Federal Republic of Nigeria Updated National Implementation Plan (NIP) for the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants

FM ENV /PC&E H/CM/SC/EA-N I P /16/111 18th August 2016 Executive Secretary Secretariat of the Basel, Rotterdam and Stockholm Conventions 11-13, Chemin des Anémones - 1219 Châtelaine, Switzerland. Subject: Transmission of Reviewed and Updated National Implementation Plan prepared by Nigeria I am pleased to transmit the national implementation plan prepared by our Government to the conference of the parties in accordance with the provision of Article 7 of the Stockholm Convention through your office. This contains following: X Electronic version of the NIP Hard copy of the NIP 2. This NIP/updated NIP addresses following: X Initial 12 POPs X Amendment by COP 4 that included 9 more POPs X Amendment by COP 5 that included Endosulfan X Amendment by COP 6 that included HBCD Amendment by COP 7 that included 3 more POPs 3. I would appreciate it very much if you could kindly acknowledge of this transmission at your earliest. ; Mr. A. K. Bayero Director (Pollution Control & Environmental Health Federal Ministry of Environment (Official contact Point) (c) 2016 i | P a g e Acknowledgement Execution of the Enabling Activities for the Review and Update of the National Implementation Plan (NIP) for the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) Project in Nigeria would not have been successful without stakeholders’ convergent efforts, dedication, inclusive participation and supports. "The roots of all goodness lie in the soil of appreciation for goodness.” -Dalai Lama. On behalf of the Federal Government of Nigeria, Federal Ministry of Environment wishes to express its profound appreciation to all individuals, Corporate Organisations, State and Federal Ministries/Departments/Agencies, the Legislature, Industry, Civil Society Organisations, the Academia, Research Institutes, Development Partners, the Media and Resource Persons, who have contributed severally and collectively towards making this project a success. To this end, the Ministry’s special thanks go to members of the National Project Steering Committee for their functional guidance and the Project Coordinating Unit members for their hard work and dedication, culminating in another successful milestone, in our collective drive for protecting our citizenry against the deleterious impacts of POPs. The Ministry is also grateful to the Global Environment Facility (GEF) and Implementing Agency (IA), United Nations Industrial Development Organisation (UNIDO), for providing the financial and technical supports for this project. It is noteworthy that Dr. IINO Fukuya of UNIDO-Vienna, Mr. Oluiyomi Banjo of UNIDO Regional Office-Nigeria and Suman Sharma of BRS Secretariat have been very supportive. Lastly, but of no less appreciation, is the professional prowess deployed in developing the POPs Assessment Reports and Updated NIP by the triad of National Experts on thematic POPs-issues, comprising Dr. Obi Anyadiegwu, Mr Bosun Oladimeji and Barrister Caleb Muftwang, as well as the excellent technical advice by the Basel Convention Regional Coordination Centre for Africa (BCRCC-Africa), Ibadan, under the Directorship of Prof. Oladele Osibanjo. Thanks to Iva Bernhardt for his resourceful inputs. It is the Ministry’s aspiration to maintain and sustain the momentum of inclusive stakeholders’ participation, commitment, collective decision-making and ownership, in the implementation of post-updated NIP activities. ii | P a g e Foreword Chemicals production/use is a fundamental component of a developing economy; albeit adoption of unsound management principles and practices portend threats to the public health and the environment. As an emerging industrialized nation, with prominent Commerce, Chemicals & Allied Industries, Services-oriented Businesses, Agriculture, Mining, Petroleum and other key sectors of the economy, in which chemicals are critical inputs/outputs, Nigeria has therefore taken robust steps to entrench strategies to concertedly address multi-faceted issues pertaining hazardous chemicals, in line with global best practices. The need to protect man and the environment against destructive effects of hazardous chemicals, particularly the genre known as Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), either as industrial chemicals, chemical pesticides, chemicals-in-products, unintentionally produced chemicals, stockpiles or waste has consistently elicited global discourses on the international development agenda. It was against this background that Stockholm Convention was negotiated and adopted in May 2001 by the comity of nations, among whom was Nigeria, with the aim of achieving POPs elimination, transition to non-POPs alternatives, targeting additional POPs for action, cleaning-up old stockpiles & waste containing POPs and working together for a POPs-free future. Therefore, as a pioneer Party to the Convention, Nigeria demonstrated the potent intent to protect her environment and citizenry against POPs by developing her first National Implementation Plan (NIP) in 2009, which was transmitted to the Conference of the Parties (COP), in line with Article 7 thereof. The first NIP laid the groundwork for instituting and implementing, in a systematic and participatory manner, priority policies, regulatory reforms, resources allocation and other steps targetted at facilitating attainment of POPs-free environment in the Country. Sequel to amendments to Annexes A, B and C of the Convention, via addition of new POPs by COPs in 2009, 2011 and 2013, it become obligatory for Parties to review and update their NIPs and transmit same to COPs, in line with Article 7((1)C) and Decision SC-2/7. Nigeria, in compliance thereto, and exploring the opportunity of Article 13 of the Convention, accessed the Global Environment Facility (GEF) support for the Enabling Activities for the NIP Review and Update Project, with the United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO), as the Implementing Agency. The NIP Update Project has been implemented with due diligence, exhaustive multi-stakeholders’ consultations & participation and integrative decision making process. It has provided Nigeria the ample opportunity to assess the nature/extent of POPs availability and national infrastructural capacity for POPs management, vis-a-viz sectoral needs for meeting emerging Convention obligations. Consequently, stakeholders conjointly evaluated, validated and adopted the POPs iii | P a g e assessment reports, as well as, reached a consensus on national priorities, action plans and management strategies for tackling identified POP issues, as entrenched in the updated NIP. To us as a nation, environmental treaties have interlocking significances, particularly in the realm of sustainable development, conservation of environmental resources (mineral, land, water & energy), reinforcing the natural capital and entrenching food security & safety. In light of this, the updated NIP will be synchronized with cognate instruments under the Strategic Approach to International Chemicals Management (SAICM), the Basel, Rotterdam and Minamata Conventions, as well as the Rio Conventions (Climate Change, Biodiversity and Desertification), with a view to entrenching an integrated environmental governance in Nigeria. The Federal Government, is ready to give support, both politically and logistically to priority activities identified in the updated NIP and mainstream them into national developmental strategies and plans. The Government welcomes partnership with the private sector, bilateral & multilateral funding agencies and other development partners towards total realization of goals of the updated NIP. iv | P a g e Table of Contents Acknowledgement ........................................................................................................................................... i Foreword ......................................................................................................................................................... ii Table of Contents ........................................................................................................................................... iv List of Tables ................................................................................................................................................. vii List of Figures ............................................................................................................................................... viii List of Acronyms ............................................................................................................................................. ix Executive Summary ......................................................................................................................................... 1 1.0 Introduction ...................................................................................................................................... 10 1.1 Chemical Production, Uses and Risks .......................................................................................... 10 1.1.1 Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs): An Overview ............................................................. 10 1.1.2 List of POP-chemicals ............................................................................................................ 11 1.2 Risks associated with POPs .......................................................................................................... 13 1.3 Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants ........................................................... 13 1.4 National efforts at addressing POPs-issues in Nigeria ................................................................ 15 1.5 Challenges in national POPs regulation efforts ........................................................................... 16 1.6 Development of National Implementation Plan (NIP) for POPs management .......................... 16 1.6.1 Purpose and structure of the NIP ......................................................................................... 16 1.6.2 NIP Review and Update ........................................................................................................ 17 1.7 Structure of the updated National Implementation Plan ........................................................... 23 2.0 Country Baseline ............................................................................................................................... 25 2.1 Country Profile ............................................................................................................................. 26 2.1.2 POPs Issues, Overall Environmental Conditions and Priorities ............................................. 28 2.2 Institutional, Policy, and Regulatory Framework ........................................................................ 46 2.2.1 Background ........................................................................................................................... 46 2.2.2 Roles and responsibilities of Institutions involved in Chemicals/POPs management .......... 47 2.2.3 Policy and Regulatory Framework ........................................................................................ 59 2.2.4 Multilateral Environmental Agreements .............................................................................. 77 2.2.5 Non-Binding Instruments Relevant to POPs Management ................................................... 87 2.3 Assessment of the POPs issues in the country ............................................................................ 92 2.3.1 Assessment of POP-Pesticides (Annex A, Part 1 Chemicals) ................................................. 93 2.3.2 Assessment of Polychlorinated Biphenyls (Annex A, Part II Chemicals) ............................. 104 2.3.3 Assessment of Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers (PBDEs) .................................................. 113 2.3.4 Perflourooctane Sulfonic Acid & Salts (PFOS) Inventory .................................................... 120 2.3.5 Assessment of Unintentionally Produced Persistent Organic Pollutants (UPOPs) ............. 122 v | P a g e 2.3.7 Information on the state of knowledge on stockpiles, contaminated sites and wastes, identification, likely numbers, relevant regulations, guidance, remediation measures, and data on releases from sites .............................................................................................................................. 125 2.3.8 Summary of future production, use and releases of POPs - requirements for exemption 127 2.3.9 Existing programmes for monitoring releases and environmental and human health impacts, including findings .................................................................................................................. 127 2.3.10 Current level of information, awareness and education among target groups; existing systems to communicate such information to the various groups ................................................... 128 2.3.11 Mechanism to report under Article 15 on measures taken to implement the provision of the Convention and for information exchange with other Parties to the Convention ...................... 131 2.3.12 Relevant activities of non-governmental stakeholders ........................................................... 131 2.3.13 Overview of technical infrastructure for POPs assessment, measurement, analysis, alternatives and prevention measures, management, research and development – linkage to international programmes and projects ............................................................................................. 132 2.3.14 Identification of impacted populations or environments, establishing scale and magnitude of threats to public health and environmental quality and social implications for workers and local communities ....................................................................................................................................... 133 2.3.15 Details of relevant system for the assessment of and listing of new Chemicals ................. 134 2.3.16 Details of relevant system for the assessment and regulation of chemicals already in the market ................................................................................................................................................. 134 3.0 Strategy and action plan elements of the National Implementation Plan ..................................... 135 3.1 Policy Statement ........................................................................................................................ 135 3.2 Implementation Strategy ........................................................................................................... 136 3.2.1 Policies ................................................................................................................................ 136 3.2.2 NIP Policy Basis .......................................................................................................................... 137 3.3 Activities, Strategies and Time Frame ....................................................................................... 143 3.3.1 Activity: Institutional and Regulatory Strengthening Measures ......................................... 145 3.3.2 Activity: Production, Import and Export, Use, Stockpiles and Wastes of Annex A POPs pesticides (Annex A, Part I chemicals) ................................................................................................ 149 3.3.3 Activity: Production, import and export, use, stockpiles, and wastes of POPs of Industrial use (Article 6) ...................................................................................................................................... 154 3.3.4 Action plan: Measures to reduce releases from unintentional production (Article 5)....... 157 3.3.5 Strategy: Identification of contaminated sites (Annex A, B, and C Chemicals) and remediation in an environmentally sound manner ............................................................................ 164 3.3.6 Activity: Facilitating or undertaking information exchange and stakeholder involvement (Article 9) 168 3.3.7 Activity: Public awareness, Information and Education (Article 10) .................................. 172 3.3.8 Activity: Effectiveness Evaluation (Article 16) .................................................................... 173 3.3.9 Activity: Research, development and monitoring (Article 11)............................................ 174 vi | P a g e 3.3.10 Activity: Technical and financial assistance (Articles 12 and 13) ........................................ 177 3.3.11 Activity: Mainstreaming Gender Perspective ..................................................................... 179 3.3.12 Activity: BAT and BEP assurance in POP Management (Article 5(b-f) and Annex C Part V)180 References .................................................................................................................................................. 187 Annexes ....................................................................................................................................................... 193 Annex I: Coordination Mechanism ........................................................................................................... 194 Annex II: List of Participants at POPs Inventory Training Workshop.......................................................... 195 Annex III: Communiqué Issued at the Validation Workshop ..................................................................... 201 Annex IV: List of Participants at Inventory Data Validation and Priority Setting Workshop ....................... 203 Annex V: Statement of Commitment at Endorsement Workshop ............................................................ 210 Annex VI: List of Stakeholders at NIP Document Endorsement Workshop .............................................. 212 Annex VII: Data on Pilot Inventory of National HealthCare Waste ............................................................ 226 Annex VIII: Inventory Data from CleanFarms Project ................................................................................ 228 Annex IX: POPs Inventory Questionnaires ............................................................................................ 230 Annex X: Import of PBDEs from Nigeria Customs Services (NCS Data) ...................................................... 297 Annex XI: Number of Registered Vehicles in Nigeria from 2004 to 2010 (NBS Data) ................................ 298 vii | P a g e List of Tables TABLE 2. 1: POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC PROFILE OF FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF NIGERIA ........................................................................ 27 TABLE 2. 2: SUMMARY OF NIGERIA-ASP INVENTORY DATA......................................................................................................... 42 TABLE 2. 3: ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF INSTITUTIONS INVOLVED IN CHEMICALS/POPS MANAGEMENT ....................................... 48 TABLE 2. 4: NIGERIA'S LEVELS OF COMMITMENT TO INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL INSTRUMENTS ............................................... 79 TABLE 2. 5: LIST OF ANNEX A, PART I CHEMICALS ................................................................................................................... 94 TABLE 2. 6: EXAMPLES OF INSECTICIDES FOR THE CONTROL OF STEM BORERS.................................................................................. 97 TABLE 2. 7: OVERALL MEAN CONCENTRATION (ΜG KG-1) OF ORGANOCHLORINE RESIDUE IN NIGERIA ................................................ 99 TABLE 2. 8: SUMMARY OF ENDOSULFAN IMPORTATION (2005 – 2015) .................................................................................... 100 TABLE 2. 9: CONCENTRATIONS (ΜG/PUF) OF OCPS IN THE NIGERIAN AIR SAMPLES ANALYSED ...................................................... 102 TABLE 2. 10: POWER GENERATION COMPANIES ..................................................................................................................... 107 TABLE 2. 11: REGIONS, SUB-REGIONS AND WORK-CENTRES ..................................................................................................... 109 TABLE 2. 12: WEIGHTS OF PCB- CONTAINING OIL AND EQUIPMENT INVENTORIED ........................................................................ 112 TABLE 2. 13: SUMMARY OF PCBS INVENTORY DATA ............................................................................................................... 113 TABLE 2. 14: COMMERCIAL OCTABDE AND RELATED POPS-PBDE (HEXABDE AND HEPTABDE) IN EEE, WEEE ........................ 116 TABLE 2. 15: POPS‐PBDE (IN KG) IN INVENTORIED VEHICLES ................................................................................................... 118 TABLE 2. 16: SUMMARY OF PBDES INVENTORY DATA ............................................................................................................. 119 TABLE 2. 17: ARTICLES WITH HIGHEST PBDES, EMANATING FROM ASIA ..................................................................................... 120 TABLE 2. 18: SUMMARY OF PFOS INVENTORY ...................................................................................................................... 122 TABLE 2. 19: INVENTORY OF ANNUAL RELEASES OF UPOPS IN NIGERIA ..................................................................................... 125 TABLE 2. 20: SUMMARY OF POPS MONITORING DATA OBTAINED UNDER UNEP/GMP ................................................................. 128 viii | P a g e List of Figures FIGURE 1. 1: POPS TRANSPORTATION, ACCUMULATION AND MAGNIFICATION IN THE ENVIRONMENT. SOURCES: WHO (2011), WORLD OCEAN REVIEW (2015) .............................................................................................................................................. 11 FIGURE 1. 2: PSC AND PCU MEMBERS AND DEVELOPMENT PARTNERS AT THE INCEPTION WORKSHOP .............................................. 20 FIGURE 1. 3: SECTORAL STAKEHOLDERS AT THE POPS INVENTORY TRAINING WORKSHOP. ................................................................ 21 FIGURE 1. 4: STAKEHOLDERS AT THE POPS INVENTORY DATA VALIDATION WORKSHOP ................................................................... 22 FIGURE 1. 5: STAKEHOLDERS AT THE UPDATED NIP ENDORSEMENT WORKSHOP ............................................................................. 23 FIGURE 2. 1: A MAP SHOWING COUNTRIES THAT SHARE COMMON BOUNDARIES WITH NIGERIA (SOURCE: NPC) .................................. 26 FIGURE 2. 2: PESTICIDE PEDDLERS IN ACTION .......................................................................................................................... 29 FIGURE 2. 3: FLASH FLOODS OF THIS NATURE HAVE THE TENDENCY TO DISLODGE OBSOLETE POPS STOCKPILES (SOURCE: GUARDIAN NEWSPAPER, 2015) .................................................................................................................................................. 32 FIGURE 2. 4: AN INCINERATING FACILITY FOR HCW MANAGEMENT BUILT BY LAGOS STATE GOVERNMENT (LEFT) AND ANOTHER INCINERATOR AT LAGOS UNIVERSITY TEACHING HOSPITAL (RIGHT) IN LAGOS ....................................................................... 33 FIGURE 2. 5: GAS FLARING IN THE OIL AND GAS ........................................................................................................................ 34 FIGURE 2. 6: COMPOSTING FACILITY ESTABLISHED BY UPOPS PROJECT IN KANO ............................................................................ 36 FIGURE 2. 7: WASTE ELECTRICAL ELECTRONIC EQUIPMENT: A SOURCE OF ENVIRONMENTAL AND HEALTH CHALLENGES ............................ 38 FIGURE 2. 8: E-WASTE RECYCLING FACILITY OPERATED BY LAGOS STATE GOVERNMENT IN COLLABORATION WITH MSC IN LAGOS ............ 40 FIGURE 2. 9: OBSOLETE POPS PESTICIDE STOCK BEING INVENTORIED ............................................................................................ 41 FIGURE 2. 10: SAFEGUARDING OF OBSOLETE PESTICIDES DURING CLEANFARMS PROJECT .................................................................. 43 FIGURE 2.11: WOMEN FARMERS AS PRIMARY PROVIDERS FOR THE FAMILY (SOURCE: TRANSFORMATION, 2014). ................................ 91 FIGURE 2. 12: PASSIVE AIR SAMPLING KITS BEING MOUNTED .................................................................................................... 101 FIGURE 2. 13: DISCO’S CATCHMENT AREAS .......................................................................................................................... 110 FIGURE 2. 14: A DRUM OF PCBS OIL OBSERVED AND AN ON-LINE TRANSFORMER ON SITE .............................................................. 111 FIGURE 2. 15: HANDHELD XRF SPECTROPHOTOMETER ............................................................................................................ 115 FIGURE 2. 16: PBDE INVENTORY IN ELECTRONIC EQUIPMENT AND VEHICLES ................................................................................ 119 ix | P a g e List of Acronyms ADI Acceptable Daily Intake ADP Agricultural Development Programme AfDB African Development Bank AG Associated Gases ASP African Stockpile Programme ATSDR Agency for Toxic Substances and Diseases Registry AU African Union BAT Best Available Technology BCRCCA Basel Convention Regional Coordinating Centre for African Region BEP Best Environmental Practices BPEO Best Practicable Environmental Options BRS Basel, Rotterdam and Stockholm Conventions BMW Bavarian Motor Works CAPL Chemical and Allied Product Limited CAS Chemical Abstracts Service CBO Community Based Organisation CIDA Canadian International Development Agency CIEN Chemical Information Exchange network CLN CropLife Nigeria ConOil Consolidated Oil PLC COPs Conference of the Parties CPC Consumer Protection Council DANIDA Danish International Development Agency DDT Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane or 1,1,1-Trichloro-2,2-bis(4-chlorophenyl)ethane DISCO Electricity Distribution Companies DNA Designated National Authority DRTS Directorate of Road Traffic Service ECOWAS Economic Community of West African States ECN Energy Commission of Nigeria EIA Environmental Impact Assessment ELVs End of Life Vehicles EPR Extended Producers Responsibility EU European Union EU-MRLs European Union-Maximum Residue Limits E-waste Electronic Waste WEEE Waste Electrical and Electronics Equipment FAO Food and Agricultural Organisation FCT Federal Capital Territory FEPA Federal Environmental Protection Agency x | P a g e FFS Federal Fire Service FIRS Federal Inland Revenue Service FMARD Federal Ministry of Agriculture and Natural Resources FMoC Federal Ministry of Communications FME Federal Ministry of Education FMEnv Federal Ministry of Environment FMF Federal Ministry of Finance FMoH Federal Ministry of Health FMI Federal Ministry of Information FMIT&I Federal Ministry of Industry, Trade & Investment FMJ Federal Ministry of Justice FML&E Federal Ministry of Labour and Employment FMM&SD Federal Ministry of Mines and Steel Development FMP Federal Ministry of Petroleum FMST Federal Ministry of Science and Technology FMWA Federal Ministry of Women Affairs FMWP&H Federal Ministry of Works, Power and Housing FOS Federal Office of Statistics FRSC Federal Road Safety Corp GDP Gross Domestic Product GCFR Grand Commander of the Federal Republic of Nigeria GDs Guidance Documents GENCO Electricity Generating Companies GEF Global Environment Facility GHS Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals GMP Global Monitoring Plan HBCD Hexabromocyclododecane HCBD Hexachlorobutadiene HCH Hexachlorocyclohexane HCW HealthCare Waste HS Harmonized Commodity Description and Coding System or Harmonised System IA Implementing Agency ICCM International Conference on Chemicals Management IDA International Development Association ICIPE International Centre for Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE) IMSWM Integrated Municipal Solid Waste Management IUPAC International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry JICA Japan International Cooperation Agency LGA Local Government Area LPG Liquefied Petroleum Gas LUTH Lagos University Teaching Hospital xi | P a g e MAN Manufacturers Association of Nigeria MAW Municipal and Agricultural Waste MDAs Ministries, Departments and Agencies MEAs Multilateral Environmental Agreements MFA Ministry of Foreign Affairs MOT Ministry of Transport NABDA National Biotechnology Development Agency NAC National Automotive Council NAFDAC National Agency for Food and Drugs Administration and Control NAG Non-Associated Gas NASPIN Nigeria Africa Stockpiles Programme Implementation Network NAPRI National Pharmaceutical Research Institute NARICT National Research Institute for Chemicals Technology NATA Nigeria Automobile Technicians Association NBMA National Biosafety Management Agency NBS National Bureau of Statistics NCS Nigeria Customs Service NEP National Environmental Policy NEPAD New Partnership for Africa’s Development NERC Nigerian Electricity Regulatory Commission NESREA National Environmental Standard Regulatory and Enforcement Agency NFP National Focal Point NGOs Non-Governmental Organisations NIP National Implementation Plan NOA National Orientation Agency NOLCHEM National Oil and Chemicals Marketing Company NPC National Population Commission NPC National Planning Commission NRI National Research Institutions NUC National Universities Commission OCPs Organo-Chlorine Pesticides ODS Ozone Depleting Substances OEMs Original Equipment Manufacturers Online-ERS Online Electronic Reporting System OPRC International Convention on Oil Pollution Preparedness, Response and Co-operation PAH Poly-Aromatic Hydrocarbon PBDEs Polybrominated diphenyl ethers PCB Pentachlorobenzene PCBs Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) PCDDs Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins xii | P a g e PCDFs Polychlorinated dibenzofurans PCN Polychlorinated naphthalene PCP Pentachlorophenol PCU Project Coordinating Unit PFOS Perfluorooctane sulfonic acid PMU Project Management Unit POPs Persistent Organic Pollutants POPRC Persistent Organic Pollutants Review Committee PPE Personal Protective Equipment PRTRs Pollutant Release and Transfer Registers PSC Project Steering Committee PSP Private Sector Participation SAICM Strategic Approach to International Chemicals management SC Stockholm Convention SDS Safety Data Sheets TCN Transmission Company of Nigeria TEQ Toxicity Equivalence TEQ/a Toxicity Equivalence per annum TETFund Tertiary Education Trust Fund TOR Terms of Reference UN United Nations UNDP United Nations Development Programme UNEP United Nations Environment Programme UNICEF United Nations Children’s Emergency Fund UNIDO United Nations Industrial Development Organisation UNITAR United Nations Institute for Training and Research U-LAB Used Lead Acid Battery U-POPs Unintentional-Produced Persistent Organic Pollutants USAID United States Agency for International Development WHO World Health Organisation WTO World Trade Organization 1 | P a g e Executive Summary A. Introduction The global drive for industrialisation, economic development, improved food supply and better quality of human lives have actuated large-scale chemicals production and applications in all sectors of the economy, ranging from industry to health care delivery system. Some of these chemicals, particularly Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), are characteristically toxic, persistent, possess the ability to bioaccumulate and biomagnify up food chains. Thus, without good management practices, these hazardous chemicals and their wastes can pose significant risks to human health and the environment especially the poorest members of the global community (UNDP, 2015). Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants In an attempt to address this global challenge, the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants was adopted at a Conference of Plenipotentiaries on 22 May 2001 in Stockholm, Sweden and entered into force on 17 May 2004; it was ratified by Nigeria on 24 May 2004. The Convention initially listed the ‘dirty dozen’ chemicals for global action, listed ‘nasty nine’, endosulfan and hexabromocyclododecane, in 2009, 2011 and 2013, sequentially. In May 2015, hexachlorobutadiene (HCBD), polychlorinated naphthalene (PCN) and pentachlorophenol (PCP) were also listed under various annexes; these will take effect on 15th December 2016. POPs-chemicals are listed in 3 Annexes, viz: Annex A: comprising POPs listed for elimination; Annex B: listed for restriction/limitation and Annex C: for “unintentional production”. Article 3 of the Convention makes it obligatory for parties to take actions to prohibit or eliminate the production and use or import or export of chemicals listed in Annex A (chemicals for elimination. Parties are also to restrict production and use of chemicals in Annex B (restricted use chemicals), as well as ensure that a chemical listed under Annex A or B is only imported for the purpose of environmentally sound disposal or for permitted use(s). Infiltration of POP-chemicals into developing countries like Nigeria poses major public health and environmental concerns, due to gaps in infrastructural/regulatory capacities for ensuring their safe use and disposal (UNEP GMP Report, 2009). In the event of amendments to any or all Annexes to the Convention and upon entering into force of such amendments, or as a result of any national triggering factor(s), Parties are obligated pursuant to Article 7 of the Convention, and taking into account the annex to decision SC-2/7, review and, if necessary, update their national implementation plans in order to address the following issues as they relate to each of the substances added to the Convention, viz: i. Measures to reduce or eliminate releases from intentional production and use (Article 3); ii. Measures to reduce or eliminate releases from unintentional production (Article 5); and iii. Measures to reduce or eliminate releases from stockpiles and wastes (Article 6). 2 | P a g e National efforts at addressing POPs-issues in Nigeria Nigeria has made cogent and robust policy, regulatory, legislative and administrative measures, targetted at addressing POPs-issues. These include development of the first National Implementation Plan, with clearly defined and prioritized activities (2002-2007), National Policy on Chemicals Management; National Action Plan on Health Care Waste Management; establishment of the National Institutional Framework and Strengthening Capacity for the Sound Management of Chemicals, including implementation of the Strategic Approach to International Chemicals Management (SAICM), Nigeria- Africa Stockpiles Program Implementation, among others. Development of National Implementation Plan (NIP) for POPs management The Convention specifically stipulates a number of tasks that need be undertaken within the context of NIP, namely: inventories of sources and emissions of POPs listed in annexes A and B to the Convention; developing action plans for the reduction of releases of unintentional by products; strengthening capacity to report every five years on progress in phasing out polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs); assessments of POPs-stockpiles and identifying management options; building capacity to identify sites contaminated by POPs as well as supporting communication, information exchange and awareness raising through multi-stakeholder participatory processes. Subsequently, Nigeria, in compliance with Article 7(1(c)) of the Stockholm Convention, and exploring the opportunity of Article 13 thereof, accessed the Global Environment Facility (GEF) support for the Enabling Activities for the NIP Review and Update Project, with the United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO), as the Implementing Agency. Specifically, the immediate objectives of the project are, among others, to:  prepare, endorse and submit the updated and reviewed NIP, including inventory, prioritization and action plans to the Stockholm Convention Secretariat;  enable the country to fulfil her obligations under Article 7 of the SC and reporting requirements of the Convention;  build the capacity of participating stakeholders to manage the additional POPs with newly developed technical skills, expertise; and  gain stakeholders' endorsement of NIP including strategies and actions required by Nigeria in meeting its obligations under the convention. Steps taken in the NIP Update Project Implementation The project implementation has been coordinated by Federal Ministry of Environment (FMENV), which is the Designated National Authority (DNA) for chemicals and waste treaties, with collaboration and cooperation of relevant MDAs as well as other key players in all sectors of the economy, including the public and private sectors and development partners, in line with Article 7(2) of the Convention. The Enabling Activities NIP project activities included the following step wise components:  Project Inception/ Establishing Coordination Mechanism and Stakeholders’ Awareness Raising (10th June 2014); 3 | P a g e  Conducting Inventories of new POPs, Validation of Inventory Data by stakeholders and NIP Review and Update (Inventory training: 11 to 12 June 2014; field assessment (October 2014 to June 2015);  Assessment of National Capacity and setting priority for management of new POPs (October 2014 to June 2015);  Action plans and strategies for the Implementation of the Reviewed and Updated NIP (endorsement 17th September 2015); and  Government endorsement and submission of updated NIP to the Stockholm Convention Secretariat (16-18 May 2016). The reviewed and updated NIP serves as the ‘renegotiated & reinforced’ national policy framework tailored at addressing POPs-issues. Structure of the updated National Implementation Plan The endorsed updated NIP has been arranged into three chapters, with standard accessories, as itemised below:  Forward, Acknowledgment and Executive Summary;  Chapter 1 provides the Introduction, Purpose and Structure of the NIP, Summary of the SC aims and obligations. It also describes the mechanism used to review/update the NIP and the stakeholder consultation process. A POPs summary and background, uses of chemicals and the risk they cause. Progress to date in implementing the Convention;  Chapter 2 contains the country profile including background information, general socio demographical, political, economic, ecological data and information on the environmental management system in the country;  Chapter 3 includes Implementation Strategy for the NIP and Action Plans to achieve Convention obligations and additional objectives by the country (UNEP guidance July 2012);  Annexes to the updated NIP, as enumerated here within.  Detailed thematic POPs Assessment Reports, submitted in adjunct to the NIP, viz: o Legal, Socioeconomic and Gender Dimension Assessment Report; o POPS-Pesticides and UPOPS Inventory Report; and o Report of the Inventory of Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers and Perflourooctane Sulfonic Acid and Its Salts.  Reports of series of stakeholders’ workshops, submitted in adjunct to the NIP, viz: o Project Inception/Steering Committee Inauguration Workshop; o POPs Inventory Training Workshop; o POPs Inventory Data Validation Workshop; and o Updated NIP Endorsement Workshop. B. Country Baseline As an emerging industrialised nation, Nigeria records imports and consumption of hazardous chemicals, some of which are POPs for multifarious applications in development and economic sectors, namely: industry, agriculture, mining, public utilities, health care delivery system, 4 | P a g e infrastructural development, among others, which substantially cumulatively contribute to the national Gross Domestic Product (GDP). Institutional, Policy, and Regulatory Framework Nigeria, as a pioneer party to BRS and other relevant conventions is robustly committed to total compliance with their obligations and developed various institutional, policy & regulatory frameworks, strategies and action plans for effective implementation of the treaties across the board. Federal Ministry of Environment is the Designated National Authority (DNA) for the coordination and fulfilment of the country’s obligations in the framework of Basel, Rotterdam and Stockholm (BRS) Conventions and other international agreements regarding the Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs). However, POPs related activities are driven and coordinated through multi-stakeholder and multi-sectoral approach, incorporating MDAs, CSOs, the Academia and other relevant sectors, affected by or with capacities, competences, cognate mandates and capabilities in the realms of POPs management. Bearing in mind that the global best practice enshrining long-term and stable solutions to POPs management is by building multi-stakeholder cooperation, institutional coordination and inclusive decision making process. This requires pooling complementary policies, strategies and management approaches, which comprise sectoral instruments related to POPs as well as strategies, programs and projects being undertaken by relevant bodies/corporate entities. These elements are either environment-specific or adapted from other sectors, due to cross-cutting mandates. POPs-issues are cross-cutting, impacting or concerning state and non-state players. In Nigeria, sectoral laws and institutions have been created for the purpose of ensuring that the entire field of environmental issues is covered. Furthermore, new policies, legislations, regulations and standards are being enacted to meet exigent needs of global emerging issues in environmental management, particularly POPs. Nonetheless, capacity assessment conducted as part of the NIP Update Project implementation has revealed some gaps that need be filled. Policy and Regulatory Framework Effective national implementation of Stockholm Convention and other Chemical and Waste treaties requires strengthening policy and regulatory frameworks to regulate the life-cycle management of chemicals and waste, covering manufacturing, transportation, storage, handling and reprocessing (cradle to cradle), or destruction (cradle to grave), as may be permitted by relevant global instruments. Multilateral Environmental Agreements The need to protect and preserve the environment has consistently been a recurring burning issue, nationally and internationally. This has led to negotiation, adoption and signing of scores of Multilateral Environmental Agreements (MEAs), in addition to regional and global instruments adopted in pre and post-Rio Conference era. Multilateral environmental agreements are legal instruments with binding effects on countries that have agreed to become parties thereto, 5 | P a g e through ratification or accession (INTOSAI-WGEA, 2010). An MEA/treaty procedurally comes into force, if it is ratified by the requisite number of countries. Nigeria has played active roles in the negotiation and actualisation of set objectives of a list of MEAs, which form the over-arching international legal grundnorm (basic norm) for addressing environmental issues of global concerns. Some of these MEAs have either been ratified (before coming into force) or acceded to (after coming into force) by Nigeria and have either been or are in the process of being internalised, to complement the overall framework of national legislations, bilateral, sub-regional and regional treaties on varying environmental issues of national priorities. Assessment of the POPs issues in the country A survey conducted about a decade ago on pesticides usage in Nigeria indicated that over 15,000 metric tonnes/annum of pesticides, comprising about 135 chemical pesticides marketed locally under 200 different product brands and formulations, were imported during 1983 – 1990. In the same vein, the Federal Office of Statistics (FOS) in Lagos provided useful information on the importation of DDT and Hexachlorobenzene (HCB) into the country till the year 2002 (First NIP, 2009). Although importation of certain hazardous chemicals such as POPs was banned in 1999 by the Nigerian Government, illegal/illicit trade in these chemicals still thrives in the informal sector, surreptitiously. This makes it difficult to maintain good statistics of POPs pesticides in the informal sector which is responsible for most cases of illicit traffics in hazardous chemicals. With a view to updating the record in line with the amendments to Annexes to the Convention, an assessment of POPs-issues was conducted under the NIP Review and Update Project. This task was carried out by exploring relevant data sources, namely: import trade data, market surveys, consultations with critical players including the umbrella association for agro-inputs merchants, private researchers, State Governments, Research Institutes, pooling existing inventory data obtained under cognate POPs-projects, among others. POP-Pesticides (Annex A, Part 1 Chemicals) The use of Organochlorides Pesticides (OCP), including Lindane for varying purposes, namely: maintenance of public/private infrastructures integrity, vector control in the health sector, crop protection, among others, dates back to -pre-Rio Erath Summit era. All pesticides including Lindane used in Nigeria, in the past, were imported from some developed countries in Europe, America and Asia, although a number of chemical industries then based in Lagos, Port Harcourt and Kaduna owned by the multinational oil companies. These industries were decommissioned, between 1990’s and 2004, in line with international actions on POPs elimination/minimization. These old storage or production facilities are potential Lindane contaminated sites that require proper characterisation and decontamination. Lindane has been used in a wide array of sectors, including agriculture, forestry, veterinary, general household and building spray, pharmaceuticals and public health. For instance, Lindane was widely used as an insecticide in cocoa plantation. However, it was banned and withdrawn from the Nigerian Cocoa production system, in line with the new ICCO 2008 Legislations on the use of Cocoa pesticides (CRIN, 2015). 