC, production (SCP) national action plans or SCP mainstreamed as MOPE,MOEN a priority or a target into national policies Target 12.2 By 2030, achieve the sustainable management and efficient use of natural resources

12.2.1 Material footprint, material footprint per capita, and material MIS Annual MOFSC footprint per GDP 1 Proportion of total water resource used (%) 10a 12.7 14.7 16.7 20 MIS Subnational Annual MOFSC

12.2.2 Domestic material consumption, domestic material MIS Subnational Annual MOFSC consumption per capita, and domestic material consumption per GDP 1 Use of fossil fuel energy consumption (% of total) 12.5a 13.2 13.7 14.2 15 MIS Subnational Annual MOFSC 2 Total carbon sink (tons) in forest area 2276b 2522 2707 2892 3200 MIS Subnational Annual MOFSC h 3 Land use for agricultural production (cereal as % of cultivated 80 78.7 77.7 76.7 75 MIS Subnational Annual MOAD land) 4 Soil organic matter (%) 1h 1.8 2.4 3 4 MIS Subnational Annual MOAD a 5 Consumption of Wood per capita cubic meter) 0.11 0.09 0.08 0.07 0.05 MIS Subnational Annual MOFSC Target 12.3 By 2030, halve per capita global food waste at the retail and consumer levels and reduce food losses along production and supply chains, including post-harvest losses

12.3.1 Global food loss index MIS Subnational Annual MOAD 1 Food waste rate at consumer level (waste per capita) MIS Subnational Annual MOAD 2 Post harvest loss (%) 15c 11 8 5 1 MIS Subnational Annual MOAD c 3 Food loss index (% of supply, Cereal) 10 7.9 6.3 4.7 2 MIS Subnational Annual MOAD Target 12.4 By 2020, achieve the environmentally sound management of chemicals and all wastes throughout their life cycle, in accordance with agreed international frameworks, and significantly reduce their release to air, water and soil in order to minimize their adverse impacts on human health and the environment

12.4.1 Number of parties to international multilateral environmental MIS Subnational Annual MOPE agreements on hazardous waste, and other chemicals that meet their commitments and obligations in transmitting information as required by each relevant agreement 1 Use of plastics (per capita in gram per day ) 2.7d 2 1.5 0.9 0 MIS Subnational Annual MOPE

12.4.2 Hazardous waste generated per capita and proportion of MIS Subnational Annual MOPE hazardous waste treated, by type of treatment 1 Disposal of liquid Industrial waste MIS Subnational Annual MOPE, MOI 2 Disposal of solid Industrial waste MIS Subnational Annual MOPE, MOI 67 N E PA L : S U S TA I N A B L E D E V E L O P M E N T G O A L S 68 Monitoring Framework Targets and Indicators 2015 2019 2022 2025 2030 Sources of Level of Frequency Responsible Data Disaggregation Agency Target 12.5 By 2030, substantially reduce waste generation through prevention, reduction, recycling and reuse

12.5.1 National recycling rate, tons of material recycled MIS Subnational Annual MOPE 12.5.a Re-cycling of plastics in manufacturing industries (% of 24.5e 42 55.1 68.2 90 Survey Subnational 5 years CBS industries) 12.5.b Re-use of glass and metal products in manufacturing 7.2e 29.3 45.8 62.4 90 Survey Subnational 5 years CBS industries (% of industries) Target 12.6 Encourage companies, especially large and transnational companies, to adopt sustainable practices and to integrate sustainability information into their reporting cycle

12.6.1 Number of companies publishing sustainability reports MIS Annual MOI Target 12.7 Promote public procurement practices that are sustainable, in accordance with national policies and priorities

12.7.1 Number of countries implementing sustainable public MIS Annual OPMCM, MOF N E PA L : S U S TA I N A B L E D E V E L O P M E N T G O A L S procurement policies and action plans Target 12.8 By 2030, ensure that people everywhere have the relevant information and awareness for sustainable development and lifestyles in harmony with nature

