Water Supply and Sanitation Policy of the Jigawa State, April 2010

2.1 National Policy and Legal Framework .................................................... 22

2.2 National Policy Cost sharing arrangement ............................................. 24

3.0 WATER SUPPLY SITUATION IN JIGAWA STATE. .......................................... 26

3.1 GEOGRAPHY: ................................................................................................................ 26

3.2 HYDROGEOLOGY ........................................................................................................ 26

4.0 THE NEED FOR THE POLICY: ................................................................................... 28

5.0 CORE PRINCIPLES AND VALUES............................................................................ 31

6.0 POLICY THRUST.............................................................................................................. 33

7.0 POLICY GOAL ................................................................................................................... 34

7.1 Policy Objectives ....................................................................................................... 34

7.2 Policy Targets for Water Supply and Sanitation...................................... 35

7.3 Policy Guidelines ....................................................................................................... 37

8.0 KEY COMPONENTS OF THE POLICY:................................................................... 39

8.1 Water Supply............................................................................................................... 39

8.1.1 Urban and Small Towns Water Supply ................................................. 41

8.1.2 Rural Water Supply ......................................................................................... 45 8.1.2a Technology ........................................................................................................ 45 8.1.2b Community Management ......................................................................... 47

8.2 Operation and Maintenance ........................................................................... 48

8.3 Financing Mechanisms ...................................................................................... 48

8.4 Mechanisms for Delivery .................................................................................. 49 1

9.0 SANITATION ................................................................................................................ 50

9.1 Technology .............................................................................................................. 51

9.3 Community-based Approach ......................................................................... 52

9.4 Prioritization of most vulnerable communities ................................... 53

10.0 HEALTH AND HYGIENE PROMOTION ............................................................. 53

10.1 Water supply and sanitation in schools and public places .................... 55

11.0 SECTOR REFORMS .................................................................................................... 56

11.1 Sector Coordination .............................................................................................. 56

11.2 Separation of Functions ...................................................................................... 57

11.3 Sector Regulation ................................................................................................... 57

11.4 Sector Accountability ........................................................................................... 58

11.5 Cost Recovery........................................................................................................... 58

11.6 Gender Consideration .......................................................................................... 60

11.7 Pro-poor consideration ....................................................................................... 60

11.8 Water Supply and Sanitation integration ................................................. 60

11.9 Environmental and Health concerns ............................................................ 61

11.10 Sector-Wide Approach to Planning ........................................................... 61

11.11 Policy Review ......................................................................................................... 62

12.0 INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK............................................................................. 62

12.1 Key Players ................................................................................................................... 62

12.2 Roles and Responsibilities of Key Players ................................................ 63

12.3 Ministry of Water Resources ....................................................................... 63

12.4 The Jigawa State Water Board ................................................................... 64

12.6 Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Agency (RUWASSA) .............. 68

12.7 Roles and Responsibilities of Related MDAs ........................................ 68 12.7a. Regulation and Coordination Department ............................................ 68 12.7b LGA WASH Department .............................................................................. 69

12.8 Roles and Responsibilities of Other Partners ....................................... 71 12.8a Development support partners ............................................................ 72 12.8b Communities........................................................................................................ 72 12.8c Private Sector ............................................................................................... 73 2 12.8d NGOs ............................................................................................................... 75 13 KEY REFORM STRATEGIES ............................................................................................. 76