6 | P a g e Nigeria has no industry that produces Chlordecone just like other POPs. Nigeria is one of the largest plantain producing countries in the world (FAO, 2006). While the use of Chlordecone may not be promoted by IITA, a document produced by IITA Youth Agripreneurs on Plantain Production in West Africa (2014) identified Chlordecone and other crop protection products as being effective for the control of stem borer or banana weevils. The only record of importation of Dieldrin into Nigeria for the period of 2005 to 2015 was made in April 2014 by Paints and Coatings Manufacturers. No other record of Dieldrin importation was found for NAFDAC and NCS during this period. However, it is to be noted that this entry for Dieldrin was inadvertently passed, since Nigeria had put a ban on the importation and use of Dieldrin, being one of the dirty dozen. There are indications that Dieldrin has been used intensively in the past for the control of for soil and seed treatment in agriculture, for control of disease vectors such as mosquitoes and Glossina palpalis (Tsetse flies), for veterinary purposes as a sheep dip, and for the treatment of wood and the mothproofing of woollen products. Its apparently prolonged use, stockpiles and unsound management have resulted in contamination of the environmental media, food as well as human exposure, with attendant health cum socioeconomic implications.Importation of Aldrin, Chlordane, Heptachlor, Mirex and Toxaphene was prohibited by decision of the hazardous chemicals and waste management committee, under the Prior-Informed-Consent (PIC) Procedure, in 1999. In spite aggressive public enlightenment campaigns embarked upon, these chemicals still thrive in the informal sector where vendors sell them ‘under the counters.’ Although, due to data gap, it was postulated that Mirex and Toxaphene had never been used in Nigeria, the report of passive air sampling campaigns at the Produce Coordinating Unit, Sheda, FCT, conducted under Supporting The Global Monitoring Plan On Persistent Organic Pollutant in six West African countries, and analysed at IVM VU Amsterdam, MTM University of Orebor Sweden and Jawura Environmental laboratory Lagos revealed concentrations of Dieldrin, Chlordanes, Mirex, Endosulfans, among others (UNEP, 2009). Polychlorinated Biphenyls (Annex A, Part II Chemicals) In 2008, the Nigerian Government undertook an initial PCBs evaluation in some electrical power generating, transmission and distribution facilities spread across 10 states. As a follow up to this study, Nigeria accessed the GEF‐support for the implementation of National PCB Management Framework Project, intended to strengthen the Government's capacity to manage, monitor, control and, ultimately, phase out the use of PCBs. it also developed a baseline national inventory of PCBs and PCBs‐containing equipment and a national PCBs management plan. The assessment of Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) was mainly done in the power sector of the national economy, which has the largest collection of PCBs-containing line equipment in the country. The sector has infrastructures located in all 36 states of the federation, including the Federal Capital Territory (FCT), with about 250 transmission transformers, 34800 distribution transformers and over 2000 power transformers. During this assessment, fifteen (15) states were covered and the main equipment considered were: transformers, capacitors and oils from transformers and capacitors. The states covered were North West: Kaduna, Kano & Sokoto; North East: Bauchi, North Central: Abuja, Benue, Niger; South West: Lagos, Ogun, Oyo; South-South: Delta, Rivers; South East: Abia, Anambra, Enugu. Interpretation of PCB Inventory Data Based on the analysis, it is evident that older states like Oyo (89.4%), Kaduna (43.1%), Lagos (30.1%) and Niger (39.6%) had higher values of PCBs containing equipment due to the presence of older transformers in those states that were produced pre 1980’s (the year PCBs came into enforcement), hence these transformers were operated using PCBs containing oil which contaminated the transformers. Delta also had a high value of PCBs (56.4%) due to the presence of old transformers in old Local Government Areas (LGAs) of the states like Sapele and Ughelli. Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers (PBDEs) Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers (PBDEs) are a class of industrial aromatic Organobromine chemicals whose first commercial production was in the 1970s as additive flame retardants in a wide range of mainly consumer products (Centers for Disease Control). These additive PBDEs are the highest produced group of Brominated Flame Retardants (BFR). PBDEs were produced with three different degrees of Bromination and marketed as outlined below: a) Commercial Pentabromodiphenyl Ether (c‐PentaBDE) b) Commercial Octabromodiphenyl Ether (c‐OctaBDE) c) Commercial Decabromodiphenyl Ether (c‐DecaBDE) Production of C‐PentaBDE and C‐OctaBDE stopped in 2004, while that of (c‐DecaBDE) is still produced (Alaee et al., 2003; Prevedourous et al., 2004; SFT, 2009). DecaBDE is the most widely used PBDE globally. Unintentionally Produced Persistent Organic Pollutants (UPOPs) Open burning and uncontrolled incineration of municipal, industrial wastes and hospital/clinical wastes are well known sources of PCDDs/PCDFs. A large amount of accidental and deliberate combustion is taking place continually including the burning of tyres, as well as stripping insulation of copper wires and cables, and leads to dioxins release into the environment. Burning of bush, forests and sugar cane fields, to cut labour costs just before weeding for planting and/or harvest as appropriate also contribute to the formation of dioxins (FRN, 2009). Some sources of UPOPs that were identified are: Waste Incineration, Ferrous and Non-Ferrous Metal Production, Heat and Power Generation, among others. Stockpiles of wastes electrical and electronic equipment Wastes electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) or E-wastes are a growing concern globally, with Cathode Ray Tube monitors (in TVs and computers) containing over 50% of total POPs-BDE in EEEs. These EEEs are often imported into Nigeria in fairly used conditions where the equipments are approaching end-of-life. The state of these EEEs thus facilitates the release of the POPs contained within them into the environment. Summary of future production, use and releases of POPs - requirements for exemption Currently, Nigeria has no plan to produce POPs-chemicals in the near future. However, the use of POPs-containing pesticides and industrial chemicals is bound to cease over time, as most of the 8 | P a g e identified POPs are currently in phase-out stage. The capacity for safe disposal or destruction of these POPs needs be strengthened, as Nigeria currently has dearth of appropriate infrastructure for POPs destruction. C. Strategy and action plan elements of the National Implementation Plan As a Party to the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) and other international treaties under the Chemicals and Wastes Synergy is committed to the realisation of their set objectives. Consequent upon the foregoing, the Government of Federal Republic of Nigeria expresses her appreciation for the collective efforts, cooperation of the international community, especially GEF and UNIDO, in the development and endorsement of the Updated NIP, which is tailored towards achieving human and environmental health protection against POPs. POPs-issues of national priority The following cross-cutting priorities, among others, have been identified during the Inventory Data Validation and Priority setting Workshop held in Abuja 16 – 17t September 2015, which formed strong basis for the Action Plans on POPs: (i) Developing effective POPs legislative and regulatory frameworks. (ii) Increasing institutional capacity of government departments/agencies and other institutions. (iii) Developing programmes and regulations on monitoring of POPs chemicals. (iv) Developing mechanisms to promote proper management of stockpiles of POPs pesticides and PBDE, wastes and contaminated sites. (v) Opportunity for developing and maintaining simple, accessible and interactive database through sustained collaborative information sharing among stakeholders. (vi) Mainstreaming thematic concepts of the treaties into national development plans is exigent, in line with global best practices in environmental governance. (vii) integration of gender dynamics vis-à-vis POPs management within policies and work places. Activities, Strategies and Time Frame Strategies and actions to be undertaken by Nigeria, with the view to actualising effective and efficient implementation of the updated NIP, in fulfilment of Nigeria’s obligations under the Stockholm Convention. These activities are based on Nigeria’s situation verified in various inventory exercises as well as at the intervention priorities that were determined during the Priority Setting Workshop. The following Measures and Action Plans are covered in the Updated NIP:  Measures to strengthen the national institutional capacity and the legal framework for POPs management; 9 | P a g e  Action Plan for Production, import and export, use, stockpiles, and wastes of Annex A POPs pesticides (Annex A, Part I chemicals);  Action Plan for Production, import and export, use, stockpiles, and wastes of POPs of Industrial use;  Measures to reduce releases from unintentional production (Article 5);  Action Plan for Identification of contaminated sites (Annex A, B, and C Chemicals) and remediation in an Environmentally Sound Manner;  Action Plan for Facilitating or undertaking information exchange and stakeholder involvement;  Measure to increase Public awareness, information and education (Article 10);  Action Plan for Effectiveness evaluation (Article 16);  Action Plan for Research, development and monitoring (Article 11); and  Action plan for Technical and financial assistance (Articles 12 and 13). 10 | P a g e 1.0 Introduction 1.1 Chemical Production, Uses and Risks The global drive for industrialisation, economic development, improved food supply and better quality of human lives have catalysed large-scale commercial production of synthesized hazardous chemical substances and their systematic multifarious applications in all sectors of human endeavours, namely: industry, agriculture, mining, public utilities and health care delivery system, among others. Consequently, the global output of hazardous chemicals increased approximately 10- fold between 1970 and 2010 (WHO, 2010), while millions of people throughout the world lead richer, more productive and more comfortable lives because of the thousands of chemicals on the market today (UNEP, in GCO 2012). Hazardous chemicals are often divided into three categories: pesticides, industrial chemicals, and unintentionally produced by-products. Some of these chemicals are characteristically toxic and persistent, hence possess the ability to bioaccumulate (build up in fatty tissues in individual organisms) and concentrate further or biomagnify up food chains. These chemicals belong to a kind, knows as Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs). Thus, without good management practices, these hazardous chemicals and their wastes can pose significant risks to human health and the environment especially the poorest members of the global community (UNDP, 2015). 1.1.1 Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs): An Overview Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) are defined as organic compounds that persist in the environment, bioaccumulate through the food web and can cause deleterious effects in human health & the environment (GreenFacts, 2016). POPs also possess the ability of being transported through the air, water and migratory animal species across international boundaries; deposited in regions where they have never been used or produced, where they eventually accumulate in terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems (fig. 1.1). 11 | P a g e POPs-derived pollution burdens and their accompanying adverse toxicological and environmental implications have become the focus of growing national and international concerns, as priority hazardous chemicals. These, consequently, triggered concerted and targeted efforts of the international community to consistently call for joint global actions, with a view to reducing and eliminating releases of these chemicals and the consequent threats they pose to the environment of the whole globe (UNEP 2011), which effects are more prominent among the vulnerable groups, particularly children at developmental stages to whom these toxic contaminants can be passed through breast milk, among other exposure routes. 1.1.2 List of POP-chemicals Article 8 of the Convention and Decision SC-2/8 have prescribed the process/procedure for listing candidate chemicals as Annex A, B or C POPs. The Stockholm Convention covered the ‘dirty dozen’ chemicals, at its adoption. The Conference of the Parties (COP) to the Stockholm Convention (SC), in its fourth meeting (SC COP-4) held in May 2009 added the ‘nasty nine’ (Decisions SC-4/10-SC 4/18), while endosulfan was listed at COP-5 in May 2011(Decision SC-5/3). In addition, SC COP-6 held during the Joint meeting of Conferences of the Parties to Basel, Rotterdam and Stockholm (BRS COPs:) added hexabromocyclododecane to the Stockholm Convention (HBCD) (Decision SC 6/13). At the Joint BRS COPs meetings in Geneva held in May 2015, three additional POPs, namely: hexachlorobutadiene (HCBD), polychlorinated naphthalene (PCN) and pentachlorophenol (PCP) were also listed under various annexes (Decisions SC-7/12 to SC-7/14). Currently 26 chemicals are listed as POPs in Annexes A, B and C, as applicable and each amendment by Conference of the Parties to the Convention is obligatorily deposited at the United Nations Depository, which issues communication notices, with a moratorium, for the amendment to take effect, in line with Article 29 of the Convention. Figure 1. 1: POPs transportation, accumulation and magnification in the environment. Sources: WHO (2011), World Ocean Review (2015) 12 | P a g e Section 22(3(c)) of the Convention expressly states that: “On the expiry of one year from the date of the communication by the depositary of the adoption of an additional annex, the annex shall enter into force for all Parties that have not submitted a notification …”. POP-chemicals are listed in 3 Annexes, viz: Annex A: comprising POPs listed for elimination; Annex B: listed for restriction/limitation and Annex C: for “unintentional production”. 1.1.2.1 Annex A POP-Chemicals Annex A chemicals include:  Aldrin – Pesticide  Chlordane – Pesticide  Dieldrin – Pesticide  Endrin – Pesticide  Heptachlor – Pesticide  Hexachlorobenzene (HCB) – Biocide o by-product from the production of other chemical substances o trace/residue in other chemical substances o product from burning  Mirex – Pesticide o additive in plastics and rubber for the reduction of burning rate  Toxaphene – Pesticide  Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) – Chemical substances used as oils in heat exchangers, transformers, capacitors, as additives in paints and plastics as well as additives in carbonless copy paper. They are also produced unintentionally during the burning processes.  α-hexachlorocycloexane - pesticide and by-product from the production of other chemicals  β-hexachlorocyclohexane - pesticide and by-product from the production of other chemicals  Chlordecone - Pesticide  Hexabromobiphenyl – Industrial chemical substance  Hexabromobiphenyl ether – Industrial chemical substance  Heptabromobiphenyl ether – Industrial chemical substance  Lindane - Pesticide  Pentachlorobenzene - Pesticide, industrial chemical substance and by-product from the production of other chemicals  Tetrabromodiphenyl ether – Industrial chemical  Pentabromodiphenyl ether – Industrial chemical  Endosulfan and its isomers – Pesticide (insecticides)  Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) – Industrial chemical (fire retardant). Article 3 of the Convention makes it obligatory for parties to prohibit or apply measures for the elimination of the production, use, import and export of the chemical compounds included in Annex A of the Convention. 13 | P a g e 1.1.2.2 Annex B POP-Chemicals The following are Annex B POP chemicals:  1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-di(4-chlorophenyl) ethane, known as DDT – Pesticide  Perfluorooctane sulfonic acid – Industrial chemicals/pesticide  Perfluorooctane sulfonic fluoride – Industrial chemical. In another sub-section of Article 3 of the Convention, Parties are requested to take measures for the limitation of production or use of the chemical substances included in Annex B to the Convention. 1.1.2.3 Annex C POP-Chemicals Annex C chemicals in Stockholm Convention are:  Dioxins and Furans – Produced mainly from combustion (fuel and waste) as well as by-products from various industrial processes. The group of dioxins consist of 75 types of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and 135 types of polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs)  Hexachlorobenzene and Polychlorinated Biphenyls – They are included also in Annex A of the Convention as stated earlier. They are produced during the combustion process of fuels and wastes, as referred above for the dioxins.  Pentachlorobenzene (PeCB). 1.2 Risks associated with POPs It has been empirically observed that POPs exposure could cause birth defects in humans/animals and is also associated with some forms of cancer, immunological and reproductive disorders, damage to the central and peripheral nervous systems and a diminishing of intelligence, among others. There are international institutional attempts to reduce risks associated with hazardous human-made chemicals that pose a direct threat to human health and the environment. The continuous infiltration of POP-chemicals into developing countries like Nigeria and their unceasing use in pest/vector control and other endeavours poses major public health and environmental concerns, due to gaps in infrastructural/regulatory capacities for ensuring their safe use and disposal (UNEP GMP Report, 2009). 1.3 Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants In an attempt to address this global challenge, the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants was adopted at a Conference of Plenipotentiaries on 22 May 2001 in Stockholm, Sweden and entered into force on 17 May 2004. The Convention was negotiated in five sessions between 1998 and 2000, with the final text agreed to in Johannesburg in December 2000, culminating in its adoption by more than a hundred countries in Stockholm in May 2001 (Krueger et al., 2002). Currently, 180 countries are parties to the Stockholm Convention. The Convention takes holistic approach and sets out control measures covering production, use, trade, and disposal of hazardous pesticides and industrial chemicals, as well as containing measures to reduce by-products. Nigeria ratified the Convention on 24 May 2004. 14 | P a g e The Convention has the objective of protecting human health and the environment from POPs and makes it obligatory for Parties to:  take actions to prohibit or eliminate the production and use or import or export of chemicals listed in Annex A (chemicals for elimination) (Article 3);  restrict production and use of chemicals in Annex B (restricted use chemicals) (Article 3);  ensure that a chemical listed under Annex A or B is only imported for the purpose of environmentally sound disposal or for a permitted use under the Convention (Article 3);  take measures to reduce the release of chemicals listed in Annex C (unintentionally produced) (Article 5);  develop strategies for identifying stockpiles of chemicals in Annex A (chemicals for elimination) or Annex B (chemicals for restricted use) (Article 6);  manage stockpiles in a safe, efficient and environmentally sound manner (Article 6);  take appropriate measures to dispose of POPs in such a way that the persistent organic pollutant content is destroyed or irreversibly transformed, or dispose of the POPs in an environmentally sound manner when destruction or transformation is not an environmentally preferred option (Article 6);  ensure that POPs are not subjected to disposal operations that may lead to recovery, recycling, reclamation, direct use or alternative use. (Article 6);  identify contaminated sites and develop remediation measures in an environmentally sound manner (Article 6);  develop, use and review an Implementation Plan (Article 7);  consult with national stakeholders on the Implementation Plan (Article 7);  propose a chemical for listing under Annex A, B and/or C (Article 8), if it is a position to do so;  identify a National Focal Point to facilitate the exchange of information on POPs (Article 9);  provide information and develop education and training programmes for policy makers and the public about persistent organic pollutants (Article 10);  encourage and/or undertake research into POPs (Article 11);  provide financial support and incentives for national activities under the Convention (Article 13);  evaluate through the COP, the effectiveness of the Convention four years after its date of entry into force and periodically thereafter at intervals to be determined (Article 16). In the event of amendments to any or all Annexes to the Convention and upon entering into force of such amendments, or as a result of any national triggering factor(s), Parties are obligated pursuant to Article 7 of the Convention, and taking into account the annex to decision SC-2/7, review and, if necessary, update their national implementation plans in order to address the following issues as they relate to each of the substances added to the Convention, viz: iv. Measures to reduce or eliminate releases from intentional production and use (Article 3); v. Measures to reduce or eliminate releases from unintentional production (Article 5); and 15 | P a g e vi. Measures to reduce or eliminate releases from stockpiles and wastes (Article 6). The Convention is guided by the Conference of Parties (COP) that meets every two years. The POPs Review Committee (POPRC) provides guidance on scientific, technical and economic issues regarding the chemicals to be controlled. 1.4 National efforts at addressing POPs-issues in Nigeria  Promotion of Best Available Technologies/Best Environmental Practices (BATs/BEPs) in the management of hazardous chemicals and waste;  Development of a National Action Plan on Health Care Waste Management;  Development of a National Policy on Chemicals Management and signing of Memorandum of Understanding amongst line MDAs for an integrated national framework;  Development of the Chemical Information Exchange network (CIEN) website (www.estis.net/sites/cien ng) as a medium for disseminating information on Safe and Sound Chemicals Management;  Development of the National Hazardous Materials (Hazmat) Emergency Preparedness & Response Plan, as a platform for preventing, preparing for, and maintaining superior response capabilities in hazmat-related accidents, disasters, spills and other emergencies that may inevitably occur;  Development of the first National Implementation Plan, with clearly defined and prioritized activities (2002-2007). It was transmitted to the Stockholm Convention Secretariat on 29th April, 2009;  Establishment of the National Institutional Framework and Strengthening Capacity for the Sound Management of Chemicals, including implementation of the Strategic Approach to International Chemicals Management (SAICM), in accordance with national needs, priorities and capabilities;  Nigeria was one of the seven African countries that participated in the Africa Stockpiles Programme. The programme was supported by CIDA, FAO and counter-part funding by the Federal Government, with set objectives: o cleaning up stockpiled pesticides and pesticide-contaminated waste in an environmentally sound manner; o catalyzing the development of measures to prevent future accumulation; and o providing capacity building and institutional strengthening on important chemicals-related issues.  Pilot project for the Initial assessment of the nine new POPs in 2011 which indicated the occurrence of stock of new POPs in agricultural and fire service-sectors across the country and illicit application of some for fishing and cure of ailments.  Pilot testing of Guidance Documents (GDs) for National Implementation Plan (NIP) review and updating, with support by the UNEP/ Stockholm Convention Secretariat (ongoing). http://www.estis.net/sites/cien ng 16 | P a g e 1.5 Challenges in national POPs regulation efforts The task of regulating sound management of POPs, like other hazardous chemicals, is a herculean mission and our national efforts in this regard have been met with challenges. These challenges include the following, among others:  Inadequate infrastructures for the sound management of hazardous chemical waste, e.g. obsolete pesticides, contaminated sites for the interim storage of PCB wastes and PCB disposal facilities;  Ineffective legal infrastructures, ineffective institutional frameworks (administrative, legislative and regulatory), insufficient Public Education and Awareness on chemical hazards;  Capacity gaps in the management of POPs - Stockpiles and waste, such as obsolete POPs pesticides, empty POPs-pesticides containers, contaminated materials, and the contaminated soil around the pesticide stores, identified during the Nigeria African Stockpile Program Implementation;  Cost-intensive national public awareness/sensitization programmes on chemicals exposure risks and attendant adverse public health & environmental implication;  Dearth of predictable, sustainable and adequate funding of general hazardous chemicals & waste management programmes/projects;  Activities of entrepreneurs in the informal sector who are, to a substantial extent, responsible for growing illicit traffics and distribution of controlled chemicals, for which there is data gap;  Gaps in legislative and regulatory frameworks required to meet the exigency of global emerging issues in chemicals management;  Persistent non-disclosure of obligatory regulatory information on POPs management, by some players in the industrial sector, premised upon protection on Confidential Business Information (CBI);  Insufficient capacity to respond to chemical emergencies, chemical risk assessment and interpretation. 1.6 Development of National Implementation Plan (NIP) for POPs management 1.6.1 Purpose and structure of the NIP Article 7 of the Convention makes it obligatory for Parties to develop and endeavour to implement their plans, with set priorities for initiating activities to protect human health and the environment against the deleterious impacts of POPs. These plans are expected to provide frameworks for Parties to develop and implement, in a systematic and participatory manner, priority policies, regulatory reforms, resources allocation and other steps that will facilitate attainment of set objectives. NIPs developed by Parties are to be transmitted to the Conference of the Parties, within two years of the date on which the Convention enters into force (Article 7(1(b))). Furthermore, Parties are required to review and update their National Implementation Plan on a periodic basis and in a manner specified by a decision of the Conference of the Parties (Article 7(1(c)). 17 | P a g e The Convention specifically stipulates a number of tasks that need be undertaken within the context of NIP, namely: i. undertaking preliminary inventories of sources and emissions of POPs listed in annexes A and B to the Convention; ii. preparing case-specific action plans for the reduction of releases of unintentional by-products; iii. strengthening capacity to report every five years on progress in phasing out polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs); iv. preparing assessments of POPs-stockpiles (old and new), waste products contaminated with POPs and identifying management options, including opportunities for their disposal; and v. building capacity to identify sites contaminated by POPs; and supporting communication, information exchange and awareness raising through multi stakeholder participatory processes. As indicated hereinbefore, Nigeria developed her first NIP between 21 August 2002 and 25 October 2007, which was transmitted to Conference of the Parties to the Stockholm Convention on 29 April 2009. The policy instrument was envisioned to achieve the following outcomes, among others:  Protection of public health from the POPs effects;  The national policy thrust for achieving elimination of POPs use and production; minimisation POPs-releases and sound management of POPs wastes and stockpiles, in line with articles 3, 4 and 5 of the Stockholm Convention;  Promotion of a cleaner and healthier environment;  Improvement of national institutional and available infrastructural capacities to manage POPs;  Reduction of Nigeria’s contribution to global pollutants loading; and  Contributions to meeting her commitments under the Stockholm convention. 1.6.2 NIP Review and Update The first NIP was targeted at addressing the dirty-dozen, which were identified for global action, by the Stockholm Convention at its inception. In order to address subsequent listing of additional POP-chemicals, the Conference of the Parties in its Decision SC-1/12, expressly outlined factors that could necessitate review and update of NIPs, viz: External factors  Changes in obligations arising from amendments to the Convention or its annexes, including the addition of chemicals to Annexes A, B or C;  Decisions of the Conference of the Parties that may affect how Parties implement Convention obligations, including adoption of guidance or guidelines;  Changes in the availability of technical or financial assistance;  Changes in access to infrastructure external to the Party (e.g. disposal facilities). 18 | P a g e Internal factors  Reporting under Article 15 of the Convention indicating that the Party’s implementation plan is not adequate;  A change in national priorities;  A significant change in national circumstances (e.g. infrastructure or institutional arrangements); and  Inventories of persistent organic pollutants, after improvement or updating, indicating a change in the scope of the problem to be addressed. Sequel to amendments to Annexes A, B and C of the Convention, via addition of new POPs by COPs in 2009, 2011, 2013 and 2015 it has become obligatory for Parties to review and update their NIPs and transmit same to COPs, through the Convention Secretariat, in line with Article 7((1)C) and Decision SC-2/7. Nigeria, in compliance with Article 7(1(c)) of the Stockholm Convention, and exploring the opportunity of Article 13 thereof, accessed the Global Environment Facility (GEF) support for the Enabling Activities for the NIP Review and Update Project, with the United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO), as the Implementing Agency. Specifically, the immediate objectives of the project are, among others, to:  prepare, endorse and submit the updated and reviewed NIP, including inventory, prioritization and action plans to the Stockholm Convention Secretariat;  enable the country to fulfil her obligations under Article 7 of the SC and reporting requirements of the Convention;  build the capacity of participating stakeholders to manage the additional POPs with newly developed technical skills, expertise; and  gain stakeholders' endorsement of NIP including strategies and actions required by Nigeria in meeting its obligations under the convention. The project implementation is being coordinated by Federal Ministry of Environment (FMENV), which is the Designated National Authority (DNA) for chemicals and waste treaties, with collaboration and cooperation of relevant MDAs as well as other key players in all sectors of the economy, including the public and private sectors and development partners, in line with Article 7(2) of the Convention. Consequently, the reviewed and updated NIP serves as the ‘renegotiated & reinforced’ national policy framework tailored at addressing POPs-issues, such as:  phasing out old and newly listed POPs;  phasing-in POPs-alternatives to reduce their releases and achieve their ultimate elimination;  development of BAT/BEP POPs management options; and  remediating POPs contaminated sites, among others; 19 | P a g e The EA NIP project activities are based on the following step-wise components:  Establishing Coordination Mechanism and Stakeholders’ Awareness-Raising;  Conducting Inventories of new POPs, Validation of Inventory Data by stakeholders and NIP Review and Update;  Assessment of National Capacity and setting priority for management of new POPs;  Action plans and strategies for the Implementation of the Reviewed and Updated NIP; and  Government endorsement and submission of updated NIP to the Stockholm Convention Secretariat. In view of the foregoing, mechanisms applied in the project implementation are highlighted below. 1.6.2.1 Coordination mechanism and awareness raising process Project Inception/Steering Committee Inauguration Workshop was held in the Honourable Minister’s Conference Room, FMENV Headquarters, Mabushi-Abuja, on 10 June 2014. The workshop provided the platform for:  raising awareness on POPs challenges and national obligations under the Stockholm Convention;  bringing together all project partners to report on planned project activities, work plan and timeframes, for an inclusive and effective project implementation;  enabling core stakeholders understand and take ownership of the project’s goals and objectives; and  constituting/inaugurating the Project Steering Committee (PSC), as a critical component in the project's decision-making structure, constituted by people of proven integrity, experiences and capabilities. Figure 1.2 shows a cross-section of stakeholders, including the former Permanent Secretary (FMENV), PSC and PCU members, Development Partners, at the workshop proceeding. 20 | P a g e Figure 1. 2: PSC and PCU members and Development Partners at the Inception Workshop The Coordination Mechanism encompasses the PSC and Project Coordinating Unit (PCU), as outlined in Annex I. 1.6.2.2 POPs Inventory Training workshop Training of identified sectoral representatives on POPs Assessment Protocols was organised from 11 to 12 June 2014 at the National Veterinary Council Building, Maitama-Abuja. The Workshop provided a rare opportunity for sectoral inventory officers and other relevant stakeholders to be trained on procedures for:  gathering new POPs-related information;  conducting new POPs inventories of trade, use, stocks and contaminated sites according to new POPs guidelines;  assessing the national institutional and policy framework;  considering the current national level of public awareness on new POPs;  evaluating socio-economic implications of new POPs utilization, elimination and reduction; and  meeting national obligations under the SC with respect to new POPs management. The event was attended by eighty-five (85) participants representing relevant stakeholders, who unanimously reconfirmed their enthusiasm and commitments towards successful implementation of the NIP Review and Update Project. Annex II is the list of sectoral representatives who participated at the POPs inventory training workshop. Figure 1.3 shows participants at the POPs Inventory Training Workshop. 21 | P a g e Figure 1. 3: Sectoral stakeholders at the POPs Inventory Training Workshop. 1.6.2.3 Assessment of National Infrastructural Capacities for management Old and New POPs Assessment of the nature/extent of POPs availability and national infrastructural capacity for POPs management was undertaken within the period of October 2014 to June 2015, based on national circumstances and available resources. National Experts of proven competence and experiences were engaged to conduct the assessment in key sectors of the economy, while Basel Convention Regional Coordinating Centre for Africa, Ibadan (BCRCC-Africa) provided the technical advice. The task was undertaken exclusively with due reference to UNEP Guidance Documents, Quality Assurance/Control process and other relevant standards/protocols. Steps taken were as follows:  Three areas were identified for comprehensive assessment, namely: o Industrial POPs (PCBs, PFOS, PBDEs); o POPs pesticides (Annex A, Part I chemicals); and o Legal and Socio-economic Infrastructure.  Three thematic National Experts were appointed to undertake the assessment, with Basel Convention Coordinating Centre for African Region - Ibadan providing technical assistance;  National Assessment of Infrastructural Capacities for POPs management started from October 2014 to January 2015 (a period of about three months).  Efforts were made to integrate all relevant stakeholder-institutions in assessment data gathering; however, not all provided feedbacks.  Feedbacks were collated and subjected to analyses and peer-review, before final input from technical Adviser, BCRCC-Africa, Ibadan. The inventory of POPs and other assessments have enriched works in the realm of exposure analysis, which is one of the four basic phases in the complex process of risk assessment, via:  detection of obsolete POPs stockpiles, e.g. POP-pesticides in the agricultural sector, currently out of use and in deplorable technical condition, which might lead to serious accidents and pollution incidences. 22 | P a g e  providing a necessary input for establishing a solid foundation for developing action plans targeted at addressing POPs issues in the country. Collation, Analysis and Peer-review of Assessment Reports, carried out from March to April 2015. POPs assessment data collated by experts on various thematic issues was subjected to internal and peer review processes, before final input by the Technical Adviser: BCRCC-Africa, Ibadan. 1.6.2.4 Inventory Data Validation of Assessed National Infrastructural Capacities and Priority Setting for management of POPs In line with the project implementation schedule, data collected during the exercise were appraised, validated and endorsed at a forum of national stakeholders convened in Abuja (16 to 17 September 2015). The forum, attended by one hundred and forty (140) participants, provided an avenue for national stakeholders to evaluate, validate and adopt the POPs assessment data report produced by national experts, advise on final amendments, set national priorities, develop action plans and management strategies for tackling identified POPs issues, as well as, the capacity needs of the Government to effectively control POPs management. A communiqué was issued at the end of the workshop (Annex III). Annex IV is the list of sectoral representatives who participated at the POPs Inventory Data Validation Workshop. Figure 1. 4: Stakeholders at the POPs Inventory Data Validation Workshop 1.6.2.5 Reviewed and Updated National Implementation Plan Endorsement The reviewed and updated NIP for the Stockholm Convention was developed, sequel to the stakeholders’ validation of POPs Assessment Data and Formulation of Action Plans/Management Strategies for addressing priority POPs issues. The document was circulated to all stakeholders for necessary inputs, preparatory to the Endorsement Workshop held from 17 to 18 May 2016 with objectives, among others, to:  obtain stakeholders' endorsement for the Reviewed and Updated NIP; and  negotiate Statement of Commitment by stakeholders for integrating the NIP into National Development Plan and Strategies. 23 | P a g e The NIP endorsement workshop was attended by the Honourable Minister of State for Environment, Mr. Ibrahim Usman Jibril (representing the Honourable Minister of Environment) and the Permanent Secretary (FMENV), Dr. Bukar Hassan and other dignitaries. It drew two hundred and four (204) participants from various sectors of the economy, which included State and Federal Ministries, Departments and Agencies (MDAs), Civil Service Organisations (CSOs), PCU, PSC members, the Legislature, the Media, Resource Persons, among others. Outcomes of the workshop were Endorsement of the updated NIP document by consensus, culminating in issuance of Statement of Commitment drafted, negotiated and jointly adopted by all stakeholders for integrating the NIP into National Development Plan and Strategies. There were also specific calls for innovative financing of POPs projects by exploring International Development Association (IDA) support windows, South-South Cooperation, integrating POPs management into socio-economic development plans, projects and programs, among others. The ‘Statement of Commitment’ adopted by stakeholders at the NIP Endorsement Workshop is attached as Annex V, while the list of participants at the workshop is affixed as Annex VI. Figure 1.5 shows the pictures of stakeholders at the updated NIP Endorsement Workshop. Figure 1. 5: Stakeholders at the updated NIP Endorsement Workshop 1.7 Structure of the updated National Implementation Plan The updated National Implementation Plan is structured in line with ‘Annex 7: Recommended Elements for Consideration in Outline of NIP’, of the Guidance for Developing, a National Implementation Plan for the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (July 2012). The endorsed updated NIP has been arranged into three chapters, with standard accessories, as itemised below:  Forward, Acknowledgment and Executive Summary;  Chapter 1 provides the Introduction, Purpose and Structure of the NIP, Summary of the SC aims and obligations. It also describes the mechanism used to review/update the NIP and the stakeholder consultation process. A POPs summary and background, uses of chemicals and the risk they cause. Progress to date in implementing the Convention; 24 | P a g e  Chapter 2 contains the country profile including background information, general socio demographical, political, economic, ecological data and information on the environmental management system in the country;  Chapter 3 includes Implementation Strategy for the NIP and Action Plans to achieve Convention obligations and additional objectives by the country (UNEP guidance July 2012);  Annexes to the updated NIP, as enumerated here within.  Detailed thematic POPs Assessment Reports, submitted in adjunct to the NIP, viz: o Legal, Socioeconomic and Gender Dimension Assessment Report; o POPS-Pesticides and UPOPS Inventory Report; and o Report of the Inventory of Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers and Perflourooctane Sulfonic Acid and Its Salts.  Reports of series of stakeholders’ workshops, submitted in adjunct to the NIP, viz: o Project Inception/Steering Committee Inauguration Workshop; o POPs Inventory Training Workshop; o POPs Inventory Data Validation Workshop; and o Updated NIP Endorsement Workshop. 25 | P a g e 2.0 Country Baseline As an emerging industrialised nation, Nigeria records increasingly colossal imports and consumption of hazardous chemicals, some of which are POPs for multifarious applications in development and economic sectors, namely: industry, agriculture, mining, public utilities, public health care delivery system (particularly under disease vector control), infrastructural development, among others, which substantially cumulatively contribute to the national Gross Domestic Product (GDP). The foregoing is not unconnected with growing international trade and cross-border investment flows, sophisticated consumption patterns, dynamic technological developments, smuggling, uncoordinated aid donations, poor stock management, among others. These ultimately lead to hazardous waste generation at the end of their shelf lives (or due to other circumstances such as global ban), stockpiles (due to dearth of POPs destruction facilities), deterioration under poor storage conditions and unintentional emissions, which may threaten human and environmental well-being. In line with the global thrusts, the Federal Government of Nigeria, through FMENV and relevant MDAs, in consultation with relevant stakeholders, stimulated discussions and consensus building targeted at ridding our environment of POPs and associated challenges through enhancement of national, infrastructural, institutional and legislative capacities, as discussed in subsequent paragraphs. 26 | P a g e 2.1 Country Profile Figure 2. 1: A Map showing countries that share common boundaries with Nigeria (Source: NPC) 27 | P a g e Table 2. 