Food, People and the E­nvironment­: The Government’s action plan on sustainable food systems in the context of Norwegian foreign and development policy

1 FAO, IFAD, UNICEF, WFP and WHO (2018): The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World 2018. Building climate resilience for food security and nutrition

2 FAO (2005): Voluntary Guidelines on the Progressive Realization of the Right to Adequate Food in the context of National Food Security 6 Food systems encompass all aspects of A stronger focus on food security is vital – and activities related to – food production, for combating poverty and promoting processing and distribution, and the sale development. Most of the world’s poorest and consumption of food, as well as their people depend directly or indirectly on socioeconomic and environmental impact.3 agriculture for their livelihoods.6 The World Bank has estimated that investing in the food Sustainable food systems deliver food producing sectors (agriculture, fisheries, security and nutrition for all in such aquaculture, etc.) is two to three times more a way that the economic, social and effective for fighting poverty than other environmental foundation for ensuring poverty reduction efforts, and that it is the food security and nutrition for future poorest who benefit most from growth in generations are not compromised.4 The these sectors.7 concept of sustainability, i.e. meeting current needs without compromising the ability of This action plan will be a useful tool to future generations to meet their needs, is at achieve SDG 2 on ending hunger, while the heart of this plan. also supporting efforts to reach the other

16 SDGs. By taking a food systems approach, The overall objective of the action plan we can make progress towards several is to ensure increased food security goals at the same time. There are clear links through the development of sustainable between the areas of food ­security, health, food systems. Food security exists when climate and ­environment.8 This action plan all people have access to sufficient, safe recognises these links. It is designed to and nutritious food that meets their dietary strengthen Norway’s efforts to improve food needs and food preferences and enables security and make this work an integral part them to lead active and healthy lives.5 of Norwegian foreign and development policy.

3 CFS (2017): Nutrition and food systems. HLPE report no. 12

4 FAO (2018): Sustainable food systems. Concept and framework

5 World Food Summit (1996) http://www.fao.org/WFS/

6 World Bank (2008): World Development Report: Agriculture for Development.

7 World Bank (2018): Agriculture and food

8 The Lancet (2019): Food in the Anthropocene: the EAT-Lancet Commission on healthy diets from sustainable food systems 7 Norway’s action plan for sustainable food systems 2019–2023 Framework Food systems are affected by a range of In 2017, the Food and Agriculture external factors at the local, national and Organization of the United Nations (FAO) international level that also have implications calculated that the production of nutritious for Norway’s priorities and the effectiveness food, feed and biofuel will need to increase of Norway’s efforts. Some of the main factors by 50 percent by 2050 if we are to produce that affect, and are affected by, Norwegian enough nutritious food for all, while taking foreign and development policy, are into account the impacts of population described below. growth and climate change.10 Access to food could, however, be considerably increased According to UN forecasts, the world’s by reducing food waste and by increasing population will be close to 10 billion by sustainable productivity in the food 2050.9 While population growth is declining producing sectors. in most Western countries, it remains high in a number of African countries. As a result, Today, climate change is altering the the populations in these countries are very ­conditions and opportunities for food young; over 50 percent are under 25 years production, and is threatening to reverse of age. much of the progress made in the fight against poverty. Poor small-scale farmers and fishermen are already severely affected by changing climatic conditions, and this in turn is increasing humanitarian needs. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) estimates that extreme weather events, such as drought, flooding, storms and heatwaves, will increase in frequency and intensity and sea levels will continue to rise over the next few decades. More people will be forced to leave their homes as a result of natural disasters, and this trend will be further exacerbated by the impacts of climate change.

9 UN (2017): World population projected to reach 9.8 billion in 2050, and 11.2 billion in 2100, News

10 FAO (2017): The future of food and agriculture: Trends and challenges 8 Norway’s action plan for sustainable food systems 2019–2023 At the same time, sustainable food The political and economic framework at systems are dependent on biodiversity the national level is also highly significant. and well-functioning ecosystems. Today, Food security is a national responsibility. the capacity of many ecosystems to meet Lack of access to sufficient land for producing human needs has been reduced as a result food and uncertainty over property rights are of human activity. This is primarily due major barriers for many food producers, not to habitat loss and fragmentation, over­ least for women. Through agricultural and exploitation of natural resources, pollution, fisheries policies, the authorities can help to and the impacts of climate change.11 ensure that small-scale farmers have access to land, and that farmers and fishermen have Protracted conflicts and wars, combined access to the necessary inputs, extension with climate change, are the key causes services, markets and banking services. of the increase in the number of people In certain countries, national subsidies suffering from hunger and undernutrition are an important tool for increasing or in recent years. These factors are having a adapting food production. Effective water profound impact on food systems and are ­management at the national level is vital increasing the vulnerability of people in the for both food production and access to clean areas concerned. drinking water. In addition, national health policies provide a basis for ensuring access Predictable rules for international trade to health services and to information on adopted by the World Trade Organization health and nutrition. (WTO) are important for ensuring that the global food system functions well. Some 80 percent of products from small-scale producers are sold in local markets,12 but these producers are not isolated from global markets and prices. Global food prices and price fluctuations also affect them.

11 IPBES (2019): Global Assessment Report on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services

12 Barron, J. et al (2013): Drivers and Challenges for Food Security. CAB International 9 Norway’s action plan for sustainable food systems 2019–2023 Key development policy priorities Norwegian development policy focuses on five thematic priority areas: • Health • Education • Private sector development, agriculture and renewable energy • Climate change, environment and oceans • Humanitarian aid These thematic areas all have relevance for promoting sustainable food systems, and the follow up of this action plan will therefore be linked to efforts in these five thematic areas.13

13 Ministry of Foreign Affairs annual budget proposal (Prop. 1 S (2018-2019)) (Norwegian only) 10 Norway’s action plan for sustainable food systems 2019–2023 Good nutrition, especially in early childhood, Food assistance accounts for a ­c­onsiderable provides the basis for good physical and part of Norway’s humanitarian aid. mental health and increases resilience to In addition to helping to meet emergency illness. Malnutrition is a key cause of lifestyle food needs, humanitarian food assistance diseases and poor physical and mental enhances food preparedness at the local development. Insufficient access to food and level and increases resilience to nutrition-­ an inadequate diet can reduce education related diseases. opportunities and learning outcomes. At the same time, schools are an important Private sector development and efforts arena for providing information about to strengthen the private sector are vital diet and health. Universities and tertiary for increasing food production and building education institutions, including vocational effective value chains and markets. Increased colleges, can provide young people with value creation leads to economic growth, knowledge and insight that can contribute higher incomes and the creation of more the ­development and maintenance of food jobs. It is vital that the private sector ensures systems in the future. responsible practices throughout the supply chain so that food production contributes to food security, economic growth and poverty reduction.14 Access to clean energy is important at all stages of a food system. In addition, the key role of women in food systems must be recognised.