13.1 Human Resource Development ...................................................................... 76

13.2 Research and Development ........................................................................ 76

13.3 Strategic Planning and Implementation .............................................. 77

13.4 Legislative Implications ................................................................................. 78

13.5 Monitoring and Evaluation .......................................................................... 79

14.0 CONCLUSION .......................................................................................................... 80 3 List of Abbreviations/Acronyms: CLTS: Community Led Total Sanitation CSO: Civil Society Organisation CSS: Country Support Strategy DFID: Department of International Development (UK.Gov. Department) ECD: European Commission Delegation EDF: European Development Fund EIA: Environmental Impact Assessment EPA: Environmental Protection Agency EU: European Union FGN: Federal Government of Nigeria Fig.: Figure FMAWR: Federal Ministry of Agriculture and Water Resources FPIU: Federal Programme Implementation Unit GIS: Geographical Information System GPS: Global Positioning System HC: House Connections IMS: Information Management System IWRM: Integrated Water Resources Management JARDA: Jigawa Agriculture and Rural Development Agency JSWB: Jigawa State Water Board (Urban Water Supply) LEEDS: Local Economic Empowerment and Development 4 List of Abbreviations/Acronyms: Strategy LGA: Local Government Area MDGs: Millennium Development Goals MoU: Memorandum of Understanding MWR: Ministry of Water Resources M&E: Monitoring & Evaluation MTSS Medium Term Sector Strategies NDHS Nigerian Demographic and Health Survey 2008 NEEDS: National Economic Empowerment and Development Strategy NGO: Non Governmental Organisation NPC: National Planning Commission O&M: Operation and Maintenance PPP: Public Private Partnership RBDA: River Basin Development Authority RUWASSA: Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Agency SEEDS: States Economic Empowerment and Development Strategy SMWR: State Ministry of Water Resources STOWA: Small Town Water Supply & Sanitation Agency SWB: State Water Board (Urban Water Supply) UfW: Unaccounted-for-Water UNICEF: United Nations Children’s Fund VIP: Ventilated Improved Pit latrine WASH: Water, Sanitation and Hygiene 5 List of Abbreviations/Acronyms: WCA: Water Consumer Association WHO: World Health Organisation WS&Q: Water Supply & Quality WS&S: Water Supply & Sanitation WSSSRP: Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Reform Programme WTP: Water Treatment Plant 6 PREFACE Water is life and a fundamental human right. Provision of good quality and sufficient water for domestic and industrial uses is essential to healthy living and sustainable socio-economic development. Similarly, access to adequate sanitation facilities and hygiene education are indispensable to the promotion of good health and dignified life. Available statistics in the state show that 78.7% of the households in the state have access to improved source of drinking water through developed surface water, boreholes and protected wells, while 22.2% of the households have access to good means of sanitary disposal, (National Demographic and Health Survey, 2008). Also, available health statistics indicate that a large percentage of Jigawa State population, particularly women and children suffer routinely from water borne diseases. The Jigawa state government in line with its economic and social agenda which is pro-poor and gender responsive is poised to address the problems of water supply and sanitation , with a view to achieving the three essential water related millennium development goals( MDGs) viz:-  To halve by the year 2015 the number of people who are unable to access or afford safe drinking water; 7  To halve the proportion of people who do not have access to basic sanitation by 2015;  To manage the exploitation of water resources in a sustainable manner; This and other challenges in the sector inform the review of the state water supply policy. The goals set in this policy are intended to acknowledge the fact that water supply is an essential human right and being a conscious people-oriented government, the realization of this basic need of life has become a priority. Previous attempts to improve the provision of potable water supply and adequate sanitation have been piecemeal and lacked co-ordination and focus. The policy guidelines are developed to correct the anomalies for the effective socio-economic development of the state. The document has therefore put in place modalities designed to involve all the stakeholders in the realization of adequate, potable and sustainable water supply. Delivery on this commitment will be a tough challenge that requires the combined efforts of all key stakeholders at all levels. However, I am hopeful that with the arrangement put in place in this document which has defined commitments and responsibilities, the implementation of the policy shall by no means achieve the required goals and thereby improve the lives of our people. 8 On behalf of the Ministry of Water Resources, I wish to acknowledge the contribution of key partners including EU- WSSSRP, WaterAid Nigeria, UNICEF, NGOs and other stakeholders both within and outside Jigawa State that have made inputs through meetings, workshops, advocacies, interviews and visits in the realization of this very important document. In conclusion, I am optimistic that the stage is set to meeting the challenges of Water and Sanitation in Jigawa state, in this millennium and beyond. Alhaji Adamu Mu’azu, Chairman, Policy Development Committee. Jigawa State January,2010 9 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Jigawa State is one of thirty-six states that constitute Federal Republic of Nigeria. It has a total population of 4,348,649 million (2006 census) and it is situated in north-western part of the country between Latitudes 110N to 130N and Longitudes 80E to 10.150E. Kano and Katsina States border Jigawa to the west, Bauchi State to the east and Yobe State to the northeast. To the north, Jigawa shares an international border with Republic of Niger on which a Free-Trade Zone at the Border town of Maigatari exists. Existing water supply situation Available statistics according to NDHS (2008), indicate that 78.7% of the state population has access to safe water while 22.2% have access to sanitation. Health statistics also indicate that nearly half of Jigawa people, particularly women and children, suffer from water related diseases. The situation continues to pose a serious challenge to the State Government. Need of the Policy To ensure the attainment of government’s commitment to the provision of portable water, the Ministry of Water resources was established and charged with the responsibility of guaranteeing effective management of water resources in the state. 10 The formulation of a water supply policy is part of the process of ensuring that the Ministry has a tool for providing the expected leadership in the sector. The policy will therefore provide coherent approach to addressing the problems identified in the sector which includes: i. Lack of clearly defined water supply policy direction ii. Weak institutional framework for the delivery of services iii. Limited mandate for Local Government Water Environmental and Sanitation Units. iv. Poor maintenance culture for existing facilities. v. High cost of operation and maintenance of facilities vi. Inadequate manpower vii. Ineffective coordination of the activities of various Agencies viii. Limited allocation of financial resources ix. Limited private sector participation The policy will also help to put in perspective the way targets should be pursued and implemented over time. Core Principles and values The provisions of water supply services are to be implemented within the framework of internationally and nationally agreed principles and values. These are based on the following: i. Water is a finite and vulnerable resource, thus requiring an integrated approach to its management. 11 ii. Water is both a social and economic good, and therefore requires the adoption of efficient utilization mechanisms as well as ensuring that it is equitably distributed. iii. Water development and management should be based on participatory approach involving users, planners, and policy makers at all levels. iv. Women play a central role in the provision, management and safeguarding of water, which should be reflected in effective participation at all levels. v. Attention should be paid to effective and sustainable operation and maintenance. vi. Emphasis should be placed on policy development, institutional reform, capacity building, and creation of an enabling legal environment. vii. Water resources should be managed at the lowest appropriate levels. viii. CSOs, CBOs and other NGOs should be empowered to play key roles in promoting transparency, accountability, rule of law, efficiency and other ingredients necessary for good water governance in service delivery in the state. In adopting these as the core values of the policy framework, the Government of Jigawa State is expressing its commitment to promoting integrated water supply and sanitation service delivery that is people centred, as well as ensuring that existing water resources are used with a view that they will continue to serve the needs of the future generation. 12 Policy Trust The key focus is to use water supply and sanitation provision as a tool for improving health and wealth, particularly for women and children, thereby leading to poverty reduction. In consonance with this, the policy is based on an integrated approach that requires a mix of strategies such as the provision of physical facilities, sustained hygiene education, community empowerment for effective participation and the active involvement of private sector and NGOs in service delivery. The thrust of this policy therefore is based on the understanding that access to safe water supply and adequate sanitation, at least, at the minimum level of service is seen as a right to all citizens of Jigawa state. Policy Objectives The objectives set for the achievement of this policy are: i. To increase the level of water supply and sanitation services ii. To Increase access to water and sanitation services iii. To reduce the incidence of water related diseases in order to improve the quality of life and reduce poverty especially among women and children. 13 iv. To provide a strategic framework based on which programmes will be designed to address the problems on a sustainable basis. v. To ensure effective private sector and civil society participation in planning, implementation, monitoring and evaluation of water supply and sanitation service delivery. vi. To Undertake institutional reforms within the sector, as part of the governance reform process, with a view to increasing the efficiency and effectiveness of the Ministry of Water Resources and other service delivery Agencies. vii. To promote inclusive approaches which will ensure equity and gender considerations in water supply and sanitation service delivery. viii. To improve behavioral change on water sanitation and hygiene amongst the populace ix. To improve data generation, collection and processing. viii. To increase level of funding. Policy Targets for Water Supply In line with the above objectives, specific targets to be attained are: a. Access  Increase access to safe water in Jigawa state from the current 78.7% to 90% by 2015 14  Attain 100% access to safe water, water sanitation and hygiene by 2020 b. Level of service  Rural water supply represents settlements with population of less than 5,000 with minimum supply standard of 30 liters per capita per day;  Small towns water supply represents settlements with a population of 5,000- 20,000 with a minimum supply standard of 60 litres/capita per day;  Urban water supply represents settlements with population greater than 20,000 inhabitants, with a minimum standard of 90 litres per capita per day and at least 6 hours of continuous piped water supply services to households and public stand pipes where applicable. c. Distance of water source from dwelling The distance of potable water source from the dwelling should not exceed 250m or 30mins walking/waiting time. This will minimize the trauma that women, men, youths and children, particularly the girl-child suffer. d. Other sector Target  Schools: All public primary and secondary schools are to have functional water supply and sanitation facilities by the year 2015. The level of access to 15 water supply service should be such that each pupil gets at least 20 litres of water per day.  Other public places: All public places including Hospitals, places of worship, Markets, Motor parks, Community centres, stadia etc should have functional water supply and sanitation facilities by 2015. Policy Guidelines a. Communities: For purposes of this policy and in line with national classification, communities refer to:  Urban – those with population above 20,000 people; including all LGA Headquarters.  Small Towns – communities with population between 5,000 and 20,000;  Rural – communities with population up to or less than 5,000. b. Technology option For Jigawa state; technology options can include:  Urban: Boreholes, Infiltration Galleries and surface water abstraction, etc.  Small Towns: Motorized boreholes, solar powered schemes, etc. 16  Rural: Hand pumps, small solar schemes, rainwater harvesting, Wind pumps, Protected Wells. Where a rural community is contiguous with a town classified as urban or small town, it will be served by the Agency responsible for providing that urban community with water supply services. The demand-driven approach shall be used to promote the willingness of communities, private sector and citizen groups to participate in the delivery of sustainable services. Sector Reforms For effective implementation of the policy, there is the need for institutional reforms at State and Local Government levels. Jigawa State Government will continue to provide leadership as well as the political will needed to push the change processes envisaged especially in regulation, accountability, public-private partnership, gender and pro-poor focus. Conclusion The development of this water supply policy is a testimony of the strong commitment of government and the conviction of the citizens that challenges associated to water supply are understood and can be addressed in a systematic manner. While efforts had been made to bring together Government’s focus based on necessary global reform strategies into this policy. It is believed that whatever is being proposed is for the 17 present and future generations. With the current development efforts especially in the water sector, Jigawa State is ready to move from the level of basic access to water supply to a more commercial, customer oriented and citizen based water service provision. To ensure Government commitment to the implementation of this policy, and to attract wider and effective participation, detailed implementation strategies will be developed. Also, key elements of the policy will be drafted into a legal framework which will empower the implementers and also provide a level playing ground for citizens, private, public and community to participate in meeting the challenges in a sustainable manner.