12.8.1 Extent to which (i) global citizenship education and (ii) MIS Annual MOE, MOPE education for sustainable development (including climate change education) are mainstreamed in (a) national education policies; (b) curricula; (c) teacher education; and (d) student assessment Target 12.a Support developing countries to strengthen their scientific and technological capacity to move towards more sustainable patterns of consumption and production 12.a.1 Amount of support to developing countries on research and development for sustainable consumption and production and environmentally sound technologies Target 12.b Develop and implement tools to monitor sustainable development impacts for sustainable tourism that creates jobs and promotes local culture and products 12.b.1 Number of sustainable tourism strategies or policies and MIS Annual MOCTCA implemented action plans with agreed monitoring and evaluation tools Target 12.c Rationalize inefficient fossil-fuel subsidies that encourage wasteful consumption by removing market distortions, in accordance with national circumstances, including by restructuring taxation and phasing out those harmful subsidies, where they exist, to reflect their environmental impacts, taking fully into account the specific needs and conditions of developing countries and minimizing the possible adverse impacts on their development in a manner that protects the poor and the affected communities 12.c.1 Amount of fossil-fuel subsidies per unit of GDP (production and MIS Annual MOFSC, MOS consumption) and as a proportion of total national expenditure on fossil fuels Source: a: NPC (2016), b: Estimation based on Forestry data, c: Estimation based on data from Nepal Agriculture Research council, d: Estimation based on consultation with thematic committee, e: CBS (2014a) Table 13: SDG 13 – Take urgent action to combat Climate change and its impacts Monitoring Framework Targets and Indicators 2015 2019 2022 2025 2030 Sources of Level of Responsible Frequency Data Disaggregation Agency Target 13.1 Strengthen resilience and adaptive capacity to climate-related hazards and natural disasters in all countries

13.1.1 Number of deaths, missing persons and directly affected persons MIS Subnationalw Annual MOHA attributed to disasters per 100,000 population Gender, Social Group

13.1.2 Number of countries that adopt and implement national disaster MIS Annual MOHA risk reduction strategies in line with the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030

13.1.3 Proportion of local governments that adopt and implement local MIS Annual MOFALD disaster risk reduction strategies in line with national disaster risk reduction strategies 1 Green House Gas emission from transport sector (%) 12a 10.4 9.2 8 6 MIS Annual MOPE a 2 Green House Gas emission from industrial sector (%) 12 10.4 9.2 8 6 MIS Annual MOPE 3 Green House Gas emission from commercial sector (%) 5a 4.3 3.83 3.33 2.5 MIS Annual MOPE b 4 GHG emission (CH4) from Agri sector (Gg) 614 662.5 698.89 735.23 796 MIS Annual MOPE 5 GHG emission (N2O) from Agri sector (Gg) 32.6b 34.5 35.96 37.4 39.8 MIS Annual MOPE b 6 GHG emission (CO2) from Agri sector (Gg) 23014 24627.5 25837.2 27046.9 29063 MIS Annual MOPE 7 GHG emission (CO2) from Industrial sector (cement and lime) (Gg) 632a 547.7 484.53 421.3 316 MIS Annual MOPE 8 GHG emission (CO2) from energy sector (Industrial, transport & 7959a 6897.8 6101.9 5306 3979 MIS Annual MOPE others) (Gg) Target 13.2 Integrate climate change measures into national policies, strategies and planning

13.2.1 Number of countries that have communicated the establishment MIS Annual MOPE or operationalization of an integrated policy/strategy/plan which increases their ability to adapt to the adverse impacts of climate change, and foster climate resilience and low greenhouse gas emissions development in a manner that does not threaten food production (including a national adaptation plan, nationally determined contribution, national communication, biennial update report or other) a) Local adaptation plan preparation (number of village councils) 4c 36 60 84 120 MIS Annual MOPE c b) Community level adaptation plan 31 231 381 531 750 MIS Annual MOPE c) Implementation of adaptation plan 0 15 30 45 60 MIS Annual MOPE d) Climate smart villages 0 45 79 113 170 MIS Annual MOPE e) Climate smart farming 0 133 233 333 500 MIS Annual MOPE 69 N E PA L : S U S TA I N A B L E D E V E L O P M E N T G O A L S 70 Monitoring Framework Targets and Indicators 2015 2019 2022 2025 2030 Sources of Level of Responsible Frequency Data Disaggregation Agency Target 13.3 Improve education, awareness-raising and human and institutional capacity on climate change mitigation, adaptation, impact reduction and early warning