14 OECD-FAO (2016): Guidance for Responsible Agriculture Supply Chains 11 Norway’s action plan for sustainable food systems 2019–2023 Sustainable management of natural There are also four cross-cutting issues resources based on sound knowledge in Norwegian development policy: is vital for increasing food production. climate change and environment; women’s It also requires a fight to combat the illegal rights and gender equality; human rights; ­exploitation of resources. The oceans and anti-corruption. In order to avoid any are a priority area for Norway and will be unintended negative consequences, these increasingly important in the context of four cross-cutting issues must be taken food systems. Our work in this area will into consideration in the work to promote include strengthening the role of seafood sustainable food systems. in improving food security and nutrition. In the future, food systems will have to be Leaving no one behind ­developed in line with agreed international Ensuring that no one is left behind is at the climate and environmental targets. Long- core of the SDGs. In the time ahead, foreign term development efforts to improve food and development policy will have to be security can increase resilience to crises and designed with this principle in mind. It is thus reduce the need for humanitarian aid. the most vulnerable and most ­marginalised people who tend to get left behind. Through its International Climate and These include people with disabilities, Forest Initiative (ICFI), which is due to run children, young people, women, indigenous until 2030, Norway is the world’s largest peoples, religious and sexual minorities, donor to tropical forest conservation in low- people living in war zones, refugees and and middle-income countries. The Climate internally displaced people. The Norwegian and Forest Initiative is designed to promote ­Government will therefore target its early action to achieve cost-effective and efforts towards the most vulnerable and verifiable reductions in greenhouse gas ­marginalised groups. ­emissions through the conservation of ­tropical forests, and to promote development The Government will also seek to strengthen in forest countries. Under this initiative, fundamental human rights, including the Norway has entered into partnerships with a right to food and the right to health. There number of key forest countries concentrated is a great need for better data and statistics around the world’s three largest rainforest in order to identify the most vulnerable and basins: in the Amazon, the Congo basin/ marginalised groups in a particular context. Central Africa, and Indonesia. Establishing The Government will work to ensure that deforestation-free supply chains for Norway’s partners consider the needs of foodstuffs such as soya, palm oil and beef marginalised groups in all projects and and promoting cooperation with the private programmes supported by Norway. sector are important elements of this work. 12 Norway’s action plan for sustainable food systems 2019–2023 Partner countries Sustainability Norway’s long-term development aid is to The concept of sustainability is at the heart be targeted towards selected thematic and of this action plan. The 2030 Agenda for geographical areas in order to ensure that Sustainable Development15 builds on the it is effective and reaches those in greatest definition of sustainability set out in 1987 need. In order to achieve lasting results, by the Brundtland Commission: ‘Sustainable Norway’s aid efforts are concentrated development is development that meets the on a limited number of countries. Under needs of the present without compromising the partner country initiative, which was the ability of future generations to meet their launched in 2018, Norway has identified own needs’.16 Like the Brundtland report, various categories of countries with which the 2030 Agenda also highlights the three it intends to establish closer cooperation. dimensions of sustainable development: economic, social and environmental. Part of the funding provided by Norway to promote sustainable food systems The environmental dimension of will be channelled through multilateral sustainable development is about combating organisations. Bilateral funding, on the other climate change and protecting the natural hand, will be used to support projects and environment as a renewable resource. The i­nitiatives in Norway’s partner countries, economic dimension is about ensuring often with civil society organisations as economic security for people and societies, ­partners. All categories of partner countries and the social dimension is about enabling will be included in our work on sustainable people to lead dignified lives.17 These three food systems: partners for long-term dimensions are inextricably linked to one development cooperation, partners for another. stabilisation and conflict prevention efforts, and partners in the efforts to address global The three dimensions of sustainability are challenges. integral to our efforts to promote sustainable food systems. In order for a food system to Priority will be given to regions and groups be sustainable, all three dimensions must be that are especially vulnerable to hunger properly taken into account. and where access to nutritious food is poor, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa. At the same time, it is important that the partner countries themselves step up their ­engagement in this area and contribute to the efforts to develop sustainable food systems.

15 UN General Assembly (2015): Transforming our world: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, A/RES/70/1

16 Our Common Future, Report of the World Commission on Environment and Development (the Brundtland Commission), 1987

17 United Nations Association of Norway https://www.fn.no/Tema/Fattigdom/Baerekraftig-utvikling (Norwegian only) 13 Norway’s action plan for sustainable food systems 2019–2023 Four thematic focus areas This action plan focuses on the four key There are a number of links between these components of sustainable food systems: areas, as well as links to other factors that affect the efficiency and sustainability of • Food production food systems. This section of the action plan provides an overview of the main challenges • Value creation and markets in these four areas, and the next section • Nutrition and diet discusses Norway’s priorities. • Policy and governance 15 Norway’s action plan for sustainable food systems 2019–2023 1: Food production OBJECTIVE Increased sustainable, climate-resilient food production and increased productivity from agriculture, fisheries and aquaculture sectors. Products from agriculture, fisheries and Through ICFI, Norway supports the right of aquaculture form the basis of the value indigenous peoples to own and use their chain from the soil and the sea to the table. land and to maintain their sustainable local Increasing sustainable production and food systems. productivity in the food producing sectors (including by reducing food waste) is crucial Small-scale food production for improving food security, and will also The vast majority of food producers in low raise incomes and reduce poverty for a large income countries18 are small-scale farmers number of small-scale food producers. and fishermen, and around half of them are women. Agriculture and fisheries are the Women play a key role in ensuring that most important source of food and income their families have access to food, but they for people living in rural areas. It will not face many obstacles. In the agricultural be possible to achieve SDG 1 on ending sector in Africa, women often bear the poverty or SDG 2 on ending hunger without main ­responsibility for producing food, improving conditions for small producers. but are not entitled to own land. They also Support for small-scale food production have fewer opportunities for education is therefore a priority for the Norwegian and training. Norway will therefore work to authorities. strengthen women’s rights and their role in food ­production. Women must be enabled to Small-scale producers, whether farmers, take part in the formal economy to a greater pastoralists or fishermen, are among the extent. groups that are the worst affected by climate change. It is therefore important to help Indigenous peoples in many countries do them increase profitability and efficiency in not have formal rights to areas that they a way that also protects the climate and the have traditionally used and occupied, and environment. face a range of challenges when it comes to ensuring their own food production.