1: Political and Economic Profile of Federal Republic of Nigeria Capital Abuja Area 923,768 km2 Land boundaries 4,477 km (Benin 809 km, Cameroon 1,957 km, Chad 85 km, Niger 1,608 km) Coastline 853 km Climate Equatorial in the south, tropical in the centre, arid in the north Natural Resources Natural gas, petroleum, tin, iron ore, coal, limestone, niobium, lead, zinc Land Use Arable land: 38.4%; permanent crops: 7.4%; forest area: 9.0%; others: 45.2% (2012) Irrigated land 2,932 km2 (2004) Natural hazards Periodic droughts; flooding Environmental issues Soil degradation; rapid deforestation; urban air and water pollution; desertification; oil pollution - water, air, and soil; has suffered serious damage from oil spills; loss of arable land; rapid urbanization Geography note The Niger River enters the country in the northwest and flows southward through tropical rain forests and swamps to its delta in the Gulf of Guinea Population 177,155,754 (July 2014 est.) Age structure 0-14 years: 43.2%, 15-24 years: 19.3%, 25-54 years: 30.5%, 55-64 years: 3.9%, 65 years and over: 3.1% (2014 est.) Growth rate 2.47% (2014 est.) Infant mortality 74.09 deaths/1,000 live births (2014 est.) Life expectancy Total population: 52.62 years - female: 53.66 years male: 51.63 years (2014 est.) Total fertility 5.25 children born/woman (2014 est.) Religions Muslim 50%, Christian 40%, indigenous beliefs 10% ethnic groups More than 250 ethnic groups; Hausa and Fulani 29%, Yoruba 21%, Igbo (Ibo) 18%, Ijaw 10%, Kanuri 4%, Ibibio 3.5%, Tiv 2.5% Languages English (official), Hausa, Yoruba, Igbo (Ibo), Fulani and over 500 additional indigenous languages Literacy Definition: age 15 and over can read and write, total population: 61.3% male: 72.1%, female: 50.4% (2010 est.) Independence 1 October 1960 (from UK) GDP Purchasing power parity: $478.5 billion (2013 est.) Official exchange rate: $502 billion (2013 est.) GDP real growth 6.22% (2014 est.) GDP - per capita Purchasing power parity - $2,800 (2013 est.) GDP composition Agriculture: 30.9%, industry: 43%, services: 26% (2012 est.) Membership of sub regional and regional Organization Sub regional organisation: ECOWAS, Regional organization: AU Form of government Democratic government headed by President Muhammadu Buhari (GCFR) (Sources: NBS, NPC and MB&NP). 28 | P a g e 2.1.2 POPs Issues, Overall Environmental Conditions and Priorities 2.1.2.1 POP-Pesticides Management The Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) defines pesticide as any substance or mixture of substances intended for preventing, destroying, or controlling any pest, including vectors of human or animal diseases, unwanted species of plants or animals causing harm during or otherwise interfering with the production, processing, storage, transporting or marketing of food, agricultural commodities, wood and wood products or animal feedstuffs, or substances which may be administered to animals for the control of insects, arachnids or other pests in or on their bodies. The term also includes substances applied to crops either before or after harvest to protect the commodity from deterioration during storage and transport. In agricultural crop production, the term “pest” is used in the broad concept to refer to arthropod pests (insects, mites and millipedes), pathogens (viroids, viruses, bacteria, fungi, algae, and nematodes), vertebrates (rodents and birds), parasitic flowering plants and non-parasitic weeds, both annuals and perennials (WAAPP Nigeria, 2013). Some Annex A, Part I and Annex B POP-chemicals are OrganoChlorine Pesticides (OCPs) and are widely used as crop protection products (e.g. Chlordane, Endosulfan and Heptachlor), termite control in wooden structure, vector control in the health sector (e.g. DDT for malaria control) among others. Although Nigeria is not a producer of chemical pesticides, her demands for pest/vector control in Agriculture and other sectors are met marginally by few local formulators and majorly through imports from exporting countries in Europe, Asia and South America. Nonetheless, some of the pesticide stocks have been received in form of aids under donor-funded projects. However, some have gone unused, stored under poor conditions, deteriorate and become obsolete, therefore threatening the environment and public health. The need for effective clean-up of this stockpiled pesticides led to the adoption of the African Stockpiles Programme (ASP), a multi-stakeholder initiative, conceptualized to be implemented in a number of African countries over a 12-15-year period on a rolling basis. The first phase of ASP covered seven countries, namely: Nigeria, Ethiopia, Mali, Morocco, South Africa, Tanzania, and Tunisia. Objectives of the Programme were to clean up stockpiled pesticides and pesticide contaminated waste in an environmentally sound manner among others. 2.1.2.2 Illicit use of pesticides and incidence of pesticides poisoning Some POPs-pesticides like Lindane and Endosulfan are illicitly applied to water bodies by errant fishermen for the purpose of fishing, with attendant adverse public health implications. Additionally, there are incidences of unprofessional post-harvest application of pesticides such as Lindane for dressing nuts (e.g. kola nuts), cocoa beans, pulses (e.g. common beans) and preservation of vegetables, among others. There are reported cases of illicit peddling in the informal sector (figure 2.2) and illegal domestic uses such as indoor spraying for control of bedbugs, mosquitoes and ‘treatment of stomach ache’, among others. 29 | P a g e Figure 2. 2: Pesticide peddlers in action Chemicals poisoning incidents are common among illiterate farmers and others who apply POPs and other chemicals without adequate safety measures, occasioning exposure risks and attendant burdens of morbidity and mortality. Acute and chronic pesticide poisoning usually results from consumption of contaminated food, chemical accidents in industries and occupational exposure in agriculture. Pesticides are the major causes of cancer, cardiovascular diseases, dermatitis, birth defects, impaired immune functions, neurobehavioral disorder and allergy sensitization reaction (Erhunmwunse et al., 2012). In 2008, about 120 cases of poisoning of students who had eaten beans contaminated with Lindane were reported in Gombe, while a study conducted revealed a high incidence of pesticide residues in beans sold in Lagos markets (Ogar, et al., 2013). Furthermore, a stock of cream-white local beans suspected to contain pesticide-residues was intercepted in 2011 and report of analysis of representative samples at the National Agency for Food and Drugs Administration and Control (NAFDAC) laboratory, Kaduna indicated the presence of 2.31mg/kg Dichlorvos (DDVP), above EU-MRLs. In a study conducted by Olufade et al (2014), it was reported that organochlorine insecticide residues of aldrin, dieldrin, heptachlor, endrin, chlordane and endosulfan were detected in some samples of cowpeas and dried yam chips analyzed with highest mean concentration of aldrin (0.580 ± 0.456 mg/kg) and heptachlor (0.402 mg/kg ± 0.073), respectively. Levels of residues detected in the cowpea grains and dried yam chips were generally above the EU-MRLs, suggesting that the foodstuffs were not safe for human consumption, as bioaccumulation of these residues was likely to pose health risks to the consumers. 2.1.2.3 POPs Stockpiles and Contaminated Sites POPs stockpiles are generated as a result of a myriad of factors as enumerated in Chapter One. All sites where POPs have been produced, formulated, used or dumped can be considered as potential POPs contaminated sites. The main categories of sources are pesticide stocks bought for 30 | P a g e the purpose of pest/vector control programmes in agriculture and health sectors, in excess of what is required, as a result of uncoordinated and unplanned procurement process, hence, have gone unused, stored under poor conditions, deteriorated and become obsolete. Following advancement in technologies and product developments in industrial production, new ranges of composite manufactured goods and ensuing waste streams have emerged; thereby, presenting heavy, bulky and complex waste to process. These waste streams including POPs containing/contaminated goods end up at dump sites. Most dump sites improvised from old laterite mining sites, gully erosion sites, open and undeveloped land, among others, are the ultimate destinations of many POPs-containing products such as e-wastes, scraps of end of life vehicles, industrial effluents containing cocktails of chemical wastes including POPs, due to their widespread application in a multitude of consumer and industrial goods. POPs-PBDEs can be leached from refuse by landfill leachate. In addition, bio solids from wastewater treatment plants are known to contain POPs-PBDEs, which were disposed in landfills and applied in agricultural lands; these materials are in the global recycling flow and will continue to be used in consumer articles (UNEP, 2010; Shaw et al., 2010). There are also legacy POPs stockpiles/contaminated sites such as a number of decommissioned formulation facilities/plants in Lagos, Port- Harcourt and Kaduna, owned by the multinational oil companies such as National Oil and Chemicals Marketing Company, NOLCHEM (Shell Petroleum Development Company was a major shareholder) now under new management as Consolidated Oil Plc (Con Oil), Mobil Oil Nigeria Plc and Chemical and Allied Product Limited (CAPL). NOLCHEM had plants formulating POPs and other organochlorine pesticides in Apapa, Lagos; Port Harcourt and Kaduna. Mobil Oil also had a plant formulating POPs in Apapa, Lagos; and Port Harcourt while CAPL had a formulation plant in Ibadan for Lindane and some POPS pesticides. In response to international concern about the deleterious health and environmental effects of all POPs pesticides, the formulation plants have been closed down since the 1990s except the CAPL plant at Ibadan, Oyo State that closed down in 2004 producing Lindane. Since no documented information about site decontamination of these plants when they were decommissioned is available, there is need to conduct a comprehensive site risk characterization for proper profiling and eventual decontamination, if necessary. Furthermore, another critical source of POPs stockpiles is the massive stock of transformer oils containing PCBs used in closed systems such as electrical equipment, namely: electricity generation, transmission and distribution transformers, voltage regulators, switches, reclosers, capacitors, among others. Drums of PCBs oil and contaminated equipment are still being held in stock at different locations nationwide pending when there will be resources to support their sound disposal within or outside the country in line article 6 of the Stockholm Convention. There is no national database on obsolete stocks, reservoirs and contaminated sites. A reliable estimate of the quantities of the obsolete stocks could not be made during the inventory exercise. This is a gap that must be filled. Furthermore, centralisation of all stockpiles at regionally designated controlled collection centres should be initiated, for ease of their containment/safeguarding, prior to their final sound disposal, reprocessing, destruction or irreversible transformation. 31 | P a g e The gross effects of the foregoing are environmental/public health and safety concerns, such as pollution of air, water and soil media; this stance has been corroborated by Ezemonye (2005) who reported PCBs levels of 1500ng/L in River Ethiope and 2930ng/L in River Benue, which are known for fishing activities and farmland irrigation. PCBs are a class of toxic, carcinogenic POPs of immense global concern. Sources of the reported pollution loads are industrial activities, illegal disposal methods and neighbouring contaminated/dilapidated PCBs storage facilities. Additionally, POPs stockpiles/contaminated sites also pose a wide variety of administrative, economic, and social problems that must be managed and solved through a complex service involving appropriate organizational, technical, and managerial capacity and cooperation among numerous stakeholders in both private and public sectors. Consequently, it is absolutely necessary to carry out detailed inventory of POPs hotspots using approved internationally standardized methodologies in order to obtain sites to be remediated and for the evacuated POPs to be disposed accordingly. The locations can then be mapped in a digital imagery of Nigeria. The goal is to have the correct and updated digital map of contaminated sites ready for clean-up and remediation in accordance with Article 6 of the Stockholm Convention. Comprehensive discussions on POPs stockpiles and contaminated sites can be found in Section 2.1.2.10. 2.1.2.4 POPs and Climate change issues Nigeria is an emerging industrialised economy with remarkable activities in agriculture, manufacturing, commerce, and services-oriented subsectors, in which essential chemicals, including some Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), are utilized. The long-term abandonment, accumulation and safeguarding (if any) of the obsolete POPs stock in various sectors of economy and contaminated sites observed in inventory activities conducted in the past (for example, during the Nigeria-ASP implementation) constitute hotspots for POPs discharges and emissions, nationwide. Under natural influences or anthropic causes, these stockpiles are potentially dislodged and transported in manners that are characteristic of POP chemicals. The 2009 global monitoring report of the Stockholm Convention, which was carried out in line with Article 16 of the Stockholm Convention on effectiveness evaluation and the global monitoring plan, recognised the importance of climate effects on POPs. In addition, Decision SC-4/31 of the Stockholm Convention Conference of Parties (COPs) on Global Monitoring Plans (GMPs), encourages further assessment of long-range transport of POPs while considering the effect of climate and on observed trends. Nigeria has over the years observed and documented this phenomenon. For instance, perennial excessive precipitation and heat waves due to climate variability, recorded in recent past (2012 2013) have affected all States of the Federation including FCT Abuja with devastating environmental and public health impacts (figure 2.3). There has been widespread dislodgment of POPs-pesticide stockpiles by flash floods, leaching and runoff of pesticides applied on vast 32 | P a g e farmlands and emissions from POPs-contaminated sites, including municipal wastes dump sites and dilapidated PCBs storage facilities. This scenario has led to pollution of the environmental core media and food items. The following among others are cumulative effects of climate impacts on POPs management in Nigeria:  Greater human exposure to POPs and inherent burdens of disease among the impacted population, particularly the vulnerable groups (women and children), decreased personal productivity and increased poverty level;  Increased use of POPs-Pesticides due to multiplied pest infestation and dislodgement;  Rapid re-volatilization of POPs from secondary sources, such as soil, surface water and vegetation, into the environment due to harsh tropical conditions within the country. For instance, the MONET Africa sampling campaigns conducted in Abuja recently indicated high level of POPs like endosulfan and PCBs in the air; and  Potential cases of food and water insecurity due to wide spread pollution of environmental media. Thus, it is of national priority to, among others:  assess the extent of risks of POPs exposure, arising from the flood disasters in impacted states;  undertake pilot projects on mitigation actions; and  support the Stockholm Convention initiative to produce a systematic and authoritative global review of the impacts of climate change on POPs.  Figure 2. 3: Flash floods of this nature have the tendency to dislodge obsolete POPs stockpiles (Source: Guardian Newspaper, 2015) 33 | P a g e 2.1.2.5 UPOPs Emission and Sources 2.1.2.5.1 Health care waste management Health care institutions in Nigeria face multiple and significant challenges in managing their bio medical waste generated from their day to day activities and services. The current disposal method adopted by many health care delivery facilities, which include open burning on their premises, poses grave public health and environmental risks. The Health Care Waste (HCW) may also contain a large proportion of plastic materials which when burnt generate UPOPs including dioxin and furans that are major air pollutant of global concerned due to their characteristic burdens of morbidity and mortality. A pilot survey conducted in 53 hospitals nationwide, between 2000 and 2004, revealed that health care waste streams were often collected and burnt in the open within the hospital premises or co mingled with municipal solid wastes and disposed of at open dump sites, as most hospitals did not have HCW disposal facilities. Consequently, health care delivery facilities are major source of UPOPs emission in Nigeria. Inventory data collected on HCW management are attached hereto (Annex VII). Consequently, it has become exigent that environmentally sound health care waste management system, incorporating promotion of BAT/BEP-compliant mechanisms, techniques and technologies be instituted as a matter of national priority. In an attempt to address this challenge with the available resources of the Government, some tertiary health institutions (University of Ilorin Teaching Hospital, Lagos University Teaching Hospital, Federal Medical Centre, Owo, National Pharmaceutical Research Institute (NAPRI) Idu – Abuja, National Orthopaedic Hospital, Igbobi, National Hospital, Abuja, among others) have been equipped with functional incinerators articulated with scrubbers, to assist them in managing their medical wastes in an environmentally sound manner (figure 2.4). With the success recorded under the National Hospital Intervention Scheme, efforts are ongoing to extend same gesture to remaining Federal Medical Institutions. Figure 2. 4: An Incinerating facility for HCW management built by Lagos State Government (left) and another incinerator at Lagos University Teaching Hospital (right) in Lagos 34 | P a g e 2.1.2.5.2 Gas Flaring Nigeria’s hydrocarbon reserve features more gas than crude oil; for instance, in 2014, total crude oil and condensate production was 798,541,589 barrels giving a daily average of 2.19 million barrels per day with a total of 2,524.27 billion standard cubic feet of natural gas production. Nigeria’s natural gas reserves are rated as the seventh in the world and the largest in Africa (EIA, 2006). The nation’s gas reserve is distributed between associated gases (AG) and non-associated gas (NAG), which the country has capacity gaps in reutilization, hence resort to gas flaring. Flaring of associated gas is the process of burning of surplus combustible vapours from an oil well, either as a means of disposal or as a safety measure to relieve well pressure (Ubani et al, 2013). Gas flaring contributes to UPOPs emission and other criteria pollutants which negatively impact on nearby communities and surroundings flora and fauna. In the recent past, collection of associated gas, particularly from lower quality oilfields, was not economically feasible; hence, it was flared openly (figure 2.5). Recently, however, there have been concerted efforts by the Government to collect and process associated gas as Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) or used in other different ways as a source of energy. According to NNPC statistics, flaring progressively decreased from 42.58% in 2004 through 31.45% in 2007 and 24.30% in 2010 falling to the most recent 11.47% in 2014. Currently, gas flaring could be regarded as a significant source of UPOPs in Nigeria, thus, technical and financial supports are required by the Government in its efforts to reduce the environmentally damaging flaring and venting of gas associated with the extraction of crude oil, with the ultimate goal of actualizing gas re-utilization for clean energy production and cognate applications. Figure 2. 5: Gas flaring in the oil and gas 35 | P a g e 2.1.2.5.3 Agricultural and Municipal Waste Management Nigeria generates approximately 20 million tonnes of municipal waste annually, which is deposited in unmanaged waste dumpsites by private and municipal waste collectors (UNDP, 2010). A conservative estimate of municipal waste burned through spontaneous combustion and/or intentional fires is about 20%. Approximately 50% of the collected waste is organic providing alternative management opportunities such as composting for biodegradables with other waste categories reused or recycled. Furthermore, Nigeria is an agrarian nation with about 65% of her population constituted by farmers, most of whom are small land holders. Traditional or old style farming is sustained on customary practices such as burning of agricultural stubble and waste in preparation for planting or hunting, to minimize labour costs. This age-long agricultural practice leads to local air pollution in the form of harmful substances including UPOPs releases. In order to address the challenges posed by these unsound traditional practices, Nigeria approached GEF for the support to implement the project titled: The Less Burnt for a Clean Earth Project: Minimization of dioxin emission from open burning sources in Nigeria (UPOPs Project). The project was conceptualised to enhance human health and environmental quality by reducing releases and exposures to unintentionally produced POPs originating from unsustainable waste operations. UPOPs project was piloted in two (2) States namely: Kano & Anambra, executed with technical support provided by UNDP and focused on strengthening institutional and legislative frameworks for reducing UPOPs emissions from municipal and agricultural wastes. The project implementation commenced on 27 April 2011 and completed in 2015. The following are some landmark success records of the UPOPs project, viz:  Community-based waste sorting and composting programme established in Durayi, Kabuga, Kano. About 5MT of compost is being produced per month from the community’s waste.  Upgraded Gyadi Gyadi open dumpsite in Kano into a controlled dumpsite.  Introduced alternatives approaches to open burning of agricultural waste. Crop residues that would have been burnt are now converted into animal feeds and mulching materials.  Trained over 600 scavengers on effective waste sorting methodology.  Reduced UPOPs emission from open burning of MAW in the two pilot States by 30%.  Produced policy and guidance documents on sound management of municipal and agricultural waste, namely: o National Policy on Municipal and Agricultural Waste (MAW) Management; o Guidance Notes for the Reduction of Open Burning of Municipal and Agricultural Waste; o National Reduction Strategy for the Prevention of Open Burning of MAW; and o National Awareness Raising Brochure on the Effects and Prevention of open burning of MAW. 36 | P a g e  Conflict resolution between farmers and Fulani herdsmen over grazing. (Converting farm residue to animal feed has greatly reduced cattle grazing on farms and less than 40% of herdsmen from Doguwa and Danbatta move from place to place in search for pasture. o Kano State Government has budgeted for replication of compost plant in 7 other LGAs. o Some farmers’ cooperatives as well as individuals have purchased crop shredders for commercial purposes. o A Microfinance Bank and DFID are discussing with the Project Management on replication in Kano. o Some foreign investors have indicated interests and are presently discussing with REMASAB on further replication. Figure 2. 6: Composting facility established by UPOPs Project in Kano 2.1.2.5.4 Singeing of Animal hides and skins Singeing in an open fire is a common traditional process by which hair on the skin of slaughtered ruminants such as goats, sheep and cattle is removed. This method of preparing the animal carcasses/skins and hides is popular among butchers in Nigeria, due to general belief that it ‘tends’ animal skins for eating and ‘sweetens’ the meat to consumers’ delight (FAO, 1985). It is mostly done by the use of cheap and accessible fuels such as firewood, scrap tyres, spent oils, used plastic materials among others. In most instances, scrap tyres are preferred as they are cheaper & more caloric and produce more flame with less heat; hence, it is able to selectively burn off the hair on the animal without cracking the hides. Used tyres burn with dark thick smoke and emit toxic chemicals like dioxins and furans, carbon monoxide, sulphur dioxide, polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), among others, with associated serious public health and environmental risks 37 | P a g e (USEPA, 1994; ATSDR, 1998). Furthermore, hides singed this way and boiled are consumed as local delicacy known as ‘ponmo’ (fig 2.7). Figure 2.7: Singed and boiled cow hides (ponmo), a native delicacy in Nigeria Due to health related problems associated with eating red meat, cattle hide also known as ponmo, kanda or ganda has become a substitute for red meat in Nigeria which in turn has resulted in the increased demand of these products. However, recent studies have indicated that hides singed with used tyres or spent engine oil may be contaminated with heavy metals and toxic organic chemicals, which may impact burdens of morbidity among consumers (Ekenma et al, 2014). 2.1.2.6 Waste Electrical Electronic Equipment (WEEE) Nigeria has recorded an unprecedented growth in different sectors of the economy, due to Government’s developmental initiatives which have attracted flow of investments, increased commercial and industrial activities, emergence of bilateral trade relationships and trade liberalisation. This policy thrust has been a crucial impetus for the influx of new ranges of composite luxury goods, hi-tech products and devices like Electrical and Electronic Equipment (EEE). Due to its complexity and rapid growth, Waste Electrical Electronic Equipment (WEEE) is now an emerging policy issue (nationally, regionally and globally). Without Environmentally Sound Management (ESM), WEEE poses threats to the global environment and public health (Cueva, 2014). WEEE or E-waste consists of all waste from electronic and electrical appliances which have reached their end-of-life period or are no longer fit for their original intended use and are destined for recovery, recycling or disposal. It includes the computer set and its accessories monitors, printers, keyboards, central processing units; typewriters, mobile phones and chargers, remotes, compact 38 | P a g e discs, headphones, batteries, LCD/Plasma TVs, air conditioners, refrigerators and other household appliances. Therefore, with soaring consumerism and an anticipated geometric rise in EEE merchandise in the country, the mounting e-waste in municipal solid waste has continued to be an issue of serious concern. In 2005, Basel Action Network (BAN 2005) conducted a study titled ‘’Exporting Reuse and Abuse to Africa’’ which reported an annual importation of about 5 million Personal Computer units into Nigeria, with a weight estimated at 60,000 metric tons, a large percentage of which are unserviceable. These items contain over 1,000 different substances, many of which are toxic and create serious pollution as a result of unsound disposal (Osibanjo, 2014). WEEE as a key source of environmental and public health risks Today the electronic waste recycling business is carried on nationwide and is a rapidly consolidating business in the informal sector. This venture is most undertaken by the informal sector, which extracts precious materials therefrom (figure 2.8). All electronic scrap components contain contaminants such as lead, cadmium, beryllium or brominated flame retardants. To overcome the diverse and complex problem of hazardous e-waste management, a multidisciplinary approach is required to implement the mechanism for collection, sorting, reusing, repairing, remanufacturing to reduce emissions and save energy. Recycling and disposal of hazardous e-waste may involve significant risk to workers and communities and great care must be taken to avoid unsafe exposure in recycling operations and leaching of a material such as heavy metals from landfills and incinerator ashes. Figure 2. 7: Waste electrical electronic equipment: a source of environmental and health challenges 39 | P a g e Furthermore, unregulated activities of the informal sector give rise to serious social and environmental concerns, as scavengers and dismantlers work unprotected, thereby, exposed to biological, chemical, and physical hazards. Interventional Initiative on Management of WEEE As a preliminary step instituting national policy thrust on sound management of WEEE, Nigeria conducted an E-waste country assessment with the support of Swiss Federal Laboratories for Material Science and Technology (EMPA), United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and Basel Convention Secretariat in 2012. The study revealed that an average of 500 containers of electronic products enter the country monthly, through Lagos Seaport, out of which 70% contain non-functional computers, computer peripherals, televisions, VCRs, DVD Players, stereo equipment, cell phones, among others (Osibanjo, 2014). This imported WEEE stream and near end-of-life consignment entering the country illegally add on to the domestically generated stockpiles, thereby widening the national capacity gaps in the management of municipal and hazardous waste. It is to be mentioned that a number of factors have accentuated proliferation of WEEEs or EEEs, viz:  Advances in electronics, communications, controls and sensor technologies.  The era of sophisticated controls and integrated communications.  Expansion of Global market for electrical and electronic products continues to accelerate, with associated short life spans of the products.  Global industry trends: >50 % of the iron, copper, aluminum, lead and Palladium Group Metals (PGM) coming from “urban Mining”.  The value chain: For every one million cell phones that are recycled, 16 tons of copper, 350 kilos of silver, 34 kilos of gold and 15 kilos of palladium can be recovered. In addressing challenges posed by the foregoing, Nigeria has implemented the following interventional actions:  Networking and collaborating with relevant national stakeholders and international organisations on sound management of e-waste;  Draft National Policy on e-waste;  Development of Regulations for the Electrical Electronic Sector to control pollution from all operations and ancillary activities on the Nigerian Environment and cover both new and used Electrical/Electronic Equipment (EEE/UEEE). The regulations are based on 'cradle to cradle' approach to electrical/electronic products management. Contents of the Regulations include the following: o the principles of 5Rs which are: Reduce, Repair, Re-use, Recover and Recycle as the primary drivers of the sector; o best Practices in the manufacture of Electrical/Electronic Equipment (EEE); o guidelines for Importation of UEEE; o the Polluter Pays Principle; o practice of Environmentally Sound Management (ESM); o the Extended Producer Responsibility; and o responsibilities and roles of stakeholders. 40 | P a g e  The Government is presently discussing with some Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEM) like HP, Dell, Nokia and Philips towards establishing a collection/take back system under the Extended Producers' Responsibility Program (EPR);  Capacity building of regulatory officers, including Customs, Standards Organization of Nigeria (SON) etc., for effective import and export control;  Registration and awareness raising programmes for Importers of EEE;  Regulations being developed on the management of ELVs, particularly for: o sound management of BDE-containing components; o import control; o database management, including deregistration; o Guidelines for Importation of motor vehicles; o the Polluter Pays Principle; o practice of Environmentally Sound Management (ESM); o the Extended Producer Responsibility; and o responsibilities and roles of stakeholders; o capacity building of sectoral regulatory bodies, including Customs, FRSC for effective import and export control; and o licensing of ELV management facilities.  National capacity building for POPs assessment/analyses, for example, establishment of the Global Environmental Outlook Research Center (GRC) Reference Laboratory in lbadan, Nigeria (figure 2.9).  Establishment of a Pilot Scheme at Ogijo managed by Maintenance Systems Consultants Limited. (MSC) on a Private Public Partnership (PPP) program on Waste to Wealth. Figure 2. 8: E-waste recycling facility operated by Lagos State Government in collaboration with MSC in Lagos 2.1.2.7 Management of Obsolete Pesticides Nigeria is an agrarian nation with about sixty percent of her population constituted by farmers, who engage in cropping and animal rearing. Farming and animal husbandry are prone to pest and vector attacks which inflict heavy economy losses on the practitioners, hence, necessitating application of control measures including use of hazardous chemicals. 41 | P a g e Historically, chemical pesticides have contributed to the protection of crop, human and animal health against pest destruction and vector infestation. Hence, vast quantities are being procured in Nigeria by Governments and private merchandise. Some of these pesticides, however, have gone unused, stored under poor conditions, deteriorate and become obsolete. These obsolete pesticides have accumulated throughout the country over the decades, thereby, threatening the environment and public health. Associated with the foregoing, is the challenge of sound management of empty pesticide containers and contaminated equipment, which are otherwise converted to secondary uses, with attendant adverse public health and environmental consequences. A number of factors have been identified as being responsible for the accumulation of these pesticides, namely; smuggling of hazardous pesticides into the countries, improper storage of these pesticides, lack of disposal facilities, poor stock management, product bans, mismanagement of pesticides, uncoordinated aid donations, among others. The need for effective clean-up of this stockpiled pesticides led to the adoption of the African Stockpiles Programme, a multi-stakeholder initiative, conceptualized to be implemented in a number of African countries over a 12-15-year period on a rolling basis in which Nigeria participated. The Africa Stockpiles Programme in Nigeria (Nigeria-ASP) was conducted between September 2006 and June 2010 with a detailed inventory of obsolete pesticide stocks and associated waste in Government-owned stores and their locations, conducted in thirty-six states and FCT (Table 2.2). Figure 2.10 shows obsolete pesticide stocks being inventoried. Figure 2. 9: Obsolete POPs pesticide stock being inventoried 42 | P a g e Table 2. 2: Summary of Nigeria-ASP inventory data Government-owned stores inventoried (holding agricultural inputs procured under interventional Projects like ADP, FADAMA, etc.) 305 Number of Inventory and store forms completed 2,538 Man-hours spent in completing this assignment 8,288 Obsolete pesticides 64.94 tons Pesticides requiring testing 27.757 tons Usable pesticides 70.1 tons Contaminated equipment 14.802 tons Contaminated soil 66.1 tons Contaminated and dilapidated stores 68 Stores that require normal safeguarding 65 Stores for emergency safeguarding 1 store in Kano state, and 8 stores at Onireke Ibadan, Oyo state Empty containers (about 142,233 units) 1.712 tons As a follow-up to the Nigeria-ASP, a pilot project, titled CleanFarms Project, conceptualised by CropLife International (CLI) and CropLife Nigeria (CLN) in collaboration with Food and Agricultural Organisation (FAO), was implemented in FCT and four (4) States, namely: Niger, Benue, Kaduna and Nasarawa States. Objectives of the Project were to undertake inventory of all obsolete pesticides and empty containers in the private sector and eventually to safeguard them. At the end of the inventory exercise, a total of 9.9 tonnes of obsolete pesticides and 72,192 empty containers were identified, out of which about 10% were leaking. Some of the obsolete stocks are being safeguarded at the Agricultural Development Project (ADP) storage facility in Minna, Niger State, in preparation for their destruction through Best Available Technique/ Best Environmental Practice (BAT/BEP) approach (CLI, 2010). Figure 2.11 illustrates safeguarding activities carried out during the CLI Cleanfarm project implementation. 43 | P a g e Figure 2. 10: Safeguarding of obsolete pesticides during Cleanfarms Project Furthermore, 32MT of obsolete Dichlorvos (DDVP) 100%, imported from India, was discovered in a private pesticide merchant store during the CleanFarms project Inventory activity. The consignment was destroyed at an incinerating facility in Port-Harcourt, Rivers State (CLI, 2010).Annex VIII shows the CleanFrams pilot inventory data. Going by findings of the Nigeria Africa Stockpile Programme, factors responsible for accumulation of obsolete pesticides in Nigeria are still extant with attendant socio-economic, environmental and public health implications. Considering the geographical spread of Nigeria and inherent diversity of challenges in the realm of pesticide management, it has become exigent to intensify corrective policy actions, which can only be achieved by pooling sector-based data on pesticide management, for informed high level decision making process. Thus, core stakeholders have, through various fora, identified the need to undertake the following activities as being of national priority, viz: i. Review and update of obsolete pesticide and contaminated equipment inventory data collected during the Nigeria-ASP implementation; ii. Comprehensive inventory of obsolete pesticides and contaminated equipment in private stores in the remaining 32 States of the Federation not covered during the CLI-initiated Cleanfarms project; iii. Establishment of empty pesticides and contaminated equipment management facilities; and iv. Development of national capacity for sound disposal/destruction of POP-pesticides, in accordance with BAT/BEP requirements. 2.1.2.8 Municipal and Agricultural Waste Management UPOPs emission arising from open burning of municipal and agricultural waste was discussed in section 2.1.2.5, in which the work programme on elimination of UPOPs from these sources was discussed vis à-vis implementation of the national UPOPs project, completed late 2015. 44 | P a g e It is to be emphasised here that apart from UPOPs emission, other criteria pollutants are also emitted or discharged as a result of unsound management of municipal and agricultural waste, which streams are mostly co-mingled. The continuous pollution of environmental media arising from ineffective municipal and agricultural waste management strategies, occasioning debasement of quality of life and sanitary balance in urban and sub-urban areas, has necessitated the need to create better environmental conditions and evolve a workable national strategy for solid waste management. Consequently, the Federal Government has embarked upon robust policy initiatives and actions towards strengthening the national capacity for sound management of municipal and agricultural waste, as outlined below.  Waste to Energy Programmes: o Establishment of Briquetting plants at Ogoja, Cross River State and Gboko. o Cow-to-Kilowatt Project for the sound management of abattoir waste, Ibadan, Oyo State.  Implementation of the Community-based MDG projects at Ota. Maiduguri, Yenegoa, Ilorin and Gombe.  Establishment of Transfer Loading Stations in Abeokuta, Oshogbo, Enugu and Gusau.  Establishment of Integrated Waste Management Facilities (IWMF) under Public Private Participation in Kano, Anambra and Ekiti States.  Development, Design and Production of Technical Guidance Manual and Transfer of Technology for Landfill Development in Nigeria.  Development of Municipal and Agricultural Waste Management Policy for Nigeria highlighted in section 2.1.2.8. 2.1.2.9 Management of Polychlorinated Biphenyls Historically, PCBs have been used in all sectors of Nigerian economy: as coolants and insulating fluids in transformers and capacitors in electricity generation, transmission and distribution; stabilizing additives in flexible PVC coatings of electrical wiring and electronic components; pesticide extenders, cutting oils, flame retardants, hydraulic fluids, sealants (used in caulking, etc.), adhesives, wood floor finishes, paints, de-dusting agents, and in carbonless copy paper. As such, PCBs pose immediate and potential threat to the public health and environment. In view of this apparent challenges, Nigeria joined the global community in negotiating and ratifying the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), which obligates parties to eliminate the use of PCBs in equipment (e.g. transformers and capacitors); and develop strategies for identifying stockpiles of in-use PCBs-containing equipment/substances and wastes containing PCBs and contaminated sites, for safe disposal. The first National Implementation Plan (NIP), developed by Nigeria with the support of GEF, identified PCBs management as one of the top priority areas for POPs management, hence approached GEF for support to develop the National Framework for Sound Management of PCBs and PCBs-containing 45 | P a g e equipment with technical assistance by World Bank. The project outcomes include the following, among others:  Data generation on national PCBs management, which is necessary for discharging the reporting obligation under the Stockholm Convention.  Reduction in PCBs- contamination and adverse environment/health-related incidents due to informed decision-making process.  Improved public awareness on sound management of PCBs.  Strengthened National Capacity for sound management of PCBs waste. 2.1.2.10 POPs Contaminated Sites in Nigeria Anthropic activities such as manufacturing, agriculture, mining, energy production using fossil fuels, open burning of waste, services-oriented businesses among others, are associated with POPs-laden emissions and discharges in the absence of sound waste management options. These POPs-releases and discharges ultimately find their ways into environmental compartments, thereby contaminating and devaluing their natural capitals. The following are potential sources of POPs waste stockpiles and contaminated sites in Nigeria:  Locations where electrical equipment (particularly transformers and capacitors) are/were stored and serviced which are of grave concern in environmental protection considerations.  Contaminated transportation equipment and impacted soil around the storage areas and areas where the transfer of the substances took place.  Locations where POPs waste is/was potentially dumped (including co-disposal of hazardous and/or domestic waste).  Former Organochlorine Pesticides Manufacturing/Formulation Plants.  Public/Private warehouses holding stockpiles of obsolete Pesticides.  Municipal Solid waste dumps, which are set on fire to reduce volume of waste.  Mechanical service stations/villages such as Mechanic Villages and scrap yards nationwide, where End-of-Life Vehicles are dismantled for the purpose of recovering valuable components.  Sites where confiscated goods such as fake/expired pharmaceuticals and chemical products, smuggled items, drugs or narcotics, are destroyed via open burning.  Sources that may be identified under the national Poly-chlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) inventory in the power sector.  Sites where animal skins and hides are singed using firewood, used tyres or other refuse derived fuels. It is noteworthy that the management of stockpiles and POPs- waste ensuing from the international action on new POPs ultimately brings upon additional compliance burden on the nation, which underlines and necessitates capacity strengthening and enhancement, to be able to effectively and efficiently implement emerging obligations. It was in line with the foregoing that Nigeria, in collaboration with Ghana, sought and assessed GEF support for the implementation of the Regional Project to develop appropriate strategies for 46 | P a g e identifying sites contaminated by chemicals listed In Annexes A, B, And/Or C Of the Stockholm Convention. Objectives of this project are, among others, to:  build capacity for systematic identification of POPs contaminated sites and institutional strengthening for mitigation of the contaminated sites.  develop regional and national policy and legal framework for sustainable management of POPs contaminated sites  build the capacity in the region to develop appropriate strategies for identifying sites contaminated by POPs and other Persistent Toxic Substances (PTSs); and  develop a toolkit for identifying POPs contaminated site and explore the viability of environmentally sound and low cost remediation technologies. 2.2 Institutional, Policy, and Regulatory Framework Nigeria, as a pioneer party to BRS and other relevant conventions is robustly committed to total compliance with their obligations, singularly and collectively. She has therefore developed various institutional, policy & regulatory frameworks, strategies and action plans for effective implementation of the treaties across the board. 