13.3.1 Number of countries that have integrated mitigation, adaptation, MIS Annual MOPE impact reduction and early warning into primary, secondary and tertiary curricula 1 Proportion of schools covered by climate change education (%) 80d 85 89 93 100 MIS Subnational Annual MOE, MOPE

13.3.2 Number of countries that have communicated the strengthening MIS Subnational Annual MOPE of institutional, systemic and individual capacity-building to implement adaptation, mitigation and technology transfer, and development actions 1 Number of trained persons in climate change mitigation MIS Subnational Annual MOPE d 2 Number of trained persons (local planners) in climate change 791 1380 1822 2264 3000 MIS Subnational Annual MOFALD, N E PA L : S U S TA I N A B L E D E V E L O P M E N T G O A L S adaptation MOPE Target 13.a Implement the commitment undertaken by developed-country parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change to a goal of mobilizing jointly $100 billion annually by 2020 from all sources to address the needs of developing countries in the context of meaningful mitigation actions and transparency on implementation and fully operationalize the Green Climate Fund through its capitalization as soon as possible 13.a.1 Mobilized amount of United States dollars per year between 2020 MIS Subnational Annual MOPE and 2025 accountable towards the $100 billion commitment Target 13.b Promote mechanisms for raising capacity for effective climate change-related planning and management in least developed countries, including focusing on women, youth and local and marginalized communities 13.b.1 Number of least developed countries and small island developing MIS Subnational Annual MOPE States that are receiving specialized support, and amount of support, including finance, technology and capacity-building, for mechanisms for raising capacities for effective climate change- related planning and management, including focusing on women, youth and local and marginalized communities Source: a: Estimation based on environment data; b: NPC (2015c); c: Estimation based on consultation with thematic committee, d: MoPE (2016) Table 14: SDG 14 – Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas and marine resources for sustainable development This goal is not directly relevent for Nepal Table 15: SDG 15 – Protect, restore and promote sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems, sustainably manage forests, combat desertification, and halt and reverse land degradation and halt biodiversity loss Monitoring Framework Targets and Indicators 2015 2019 2022 2025 2030 Sources of Level of Responsible Frequency Data Disaggregation Agency Target 15.1 By 2020, ensure the conservation, restoration and sustainable use of terrestrial and inland freshwater ecosystems and their services, in particular forests, wetlands, mountains and dry lands, in line with obligations under international agreements

15.1.1 Forest area as a proportion of total land area 44.7 Survey Subnational 5 years MOFSC a 1 Forest under community-based management (% of total dense 39 39.8 40.4 41 42 MIS Subnational Annual MOFSC forest areas)

15.1.2 Proportion of important sites for terrestrial and freshwater Survey,MIS Subnational Annual, 5 MOFSC biodiversity that are covered by protected areas, by ecosystem type years 1 Protected area (including forest, in % of total land area) 23.2a 23.3 23.3 23.3 23.3 MIS Subnational Annual MOFSC a 2 Conservation of lakes, wetlands, and ponds (number) 1727 2599 3254 3909 5000 MIS Subnational Annual MOFSC Target 15.2 By 2020, promote the implementation of sustainable management of all types of forests, halt deforestation, restore degraded forests and increase afforestation and reforestation

15.2.1 Progress towards sustainable forest management MIS Subnational Annual MOFSC 1 Handover of forests to leasehold forest groups (000 hectare) 44.6a 44.6 44.6 44.6 44.6 MIS Subnational Annual MOFSC 2 Aforestration in public and private lands(hectare per annum) - 5000 5000 5000 5000 MIS Subnational Annual MOFSC 3 Additional plantation (seedlings in million per annum) - - - - - MIS Subnational Annual MOFSC Target 15.3 By 2020, combat desertification, restore degraded land and soil, including land affected by desertification, drought and foods, and strive to achieve a land-degradation-neutral world