18 The term ‘low-income countries’ is used throughout this action plan. In this context, it includes all ODA-approved countries 17 Norway’s action plan for sustainable food systems 2019–2023 Small-scale food producers often have Agriculture limited knowledge of and poor access to In many low-income countries, agricultural information about weather conditions production levels are persistently low. and climate change that is relevant for This may be due to soil degradation, them and easy to understand. They have i­nadequate access to inputs such as little opportunity for long-term planning appropriate fertilisers and seeds, or under- and are vulnerable to large fluctuations developed irrigation systems. In many places, in ­temperature and rainfall patterns. the situation is exacerbated by poor access In ­addition, they often lack access to risk to sound agronomic knowledge. Productivity reduction mechanisms such as social is also affected by climate change. security systems and insurance schemes. The Government will therefore promote Greater crop diversity and better agronomic digitalisation and the use of technology, both knowledge can make crops and livestock new innovations and adaptations of existing more resilient to environmental and climate solutions, among small-scale producers and change, diseases and economic fluctuations. other actors in the food system. This in turn can lead to a wider choice of food in the market and better nutrition. Establishing sustainable food systems also entails limiting the negative climate and environmental effects of food production as far as possible, for example by minimising the expansion of crop land into forests. This means that productivity per unit area must be increased and the conservation of both crop land and forests must be strengthened. 18 Norway’s action plan for sustainable food systems 2019–2023 Global food production is based on a steadily decreasing number of crop varieties and livestock breeds. Introducing climate-resilient seed systems and enhancing species and genetic diversity are important for adapting agriculture to climate change. More needs to be done to ensure that good quality seeds are available to the poorest farmers. This can be achieved by breeding new varieties and promoting local seed production. Norway is contributing to the conservation and ­sustainable use of genetic diversity, for example through support for community seed banks, the establishment and operation of the Svalbard Global Seed Vault, as well as active participation in relevant international forums. Pesticides used to control pests and weeds, can have adverse impacts on human and animal health and the environment. Animal husbandry, fisheries and ­Inadequate protective ­equipment combined aquaculture with inadequate systems for dealing with Animal husbandry, fisheries and aquaculture pesticide residues and packaging exacerbate are important in many low-income countries, the risks. It is vital to ensure that these both because they provide vital nutrients in substances are used correctly and that people’s diets, and because they are good ­alternatives, such as integrated plant source of income for small-scale producers. protection systems, are developed and However, in many areas, animal husbandry made known. is not very productive, partly due to a lack of systematic breeding programmes and scarcity Nomadic herdsmen tend to pasture their of feed. Poor animal welfare is also a problem animals on land that is unsuitable for in many countries. It is important to find growing crops and would not otherwise sustainable sources of animal feed that do not be used. Conflicts between herdsmen and compete with foods for human consumption. farmers over resources are nevertheless a familiar problem in parts of Africa. Diseases in farm animals and fish are These conflicts may escalate as conditions a significant risk factor in food production. become more difficult due to environmental A number of infectious farm animal diseases ­degradation, climate change, political and can be transmitted between animals and economic marginalisation and population humans, and the spread of disease among pressure. animals can lead to huge economic losses. A lack of or inadequate extension and veterinary services is a widespread problem in several of our partner countries. 19 Norway’s action plan for sustainable food systems 2019–2023 The emergence and spread of antimicrobial Extreme weather caused by climate change resistance have been recognised as a global is a growing risk for both livestock farmers problem, and unregulated use of antibiotics and small-scale fishermen. in animal husbandry and aquaculture is one of the causes. Sound farming practices, Norway’s efforts to promote clean and ­systematic breeding programmes, good healthy oceans, includes the sharing of hygiene, and access to vaccines can reduce knowledge about sustainable management the need for antibiotics while making it of fish stocks and safe and healthy seafood. possible to maintain or increase productivity The EAF-Nansen programme under the FAO levels. and the Fish for Development programme under Norway’s Knowledge Bank are In the fisheries and aquaculture sector, there key channels for our efforts in this area. is insufficient knowledge about resource As of 2018, food security has been included management, about relevant legislation and as a separate topic in the EAF-Nansen about adverse impacts of environmental programme. Our work to combat fisheries changes. The increasing amounts of plastic crime is being continued under the Blue waste and microplastics in the oceans are Justice initiative. In addition, in its report to a serious threat. Illegal, unreported and be presented in 2020, Prime Minister Erna unregulated fishing (IUU fishing) and other Solberg’s High-level Panel for a Sustainable fisheries crime are widespread problems Ocean Economy will make recommendations that are leading to the loss of important on how to achieve increased and sustainable resources and potential income, in particular use of ocean resources. in low-income countries. This is having a negative effect on food security and on living conditions for coastal communities. 20 Norway’s action plan for sustainable food systems 2019–2023 It is important that more development actors become engaged in protracted humanitarian crises at an earlier stage, as they can provide both long-term development expertise and more sustainable financing.19 This means that there is a need for greater tolerance of risk and greater flexibility in long-term development efforts in countries and regions affected by fragility. In particular, this applies to the risk of not achieving the desired results. Long-term aid to states and regions affected by conflict and fragility sometimes has to be altered or discontinued at short Disaster risk reduction notice, which can mean that the results are – a coherent approach undermined or even reversed.20 Norway will The rise in the number of people who have promote a coherent approach and closer limited or uncertain access to food is mainly coordination between humanitarian action due to an increase in war and conflict, and long-term development cooperation greater and more unpredictable variations in its efforts to promote sustainable food in weather and rainfall patterns, and more systems. frequent natural disasters. The growing problem of food insecurity as a result of drought and other climate change impacts could trigger or intensify conflicts and migration flows. The situation in sub-Saharan Africa has become particularly difficult. Most hunger crises are slow-onset crises with clear warning signs; a great deal can be achieved through preventive efforts and early action. The underlying factors that make some population groups more vulnerable to shortages of food and poor nutrition include unsustainable resource management, market failure, abuse of power and discrimination. Close cooperation within the UN and in the multilateral development banks is important for addressing slow-onset food crises early on, thus reducing humanitarian needs, as well as for increasing national and local resilience.