1.0 INTRODUCTION: The design of the policy has been based on principles and processes used in the water supply sector, and are IWRM compliant, that is, it conforms to the holistic approach presented by integrated water resources management (IWRM). There is a section that gives an overview of the sector. This is a presentation of the general situation in Nigeria and Jigawa State in particular. There is also an enumeration of the principles and values underpinning the policy. The section on policy thrust is a presentation of the goals, objectives, targets and guidelines for its implementation. 18 The main section, which includes key components of the policy, covers the core areas of activity – water supply for urban, small towns (semi-urban), and rural areas. The issues outlined include technology choice, community management, operation and maintenance, and mechanisms for delivery. The section on water sanitation focuses on attitudinal change, role of the Local Governments, households and communities and the use of labor-based approaches. Other sections of the policy focus mainly on NGO and private sector participation, human resource development, research and development, information management and monitoring, assessment of the legislative environment and development of a strategic framework. The conclusion highlights the consistency between this policy and the general policy direction of the Government and proposes steps for taking the policy forward. The critical issue to consider is the fact that the policy provides the framework for engagement in the water supply sector. It is not an operational plan. This implies taking each section and developing an implementation framework that can be packaged into programmes. The formulation of the document has been achieved through the relentless efforts of many people, these efforts are highly acknowledged. 19

2.0 GENERAL OVERVIEW The Government of Nigeria recognizes water and sanitation as the most important need of man. Various Government initiatives geared towards meeting this basic and important need have been designed in the past. In spite of these initiatives, it is estimated that majority of the people in urban and rural areas still lack access to potable water supply and sanitation. The situation is such that average delivery in urban areas is only 32 litres per capita per day and 10 litres per capita per day for rural areas. The picture as it exists now poses a great challenge to Government at all levels. The United Nations declared the period 1980 to 1990 as the water and sanitation decade. The key element of the Water Decade is full coverage of water and sanitation for all citizens of the member countries of the UN. The African Convention on the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources enjoins member states to develop policies for the conservation, utilization and development of underground and surface water. As a signatory to both the UN Declaration and the African Convention, the Government of Nigeria has initiated various interventions in the water supply and sanitation sector. At the time of the review of the Water Decade by the African Working Group of the Collaborative Council on Water and Sanitation, 20 Nigeria was identified as one of the few countries with a draft water and sanitation policy. In 1992, Nigeria developed the Rural Water and Sanitation Sector Strategy and Action Plan. Urban and semi-urban schemes were also being implemented through the State Water Boards/Corporations. Through the policy and programmes identified, the Government initiatives yielded positive results. Overall performance in the sector indicates that coverage of water and sanitation has reached 57% and 42% for water and sanitation respectively. In spite of these achievements, available statistics indicate that there is more to be done, if the goal of the Water Decade of universal coverage is to be attained. The implementation process has resulted in lesson learning and this has helped to inform the design of interventions in the sector. A review of the 1992 policy led to the design of a new Water and Sanitation Policy in 2000 as well as a Strategic Framework to guide the implementation of the policy. In addition, the Small Towns Water and Sanitation Programme, is currently under implementation. The Government of Nigeria developed its blue print, the National Economic Empowerment and Development Strategy (NEEDS), for the socio-economic transformation of the country. Core to the success of the blue print, is institutional reforms at all levels of Government. The section on Water Resources Sector clearly states that potable water, as a basic necessity is not 21 available to a vast majority of the populace. The policy direction of the Government is to eradicate the scourge of water related diseases and improve supply and management for other productive activities. The efforts of the Federal Government of Nigeria are geared towards creating an enabling environment for public-private sector partnership, providing a lead to states so they can formulate their own policies and strategies for the provision of water supply and sanitation services in the country.

2.1 National Policy and Legal Framework The efforts of the Federal Government of Nigeria are geared towards creating an enabling environment for public private sector partnership, providing a lead to states so they can formulate their own policies and strategies for the provision of water supply and sanitation services in the country. Consequently, upon the preparation of the National Water Resources Master Plan in 1995 by JICA, the Water Resources Management Reform Programme commenced in 1997. This programme carried out a Water Sector review in the area of Legal and Regulatory Framework, Institutional Framework and Participatory Approach, Information and Water Resources Data base, Water Resources Economics and Financing, Environment and Resource Sustainability, Water Resources Infrastructure, Assets and Assets Management and International Waters. 22 Meanwhile, in the year 2000, the Federal Government came up with the National Water and Sanitation Policy which aims at providing sufficient potable water and sanitation to all Nigerians in an affordable and sustained manner through participatory investment by the three tiers of Government, the private sector and the beneficiary communities. The elements of the policy objective include:  Ensuring affordability of water supply and sanitation services for the citizens.  Guaranteeing affordable access for the poor to basic human need level of water supply and sanitation services. The National Water and Sanitation policy states that the reform agenda is based on the following principles: a. Water is an economic good b. Equity and poverty alleviation c. Autonomy of Water Supply and Sanitation Services Providers d. Management at the lowest appropriate level, Public Participation e. Policy making and regulatory role of government. f. The policy makes the supply of adequate water supply and sanitation a right of all Nigerians 23 g. It gives responsibility to the three tiers of government, the private sector and the beneficiary. h. It recognizes water as an economic good and the need to run water supplies as businesses i. It identifies the need for reform and for private sector participation j. It recognizes the special needs of women and the poor, and the need to link improved sanitation with water supply.

2.2 National Policy Cost sharing arrangement The 2000 National WSS Policy also clearly gives responsibility to the three tiers of government, the private sector and the beneficiary in terms of the contribution to WSS services delivery, as follows: COST SHARING FOR CAPITAL INVESTMENT AGENCY RURAL SMALLTOWNS URBAN WATER WATER FED. GOVT 50% 50% 30% STATE GOVT 25% 30% 60% LOCAL GOVT 20% 15% 10% COMMUNITY 5% 5% NIL Arising from the National Water AND Sanitation Policy, all states are expected to develop State Water Policy within the context of 24 their respective peculiarities. The Jigawa State has taken up this challenge by domesticating the National Water and Sanitation Policy document for the management and development of its water sector in the state, as follows: Cost Sharing for Capital Investment by Government agencies Agency Rural Small Town Urban Water Water water sanitation sanitation sanitation Fed. Govt. 50% 50% 30% State Govt. 25% 30% 60% Local Govt. 23% 18% 10% Community 2% 2% nil Where the Federal Government is not participating in the cost sharing arrangement, the State, Local Government and the communities shall adopt an appropriate cost sharing g formula Jigawa State Government recognizes water and sanitation to be essential for maintaining a healthy life and environment; both are fundamental for the socio-economic development of the State. This conviction has guided the design of interventions aimed at improving coverage of water and sanitation services. The Core Welfare Indicators Questionnaire survey (CWIQ) 25 provides a pointer on the level of need for improved water supply and sanitation and this continues to pose a challenge for the state government.

3.0 WATER SUPPLY SITUATION IN JIGAWA STATE.

3.1 GEOGRAPHY: Jigawa State is one of thirty-six States that constitute Federal Republic of Nigeria. It is situated in north-western part of the country between Latitudes 110N to 130N and Longitudes 80E to 10.150E. Kano and Katsina States border Jigawa to the west, Bauchi State to the east and Yobe State to the northeast. To the north, Jigawa shares an international border with Republic of Niger, which is a unique opportunity for cross-border trading activities. Government readily took advantage of this by initiating and establishing a Free-Trade Zone at the Border town of Maigatari.

3.2 HYDROGEOLOGY The State has a total land area of approximately 22,410 square kilometres. Its topography is generally characterized by undulating land, with sand dunes of various sizes spanning several kilometres in parts of the State. The southern part of Jigawa comprises the Basement Complex while the northeast is made up of sedimentary rocks of the Chad Formation. The main rivers are Hadejia, Kafin Hausa and Iggi Rivers with a number of 26 tributaries feeding extensive marshlands in north-eastern part of the State. Hadejia – Kafin Hausa River traverses the State from west to east through the Hadejia-Nguru wetlands and empties into Lake Chad Basin. Planning, Research, Regulation and Coordination Department Most parts of the State lie within the Sudan Savannah with elements of Guinea Savannah in the southern part. Total forest cover in the State is very much below national average of 14.8% [1]. Due to both natural and human factors, forest cover is being depleted, making northern part of the State highly vulnerable to desert encroachment. The State enjoys vast fertile arable land to which almost all tropical crops could adapt, thus constituting one of its highly prized natural resources. The Sudan Savannah vegetation zone is also made up of vast grazing lands suitable for livestock production.

3.3 POPULATION: 4,348,649 million people inhabit Jigawa State with an annual growth rate of 2.9%. Life expectancy as at 2006 was about 52 years with a total fertility rate of about 6.2 children per woman of childbearing age (a little above the national average). Although population of the State is predominantly rural (90%), the distribution in terms of sex is almost equal between male (50.8%) and female (49.2%). This pattern of population 27 distribution is same across various constituencies in the State and between urban and rural areas. Average household size is about 6.7 almost all of which are headed by males. About 60% of household heads are self- employed with agriculture as their main occupation, and nearly two-thirds of these households are monogamous families. Access to potable water is 65% while access to sanitation is 55% (CWIQS 2006).