2.2.1 Background Federal Ministry of Environment is the Designated National Authority (DNA) for the coordination and fulfilment of the country’s obligations in the framework of Basel, Rotterdam and Stockholm (BRS) Conventions and other international agreements regarding the Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs). However, POPs related activities are driven and coordinated through multi-stakeholder and multi sectoral approach, incorporating MDAs, CSOs, the Academia and other relevant sectors, affected by or with capacities, competences, cognate mandates and capabilities in the realms of POPs management. As a Party to Stockholm Convention, Nigeria is obligated to promote the development and adoption of necessary measures to reduce and/or eliminate the risks to humans and wildlife from the release of POPs to the environment, including strengthen national policy, regulatory enforcement, institutional and technical capacity for POPs regulation. Bearing in mind that the global best practice enshrining long-term and stable solutions to POPs management is by building multi-stakeholder cooperation, institutional coordination and inclusive decision making process, this requires pooling complementary policies, strategies and management approaches, which comprise sectoral instruments related to POPs as well as strategies, programs and projects being undertaken by relevant bodies/corporate entities. These elements are either environment-specific or adapted from other sectors, due to cross-cutting mandates. Several laws and institutions have been created for the purpose of ensuring that the entire field of environmental issues is covered. Some of these new interventions have been juxtaposed on the old multiplicity of implementing institutions and sectors. Additionally, new policies, legislations, regulations and standards are also in the process of being enacted to meet exigent needs of global emerging issues in environmental management, among which are sound management of chemicals, particularly POPs. 47 | P a g e 2.2.2 Roles and responsibilities of Institutions involved in Chemicals/POPs management As indicated in the earlier section, POPs-issues are cross-cutting, impacting or concerning state and non-state players. Table 2.3 briefly describes institutions and bodies that are relevant in POPs and general chemicals regulations and their respective responsibilities. 48 | P a g e Table 2. 3: Roles and Responsibilities of Institutions involved in Chemicals/POPs Management S/N Institution Economic Sector Roles in POPs Management 1. Federal Ministry of Environment (FMEnv) Government: Thematic focal area: Environment Formulating national environmental policies, including strategies, legal, socio- economic and institutional frameworks for the improvement of environmental quality and protection of natural resources, including issues related to pollution, chemical risk and hazardous wastes management; Designated National Authority (DNA) for chemicals & wastes-treaties and competent authority for POPs elimination and emissions reduction programme/project implementation; Implementation of activities for pollution prevention and control, environmental monitoring and hazardous materials emergency preparedness and response; Responsible for guiding the life cycle management of POPs-chemicals, covering the import control, handling, transportation, treatment and disposal; Regulating the trans-boundary movement of hazardous chemicals on the National Prior Informed Consent (PIC) list; Key player in the risk evaluation and profiling of candidate-alternatives to POPs pesticides, for various applications; Reporting research findings and risk profile of candidate alternatives to the Stockholm Convention Conference of the Parties for dissemination; Advise the Federal Government on National Environmental Policies and priorities, the conservation of natural resources and sustainable development and scientific and technological activities affecting the environment and natural resources; 49 | P a g e S/N Institution Economic Sector Roles in POPs Management Promoting cooperation in environmental science and conservation technology with similar bodies in other countries and with international bodies connected with the protection of the environment and the conservation of natural resources; Cooperating with Federal and State Ministries, Local Government, statutory bodies and research agencies on matters and facilities relating to the protection of the environment and the conservation of natural resources; and Prescribing standards for and making regulations on water quality, effluent limitations, air quality, atmospheric protection, ozone protection, noise control as well as the removal and control of hazardous substances. 2. Federal Ministry of Health Government: Thematic focal area: Health The Ministry formulates, disseminates, promotes, implement, monitor, and evaluates health policies in Nigeria. It is the coordinating executive body on issues relating to public health. 3. Federal Ministry of Science and Technology Government: Thematic focal area: Research & Development The Ministry facilitates the development and deployment of science and technology apparatus to enhance the pace of socio-economic development of the country through appropriate technological inputs into productive activities in Nigeria. 4. Federal Ministry of Labour and Employment Government: Thematic focal area: Labour The Ministry has the following mandates, among others: employment generation; labour administration and inspection; skill development and certification; labour safety, health, welfare and education. The Ministry is concerned about workplace protection of workers against exposure to hazardous chemicals and waste; ensures compliance by industries with the use of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) by factory workers. 50 | P a g e S/N Institution Economic Sector Roles in POPs Management 5. Federal Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development Government: Thematic focal area: Agriculture The Ministry regulates agricultural researches, agriculture and natural reserves, forestry and veterinary researches. The Ministry also has the responsibility of optimizing agriculture and integrating rural development for the transformation of the Nigerian economy with a view to attaining food security and positioning Nigeria as a net food exporter and socio-economic development. The Ministry is a major user of crop protection products and chemical pesticides for disease vector control in animal husbandry. It is also responsible for undertaking farm extension services such as collection and dissemination of information to farmers on proper use of pesticides and alternatives thereto. 6. Federal Ministry of Industry, Trade & Investment Government: Thematic focal area: industrial/ investment regulation The Ministry plays a decisive role in the diversification of the resource base of the economy by promoting trade and investment with special emphases on increased production and export of non-oil and gas products that would lead to wealth and job creation. It also supervises industries and companies that handle chemicals in their production processes, though not an institutional manager of industrial chemicals and pesticides. 7. Federal Ministry of Mines and Steel Development Government: Thematic focal area: solid mineral resources The Ministry of Mines and Steel is responsible for identifying the nation's solid minerals, advising Government on the formulation and execution of laws and regulations guiding the various stages of prospecting, quarrying and mining; and monitoring sale and consumption of solid minerals in the country, through the issuance of permits, licenses, leases, among others. 51 | P a g e S/N Institution Economic Sector Roles in POPs Management Solid mineral mining sector is a chief source of POPs emission, for example, coal mining and coal-fired power generating plants. 8. Federal Ministry of Transport and Aviation Government: Thematic focal area: Transport & Aviation The Ministry is responsible for the establishment of safe, efficient, affordable and seamless intermodal transport system, in line with global best practices. The ministry also formulates, updates and implements the National aviation master plan for the overall development of the aviation industry in the country. It also collects, stores, analyses and disseminate meteorological data to end users; install maintain, and upgrade equipment and infrastructure on timely basis and at all airports. Transport and Aviation subsectors are vehicles facilitating intermodal consignment and freighting of industrial chemicals and chemical products, which are crucial in chemical import and export trades. 9. Federal Ministry of Finance Government: Thematic focal area: Financial regulation The Ministry of Finance is responsible for:  general supervision and control of public fund of the federation, including development and contingency fund;  management and control of Consolidated Revenue Fund;  securing and managing the investment of the federation;  control and management of public expenditure;  control and management of external finances of the federation; and  processes co-financial obligations under foreign donor-funded project implementation. 10. National Environmental Standards and Regulations Enforcement Agency (NESREA) Government: Thematic focal area: Environmental regulations NESREA is a parastatal of the Federal Ministry of Environment and is charged with the responsibility of enforcing all environmental laws, guidelines, policies, standards and regulations in Nigeria. 52 | P a g e S/N Institution Economic Sector Roles in POPs Management 11. Department of Petroleum Resources (DPR) Government: Thematic focal area: Oil and Gas regulations DPR is a parastatal of Federal Ministry of Petroleum and has the statutory responsibility of ensuring compliance with petroleum laws, regulations and guidelines in the Oil and Gas Industry. Its mandate includes monitoring operations at drilling sites, producing wells, production platforms and flow stations, crude oil export terminals, refined products import terminals, refineries, storage depots, pump stations, retail outlets, and any other location holding crude oil, natural gas and petroleum products, among others. 12. Standard Organisation of Nigeria (SON) Government: Thematic focal area: Standard Regulations SON is a parastatal of the Federal Ministry of Industry, Trade and Investment (FMITI) and has the responsibility of developing and enforcing standards relating to products, measurements, materials and processes, certification of industrial products, assistance in the production of quality goods among others. 13. National Agency for Food and Drug Administration and Control (NAFDAC) Government: Thematic focal area: Food, drugs & allied products regulations NAFDAC is a parastatal under the Federal Ministry of Health which regulates and controls the manufacture, importation, exportation, distribution, advertisement, sale and use of food, drugs, cosmetics, medical devices and packaged water (known as regulated products) and chemicals. NAFDAC is a key stakeholder in the chemical import and export control. 14. Nigerian Ports Authority (NPA) Government: Thematic focal area: seaports management The agency is a parastatal of the Federal Ministry of Transport & Aviation and is responsible for:  developing, owning and operating ports and harbours;  providing safe and navigable channels;  offering cargo handling and storage services,  maintaining port facilities and equipment  ensuring safety and security within the port premises. 53 | P a g e S/N Institution Economic Sector Roles in POPs Management Seaports are major route through which chemicals are imported into the country, thus chemical-bearing containers are statutorily monitored at the port, in line with national import/export control regime. 15. Nigeria Customs Service (NCS) Government: Thematic focal area: import and export control The Nigeria Customs Service is responsible for prevention and suppression of smuggling. It also performs collaborative function with sister regulatory bodies in combating importation of toxic and hazardous substances (including wastes), illegal commercial activities and trade in illicit goods (such as obsolete or banned chemicals), among others. NCS maintains a database on import and export trades based on Automated System for Customs Data (ASYCUDA++) platform. ASYCUDA is computerised customs management system which covers most foreign trade procedures and generates trade data that can be used for statistical economic analysis (UNCTAD, 2016). 16. Consumer Protection Council (CPC) Government: Thematic focal area: Consumer rights protection CPC is a parastatal of the Federal Ministry of Industry, Trade and Investment. The Council is responsible for eliminating hazardous products from the market, providing speedy redress to consumer complaints, protection of consumers’ rights, consumer education and advocacy, among others. 17. Manufacturers Association of Nigeria (MAN) Industry: Thematic focal area: manufacturing MAN is the umbrella body for Manufacturers of locally produced commodities, including chemicals and allied products. The group is segmented into various subsector such as Food, Beverages and Tobacco subsector; Chemicals and Pharmaceuticals sub-sector; Basic metal, Iron and Steel, and Fabricated Metal Products sub-sector; Domestic & Industrial Plastic, Rubber and Foam sub-sector; Electrical & Electronics sub-sector; Motor Vehicle and Miscellaneous Assembly sub-sector; Pulp, Paper and Paper products, Printing and Publishing sub-sector; Textile, Wearing Apparel, Carpet, Leather/Leather Footwear subsector; and Wood and Wood Products (including furniture) sub-sector, among others. These subsectors are potential sources of POPs-in-products, POPs’ emissions and discharges. 54 | P a g e S/N Institution Economic Sector Roles in POPs Management 18. National Bureau of Statistics (NBS) Government thematic focal area: statistics The National Bureau of Statistics (NBS) is mandated to coordinate statistical operations of the National Statistical System in the production of official statistics in all the Federal Ministries, Departments and Agencies (MDAs), State Statistical Agencies (SSAs) and Local Government Councils (LGCs). 19. Federal Road Safety Corps Government thematic focal area: Road Safety The corps is responsible, inter alia, for making the highways safe for motorists and other road users. In carrying out its mandate, the corps maintains a database of registered vehicles on Nigerian roads, through production and issuance of Number Plates. The database operated by FRSC serves as resourceful input for updating and intensifying policy actions towards minimising and or eliminating POPs emissions in the transport sector. 20. Academia and Research institutes Government /private thematic focal area: Research and Capacity development Academia and research institutes have comparative advantages in research-related services, technology transfer and capacity building, chemical risk assessments, development of safer alternatives to hazardous chemicals, technical support on national implementation of environmental treaties, policy actions, among others. 21. Directorate of Road Traffic Services (DRTS) Government thematic focal area: Road transport and vehicle inspections DRTS in the states and FCT are responsible for technical inspection of vehicles, issuing vehicle licenses and road worthiness certificates within their respective states of jurisdiction. In discharging their mandates, DRTS maintain state-based database of licensed vehicles. The database operated by DRTS, when harmonized with Federal Road Safety Corps (FRSC) data for respective states, serves as a resourceful input for estimating POPs emissions in the transport sector. 22. Civil Society Organisations Non-Governmental Organization thematic CSOs are non-state actors that complement the work of state actors (government) in the areas of public enlightenment and educational programme on chemical risk prevention, promotes transparency and accountability in policy formulation and implementation: 55 | P a g e S/N Institution Economic Sector Roles in POPs Management focal area: advocacy and technical support General policy discussions, project designs, implementation and monitoring. The group includes NGOs, gender group, labour, among others. 23. Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation (NNPC) Government thematic focal area: Oil and Gas NNPC is the state oil corporation with the interests in exploration activities, refining, petrochemicals and products transportation as well as marketing. NNPC is the sole owner and operators of the four petroleum refineries in Nigeria. The Oil and Gas sector is a major source of annexes A, B and C POPs. 24. National Oil Spill Detection and Response Agency (NOSDRA) Government thematic focal area: Environmental regulations in Oil and Gas NOSDRA is a parastatal of FMENV mandated to conduct timely, effective and appropriate response actions to oil spills, as well as ensuring clean and remediation of all impacted sites to all best practical extent. It is also responsible for mapping high risk/priority areas in the oil-producing environment for protection as well as ensure compliance of oil industry operators with all existing environment for operators with all existing environmental legislations in the petroleum sector. 25. Federal Ministry of Foreign Affairs Government thematic focal area: international diplomacy The Ministry is responsible for the formulation and execution Nigeria’s foreign policies. It is also responsible for Bilateral or Multilateral with other States, Regional and International Organisations, and serves as formal point of contact with the international community. 26. Federal Ministry of Information and Culture Government thematic focal area: raising awareness and promoting information and culture. The Ministry is responsible for the management of the image, reputation and promotion of the culture of the people and Government of Nigeria, through a dynamic Public Information System that facilitate access by the citizens and the global community to credible and timely information about our nation. The Ministry, by itself or through its Agencies, is the lead organisation for disseminating information to the public on development initiatives and policy frameworks on environment, in general. 56 | P a g e S/N Institution Economic Sector Roles in POPs Management 27. Federal Ministry of Communications Government thematic focal area: communication technology The Ministry is mandated to carry out the following:  Facilitate universal, ubiquitous and cost effective access to communications infrastructure throughout the country;  Promote the utilisation of ICT in all spheres of life to optimise the communications infrastructure – digital content creation, domestic software applications and the delivery of private and public services over the internet;  Promote and facilitate the development of the ICT industry and increase the contribution of the ICT industry to GDP;  Utilise ICT to drive transparency in governance and improve the quality and cost effectiveness of public service delivery in Nigeria. The Government’s laudable policy thrust on computerisation of public service and other cognate initiatives will lead to increased application of ICT devices and equipment. This however will ultimately be ensued with generation of Waste Electrical Electronics Equipment (WEEE), which is priority POPs issue in developing countries like Nigeria. 28. Federal Ministry of Budget and National Planning Government thematic focal area: Budget and National Planning The Ministry is mandated among others, to:  implement budget and fiscal policies of the Federal Government of Nigeria;  undertake periodic review and appraisal of the national human and material resources capabilities of Nigeria with a view to advancing their development, efficiency and effective utilization;  manage multilateral/bilateral economic co-operation, including development aid and technical assistance; and  deal with matters relating to regional economic co-operation, including the Economic Community of West African States, the African Common Market, the United Nations Economic Commission for African and the South-South co operation. 57 | P a g e S/N Institution Economic Sector Roles in POPs Management 29. National Biosafety Management Agency (NBMA) Government thematic focal area: Environment (biosafety) NBMA is a parastatal of FMENV charged with the responsibility to provide a regulatory framework, institutional and administrative mechanism for safety measures in the sustainable development of science of modern biotechnology and its application while protecting human and environmental health. 30. Federal Fire Service Government thematic focal area: Emergency Responder/Manageme nt FFS is an Agency of Government supervised by the Interior Ministry. The Agency Mandate covers Emergency response which includes:  response to emergency involving HAZMAT materials and fire resulting from chemical/oil spill;  decontamination of areas affected by chemical spill; and  rescue of victims of hazardous materials and related accidents. 31. Institute of Chartered Chemists of Nigeria (ICCON) Government/ Private thematic focal area: Advocacy, Technical Support, Research and Capacity development ICCON is primarily responsible for the teaching, learning and practice of Chemistry in Nigeria. The institute has the largest network of chemists in Nigeria who are more informed with the knowledge of chemicals, in this case, POPs. 32. Federal Ministry of Women Affairs and Social Development Government thematic focal area: Gender Advocacy and Mainstreaming Federal Ministry of Women Affairs and Solid Development is mandated to:  serve as the national vehicle to bring about speedy and healthy development of Nigerian Women, Children, the socially disadvantaged and physically challenged, and the main-streaming of their rights and privileges in national development process; and  help build a Nigerian Society that guarantees equal access to social, economic and wealth creation opportunities to all, irrespective of gender, places premium on protection of the child, the aged and persons with disabilities. 58 | P a g e S/N Institution Economic Sector Roles in POPs Management 33. The Federal Ministry of Justice Government Thematic Focal Area: Justice Federal Ministry of Justice is the legal arm of the Federal Government of Nigeria, primarily concerned with bringing cases before the Judiciary that are initiated or assumed by the Government. 34. The Federal Ministry of Education Government Thematic Focal Area: Education The Ministry has the following mandates, among others: • Formulate and co-ordinate a national policy on education; • Collect and collate data for purposes of education Planning and Financing; • Prescribe and maintain uniform standard of education throughout the Country; • Control and monitor the quality of education in the Country; • Harmonize educational policies and procedures of all the States of the Federation through the instrumentality of the National Council on Education (NCE); • Effect co-operation in educational matters on an international scale; and • Develop curricula and syllabuses at the National Level. 35. CropLife Nigeria Private Sector Thematic Focal Area: Agrochemical formulation/merchandi se CropLife Nigeria (CLN) is an affiliate of CropLife International, which is the global ambassador for the plant science industry, encouraging understanding and dialogue whilst promoting agricultural technology in the context of sustainable development. CLN members are formulators and distributors of crop protection products (pesticides), who are encouraged to observe and implement the same international standards and apply all stewardship measures and activities as defined by the “FAO Code of Conduct” to which all members of the CropLife network are committed. 59 | P a g e 2.2.3 Policy and Regulatory Framework Effective national implementation of Stockholm Convention and other Chemical and Waste treaties requires strengthening policy and regulatory frameworks to regulate the life-cycle management of chemicals and waste, covering manufacturing, transportation, storage, handling and reprocessing (cradle to cradle), or destruction (cradle to grave), as may be permitted by relevant global instruments. 2.2.3.1 Policy Instruments for chemicals /POPs Management Nigeria has developed a number of sectoral policy documents that are adoptable and adaptable platform for enshrining sound management of chemicals and waste, including POPs issues of national priority, in line with the Global Best Practices and in tune with national peculiarity and circumstances. Nonetheless, there are capacity gaps in actual implementation of the policies, as reported in the section on Assessment of the POPs issue in the country. Some of the relevant policy instruments are: i. The National Agenda-21, which is the domesticated version of Agenda 21 on Sustainable Development adopted by the Rio Conference of 1992, incorporates Chapter 19 on Environmentally Sound Management of Toxic Chemicals including the Prevention of Illegal International Traffic in Toxic and Dangerous Products. It is aimed, among others, at:  integrating environment into development planning at all levels of government and the private sector; and  addressing sectoral priorities, plans, policies and strategies for the major sectors of the economy. ii. National Policy on Environment from 1999, which objective is to ensure sustainable development based on proper management of the environment. The goal of the Policy is to achieve sustainable development in Nigeria, and, among others, to:  secure for all Nigerians a quality of environment adequate for health and wellbeing; and  restore, maintain and enhance the ecosystems and ecological processes essential for the functioning of the biosphere to preserve biological diversity and the principle of optimum sustainable yield in the use of these natural resources and ecosystems. iii. Environmental Enforcement Policy, which is aimed at providing actions to take in enforcing environmental legislation, standards, regulations and guidelines fairly and appropriately in a manner that will protect environmental quality and safeguard public health. iv. National Policy on Chemicals Management, 2010 which has the following goals, among others:  To implement an integrated life-cycle management of chemicals based on risk assessment (Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS); Certificate of Analysis (CoAs); and other technical reports);  To establish a sustainable management system including Best Practice, Risk Communication systems on chemicals; and 60 | P a g e  To integrate sound chemicals management and safety in the national Planning processes. v. National Bio-diversity Strategy and Action Plan 2007, which goal is to develop appropriate framework and programme instrument for the conservation of Nigeria’s Biological diversity and enhance its sustainable use by integrating Biodiversity consideration into national planning, policy and decision-making processes. vi. National Policy on Climate Change (2015), which objective is to serve as a framework for tackling environmental challenges occasioned by global changes in the climate. vii. National Action Programme to Combat Desertification (2000), which ultimate objective is to sustain and promote, within ecological limits, the productivity of arid, semi-arid, sub-humid and other areas vulnerable to desertification, in order to improve the quality of life of their inhabitants. viii. National Policy on E-waste Management (in progress), which goal is to foster sustainable national development through environmentally sound management of E-waste. ix. National Dispersant Use Policy (2012), which objective is to provide standards guidelines, procedures and protocols for the production and application of dispersants in the Nigerian Environment, in order to achieve sustainability in the petroleum sector. x. National Implementation Strategy for the Global Harmonised System (GHS) for labelling and classification of hazardous chemicals, which objectives are among others to:  devise an approach to provide for the full implementation of the GHS in Nigeria;  ensure an integrated life-cycle approach which will be harmonised across the chemical value chain;  ensure continued alignment with international trends in the further development of GHS; and  ensure that national law prescribes compliances with the GHS requirements. xi. National Forestry Policy 2006 is aimed at achieving sustainable forest management that would ensure sustainable increases in the economic, social and environmental benefits from forests and trees for the present and future generations, including the poor and the vulnerable groups. xii. National Environmental Sanitation Policy, which objective is to stimulate, promote and strengthen all government regulations concerned with housing and urban development, food security, water supply, sanitation related endemic diseases and illnesses, flood and erosion control, drought control, school health services and environmental education. xiii. National Oil Spill Contingency Plan aimed at internalising the International Convention on Oil Pollution Preparedness Response and Cooperation from 1990 to which Nigeria is a signatory. xiv. National Drought and Desertification Policy, which main goal is to reduce (or where possible prevent) the adverse effects of drought and desertification, and 61 | P a g e halt or even reverse the processes of desertification, to the end that people’s lives are immensely improved and poverty reduced. xv. National Framework on PCBs management 2014, which is aimed at strengthening national capacity to manage, monitor and control POPs and ultimately phase out the use of PCBs in the course of protecting human health. xvi. National Policy on Municipal and Agricultural Waste Management from 2012, which objective is to develop an integrated, coordinated, environmentally sound, efficient, and economically sustainable municipal and Agricultural waste management system, with specific provision for UPOPs emission control. xvii. National Healthcare Waste Management Policy (2013) which goal is to create an enabling environment that contributes to effective and efficient healthcare waste management practices with minimal harmful environmental impact. xviii. National Information and Communication Technology (ICT) Policy (2012) which main objective is to provide a comprehensive framework for the ICT sector which encourages investment, enables the rapid expansion of ICT networks and services that are accessible to all at reasonable costs, strengthens all productive sectors, and facilitates the transformation to a knowledge-based economy. xix. National Health Policy (2004), which objective is to strengthen the national health system such that it will be able to provide effective, efficient quality, accessible and affordable health services that will improve the health status of Nigerians. xx. National Biotechnology Policy (2001), which focussed on the harnessing of biotechnology as a developmental tool to contribute in several sectors to the well being of the Nigerian economy. In doing this, it is responsive to the National Biodiversity strategy and Action Plan and several other policy documents. xxi. The National Agriculture Policy which declares that it is of priority to mobilize biotechnology in the development of agriculture. It elaborates this to the point of indicating how seeds would be a tool in the advancement and development of agriculture. xxii. Nigeria National Biosafety Policy (2005) which overall objective is to provide a regulatory regime and guidance for the sustainable development of the science of modern biotechnology, its application and safe use of its products without prejudice and risk to public health, environmental health, national sovereignty, human dignity and fundamental human rights. xxiii. National Policy on Science, Technology and Innovation (STI) 2011 which objective is to build a strong Science, Technology and Innovation capability and capacity needed to evolve a modern economy. 2.2.3.2 Extant Legal Frameworks Addressing Chemicals/POPs Management Table 2.4 outlines and analyses the strength of a number of extant sectoral chemicals management-related legal instruments in Nigeria, adoptable and amenable for the maximum protection of the citizenry and the Nigerian environment, against deleterious effects of hazardous chemicals including POPs, in line with the global best practices and in tune with Nigeria’s national peculiarity and circumstances. 62 | P a g e Table 2.4: List of extant legal frameworks addressing chemicals management S/N Legal Instrument (type, reference year) and Regulation(s) Responsible Institution Chemical Use Category Covered/strength (Application field) Objectives Relevant Provisions Enforcement Ranking 1. The Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria, 1999 (as amended) The National Assembly All category of chemicals The grundnorm (basic norm) of Nigerian Environmental laws Section 20 1 2. National Agency for Food and Drug Administration and Control (NAFDAC) Act, Cap N1 LFN 2004 NAFDAC Food, drugs and medical devices An Act which created NAFDAC as a body corporate to handle issues of food and drug administration in Nigeria. Regulate and control the importation, exportation, manufacture, advertisement distribution of chemicals and allied products. Section 5(a) and all Regulations made pursuant to it. 1 3. The National Environmental Standards and Regulations Enforcement Agency (NESREA) Act 2007 Act NESREA All chemicals except in the oil and gas sector The Act created NESREA as a parastatal of the Federal Ministry of Environment, which is charged with the responsibility of enforcing all environmental laws, guidelines, policies, standards and regulations in Nigeria (except oil and gas sector). The Act empowers NESREA to enforce compliance with Section 7 (d) & (e) and all Regulations made pursuant to it. 1 63 | P a g e S/N Legal Instrument (type, reference year) and Regulation(s) Responsible Institution Chemical Use Category Covered/strength (Application field) Objectives Relevant Provisions Enforcement Ranking regulations on the importation, exportation, production, distribution, storage, sale, use, handling and disposal of chemicals 4. The Consumer Protection Council (CPC) Act 1992 CPC Industrial, agrochemical, domestic Issues guidelines to manufacturers, importers, dealers and wholesalers in relation to their obligation under this Decree Section 2(g) and all regulations made pursuant to it. 2 5. The Standards Organisation of Nigeria (SON) Act 56 of 1971as amended by Acts No.20 of1976, Act No.32of 1984 and Act No.18 of 1990 SON Standards for quality of chemicals. To designate, establish and approve standards in respect of metrology, materials, commodities, structures and processes Section 4(b) and all regulations made pursuant to it. 1 6. Decree 33 of 1977, DPR guidelines and Standards DPR Oil and Gas industry Supervising all petroleum industry operations being carried out under licenses and leases in the country in order to ensure compliance with global best practices. Section 11(2) and all Regulations made pursuant to it. 1 7. Federal Road Safety Act 2007 FRSC Recommending devices for minimising or Preventing or minimizing accidents on the highway; clearing obstructions on any Sections 2, 3, 11, 30, 45 and all Regulations 3 64 | P a g e S/N Legal Instrument (type, reference year) and Regulation(s) Responsible Institution Chemical Use Category Covered/strength (Application field) Objectives Relevant Provisions Enforcement Ranking eliminating accidents on the road. part of the highways; educating drivers, motorists and other road-users. made pursuant to it. 8. Road Traffic Act, LFN, 1990 Directorate of Motor Vehicle Administration Industrial, Agrochemical, domestic and Medical Registration of vehicle, issuance of drivers’ license, organizing of technical inspection of vehicle and compilation of statistics and movement of goods and passengers by roads. All provisions made pursuant to the mandate. 3 9. The Factories Act Cap 126 Laws of the Federation of Nigeria, 1990 FED.MIN.OF LABOUR Occupational safety and health Enforcement of safety and health standards in Nigerian workplaces. It provides minimum standards of safety and health in Nigeria Sections 2, 3, 11, 1, 30, 45. All regulations made in pursuance to the Act. 2 10. NPA Decree No.38 of 1999 Nigerian Ports Authority Maritime Develop, own and operate ports and harbours; Provide safe and navigable channel Offer cargo handling and All Regulations made pursuant to the mandate. 3 65 | P a g e S/N Legal Instrument (type, reference year) and Regulation(s) Responsible Institution Chemical Use Category Covered/strength (Application field) Objectives Relevant Provisions Enforcement Ranking storage services; Maritime Port facilities 11. NDLEA DECREE NO.48 of 1989 NDLEA Federal Ministry of Justice Narcotics and Psychotropic Regulation and monitoring All Regulations made in fulfilment of the duties of the NDLEA and Federal Ministry of Justice. 1 12. Harmful Toxic Waste (Special Criminal Provision) Act, Cap. H1 LFN 2004 NESREA/NOSDRA Toxic waste Industrial, Agrochemical, domestic and Medical This statute criminalizes wrong handling of toxic wastes and dumping of toxic waste. It contains penalties for dumping of harmful toxic wastes in Nigeria. Environmental protection; human health; pollution and all Regulations made pursuant to it. 2 13. Registration of Chemicals Procedure (for new chemical formulation and chemicals that are subject to PIC-procedure) FMENV All categories of chemicals A procedure that stipulates the mode of registration of chemicals in Nigeria. Registration procedure is pursuant to enabling laws and BRS Convention requirements for SMC. 2 66 | P a g e S/N Legal Instrument (type, reference year) and Regulation(s) Responsible Institution Chemical Use Category Covered/strength (Application field) Objectives Relevant Provisions Enforcement Ranking 14. National Environment Protection (Pollution Abatement in Industries and facilities Generating wastes) Regulations S.I.15 of 1991 FMENV Industrial waste and facilities Generating wastes A regulation that enforces the reduction in the emissions from industries and facilities generating wastes All sections of the regulation 2 15. National Environmental (Domestic and Industrial Plastic, Rubber & Foam Sector) Regulations, 2010 S. I. No. 17 FMENV Domestic and Industrial Plastic, Rubber & Foam To prevent and minimize pollution from all operations and ancillary activities from Domestic and Industrial Plastic, Rubber and Foam Sectors to the Nigerian environment All sections of the regulation 2 16. National Environmental (Ozone Layer Protection) Regulations, 2009. S. I. No. 32 FMENV Ozone Layer To prohibit the import, manufacture, sale and the use of ozone-depleting substances (ODS). All sections of the regulation 2 17. National Environmental (Permitting and Licensing System) Regulation, 2009. S. I. No. 29 FMENV/ NESREA Licensing and issuance of permits To enable consistent application of environmental laws, regulations and standards in all sectors of the economy and geographical region. All sections of the regulation 2 67 | P a g e S/N Legal Instrument (type, reference year) and Regulation(s) Responsible Institution Chemical Use Category Covered/strength (Application field) Objectives Relevant Provisions Enforcement Ranking 18. National Environmental (Chemicals, Pharmaceuticals, Soap and Detergent Manufacturing Industries) Regulations, 2009 S.I. No. 36 FMENV Chemicals, Pharmaceuticals, Soap and detergent manufacturing industries To prevent and minimize pollution from all operations and ancillary activities from this Sector in order to protect Nigerians and its environment. All sections of the regulation 2 19. National Environmental (Food, Beverages and Tobacco Sector) Regulations, 2009 S. I. No. 33 FMENV Food, Beverages and Tobacco To prevent and minimize pollution from all operations and ancillary activities of food, beverages and tobacco sector to the Nigerian environment. All sections of the regulation 2 20. National Environmental (Mining and Processing of Coal, Ores and Industrial Minerals) Regulations, 2009. S. I. No. 31 FMENV Mining and Processing of Coal, Ores and Industrial Minerals To minimize pollution from mining and processing of coal, ores and industrial minerals. All sections of the regulation 2 21. National Environmental (Textile, Wearing Apparel, Leather and Footwear Industry) FMENV Textile, Wearing Apparel, Leather and Footwear Industry To prevent and minimize pollution from all operations and ancillary activities from the Textile, Wearing Apparel, Leather and Footwear sectors to Nigeria’s environment All sections of the regulation 2 68 | P a g e S/N Legal Instrument (type, reference year) and Regulation(s) Responsible Institution Chemical Use Category Covered/strength (Application field) Objectives Relevant Provisions Enforcement Ranking Regulations, 2009 S. I. No. 34 22. National Environmental (Sanitation and Wastes Control) Regulations, 2009. S. I. No. 28 FMENV Sanitation and Wastes Control To provide the legal framework for the adoption of sustainable and environment friendly practices in environmental sanitation and waste management to minimize pollution. All sections of the regulation 2 23. National Interim Guidelines and Standards for Industrial Effluents, Gaseous Emissions and Hazardous Wastes Management in Nigeria FMENV/ NESREA/ NOSDRA Guidelines and Standards for Industrial Effluents, Gaseous Emissions and Hazardous Wastes Management Guidelines and Standards for Industrial Effluents, Gaseous Emissions and Hazardous Wastes Management in Nigeria. The guidelines are popularly referred to as “the green book.” The guideline is an omnibus document on issues of SMC and pollution control. 1 24. Pesticides Registration Regulation 2005 NAFDAC Pesticides Under this regulation, no pesticide shall be manufactured, formulated, imported, exported, advertised, sold or distributed in Nigeria unless it has been registered in accordance with the provisions of these Regulations. All sections of the regulations 1 69 | P a g e S/N Legal Instrument (type, reference year) and Regulation(s) Responsible Institution Chemical Use Category Covered/strength (Application field) Objectives Relevant Provisions Enforcement Ranking 25. Mineral Oils (Safety) Regulations, 1963 DPR Workers safety in oil industry Safety regulations for workers in the Oil Industry. They also contain offences in case of breach of the regulations. All sections of the regulations 2 26. Petroleum Refining Regulations, 1974 (as amended) DPR Workers safety in oil industry For Refineries on how they should be operated. The regulations go hand-in- hand with the Mineral Oils (Safety) Regulations 1963. All sections of the regulations 2 27. National Environmental (Watershed, Mountainous, Hilly and Catchments Areas) Regulations, 2009. S. I. No. 27 FMENV Watershed, Mountainous, Hilly and Catchment Areas Provisions for the protection of water catchment areas All sections of the regulation 2 28. National Environmental (Wetlands, River Banks and Lake Shores) Regulations, 2009. S. I. No. 26 FMENV Wetlands, River Banks and Lake Shores Provisions for the conservation and wise use of wetlands and their resources in Nigeria and ensure sustainable use of wetlands for ecological and tourism purposes and to protect wetland habitats for species of fauna and flora. All sections of the regulations 2 70 | P a g e S/N Legal Instrument (type, reference year) and Regulation(s) Responsible Institution Chemical Use Category Covered/strength (Application field) Objectives Relevant Provisions Enforcement Ranking 29. National Oil Spill Contingency Plan (NOSCP) NOSDRA/ DPR Oil and gas sector In accordance with the international convention on oil pollution preparedness, Response and Co-operation (OPRC) 1990, to which Nigeria is a signatory. NOSCP is an operational equipment for the Oil & Gas sector. 2 30. National Oil Spill Detection and Response Agency (NOSDRA). Act of 2006 NOSDRA Oil and gas sector The Act establishes NOSDRA with responsibility for preparedness, detection, and response to oil spillages in Nigeria. All sections of the Act 2 31. Handbook on Waste Management (2001) FMENV Waste Management Guidelines on Management of waste in Nigeria. It contains modules of disposing wastes in such a way that they will not be harmful to the society. The Handbook is a resource documents for municipal and hazardous waste management 2 32. Guidelines on Hazardous Chemicals Management, (2001) FMENV All Hazardous Chemicals Applicable to facilities and activities involving the transportation, production, handling, storage, and disposal of hazardous chemicals and materials. The Guideline is a resource document for SMC 1 71 | P a g e S/N Legal Instrument (type, reference year) and Regulation(s) Responsible Institution Chemical Use Category Covered/strength (Application field) Objectives Relevant Provisions Enforcement Ranking 33. Guidelines on Pesticides Management and Handbook on Safe and Effective Use of Pesticides FMARD Human and the Nigerian Environment Guidelines for the manufacture, formulation, importation, exportation, advertisement, sales and use of pesticides in Nigeria. The purpose is to curtail or stop chemicals from affecting individuals in the course of the manufacture, distribution or use of pesticides. The Guideline is a resource document on issues of safe management pesticides. 1 34. Blueprint on Environmental Enforcement (A Citizen’s Guide, 2001) FMENV Human Guideline on how citizens can comply with environmental management issues. It contains sanitation measures for the compliance of citizens. A resource document for environmental compliance and enforcement. 