19 Ministry of Foreign Affairs (2018): Norway’s Humanitarian Strategy. An effective and integrated approach

20 Ministry of Foreign Affairs (2017): Strategisk rammeverk for norsk innsats i sårbare stater og regioner 21 (strategic framework for Norway’s engagement in conflict prevention, stabilisation and resilience building in countries and regions affected by conflict and fragility – Norwegian only) Norway’s action plan for sustainable food systems 2019–2023 2: Value creation and markets OBJECTIVE Increased sustainable value creation and private sector development in the food sector that ensures stable access to healthy and safe food and reduces food waste. ­ A steadily increasing proportion of the Food is most nutritious when it is fresh. ­population are settling in towns and cities The biological degradation starts immediately far away from the areas where farming after harvest, slaughter or catch. If food is to and fishing take place. This means that be kept for any time or transported over any food has to be transported to the markets. distance, it has to be treated in some way, for In low-income countries, this transport is example by drying, heat treatment, cooling often carried out by a chain of small- and or freezing. These processes often require medium-sized enterprises. For farmers, access to electricity and the necessary fishermen and those engaged in the food infrastructure. Good preservation processes processing industry, the market is where and other forms of food processing prevent income is generated. For consumers, the products from being spoiled or becoming market is where food is made available. unsafe to eat, and ensure that the nutrients are preserved as far as possible. Our aim is to ensure that as much nutritious food as possible is available to as many people as possible, and that markets offer people the chance to enjoy a healthy and balanced diet. FAO has estimated that a third of all food is lost on its way from producer to consumer.21 This leads to a considerable loss of income for food producers and reduces the amount of food available for consumers; it also increases the pressure on natural resources. Food waste in low-income countries is mainly due to economic, organisational, structural and technical limitations in food value chains.

21 Gustavsson, J., et.al. (2011): Global food losses and food waste, extent, causes and prevention. FAO report 23 Norway’s action plan for sustainable food systems 2019–2023 Developing and improving value chains The way food is marketed affects people’s requires a comprehensive approach. diets. Marketing can provide useful By working in partnership, the private sector, information, but it can also be misleading financial institutions and civil society can and unethical. It is important that the identify bottlenecks and find solutions. Civil rules and systems for food marketing take society organisations and the authorities proper account of consumer interests, can provide valuable insight and expertise including issues relating to health. The Codex and can help secure the involvement of ­Alimentarius Commission has developed small-scale producers, thus promoting standards in this area. private sector development and contributing to poverty reduction. Access to clean water and energy are crucial for many activities along food value chains. In most low-income countries, women Efforts to ensure supplies of clean water and predominate in the food markets, both energy can therefore contribute to private as sellers and buyers. However, women sector development and job creation. often do not have the same rights and ­opportunities as men. It is important Norfund, Norway’s development finance that women have access to the means of institution, has a mandate to promote ­production, paid work, and the opportunity private sector development and job to profit from the value chain. creation in the private sector in low-income countries through profitable and sustainable In low-income countries, the proportion of i­nvestments. As an active, responsible young people tends to be high. For many minority investor that can provide equity, of these young people, small-scale food loans and risk capital, Norfund can help ­production will not offer a satisfactory future. to establish enterprises that contribute Job creation along sustainable food value to ­development and growth in areas of chains is one way of making use of this importance for food systems. important source of labour. Food may contain harmful or pathogenic substances if it is not handled properly. Under the Codex Alimentarius Commission, the World Health Organization (WHO) and FAO are working together to develop food safety standards that can be applied in the international food trade. These standards are a means of ensuring that safe food ­production benefits the population. They also help the authorities to meet export ­requirements. 24 Norway’s action plan for sustainable food systems 2019–2023 25 Norway’s action plan for sustainable food systems 2019–2023 3: Nutrition and diet OBJECTIVE Improved nutrition and sustainable consumption patterns due to improved knowledge and access to healthy and varied diets, safe food and clean drinking water. The UN defines a sustainable diet as a diet Marginalised groups are particularly that has a low environmental impact and vulnerable to malnutrition.22 From the date contributes to food and nutrition security of conception, there is a 1000-day window and to a healthy life for present and future of opportunity to prevent undernutrition generations; in other words, a diet that causing irreversible impairment of a child’s takes into account health, environmental, cognitive and physical development. If this economic and social factors. A large number window of opportunity is missed, there is of people cannot afford to meet their family’s a higher risk that the child will be caught in basic food needs. At the same time, cheap, a cycle of poverty due to recurrent illness, industrially processed and unhealthy food learning difficulties, and fewer development is becoming more widely available. This has opportunities and lower income. led to an unacceptably high prevalence of malnutrition. Malnutrition in childhood increases the risk of obesity and diet-related chronic New consumption patterns that are diseases in later life. This can have serious ­compatible with sustainable food production ­consequences for society. It has been and a healthy diet will be crucial for achieving ­estimated that stunting among children the SDGs and the climate targets and for accounts for a reduction in gross domestic meeting the needs of a growing world product in Africa of up to 11 percent.23 population. Teenage mothers are more likely to have children with low birth weight, which in turn increases the risk of undernutrition at a later stage. It is important to take a ­comprehensive approach to the issue of teenage pregnancy that includes a focus on nutrition.