4.0 THE NEED FOR THE POLICY: To enhance the attainment of the government’s commitment to the provision of potable water and improved sanitation, the Government established the State Ministry of Water Resources and other relevant agencies. The Ministry is charged with the overall responsibility of ensuring effective management of water resources. Most specifically, it is responsible for playing a leadership role in the delivery of water supply and sanitation interventions. The formulation of a water supply policy is therefore part of the process of ensuring that the Ministry has a tool for providing the expected leadership. The key implementing agencies for the delivery of water supply and sanitation interventions have collectively increased access to potable water and coverage of sanitation services. In spite of 28 the enormous tasks assigned them, these agencies have been operating an outdated policy thus the need for a policy review. The policy framework is essential so that clear monitoring mechanisms are put in place to assess the level of performance in the sector. The Jigawa State Government will need the policy as an effective tool to ensure that the sector is included in state wide development plans. In particular, Jigawa state is currently facing certain challenges in the sector which the policy needs to address some of which include:  Overstretched infrastructure  Weak sector coordination in water and sanitation  Financial constraints  Poverty  Insufficient baseline data.  Difficulty in construction of latrine due to loose nature of the soil  Poor household sanitation practices and culture e.g. o Ignorance of some households on the need to cover pit latrine o Some community leaders believe use of toilets attracts poverty  Insufficient water and sanitation facilities in many schools and public places. 29  High prevalence of water related diseases especially amongst the poor women and children in the state. In a nutshell the policy provides a coherent approach to addressing the problems identified in the sector and these include: i. Lack of clearly defined water supply and sanitation policy direction ii. Weak institutional framework for the delivery of services iii. Limited mandate for Local Government Water Environmental and Sanitation Units or Departments iv. Poor maintenance culture for existing facilities (both urban and rural) v. High cost of operation and maintenance of facilities vi. Inadequate manpower vii. Ineffective coordination of the activities of various agencies viii. Inadequate allocation of financial resources ix. Limited or absence of private sector participation The formulation of this policy is an indicator of the attainment of one of the milestones set in the sector. Most importantly, it 30 helps to put in perspective the way targets should be pursued and implemented over time.

5.0 CORE PRINCIPLES AND VALUES The provisions of water supply and sanitation services are implemented within the framework of internationally and nationally agreed principles and values. These principles seek to ensure sustainable access to safe and adequate clean water supply and sanitation. The principles and values adopted to guide the design of this policy are based mainly on the outcome of the Dublin Conference and subsequent global forums. These are: i. Water is a finite and vulnerable resource, thus requiring an integrated approach to its management. ii. Water is both a social and economic good and therefore requires the adoption of efficient utilization mechanisms as well as ensuring it is equitably distributed. iii. Water development and management should be based on participatory approach involving users, planners, and policy makers at all levels. iv. Women play a central role in the provision, management and safeguarding of water, which should be reflected in effective participation at all levels. 31 v. Attention should be paid to effective and sustainable operation and maintenance. vi. Emphasis should be placed on policy development, institutional reform, capacity building, and creation of an enabling legal environment. vii. Water resources should be managed at the lowest appropriate levels. viii. CSOs, CBOs and other NGOs should be empowered to play key roles in promoting transparency, accountability, rule of law, efficiency and other ingredients necessary for good water governance in service delivery in the state. The above are an embodiment of issues critical to ensuring sustainable livelihoods as well as create a balance in the management of the environment. By adopting these as the core values of the policy framework, the Government of Jigawa State is expressing its commitment to promoting integrated water supply and sanitation service delivery that is people centred, as well as ensure that existing water resources are used with a view that they will continue to serve the needs of the future generation. 32

6.0 POLICY THRUST Available statistics accordance to NDHS (2008), indicates that 78.7% of the state population has access to safe water while 22.2% have access to sanitation. However the rural areas have not been adequately captured by the surveys. Health statistics also indicate that nearly half (about 49%) of Jigawa people, particularly women and children, suffer from water related diseases. The situation continues to pose a serious challenge to the State Government. The State Government is determined to face the challenge by continuing its initiatives in the provision of water supply and sanitation services. Services will continue to be provided for urban, small towns and rural communities. The key focus is to use water supply and sanitation provision as a tool for increasing wealth, particularly for women and children, thereby leading to poverty reduction. In consonance with this, the policy is based on an integrated approach that requires a mix of strategies such as the provision of physical facilities, sustained hygiene education, community enlightenment for effective participation and the active involvement of private sector and NGOs in service delivery. The thrust of this policy therefore is based on the understanding that access to safe water supply and adequate sanitation, at 33 least, at the minimum level of service is seen as a right to all citizens of Jigawa state.

7.0 POLICY GOAL The State Government’s goal is to improve the well being and health of the people particularly that of women and children, by adopting an integrated approach in the provision of water supply and sanitation services in a sustainable manner.

7.1 Policy Objectives The objectives set for the achievement of this policy are: i. To increase the level of water supply and sanitation service ii. To Increase access to water and sanitation services iii. To reduce the incidence of water related diseases in order to improve the quality of life and reduce poverty especially among women and children. iv. To provide a strategic framework based on which programmes will be designed to address the problems on a sustainable basis. v. To ensure effective private sector and civil society participation in planning, implementation, monitoring and evaluation of water supply and sanitation service delivery. 34 vi. To Undertake institutional reforms within the sector, as part of the governance reform process, with a view to increasing the efficiency and effectiveness of the Ministry of Water Resources and other service delivery agencies. vii. To promote inclusive approaches which will ensure equity and gender considerations in water supply and sanitation service delivery. viii. To improve behavioral change on sanitation and hygiene amongst the populace ix. To improve data generation, collection and processing. x. To increase level of funding.

7.2 Policy Targets for Water Supply and Sanitation In line with the above objectives, specific targets are set and these are: a. Access Increase access to safe water in Jigawa state from the current 78.7% to 90% by 2015 Attain 100% access to safe water, sanitation and hygiene by 2020 35 b. Level of service Rural water supply represents settlements with population of less than 5,000 with minimum supply standard of 30 liters per capita per day; Small towns water supply represents settlements with a population of 5,000- 20,000 with a minimum supply standard of 60 litres/capita per day; Urban water supply for population greater than 20,000 inhabitants, with a minimum standard of 90 litres per capita per day and at least 6 hours of continuous piped water supply services to households and public stand pipes where applicable. c. Distance of water source from dwelling The distance of potable water source from the dwelling should not exceed 250m or 30mins walking/waiting time. This will minimize the trauma that women, men, youths and children, particularly the girl-child, suffer. d. Other sector Target Schools: All public primary and secondary schools are to have functional water supply by the year 2015. The level of access to water supply service should be such that each pupil gets at least 20 litres of water per day. 36 Other public places: All public places including Hospitals, Markets, places of worsh, motor parks, community centres, stadia etc should have functional water supply and sanitation facilities by 2015.

7.3 Policy Guidelines For purposes of this policy and in line with national classification, communities refer to:  Urban – those with population above 20,000 people; including all LGA Headquarters.  Small Towns – communities with population between 5,000 and 20,000;  Rural – communities with population up to or less than 5,000. For Jigawa state; technical options can include:  Urban: Boreholes, Infiltration Galleries and surface water abstraction etc, for the state capital and all local government headquarters.  Small Towns: Motorised boreholes, solar powered schemes etc, in all towns other than LG head quarters. 37  Rural: Hand pumps, small solar schemes, rainwater harvesting, Wind pumps, Protected Wells, etc. Where a rural community is contiguous with a town classified as urban or small town, it will be served by the agency responsible for providing that urban community with water supply and sanitation services. Under provisions of this policy, the Government will endeavor to provide basic services. This means a protected all year round supply of 30 litres per capita per day. The service point should preferably be within 250 metres of the community/ or household, serving about 250 persons per service point. In the case of Rural and Small towns water supply, the demand- driven approach shall be used to assess the willingness of communities to participate in the delivery of sustainable services, except in the case of urban water supply and sanitation. The State Government will ensure the provision of highest levels of service for both rural and small town water supply and sanitation interventions, the guiding principle will be community 38 participation in the planning, implementation, management, operation and maintenance of the facilities provided. In providing urban water supply and sanitation schemes, emphasis will be placed on attaining high levels of cost recovery and a concerted education of water users. The choice of technology shall be discussed with the community members, while bearing in mind the need to provide the highest service level after due consideration of the costs (investment and operational). Service level refers to the quantity and quality of water, the amount of time needed to collect water, and the reliability of the system. It is important to look at these levels in the choice of appropriate technologies.