15.3.1 Proportion of land that is degraded over total land area MIS Subnational Annual MOFSC, MOLRM, MOAD 1 Forest Density (Average number of trees Per Hectare) 430a 487 530 573 645 MIS, Subnational Annual MOFSC, Survey MOLRM, MOAD 2 Conservation of rivulet & river banks through bio-engineering (km) 1675a 3895 5560 7225 10000 MIS Subnational Annual MOFSC, MOLRM, MOAD Target 15.4 By 2030, ensure the conservation of mountain ecosystems, including their biodiversity, in order to enhance their capacity to provide benefits that are essential for sustainable development

15.4.1 Coverage by protected areas of important sites for mountain MIS Subnational Annual MOFSC biodiversity 1 Potentially dangerous lakes (%) 0.37b 0.27 0.2 0.12 0 MIS Subnational Annual MOFSC, MOIR

15.4.2 Mountain Green Cover Index MIS, Subnational Annual, 5 MOFSC, MOPE Survey years 1 Mountain ecosystems covered by the protected areas (%) 67.8b 68.4 68.8 69.3 70 MIS Subnational Annual MOFSC Target 15.5 Take urgent and significant action to reduce the degradation of natural habitats, halt the loss of biodiversity and, by 2020, protect and prevent the extinction of threatened species

15.5.1 Red List Index MIS, Survey Subnational Annual, 5 years MOFSC, MOPE b 71 1 Threatened flora (medicinal & aromatic plants) (%) 0.48 0.35 0.26 0.16 0 MIS, Subnational Annual, 5 MOFSC, MOPE N E PA L : S U S TA I N A B L E D E V E L O P M E N T G O A L S Survey years 72 Monitoring Framework Targets and Indicators 2015 2019 2022 2025 2030 Sources of Level of Responsible Frequency Data Disaggregation Agency 2 Threatened fauna (mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, fishes, 0.81b 0.59 0.43 0.27 0 MIS, Subnational Annual, 5 MOFSC, MOPE insects, Platyhelminthes, mollusks, etc.) (%) Survey years 3 Wild tigers (number) 198b 205 210 216 225 MIS, Survey Subnational Annual, 5 years MOFSC, MOPE 4 Rhino (number) 534 600 650 700 783 MIS, Survey Subnational Annual, 5 years MOFSC, MOPE 5 Community led anti-poaching units mobilized (number) 400 400 400 400 400 MIS, Survey Subnational Annual, 5 years MOFSC, MOPE Target 15.6 Ensure fair and equitable sharing of the benefits arising from the utilization of genetic resources and promote appropriate access to such resources

15.6.1 Number of countries that have adopted legislative, administrative and MIS Annual MOFSC policy frameworks to ensure fair and equitable sharing of benefits Target 15.7 Take urgent action to end poaching and trafficking of protected species of flora and fauna and address both demand and supply of illegal wildlife products

15.7.1 Proportion of traded wildlife that was poached or illicitly trafficked MIS Subnational Annual MOFSC N E PA L : S U S TA I N A B L E D E V E L O P M E N T G O A L S Target 15.8 By 2020, introduce measures to prevent the introduction and significantly reduce the impact of invasive alien species on land and water ecosystems and control or eradicate the priority species

15.8.1 Proportion of countries adopting relevant national legislation and MIS Subnational Annual MOFSC adequately resourcing the prevention or control of invasive alien species Target 15.9 By 2020, integrate ecosystem and biodiversity values into national and local planning, development processes, poverty reduction strategies and accounts