22 Save the Children (2016): Unequal Portions

23 AU, NEPAD, WFP, UN: The Cost of Hunger in Africa – Social and Economic Impact of Child Undernutrition in Egypt, Ethiopia, Swaziland and Uganda 27 Norway’s action plan for sustainable food systems 2019–2023 When women delay their first pregnancy Eating fish and other food from the oceans and have good nutritional status, this helps and inland waters can have important health to break the negative spiral where under­ benefits. Fish provide minerals, vitamins, and nutrition is passed on from one generation to high-quality protein that is easily absorbed the next. by the body. A varied diet that includes fish is important for addressing both undernutrition Breastfeeding should be promoted and and the increasing prevalence of obesity. Small facilitated in order to give children the fish that are consumed whole are particularly best possible start. Breast milk provides nutritious, because they are rich in minerals babies with the nutrients they need for that are otherwise in short supply in the diets healthy growth and development, and of large population groups. The Government exclusive breastfeeding is recommended will work to strengthen the role of seafood for the first six months.24 It is important in improving food security and nutrition. that ­comprehensive health services are available and provide information about Other healthy foods, such as fruit, vegetables, breastfeeding, nutrition and diet. legumes and nuts, should also make up a larger part of people’s diets. Efforts to promote healthy diets and good nutrition must be based on knowledge, including data and statistics on the popula- tion’s diet, information on the nutritional value and analyses of the foods that are available. Non-communicable diseases reduce the life quality of those affected and their families, place a huge economic burden on national health budgets, and lead to a reduction of the potential labour force. Although the main problem in low-income countries remains a lack of sufficient nutritious food, these coun- tries are also seeing a growing trend towards consumption of unhealthy food, especially in the expanding urban areas. The fact that a diet based on industrially processed food may be cheaper but less nutritious than a diet based on local foods and traditions is a problem that has implications for the fight against poverty. Efforts to preserve good local food traditions are important in light of marketing of unhealthy foods and drinks.

24 WHO Health topics: Breastfeeding 28 Norway’s action plan for sustainable food systems 2019–2023 Nutrition programme Norway is stepping up its efforts to combat all forms of hunger and malnutrition, and will develop a 10-year nutrition programme (2019–2028) in connection with this action plan. The main objective of the nutrition programme will be to reduce stunting. It will focus on maternal, infant and young child health, with particular emphasis on the first 1000 days after conception. Reducing stunting is one of WHO’s global targets for improving maternal, infant and young child nutrition.25 Good nutrition also depends on good water supplies and sanitation, good hygiene and the The nutrition programme will also look absence of disease. Unsafe water and poor at the links between the various forms of hygiene and sanitation can cause diseases malnutrition, and at the direct and indirect and malnutrition. Drinking water is our most causes of this problem. The programme important nutrient, and access to clean water will complement Norway’s development is a crucial factor for food security. efforts in the fields of agriculture, health and education. It will involve political advocacy Public health depends on good animal and as well as concrete measures to address plant health and on safe food. Some of the the needs of the most vulnerable groups. most serious infectious animal diseases can In connection with the programme, Norway be transmitted between animals and humans. will also take part in relevant global forums where nutrition is discussed. As many as 2.8 billion people worldwide do not have modern cooking stoves, and More information about the programme have to prepare their food using wood, will be published on the Norad (Norwegian charcoal or coal. This leads to serious health Agency for Development Cooperation) problems as daily exposure to toxic smoke website. from traditional cooking stoves can cause illness and death. In addition, there are environmental consequences – as trees are cut down to provide fuel. There are also social consequences – as women and children spend many hours a day collecting wood, and when they move far from home, they can also be at risk of abuse.

25 WHO (2014): Comprehensive implementation plan on maternal, infant and young child nutrition 29 Norway’s action plan for sustainable food systems 2019–2023 4: Policy and governance OBJECTIVE Sustainable food systems are promoted at national, regional and global levels, and strengthened through institution building. Political leadership and good governance are The 17 SDGs all have relevance for our essential for establishing sustainable food efforts to promote sustainable food systems. systems.26 SDG 2 on ending hunger is obviously of crucial importance, as are SDG 1 on ending Policies related to agriculture, fisheries, trade, poverty and SDG 3 on good health. However, private sector, environment and climate, these goals cannot be seen in isolation from education, and health and nutrition all play a the other goals. part in developing sustainable food systems. However, coordinating various policy areas Intensifying the focus on nutrition is in within a sustainable framework that also line with the SDGs, the Rome Declaration improves food security and nutrition is on World Food Security, the UN Decade of a challenging task. Action on Nutrition, and other commitments under multilateral organisations such as WHO and FAO. Implementing global Global and regional efforts and environmental and climate agreements, such commitments as the Paris Agreement and the Convention Norway has made commitments at the on Biological Diversity, is vital. Working to global level in several areas of importance achieve the goal and targets in the Sendai to food systems, and we are contributing Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction is also to the development of guidelines on foods of great importance. systems in many different forums. In certain areas, we are also cooperating with regional organisations.

26 CFS (2017): Nutrition and food systems. HLPE report no 12. 31 Norway’s action plan for sustainable food systems 2019–2023 The multilateral system is playing a key National efforts – a holistic approach role in the efforts to achieve the SDGs, National authorities are responsible for ­particularly in low-income countries. Norway national food security. Norway wants intends to support multilateral ­organisations to contribute to efforts to improve food in their reform efforts to ensure that ­security in relevant countries, through these ­organisations are relevant, have dialogue with the authorities and legitimacy and achieve results.27 Multilateral ­capacity-building measures to enable them agreements and frameworks safeguard the to implement their policies. rights of small countries to their natural resources, and ensure that they have access Food systems encompass a number of to international markets to sell their goods. ­traditional sectors. Coordinating work in these various sectors can be challenging. The Committee on World Food Security At the same time, food systems are (CFS) in the UN is an important forum for undermined when different sectors pull in policy development, and brings together different directions. Energy, infrastructure, stakeholders from civil society, private irrigation, fuel, machinery and transport are sector, multilateral organisations and all elements that need to be coordinated for research i­nstitutions. Among the CFS’s food systems to be effective. main products are voluntary guidelines and ­recommendations for policy formation in a Global, regional and national policy goals range of areas. Today, there are guidelines must be translated into concrete measures and policy recommendations for several that can be implemented at national and relevant areas, such as the right to adequate local level. This requires effective systems food, land tenure, different agricultural and institutions. A number of low-income systems, and fisheries governance. In 2019, countries need to strengthen their capacity the CFS is in the process of developing to develop and implement national policy guidelines on ­sustainable food systems. to support food systems. Norway can play a part by supporting education and institution Goals set at the regional level will also building. be important in our work to promote ­sustainable food systems. For Norway’s Civil society organisations can drive these partner countries, the goals set by the African efforts, at both local and national level, and Union (AU), including the commitments and can also play an important advocacy role. call for action set out in the 2014 Malabo Support for local organisations is important Declaration on Accelerated Agricultural in order to build up their capacity. In some Growth28 will be particularly important. cases, it may be useful to establish closer cooperation between local organisations and Norwegian actors.