8.0 KEY COMPONENTS OF THE POLICY:

8.1 Water Supply Drinking water supply refers to provision of services in urban, small towns and rural communities. In this respect, adequate drinking water facilities shall be provided to the entire 39 population both in urban, small towns and rural areas. The State Government also envisages that future irrigation and multi- purpose projects shall invariably include a drinking water supply component, particularly wherever there are no dependable alternative sources of drinking water. With the aim at reducing poverty, access to safe water needs of human beings shall be the first charge on any available water, thereafter, consideration will be given to water for agriculture and industry. The focus is to ensure increased coverage from the present level to about 100% of the population by 2020, with particular emphasis on underserved local government headquarters and unreached rural communities and institution of cost-effective measures to ensure that services are provided at affordable prices as well as increasing the efficiency of service providers in the sector. Design mechanisms for ensuring effective operation, maintenance and management systems for facilities and making users the pivot for ensuring the sustainability of the systems. Gender considerations will be given serious attention by adoption of strategies for the engagement of women, both 40 professionally and at the community level, in sector-related activities. Institutionalization of cost-sharing arrangements that will ensure full participation and ownership of communities in planning, implementation and monitoring of interventions as part of the process of promoting community ownership, maintenance and management of the facilities. Provision of water supply and sanitation services that take into consideration, the need of the poor, through designed mechanisms that will ensure their inclusion in the decision making process, as well as having access to good quality water supply and sanitation.

8.1.1 Urban and Small Towns Water Supply For purposes of ensuring that all the urban and small towns are adequately covered, Government will continue to take responsibility for the initial capital cost of investment. The technology for the provision of urban and small towns’ water supply scheme shall be the use of surface and underground water sources, depending on the size/population of the community and the appropriateness of the technology. Water supply shall be based on a piped system and distributed to end users either directly in their premises or through public 41 standpipes. In cases of critical need, supplementary methods shall be employed. Water Consumer Associations (WCAs) shall be formed in the small towns by the small towns Agency of the Ministry of Water Resources and NGOs to lead the process of management of the systems. The water users will be actively involved in decision- making, particularly with regard to tariff setting and collection of user fees or charges. In line with national policy framework, existing and new assets constructed in small towns will be managed by the community and the people will become legal managers of the schemes, after signing a Memorandum of Understanding that transfers the assets to the community, with the appropriate Government Ministry or Agency. To enhance the capacity of the Water Consumer Associations in the management of the schemes, Private Service Contractors could be engaged to assist the communities in any of the following areas,  Production  Supply and sale  Billing and collection of charges  Routine preventive maintenance 42  Supply of spare parts In line with these, the following actions shall be taken: a. Increased budgetary allocation for upgrading and rehabilitation of urban water supply schemes. b. Undertaking a survey of existing urban and small town water schemes to assess their present state with a particular focus on unearthing causes for their failure and to develop a strategy for their rehabilitation and/or upgrading as well as designing mechanisms that will ensure their sustainability. c. Assess the needs of small towns that need new facilities and putting in mechanisms that ensure effective participation and ownership of the community members in decisions on the choice of technology, design, implementation and management of the new schemes. d. Undertake a willingness and ability to pay survey for the installation and maintenance of the facilities in each of the beneficiary communities. e. Institution of measures that will ensure strict control over activities, which endanger water sources such as dumping of wastes and sewage. f. Phased installation of meters for all users (both domestic and commercial) to ease billing and tariff collection processes. 43 g. Private sector participation in urban water supply especially for production, distribution, meter reading, billing, O&M , etc. through partner ship to reduce burden on the Government. h. Adoption of appropriate tariff regime that ensures a gradual increase in water rates so that the schemes can be self-supporting. i. Design of guidelines for the provision of water that ensures minimum approved water quality standards are strictly adhered to by both Government and other service providers. j. Assess the institutional capacity of the agencies responsible and develop a plan for improving their responsiveness in the delivery of urban and small town water supply schemes. k. Design a comprehensive monitoring and evaluation system and plan that will help in the assessment of performance of sector institutions as well as the effectiveness with which services are delivered. In addition, the monitoring and evaluation system is expected to improve institutional learning. l. To put in place a mechanism that will ensure effective participation of all stakeholders including women, CSOs, Community members and users at the highest level of water Governance. 44 For sustainability of the urban water supply services all systems will aim to be self sustaining through gradual disengagement of the government and LGAs on O&M and the promotion of private sector participation (PSP). Water is considered as both social and economic good which means that tariff will be designed to consider the poor and disadvantaged through appropriate cross subsidies.

8.1.2 Rural Water Supply Rural dwellers constitute the highest population and diseases are most prevalent amongst the poorest of the poor. Government will support to plan and implement sustainable water projects through a cost sharing formula between the State, Local Government and communities to enhance sustainability. Operation and maintenance of schemes constructed in the communities shall be their responsibilities. 8.1.2a Technology Technological choice will reflect community preferences but will be geared towards giving the community the highest service level, taking into consideration the community’s ability to maintain and willingness to contribute. Technical assistance will be provided so that communities can make informed decisions 45 about the costs, service level and operation, maintenance requirements, and the appropriate location for the facility. Properly designed hand dug wells are the technological choice for the rural communities where the hydrogeology is suitable. For shallow and easily permeable aquifers, hand drilled boreholes is an option to consider. Appropriate and cost effective technologies will be used in provision of WASH Wherever possible, consideration will also be given to installation of piped water systems where the yield is very good and can serve more than two contiguous communities or where the community is very large but does not meet the criteria of a small town. To facilitate easy coordination and compliance, guidelines on the use of the various technologies will be developed. The guidelines will include steps to be taken such as site selection, methods of construction, technical specifications and other elements. These guidelines are essential in ensuring that the required service level is delivered to the people. All water points (properly designed hand dug wells and boreholes) shall be fitted with a hand pump that conforms to the concept of village level operation and maintenance (VLOM) and communities trained on the operation and maintenance of the pump. 46 8.1.2b Community Management Community empowerment and participation in the management of services, is critical to the sustainability of the infrastructure (physical facilities) to be provided. This will be the focus for service delivery as it promotes the concept of ownership and make communities take full responsibility for sustaining the water systems. In this vein, all programmes targeted at rural communities shall have a comprehensive training and capacity building component for community level institutions. Public institutions will facilitate and coordinate the process while Local Government personnel and NGOs/CBOs will take responsibility for enhancing the capacity of communities in the management of the facilities through a “Training the Trainers Programme” Communities are expected to establish appropriate institutional structures that will be responsible for the day to day management of the facilities. Deliberate efforts will be made to ensure women are adequately represented in the community structures. The community structures will among others be responsible for monitoring pump use, promoting hygiene education, pump maintenance, and collection of user fees. The operational modalities shall be detailed out in the strategic framework paper. 47

8.2 Operation and Maintenance In line with the national policy and the state government’s values, Operation and maintenance for urban and small towns will be the responsibility of the Government in view of the fact that the consumers pay tariffs. This does not preclude the participation of other investors (Private Sectors). At the rural level, communities are directly responsible for operation and maintenance of the facilities and will be assisted to design the most effective approaches for sustaining the facilities. The assistance required could be provided by the private sector actors, NGOs, and/or the Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Agency. Local Government personnel will be actively involved with community level activities in addition to operation and maintenance of the facilities.

8.3 Financing Mechanisms The financing mechanism will be based on the Water Investment Mobilization and Application Guidelines (WIMAG) and a cost- sharing arrangement between the State Government, Local Government, and communities. To ensure full coverage, the State Government will work jointly with Local Government Councils in packaging proposals for sourcing external grants and/or loans. A detailed cost-sharing formula will be designed, 48 using the national guidelines as the basis, while taking into consideration the differential levels of poverty between communities.