15.9.1 Progress towards national targets established in accordance with Aichi MIS Subnational Annual MOFSC, MOPE Biodiversity Target 2 of the Strategic Plan for Biodiversity 2011-2020 1 Plant (floral) species under conservation plan (number) 3b 30 3 3 15 MIS Subnational Annual MOFSC 2 Animal (faunal) species under conservation plan (number) 5 48 48 48 15 MIS Subnational Annual MOFSC Target 15.a Mobilize and significantly increase financial resources from all sources to conserve and sustainably use biodiversity and ecosystems 15.a.1 Official development assistance and public expenditure on 1.9a conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity and ecosystems Target 15.b Mobilize significant resources from all sources and at all levels to finance sustainable forest management and provide adequate incentives to developing countries to advance such management, including for conservation and reforestation 15.b.1 Official development assistance and public expenditure on 1.9a conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity and ecosystems Target 15.c Enhance global support for efforts to combat poaching and trafficking of protected species, including by increasing the capacity of local communities to pursue sustainable livelihood opportunities, the Doha Development Agenda and the Hong Kong ministerial mandate. 15.c.1 Proportion of traded wildlife that was poached or illicitly trafficked MIS Subnational Annual MOFSC Source: a: MOF (2015), b: NPC (2015c) Table 16: SDG 16 – Promote peaceful and inclusive societies for sustainable development, provide access to justice for all and build effective, accountable and inclusive institutions at all levels Monitoring Framework Targets and Indicators 2015 2019 2022 2025 2030 Sources of Level of Responsible Frequency Data Disaggregation Agency Target 16.1 Significantly reduce all forms of violence and related death rates everywhere

16.1.1 Number of victims of intentional homicide per 100,000 MIS, Crime Subnational, Annual MOHA, MOLJPA population, by sex and age survey Gender, Social Group 1 Direct deaths from armed and violent conflict (number) 1628a MIS, Crime Subnational, Annual MOHA, MOLJPA survey Gender, Social Group

16.1.2 Conflict-related deaths per 100,000 population, by sex, age and MIS Subnational, Annual MOHA cause Gender, Social Group

16.1.3 Proportion of population subjected to physical, psychological or NMICS, Subnational, 5 years MOGA, CBS sexual violence in the previous 12 months Governance Gender, Social Survey Group

16.1.4 Proportion of population that feel safe walking alone around the Census, Subnational, 5-10 years CBS, MOHA area they live Survey Gender, Social Group Target 16.2 End abuse, exploitation, trafficking and all forms of violence against and torture of children

16.2.1 Proportion of children aged 1-17 years who experienced any NMICS Subnational, 5 years CBS physical punishment and/or psychological aggression by Gender, Social caregivers in the past month Group 1 Children age 1-14 years who experienced psychological 81.7b 60 44 27 0 NMICS Subnational, 5 years CBS aggression or physical punishment during the last one month) Gender, Social (%) Group

16.2.2 Number of victims of human trafficking per 100,000 population, MIS,Survey Subnational, 5 years MOHA, CBS by sex, age and form of exploitation Gender, Social Group 1 Children trafficking to abroad (including India) per annum 64c 47 34 21 0 MIS Subnational, Annual NHRC, NOHA (reported number) Gender, Social Group

16.2.3 Proportion of young women and men aged 18‑29 years who NMICS Subnational, 5 years CBS experienced sexual violence by age 18 Gender, Social Group Target 16.3 Promote the rule of law at the national and international levels and ensure equal access to justice for all

16.3.1 Proportion of victims of violence in the previous 12 months who MIS, Survey Subnational, Annual, 5 MOHA, MOGA reported their victimization to competent authorities or other Gender, Social years officially recognized conflict resolution mechanisms Group 1 Transparency, accountability, and corruption in public (score out 3d 4 4 4 5 MIS Annual OPMCM 73 of 6) N E PA L : S U S TA I N A B L E D E V E L O P M E N T G O A L S 74 Monitoring Framework Targets and Indicators 2015 2019 2022 2025 2030 Sources of Level of Responsible Frequency Data Disaggregation Agency

16.3.2 Unsentenced detainees as a proportion of overall prison MIS, Crime Subnational, Annual, 5 MOHA, MOLJPA population survey Gender years 1 Proportion of seized small arms and light weapons that are MIS Annual MOHA recorded and traced, in accordance with international standards and legal instruments 2 Good governance (Reported along a scale of -2.5 to 2.5. Higher -0.78e 0 1 1 2 MIS Annual OPMCM values correspond to good governance) for control of corruption Target 16.4 By 2030, significantly reduce illicit financial and arms flows, strengthen the recovery and return of stolen assets and combat all forms of organized crime

16.4.1 Total value of inward and outward illicit financial flows (in current MIS Annual MOHA United States dollars)

16.4.2 Proportion of seized, found or surrendered arms whose illicit MIS Annual MOHA origin or context has been traced or established by a competent authority in line with international instruments N E PA L : S U S TA I N A B L E D E V E L O P M E N T G O A L S Target 16.5 Substantially reduce corruption and bribery in all their forms