27 Meld. St. 27 (2018-2019). Norway’s role and interests in multilateral cooperation.

28 NEPAD (2014): Malabo declaration on accelerated agricultural growth 32 Norway’s action plan for sustainable food systems 2019–2023 Indigenous peoples account for less than 5 percent of the world’s population, but make up 15 percent of the world’s poorest. They make use of and manage large areas of land, but often do not have formal ownership rights to this land. Supporting indigenous peoples’ right to land and to preserve traditional food systems in tropical forests and other vulnerable ecosystems contributes to increased food production, the fight against hunger and reduction of greenhouse gas emissions. Norway is helping to put indigenous peoples’ rights on the agenda in a number of international forums and through cooperation at country level. The right to food and the rights of marginalised groups Young people make up a large part of the For several decades, Norway has been at population in many low-income countries, the forefront of efforts to establish the but are often not properly listened to or right to food as a universal human right. included in processes that affect them and Recognition of the right to food is essential their future. Norway intends to strengthen its for ­establishing sustainable food systems. cooperation with youth organisations, with a view to increasing youth participation along Women make up a considerable proportion the food value chains. of the workforce that is engaged in food production and food systems in low-income countries, but they do not have the same The Knowledge Bank opportunities and rights as men. In many In 2018, Norway established the Knowledge countries, local customs and traditional Bank to support technical cooperation gender roles only allow women access to between government institutions in Norway land through the men in their family. Women and equivalent institutions in partner tend to have less access to productive countries. This cooperation will include resources, extension services, training, credit, i­nstitutions working in the areas of food secu- organisations and markets. Supporting rity, agriculture, food from the oceans and efforts to strengthen women’s rights and inland waters, and nutrition and food safety. opportunities can bring considerable ­benefits Norway has expertise in these areas that is in to women, and can enhance economic demand internationally, and that will now be ­development and increase the self-sufficiency made available to low-income countries. With of low-income countries. Norway is providing this in view, a new Agriculture for Develop- precisely this type of support in cooperation ment programme is being ­established under with a range of different actors. the auspices of the Knowledge Bank. 33 Norway’s action plan for sustainable food systems 2019–2023 Partners Norway cooperates with a wide range Due to their presence in the country of partners on the implementation of concerned and their local partners, these Norwegian policies. The Government is organisations are often able to reach parts seeking to strengthen this cooperation with a of the population that, for geographical, view to promoting food security through the economic or social reasons, can be development of sustainable food systems. difficult to reach through large-scale national programmes. The chances of success are greater when measures are backed up by knowledge, In addition, some civil society organisations including insight into the local context, and give marginalised groups a voice and play tolerance of financial risk. It is therefore an important advocacy role vis-à-vis the important that Norway’s efforts to promote authorities at local, national or international sustainable food systems make use of a range level. of channels that encourage ­cooperation between the various actors. Norwegian development policy aims to be based on knowledge. Norway has strong Civil society, research institutions and centres of expertise in fields relating to food the private sector systems that can carry out relevant research. Both Norwegian and local civil society Norway has also supported the Consultative ­organisations are important partners in Group for International Agricultural Research Norway’s aid efforts. These organisations (CGIAR)29 for many years, and we will continue are often familiar with the situation on the to do so. ground. They tend to have extensive local networks and are often good at finding solutions.