8.4 Mechanisms for Delivery For purposes of ensuring effective implementation of the rural water supply component, the following steps will be taken: i. An assessment and mapping of existing rural water supply schemes to determine their current state and what needs to be done to make them serve the needs of the people better. The mapping will involve the use of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) so that the data can be used for long-term planning in the sector. ii. Based on the assessment, determine the number of communities that are either not covered or are underserved and develop an appropriate plan for targeting them. Communities not covered will be given preference during implementation of the plan. iii. Undertake willingness and ability to pay surveys in communities demanding for services with a view to identifying their preferences in terms of technology and mechanisms through which they will sustain the facilities when completed. This will further help in identification of 49 small-scale private sector operators whose services could be valuable in sustaining the facilities. iv. Capacity assessment of community institutions in operation and maintenance, hygiene promotion, resource mobilization and utilization, community level monitoring and evaluation and developing a systematic capacity building plan for addressing the areas of critical need. v. Developing guidelines and technical specifications for other actors in the sector, including construction and how contracts will be managed and working with communities to know what to expect from the other service providers.

9.0 SANITATION Sanitation is the first barrier to many transmitted diseases. Sanitation, wherever mentioned in this policy shall refer to water sanitation. According to National Water Sanitation Policy (2005), Water Sanitation is defined as an effective hygiene practice, handling and disposal of excreta, sewerage, sullage and leachates in so far as it affects water sources. The sanitation component of this policy therefore seeks to promote attitudinal change and facilities (toilets, urinals and hand washing facilities etc) which should be combined together to maximize health and socio-economic benefits. Sanitation is 50 therefore not an add-on and will be given the support required to help attain the expected benefits. Based on the above, the focus of the State Government will be on protecting public health, creating demand for services, facilitating and enhancing partnership among the private sector, NGOs, community based organisations, local authorities, and households, and also removing obstacles in the path of achieving improved sanitation. To this end, the Community-Led Total Sanitation (CLTS) approach shall be adopted, at all levels. This approach concentrates on empowering local people to analyze the extent and risk of pollution caused by open defecation, and to construct toilets without any external subsidies. Sanitation programmes would be based on generating demand, with all of its implications for education and participation.

9.1 Technology The choice of technology employed shall be such that will be suitable for the protection of the quality of both surface and underground water. 51 In urban and small towns communities, appropriate on-site and off-site sewage treatment technologies will be employed to safe guard water sources. In rural areas, the technology options shall be based on Community Led Total Sanitation (CLTS) concept. For schools, markets, motor parks, places of worship and other public places, the State Government will promote the Ventilated Improved Pit toilet (VIP) and pour flush options.

9.2 Household and Individual Responsibility To ensure that each household maintains basic sanitation, strategies will focus on use of participatory approaches for social mobilization, promotion and social marketing through children in and out of school, households and individuals so that need for improved sanitation will be appreciated.

9.3 Community-based Approach Promotion of on-site systems has considerable job creation potential through the use of local materials, products, suppliers and contractors and the use of labour-intensive techniques. Such programmes will be supported by the State and Local Governments as part of the process of ensuring sustainable delivery of sanitation services. 52 Capacity building, education and training of communities, artisans and other agencies will be an integral component of the sanitation delivery process. This will be based on a clearly defined strategy so that lessons learnt can be documented and disseminated. Private sector actors and NGOs will be required to help build capacity and train personnel at the local level and to provide support until such capacity has been established.

9.4 Prioritization of most vulnerable communities Vulnerable communities and groups and the underserved would be identified through vulnerability assessments and prioritized for delivery of sanitation services as part of the effort to increase coverage. The assessment will also help to create an understanding of preferences for different options, designs and affordability of the preferred options by communities. Participatory techniques will be employed in the assessment.

10.0 HEALTH AND HYGIENE PROMOTION The realization of the benefits of water supply and sanitation is dependent on a lasting change in hygiene behaviour. The people should not only be made aware of the importance of 53 better health, but should believe that better hygiene and sanitation are essential ingredients for improving their lives. In this regard, emphasis will be placed on creating a linkage between water supply and sanitation provision, behaviour and disease transmission routes so that people understand and believe in hygiene concepts. The basic premise underlying this policy direction is that belief influences behaviour change. The key steps for achieving these include: i. Promoting health awareness and understanding which, in turn, will lead to behaviour improvements. ii. Providing support that will enable people to overcome constraints to change. iii. Involving all members of the communities – young and old, female and male, higher and lower status – using participatory processes. iv. Assessing community knowledge base; investigating their own environmental situation, visualizing a future scenario with them, analyzing constraints to change, planning for change and finally implementing change. v. Work with other sector agencies such as Ministries of Education, Rural Infrastructure, Local government, Environment, Women Affairs, Health as well as NGOs and CBOs in the design and delivery of hygiene and health education services. 54 vi. Promoting the use of child to child approaches to hygiene and health education. vii. Encourage the establishment of Environmental Health Clubs in schools and the communities in the state. viii. Building the capacity of community institutions, particularly women groups, to lead the process of change at community level. ix. Develop and implement a monitoring and evaluation system that enables communities to measure progress overtime. x. Documentation of approaches used and dissemination of experiences gained, lessons learnt as part of the effort to contributing to evolving a more sustainable approach to behavior change.

10.1 Water supply and sanitation in schools and public places All activities relating to water supply and sanitation in schools, hospitals and other public places etc will be coordinated by the Ministry of Water resources in collaboration with relevant ministries and agencies. 55

11.0 SECTOR REFORMS For effective implementation of the policy, there is the need for institutional reforms at State and Local Government levels. Jigawa State Government will continue to provide leadership as well as the political support needed to push the change processes envisaged.

11.1 Sector Coordination Jigawa state Water Board (JSWB) and Small Towns Water Supply and Sanitation Agency (STOWA) will serve as parastatals under the Ministry of Water Resources while the Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Agency (RUWASSA) will be under the Ministry of Rural Infrastructure. These agencies will be responsible for Water Supply and Water Sanitation issues while other sanitation and hygiene activties will be handled by the other stakeholders such as Ministry of Health, Gunduma Health System, Ministry of Environment, Ministry of Land and Housing, Dutse Capital Development Authority, Urban Development, Agriculture, Jigawa Environmental Protection Agency, LGAs, etc. Since the three tiers of government and the civil society share responsibilities for interventions in the water and sanitation sector, coordination of all activities in the sector becomes a critical issue for reform. In this regard, the Ministry of Water Resources will take responsibility for coordinating all activities in the sector by 56 providing a platform for representatives of key stakeholders to meet on a quarterly basis and harmonise their plans. The stakeholders in the sector will include the three tiers of government, the civil society, external support agencies and private sector. There shall be a Department under the Ministry of Water Resources which will provide sector coordination and regulation support.

11.2 Separation of Functions The sector is characterized by duplication of functions among the various stakeholders. Therefore, in order to have separation of functions a comprehensive operational framework, stating function of all stakeholders in water supply and sanitation sector shall be drawn. The coordination and regulatory functions shall be performed through a new department in the Ministry of Water Resources; to be called, Regulation and Coordination Department.

11.3 Sector Regulation Sector regulation is another important element of the water and sanitation sector reform agenda. At present there is no mechanism for regulation in the sector and therefore calls for a gradual development of the regulatory process. In the meantime, 57 the R & C will regulate and settle disputes that may arise between water service providers and consumers in the sector. Eventually, an autonomous regulatory body will be established.

11.4 Sector Accountability A public sector accountability platform shall be established to make sure there is public accountability of the sector and inclusive participation in assessing sector performance, planning and policy decision. The State shall develop procedures for demanding water and sanitation services by the people in rural, small towns and urban areas. The procedures shall be well publicized to raise awareness in the State especially among communities that are not benefiting from water and sanitation services. Relevant NGOs and Community Development Associations shall work with such communities to mobilize the people and to demand for services from the sector agencies. Sector agencies shall organize a stakeholders’ forum at least annually to present a report of its activities in the previous year and work plans for the following year.