16.5.1 Proportion of persons who had at least one contact with a public Governance Subnational 5 years MOGA official and who paid a bribe to a public official, or were asked for Survey a bribe by those public officials, during the previous 12 months 1 People’s perception on corruption (% of people with at least 29e 21 15 10 0 Governance Subnational 5 years MOGA one instance in the past 12 months that require to give a bribe/ Survey present) (Corruption index score)

16.5.2 Proportion of businesses that had at least one contact with a Survey Subnational 5 years CBS public official and that paid a bribe to a public official, or were asked for a bribe by those public officials during the previous 12 months Target 16.6 Develop effective, accountable and transparent institution at all levels.

16.6.1 Primary government expenditures as a proportion of original 76f 81.1 84.9 88.7 95 MIS Subnational Annual MOF approved budget, by sector (or by budget codes or similar)

16.6.2 Proportion of population satisfied with their last experience of Survey, Subnational Annual, 5 MOGA, CBS public services Governance years survey Target 16.7 Ensure responsive, participatory and representative decision making at all levels

16.7.1 Proportions of positions (by sex, age, persons with disabilities MIS Subnational, Annual MOGA and population groups) in public institutions (national and local Gender, Social legislatures, public service, and judiciary) compared to national Group distributions

16.7.2 Proportion of population who believe decision-making is Survey, Subnational Annual, 5 MOGA, CBS inclusive and responsive, by sex, age, disability and population Governance years group survey Monitoring Framework Targets and Indicators 2015 2019 2022 2025 2030 Sources of Level of Responsible Frequency Data Disaggregation Agency 1 Proportions of decision making positions held by women in 15g 20.3 24.3 28.3 35 Survey, Subnational Annual, 5 MOGA, CBS public institutions Governance years survey

16.8 Broaden and strengthen the participation of developing countries in the institutions of global governance

16.8.1 Proportion of members and voting rights of developing MIS Annual MOFA countries in international organizations

16.9 By 2030, provide legal identity for all, including birth registration

16.9.1 Proportion of children under 5 years of age whose births have 58.1b 66 79 86.9 100 MIS, CRVS Subnational, Annual MOFALD, CBS been registered with a civil authority, by age Survey Gender, Social Group Target 16.10 Ensure public access to information and protect fundamental freedoms, in accordance with national legislation and international agreements

16.10.1 Number of verified cases of killing, kidnapping, enforced MIS Subnational, Annual MOHA disappearance, arbitrary detention and torture of journalists, Gender, Social associated media personnel, trade unionists and human rights Group advocates in the previous 12 months

16.10.2 Number of countries that adopt and implement constitutional, Yes MIS Annual OPMCM statutory and/or policy guarantees for public access to information Target 16.a Strengthen relevant national institutions, including through international cooperation, for building capacity at all levels, in particular in developing countries, to prevent violence and combat terrorism and crime 16.a.1 Existence of independent national human rights institutions in Yes NHRC compliance with the Paris Principles Target 16.b Promote and enforce non-discriminatory laws and policies for sustainable development 16.b.1 Proportion of population reporting having personally felt Surveys, Subnational 5 years MOGA discriminated against or harassed in the previous 12 months Governance on the basis of a ground of discrimination prohibited under survey international human rights law Source: a: NPC (2015), b: CBS (2014b), c: NHRC (2016), d: CPIA (2015), e: NPC (2017), f: MOF (2015), g: MOGA (2014) 75 N E PA L : S U S TA I N A B L E D E V E L O P M E N T G O A L S 76 Table 17: SDG 17 – Strengthen the means of implementation and revitalize the Global Partnership for Sustainable Development Monitoring Framework Targets and Indicators 2015 2019 2022 2025 2030 Sources of Level of Responsible Frequency Data Disaggregation Agency Target 17.1 Strengthen domestic resource mobilization, including through international support to developing countries, to improve domestic capacity for tax and other revenue collection

17.1.1 Total government revenue as a proportion of GDP, by source 19.1a 22 24.2 26.4 30 MIS, Subnational Annual MOF, CBS National Accounts

17.1.2 Proportion of domestic budget funded by domestic taxes 76a 77.1 77.9 78.7 80 MIS Subnational Annual MOF Target 17.2 Developed countries to implement fully their official development assistance commitments, including the commitment by many developed countries to achieve the target of 0.7 per cent of gross national income for official development assistance (ODA/GNI) to developing countries and 0.15 to 0.20 per cent of ODA/GNI to least developed countries.