29 CGIAR is made up of the following research institutions: Africa Rice Center, Biodiversity International, Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR), International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA), International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT), International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI), International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Inter national Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), International Potato Center (CIP), International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), International Water Management Institute (IWMI), World Agroforestry (ICRAF), WorldFish 34 Norway’s action plan for sustainable food systems 2019–2023 At the same time, it is important to ensure Bilateral and regional cooperation that research results are translated into Through bilateral cooperation, Norway practice. Participation in research projects and ­establishes closer contact both with the cooperation between research institutions ­authorities and target groups, and can in Norway and our partner countries are improve project management in cooperation important in this respect. Together with with its partners in the country concerned. relevant research institutions, we will seek to ensure that food producers have access to In their efforts to promote economic growth knowledge and that broad, interdisciplinary and reduce poverty, partner countries are cooperation is established. putting more emphasis on private sector development and foreign investment rather With regard to innovation and digitalisation, than traditional development aid. In this there is a need to give small-scale food context, there is considerable interest in producers access to both existing and technical cooperation and in capacity and new technology, with a view to testing this institution building. technology, identifying effective solutions and making them more widely available. Regional organisations are increasingly important partners in Norway’s development Facilitating cooperation between the public cooperation. They play a key role both at and private sector is important for developing the normative level and on the ground. supply chains, value chains and markets, For example, the African Union (AU) plays and for strengthening the private sector in an important role in regional cooperation low-income countries. The private sector can and the development of markets. Norway help to promote commercial food production. is already cooperating with the AU in various Norway supports the Food and Land Use areas related to food systems. Coalition (FOLU), a public-private initiative that helps countries to identify their comparative The multilateral system advantages and develop strategies for The multilateral system, in which Norway exporting and importing food. The situation takes an active part, plays a crucial role in will vary considerably between countries global normative processes and international due to differences between their natural policy development. Around half of Norway’s conditions. aid is channelled through multilateral actors. Some of the multilateral actors that are particularly important for promoting ­sustainable food systems are described below. 35 Norway’s action plan for sustainable food systems 2019–2023 The Food and Agriculture Organization of The World Health Organization (WHO) is the UN (FAO) has a mandate to achieve food the UN specialised agency for health, and ­security for all as well as end hunger and both nutrition and food safety are among its malnutrition. FAO develops global norms fields of expertise. WHO plays a normative for sustainable food systems, and collects role, for example through its science-based and analyses statistics to provide status and recommen­dations for effective health identify development trends in food security ­measures, which include advice and ­measures and biodiversity. It also works to develop to promote breastfeeding and good infant agriculture, forestry and fisheries, particularly nutrition, healthy diets and safe food. in low-income countries. Codex Alimentarius was established by WHO The World Food Programme (WFP) is an and FAO to develop global food standards. important partner in the field of humanitarian Codex Alimentarius is referred to in World aid, in efforts to promote economic and social Trade Organization agreements, as are development and in the work to strengthen the World Organisation for Animal Health the links between these areas. WFP has a (OIE) and the International Plant Protection dual mandate: 80 percent of its efforts focus Convention (IPPC). on humanitarian aid, while the remaining 20 percent focus on building resilience Global health funds are important for through measures to improve food security promoting targeted efforts. Norway is working and ­nutrition, for example school feeding to ensure that these funds strengthen programmes. national health systems in the countries where they are active. The Global Financing The International Fund for Agricultural Facility for Women, Children and Adolescents ­Development (IFAD) is a UN specialised (GFF) is an important private-public partner- agency that functions as an international ship in this context. The GFF also supports financial institution. Its aim is to reduce efforts to improve nutrition. poverty by providing low-interest loans and grants for rural and agricultural development. The UN Children’s Fund (UNICEF) plays an important part in the implementation of programmes that focus on children and young people. In order to achieve the best possible results, UNICEF takes an integrated approach to the areas of health, clean water, hygiene, nutrition and education. It has its own programmes on early child development and nutrition. 36 Norway’s action plan for sustainable food systems 2019–2023 Norway also supports UN Environment International trade and investment can (UNEP), the world’s leading environmental promote more climate-friendly and environ- authority. A healthy environment is a mentally sound development and encourage prerequisite for long-term food security. the location of different forms of production UNEP also promotes sustainable production in areas where they will put the least pressure and sustainable consumption of food. on the environment. In principle, there is no contradiction between an open world trading Predictable rules for international trade system and a sound climate and environ- adopted by the World Trade Organization mental policy. The multilateral development (WTO) provide a vital framework for ensuring banks, including the World Bank and the that the global food system functions African Development Bank, play an important effectively. Free trade is crucial for global part in the efforts to increase food production food security. It makes it possible for foods and develop more profitable agriculture. to be produced in the countries where the The development banks are also working conditions for production are best. This in to improve food distribution, develop basic turn leads to growth and value creation in infrastructure, create jobs in the agricultural the countries concerned. Norway actively sector, and secure the involvement of the supports and promotes free trade. We will private sector with a view to strengthening continue to work to develop a fair global trade financing and cooperation. regime under the WTO and will encourage more countries to open up their markets Through its support to the multilateral to goods from low-income countries. It is system, Norway is helping low-income important that the WTO’s trade regime and countries to reach the SDGs, achieve food Norway’s free trade agreements take climate security, improve nutrition, and gain access to change and environmental considerations international markets. In this way, Norwegian into account. The international trade aid is also making a difference in countries regime can play a role in facilitating more with which we do not have a bilateral environmentally sound and climate-friendly partnership. development, by promoting increased trade in environmental goods and services and by reducing unnecessary barriers to this trade. 37 Norway’s action plan for sustainable food systems 2019–2023 Objectives and targets Norway will intensify its efforts to reach SDG Over the next five years, the Norwegian 2 by working to end hunger, achieve food Government will work to achieve the security, improve nutrition and promote following eight targets, by implementing the sustainable food systems. This action plan action points set out below each of them: sets out how this work will be carried out. Our overall objective is to ensure increased 1.The knowledge and technology needed food security through the development for sustainable and climate-resilient food of sustainable food systems. We have production has been developed, made i­dentified four subsidiary objectives to accessible, is applied and scaled up support this overall objective: • Promote the development and use of • Increased sustainable, climate-resilient technology that can enhance sustainable food production and increased productivity food production and increase productivity from agriculture, fisheries and aquaculture in the food producing sectors. This must sectors. be done in cooperation with small-scale farmers and fishermen and local partners. • Increased sustainable value creation Measures must be designed to meet the and private sector development in the needs of small-scale food producers, food sector that ensures stable access to including women producers and producers healthy and safe food and reduces food from marginalised groups. waste. • Strengthen the knowledge and skills • Improved nutrition and sustainable needed for sustainable food production consumption patterns due to improved at local, national and global level. This will knowledge and access to healthy and include improving extension services and varied diets, safe food and clean drinking vocational training in areas related to food water. systems, and strengthening knowledge • Sustainable food systems in place that are in the fields of agriculture, fisheries and promoted at national, regional and global aquaculture. level, and strengthened through institution • Increase access to the necessary inputs for building. food production and to information about the correct use of these inputs. Integrated pest management is important in this context, as is the development and use of alternatives to chemical pesticides. 