35. Blueprint on Compliance Monitoring Inspection (Inspector’s Guide, 2001) FMENV Industries A guide for Inspectors from the Ministry of Environment in the course of carrying out inspections in the environment. All sections of the guide 2 36. Petroleum Regulations of 1967 and 1969 DPR Oil and Gas Workers These regulations ensure safety of personnel during petroleum operations. All sections of the regulations 2 37. Petroleum Act 1969 DPR An act to provide for the exploration of petroleum from the territorial waters and the All sections of the Act 2 72 | P a g e S/N Legal Instrument (type, reference year) and Regulation(s) Responsible Institution Chemical Use Category Covered/strength (Application field) Objectives Relevant Provisions Enforcement Ranking continental shelf of Nigeria and to vest the ownership of. It also provides all on-shore and off shore revenue from petroleum resources derivable there from in for Federal Government of Nigeria and all other matters incidental there to. 38. National Environmental (Base Metals, Iron and Steels Manufacturing/ Recycling Industries) Regulations, 2010. S. I. No. 14 FMENV Base Metals, Iron and Steels Manufacturing/ Recycling Industries The Regulation is to prevent and minimize pollution from all operations and ancillary activities of the sector in the Nigerian Environment. All sections of the regulation are relevant 3 39. Management of hazardous and solid waste regulation S.I.15 of 1991 (No. 102 Vol. 78, August, 1991) FMENV Hazardous chemical products and dangerous waste constituents. This regulation defines the requirements for groundwater protection, surface impoundments, land treatment, waste piles, landfills, incinerations etc.. It also describes the hazardous substance tracking programme with a comprehensive list of acutely hazardous chemical products and dangerous waste constituents. It also spelt out All sections of the regulation 2 73 | P a g e S/N Legal Instrument (type, reference year) and Regulation(s) Responsible Institution Chemical Use Category Covered/strength (Application field) Objectives Relevant Provisions Enforcement Ranking the requirements and procedures for inspection, enforcement and penalty. 40. National Effluent Limitation Regulation, S. I. 8 of 1991 (No. 42, Vol.78 August, 1991) FMENV/ NESREA/ NOSDRA Detoxification of effluent and chemical discharges from industries. This regulation makes it mandatory for industries with wastes facilities to install anti pollution abatement equipment on site based on the Best Available Technology (BAT) for detoxification of effluent and chemical discharges. It is specific to each category of waste generating facility with respect to limitations of solid and liquid discharges or gaseous emissions into the ecosystem. All sections of the regulations 2 41. Pollution Abatement in industries generating wastes Regulation, S.I. 9 of 1991 (No. 42, Vol.78 August, 1991) FMENV Toxic waste generating Industries The regulation imposes restrictions in the release of toxic substances and stipulate requirements for pollution monitoring units, machinery for combating pollution and contingency plan by industries; submission of lists and details of chemicals used by industries All sections 2 74 | P a g e S/N Legal Instrument (type, reference year) and Regulation(s) Responsible Institution Chemical Use Category Covered/strength (Application field) Objectives Relevant Provisions Enforcement Ranking to FMENV; requirement of permit by industries for the storage and transportation of toxic waste; the generator’s liability; strategies for waste reduction; permissible limits of discharge into public drains; protection of workers and safety requirements for Environmental Audit (or Environmental Impact Assessment of new projects) and penalty for contravention. 42. Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Sectoral Guidelines for Manufacturing Projects, 1995 FMENV New Projects Guidelines for Manufacturing Projects, among others were made. The guidelines are intended to assist the proper and detailed execution of EIA of projects in consonance with the EIA Act 1992 in line with a defined EIA management procedure. The Act No. 86 of 1992 makes EIA mandatory for all new major public and private projects in Nigeria. The Act gives specific powers to the All sections of the Act and sectoral guidelines published thereto. 1 75 | P a g e S/N Legal Instrument (type, reference year) and Regulation(s) Responsible Institution Chemical Use Category Covered/strength (Application field) Objectives Relevant Provisions Enforcement Ranking FMENV to facilitate environmental assessment of projects. 43. Criminal Code Act, LFN, 2004 FMENV Safeguarding water and atmosphere wilful vitiation. The provisions of the Criminal Code apply in relation to any offence against any order, Act, Law or statue and all persons charged with any such offence. The Act makes it an offence punishable with up to 6 months’ imprisonment for any person who violates the environment in any way so as to make it obnoxious to the health of persons in general, dwelling or carry out business in the neighbourhood, or passing along a public way. Specifically, Sections 245 & 247; other sections that are applicable for circumstantial offences. 3 44. Labour Act, LFN, 2004 FML&P Occupational safety and health This ensures the health and safety of workers in Sections 66 and 67 of the Act. Section 88 (1) (g) of the Act, states that the Minister of Labour may make such procedural or ancillary provisions as he/she considers necessary or conveni Sections 77 and 98 2 76 | P a g e S/N Legal Instrument (type, reference year) and Regulation(s) Responsible Institution Chemical Use Category Covered/strength (Application field) Objectives Relevant Provisions Enforcement Ranking ent to facilitate the operation o f this Act. It is on this basis that the Factory Inspectorate Division is created to ensure safety of workers in factories. 45. S.1.8 National Environment Protection (Effluent Limitation) Regulation 1991 FMENV/ NESREA/ NOSDRA Chemicals and Chemical Waste Environmental protection; effluent and waste water pollution control Sections 1-6 2 46. S.1.9 National Environment protection (pollution Abatement in industries and facilities Generation wastes). Reg. 1991 FMENV/ NESREA/ NOSDRA Chemicals and chemical waste Environmental protection, pollution Abatement; safety Sections 1-23 2 47. S.1.5 National Environment protection (management of solid and Hazardous Wastes). Regulation, 1991 FMENV/ NESREA/ NOSDRA Industrial and Consumer Chemicals radioactive substances agrochemical Environmental protection, sound environmental management of solid and hazardous waste including storage trans-boundary movement, treatment and disposal Part 1-12 2 NB: Enforcement Ranking: 1 – Effective 2 – Fair 3 – Weak; Source: Nigeria National Chemical Profile Report 1999 77 | P a g e 2.2.4 Multilateral Environmental Agreements Environmental exploitation is the buoy that sustains global economy and development. Conversely, the environment is the ‘sink’ for all negative upshots of explorative activities that bring about this universal growth. Environmental degradation, in whatever form, ultimately transcends international borders and is not a respecter of national sovereignty, gender, social class, creed or caste and their impacts can only be addressed through effective, coherent and coordinated transnational environmental governance, backed with sector-specific global treaties to protect the global commons. The need to protect and preserve the environment has consistently been a recurring burning issue, nationally and internationally. It was against this background that the Earth Summit expressly stated inter alia in Principle 12 of Rio Declaration that Unilateral actions to deal with environmental challenges outside the jurisdiction of the importing country should be avoided. Environmental measures addressing transboundary or global environmental problems should, as far as possible, be based on an international consensus. This singular declaration has led to negotiation, adoption and signing of scores of Multilateral Environmental Agreements (MEAs), in addition to regional and global instruments adopted in pre-Rio Conference era. Multilateral environmental agreements are legal instruments with binding effects on countries that have agreed to become parties thereto, through ratification or accession (INTOSAI-WGEA, 2010). An MEA or treaty procedurally comes into force, if it is ratified by the requisite number of countries. Nigeria took active part in the negotiation processes leading to adoption and signing of many of the MEAs, to which she is a Party. MEAs constitute an important part of the global environmental management framework and are designed to coordinate policy action to tackle global or transboundary environmental problems cooperatively (Brunner 1997) and are powerful tool for the implementation of policies directed at sustainable development goals. They are premised on the ideas that we live in a global common (including the air, water, land, flora, fauna), with natural resources and that nations must cooperate in developing strategies to protect these resources (Brack et al, 2003). MEAs can be, and are, categorized according to different typologies, criteria or groupings. The classifications tend to vary and are not mutually exclusive (INTOSAI-WGEA, 2010). MEAs are hereby classified as follows: a) Biodiversity and Wildlife Treaties such as the 1992 United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity & its protocol and the 2000 Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety; b) Treaties that are targeted at protecting the atmosphere, such as the 1985 Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer, and its protocol, the 1987 Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer; and the 1992 UN Framework Convention on Climate Change, and its protocol, the 1997 Kyoto Protocol (which came into force in February 2005); c) Instruments dealing with the marine environment, including the 1972 London Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping of Wastes and other Matter; the 1973 Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships, and its 78 | P a g e protocol, the 1978 MARPOL Protocol; and the 1982 UN Convention on the Law of the Sea, together with an implementing agreement, d) Treaties regulating the use of chemicals, including the 1998 Rotterdam Convention on the Prior Informed Consent Procedure for Certain Hazardous Chemicals and Pesticides in International Trade and the 2001 Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants, the Montreal Protocol could be considered under this category, since it regulates the production and consumption of ozone-depleting chemicals. e) Those dealing with waste, including the 1989 Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and their Disposal (see also under marine environment). f) Global or regional: for example, the Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and their Disposal (Basel Convention) applies throughout the world; the Convention on the Ban of the Import into Africa and the Control of Transboundary Movement and Management of Hazardous Waste within Africa (Bamako Convention) applies only within the African region (INTOSAI-WGEA, 2000). g) Others, including the 1991 Espoo Convention on Environmental Impact Assessment, the 1992 UN Convention to Combat Desertification, and the 1998 Aarhus Convention on Access to Information, Public Participation in Decision-making and Access to Justice in Environmental Matters (Duncan, et al (2003)). A number of MEAs cut across more than one classification; for example, the Montreal Protocol classified under Treaties that are targeted at protecting the atmosphere can also fall under those regulating the use of chemicals. 2.2.4.1 Nigeria’s Commitment to International Environmental Agreement and Treaties Nigeria has played active roles in the negotiation and actualisation of set objectives of a list of MEAs, which form the over-arching international legal grundnorm (basic norm) for addressing environmental issues of global concerns. Some of these MEAs have either been ratified (before coming into force) or acceded to (after coming into force) by Nigeria and have either been or are in the process of being internalised, to complement the overall framework of national legislations, bilateral, sub-regional and regional treaties on varying environmental issues of national priorities. Nigeria is conscious of the fact that the global best practice or a benchmark for better environmental governance is to integrate organizations, appropriate domestic policy instruments, financing mechanisms, rules, procedures and norms to meet national commitments under relevant MEAs, to which the nation is Party. Table 2.5 summarizes Nigeria’s commitment levels vis-a-vis national implementation of a list of global environmental agreements (or MEAs). 79 | P a g e Table 2. 4: Nigeria's Levels of Commitment to international Environmental Instruments S/N Instruments Place and Date of Signature Date of Entry into force Objective Status of implementation 1. The Convention on Wetlands of International Importance especially as Waterfowl Habitat (Ramsar Convention) 1971 Ramsar, Iran 02.02.1971 01.12.1975 To promote the conservation and wise use of all wetlands through local, regional, and national actions and international cooperation, as a contribution towards achieving sustainable development worldwide. Acceded 02.10.2000 2. Protocol to amend the Convention on Wetlands of International Importance especially as Waterfowl HABITAT Paris 03.12.1982 01.10.1986 To render the Convention more effective. Ratified 02.10.2001 3. Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage Paris, 23.11.1972 17.12.1975 To encourage the identification, protection and preservation of cultural and natural heritage around the world considered to be of outstanding value to humanity. Ratified 23.10.1974 4. Convention on International trade in endangered species (CITES) (Washington Convention) Washington, D.C 03.03.1973 01.07.1975 To ensure that international trade in specimens of wild animals and plants does not threaten their survival. To this aim, it imposes a duty on Parties to subject international trade in specimens of selected species to certain controls via licensing of import, export, re Ratified 09.05.1974 80 | P a g e S/N Instruments Place and Date of Signature Date of Entry into force Objective Status of implementation export, and introduction from the sea of species. 5. United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea Montego Bay, Jamaica 10.12.1982 16.11.1994 To establish national sovereignty over marine resources lying within coastal waters and aims to provides countries with incentive to better manage these resources, by obligating Parties to protect and preserve the marine environment. Ratified 14.08.1986 6. International Convention on Oil Pollution Preparedness, Response and Cooperation London, 30.11.1990 13.05.1995 To strengthen the legal framework for the control of environmental pollution by oil, in general, and marine pollution by oil in particular, by providing a basis for preparedness, and for a response-capability, to deal with incidents of oil pollution in the marine environment. Acceded 25.05.1993 7. The United Nations Agreement for the Implementation of the Provisions of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea of 10 December 1982 relating to the Conservation and New York 04.08.1995 11.12.2001 To ensure the long-term conservation and sustainable use of straddling fish stocks and highly migratory fish stocks. It sets out principles for the conservation and management of these fish stocks and provides a framework for cooperation in the conservation and management of these resources. Ratified 81 | P a g e S/N Instruments Place and Date of Signature Date of Entry into force Objective Status of implementation Management of Straddling Fish Stocks and Highly Migratory Fish Stocks (United Nations Fish Stocks Agreement) 8. Agreement Relating to the Implementation of Part XI of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea of 10 December 1982 New York, 28.07.1994 28.07.1996 To provide for revised modalities of the implementation of Part XI of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea of 10 December 1982, in particular the International Seabed Authority. Signed 28.07.1995 9. African Convention on the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources Algiers 15.09.1968 16.06.1969 To encourage individual and joint action for the conservation, utilization and development of soil, water, flora and fauna for the present and future welfare of mankind, from an economic, nutritional, scientific, educational, cultural and aesthetic point of view. Ratified 07.05.1974 10. Bamako Convention on the Ban of the Import into Africa and the Control of Transboundary Movement and Management of Hazardous Wastes within Africa Bamako, 30.01.1991 22.04.1998 To create a framework of obligations to strictly regulate the trans-boundary movement of hazardous wastes to and within Africa. 82 | P a g e S/N Instruments Place and Date of Signature Date of Entry into force Objective Status of implementation 11. Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer Vienna, 22.09.1985 1988 To establish a framework for cooperation, development of policies, and formulation of agreed measures in order to protect human health and the environment against adverse effects resulting or likely to result from human activities which modify the ozone layer. Acceded 21.10.1988 12. Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer Montreal, 16.09.1987 01.01.1989 To protect the ozone layer by taking measures to control global emissions of substances that deplete it. Its definitive objective is the elimination of these materials based on scientific developments, taking into account technical and economic considerations as well as developmental needs of developing countries. Acceded 31.10.1988; London Amendment Ratified 27.09.2001 13. Convention Concerning Occupational Safety and Health and the Working Environment Geneva 22.06.1981 11.08.1983 To prevent accidents and injury to health by minimizing the causes of hazards inherent in the working environment. Ratified 03.05.1994 14. Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and their Disposal Basel 22.03.1989 05.05.1992 To ensure that the management of hazardous wastes and other wastes, including their transboundary movement and disposal, is consistent with the protection of human health Ratified 13.03.1991, Basel amendment ratified 24.05.2004 83 | P a g e S/N Instruments Place and Date of Signature Date of Entry into force Objective Status of implementation and the environment whatever the place of disposal. 15. United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change New York, 09.05.1992 21.03.1994 To achieve stabilization of greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with climate by setting emission limits to be accomplished within a determined timeframe to allow ecosystems to adapt naturally to climate change, to ensure the non threat to food production and to enable economic development to proceed in a sustainable way. Ratified 22.04.1998 16. Convention to Combat Desertification in Countries Experiencing Serious Drought and/or Desertification Paris 17.06.1994 24.06.1998 To fight desertification and mitigate drought effects in nations with serious drought and/or desertification issues, through effective action at all levels, supported by international cooperation and partnership arrangements, in the framework of an integrated approach, and contributing to the achievement of sustainable development in affected areas. Ratified 08.07.1997 84 | P a g e S/N Instruments Place and Date of Signature Date of Entry into force Objective Status of implementation 17. Convention on Biological Diversity Rio de Janeiro, 05.06.1992 21.03.1994 To conserve biological diversity, the sustainable use of its components and the fair and equitable sharing of the benefits arising out of the utilization of genetic resources, taking into account all rights over those resources. Ratified 29.08.1994 18. Rotterdam Convention on the Prior Informed Consent Procedure for Certain Hazardous Chemicals and Pesticides on International Trade Rotterdam, 10.09.1998 24.02.2004 To promote shared responsibility and cooperative efforts among Parties in the international trade of certain hazardous chemicals in order to protect human health and the environment from potential harm and to contribute to their environmentally-sound use. Ratified 28.06.2001 19. Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants Stockholm 22.05.2001 17.05.2004 To protect human health and the environment from persistent organic pollutants. The Convention protects human health from chemicals that remain intact in the environment for long periods, become widely distributed geographically, accumulate in the fatty tissue of living organisms and are toxic to humans and wildlife. Ratified 24.05.2004 20. Protocol to the United Nations Framework Kyoto 11.12.1997 16.02.2005 To ensure that aggregate anthropogenic carbon dioxide equivalent emissions of the greenhouse gases listed in Annex A to the Protocol do not Acceded 10.12.2004 85 | P a g e S/N Instruments Place and Date of Signature Date of Entry into force Objective Status of implementation Convention on Climate Change exceed the assigned amounts, with a view to reducing overall emissions of such gases by at least 5 per cent below 1990 levels in the commitment period 2008 – 2012. Besides setting binding constraints on greenhouse gas emissions, the Protocol encourages the use of economic incentives to meet with the changes. The Kyoto Protocol is an amendment to the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change. 21. International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture Rome, 03.11.2001 29.06.2004 To promote conservation and sustainable use of plant genetic resources for food and agriculture and the fair and equitable sharing of the benefits arising out of their use, in harmony with the Convention on Biological Diversity, for sustainable agriculture and food security Ratified 10.06.2002 22. Protocol on Biosafety to the Convention on Biological Diversity (Cartagena Protocol) Montreal, 29.1.2000 11.09.2003 To ensure an adequate level of protection in safe transfer, handling and use of living modified organisms resulting from biotechnology that may have adverse effects on the conservation and sustainable use of biological diversity, taking also into account risks to human health, and specifically focusing on transboundary movements. Ratified 15.07.2003 86 | P a g e S/N Instruments Place and Date of Signature Date of Entry into force Objective Status of implementation 23. International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (MARPOL) London 02.11,1973/ 17.02.1978 02.10.1983 Its main objective is to minimize pollution of the seas, including dumping, oil and exhaust pollution, while its stated object is to preserve the marine environment through the complete elimination of pollution by oil and other harmful substances and the minimization of accidental discharge of such substances. Ratified 19.03.1976 24. Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping of Wastes and other Matter (as amended) London 29.12.1972 30.08.1975 To control pollution of the sea by dumping, and to encourage regional agreements supplementary to the Convention. Ratified 19.03.1976 25. International Plant Protection Convention Rome 6.12.1951 03.04.1952 To secure common and effective action to prevent the spread and introduction of pests of plants and plant products, and to promote appropriate measures for their control. Adhered 17.08.1993 26. Minamata Convention on Mercury Kumamoto, Minamata, Japan Oct. 2013 To protect the human health and the environment from anthropogenic emissions and releases of mercury and mercury compounds. The Convention on Mercury is a global treaty to protect human health and the environment from the adverse effects of mercury. Signed 10/10/2013, to be Ratified in August, 2015 87 | P a g e 2.2.5 Non-Binding Instruments Relevant to POPs Management 2.2.5.1 Strategic Approach to International Chemicals Management (SAICM) This is a policy framework to promote chemical safety around the world. SAICM has its overall objective as the achievement of the sound management of chemicals throughout their life cycle so that, by 2020, chemicals are produced and used in ways that minimize significant adverse impacts on human health and the environment. This “2020 goal” was adopted by the World Summit on Sustainable Development in 2002 as part of the Johannesburg Plan of Implementation.  SAICM is distinguished by its comprehensive scope; ambitious “2020” goal for sound chemicals management; multi-stakeholder and multi-sectoral character; endorsement at the highest political levels; emphasis on chemical safety as a sustainable issue; provision for resource mobilization; and formal endorsement or recognition by the governing bodies of key intergovernmental organizations.  SAICM comprises of the Dubai Declaration on International Chemicals Management, expressing high-level political commitment to SAICM, and an Overarching Policy Strategy which sets out its scope, needs, objectives, financial considerations underlying principles and approaches and implementation and review arrangements. Objectives are grouped under five themes: risk reduction; knowledge and information; governance; capacity-building and technical cooperation; and illegal international traffic.  The Declaration and Strategy are accompanied by a Global Plan of Action that serves as a working tool and guidance document to support implementation of SAICM and other relevant international instruments and initiatives. Activities in the plan are to be implemented, as appropriate, by stakeholders, according to their applicability. 2.2.5.2 Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals (GHS) The Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals (GHS) is an internationally agreed system for classification and communication of hazards posed by chemicals. Thousands of chemicals are produced, traded and used internationally, many of which have dangerous properties. These chemicals can be managed safely if appropriately labelled, but many developing countries do not have the legal and technical capacities in place to do so. The same chemical hazards are sometimes classified and communicated in different ways in different countries. As a result, workers, consumers, and the environment are not protected in the same way. To tackle this challenge, since 2003, countries have begun to implement the Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals (GHS). The GHS document (“The Purple Book”) provides countries with the regulatory building blocks to develop or modify existing national programmes in accordance with the internationally agreed provisions of the GHS. The first official version of the GHS was adopted in December 2002 by the UN ECOSOC Sub-Committee of Experts on the Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals (UN-SCEGHS) and published in 2003. The GHS puts http://www.saicm.org/index.php?option=com content&view=article&id=73:saicm-texts&catid=80:saicm-texts&Itemid=475 88 | P a g e in place relevant recommendations on the Transport of Dangerous Goods (1956), the International Labour Organisation (ILO) Convention No. 170 (1990) and Chapter 19 of Agenda 21. UNITAR and ILO are the designated focal points for capacity building in the UN-SCEGHS. In response to growing requests from developing countries for capacity development to implement the GHS, UNITAR and ILO initiated in 2001 the "UNITAR/ILO Global GHS Capacity Building Programme". The Programme provides training on the development of situation/gap analyses, national GHS Implementation Strategies, Legislation, Chemical Hazard Classification, Labelling, Safety Data Sheets (SDS), as well as, related support measures such as comprehensibility testing. GHS is yet to be implemented in Nigeria and efforts are being made to implement it in Nigeria. A National GHS Planning Meeting was held in 2005 to discuss infrastructure and development of the GHS Project. The National GHS Coordinating Agency is the Federal Ministry of Environment and members of the GHS Implementation Committee include key governmental departments and representatives of business & industry and public interest & labour organizations. Efforts are in top gear towards developing a harmonized Hazardous Chemicals Management Bill. The draft bill has been subjected to a multi-stakeholder-sectoral review process to facilitate inclusive ownership and acceptance. This National GHS implementation Strategy was developed in 2008. 2.2.5.3 Compliance issues of the Extant Legal and Institutional Frameworks in addressing POPs Management In compliance with national obligations under the Stockholm Convention, particularly, Articles 3, 5 & 6 relating to the measures to be taken to reduce, or eliminate production, use, and releases of POPs programmatic and targeted strategies need to be engendered in the national planning process in order to address POPs-related challenges in the country. These strategies must evolve from inclusive stakeholders’ consultations and deliberations. The following sections succinctly discuss key steps in actualizing this. 2.2.5.4 Assessment of policy and institutional capacities Flowing from the need for proper regulations of POPs and chemicals through effective legislations, it will be necessary to holistically address chemicals management at all stages of their life cycles, i.e. ‘cradle to cradle,’ hence, there is a need for overarching legislation to address this challenge. The overarching legislation should properly clarify and/or harmonize mandates. This will streamline the budgetary process and save costs associated with duplication of functions all the government agencies with cross cutting mandates related to chemicals management. In order to achieve the foregoing, the National Policy thrusts including enabling legislative frameworks need be reviewed, updated and strengthened to meet the exigencies of global emerging issues in chemicals and waste agenda. 89 | P a g e 2.2.5.5 Inventories of POPs stock and emissions With the amendments of the various treaties on chemical management coming into force and the creation of new laws on chemical management, parties are obligated to develop inventories in order to avail information on the new POPs at the national level. National inventories are an important tool in reporting on priority chemicals like POPs. They are also a source of public information. They identify major sources of releases and provide estimates of amounts of chemicals used, released and disposed of. Inventories of new POPs were therefore conducted to identify their production, use and imports and then to prioritize which ones needed national actions, like mercury due to their wide use. 2.2.5.6 Monitoring of POPs One of the properties of POPs is their potential for long-range transport and therefore measurement and monitoring of their levels in the environment is important. Strategic data obtained from monitoring will enrich policy and the country’s regulatory framework. It will also feed into the Global Monitoring Plan (GMP) of the Convention. Nigeria is participating in the MONET-Africa Programme, anchored by UNEP/RECETOX Czech Republic, involving Passive Air and Water Sampling (PAS & PWS) to monitor background levels of POPs. Nigeria is also participating in the UNEP/WHO GMP-Phase 2 with fourteen African countries, namely: DR Congo, Egypt, Ethiopia, Ghana, Kenya, Mali, Morocco, Mauritius, Nigeria, Senegal, Tanzania, Togo, Tunisia, Uganda, Zambia. GMP-2 is to be implemented with a GEF-fund and counterpart financing by partnering nations. 2.2.5.7 Reporting One of the requirements of the Stockholm Convention is for Parties to report on measures taken to implement relevant provisions of the Convention and their effectiveness. This includes Measures to reduce or eliminate releases from intentional production and use, as well as unintentional releases of POPs; Identification of articles in use and wastes containing chemicals listed in Annexes A, B and C; and Production, import and export of these chemicals. Article 15 has established an Online Electronic Reporting System (online ERS) and the Government Officers for reporting. Nigeria has successfully submitted the national report for the third reporting cycle, hence, she is in compliance Article 15. 2.2.5.8 Capacity building In the processing of developing this updated NIP, stakeholders identified the need for capacity building activities to enable the nation meet her emerging compliance burden pursuant to the convention, as amended. The review process has identified technical assistance programmes, policy, legal frameworks and institutional capacity under the current NIP that require strengthening with a view to addressing new POPs. It is of national priority to promote institutional strengthening of regulatory bodies with cognate mandates on chemicals import/export trade control such as 90 | P a g e NESREA, NAFDAC, SON, NCS and FFS to enable them effectively track trafficking in POPs at Ports of entry/exit and effectively respond to Hazardous materials/chemicals emergencies. Furthermore, the development of tariff codes specific for POPs can improve on tracking them at points of entry and provide more accurate data on imports and exports of POPs. Universities and Research Institutions need be strengthened in their infrastructure, to enable them conduct risk assessments on chemicals of national/global concerns and develop their safer, technically feasible, accessible and affordable alternatives. Scientific expertise will be developed. Nigeria will take advantage of guidance, expertise, assistance and training support from international and regional organizations like ECOWAS, UNIDO, WHO, FAO, UNITAR, UNEP, ICIPE, etc. In implementing her updated NIP, Nigeria will also participate actively in bilateral, regional and global cooperation programmes that offer capacity training activities for the assessment of chemicals, including POPs. 2.2.5.9 Awareness Raising Article 9 of the Convention requires Parties to exchange information, facilitate public information, awareness and education (Article 10), report to the Convention Secretariat (Article 15) and periodically update implementation Plans (Article 7). Many fora on implementation of international treaties on chemicals management have been organized during which stakeholders unanimously called for adoption of a mechanism for information exchange on emerging chemicals issues, with specific recommendation on adoption of SAICM. Communication and awareness raising on POPs (including newly listed chemicals) will facilitate informed public participation in policy decision-making process on adoption of POPs-alternatives and inclusive ownership of interventional investments in environmentally safe POPs management. This will specifically engender equitable representation and activism of the business community, academia, government organizations at national and state levels, legal and policy experts and indigenous communities, non-Governmental Organisations, in formulating coherent and coordination policy actions on POPs. 2.2.5.10 POPs and Gender Mainstreaming Gender mainstreaming is the process of assessing the implications for women and men of any planned action, including legislation, policies or programmes, in all areas and at all levels. It is a strategy for making women's as well as men's concerns and experiences an integral dimension of the design, implementation, monitoring and evaluation of policies and programmes in all political, economic and societal spheres so that women and men benefit equally and inequality is not perpetuated. The ultimate goal is to achieve gender equality (UNIDO, 2015). Inequalities limit women’s participation in decision making, restrict their access to financial, technical and environmental resources and prevent them from contributing to or benefitting from interventional programmes/projects, thus limiting attainment of their set goals. 91 | P a g e The Global Best Environmental Practice is the acknowledgement and integration of gender perspectives into environmental and sustainable development deliberations, as canvassed by the 1985 Fourth International Women’s Conference and Principle 20 of the Rio Declaration on Environment and Development (1992). It has been established that several factors, including differences in occupational roles, household responsibilities, and biological susceptibility impact gender differences in exposure to toxic chemicals and the resulting health impacts. In Nigeria, chemical poisoning incidents are common among women farmers, the elderly and children, who apply POP-chemicals on farm or indoors, without adequate preventive or protective measures. Figure 2.12 shows women at work during cropping and harvest stages, playing their traditional roles as primary providers for the family. Figure 2.11: Women farmers as primary providers for the family (Source: Transformation, 2014). Women and children are the primary care takers of most families, food preparers and gatherers of fuel used in the household. Thus, they can play a role in protecting or minimizing the risk of themselves and their families to exposure from chemicals when they are informed about the risks and how to prevent/respond to them. Enlightenment of women will help a great deal because they would create awareness within themselves and pass it on to their children. It is against this background that the Government will continue to make deliberate efforts in advancing gender mainstreaming when formulating policies/programmes on sound POPs management and National Development Planning, in order to enable women contribute their quota in nation building and a safer environment for livelihood. 2.2.5.11 Assessment Findings on Challenges Limiting Effective POPs Regulations in Nigeria The under listed issues, among others, are some of the factors affecting effective POPs regulations in Nigeria: 92 | P a g e  No designated poison centers with capabilities to handle issues of POPs and general chemicals poisoning. There are infrastructural and human capacity gaps in medical institutions charged with managing cases of poisoning;  Inadequate regulatory capacity for tracking illicit trans-boundary trafficking of POPs and other hazardous chemicals;  Gaps in legislative frameworks on chemical/POPs issues, including inadequate sanctions for their defaults/infractions;  Dearth of public awareness on sound chemical management, particularly in areas of environmentally sound disposal of obsolete chemicals and waste;  Proliferation of the informal sector in chemicals management and illicit trafficking in banned chemicals;  Inadequate data on chemicals/POPs issues in Nigeria arising from negligence of sectoral stakeholders in commerce and industry to provide feedback on inventory of POPs stocked in their storage facilities;  Dearth of sustainable, adequate and predictable funding mechanism for POPs management projects;  Proliferation of obsolete POP stockpiles due to improper procurement process unsolicited international donor supports and the dynamic nature of global regulatory actions on chemicals, example; additional listing of certain chemicals as POPs;  Capacity gaps in identification and Remediation of POPs-Contaminated sites;  Unprotected handling of POPs and other hazardous chemicals in work places and dearth in provision of compatible protective kits and/or ineffective enforcement of their use where provided;  Law enforcement Officers are not properly trained/enlightened on issues of POPs and so prosecuting violators of laws on POPs issues may be difficult for them;  Generally, there are capacity needs at the level of State Governments in internalising sound chemicals management into their development planning processes;  There is the need for the country to involve chemicals legislation regimes with adequate provisions for Extended Producers Responsibility (EPR); and  All chemicals-related treaties need be domesticated to facilitate their effective reformulation and national implementation. 2.3 Assessment of the POPs issues in the country This section discusses findings of an assessment of the nature and extent of POPs availability, including monitoring activities in human and physical environment, as well as governance structure within which the updated NIP will be implemented. A survey conducted about a decade ago on pesticides usage in Nigeria indicated that over 15,000 metric tonnes/annum of pesticides, comprising about 135 chemical pesticides marketed locally under 200 different product brands and formulations, were imported during 1983 – 1990. In the same vein, the Federal Office of Statistics (FOS) in Lagos provided useful information on the importation of DDT and Hexachlorobenzene (HCB) into the country till the year 2002 (First NIP, 2009). Although importation of certain hazardous chemicals such as POPs was banned in 1999 by the Nigerian Government, illegal/illicit trade in these chemicals still thrives in the informal 93 | P a g e sector, surreptitiously. This makes it difficult to maintain good statistics of POPs pesticides in the informal sector which is responsible for most cases of illicit traffics in hazardous chemicals. With a view to updating the record in line with the amendments to Annexes to the Convention, an assessment of POPs-issues was conducted under the NIP Review and Update Project. This task was carried out by exploring relevant data sources, namely: import trade data, market surveys, consultations with critical players including the umbrella association for agro-inputs merchants, private researchers, State Governments, Research Institutes, pooling existing inventory data obtained under cognate POPs-projects, among others. 2.3.1 Assessment of POP-Pesticides (Annex A, Part 1 Chemicals) POP-chemicals grouped in Annex A, Part I of the Stockholm Convention, including their sectoral applications and COP’s positions relating to their respective exemptions are outlined in Table 2.5, extracted from the Convention Text, as amended. 94 | P a g e Table 2. 5: List of Annex A, Part I Chemicals 2.3.1.1 Lindane and its Isomers The use of Organochlorides Pesticides (OCP), including Lindane for varying purposes, namely: maintenance of public/private infrastructures integrity, vector control in the health sector, crop protection, among others, dates back to -pre-Rio Erath Summit era. All pesticides including Lindane used in Nigeria, in the past, were imported from some developed countries in Europe, America and Asia, although a number of chemical industries 95 | P a g e then based in Lagos, Port Harcourt and Kaduna owned by the multinational oil companies such as National Oil and Chemicals Marketing Company (NOLCHEM), where Shell Petroleum Development Company was a major shareholder, Mobil Oil Nigeria PLC, Chemical and Allied Product Limited (CAPL) then had plants formulating POPs-Pesticides. These industries were decommissioned, between 1990’s and 2004, in line with international actions on POPs elimination/minimization. CAPL factory based in Ibadan, south-western part of Nigeria, was formerly used for producing Lindane, until 2004 when it was closed down. These old storage or production facilities are potential Lindane-contaminated sites that require proper characterisation and decontamination. Since its two other isomers are formed in greater quantities during its production, it is assumed that such a site will contain a lot of α-HCH and β-HCH Lindane isomers in environmental samples around the area. Lindane has been used in a wide array of sectors, including agriculture, forestry, veterinary, general household and building spray, pharmaceuticals and public health. For instance, Lindane was widely used as an insecticide in cocoa plantation. However, it was banned and withdrawn from the Nigerian Cocoa production system, in line with the new ICCO 2008 Legislations on the use of Cocoa pesticides (CRIN, 2015). Furthermore, following listing of Lindane and its isomers as POPs under Annex A in 2009, Nigeria has intensified coherent and coordinated efforts, involving all relevant players, to put a stop to the abuse and misuse of Lindane in fishing. Its use as a second-line treatment for lice and scabies is being discouraged, due to increasing resistance, lack of efficacy, and toxicity. Consequently, the following alternative treatment protocols are being promoted for the control of lice and scabies:  Treatment of Lice: The use of 4% Dimethicone lotion. Dimethicone lotion has been shown to be more effective than Malathion and Permethrin treatments (Burgess, et. al 2005); mechanical removal of lice using wet combing method and application of hot air which is an effective and safe treatment for lice and unlikely to evolve resistance; and  Treatment of Scabies: In separate clinical trials in Nigeria, extracts of essential oils from Neem (Azadirachta indica) and Bush Tea (Lippia multiflara) resulted in about 97% cure rate of scabies patients with no adverse reactions (IPEN, 2009). Alternatives to Lindane In Agriculture In Nigeria, the use of Lindane as a pesticide to reduce damage to economic crops, e.g. cocoa, is becoming outmoded given a wide range of non-insecticidal methods and POPs-free alternatives as outlined below: Non-insecticidal alternatives • Crop rotation where a non-host species is planted to reduce the damage of infestation and maintain low levels of pests; • Fallowing the area for a few years before planting to starve the pests; • Balanced fertility levels to ensure that plants are not predisposed to disease; and 96 | P a g e • Use of more competitive crop varieties to limit losses from these pests, among others. Non-POPs Alternatives to Lindane use in Agriculture: Adoption of safer alternatives like Imidicloprid and Thiamethoxam which are Neonicotinoid insecticides found to be less toxic than Organophosphate and Carbamate insecticides. There is no documented evidence of potential POPs characteristics of the two products. Studies on Lindane Contamination in the environmental, food and humans A number of studies on environmental fates of Lindane and other OCPs have been conducted by private researchers in Nigeria, most of which have been published in reputable international journals and books. The first case of human exposure to a pesticide in Nigeria occurred in 1958, all members of the family of a local chief who was a prominent cocoa farmer at Okebode in South Western Nigeria were hospitalised after eating a leaf earlier sprayed with Lindane (Ibatayo, 2006). In the same vein, blood samples from Koko in Delta State (where illegal dumping of toxic waste from Italy in 1987-1988 occurred) were collected for analysis of toxins from four categories of individuals; residents close to dump site, dockworkers, neighbours and lastly hospital workers. The concentration of Lindane recorded in the blood of residents near the Koko dump sites was highest in the study area. The result was compared with results in Taiwan cases of similar incident and was found that the Koko incident victims had lower level of Lindane than the victims from Taiwan (Odare, 1991; Osibanjo, 2002). In another study conducted by Bamgbose et al (2007), one hundred and Fifty (150) samples of colostrum were collected from donors who had just given birth (before the production of true milk) at a postnatal centre, were monitored for OCPs and PCBs-contamination. Analysis was performed by preliminary lipid extraction followed by partitioning on a column and finally by gas liquid chromatography equipped with an electron capture detector. Lindane, total DDT and PCBs were detected in all samples with a concentration range of 2-16 ng/ml for Lindane, 28-750 ng/ml for DDT and 16-1431 ng/ml for PCBs. The mean values were 14.12 ng/ml, 186 ng/ml and 468.62 ng/ml, respectively. These research findings and others documented in the past are of critical concern in view of Nigerian government vigorous campaign that mothers’ breast milk is best for children. During pregnancy, Organochlorine residues can be transferred in utero to the developing foetus via the placental blood supply (Sala et al., 2001). Thus, infants are being exposed to these Xenobiotics while the toxicological hazards and risks have not been studied (Osibanjo, 2007). It has been established that many chemicals stored in a woman’s body are passed onto her child during pregnancy and later through breast-feeding (CDC 2003) which explains why human milk is a medium of determining POPs-pollution (Solomon and Schettler 1999). Import/export Records of importation clearance obtained from Nigeria Customs Service for years 2006 to 2010 did not show any Lindane imported into the country as it is a banned chemical. Lindane’s GHS code 290351 was not found in the system audit of NCS for the five years indicated above. However, it is not unlikely that Lindane may be camouflaged and smuggled into the country through illegal cross-border trade routes by unscrupulous people, as evidenced by the report 97 | P a g e of initial assessment of new POPs, conducted in 2010, in which Lindane was found to be concealed in a retailers’ shops, in Benin City. It is essential to carry out further studies on this and establish the sources of Lindane in Nigeria by carrying out visits to the so-called illegal importers their associated wholesalers, retailers and end users. There are some laboratories equipped with gas chromatograph having electron capture detector which can be used for its trace analysis in Nigeria, notably in universities and some privately owned analytical laboratories. We still believe that more capacity is required for rapid analysis using most modern state-of-the-art equipment for its determination. 