17.2.1 Net official development assistance, total and to least developed MIS Subnational Annual MOF countries, as a proportion of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) Development Assistance Committee donors’ N E PA L : S U S TA I N A B L E D E V E L O P M E N T G O A L S gross national income (GNI) Target 17.3 Mobilize additional financial resources for developing countries from multiple sources

17.3.1 Foreign direct investments (FDI), official development assistance and MIS Annual MOF, MOI South-South Cooperation as a proportion of total domestic budget a) Official development assistance as a proportion of total domestic 15.1a 15.8 16.4 17 18 MIS Annual MOF budget, (%) b) Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) as a proportion of total domestic 1.9a MIS Annual MOF, MOI budget c) South-south cooperation as a proportion of total domestic budget MIS Annual MOFA, MOF a d) FDI as a proportion of GDP (Inward stock) (%) 4.8 7.3 10.8 14.2 20 MIS, Annual MOF, CBS National Accounts

17.3.2 Volume of remittances (in United States dollars) as a proportion of total 29.1a 30.7 31.8 33 35 MIS Subnational Annual MOF GDP Target 17.4 Assist developing countries in attaining long-term debt sustainability through coordinated policies aimed at fostering debt financing, debt relief and debt restructuring, as appropriate, and address the external debt of highly indebted poor countries to reduce debt distress

17.4.1 Debt service as a proportion of exports of goods and services 12.6a 13.2 13.7 14.2 15 MIS Annual MOF 1 Outstanding Debt to GDP Ratio (%) 26.5 28.8 30.5 32.2 35 MIS Annual MOF, CBS Target 17.5 Adopt and implement investment promotion regimes for least developed countries

17.5.1 Number of countries that adopt and implement investment promotion Yes MIS Annual MOF, MOI regimes for least developed countries Monitoring Framework Targets and Indicators 2015 2019 2022 2025 2030 Sources of Level of Responsible Frequency Data Disaggregation Agency Target 17.6 Enhance North-South, South-South and triangular regional and international cooperation on and access to science, technology and innovation and enhance knowledge sharing on mutually agreed terms, including through improved coordination among existing mechanisms, in particular at the United Nations Level, and through a global technology facilitation mechanism when agreed upon.

17.6.1 Number of science and/or technology cooperation agreements and MIS Annual MOF, MOST programs between countries, by type of cooperation

17.6.2 Fixed Internet broadband subscriptions per 100 inhabitants, by speed MIS Subnational Annual MOIC 1 Internet Density (per 100 person) 49.8 65 70.9 79.9 95 MIS Subnational Annual MOIC Target 17.7 Promote the development, transfer, dissemination and diffusion of environmentally sound technologies to developing countries on favourable terms, including on concessional and preferential terms, as mutually agreed

17.7.1 Total amount of approved funding for developing countries to MIS Annual MOF, MOPE promote the development, transfer, dissemination and diffusion of environmentally sound technologies Target 17.8 Fully operationalize the technology bank and science, technology and innovation capacity-building mechanism for least developed countries by 2017 and enhance the use of enabling technology, in particular information and communications technology

17.8.1 Proportion of individuals using the Internet MIS, Annual, 5 CBS, MOIC Survey years Target 17.9 Enhance international support for implementing effective and targeted capacity-building in developing countries to support national plans to implement all the Sustainable Development Goals, including through North-South, South-South and triangular cooperation

17.9.1 Dollar value of financial and technical assistance (including through MIS Annual MOF, MOFA North-South, South-South and triangular cooperation) committed to developing countries Target 17.10 Promote a universal, rules-based, open, non‑discriminatory and equitable multilateral trading system under the World Trade Organization, including through the conclusion of negotiations under its Doha Development Agenda