11.5 Cost Recovery Cost recovery is a major determinant of financial sustainability of sector agencies. At present the agencies charged with the responsibility of water and sanitation services delivery rely on 58 government subvention for operation and maintenance and capital investment. a. In order to lay a foundation for the gradual reversal of the present situation, the sector Agencies shall undertake an assessment of percentage cost recovery with respect to operation and maintenance. The percentage cost recovery shall be reviewed upwards over time through appropriate tariff arrangement in consultation with sector regulatory body. b. This policy aims to achieve the following cost recovery targets: Year Item Responsibility Cost recovery Target 2010 to Operation and State & LGA (80%) and Tariff 100% 2015 maintenance (20%) 2015 to Operation and State (40%) and Tariff/PSP 100% 2020 Maintenance (60%) 2020 to Operation and State (0%) and Tariff /PSP 100% 2025 Maintenance (100%) 59

11.6 Gender Consideration Women are recognized as key players in water supply and this policy recognizes the imbalance on gender issues and will promote increased training and empowerment of women and other vulnerable groups. The State Government through the Ministry of Water Resources and in collaboration with Ministry of Women Affairs shall ensure that women participate in decision making, planning, implementation and evaluation of all water and sanitation activities. Water and sanitation governance platforms in rural, small towns and urban areas shall have appropriate representation of women.

11.7 Pro-poor consideration Special provision shall be made for the poor and vulnerable members of the community who may not be able to pay for water and sanitation services. The State shall adopt necessary pro-poor mechanisms in rural, small towns and urban areas in consultation with the relevant community association on water and sanitation.

11.8 Water Supply and Sanitation integration 60 Integration of water supply and sanitation among sector agencies will be vigorously pursued to ensure that maximum health benefits are delivered to the people. The State Government will make sure that STOWA and Water Board take more responsibilities on sanitation components in addition to water operations like the situation in RUWASSA.

11.9 Environmental and Health concerns Increased water use has implications on water resources (water quantity and quality), and on land and ecological sustenance. Environmental and health concerns shall be incorporated and addressed in water sector investments through Environmental Impact Assessments in accordance with the Environmental Law.

11.10 Sector-Wide Approach to Planning Water supply and sanitation is recognized as a shared responsibility and thus there is need to strengthen the interactions between the ministry responsible for water affairs, other line Ministries and donors in order to promote a sector wide approach to developments in the sector. This approach will be supported by improved institutional co-ordination, decentralization, and capacity building, full involvement of users, community management of public services, and participation of women at all levels. 61

11.11 Policy Review The State Water Supply policy shall be reviewed every five years as the need arises to make sure that it is in line with current development in the State with respect to water and sanitation.

12.0 INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK

12.1 Key Players The Institutional framework under which water and sanitation policy exists recognises the following key players: a. Ministry of Water Resources b. Jigawa State Water Board c. Small Towns Water Supply and Sanitation Agency (STOWA) d. Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Agency (RUWASSA ) e. Ministry of Agriculture and Natural Resources f. Ministry of Rural Infrastructure and Community Development g. Ministry of Environment h. Environmental Protection Agency i. Ministry for Local Government. j. Ministry of Health k. Local Governments in the State (LGAs) l. WASH units at the LG level 62 m. WASH committees n. Ministry of Land and Housing o. Urban Development Board p. Dutse Capital Development Authority (DCDA) q. Water Consumer Association (WCAs) r. External Support Agencies s. NGOs t. Private Sector u. Ministry of Women Affairs and Social Development v. Ministry of Education/SUBEB w. Ministry of Information x. Office of the Secretary to the State Government

12.2 Roles and Responsibilities of Key Players The roles and responsibilities of key players recognized in this policy are outlined below:

12.3 Ministry of Water Resources The Ministry shall be responsible for: a. Policy formulation on water resources and Water Sanitation b. Co-ordination of matters relating to the provision and development of potable water in the State c. Research and development into the use of appropriate technology and approaches. 63 d. Oversee the activities of Water supply Agencies in the state. e. Liaison with the following bodies on water supply and sanitation:  Federal Government  Local Government  International donor organizations and non- governmental organizations (NGOs) and Community Based Organisations (CBOs). f. Increase access to safe water supply and water sanitation in the state. g. The Ministry is responsible for the management of state owned dams.

12.4 The Jigawa State Water Board The Jigawa State Water Board shall discharge the following responsibilities: a. Control and manage all water works vested in the Jigawa State Water Board; b. Establish, control, manage, extend and develop water works as considered necessary for the purpose of 64 providing wholesome, potable water for consumption of the public and for domestic, trade, commercial, industrial, scientific and other uses; c. Ensure that adequate wholesome water is supplied to its consumers regularly in line with World Health Organization (WHO) Standard for water quality. d. Determine its water rates and present it to the Ministry of Water Resources for approval e. Supervise the sinking of boreholes by individuals or corporate bodies in the State. f. Conduct or organize the conduct of research in respect to water supply, water development and matters connected therewith and submit the results of such research to the Commissioner for Water Resources for formulation of policy; g. Develop, maintain and beneficially exploit water resources both natural and artificial; h. Determine rates charged in (c) and (d) above and other service rendered, shall be such that revenue for any year would be sufficient or as nearly as may be to pay all working expenses, repayment due on loans borrowed by the Jigawa State Water Board for any extension works. 65

12.5 The Jigawa State Small Towns Water Supply and Sanitation Agency (STOWA) The Jigawa State Small Towns Water Supply and Sanitation Agency (STOWA) shall discharge the following responsibilities: a) To control and manage all Water facilities vested in the Agency. b) To undertake of planning, design, construction and maintenance of all Small Towns Water Supply facilities including motorized and solar powered borehole based schemes. c) To establish, control, manage, extend and develop Water facilities as the Agency may consider necessary for the purpose of providing wholesome potable water for the consumption of the public and for domestic, trade, commercial, industrial, scientific and other uses; d) To plan, design and training for sustainable operation and maintenance of all aspects of semi urban sanitary infrastructure and disposal. e) Undertaking public enlightenment, training and mobilization for community participation in all its programmes; 66 f) To ensure that adequate and wholesome water is supplied to customers regularly and at such charges as the regulatory body may, from time to time, determine; g) To conduct or organize the conduct of research in respect of water supply, water development, sanitation and matters connected therewith and submit the results of such research to the Commissioner for the formulation of policy and for replication and up scaling; h) Coordination of activities in its administration and finance, as well as making inter-governmental and non- governmental linkages; i) The undertaking of the Agency’s programme planning, monitoring of on-going and completed projects as well as the collection and storage for easy retrieval of all data, records and statistics on its operations; j) To gradually handover ownership of all schemes to benefitting communities through appropriate Water Consumer Associations. 67

12.6 Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Agency (RUWASSA) Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Agency (RUWASSA) shall: a. Design, construct, rehabilitate, improve, maintain and support the State Rural Water Supply Programme; b. Design, construct, improve, maintain and support the State Rural Sanitation Programme; c. Define, encourage and support any activity that will enhance rural water supply and sanitation. d. Identify, involve and support local community leaders and organization in the effective mobilization of the rural population for accelerated and sustained rural water supply development. e. Facilitate the conduct of Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)