2.3.1.2 Chlordecone Nigeria has no industry that produces Chlordecone just like other POPs. Nigeria is one of the largest plantain producing countries in the world (FAO, 2006). Before it was banned, Chlordane was used in the greatest quantities as a soil insecticide for controlling termites and soil-borne insects whose larvae feed on the roots of plants (Fdanthine, 2006) and had been used extensively in the tropics for the control of banana root borer (Langford, 1978); it is also regarded as an effective insecticide against leaf-cutting insects, a fly larvicide, as a fungicide against apple scab and powdery mildew (Information Canada, 1973), control rust mite on non-bearing citrus, and potato and tobacco wireworm. While the use of Chlordecone may not be promoted by IITA, a document produced by IITA Youth Agripreneurs on Plantain Production in West Africa (2014) identified Chlordecone and other crop protection products as being effective for the control of stem borer or banana weevils, as itemized in Table 2.7. Table 2. 6: Examples of insecticides for the control of stem borers S/N Nematicides Rate Per Plant (Grams) No. Of Applications Per Year 1. HCH (50%) 40 commercial. Product (c.p) 3 2. Chlordecone 1 active ingredient (a.i) 2 3. Isofenphos 1.2 active ingredient (a.i) 3 4. aldicarbe 1.5 active ingredient (a.i) 3 5. Carbofuran 2 active ingredient (a.i) 3 Source: IITA Youth Entrepreneurs (2014). In a study conducted by Adeyemi, et al (2011) on Organochlorine pesticide residues in water samples of Lagos Lagoon, substances such as Chlordane, Endosulfan, Hexachlorobenzene, Dieldrin and Aldrin were detected in larger concentration (0.001 to 0.996 μg/L), while while Heptachlor, Methoxychlor, DDT and DDE were detected in lower concentrations (< 0.368 μg/L). The workers posited that findings revealed a wide-range distribution of the OCPs in the sampled location and the possibility of contamination arising from point sources by way of direct discharge and recent applications of most of the OCPs through agricultural run offs. 98 | P a g e Lagos lagoon is a sink for sewages from residential and industrial sources, as well as run-offs from neighbouring agricultural activities. The foregoing is a pointer to the fact that a large quantity of Chlordane must have been used in Nigeria in the recent past, probably stockpiled or smuggled, bearing in mind also that it is stable in soil and breaks down very slowly, so can remain in soil for decades (Eitzer et al., 2003). Exposure to Chlordane may occur through consumption of contaminated meat, fish, shellfish, root crops and other foods (Fdanthine, 2006). It is against this background that WHO/UNEP Milk Survey, to be conducted under GMP-2 Project in Sixteen African Nations, in which Nigeria is participating, will monitor chlordane and other OCPs in nursing mothers. Nonetheless alternatives to Chlordecone such as CypermethrinR, KarateR, DDVR, GlycelR, 2.4 D AmineR and Atrozines are accessible, affordable and available in Nigeria. 2.3.1.3 Dieldrin The only record of importation of Dieldrin into Nigeria for the period of 2005 to 2015 was made in April 2014 by Paints and Coatings Manufacturers. No other record of Dieldrin importation was found for NAFDAC and NCS during this period. However, it is to be noted that this entry for Dieldrin was inadvertently passed, since Nigeria had put a ban on the importation and use of Dieldrin, being one of the dirty dozen. There are indications that Dieldrin has been used intensively in the past for the control of for soil and seed treatment in agriculture, for control of disease vectors such as mosquitoes and Glossina palpalis (Tsetse flies), for veterinary purposes as a sheep dip, and for the treatment of wood and the mothproofing of woollen products. Its apparently prolonged use, stockpiles and unsound management have resulted in contamination of the environmental media, food as well as human exposure, with attendant health cum socioeconomic implications. It has been established that Aldrin and Dieldrin are synthetic Organochlorine insecticides with similar chemical structures, while Aldrin quickly breaks down to Dieldrin in the environment or in the body (Bogaert, 2000). Osibanjo (2002) indicated that 217 fruits and vegetables, four major cereal (rice, maize, sorghum and soybeans), as well as food products of animal origin from different location within Nigeria were analyzed for the presence of Organochlorine. Meat, pulses and cereals were discovered to contain DDT, Aldrin and Dieldrin above maximum residue limit (MRL) while, others contain the pesticides below MRL (Osibanjo and Adeyeye, 1995; Osibanjo and Adeyeye, 1997; Adeyeye and Osibanjo, 1999). Most samples had maximum residue levels below the FAO’s maximum residue limits (MRL). However some samples of meat, cereals and pulses had DDT, Aldrin and Dieldrin with levels above the MRL. Thus meat and pulses form the greatest sources of human exposure to POPs in Nigeria. The high levels obtained for DDT, Aldrin and Dieldrin could be correlated interior residual spraying (IRS) with DDT for malaria control and Aldrin & Dieldrin for termite control respectively. The study further established that the dietary intakes of HCHs, DDTs, Aldrin and Dieldrin came predominantly from tubers, pulses and cereals. The dietary intakes of Aldrin and Dieldrin in Nigeria were estimated for the first time and found similar to the values for India but higher than the values of Japan and European countries. The dietary intake values 99 | P a g e for DDTs and HCHs were below the Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI) of the FAO and those of the developed countries these findings are outlined on Table 2.8. Table 2. 7: Overall mean concentration (μg kg-1) of Organochlorine residue in Nigeria Source: Osibanjo, 2003) In a related survey conducted by Akan, et al (2015), it was reported that there are evidences that Dieldrin though banned is still in use, due to its low cost and affordability. Aldrin and Dieldrin were detected in measurable concentrations (2.96 Mg/l and 11.25 μg/g), (4.36 Mg/l and 13.37 μg/g) in both water and sediment samples from river Benue. 2.3.1.4 Endosulfan The record provided by NAFDAC for 2005 to 2015 showed importation of Endosulfan between October 2008 and September 2010 only, implying probable compliance on addition of Endosulfan to the list in 2011. The volume brought through the borders in 2010 was 262,400 litres. There was massive importation of Endosulfan in 2009, of about 1 million liters, probably because importers were aware of its being slated for consideration for addition to the list in the coming years. Since 2010, no record of Endosulfan importation was made into the country. Record provided for 2008 was just between November and December accounting for 156,000 litres of Endosulfan. Alternatives to Endosulfan being used in cocoa farms for the control of mirids and black pod disease include Thiamethoxam, Acetamiprid, Cypermethrin, Coper oxide and Copper hydroxide (CRIN, 2015b). The record of Endosulfan importation obtained from NAFDAC is summarized in Table 2.9 below. MRL Fruits Vegetable Tuber Cereals Cow Pig Goat Fish DDT 1000 5000 6.9 28.3 30.4 81 164 510 141 4.80 Aldrin 20-200 1.9 2.1 8.0 8.0 28 244 61 Dieldrin - - - 32 45 312 337 14 Heptachlor 200 ND ND ND 9.5 ND ND ND 3.60 DDE - 5.8 4.7 12 29 106 374 90 MRL (Maximum Residue Limits) FAO/WHO, 1986. ND (Below detection limit) 100 | P a g e Table 2. 8: Summary of Endosulfan Importation (2005 – 2015) Year Quantity (L) 2010 262,400 2009 968,520 2008 156,000 Total 1,386,920 2.3.1.5 Others (Aldrin, Chlordane, Heptachlor, Mirex and Toxaphene) Importation of Aldrin, Chlordane, Heptachlor, Mirex and Toxaphene was prohibited by decision of the hazardous chemicals and waste management committee, under the Prior Informed-Consent (PIC) Procedure, in 1999. This explains why NAFDAC and FMENV stopped issuing import permits for the list of POPs-pesticides into the country, with effect from 1999 when the national ban was imposed, hence have no record of its import. In spite aggressive public enlightenment campaigns embarked upon, these chemicals still thrive in the informal sector where vendors sell them ‘under the counters.’ There is no statistics of POPs pesticides in the informal sectors, which could be significant, as the ban has driven the marketers underground to the black market. Record of importation obtained from NCS showed several items which are probably not POPs Pesticides as the companies that imported them are not related to agriculture but paints, drugs and dairy companies (Refer Report on POPs-pesticides Inventory). This is actually one of the gaps of the HS classification that groups a lot of chemical substances together based on their structure and functional groups but are not in any way related in terms of their use. On the other hand, NAFDAC record for Years 2005 to 2015 did not list any of the other POP Pesticides including Aldrin, Chlordane, Heptachlor, Mirex and Toxaphene. However, it is not unlikely that these chemicals were imported and stockpiled in the past, with tendency to have some contaminated sites. Although, due to data gap, it was postulated that Mirex and Toxaphene had never been used in Nigeria. The report of passive air sampling campaigns at the Produce Coordinating Unit, Sheda, FCT (north-central region of Nigeria, January 2008 – June 2008), conducted under Supporting The Global Monitoring Plan On Persistent Organic Pollutant in six West African countries, and analysed at IVM VU Amsterdam, MTM University of Orebor- Sweden and 101 | P a g e Jawura Environmental laboratory Lagos revealed concentrations of Dieldrin, Chlordanes, Mirex, Endosulfans, among others (UNEP, 2009). Figure 2.11 depicts Passive Air Sampling kits (bearing treated Polyurethane media), being installed during one of the campaigns. Figure 2. 12: Passive Air Sampling kits being mounted Table 2.10 shows concentrations of individual OCP, with their corresponding total concentrations in various samples analysed. 102 | P a g e Table 2. 9: Concentrations (μg/PUF) of OCPs in the Nigerian Air Samples Analysed COMPONENTS UNEP/NIG4 11(1) UNEP/NI G 3-11(3) UNEP/NI G-3-1(5) UNEP/NIG 4-11(7) UNEP/NT L-4 IV(9) UNEP/NIG 4-1(11) UNEP/NI G3-11(13) UNEP/NTL3/ IV(15) UNEP/FISH(2 1) UNEP/SS NTL(17) UNEP/SD (19) Hexachlorobenzene 5.4137 9.8431 10.9699 10.9267 8.8378 10.5867 12.0973 9.7498 29.7650 20.0201 18.5211 α -HCH 25.0453 20.2697 29.3697 23.2354 16.6382 5.2746 6.0489 12.2633 23.2448 20.8594 36.1731 β -HCH 11.9333 35.3085 13.9210 18.2957 18.9384 5.7760 6.2043 11.7202 82.5090 92.6039 35.0705 Lindane 10.6889 33.8204 26.3330 24.5638 48.4612 8.6579 18.6859 15.9011 30.4412 45.9952 39.0402 γ -HCH 13.0841 27.0370 14.3918 30.5908 43.4383 9.3181 14.9202 26.0760 47.3640 16.2291 35.1474 Heptachlor 44.8637 13.1119 9.9729 18.3510 51.6998 5.0819 43.8126 15.6344 32.6442 36.6845 37.8556 Aldrin 5.2452 15.3777 21.0866 21.9233 25.8430 7.6087 13.9726 14.7504 29.1150 21.4152 14.8226 Heptachlor-epoxide 11.6538 19.0272 27.8710 24.1341 33.4176 7.5750 13.0329 18.5918 52.8179 29.6322 22.5474 o,p'-DDE 21.3165 34.2350 16.2548 36.4433 46.4019 17.0848 23.7878 23.9777 38.4704 38.7068 50.8568 Dieldrin 22.2091 38.9498 12.5648 29.9379 40.7821 11.8156 14.4417 22.5910 32.5811 33.5419 37.8114 p,p'-DDE 32.5953 45.4847 23.0953 51.1835 50.1216 14.6603 28.6661 30.1656 24.7673 70.9741 38.7221 Endrin 11.4463 40.0439 44.9676 36.5145 37.9856 14.8261 24.3687 26.8136 22.7942 42.2833 38.3298 o,p'-DDD 16.4549 36.4004 38.1759 35.4318 20.9804 15.5199 16.9429 27.9223 32.893636 60.1352 35.4210 p,p'-DDD 15.9916 47.4837 42.9624 46.2861 36.4533 13.9622 21.4621 23.4940 33.8748 32.5322 32.4160 o,p'-DDT 23.7114 45.0206 43.7252 44.1362 14.4833 7.0142 14.9682 22.6363 36.7013 24.8816 37.1927 p,p'-DDT 6.1142 58.7115 50.2838 60.9187 18.0699 8.6223 22.3381 19.5883 17.7576 17.8738 38.7077 p,p'-Methoxychlor 27.2715 41.2475 58.0304 53.9986 38.6391 32.8128 17.3346 28.5687 25.3521 33.7313 51.8563 Mirex 39.0371 33.7921 35.6687 41.8690 20.6210 59.8119 9.9374 16.1409 34.4877 29.8582 35.9325 103 | P a g e POPs pesticides (Aldrin, DDT and its metabolites DDD and DDE) have also been detected in fish with residue levels ranging from 0.03 to 0.06ng/g (Ize-Iyamu et al., 2007). Furthermore, the recent case of deaths of 18 people in Ode-Irele, in Irele Local Government Area (LGA) of Ondo State in April 2015, has been attributed to pesticide poisoning. Those who died suffered from blurred vision and headaches, and then lost consciousness before dying within 24 hours. WHO posited that the “current hypothesis is cause of the event is herbicides” and that “tests done so far are negative for viral and bacterial infection” and the current theory was that the deaths were caused by the herbicide “Weedkiller”. All of those affected started showing symptoms between April 13th and 15th, 2015. The tests were carried out at the Lagos University Teaching Hospital (LUTH), Idi-Araba, Lagos. 2.3.1.6 POPs Monitoring Data (environment, food, humans) in Nigeria Further to POPs monitoring survey referenced in different sub-sections above, it has been observed overtime that the occurrence of POPs, such as POPs-pesticides in our environment, as a result of uncoordinated procurement and their unsound management, have resulted in obsolete stockpiles and waste, thereby, adversely impacting the ecosystems and non-target organisms. Additionally, acute and chronic pesticide poisoning usually results from consumption of contaminated food, water and air, chemical accidents in industries and occupational exposure in agriculture. Pesticides are the major causes of cancer, cardiovascular disease, dermatitis, birth defects, morbidity, impaired immune function, neurobehavioral disorder and allergy sensitization reaction (Erhunmwunse et al., 2012). Establishing the residue levels of POPs in environmental media provides information on the potential socio-economic, health and environmental impacts of POPs usage in the country over time. Although analytical capability for POPs detection and quantitative analysis is limited in the country, there are however some relevant past and current research in the country conducted by individual workers (Nigeria First NIP, 2009). Failure to establish a database from past incidents in order to avert future occurrences has posed a huge problem to the society at large. The need for epidemiological data collection from past exposure, development of less toxic pesticides and legal requirement regarding toxicological and ecological effect before the importation of pesticides into the country will further reduce the impact of toxic pesticides on human health in the country (Erhunmwunse et al., 2012a). Furthermore, Organochlorine insecticide residues of Aldrin, Dieldrin, Heptachlor, Endrin, Chlordane and Endosulfan were detected in all the samples of cowpea and dried yam chips analyzed with highest mean concentration of Aldrin (0.580 ± 0.456 mg/kg ) and Heptachlor (0.402 mg/kg ± 0.073) measured in dried yam chips and cowpea respectively. The levels of the residues detected in the cowpea grains and dried yam chips were generally above the EU MRLs, suggesting that the foodstuffs were not safe for human consumption as bioaccumulation of these residues was likely to pose health risks to the consumers (Olufade et al., 2014). 104 | P a g e There is widespread contamination of Nigerian soils with POPs chemicals. The contamination trend in soils in private farms, industrial sites, municipal refuse dumps with refuse dump soils showed that they have highest concentrations of POPs-pesticides. The occurrence and levels of some POPs pesticides and non-POPs pesticides in inland waters, notably Lindane and Endosulfan in water in 17 rivers, 2 lakes and one dam in southern Nigeria had been studied. Fish samples from fresh water sources were found to contain significantly higher concentration of POPs-pesticides than sediments and water. Therefore, there is an urgent need for continuous monitoring of pesticide residues in food, water and the environment, which will go a long way in facilitating informed interventional actions targeting at curbing illicit activities, hence minimising attendant environmental and public health hazards. In another survey, a total of 23 Organochlorine pesticides were detected in samples of microlayer water, mixed layer water, epipellic and benthic sediments collected from Agboyi Creek, Lagos including Aldrin, Dieldrin, Endrin, DDT, Heptachlor, HCH, Endosulfan, Chlordane and Methoxychlor. Pesticide residues in the epipelic and benthic sediments were higher than the residues in the micro-layer and mixed layer water and the residue levels were higher during the dry season than the wet season. Also, levels of the residues in the water and sediments were below the maximum permissive residue limits (Williams, 2013). 2.3.2 Assessment of Polychlorinated Biphenyls (Annex A, Part II Chemicals) 2.3.2.1 Historical Initiatives on PCBs In 2008, the Nigerian Government undertook an initial PCBs evaluation in some electrical power generating, transmission and distribution facilities spread across 10 states in the country with financial support in the amount of USD 250,000 from the World Bank’s executed Canadian POPs Trust Fund. It was estimated that the project captured about 10% of potentially contaminated electrical equipment in the power sector. As a follow up to this study, the Canadian Trust Fund on POPs financed another study in 2009 which was called “Location and Assessment of the Status of PCBs and PCBs containing equipment in all Power Holding Company of Nigeria (PHCN) facilities”. This study focused primarily on locating and quantifying disused equipment and oils potentially contaminated with PCBs. Subsequently, UNIDO in collaboration with the FMEnv in 2010 implemented the Regional POPs Management project (Nigeria‐Ghana), which focused on the development of a toolkit for stepwise methods for identifying POPs contaminated sites and selection criteria for cost‐ effective environmentally sound remediation options for POPs contaminated sites. The study also involved preliminary and detailed site investigations for PCBs contamination at the broken‐down Ijora Power Station B, in Lagos State. The “African Stockpiles Project for Obsolete pesticides” was also another major attempt to the management of POPs in the country. 105 | P a g e 2.3.2.2 Nigeria PCBs Management Project At the national level, the project is intended to strengthen the Government's capacity to manage, monitor, control and, ultimately, phase out the use of PCBs. The project design includes provision for a comprehensive review of current hazardous waste management regulations, and the development and incorporation of a new regulatory framework that will specifically address POPs in general, and PCBs in particular. It will also develop a baseline national inventory of PCBs and PCBs‐containing equipment and a national PCBs management plan. The project will support implementation of the following: ‐  National Implementation Plan (NIP) for POPs;  National Strategy for Environmental Protection;  Federal Government’s vision 20:2020 with special attention to pollution prevention, abatement, remediation and management themes;  It will also contribute to ongoing interventional efforts at reducing the risks to human health and ecosystem integrity from industrial pollution; and  Strengthening national capacity and performance in Solid and Hazardous Waste Management. At the global level, the project is expected to assist Nigeria in meeting its obligations under the Stockholm Convention and contribute to global efforts to control toxic chemicals in general, eliminate/reduce POPs releases to the environment, and manage PCBs waste and PCBs-contaminated equipment in an Environmentally Sound Manner. The assessment of Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) was mainly done in the power sector of the national economy, which has the largest collection of PCBs-containing line equipment in the country. The sector has infrastructures located in all 36 states of the federation, including the Federal Capital Territory (FCT), with about 250 transmission transformers, 34800 distribution transformers and over 2000 power transformers. During this assessment, fifteen (15) states were covered and the main equipment considered were: transformers, capacitors and oils from transformers and capacitors. The states covered were North West: Kaduna, Kano & Sokoto; North East: Bauchi, North Central: Abuja, Benue, Niger; South West: Lagos, Ogun, Oyo; South-South: Delta, Rivers; South East: Abia, Anambra, Enugu. 2.3.2.3 Institutional framework for the Nigerian Power Sector The statutory organization empowered by law to oversee the power sector in Nigeria is the Federal Ministry of Power. Electricity supply in-country is driven through three (3) tiers of operations, which include: Generation, anchored by Generation Companies (GENCOs), privately owned; Transmission, by Transmission Company of Nigeria (TCN), public sector; and Distribution, done by Distribution Companies (DISCOs) also privately owned. 106 | P a g e Electricity Generation Companies – Structure and Organization Generation companies mainly own generation, power, voltage and current transformers, and also oil filtration machines which are significant equipment considered under the national baseline inventory of PCBs. Following privatization, there are currently 7 successor Generation Companies (GENCOs) in Nigeria. Table 2.11 shows the list of electricity generating facilities in Nigeria. 107 | P a g e Table 2. 10: Power Generation Companies S/N Generation Company Brief Description Plant type 1. Afam Power Plc (1-V) Afam Power Station has an installed capacity of 776MW, The plant was commissioned in phases. During the Initial phase, 1962-1963, gas turbine units 1-4 were commissioned. During the second phase, 1976 to 1978, gas turbine units 5 to 12 were commissioned. Gas turbine units 13 to 18 were commissioned in 1982. Two gas turbine units were added in 2001 during the final phase of the Afam Power Station extension. Thermal 2. Egbin Power Plc The Egbin Thermal Power Plant is a gas-fired plant with six 220MW independent boiler turbine units. The first unit of the plant was commissioned in July 1985, while the last was commissioned in September 1986. Thermal 3. Kainji Hydro Electric Plc Kainji began operation as Nigeria’s first hydro power plant in 1968. Kainji generates 760 MW, drawing its water supply from the Niger River. Hydro 4. Jebba Hydro Electric Plc Jebba was commissioned in 1985 and generates 570 MW effectively. Jebba is the smallest of the three operating hydro Power plants in Nigeria and also draws its water supply from the Niger River. Hydro 5. Sapele Power Plc Sapele Power Plant is a Thermal generating station located in Nigeria’s gas- rich Delta State. Sapele has an installed capacity of 1,020 MW Sapele Power’s six 120 MW steam turbines generate a daily average of 86.72 MWI.j/H or approximately 2,500GW/H annually Sapele. Power currently operates at a peak capacity of 972MW. Sapele Power is strategically located in the Niger Delta region, close to sources of both natural gas feedstock and a river for cooling its steam turbine generators. Sapele Power began operations in 1978. Thermal 108 | P a g e 6. Shiroro Hydro Electric Plc Shiroro Power Plant was commissioned in 1990; it has an installed capacity of 600 MW, It currently runs at full capacity, generating 2,100 GWh of electricity annually. The plant is situated in the Shiroro Gorge on the Kaduna River, approximately 60km from Minna, capital of Niger State, in close proximity to Abuja, Nigeria’s Federal Capital. Hydro 7. Transcorp Ughelli Power Plc Ughelli Power Plc operates a gas-fired thermal plant located in the Niger Delta region. Ughelli Power is one of the largest thermal generating power stations in Nigeria. The plant has a peak capacity of 972 MW; it can generate 2,500 GWh of electricity annually. The plant meets current world specifications for plants of its type, and includes an updated control room, a switchgear room, a staff training school and recreational facilities. Ughelli began operations in 1966 Thermal 109 | P a g e Transmission Company of Nigeria (TCN) The Transmission Company of Nigeria (TCN) is a successor company of PHCN, following the unbundling of the sector, and is currently being managed by a Management Contractor, Manitoba Hydro International (Canada). The TCN is made up of two major departments: System Operations and Market Operations. The Market Operations (MO) is a department under TCN charged with the responsibility of administering the wholesale electricity market, promoting efficiency and where possible, competition. The System Operations (SO) is focused on system planning, administration and grid discipline. Structure & Organization At the national level, TCN is managed by a Managing Director (MD) or Chief Executive Officer (CEO) who is assisted by a deputy, General Managers (GMs) and other tiers of management staff. The TCN structure is not state‐based but rather region‐based, which implies that a particular TCN region is responsible for electricity transmission in its coverage states. Each region consists of sub‐regions and/or work centres, which supervise smaller transmission substations. Table 2.12 presents existing TCN regions with emphasis on those covered in this PCBs inventory. Table 2. 11: Regions, Sub-regions and Work-centres S/N REGION SUB-REGION/WORK-CENTRES 1. Bauchi Gombe, Jos, Yola 2. Benin Ajaokuta, Benin, Sapele 3. Enugu New Haven, Onitsha, Makurdi 4. Kaduna Kaduna, Kano 5. Lagos Akangba, Aja, Ijora, Ikeja West, Papalanto 6. Oshogbo Ayede, Oshogbo 7. Port Harcourt Port Harcourt Mains, Alaoji, Calabar 8. Shiroro Abuja, Benin Kebbi, Jebba, Shiroro, Distribution Companies – Structure and Organization The Distribution Companies or DISCOs are engaged in the business of power distribution and marketing to the general public. There are currently eleven (11) Electricity Distribution Companies (DISCOs) in the country (fig. 2.13). Each of the eleven DISCOs is managed by an MD or CEO. All DISCOs are subdivided into Districts or Business Units for marketing and customer services purposes. 110 | P a g e Figure 2. 13: DISCO’s catchment areas Independent Power Producers (IPPs) IPPs are power plants owned and managed by the private sector. Although there have been IPPs existing in Nigeria prior to the privatization process, the Nigerian Electricity Regulatory Commission (NERC) has recently issued about 70 licenses to Independent Power Producers in order to improve the power situation in the country. The existing IPPs include Shell – Afam VI (642MW), Agip – Okpai (480MW) and AES Barges (270MW). National Integrated Power Projects (NIPP) The National Integrated Power Project (NIPP) was conceived in 2004 as a major fast-track initiative to add significant new generation capacity to Nigeria’s electricity supply industry. The generation projects are accompanied by supporting transmission, distribution and gas transport infrastructure projects. 111 | P a g e 2.3.2.4 Facilities visited during the PCBs inventory activities Facilities visited during the inventory include; Afam Power Plc, Sapele Power Plant, Transcorp Ughelli Power Plant, Ijora Electric Power Station, Egbin Thermal Power Station, Jebba Power Station, Kainji Hydro‐Power Plant, Enugu Transmission Region, Port Harcourt Transmission Region, Lagos Transmission Region, Oshogbo Transmission Region, Benin Transmission Region, Shiroro Transmission Region, Bauchi Transmission Region, Kaduna Transmission Region, Apo Transmission Region, Eko Electricity Distribution Company (EKEDC), Ikeja Electricity Distribution Company (IKEDC), Ibadan Electricity Distribution Company (IBEDC), Kano Electricity Distribution Company (KEDCO), Benin Electricity Distribution company (BEDC), Kaduna Electricity Distribution Company (KEDC), Jos Electricity Distribution Plc (JED), Enugu Electricity Distribution Company (EEDC), Port Harcourt Electricity Distribution Company (PHEDC) and Abuja Electricity Distribution Company (AEDC). During the inventory exercise, information obtained from NCS revealed that a total of 1,254,716kg of Endrin/HCBs and PCBs/HBB/PeCBs was imported into Nigeria between 2011 and 2014 and originated from countries including Denmark, India, China, Netherlands, Belgium and Spain. In the power sector of Nigeria, a total number of 1,590 equipment were inventoried from Generation, Transmission, Distribution facilities which included 1,157 transformers, 250 capacitors, 26 reactors, 45 ring main units, 79 oil circuit breakers and 33 oil filtration Machines. Figure 2.14 shows a drum of PCBs oil observed and an on-line transformer on site. Figure 2. 14: A drum of PCBs oil observed and an on-line transformer on site The total weights of PCBs-containing oil and equipment inventoried per state are as computed in Table 2.13. 112 | P a g e Table 2. 12: Weights of PCB- containing oil and equipment inventoried S/N State Weight of PCB Containing oil (Tonnes) Weight of PCB Containing Equipment (Tonnes) 1 Lagos 263.29 1026.50 2 Oyo 49.36 242.32 3 Ogun 54.22 202.67 4 Delta 436.41 1169.55 5 Rivers 1.5 4.8 6 Enugu 66.88 240.23 7 Anambra 48.66 165.24 8 Abia 15.74 66.64 9 Sokoto 32.57 127.84 10 Kaduna 205.94 891.75 11 Kano 121.82 427.57 12 Bauchi 21.83 85.42 13 Benue 93.62 305.52 14 Niger 94.75 498.60 15 Abuja 182.66 683.06 Total 1,689.25 6,137.71 2.3.2.5 Sample Collection and Onsite Testing i. Oil samples were extracted from electrical equipment by facility personnel (installation technicians) ii. Oil samples were collected from drums (stored oil and in use oil) iii. Oil samples were collected in primary containers and labelled iv. Clor-N-50 test kit was used to test oil samples onsite for the presence of Chlorine and or PCBs concentration above 50ppm; the test confirms PCBs above 50ppm. v. Samples that test positive for PCBs were collected and stored for further laboratory quantitative analysis of PCBs presence. The Clor-N-50 test kit was used to detect PCBs above 50ppm samples drawn on the field, the kit detects presence of Chlorine in the samples. Oil samples which indicated PCBs concentration above 50ppm were marked and recorded in field data forms. The equipment from which the PCBs contaminated oil sample was collected is labelled with an inscription “This Equipment Contains 113 | P a g e Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs)”. Some samples that indicated PCBs concentrations above 50ppm with Clor‐N‐50 were subjected to definitive analysis using L2000DX Analyser and Gas Chromatography for confirmatory test for PCBs in the samples. The L2000DX Chloride Analyzer is a quantitative PCBs analyzer suitable for a wide variety of chlorinated organic compounds in various matrices such as oil, soil and water. The basic principle is to measure the (i) total organic chlorine content, (ii) convert organic chlorine into inorganic chloride and (iii) quantification of the resulting chloride. Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry is an extremely useful analytical procedure essential for separating and analyzing different compounds in mixtures. Separation is based on volatility. The major stages involved are (i) Injection of the analyte into an inert carrier gas (mobile phase) (ii) Separation of its components in the gas column (stationary phase) (iii) Detection of the target analyte by a flame detector (Mass Spectrometer). Interpretation of PCB Inventory Data Based on the analysis, it is evident that older states like Oyo (89.4%), Kaduna (43.1%), Lagos (30.1%) and Niger (39.6%) had higher values of PCBs containing equipment due to the presence of older transformers in those states that were produced pre 1980’s (the year PCBs came into enforcement), hence these transformers were operated using PCBs containing oil which contaminated the transformers. Delta also had a high value of PCBs (56.4%) due to the presence of old transformers in old Local Government Areas (LGAs) of the states like Sapele and Ughelli. Table 2. 13: Summary of PCBs Inventory Data National Baseline Inventory - PCBs Contaminated Oil 1,629749.81kg National Baseline Inventory - PCBs Contaminated Equipment 6,398,395.72kg Nigerian Custom Data – Imports (Endrin/ HCBs & PCBs/ HBB/PeCB) 1,254,716kg TOTAL 9,282,861.53Kg 2.3.3 Assessment of Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers (PBDEs) Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers (PBDEs) are a class of industrial aromatic Organobromine chemicals whose first commercial production was in the 1970s as additive flame retardants in a wide range of mainly consumer products (Centers for Disease Control). These additive PBDEs are the highest produced group of Brominated Flame Retardants (BFR). PBDEs were produced with three different degrees of Bromination and marketed as outlined below: a. Commercial Pentabromodiphenyl Ether (c‐PentaBDE) b. Commercial Octabromodiphenyl Ether (c‐OctaBDE) c. Commercial Decabromodiphenyl Ether (c‐DecaBDE) 114 | P a g e Production of C‐PentaBDE and C‐OctaBDE stopped in 2004, while that of (c‐DecaBDE) is still produced (Alaee et al., 2003; Prevedourous et al., 2004; SFT, 2009). DecaBDE is the most widely used PBDE globally. Similar to other Brominated Flame Retardants, PBDEs have been known to be used in a wide group of products, including building materials, electronics, furnishings, motor vehicles, airplanes, plastics, polyurethane foams, and textiles. They are structurally similar to PCBs and other poly‐halogenated compounds, consisting of two halogenated aromatic rings. There are no known natural sources of PBDEs and PBBs, except for a few marine organisms that produce some forms of PBDEs. PBDEs may enter the environment through emissions from manufacturing processes, volatilization from various products that contain PBDEs, recycling wastes and Leachate from waste disposal sites. PBDE is primarily used as flame retardant in a wide variety of finished products, providing protection from heat or fire by slowing the rate of combustion. In this process, bromine atoms are released from the PBDE molecule to displace oxygen, decreasing the rate of burning. Commercial use of PBDEs is divided into 3 types; Penta, Octa, and Deca‐BDEs. Penta‐BDE was commonly used in upholstered furniture padding and rigid insulation. Octa‐BDE was extensively used in high impact plastics such as electronics and appliances. Deca‐BDE was commonly used in textiles and electrical insulations. The inventory covered mainly transport sector (automobiles) and Electrical and Electronic Equipments (EEEs). The chemical is used in PUR foams (automotive seating, head rests; car ceilings, acoustic systems, back‐coating of textiles), plastic parts (steering wheels, dashboards, door panels, bumpers), electronic casings, etc.. Information on national statistics was obtained from relevant stakeholder, which was used to update inventories of the POPs under review. Statistical data showed that the following basic formula was used to calculate the POPs‐PBDE content of vehicles: Amount of POPs‐PBDEs (Vehicle category) = Number of vehicles category (manufactured 1975 to 2004) x amount POPs‐PBDEs category x Fregional Where: a) Number of vehicles category is the number of vehicles (manufactured 1975‐2004) present in a category (car, bus or truck) calculated for the different life cycle stages. b) Amount POPs‐PBDEs category is the amount of POPs‐PBDEs in an individual car, truck or bus treated with POPs‐PBDEs. c) the regional factor of estimated percentage of POPs‐PBDE impacted vehicles produced in a region (1975 to 2004). The figure below is a handheld X-ray fluorescence (XRF) Spectrophotometer, which is used to detect the level of PBDE in articles. It works on the principle of fluorescence and is configured with windows systems software. The cycle time to complete one sample analysis is 100s. It displays the quantity of the elements detected on the screen. 115 | P a g e Figure 2. 15: Handheld XRF spectrophotometer 2.3.3.1 Rationale for Samples Selection Electronic and Electrical Sector Large quantities of PBDEs is found in Electronic and Electrical Equipment (EEE) in developing countries like Nigeria because of the previous usage of these chemicals (PBDEs) in the manufacture of these products as flame retardants. In Nigeria, second hand EEE are found in various sectors including homes, communication, entertainment, education, health care, among others. Electronics produced before 2005 may be flame retarded with c‐OctaBDE. The main appliances are televisions and computer CRT monitors. Large quantities of old EEE and WEEE are imported from industrial countries/regions (e.g. United States, Europe and Japan) to developing countries for reuse. Primitive recycling technologies for WEEE have resulted in large contaminated areas in developing countries and exposure of recyclers and the general population (Wong et al., 2007; UNEP, 2010a, 2010b). The sampling locations selected were (1) Abuja Computer Village, Zone 3, FCT and (2) Area 10 Printing Complex, FCT. Sampling of EEE was basically done at locations where businesses listed below are major hub for all forms of electronic trading. • Sales of new and second hand EEE (computers, CPUs, printers etc.) • Repairs of EEE • Sales of EEE accessories etc.. Osibanjo, et al (2010) estimated POP-PBDE in various waste streams in the Nigerian at 2.8 x105k, which are assumed to be accumulated/stockpiled due to inherent capacity gaps in managing the special waste in BAT/BEP-compliant manner. With increasing consumerism in various sectors of the 116 | P a g e economy and associated co-mingled waste streams, POP-PBDE has continued to be an issue of serious concern, due to increased accumulation, abandonment and stockpiles. The inventory conducted, under NIP Review and Update project implementation has estimated POPs PBDE in the EEE sector at 9.579x105kg (Table 2.15). In addition, statistical data on the import of PBDEs obtained from the Nigerian Customs Service (NCS) confirmed 164,730kg of tetra PBDE was imported into Nigeria between 2011 and 2014 by different importers (Annex X). Most of them were from Asian countries including Hong Kong, China and Taiwan. Similarly, Bromine content discovered in CRT Monitors, CPU, Printers, Laptops, Saloon Cars, Buses, Vans, and Polyurethane Foams in Cooling Vans & Containers was analysed using the handheld x-ray fluorescence scanner and found to be 4,716,427 ppm. Table 2. 14: Commercial OctaBDE and related POPs-PBDE (hexaBDE and heptaBDE) in EEE, WEEE Homologues Distribution homologues c-OctaBDE POPs-BDEs in import for inventory year 2010 POPs-BDEs in stocks for inventory year 2010 POPs-BDEs entering the waste stream (WEEE) for inventory year POPs BDEs in recycled polymers for inventory year 2010 Total POPs PBDE in EEE Sector Total inventoried c-OctaBDE* 9.9 x 103 9.05 x 105 3.8 x 104 5.0 x 103 9.579x105 HexaBDE 11% 1.1 x 103 9.95 x 104 4.18 x 103 5.5 x 102 Hepta BDE 43% 4.23 x 103 3.8 x 105 1.6 x 104 2.15 x 103 *C-OctaBDE contains PBDEs listed (hexa- and heptaBDE) and not listed as POPs (octa-, nona-, and decaBDE), and therefore the sum of hexaBDE and heptaBDE do not correspond to 100% of c-OctaBDE. Transport Sector one of the critical sectors of the economy is Transport, in terms of its significance in the conveyance of goods, industrial inputs, machinery, services and human populations. For the purpose of the NIP Update Project and considering national circumstance, the POPs inventory in the sector has been focussed on vehicles on Nigerian roads, some of which components may contain BFRs, depending on when and where they were produced or imported from. Due to economic circumstance, many middle-level earners and small/medium enterpreneurs are unable to afford brand new vehicles, hence, resort to buying used vehicles (also known also second or Tokunbo’ vehicles) imported from America, Europe and Asia. Factually, a large percentage of the transport fleet from 1970 to 2004 (cars, buses and possibly trains) containing c‐PentaBDE is still in operation today. It is therefore tenable to assume that the transport sector (cars, trucks, buses, trains, ship, and planes) has large stockpile of c‐PentaBDE in Nigeria. According to Information obtained from National Bureau of Statistics (NBS), there are 925,434 registered vehicles in Nigeria from the period from 2004 to 2010 (see Annex XI). 117 | P a g e Car parts tested with handheld XRF scanner (Model No…..); were the plastic and foam containing components such as dash boards, door mats, floor mats, bumpers, seats, steering wheels, etc. Sampling locations selected were: (1) Apo Mechanic Village, Abuja, FCT and (2) Zuba Mechanic Village, Kaduna Road, Kaduna State The POPs-PBDE inventory data covering imports, use/stocks, end-of-life and historical deposits is shown in Table 2.17. POPs-PBDE in inventoried vehicles (cars, busses, trucks, etc.) in import, use/stocks, end-of-life and landfills/dumpsites in Nigeria in 2010 was estimated at 2.8 x105kg. In the inventory year 2014 in the transport sector, the amount of POPs PBDE was estimated at 3.15x105kg (Table 3.17). Estimated data from field work of PBDE in Nigeria is 4,716,427ppm (Br content) and imports data from the Nigerian Custom Service was put at 164,730kg. Sampling of EEE was basically done at locations where the below listed businesses are major hub for all forms of electronic trading. • Sales of new and second hand EEE (computers, CPUs, printers etc.) • Repairs of EEE • Sales of EEE accessories etc. 118 | P a g e Table 2. 