38 Norway’s action plan for sustainable food systems 2019–2023 • Promote the creation of jobs relating to 4. Food producers and their local food systems, including the development communities are better equipped to deal of attractive opportunities for the increasing with natural disasters and other adverse proportion of young people in Africa. impacts of climate change • Facilitate the use of digital solutions and • Support the development of social security other appropriate technology to support systems, forecast-based financing for food systems. risk reduction measures, and insurance schemes for vulnerable food producers 2. Biodiversity in food production and other vulnerable groups. has increased • Strengthen the development of weather and climate services for farmers, • Strengthen the management of genetic ­pastoralists and fishermen, and help to diversity of crops, livestock and fish at ensure increased access to, and use of, local, national and global level. these services. • Increase small-scale producers’ knowledge • Increase knowledge about climate change, about plant varieties and animal breeds, natural disasters, and disaster risk and provide access to a greater variety ­reduction among food producers. of both. • Strengthen plant and animal breeding 5. Sustainable value chains from source at both local and national level. to market have been developed and strengthened 3. Food production has become more sustainable and climate-smart • Provide support for small- and medium-­ sized enterprises and entrepreneurs in the • Reduce pollution levels and releases areas of business development and access of pollutants to air, soil and water through to financing, and help to put in place better agronomy and sustainable use risk-mitigation instruments for businesses of inputs. that are starting up. • Conserve biodiversity through sustainable • Help to strengthen cooperation between management of agricultural land and areas food producers and other stakeholders used for aquaculture. in food value chains, and to build compe- • Contribute to prevent the deterioration of tence in the field of food processing. It is ecosystem services and an increase in food important that appropriate technology is insecurity as a result of loss of biodiversity, made available for these actors. climate change and land degradation. • Foster partnerships between the private • Contribute to reduce deforestation sector, financial institutions, educational caused by food production supply chains, and research institutions, civil society particularly in tropical areas. organisations and the authorities with a view to developing efficient, sustainable food value chains. 39 Norway’s action plan for sustainable food systems 2019–2023 • Promote corporate social responsibility 7. Information and guidance on maternal throughout the supply chain, with a view to and child health have been enhanced ending slavery, forced labour and human and measures to improve nutrition for trafficking in connection with food systems. schoolchildren, young people and adults have been implemented • Link efforts to promote renewable energy to food value chains. • Intensify efforts targeting children under • Contribute to reduce food waste and the age of five, with a particular focus on improve the utilisation of resources in food the first 1000 days after conception, with value chains. the aim of reducing stunting. Efforts to improve nutrition are to be more closely • Contribute to ensure that more women linked to our work in the fields of food are able to engage in the full range of production, health and education. This business activities along food value chains, work will include dissemination of informa- by providing start-up support to women tion about maternal health, breastfeeding entrepreneurs, supporting the establish- and nutritious diets. ment of women’s groups, and promoting women’s access to loans and credit. • Improve access to safe and healthy food that is affordable for all. 6. Food safety, and animal and plant • Support school feeding programmes, health in partner countries have been giving priority to varied locally produced improved food, and help to ensure that schools teach children about good nutrition and healthy • Support national authorities in the diets. develop­ment and implementation • Contribute to improve nutritional status, of ­policies on food safety and animal efforts to promote good nutrition and and plant health and the fight against the provision of information about ­antimicrobial resistance. healthy diets through strengthened, • Contribute to strengthen institutions and ­comprehensive health services and legislation of relevance to food safety, vocational training related to food systems. including legislation on pesticides and • Support the development and animal and plant health, and increase ­communication of information about knowledge about this legislation diet-related diseases. throughout the food value chain. Health and consumer interests must be a primary • Contribute to improve access to technology consideration. (such as cooking stoves) that do not cause indoor air pollution. • Disseminate information about the production, harvesting, storage and prepa- ration of safe food and on the prevention of food- and water-borne diseases. 40 Norway’s action plan for sustainable food systems 2019–2023 8. Global and regional frameworks for • Contribute to the development of sustainable food systems, as well ­sustainable financing for food systems. as national policies and governance • Promote sustainable fisheries, aquaculture structures for these systems, have been and seafood in connection with the work developed and strengthened to improve food security and nutrition, • Play a leading role internationally in the and intensify the fight against illegal, efforts to promote sustainable food unreported and unregulated fishing and systems. This will include taking an active other fisheries crime, for example through part in multilateral arenas and platforms the Blue Justice initiative. where policy guidelines and standards for • Strengthen national and global efforts sustainable food systems are developed. to combat environmental crime that Norway will seek to strengthen the focus undermines food systems, including efforts on marginalised groups, and will champion to stop illegal hunting and illegal land the right to food. clearing. • Actively promote free trade; this will • Continue and further develop existing include working to ensure a fair global Norwegian initiatives that support trade regime under the WTO and sustainable food systems, for example encouraging more countries to open up Norway’s International Climate and Forest their markets to goods from low-income Initiative and the Global Action Network countries. on Sustainable Food from the Oceans • Strengthen national expertise on the and Inland Waters for Food Security and development and implementation of policy Nutrition. relating to sustainable food systems, and • Establish a new Agriculture for strengthen relevant institutions, through Development programme under the technical cooperation, South-South Knowledge Bank. Secure the involvement cooperation, and exchanges. of relevant institutions in projects within • Cooperate with relevant countries on their respective areas of expertise. The ensuring compliance with national programme is to be coordinated with the legislation and international commitments Fish for Development programme and a relating to sustainable food systems, new Ocean for Development programme. including nationally determined contribu- • Support national authorities in developing tions under the Paris Agreement. nutrition plans and to strengthen • Help to strengthen women’s rights and public services so these plans can be increase their opportunity to influence ­implemented. decisions relating to sustainable food systems at national and international levels. 41 Norway’s action plan for sustainable food systems 2019–2023 Implementation It is not envisaged that any single project Interministerial cooperation will be able to cover the whole food system, Hold regular interministerial meetings to but our partners are expected to consider discuss the implementation of this action the links between the economic, social and plan, with particular focus on institutional environmental aspects of their work. In order cooperation and efforts under the ­Knowledge to develop and maintain a system-wide Bank. The interministerial working group approach, the Norwegian Government will: that developed this action plan will remain active throughout the time period covered by Policy the plan. Include the issue of sustainable food systems in international negotiations, and Reference group include efforts in this area in relevant policy A reference group for the action plan, made documents from the various ministries, such up of representatives of civil society, the as the strategies on antimicrobial resistance, private sector and the research community, on renewable energy in developing countries has been established. Meetings with (Ministry of Foreign Affairs), on climate the reference group will be held twice change adaptation, resilience and the fight a year. The aim is to maintain a close against hunger (Ministry of Foreign Affairs), dialogue on progress, and on opportuni- on environmental crime (Ministry of Climate ties and ­challenges associated with the and Environment), on hazardous substances i­mplementation of the action plan. (Ministry of Climate and Environment), and on non-­communicable diseases (Ministry of Portfolio development and results-based Foreign Affairs), as well as the white paper management on digitalisation in development policy Ensure that Norway’s aid portfolio is (Ministry of Foreign Affairs). developed in line with the priorities set out in this action plan, and take steps to The ministries will follow-up the action plan ensure effective results-based management. within their respective areas of responsibility. At present, Norway does not have any partners, projects or programmes that can cover whole food systems. The action plan is to be implemented through projects and programmes of different sizes and through political dialogue that can promote results in parts of a food system. Results-based management will mainly be carried out at project and programme level. 42 Norway’s action plan for sustainable food systems 2019–2023 A system-wide approach is to be taken. The role of Norway’s diplomatic and New measures are to be systematically consular missions considered against the objectives set out in Intensify efforts to promote sustainable food the action plan. Furthermore, new measures systems in certain partner countries. are to be considered in light of one another and with a view to achieving the overall Ensure that the most relevant missions objective of promoting sustainable food are well informed about food systems, can systems. engage in dialogue with the authorities in the countries concerned, and can thus contribute Results reporting to an integrated approach to these efforts. Link the eight targets and action points listed above to specific SDGs and their subsidiary Budget targets in Norway’s reporting on the SDGs. The Government will intensify its efforts to end hunger, achieve food security, improve The plan is to carry out a mid-term review in nutrition and promote sustainable food 2021 and a final evaluation in 2023. systems. The work to achieve the objectives of this action plan will be funded over several budget chapters. Increases in the allocations will have to be covered within the overall yearly budgetary frames. 43 Published by: Ministry of Foreign Affairs Additional copies may be ordered from: Norwegian Government Security and Service Organisation www.publikasjoner.dep.no Telephone: +47 22 24 00 00 Publications are available at: www.regjeringen.no Publication number: E-998 E Design and Illustrations: Miksmaster · www.miksmaster.no Print: Norwegian Government Security and Service Organisation 09/2019 – Impression 500