17.10.1 Worldwide weighted tariff-average MIS Annual MOF, MOC Target 17.11 Significantly increase the exports of developing countries, in particular with a view to doubling the least developed countries’ share of global exports by 2020

17.11.1 Developing countries’ and least developed countries’ share of global MIS Annual MOF, MOC exports Target 17.12 Realize timely implementation of duty-free and quota-free market access on a lasting basis for all least developed countries, consistent with World Trade Organization decisions, including by ensuring that preferential rules of origin applicable to imports from least developed countries are transparent and simple, and contribute to facilitating market access

17.12.1 Average tariffs faced by developing countries, least developed countries MIS Annual MOF, MOC and small island developing States Target 17.13 Enhance global macroeconomic stability, including through policy coordination and policy coherence

17.13.1 Macroeconomic Dashboard MIS Annual MOF 77 N E PA L : S U S TA I N A B L E D E V E L O P M E N T G O A L S 78 Monitoring Framework Targets and Indicators 2015 2019 2022 2025 2030 Sources of Level of Responsible Frequency Data Disaggregation Agency Target 17.14 Enhance policy coherence for sustainable development

17.14.1 Number of countries with mechanisms in place to enhance policy Yes Annual NPC coherence of sustainable development Target 17.15 Respect each country’s policy space and leadership to establish and implement policies for poverty eradication and sustainable development

17.15.1 Extent of use of country-owned results frameworks and planning tools Yes Annual NPC by providers of development cooperation Target 17.16 Enhance the Global Partnership for Sustainable Development, complemented by multi-stakeholder partnerships that mobilize and share knowledge, expertise, technology and financial resources, to support the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals in all countries, in particular developing countries

17.16.1 Number of countries reporting progress in multi-stakeholder Yes Annual NPC development effectiveness monitoring frameworks that support the achievement of the sustainable development goals N E PA L : S U S TA I N A B L E D E V E L O P M E N T G O A L S Target 17.17 Encourage and promote effective public, public-private and civil society partnerships, building on the experience and resourcing strategies of partnerships

17.17.1 Amount of United States dollars committed to public-private and civil MIS Annual MOF, NPC society partnerships Target 17.18 By 2020, enhance capacity-building support and increase significantly the availability of high-quality, timely and reliable data disaggregated by income, gender, age, race, ethnicity, migratory status, disability, geographic location and other characteristics.

17.18.1 Proportion of sustainable development indicators produced at the Annual CBS, NPC national level with full disaggregation when relevant to the target, in accordance with the Fundamental Principles of Official Statistics

17.18.2 Number of countries that have national statistical legislation that Yes Annual CBS, NPC complies with the Fundamental Principles of Official Statistics

17.18.3 Number of countries with a national statistical plan that is fully funded Yes Annual CBS, NPC and under implementation, by source of funding Target 17.19 By 2030, build on existing initiatives to develop measurements of progress on sustainable development that complement gross domestic product, and support statistical capacity-building in developing countries

17.19.1 Dollar value of all resources made available to strengthen statistical Annual NPC/CBS, capacity in developing countries MOF

17.19.2 Proportion of countries that (a) have conducted at least one population NPC/CBS, and housing census in the last 10 years; and (b) have achieved 100 per MOFALD cent birth registration and 80 per cent death registration 1 Proportion of children under 5 years of age whose births have been 58.1b 66 79 86.9 100 MIS Subnational, Annual MOFALD registered Gender, Social Group Source: a: MOF (2015), b: CBS (2014b) N E PA L : S U S TA I N A B L E D E V E L O P M E N T G O A L S References CBS. (2011a). Poverty in Nepal, Central Bu- ILO. (2014). Nepal Labor Market Update, 2014, reau of Statistics, National Planning Accessed from http://www.ilo.org/ Commission, Government of Nepal, kathmandu/ Kathmandu, Nepal. MDGI. (2015). ‘Millennium Development CBS. (2011b). Nepal Living Standard Survey, Goals Indicators, 2015’, The Official Unit- Volume I and II, Central Bureau of Sta- ed Nations site for the MDG Indicators, tistics, National Planning Commission, http://mdgs.un.org/unsd/mdg/ . 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