15: POPs‐PBDE (in kg) in inventoried vehicles Distribution Homologues c-PentaBDE POPs BDDE in current Transport POPs BDE in imports (2010) POPs-BDE in end of life vehicles (2010) POPs-BDE already deposited POPs BDE recycled in 2010 Total POPs PBDE in transport c-PentaBDE 2.2 x 105 2.1 x 103 1.9 x 103 5.8 x 104 - 2.8 x105 TetraBDE 32% 7.0 x 104 6.8 x 102 6.1 x 102 2.4 x 104 - 9.1 x 104 PentaBDE 56% 1.2x 105 1.2 x 103 1.1 x 103 3.7x 104 - 1.6 x 105 HexaBDE 9% 2.0 x 104 1.9x 102 1.7x 102 6.0 x 103 - 2.6 x 104 HeptaBDE 0.5% 1.1 x 103 1.1x 10 9.5 2.9x 102 - 1.4 x 103 Source: PBDE Inventory in the Transport Sector of Nigeria – A Step for Stockholm Convention Implementation (Osibanjo et al., 2012) Polyurethane Foam (PUF): Cooling Van and Portacabins (containers): PUF padding is used as padding in the interior walls of cooling vans and cabins/transport containers. PBDE was used as a flame retardant in the padding of these vans and containers to ensure that contents are protected from fire. Cooling vans are used to transport seafood from one country/ state to another. In Nigeria cooling vans are used to import seafood and other fisheries. The containers are used to import goods to the country e.g. furniture, used clothes, cars etc. The foam paddings are a likely source for PBDE and were thus considered for the inventory from imported source. The sampling location was Utako Berger Yard, FCT. Field work Data from this location estimated PBDE in PUF at 10235ppm (Br Content). Tools/methodology for Detection of PBDEs: The technique deployed for the field inventory of PBDEs was: Qualitative Method: As part of the general POPs inventory methodology, concise and target-specific questionnaires (Annex IX) were administered. These include the PBDEs inventory form with special focus on PBDEs in industrial, consumer goods and transport sector. Data collated include the following:  Type of equipment/vehicle  Country of Manufacture  Year of manufacture  Average monthly/yearly totals within locations  Disposal practices Quantitative Method: the quantitative determination of PBDEs was conducted using handheld XRF scanner. It is a handheld portable equipment that detects the quantities of some halogens and heavy 119 | P a g e metals. It operates on Microsoft windows software and works by exposing the material to an X‐ray beam. This causes the individual elements of the material to emit light with characteristic wavelengths, thereby making it possible to determine the elemental composition based on the intensity of the individual wavelengths of the emitted light. The "depth" of the measurement depends on the light dispersal in the material. Figure 2. 16: PBDE inventory in electronic equipment and vehicles 2.3.3.2 Summary of PBDEs Inventory Data Data on PBDE inventory is summarised according to each sector. Table 2. 16: Summary of PBDEs inventory data Description Quantity Transport - Statistical Data (Import, Use, End of Life) 3.15 x 105kg Nigerian Custom Service imports (Tetra BDE) 164,730kg Electronic & Electrical (EEE) statistical data 9.579 x 105 kg Polyurethane foam field work 10235ppm 2.3.3.3 Interpretation of PBDEs inventory data Analysis of the PBDE result for EEE in the country shows larger quantities of POPs‐PBDE in items manufactured in the earlier years, and a reduction in trend with the more modern era as depicted in the figure below. Items manufactured 1993‐1999 had very high quantities of POPs‐PBDE 120 | P a g e (1,881,536ppm), items manufactured from 2000‐2003 also had significant quantities of POPs‐PBDE (849.819ppm) in contrast with items manufactured 2004 – 2007 i.e. post ban of PBDE (4,046ppm). This also shows that there is compliance to the ban on the use of PBDEs in articles as illustrated in the reduction in quantities of PBDEs in articles manufactured post ban (2004). The inventory results show that articles manufactured in countries like Japan and China contains the highest quantities of POPs‐PBDE in the locations inventoried during the field work (Table 2.18). . Table 2. 17: Articles with highest PBDEs, emanating from Asia Location Highest Value Inventoried Country of Manufacture Year of Manufacture Abuja Computer Village 989,600 Japan 1980 Area 10 Printing Complex 972,400 Japan 1999 Apo Mechanic Village 4,220 Japan 1996 2.3.4 Perflourooctane Sulfonic Acid & Salts (PFOS) Inventory Perfluorooctane Sulphonic Acid (PFOS), its salts and Perfluorooctane Sulfonyl Fluoride (PFOSF) are listed in Annex B of the Stockholm Convention in 2009. Parties to the Convention are recommended to develop an action plan for PFOS and its related substances as part of their updated NIP. This objective is aimed to achieve by developing a national inventory of: products and articles; production, use, and disposal of waste containing PFOS; landfills, stockpiles and contaminated sites in Nigeria. PFOS are widely used in the manufacture of synthetic carpets to provide stain protection. Use of PFOS in synthetic carpets is of concern because of the possible direct exposure of small children and babies. The washing of synthetic carpets can be a source of the releases of PFOS into water. The levels in house dust and indoor air can be a result of releases from synthetic carpets, among other sources in the home environment. Synthetic carpets remain in use for several years, and will eventually be deposited in landfills (Fricke et al., 2004). Similarly, PFOS is used in the manufacture of articles, this includes textiles, furniture, synthetic carpets, clothes, leather apparel, food packaging, etc. Information on the application of PFOS‐related substances in 2000 indicated that over 75% of total PFOS consumption was in consumer articles (3M Company, 2000). The inventory of PFOS included a pilot testing of PFOS in some of the major sources of PFOS in the country. These sources are consumer articles, namely: Synthetic Carpets, Fire Fighting Foams and Hydraulic Oil. 2.3.4.1 Synthetic carpets Synthetic carpets have usually being treated with PFOS which is not the case for natural fibre carpets. Chemical recycling of carpets involves breakdown of the nylon fibre to be reprocessed into new carpet 121 | P a g e fibre. Recycling and reuse for synthetic carpets containing PFOS and its related substances are banned by the Stockholm Convention, and many of the products produced from recycled synthetic carpets represent a direct exposure of the environment and humans. A lot of households and offices in Nigeria utilise synthetic carpets because of its aesthetic and warming properties, as a result it is a comfortable and well patronized article. Lucky Fibres PLC based in Nigeria, is the largest manufacturer of Carpets and Rugs in Nigeria. It is one of the most patronized carpet manufacturers in Nigeria and thus was selected as a suitable article for the inventory. 2.3.4.2 Fire Fighting Foams Fire-fighting foams with Fluorosurfactants are used for extinguishing liquid fuel fires, and are normally used to suppress fires in flammable liquids like oil, petrol, other non‐water‐soluble hydrocarbons, and flammable water soluble liquids like alcohols, acetone. Firefighting foams containing PFOS are of focus due to the dispersive and extensive use and risk of high releases to the environment. Fire drills and leakage from stockpiles of firefighting foams have led to contamination of groundwater and soil (Moody et al., 2003; Herzke et al., 2007). Fire fighting foams in Nigeria is used by a number of organisations like: airports, fire fighting organisations, petrochemical industries etc. 2.3.4.3 Hydraulic Oil Hydraulic oils containing PFOS have been used as an anti‐erosion additive in civil and military airplanes since the 1970s to prevent evaporation, fires and corrosion (UNEP, 2010b). PFOS is added to inhibit erosion (and to control damages) of mechanical parts of hydraulic systems such as valves that are used in aircrafts. Hydraulic oil are used in excavators and backhoes, hydraulic brakes, power steering systems, transmissions, garbage trucks, aircraft flight control systems, lifts and industrial machinery. The inventory of PFOS covered several sectors, which include: carpet industries like Lucky Fibres Company, Federal Airport Authority of Nigeria (FAAN), Federal and State Fire Services, and Nigerian Custom Service (NCS), among others. Results The results obtained from the inventory of PFOS are summarized, thus:  Data obtained from NCS gave a total of 2,983,641kg of PFOs entered into Nigeria between 2011 and 2014 by various importers, and originating from a variety of countries including China, India, Singapore, United State of America, United Kingdom, Belgium, Germany, and United Arab Emirates.  Gombe State Fire Service confirmed the available stockpile of 10.0tons of AFFF which was previously used in the states before it was banned as firefighting foam. However, in recent times alternatives are been used (specifically Dry chemical powder and CO2 gas) in the sector.  The NNPC also have about 2,000kg of AFFF stockpiled in drums for destruction in an Environmentally Sound Manner while the corporation is currently using Flouroprotein as alternative to AFFF. 122 | P a g e  Oyo State Fire Service confirmed presence of PFOs compound (Flouroprotein concentrate foam compound) used for firefighting operations available in about 3,400 liters safeguarded in plastic drums. Table 2. 18: Summary of PFOS Inventory Description Quantity Nigeria Custom Service Data 2,983,641kg Synthetic carpets - Field Work TBD Gombe Satate Fire Service 10,000kg NNPC (AFFF) 2,000kg TOTAL 2,995,641kg 2.3.4.4 Interpretation of PFOS Inventory Data Statistical data obtained from NCS shows high importation of PFOS (2,983,641kg) into the country between 2001-2004. Similarly, stockpiles of PFOS were also discovered in NNPC and Gombe State Fire Service. Therefore, there is a need to strengthen enforcement and compliance to phase out PFOS and other band chemicals and also embark on regular monitoring to enable the nation meet up her obligations under the convention. 2.3.5 Assessment of Unintentionally Produced Persistent Organic Pollutants (UPOPs) Polychlorinated Dibenzo-P-Dioxins (PCDDs) and Polychlorinated Dibenzofurans (PCDFs), commonly known as Dioxins and Furans are listed in Annex C of the Stockholm Convention on POPs. They are unintentionally formed and released into environmental media (air, land, water) from thermal processes involving organic matter and chlorine as a result of incomplete combustion or chemical reactions and are commonly named “by-products”. They are also referred to as “UPOPs”. Besides being formed as unintentional by-products of manufacturing or disposal processes, PCDDs and PCDFs may also be introduced into processes as contaminants in raw materials. Similarly, Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs), Pentachlorobenzene (PeCB), are also produced unintentionally and emitted in the atmosphere during thermal processes involving organic matter and Chlorine, as a result of incomplete combustion or chemical reactions, from various industrial installations, non-industrial point sources as well as the uncontrolled burnings, such as the open burning of municipal and agricultural waste (UNDP, 2010). All POPs listed in Annex C require “continuing minimization and, where feasible, ultimate elimination” (Stockholm Convention, 2001). Nigeria generates approximately 20 million tonnes of municipal waste annually, which is deposited in unmanaged waste dumpsites by private and municipal waste collectors (UNDP, 2010). A conservative 123 | P a g e estimate of municipal waste burned through spontaneous combustion and/or intentional fires is about 20%. Approximately 50% of the collected waste is organic providing alternative management opportunities such as composting for biodegradables with other waste categories reused or recycled. The burning of agricultural stubble and waste in preparation for planting is a common agricultural practice in Nigeria, leading to local air pollution in the form of harmful substances including UPOPs releases. Much of the formed UPOPs are left in the land and make their way into the human food chain through absorption by crops and ingestion by domestic animals. This expert team has referenced the “Standardized Toolkit for Identification and Quantification of Dioxin and Furan Releases”, for computing emissions from different sources. Preliminary inventory of UPOPs generation in Nigeria shows that high levels of UPOPs are generated by open burning of municipal and agricultural waste (MAW). Open burning and uncontrolled incineration of municipal, industrial wastes and hospital/clinical wastes are well known sources of PCDDs/PCDFs. A large amount of accidental and deliberate combustion is taking place continually including the burning of tyres, as well as stripping insulation of copper wires and cables, and leads to dioxins release into the environment. Burning of bush, forests and sugar cane fields, to cut labour costs just before weeding for planting and/or harvest as appropriate also contribute to the formation of dioxins (FRN, 2009). During this inventory, UNEP’s 2001 Standardized Toolkit for Identification and Quantification of Dioxin and Furan Releases as well as the 2005 revised edition of the Toolkit. The protocol used includes the identification of activities capable of generating Dioxins and Furans in different categories, which are divided into sub-categories. For each sub-category the Toolkit gives emission factors, which depend on the technology used in the process. In this inventory direct emission to air, water, soil, residues and products were considered. The emission factors from the Toolkit were applied and the annual emission of UPOPs is expressed in grams of TEQ, and from the inventory, the total emission of Dioxins and Furans in gTEQ/year was calculated. The following target anthropogenic activities were identified as sources for the release of Dioxins and Furans in the country: incinerators, power generation plants, industries (especially oil and gas, textile, paint, glass, pharmaceutical, pulp and paper, cement, iron and steel) and transport. Emissions of nine main source categories are summed, thus providing the total estimation of the anthropogenic sources of UPOPs emissions from all sources identified in the country. Some sources of UPOPs that were identified are: Waste Incineration: Waste incineration is the oxidation of the combustible material contained in the waste. Waste is highly heterogeneous material, consisting of organic substances, minerals, metals and water. The organic substances in the waste burn once they reach the ignition temperature and come into contact with oxygen. The waste incinerator process chain includes waste collection, delivery, storage, pre-treatment, incineration/combustion/energy recovery, flue gas cleaning, solid residue management, and wastewater treatment. The main stages of the incineration process are (a) drying and degassing, (b) pyrolysis and gasification (c) full oxidation. These main stages generally overlap, 124 | P a g e meaning that spatial and temporal separation of these stages during incineration is only possible to a limited extent. Ferrous and Non-Ferrous Metal Production: These include primary metallurgical processes that produce metals from their original ores through concentration, smelting, reduction and refining processes as well as secondary metallurgical processes which utilize scrap metals or slags and fly ashes from metallurgical or other processes as raw materials. Some of the components or operations may lead to the formation and release of dioxins and furans. Besides the furnaces used to produce the metal, some pre-treatment steps have potential to generate PCDDs and PCDFs. Heat and Power Generation: The generation of power from fossil fuels generally involves the combustion of natural gas, crude oil or petroleum derivatives of various types or coals. Natural gas consists mostly of Methane and Ethane while crude oil contains a wide variety of gaseous, liquid and solid hydrocarbons starting with Propane and continuing with an increasing Carbon to Hydrogen (C/H) ratio. The amount of Greenhouse Gases (GHGs) emitted from fossil fuels increases as the C/H-ratio increases. All combustion processes used for power generation from fossil fuels are generally designed to maximize combustion efficiency while minimizing fuel consumption. Because of incomplete combustion, such plant releases UPOPs to the environment. Other source of generators that release UPOPs include one stroke engine such as motorcycles (popularly known as okada), small generators (known as I pass my neighbour), among others. Table 2.20 gives a summary of estimated PCDDs/PCDFs emissions in Nigeria from the nine major source categories. Total emission of Dioxins and Furans into the air is 2,783.98g TEQ/annum. Uncontrolled combustion processes are the major source category with 5,273.21g TEQ/a contributing 98.84% of the total emissions; followed in descending order by production of mineral products with 10.72 g TEQ/a (0.38%); transportation with 8.75 g TEQ/a (0.31%); ferrous and non-ferrous metal production with 8.20g TEQ/a (0.29%); waste incineration with 4.30g TEQ/a (0.15%); heat and power generation with 0.22g TEQ/a (0.008%); production and use of chemicals and consumer goods - specifically gas flaring from petroleum production with 0.007 g TEQ/a (0.0003%); and lastly miscellaneous (tobacco smoking) with 0.0009 g TEQ/a. For release of dioxin and furan unto land, uncontrolled combustion processes are the singular source 2,521.4 g TEQ/a (100%). In the residue, the total emission released is 34.42 g TEQ/a. The sources in descending order of magnitude are waste incineration with 15.85 g TEQ/a (46.05%), ferrous and non-ferrous metal production with 12.01 g TEQ/a (35.02%) and heat and power generation with 6.51 g TEQ/a (18.91%). The total dioxins and furans released in all vectors is 5,339.86g TEQ/a. Table 2.20 shows the Inventory of Annual Releases of UPOPs in Nigeria. 125 | P a g e Table 2. 19: Inventory of Annual Releases of UPOPs in Nigeria Cat Source Categories Annual Releases (g TEQ/a) Air Water Land Products Residue 1 Waste Incineration 4.301 0.000 0.000 0.000 15.852 2 Ferrous and Non-Ferrous Metal Production 8.201 0.000 0.000 0.000 12.055 3 Power Generation and Heating 0.223 0.000 0.000 0.000 6.510 4 Production of Mineral Products 10.717 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 5 Transportation 8.750 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 6 Uncontrolled Combustion Processes 2,751.783 0.000 0.000 2,521.427 0.000 7 Production of Chemicals and Consumer Goods 0.007 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 8 Miscellaneous 0.001 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 9 Disposal/Landfilling 0.000 0.034 0.000 0.000 0.000 10 Identification of Potential Hot-Spots 0.000 0.000 Total 2,783.984 0.034 2,521.427 0.000 34.417 Grand Total 5,339.862 2.3.7 Information on the state of knowledge on stockpiles, contaminated sites and wastes, identification, likely numbers, relevant regulations, guidance, remediation measures, and data on releases from sites 2.3.7.1 Obsolete POPs-pesticide stockpiles In May 2010, CropLife Nigeria (representing pesticides importers in Nigeria) in collaboration with CropLife International (representing international pesticides manufacturers) and NAFDAC undertook a pilot project under the name CleanFarms to identify obsolete pesticides and empty containers in five pilot states, namely: Benue, FCT, Kaduna, Nasarawa, and Niger state. 126 | P a g e During the exercise, six (6) metric tons of obsolete pesticides and seventy-two thousand, one hundred and ninety-two (72,192) pesticide containers were reportedly inventoried in the 5 pilot States. Products included Pirimiphose methel, Propanil, Endosulphan, Glyphosate, Lambda, Cypermathrine, Orizo Plus, 24-D, Pendimenthalin, Chlorocyrisos, Atrazine, Diuron, Propanil, Chlorocyrisos, and Butachlor. The identified obsolete pesticides were stockpiled due to dearth of national capacity for their sound disposal and destruction. Consequently, collaborative efforts with Croplife are being made to facilitate the transport of the safeguarded stockpiles outside the country for the sound disposal of the safeguarded POPs pesticides. 2.3.7.2 POPs-Contaminated Sites In 2006, the International POPs Elimination Project (IPEP) which was developed by the International POPs Elimination Network (IPEN) in conjunction with UNIDO and UNEP reported the presence of 10-12 POPs contaminated sites in Lagos. These confirmed sites were predominantly contaminated by industrial POPs and were identified from sixteen (16) hotspots within 16 Local Government Areas (LGAs) in Lagos State. The identified contaminated sites are based in Ojo, Ikorodu, Ikeja, Oshodi, Isolo, Surulere, Epe, Ifako, Ojota, Iddo, Lagoon and Odofin. Additionally, the National PCBs Management Framework Project identified PCBs contamination at the Ijora Power Station B in Lagos. In order to facilitate the effective management of POPs-contaminated sites, a comprehensive Toolkit focused on the ‘dirty dozen,’ was developed by UNIDO Expert Group on POPs to aid developing countries with the identification, classification and prioritization of POPs-contaminated sites, and development of land remediation technologies in line with BATs/BEPs. The toolkit was first adopted in Nigeria and Ghana and is used in Nigeria by the relevant agencies as a manual and training tool for the identification and management of POPs-contaminated sites. 2.3.7.3 Stockpiles of wastes electrical and electronic equipment Wastes electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) or E-wastes are a growing concern globally, with Cathode Ray Tube monitors (in TVs and computers) containing over 50% of total POPs-BDE in EEEs. These EEEs are often imported into Nigeria in fairly used conditions where the equipments are approaching end-of-life. The state of these EEEs thus facilitates the release of the POPs contained within them into the environment. The biggest West African market for new and used electric and electronic equipment is located in Lagos, with a large percentage of imported goods channelled through the Tincan Island and Apapa Ports. These imported e-wastes are predominantly sold after refurbishment in Alaba Market, Westminster Market, Ikeja Computer Village and Lawanson Market in Lagos. The 2012 National Policy on e-Waste was developed for the regulation of the electrical and electronic sector to control pollution in the Nigerian environment. The policy provided guidelines for the importation of used Electrical and Electronics Equipment (EEE), which enables the confiscation of unserviceable e-wastes at the ports within the country. Such confiscated e-wastes accumulate over 127 | P a g e time and are often stockpiled due to dearth of national capacity for sound disposal. Thus, there is urgent need to build national capacity for the sound disposal and destruction of POPs-containing waste materials. Several institutional frameworks have been developed by the Government to address the generation, transportation, treatment, storage and disposal of the aforementioned wastes such as the Pesticides Registration Regulation (2005), The Blueprint on Handbook on Waste Management (2001), Guidelines on Hazardous Chemicals Management (2001), Guidelines on Pesticide Management Handbook: Safe and Effective Use of Pesticides (2000), National Policy on Chemicals Management, National Policy on e-Waste, and Comprehensive Strategy for the Sound Management of POPs-BDEs, among others. 2.3.8 Summary of future production, use and releases of POPs - requirements for exemption Currently, Nigeria has no plan to produce POPs-chemicals in the near future. However, the use of POPs containing pesticides and industrial chemicals is bound to cease over time, as most of the identified POPs are currently in phase-out stage. The capacity for safe disposal or destruction of these POPs needs be strengthened, as Nigeria currently has dearth of appropriate infrastructure for POPs destruction. 2.3.9 Existing programmes for monitoring releases and environmental and human health impacts, including findings The capacity to establish comprehensive national programme for POPs monitoring is still being developed in Nigeria. As such, present data on POPs were mainly those obtained through participation in the Global Monitoring Plan (GMP) and/or locally researched activities. The pilot GMP, also known as ‘The MONET Africa Pilot Project’, was introduced in 2008, in which Nigeria alongside 14 other African participated in ambient air monitoring and human milk programmes. During the exercise, the first ambient air sampling was carried out from January-June 2008 at the Produce Coordinating Unit, Sheda, FCT (a rural site located on 80 53’S and 70 3’ E, altitude 210), while human milk samples were taken from volunteer-mothers at Garki, Maitama, Wuse and Nyanya General Hospitals. The second campaign ran from January 2010 - January 2011 and the last (January, 2011 30th June, 2012). Samples collected were shipped for analyses at the Recetox Centre, Mesaryk University in Czech Republic. The Analysis Report for samples was recorded by UNEP in its report of 2009, 2011 and 2015. These reports indicated traces of Dieldrin (UNEP, 2011), Oxy-Chlordanes (UNEP 2015) and higher levels of Endosulfans (UNEP, 2009), Cis-Chlordane (UNEP 2015), Gamma HCH, DDTs, PCBs, Dioxins & Furans (UNEP, 2015). 128 | P a g e 2.3.9.1 Summary of findings of POP chemicals at Sheda, Abuja site under UNEP-GMP Programme (2010 - 2012)- UNEP report, 2015 Table 2. 20: Summary of POPs monitoring data obtained under UNEP/GMP SN POP-Chemical Quantity (pg.m-3) Remark 1 Endosulfan 179.25 Recorded in 2010 2 Cis-chlordane 2.81 Recorded in 2012 3 Oxy-chlordane 6.24 Recorded in 2012 4 Dieldrin 2.08 Recorded in 2011 5 Endrin 36.65 Recorded in 2010, Significantly reduced in 2011 and 2012 6 Heptachlor 1.32 Recorded in 2012 7 PBDE 10.97 Recorded in 2011 Subsequent to successful implementation of GMP Phase I, Nigeria was again selected as one of the fourteen (14) countries to participate in the programme for ‘Continued Regional Support for the POPs GMP in the African Region’. The programme is about being implemented and it will last till 2019. The human milk samples, obtained from volunteers at Maitama Hospital, indicated high levels of some POPs, including Chlordane, Dieldrin, DDT, Toxaphene, PCBs, HBCDs, HCH, and PFOS. Nigeria has also been involved in Passive Water Sampling Campaign by Monet Africa, where high level of PFOS was recorded. The concentration of PFOS from the sample site was 1,390pg/L, indicating adverse environmental condition in the country. 2.3.10 Current level of information, awareness and education among target groups; existing systems to communicate such information to the various groups 2.3.10.1 Current Level of Public Awareness and Education In Nigeria, the level of awareness on POPs issues varies depending on the target demographic. A 2007 survey conducted by Pesticides Action Network (PAN) Nigeria reported that knowledge of safe handling and management of POPs-pesticides was higher in regulatory stakeholders than farmers and pesticide retailers who often come in contact with these pesticides. In farmers, this lower knowledge level was attributed to low formal education in the demographic, as about 58% of the surveyed farmers had no formal education. For the retailers, although 90% of those surveyed had secondary education, poor knowledge level was identified in terms of technical names of the pesticide substances (most of the respondents were only cognizant with the trade names of the 129 | P a g e pesticides), with only about 32% of the survey respondents acknowledging awareness of POPs pesticides. Generally, of the surveyed respondents, about 70% indicated awareness that the accumulation of POPs has deleterious effects on the environment and human health. It is however important to note that majority of the survey respondents were male (about 75%), considering that farmers and retailers of pesticides are mainly male. Generally, the level of awareness varied according to level of education and urbanization of the surveyed locations, with access to information on POPs from regulatory agencies more available in urban cities. The higher knowledge level in regulatory stakeholders was attributed to their comparatively higher education than the other surveyed target groups (farmers and retailers). Law enforcement agents at the border however recorded low awareness level of POPs-pesticides. The existence of cooperative groups and some form of media activities among the less knowledgeable target groups was found to facilitate increase in knowledge level among pesticide users such as the farmers. This indicates the benefits of comprehensive sensitization programmes targeted at such cooperative groups (such as Farmers Associations), among other relevant groups. 2.3.10.2 Information Management Capacity Each Party is obligated by Article 9 of the Convention to facilitate or undertake the exchange of information relevant inter alia to the reduction or elimination of the production, use and release of POPs, and alternatives to POPs, including information relating to their risk as well as their economic and social costs. Article 10 of the Convention also requests each Party, within its capabilities, to promote and facilitate inter alia, awareness among its policy and decision makers with regard to POPs pollutants, as well as the provision to the public of all available information on POPs taking into account paragraph 5 of Article 9. The existence of an interactive and integrated mechanism in information generation, storage, management and dissemination is critical to the successful implementation of the Stockholm Convention, as outlined in Articles 9 and 15 of the Convention which requires Parties to devise mechanisms for the exchange of information. This was the main driving force behind the development of the Chemicals Information Exchange Network (CIEN) website (www.estis.net/sites/cien ng) for the dissemination and exchange of information relevant to chemicals management between stakeholders and the general public. It is a network which links to international databases on chemicals management such as United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) Chemicals, UNEP Regional Office for Africa and WHO Chemicals Safety Network, thereby promoting active information exchange among agencies. CIEN was developed in a joint venture with UNEP and the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) to strengthen national capacity on chemical information management using electronic sources. The CIEN also serves to:  Create a framework for access to and exchange of vital chemical information to support national decision making; http://www.estis.net/sites/cien ng 130 | P a g e  Promote successful implementation of Multilateral Environmental Agreement (MEAs) such as the Basel, Rotterdam and the Stockholm Conventions, through the use of the network’s knowledge base;  Enable exchange of information with the convention secretariats, the Conference of Parties and other relevant stakeholders;  Facilitate public awareness and research activities; and  Provide coordination of national activities to ensure a more effective use of resources. The CIEN Nigeria project started in 2000, with training workshops undertaken in 2006 and 2007 to build infrastructural capacity and provide Chemical Management Officials and relevant stakeholders with tools and knowledge with which to access information via the Internet. Considering the crucial services provided by the CIEN, adequate fiscal and budgetary provisions for the network should be provided to ensure its sustainability. The use of social media to disseminate POPs-related information to the public has also been established in the country, with the creation of a Twitter account for the CIEN (@CIEN Nigeria). The Twitter account is used to interact with stakeholders and the general public on POPs and chemicals-related issues and data. This was exemplified by the posting of tweets on enabling activities conducted for the Review and Update of the NlP for Stockholm Convention. Public awareness raising for POPs management projects has also been conducted using Information, Education and Communication (IEC) materials distributed during sensitization campaigns involving road shows, workshops, town-hall meetings, and news media campaigns such as radio and TV advertisements. Some of these POPs management projects include the:  Less Burnt for a Cleaner Earth project which released training manuals and conducted practical demonstrations on safer alternatives to agricultural residue burning in order to minimize the release of UPOPs;  PCBs Management project executed a public involvement program to facilitate the incorporation of public input in the planning and implementation of the project. This involved the use of project newsletters, workshop, website, news media advertisements, press releases and IECs; and  African Stockpile Programme (ASP) involved local Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) in public sensitization campaigns on safe handling of the pesticide stocks. This engagement of local stakeholders facilitated stockpile inventory and government take-over of privately-held obsolete stocks, as these stakeholders provided local information and knowledge to the public using questionnaires, training workshops, news media and IECs, among others. The Federal Ministry of Environment is responsible for initiating activities for providing public awareness and general information on POPs in partnership with NGOs, and this responsibility is recognized and incorporated into every programme and project conducted by the Ministry. 131 | P a g e 2.3.11 Mechanism to report under Article 15 on measures taken to implement the provision of the Convention and for information exchange with other Parties to the Convention Article 15 of the Stockholm Convention requires the Parties to report to the Conference of the Parties on the measures they have taken to implement the provisions of the Convention and the effectiveness of such measures in meeting the objectives of the Convention. The reporting of POPs information is an important instrument of public safety and precaution against avoidable chemical exposure and risks, such that future development activities would not occur in POPs/toxic chemicals contaminated sites from anthropogenic activities. The importance of information reporting is to provide to the Secretariat statistical data on total quantities of production, import and export of each of the chemicals listed in Annex A and B of the Convention or a reasonable estimate of such data; and a list of the states from which each of such substances was imported; and the states to which each of such substances was exported. The Federal Ministry of Environment (FMEnv) is the Designated National Focal Point for the Stockholm convention and is responsible for information reporting on POPs to the Secretariat. Although there are often inter-ministerial meetings and other consultations on POPs, specific legal provisions do not exist in the country for inter-institutional reporting of POPs issues to the Focal Point of the Convention. The same results in poor inter-institutional reporting on POPs in the country due to the weak inter institutional linkages, with resultant gaps in data reported to the Secretariat. Furthermore, the lack of POPs-specific environmental regulations on monitoring and unavailability of legal requirements to disclose or report findings to third parties limit information exchange with other Parties of the Convention. The CIEN, however, bridges this gap with its facilitation of electronic information dissemination and exchange between stakeholders, Party members and the general public. Therefore, the Information and Communication Technology (ICT) and infrastructural capacity of the relevant governmental and non-governmental organisations have to be developed and strengthened to facilitate their integration into CIEN and enable them to perform the functions of appropriate information generation, storage, retrieval and dissemination. This will further strengthen the inter institutional reporting within the country, and thus improve reporting to the Stockholm Convention Secretariat by the National Focal Point of the Convention. 2.3.12 Relevant activities of non-governmental stakeholders Mass media in Nigeria is very interested in environmental problems and also workshops of public awareness are been established about the environment, including POPs. The Federal Ministry of Environment is interested in creating a great advantage on raising awareness to the public about dangers of POPs. Non-governmental organizations have a great role raising awareness of public about POPs in Nigeria. Specifically, the NGOs which serve as umbrella organizations have provided a major contribution to effective information sharing with its members on activities related to POPs. In addition, some non governmental organizations work for providing inventory information, helping candidate foundations to apply as well as many other activities. 132 | P a g e The vital role of NGOs in the successful implementation of the Convention is recognised in its Article (10.d.), which prescribes public participation as essential in addressing POPs and their health and environmental impacts among others. Civil society organisations including NGOs and CBOs are closer to the grass roots and as such are people oriented and valuable bridges of communicating government actions and plans and mobilising appropriate responses from the masses. The non-governmental environmental organisations have several types of activities directed towards the public. For their members they produce periodicals and other types of information. There are a number of environmental NGOs in Nigeria with a few that are active in the area of chemicals management, especially POPs. The Nigerian Environmental Society (NES), Friends of the Environment (FOTE), and the Nigerian Environmental Study Team (NEST) have been active on POPs and involved in public awareness and advocacy by organising awareness workshops on POPs. They have also spearheaded the establishment of a Network Coalition of Nigerian NGOs on POPs as well as carried out projects on POPs. For example the Nigerian Environmental Society (NES) carried out a project in Lagos in 2006 on the identification of POPs contaminated sites in Lagos, Southwest Nigeria, under the auspices of the International POPs Elimination Project (IPEP). These NGOs are also working closely with women’s groups and children and are engaged in health promotion. Government agencies and other institutions in the field of occupational safety and health offer education to various specialists (physicians, nurses, safety controllers) working with occupational safety and health. They also produce and distribute written information on important issues. Also government agencies and the municipalities produce and distribute information to the public inter alia in the form of newsletters, periodicals, booklets and brochures. At the public libraries in each municipality more comprehensive information is available to everyone. The libraries of agencies and other public institutions are open to the public as well. The Federal Ministry of Environment (FMENV) is responsible for initiating activities for providing public awareness and general information on POPs in partnership with NGOs, nonetheless there is no ongoing activity in this regard presently. 2.3.13 Overview of technical infrastructure for POPs assessment, measurement, analysis, alternatives and prevention measures, management, research and development – linkage to international programmes and projects Nigeria has both human and infrastructural capacities for POPs assessment, measurement and analysis. There are also experts in the Academia with requisite experience and skills in the area of POPs analysis, who can be pooled as part of human resource base for POPs evaluation in the country. Below are some Laboratories in the country, which are accredited by the Federal Ministry of Environment to carry out POPs analysis: i. Geo-Environmental Research Centre (GRC): this Laboratory has both human and infrastructural capacity for POPs assessment and monitoring; the centre which the lab is domiciled has the capacity in carrying out capacity building training on POPs; 133 | P a g e ii. Environmental Laboratory, University of Lagos; and iii. University of Nigeria Nsukka. Proposed International Programmes /Projects where Nigeria could participate in order to strengthen human and infrastructural capacity for POPs analyses include the UNEP/GEF project titled, Continuing Regional Support for the POPs Global Monitoring Plan (GMP) under the Stockholm Convention in the African Region (GMP II). Nigeria is among the fifteen (15) participating countries and The global project objective is to strengthen the capacity for implementation of the updated POPs GMP, and create the conditions for sustainable monitoring of the 23 POPs in each participating region. Each regional project is expected to:  build capacity and generate data on analyses of core abiotic and biotic matrices (air & water; human milk)  assess existing analytical capacities and reinforce national POPs monitoring; and  secure conditions for sustainable POPs monitoring. 2.3.14 Identification of impacted populations or environments, establishing scale and magnitude of threats to public health and environmental quality and social implications for workers and local communities Various results from the POPs monitoring and assessment of Dioxin releases gave different level of concentrations with the releases of POPs at different locations; those with much higher concentrations above international threshold limits are consider to be heavily contaminated in relation to others. Research on the toxicity of POPs has shown that people working within and around dumpsites (refuse collectors, labourers in dumpsites and scavengers) face high rate of health hazards and diseases from occupational exposure to POPs. Rapid urbanization and scarcity of land has caused people to build residential houses close to hazardous waste dumpsites or right on reclaimed dumpsites. People and especially children living in the vicinity of dumpsites are at risk of exposure to POPs and may suffer causative illnesses. Further studies on mother’s breast milk confirmed the contamination of the breast milk with POPs. Toxic environmental contaminants can be transferred from mother to infant via breastfeeding. Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) are a family of lipophilic stable chemicals that bioaccumulate in adipose tissue and create a lasting toxic body burden. Breastfeeding provides a significant source of exposure to POPs early in human life, the effects of which are unknown, and is the subject of a growing body of research. Despite the possibility of harm from environmental contaminants in breast milk, breastfeeding is still recommended as the best infant feeding method. The lack of any epidemiological studies makes it difficult to discover the health impact of POPs. This highlights the importance of health impact studies on POPs in the six geopolitical zones across the nation. 134 | P a g e 2.3.15 Details of relevant system for the assessment of and listing of new Chemicals Nigeria is not a producer of any POPs-chemical candidate, several studies have shown that only very few chemicals were produced in Nigeria in the past. They include Sulphuric Acid and Alum. There is one purely Petrochemical plant at Eleme in Portharcourt, Rivers State and three petrochemical Refineries at Kaduna, Port Harcourt, and Warri which also produce linear Alkyl Benzene Solvents, Carbon Black and Propylene. 2.3.16 Details of relevant system for the assessment and regulation of chemicals already in the market Imported Chemicals are tested for compliance at borders (land and sea) of the country before being transmitted to the local producer, dealer or other end user by Regulatory Agencies such as NCS, NESREA and NAFDAC. Points of action that will need to be reviewed for better effectiveness include notification to licensing authority; classification and labelling for purposes of hazard communication whether by the worker in the factory or use by the consumer etc.. NESREA is responsible to monitor and regulate the use of banned chemicals and other related products in market within the country. 135 | P a g e 3.0 Strategy and action plan elements of the National Implementation Plan This section documents the Policy Statement by the Government of Federal Republic of Nigeria, expressly demonstrating its robust commitment towards minimising/eliminating POPs and associated challenges in Nigeria and fostering international cooperation and coordination towards actualising the Objective of Stockholm Convention. It also outlines the strategy for implementing measures and actions targeted at holistically addressing existing and emerging POPs-issues of national priority, as well as associated public health and environmental burdens. 