12.7 Roles and Responsibilities of Related MDAs 12.7a. Regulation and Coordination Department The policy stresses the need for the establishment of a Regulation and Coordination Department in the Ministry of Water Resources. The department shall be responsible for coordinating and regulating the activities of public and privately owned water supply and wastewater undertakings in the State’s water sector. 68 Its specific functions shall include: a. Settling disputes that may arise between the consumers and water supply agencies or other service providers. b. Approval of water tariff and charges. c. Regulation of Water quality, technical standards and abstraction of underground water. d. Ensure the establishment of customer charters in urban and small towns in line with SERVICOM initiatives. e. Ensure compliance with EIA. 12.7b LGA WASH Department There shall be a Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) department in the Ministry of Local Government and in each Local Government. The Local Government WASH Department shall be responsible for: a. Project planning, supervision and monitoring; b. Establishment of database on water and sanitation facilities and their performance. 69 c. Mobilize and support in the selection of communities to establish water and sanitation committees (WASHCOMS); d. Support WASHCOMs to select community members, for training on repairs and maintenance etc of hand pumps , boreholes; e. Provision of water supply and sanitation to the communities; f. Assist communities to get spare parts and other technical support; g. Support the WASCOMs on sanitation and hygiene promotion and training. 12.7c. Ministry of Health Policy formulation on, and health care waste management. Training of environmental health officers to meet the need of MDAs. This also includes provision of potable water to hospital and heath centres in cooperation with Ministry of Water Resources. 12.7d Ministry of Environment Policy formulation, monitoring and enforcement on water pollution, management and control of wetlands and wildlife. 70 12.7e Ministry of Education Policy formulation, and implementation of sanitation and hygiene education and curricula in schools. This also includes provision of potable water to schools in cooperation with Ministry of Water Resources. 12.7f Ministry of Women Affairs Policy formulation and implementation of gender mainstreaming in water supply and sanitation in cooperation with Ministry of Water Resources. 12.7h Ministry of Justice Facilitate in Policy formulation and implementation of legal framework concerning water supply and sanitation.

12.8 Roles and Responsibilities of Other Partners The policy also recognizes the roles and responsibilities of the following partners: 71 12.8a Development support partners Local and International development partners shall support the sector through: a. Funding b. Capacity building c. Resource mobilisation d. Monitoring and evaluation e. Advocacy f. Research and development and, where appropriate, facilitation of learning alliances g. Policy formulation h. Guidance on planning, strategy implementation and review of policy targets 12.8b Communities Communities shall take responsibility for the following: a. Communities shall demand to participate in the decision making, planning, design, construction and management of water schemes; b. The management of water schemes in rural areas through the village level water and sanitation committees 72 (WASHCOMS) in conjunction with Local Government and RUWASSA c. Participating in Water management of Urban and small towns water schemes d. Specifically, WASHCOMS shall be responsible for the operation and maintenance of rural water schemes e. Each community should construct public toilets. f. Collection of tariffs g. Counterpart funding where necessary or part financing of small scale water extension schemes h. Monitoring of Water programmes and projects to ensure accountability and transparency i. Hygiene promotion j. Policing of water infrastructure to report leakages and protect it against vandalisation. k. Maintenance of security of all water schemes. l. Ensure that, every household, shopping complex, places of worship and market and public places should have a toilet. 12.8c Private Sector The private sector shall play key roles in the following aspects: a. Financing water infrastructure development through loans, bonds or partnerships. 73 b. Capital investment for the construction of water works, dams, waste water and sanitation facilities. c. Conduct studies for the development of the water and sanitation sector. d. Implementation of management and service responsibilities that may be outsourced by publicly owned water utilities through Public-Private Partnerships such as: i. Provision of alternative sources of power supply for existing water schemes. ii. Collection of tariffs for public or private water service providers. iii. Collection and disposal of wastes iv. Water production, distribution and expansion v. Emergency water supplies using tankers or similar facilities; vi. Other assignments that may be determined by Jigawa State Government water and sanitation agencies. e. Operation and maintenance of water schemes such as boreholes at Urban, peri-urban, small towns, local, or community levels f. Execution of contracts in the sector, such as drilling of boreholes, construction of dams, waste water plants, and water schemes. 74 12.8d Non-Governmental Organisations NGOs, CSO, CBOs etc shall contribute to: a. formulation of water and sanitation programmes and policy b. raising of public awareness. c. financing water and sanitation infrastructure development and Implementation of water and sanitation service delivery programmes in urban, small town and rural areas d. advocacy and Lobbying e. Facilitating dialogue between users and government departments and/or the private sector. f. monitoring water projects to ensure transparency and accountability g. Implementation of management and service responsibilities that may be outsourced by publicly owned water utilities through Public-Private Partnerships. 75 13 KEY REFORM STRATEGIES

13.1 Human Resource Development The need for adequate and skilled manpower is very critical. In view of this, a comprehensive assessment of the manpower situation in the sector will be undertaken as part of the institutional reform process. Based on the data collected, a systematic plan will be developed to address manpower needs at all levels of Government in the State. In addition, a manpower development plan will be designed so that personnel can be equipped with the requisite skills required for enhancing their performance. The national policy guidelines on human resources Development, provides that at least 5% of resources is to be devoted to manpower development. For Jigawa water sector, the target will be at least 2%.

13.2 Research and Development To keep abreast with the changing situation investigations will be conducted to unearth factors promoting or affecting the attainment of policy objectives. The Government, in recognition of this will support the conduct of research activities that will add to the existing knowledge in the sector. Critical issues emerging will be given out to locally available research 76 institutions to investigate or to external bodies such as the National Water Resources Institute (NWRI) as the case may be.

13.3 Strategic Planning and Implementation The implementation of the policy will involve the development of an implementation plan using a participatory approach to ensure that there is consistency in understanding the thrust of the policy. The process will further lead to the design of a strategic framework. The framework will guide the various agencies involved on how to move the process forward. It will further help unearth the details of “what”, “why”, “how”, and “when”. A suggested content of the strategic framework shall be: i. To clarify targets, this policy is expected to achieve much of that and other aspects listed in iii, iv, v, vi, and vii below. ii. Water and sanitation mapping and baseline studies of the LGAs/small towns iii. Investment plan and funding arrangement iv. Tariff structures v. Subsidies vi. Mechanism for due process vii. Legal framework viii. Enlightenment campaign/Awareness creation ix. Capacity building x. Timeframe tied to the pilots xi. Measurable indicators 77 xii. Monitoring and Evaluation xiii. Water supply, Hygiene and Sanitation approaches. xiv. Advocacy

13.4 Legislative Implications The legal framework will be critically reviewed through an examination of rules, regulations, legal and legislative measures related to the State’s water and sanitation sector with a view to improving and streamlining them so that they become consistent with current thinking. In addition, consideration will be given to passing legislation relating to water resources management, protection of water quality, abstraction licensing, water rights, etc. In this regard, Government shall focus on: i. Enacting the necessary amendments and additions to existing laws, rules, regulations, orders, decisions, etc. ii. Ensuring that the responsibilities and powers of Governmental Agencies and the rights and obligations of individuals be clearly spelled-out in the relevant laws and regulations. iii. Ensure that the legislation would allow for easy implementation of policy decisions while protecting the interests of individuals and taking into account the administrative capacity to implement them. 78 iv. Provide legal support for the formation of Water Consumer Associations (WCAs) and WASHCOMs and handing over to them water supply and sanitation facilities for operation and maintenance. v. Establish rules and regulations for the involvement of the private sector in the development and operation of water related projects. vi. Provide for an effective participation of the people in the planning and decision-making.

13.5 Monitoring and Evaluation To ensure proper monitoring and evaluation of sector performance, a monitoring and evaluation framework shall be developed with inputs from all sector players through the sector coordination committee. The framework shall contain performance indicators and measurable outcomes to meet policy goals and targets. This will be used to review sector performance and aid development planning. For the purpose of ensuring a coordinated M&E system, the Ministry of Water Resources shall coordinate the M&E through its Monitoring and Evaluation unit with deliberate steps taken to involve all stakeholders including NGOs and Women. 79

14.0 CONCLUSION The development of this Water and Sanitation Policy is a testimony of the strong commitment of Government and the conviction of the citizens that challenges associated to water and sanitation are understood and can be addressed in a systematic manner. This Government had tried to bring together; its focus based on necessary global reform strategies into this policy. It is with the understanding that whatever is being proposed is for the present and future generations. With the current development efforts especially in the water sector, Jigawa State is ready to move from the level of basic access to water and sanitation to a more commercial and customer oriented water and sanitation service provision. To ensure Government commitment to the implementation of this policy, and to attract wider participation, key elements of the policy will be drafted into an implementation strategy and a legal framework. This will empower the implementers and also provide a level playing group for citizens, private, public and community to participate in meeting the challenges in a sustainable manner. 80