3.1 Policy Statement Section 19 of the Constitution of Federal Republic of Nigeria states that the foreign policy objectives shall, inter alia, be promotion of international cooperation and respect for international law and treaty obligations, while section 20 thereof solemnly declares that the State shall protect and improve the environment and safeguard the water, air and land, forest and wild life. Furthermore, the National Agenda 21 on Sustainable Development and National Policy on Environment, are veritable frameworks for enshrining environmental governance in Nigeria. As a Party to the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) and other international treaties under the Chemicals and Wastes Synergy is committed to the realisation of their set objectives. Consequent upon the foregoing, the Government of Federal Republic of Nigeria is: (a) Conscious of the need to entrench core management infrastructures, strengthen policy instruments to meet emerging chemical-risk challenges and deploy interventional investments to concertedly address multi-faceted issues pertaining to POPs and other chemicals of similar characteristics; (b) Recognizes that Stockholm Convention and other international agreements in the field of trade and the environment are mutually supportive; (c) Reiterates her commitment to implement the Stockholm Convention and other related Conventions as well as international processes on chemicals management such as SAICM in order to safeguard the health of its people and the environment; (d) Commits to undertake review of her policies and legislative framework relevant to the implementation of the Stockholm Convention and the related conventions and international processes on chemicals and wastes management; (e) Recognises the need to engage a wide range of stakeholders in the Development, Review and Update of National Implementation Plan for Stockholm Convention and internalization of the related conventions and international processes on chemicals and wastes management; (f) Resolves to reduce or eliminate releases of POPs and other pollutants as soon as practicable by implementing the Updated NIP; 136 | P a g e (g) Determines to achieve the milestones set in the Updated National Implementation Plan including those agreed at national, sub-regional, regional and international levels on specific issues of POPs releases; (h) Conscious of the limited financial capacity of the country hence, the updated NIP will be implemented according to earmarked priorities; (i) Agrees to cooperate with the international community in dealing with issues of POPs and other pollutants of concern in areas such as development of safer alternatives, monitoring releases of various pollutants, sharing of knowledge and experiences on issues of POPs and other toxic substances and wastes; and information exchange on management of POPs and other toxic chemical substances; (j) Decides that the updated NIP will be synchronized with other global treaties such as SAICM, the Basel, Rotterdam and Minamata Conventions, with a view to achieving sound chemicals management, in line with synergy decisions of Conferences of the Parties to Conventions under the Chemicals and Waste Cluster. (k) Commits itself to mainstreaming the NIP and general SMC priorities into national development planning and budgetary processes; (l) Calls for international support to bridge the financial gaps in order to accelerate implementation of prioritised actions. The Federal Republic of Nigeria hereby expresses her appreciation for the collective efforts, cooperation of the international community, especially GEF and UNIDO, in the development and endorsement of the Updated NIP, which is tailored towards achieving human and environmental health protection against POPs. 3.2 Implementation Strategy 3.2.1 Policies In response to the global environmental issues, the Government of Nigeria has shown commitment by taking concrete steps and measures to achieve sustainable environmental protection and economic development. One of these measures is the development of National Environmental Policy in 1989, revised in 1995. The policy addresses the improvement of the surroundings, living conditions and the quality of life of the entire citizenry, both present and future. The goal of the Policy is to achieve sustainable development in Nigeria and, in particular to:  Secure for all Nigerians a quality environment that is adequate for their health and well being.  Conserve and use the environment and natural resources for the benefit of present and future generations.  Restore, maintain and enhance ecosystems and ecological processes essential for the functioning of the biosphere and for the preservation of biological diversity and to adopt the principle of optimum sustainable yield in the use of living natural resources and ecosystems. 137 | P a g e  Raise public awareness and promote understanding of essential linkages between environment and development and to encourage individual and community participation in environmental improvement efforts.  Integrate environmental concerns into major decision making process.  Build environmental remediation costs into major development projects.  Co-operate in good faith with other countries, international organizations and agencies to achieve optimal use of trans-boundary natural resources and effective prevention or abatement of trans-boundary environmental pollution such as POPs and POPs-waste. Nigeria also placed total Ban on the use of DDT and other POPs pesticides in 1999. The country is committed to the development of safer alternatives towards the reduction and elimination of POPs. Safer alternatives being promoted include chemically impregnated nets, Integrated Pest Management approach, and use of biopesticide alternatives such as Neem-derived Biopesticide. The country has also developed the industrial policy, which promotes, among others, the reduction of toxic chemicals in form of discharges or emissions including POPs such as PCBs, Pentachlorobenzene, PCDD and PCDF from industrial processes. In addition, specific policies and action plans have also been put in place. These include:  National Policy on Erosion, Flood Control and Coastal Zone Management;  National Environmental Sanitation Policy;  National Environmental Sanitation Action Plan;  National Policy Guidelines on (a) Solid Waste Management, (b) Market and Abattoir Sanitation, (c) Excreta and Sewage Management, (d) Sanitary Inspection Premises and (e) Pests and Vector Control;  National Healthcare Waste Management Policy/Action Plan and Guidelines; and  State of the Environment Report of 2008. In cognisance of the importance of the Stockholm Convention, the Government of Nigeria intends to review all relevant policies and laws in order to provide comprehensive guidance on the minimization or elimination of POPs releases consistent with the requirements of this Convention. 3.2.2 NIP Policy Basis 3.2.2.1 Overview of hazardous chemicals management in Nigeria The Earth Summit, through its Agenda 21, acknowledged that the use of chemicals and their effects influence a range of sectors of society in relation to the development process and, called for a global commitment to an international strategy for sound management of chemicals. Furthermore Principle 10 of Rio Declaration stipulates that Environmental issues (including chemicals management) are best handled with the participation of all concerned citizens, at the relevant level. At the national level, each individual shall have the opportunity to participate in decision-making processes. 138 | P a g e During the Inception of the International Conference on Chemicals Management (ICCM-1) held in Dubai 2006 government and stakeholders present adopted a global policy on the Strategic Approach to International Chemicals Management (SAICM). The objective of the Strategic Approach is to change how chemicals are produced and used in order to minimize harmful effects on human health and the environment. This policy is in line with Agenda 21 of the Earth Summit. In 2001, the government collaborated with Global Environment Facility (GEF) to carry out the Enabling Activities that led to the preparation of its National Implementation Plan (NIP) on the Stockholm Convention. As required by the Stockholm Convention (SC), Nigeria prepared the mandatory National Implementation Plan (NIP) for the Dirty Dozens and was submitted in April 2009. Considering the fact that SC Parties are obligated to undertake assessment tasks to update their NIPs, Nigeria undertook initial assessment of the Nasty Nine chemicals in 2011 and subsequently embarked on the Update and Development of her second NIP in 2014, in line with Article 7 of the convention. The NIP Update will include the nasty nine of 2009, Endosulfan of 2011 and the HexaBromocyclododecane (HBCD) of 2013. Nigeria sought and got assistance from GEF through UNIDO to carry out this Update of the NIP. The Nigerian Government, taking the issues of environmental degradation seriously, has put in place various national efforts at all levels of governance to promote environmental sustainability in the context of national sustainable development and also recognize that effective environmental governance is critical for sustainable development. 3.2.2.2 Mandates for implementation of NIP The mandate for implementation of the National Implementation Plan (NIP) lies with the Honourable Minister of Environment whose ministry is the National Focal Point (NFP) for Stockholm Convention and has overall mandate for the protection of the environment and natural resources conservation. The Department of Pollution Control and Environmental Health prepares and oversees the implementation of the NIP for the Ministry. The mandate for implementation further requires all sector ministries and local authorities to mainstream respective parts of the NIP into their policies, legislation, plans and programmes, and submit annual reports to the Honourable Minister of Environment. 3.2.2.3 The Nigeria Government’s commitment towards addressing POPs issues Nigeria is committed to implementing the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants along with other MEAs on chemicals and wastes, in order to safeguard the environment and health of its people, for the present and future generations. This is within the context of Chapter 19 of Agenda 21, the 2002 Johannesburg Plan of Action on the Strategic Approach to Integrated Chemicals Management, the NEPAD Environment Initiative and in line with the vision and goals of the National Policy on Environment. The implementation will involve, among others, the review of related policies and legislations and the strengthening of institutional framework, coordination and active stakeholders’ participation. 139 | P a g e Moreover, the Government is committed to strengthening regional and international cooperation (either through opportunities proffered by IDAs and South-South Cooperation), to facilitate sharing of knowledge and experiences on POPs issues, including the available feasible alternative technology, substitutes and other POPs mitigation initiatives and approaches. The country had undertaken activities in the past that foster sound management of POPs and other toxic chemicals. The preparation of the National Profile of Chemicals in Nigeria in 1999 was a practical first step towards ensuring sound management of chemicals. The document provides a comprehensive assessment of existing infrastructure as it relates to the institutional, legal, administrative, technical and commercial aspects of chemicals management, as an essential step towards strengthening national capabilities to manage chemicals. The profile was reviewed in 2004 and would be further updated to integrate issues on POPs. The Government’s goal is to eliminate POPs as soon as practicable by implementing the NIP. Since management of POPs involves an array of stakeholders, the Government has established a National Steering Committee chaired by the Permanent Secretary, Federal Ministry of Environment. Recognising the limitations and constraints of budgetary provision from the Government, the successful implementation of most of the activities planned will depend on the availability of international funding assistance from bilateral and multilateral sources. 3.2.2.4 Endorsement of the NIP NIP development process involved the active participation of an array of relevant stakeholders, including government ministries, departments and agencies; research institutions and universities; non-governmental organizations (including women’s and youth rights activists), community based organizations; and the media. The NIP has been reviewed, commented upon and endorsed by the appropriate stakeholders. 3.2.2.5 Objectives of the NIP The overall objective of the Updated National Implementation Plan, as indicated earlier, is to protect human health and the environment from impacts that are associated with the release of Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) through reduction in use and eventual elimination. The NIP is intended to achieve the following specific objectives: i) To demonstrate the commitment of the Government to the objectives of the Stockholm Convention and to achieve compliance with the obligations assumed as a Party to it; ii) To present the information base and associated analysis supporting the development and implementation of an effective Action Plan and Strategies to achieve reduction and elimination of newly-listed POPs with associated improvement of environmental quality and human health; 140 | P a g e iii) To provide the basis for monitoring the country’s progress in addressing newly-listed POPs issue chemicals, and specifically the effectiveness of the actions it has committed to in reducing or eliminating old POPs use and release to the environment; iv) To facilitate public awareness, education and participation in respect of the POPs issue and overall improvement in environmental and public health protection; v) To provide the operational and institutional framework for attraction of international assistance such as might be provided under the Stockholm Convention’s permanent financial mechanism for actions on POPs; and vi) To promote synergies with other related Conventions and international processes on chemicals management. 3.2.2.6 Coordination Mechanism of the Action Plan The NIP implementation arrangement will be put in place once the NIP has been approved and the post-NIP project prepared. The Federal Ministry of Environment (FMENV) will be the coordinating Ministry for the implementation of all facets of the action plan. The National Steering Committee for the Plan will be multi-stakeholder in composition involving relevant ministries of government, private sector, civil society organisations including NGOs and CBOs. The National Steering Committee shall serve as the think-tank and clearing house for all policy issues and decisions; and the consideration of the road map for the action plan implementation arrangements based on life cycle analysis approach. All segments of governance encompassing national, state and local governments shall be active participants in the implementation arrangements and activities thereby ensuring sustainability of the programme. National Coordination will look at the macro-management of the NIP in a holistic and integrated manner consistent with national development plans. The National Coordinator shall have over sight functions on the activities of Programme Officers. A Programme Officer may be responsible for the management of a sectoral programme or clusters of programmes towards ensuring the overall success of the NIP. Each action plan shall have its monitoring and evaluation unit. Financial reporting and Technical evaluation will be used to monitor and evaluate the success of NIP implementation projects. The coordination of Action Plans implementation at the state level will take into consideration distinctive governance structures, within the larger picture of the macro framework, that will be amenable to socio-political circumstances in each of the states. Nevertheless, such arrangements shall embed full use of the skills, experience and knowledge of a wide range of appropriate government entities, NGOs (including gender-groups), community groups, private sector, local governments and academic institutions in the implementation and review of the Project activities and state policy directives on POPs elimination. About 15% of the total Updated NIP cost will be devoted to overall management of post-NIP projects. The detail financial plan will be elaborated when implementation starts. Financial resources for Updated NIP implementation would be drawn from various sources, including budgetary allocations, 141 | P a g e ecological fund, bilateral and multilateral donors’ assistance, industry, as well as private sector participation. 3.2.2.7 Implementation principles of the NIP Result-oriented implementation of Reviewed and Updated NIP shall be guided by articulated principles as adopted by stakeholders at different fora:  Integrative stakeholders’ participation: effectiveness and sustainability of reviewed and updated NIP depend practically, in part, on the commitment of sectoral stakeholders in Government, Industry, labour, Civil Society Organisation, Gender Group, among others;  Coordinating mechanism: implementation of reviewed and updated NIP requires that an effective project planning and management structure be put in place, incorporating FMENV as lead organization and core stakeholders;  Observation of internationally recognized criteria, standards and guidelines that are amenable to Nigeria’s national circumstances;  Coherent integration of POPs issues within the overall environmental management, chemicals management and sustainable development policies;  Fostering cooperation, coordination, robust policy coherence, improved public confidence in projecting Nigeria’s collective commitment towards minimising/eliminating POPs and associated challenges;  Timely implementation of obligations will help to avoid the introduction of special exemptions;  Adherence to and use of BATs and BEPs for the reduction of POPs releases;  The precautionary principle which requires that where there is risk of serious irreversible adverse effects occurring, a lack of scientific certainty should not prevent or impair the taking of precautionary measures to protect the environment;  The polluter pays principle, which requires that any person causing adverse effect on the environment shall be required to pay in full social and environmental costs of avoiding, mitigating, and/or remediating those adverse effects. The right to a clean and healthy environment shall include right for access by any citizen to the various public elements or segments of the environment for recreational, educational, health, spiritual and cultural purposes;  Transparency in information sharing and exchange particularly related to monitoring and reporting on implementation activities; and  Access to environmental information, which enables citizens/residents to make informed personal choices and encourages improved performance by industry and Government, shall be promoted. 142 | P a g e 3.2.2.8 POPs-issues of national priority The following cross-cutting priorities have been identified during the Inventory Data Validation and Priority setting Workshop held in Abuja 16 – 17t September 2015, which formed strong basis for the Action Plans on POPs: i. Developing legislative and regulatory frameworks by relevant Stakeholders for effective management of POPs and other related chemical and waste cluster, aimed at ensuring the protection of human health and the environment in Nigeria. ii. Increasing institutional capacity of government departments/agencies and other institutions involved in implementation of the Rotterdam, Stockholm and other related Conventions and international processes on chemicals and wastes management. iii. Strengthening enforcement of relevant legislation and capacity of institutions responsible for POPs management. iv. Ensuring that FMENV and relevant stakeholders synergise and implement the action plan and management strategies for tackling identified POPs issues in Nigeria. v. Developing and implementing with relevant MDAs life cycle management approach for transportation of hazardous chemicals including POPs within the country. vi. Developing programmes and regulations on monitoring of POPs chemicals. vii. Developing mechanisms to promote proper management of stockpiles of POPs pesticides and PBDE, wastes and contaminated sites. viii. Establishing a coordination mechanism pertaining to POPs management. ix. Legacy obsolete POPs stockpiles in public and private stores, e.g. POP-pesticides in the agricultural sector, currently out of use and in deplorable technical condition, which might lead to serious accidents and pollution incidences. x. Opportunity for developing and maintaining simple, accessible and interactive database through sustained collaborative information sharing among stakeholders. xi. Section 12 (1) of the Nigerian Constitution stipulates that: No treaty shall have the force of law except the treaty has been enacted into law by the National Assembly. This constitutional provision has created capacity-gaps in the actionability and operationalisation of MEAs, vis-a-vis meeting their political and environmental objectives. xii. Mainstreaming thematic concepts of the treaties into national development plans is exigent, in line with global best practices in environmental governance. xiii. With respect to unintentional POPs, the country is very much on a learning curve and needs capacity building to assess the real baseline for these POPs and take appropriate actions. High levels of UPOPs are generated by open burning of Municipal and Agricultural Waste (MAW); gas flaring in the oil and gas sector; singeing of animal skins and hides to make ‘ponmo’, using cheap and accessible fuels such as firewood, scrap 143 | P a g e tyres, spent oils, used plastic materials, among others. These common practices levy heavy tolls on public health and the environment. xiv. A study conducted in Nigeria titled ‘’Exporting Reuse and Abuse to Africa’’ reported an annual importation of about 5 million Personal Computer units, with a weight estimated at 60,000 metric tons, a large percentage of which are unserviceable. These items contain over 1,000 different substances, many of which are toxic and create serious pollution upon unsound disposal. xv. The Global Best Environmental Practice is the acknowledgement and integration of gender dynamics vis-à-vis POPs management within policies and work places. This is in line with the 1985 Fourth International Women’s Conference and Principle 20 of the Rio Declaration on Environment and Development (1992), which made efforts to recognize and incorporate gender perspectives into environmental and sustainable development deliberations. 3.2.3.9 Conditionality for implementing updated NIP This NIP implementation can only be achieved under the following conditions, among others: • Government fund, human resources, logistic and technical infrastructures are provided as elaborated in the action plan and management strategies; • International assistance is provided as elaborated in the NIP action plan;  Effective integration of Public-Private-Partnership; and  Adoption of global best practices by the Industry. 3.3 Activities, Strategies and Time Frame This section outlines strategies and actions to be undertaken by Nigeria, with the view to actualising effective and efficient implementation of the National Implementation Plan as well as ensuring that all identified POPs issues and concerns are addressed and integrated into the national development process, in fulfilment of Nigeria’s obligations under the Stockholm Convention. These activities are based on Nigeria’s situation verified in various inventory exercises as well as at the intervention priorities that were determined during the Priority Setting Workshop. The Updated NIP, with the support of National Council on Environment, will as much as possible be mainstreamed into National Strategic Plans, the National Medium Term Expenditure Framework and the National Development Process starting with vision 20:2020. The tabulated implementation matrix capture information about the status of specific planned activity, responsible institution(s) and stakeholders for implementing this Plan, implementation timeframe, funding mechanism, required assistance (technical, logistic, etc.), performance indicators, detailed attendant costs and potential sources of enabling resources. The following Measures and Action Plans are covered in the Updated NIP: 144 | P a g e  Measures to strengthen the national institutional capacity and the legal framework for POPs management;  Action Plan for Production, import and export, use, stockpiles, and wastes of Annex A POPs pesticides (Annex A, Part I chemicals);  Action Plan for Production, import and export, use, stockpiles, and wastes of POPs of Industrial use;  Measures to reduce releases from unintentional production (Article 5);  Action Plan for Identification of contaminated sites (Annex A, B, and C Chemicals) and remediation in an Environmentally Sound Manner;  Action Plan for Facilitating or undertaking information exchange and stakeholder involvement;  Measure to increase Public awareness, information and education (Article 10);  Action Plan for Effectiveness evaluation (Article 16);  Action Plan for Research, development and monitoring (Article 11); and  Action plan for Technical and financial assistance (Articles 12 and 13). 145 | P a g e 3.3.1 Activity: Institutional and Regulatory Strengthening Measures Action Plan Activities Priority Ranking Outcomes / Outputs Performance Indicator Responsible Institutions Resou rce and needs Cost Estimate (USD) Funding Sources Time Line (1) Coordination of NIP Implementation Establish the inter-agency coordination group 3 Effective implementation of NIP Coordination group established Federal Ministry of Environment (FMENV) together with other relevant MDAs. Financ e, Logisti cs 100,000 Governme nt, multilater al and bilateral donors 2016 2017 (2) Development of the legislative framework in compliance with Stockholm, Basel and Rotterdam Conventions and with the Acquis Communautaire  Domestication of BRS Conventions and other relevant treaties.  Review of the existing national legislative framework and analysis on deficiencies.  Develop new legislation or improve the existing one to properly reflect 5 Legislative deficiencies identified the strategy for legislation improvement developed Legislation improved and harmonised with the Acquis Communautaire BRS Convention domesticated Legislation reflecting POPs issues developed FMEnv, Federal Ministry of Agriculture & rural development (FMA&RD), Federal Ministry of Labour and Employment (FML&E), Federal Ministry of Health (FMoH), Financ ial and Techn ical suppo rt 1, 800,000 European assistance “Twining”, Governme nt, other multilater al and bilateral donors 2016 2018 146 | P a g e POPs issues and in accordance with the Acquis Communautaire  Identify enforcement needs and mechanisms for implementation of the developed legislation. Federal Ministry of Finance (FMF) and Non Government al Organisation (NGO) (3) Development of the regulatory frameworks for registration of Pesticides within the country as precursor to complying with annex D of the Stockholm Convention Development of guidelines for pesticide registration. Establishment of pesticides and other allied chemical registration body and registration points. Identify enforcement needs and mechanisms for implementation 4 Safer coordination of pesticide trade sector Regulation on Pesticide management developed Registration body established Enforcement need developed FMEnv, FMF, FMA&RD, and Federal Ministry of Justice (FMJ), NAFDAC, SON and other relevant MDAs Financ ial and Techn ical suppo rt. 300,000 Governme nt multilater al and bilateral donors 2016 2018 147 | P a g e of the developed regulation. (4) Development of the National Pollutant Release and Transfer Registers Develop the National Pollutant Release and Transfer Registers in accordance with international classifications 4 Created the database of the chemicals in accordance with the international classifications (IUPAC, CAS, HS) Database created FMEnv, FMF, FMA&RD, NAFDAC and National Bureau of Statistics (NBS) Financ ial and Techn ical suppo rt, Server and comp uter hardw are 100,000 Governme nt multilater al and bilateral donors 2017 2019 (5) Development of the National Waste Management Action Plan including POPs Development of the Waste Management Action Plan taking into consideration the technical, organizational, environmental, economic and financial implications 5 Waste management action plan developed Waste management Action Plan developed FMEnv, Universities and Research Institutes, and other relevant stakeholders Financ ial and Techn ical suppo rt 100,000 Governme nt multilater al and bilateral donors 2016 2018 (6) Professional development of regulatory Accredited capacity 4 Competent and productive personnel Capacity of regulatory Officers and FMEnv, FMF, FMA&RD, FFS Financ ial and 200,000 Budgetary allocation, 2016 2017 148 | P a g e officers and emergency responder dealing with hazardous chemicals and waste enhancement programmes Effective service delivery emergency responders enhanced and other Institutions Techn ical suppo rt Donor support (7) To monitor compliance and enforce regulations on POPs Build capacity of regulatory agencies through training Programmes. Development of National standards for POPs regulation in Nigeria. Build capacity of enforcement officers and regulatory Agencies. 5 Reduction in POPs exposure Relevant monitoring Officers Trained. Standards for POPs regulation established. Enforcement and Compliance. FMEnv, Nigeria Customs Service (NCS), NESREA, FFS, State Ministries of Environment Financ ial and Techn ical Suppo rt 100,000 Budgetary allocation, Donor support 2017 2018 149 | P a g e 3.3.2 Activity: Production, Import and Export, Use, Stockpiles and Wastes of Annex A POPs pesticides (Annex A, Part I chemicals) Action Plans Activities Priority Rankin g Outcomes/Outpu t Performance Indicator Responsible Institutions Resource and needs Cost Estimate (USD) Funding Sources Time Line (1) Public Education, Awareness, Information and Enlightenment a. Develop mechanisms for awareness among stakeholders. b. Conduct public enlightenment campaign on POPs at national, state and local government levels. c. Print educative leaflets. d. Electronic and print media advertisements. e. Workshops in all the geopolitical zones. 5 Improved public awareness on POPs Mechanism for awareness raising developed Public enlightenmen t campaign conducted POPs-leaflets printed Workshop undertaken in geo-political zones Federal Ministry of Environmen t (FMEnv), Federal Ministry of Education (FME), Federal Ministry of Information (FMI), National Orientation Agency (NOA), Relevant NGOs, Industries and other relevant stakeholder s Financial and Technical support 400,000 Bilateral Donors Counterpart Funds 2017 2018 (2) Raising Awareness and Capacity Strengthen national capacities of government 5 All stakeholders fully aware of POPs issues Capacity Strengthened FMEnv, FMA&RD, FMoH, Financial and 600,000 Budgetary Allocation, 2016 2017 150 | P a g e Building of all Stakeholders institutions and local authorities, including NGOs Nigeria Customs Service (NCS), NGOs, all stakeholder s Logistic support Multinational Donors, GEF (3) Strengthening Institutional Capacities for POPs Management and Planning a. National legal framework b. Strengthen laboratories c. Establish synergy between Stockholm, Basel, Rotterdam and Minamata Conventions d. Strengthen Customs control capacity e. Monitor and evaluate POPs management f. Mainstream POPs management into National Development Plan g. Draft/review/endors e NIP h. Coordinate NIP implementation 3 Availability of National Waste Management Action Plan including POPs and professional development of civil servants dealing with POPs Legal frameworks developed. Laboratory strengthened for POPs analysis. Synergy between BRS and Minamata established. FMEnv, FMA&RD, FMoH, Universities , Customs, NGOs Financial Legislativ e and Technical support 1,000,000 GEF, AfDB, Ecological Fund, UNIDO 2016 2019 151 | P a g e i. Develop database of existing chemicals (4) Nationwide Inventory of POPs in Nigeria a. Inventory of POP pesticides in all the six geopolitical zones b. Emissions Inventory of UPOPs in all the six geopolitical zones c. Use optimal technology where necessary 4 Inventory Data for POP pesticides emission results for informed policy decision making POP-pesticide inventory database. FMEnv, FMA&RD, FMoH, and State Ministries Financial, Logistic and Technical support 500,000 800,000 GEF, USAID, Budgetary, 2016 – 2017 2016 2018 (5) Identification of all POPs Contaminated Hotspots a. Analyse extent of pollution b. Develop of site specific action plan and strategy c. Carry out digital mapping of all the hotspots 3 Quantified site specific data with digital map Site plan and strategy developed GIS map of all hotspots developed. FMEnv, FMA&RD, FMoH, FMST, and States’ Ministries Financial and Technical support 1,500,000 Budgetary, Ecological Fund, GEF, Other Donors 2016 2017 (6) Enhancement of occupational health and safety capacity programme a. Organize occupational health and safety training seminars b. Develop occupational health and safety policies framework 5 Improved professional corporate occupational health and safety policies Occupational health and safety policies frameworks developed. FMEnv, FMA&RD, FMoH, FMST, Federal Ministry of Labour & Employmen Financial and Technical support 600,000 Budgetary, DANIDA, JICA, Other Donors 2017 2018 152 | P a g e c. Demonstrate appropriate PPEs use while working with pesticides d. Legal framework for accident-free POPs work areas Legal framework for accident free POPs work area developed. t (FML&E), and States’ Ministries of Health and Environmen t (8) Implementatio n of Good Agricultural Practices a. Set up demonstration trials b. Prepare manuals for different crops and animals c. Train personnel for plant protection d. Introduce agro environmental measures 5 Effective and safe use of POPs in agriculture to increase productivity and protect the environment Manuals developed. Personnel trained on plant protection mechanism. Agro environment al measures developed. FMEnv, FMA&RD, Universities , NGOs, CropLife, FAO Financial and Technical support 850,000 FAO, World Bank, AfDB, Ecological Fund 2016 – 2019 (9) Improvement of National Technical and Analytical Capacity a. Establish a laboratory in each geopolitical zone b. Capacity building for the analytical professionals c. Provision of the laboratory equipment needed for sampling and analysis of POPs 4 Availability of facility for POPs analysis in Nigeria and database management for effectiveness evaluation Functional Laboratories established. Capacity of analytical professionals built. FMEnv, FMA&RD, FMoH, FMST, Federal Ministry of Education (FME), NCS, World Bank, Universities Financial and Technical support 15,000,00 0 Budgetary, Bilateral Donors, Multinational s, 2016 2020 153 | P a g e d. Training of laboratory staff e. Introduction of specific methods for different POPs analysis f. Accreditation of laboratories g. Develop sustainability plan h. Train key stakeholders on POPs monitoring i. Develop database of existing POPs j. Train data management personnel k. Create POPs information management system (10) Environmentall y Sound management of POP-waste Monitoring of stockpiles of POPs and its final disposal. Development of best approach to management and final disposal of E-waste stockpiles. 4 Minimisation of POPs contamination incidences. Stockpiles Monitored. Final disposal approach developed. FMEnv, FMoH, FMA&RD. State ADP Offices Financial, Logistics and Technical support 500,000 Budgetary, Bilateral and multilateral Donors. 2016 2018 154 | P a g e (11) Establishment of Eco-Bio Monitoring System a. Assess risk of various diseases and compare the effects in individuals who are in direct contact with POPs b. Screen for the most common diseases c. Monitor number of hospitalizations d. Assess risk of disease in the population living near the site where these POPs are found 2 Achieve higher level of health culture and education in the protection against possible harmful effects of РОРѕ on human health Risk of contracting diseases assessed. FMEnv, FMoH, FMA&RD, NAFDAC, Universities and Research Institutes. Financial and Technical support 500,000 Budgetary, UNICEF, AfDB, USAID, GEF 2016 2020 3.3.3 Activity: Production, import and export, use, stockpiles, and wastes of POPs of Industrial use (Article 6) Activities Action Plans Priority Rankin g Outcomes/Outp ut Performanc e Indicator Responsib le Institution s Resource and needs Cost Estimate (USD) Funding Sources Time Line (1) Full inventory of PBDEs country-wide Conduct a robust inventory of PBDEs in the country using optimal technology 3 Data obtained from PBDEs inventory for informed policy decision making PBDEs database established FMEnv, Partners: UNIDO, World Bank, Financial, Logistics and Technical support 1,500,00 0 GEF OEMs Part financing through budgetar 2016 – 2017 155 | P a g e Record of PBDEs-emission sources Updated Strategy for sound management of PBDEs OEMs and FFS y appropri ation Europea n Union UNDP (2) Evaluation of PBDEs contaminated sites 1. Analysis of extent of pollution of POPs (PBDEs) sites 2. Development of site specific action plan and strategy for management of PBDEs 3 Quantified site specific data Action plan for site specific management of POPs -PBDEs National Strategy for PBDEs management Site analysed Site specific action plan developed FMEnv, FMoH and other relevant stakehold ers Partners: UNIDO and OEMs. Financial and Technical support 500,000 GEF AfDB Ecologica l Fund other donors 2016 2017 (3) Provision of interim storage facilities for POPs prior to treatment and ultimate disposal 1. Construct interim storage facilities for PBDEs contaminated equipment 4 Best practice interim storage facilities for PBDEs contaminated equipment. Functional facility constructed . FMEnv Financial, Logistic and Technical support 4,000,00 0 GEF Ecologica l Fund other donors 2016 2017 156 | P a g e 2. Construct interim storage facilities for PCBs contaminated equipment Best Practice interim storage facilities for PCBs contaminated equipment (4) Training of stakeholders on analytical detection of POPs Conduct training for key stakeholders on detection of POPs (PCBs and PBDEs) in-situ; specifically on importation and in-use equipment and oil 5 Stakeholders capacity to detect POPs Training conducted FMEnv, NCSs Partner: UNIDO Financial and Technical support 200,000 GEF, Bilateral donors 2017 (5) Development of a harmonised database and clearing house on POPs management chemicals in the country Develop the database of existing POPs in the country in accordance with international classifications Create POPs Information Management System 4 Database of POPs in accordance with the international classifications (IUPAC, CAS, HS) Competent data management personnel Database created FMEnv, Federal Ministry of Communic ations (FMoC) Financial and Technical support 180,000 World Bank Counterp art fund UNIDO 2016 2017 157 | P a g e Training programme for Data management personnel (6) Occupational Health and Safety Capacity enhancement of programme for personnel involved in contact with management of POPs and other hazardous chemicals Organization of occupational health and safety training courses and seminars for management of POPs Development of Occupational Health and Safety Policies framework for management of POPs 5 Improved professional capacity Corporate Occupational Health and Safety Policies framework for management of hazardous chemicals, including POPs Safety training courses and seminars organised FMEnv, FML&E, FMA&RD and FMoH Financial and Technical support 400,000 Bilateral donors 2016 2017 3.3.4 Action plan: Measures to reduce releases from unintentional production (Article 5) Action Plans Activities Priority Rankin g Outcomes/Outp ut Performanc e Indicator Responsib le Institution s Resource and needs Cost Estimate (USD) Funding Sources Time Line (1) Nationwide Inventory of a. Emissions Inventory of UPOPs in all the 4 Inventory Data for UPOPs emission results Functional Database for UPOPs FMEnv, FMA&RD, FMoH and Compute r hardwar 800,000 GEF, USAID, 2016 2017 158 | P a g e POPs in Nigeria six geopolitical zones b. Use optimal technology where necessary c. Development of strategies for periodic review and updating of the inventory for each source category. for informed policy decision making emission inventory States’ Ministries of Environme nt e and software , Financial and Logistic support. Budgetar y, (2) Prevention of Uncontrolled Burning of Waste in Dumpsites a. Raising awareness in all the 774 LGAs and with personnel involved managing waste in all the LGAs. b. Undertake technical activities for prevention and control of fires 3 Reduce UPOPs Emissions Structure for enforcemen t control established, Awareness raising in 774 Local Govt. Areas FMEnv, States and LGAs Financial, Logistic and Technical supports 1,350,00 0 Ecologica l Fund, GEF, UNDP, World Bank, Bilateral Donors 2017 2018 159 | P a g e c. Review of laws and Policies covering activities that lead to generation of U POPs and where necessary, introduce new ones. d. Enhanced enforcement control with communal enterprises (PSP) involved in managing dumpsites e. Measures to discourage open burning using effective restriction and regulations by Federal, States and Local governments. 160 | P a g e f. Plans for closure of waste dumps g. Surveillance and monitoring of UPOPs emission sources. Development of schemes for the use of carbonaceous was to clean fuels, for cooking purposes (eg. Harvested typha grass to briquette) , (3) Sensitisation of Public and Private institutions and public awareness raising to a. Education, training and awareness raising of the risks of U-POPs and their management incorporated in 4 Knowledge about UPOPs raised in public and private institutions UPOPs manageme nt incorporate d into school curriculum. FMEnv, NUC, FME, NOA, NGO and other relevant MDAs Compute r hardwar e and software , National assembly 200,000 TETFund, GEF, UNDP, World Bank, Bilateral Donors 2015 2017 161 | P a g e increase knowledge on U-POPs impacts, its health and environment effects, sources of U POPs releases and general measures for their reduction/ elimination. education curriculum. b. Organisation of Town hall meetings, workshops, development of dissemination materials in three key Nigerian languages (Yoruba, Hausa and Igbo). c. Establishment of period workshop and training courses for Private and Public Workshop and town hall meetings organised with distribution of disseminati on materials (fliers, etc.) produced in 3 major Nigerian languages Periodic workshop undertaken. Advocac y, Logistic and financial support, Technical support. 450,000 250,000 162 | P a g e institutions to implement UPOPs reduction/elimin ation actions. (4) Legal and Institutional capacity building for reduction/ elimination of UPOPs emission a. Development of legislation, guidelines and practices of handling waste. b. Enforcement of regulations that ensure that hazardous waste is handles in the proper manner and by qualified personnel. Strengthening institution for promotion and enforcement of such standards, guidelines and practices of handling waste. 5 BATs/BEPs ensured in the handling of POPs and other hazardous waste Operative Regulations and Guidelines developed Effective monitoring and enforcemen t mechanism s in place Institutions strengthene d FMENV, NESREA, NPC, FMJ Financial and Technical Support 150,000 250,000 100,000 Nigerian Govt., GEF, Multilate ral and Bilateral donors 2015 2017 163 | P a g e (5) Effectiveness evaluation of the Efficiency of strategy adopted for minimising UPOPs releases. Develop mechanism for monitoring and reporting of efficiency of measures adopted for UPOPs and revising such where necessary. 4 Reduction in UPOPs emission nationwide Mechanism for monitoring efficiency in place. FMENV, TCN, States Ministry of environme nt and other relevant agencies Logistic and Financial support 150,000 Nigerian Govt., GEF, Multilate ral and Bilateral donors. 2016 2019 (6) Management approach for POP chemicals and related chemicals within Nigeria Development and implementation of life cycle management approach for transportation of POPs chemicals and related hazardous chemicals within Nigeria Environment. 4 Minimisation of exposure rate of POPs and other related hazardous chemicals nationwide Manageme nt approach developed FMENV, FRSC, NCS, Police Financial and Technical support 400,000 Budgetar y allocatio n, GEF, Multilate ral and Bilateral donors. 2016 2018 164 | P a g e 3.3.5 Strategy: Identification of contaminated sites (Annex A, B, and C Chemicals) and remediation in an environmentally sound manner Action Plans Activities Priority Rankin g Outcomes/Outp ut Performanc e Indicator Responsib le Institution s Resource and needs Cost Estimate (USD) Funding Sources Time Line (1) Proper Management of POPs Contaminated Sites a. Assess remediation technology options b. Select appropriate approach c. Carry out pilot remediation tests d. Evaluate effectiveness of selected clean up technology e. Develop prevention strategy, sustainability and replication plan 3 Contaminated sites remediated and cleaned up for a more sustainable environment with reduced health risks for effectiveness evaluation Clean up technology for contaminat ed site selected. Prevention strategy developed. FMEnv, FMA&RD, FMST, Federal Ministry of Works, Power and Housing (FMWP&H ) and TCN. Financial and Technical support 5,000,00 0 GEF, Budgetar y, World Bank, AfDB, Bilateral Donors 2017 2022 165 | P a g e (2) Evaluation of PBDEs contaminated sites 1. Contaminate d site characterisati on using developed toolkit 2. Analysis of extent of pollution of POPs (PBDEs) sites 3. Development of site specific action plan for management of PBDEs 3 Reduction in POPs contamination Quantified site specific data Action plan for site specific manageme nt of POPs PBDEs FMEnv, FMoH, Partner: UNIDO Financial and Logistic support 500,000 GEF, AfDB Ecologica l Fund Office and other donors 2016 2017 (3) Evaluation of the PCBs “hotspots” sites 1. Analysis of extent of pollution of PCBs hotspots sites 2. Developmen t of site specific action plan for management 3 Reduction in POPs contamination Quantified site specific data Action plan for site specific manageme nt of PCBs contaminati on FMEnv, Nigerian Electricity Regulatory Commissi on (NERC), TCN Financial and Logistic support 1,000,00 0 GEF, World Bank, AfDB 2016 166 | P a g e of hotspots sites (4) Contaminatio n of PBDEs, PFOS and their §thers (1) Assessment of levels of contamination of Polybrominated Diphenyl, its ethers, from consumer products. (2) Assessment of PFOS contamination from Fire fighting and related sectors. 4 Level of PBDEs and PFOS contamination for informed decision making. Personnel trained. Monitoring equipment and test kits procured. Database for level of assessed contaminati on level. FMENV, FMST, FMoH, other Relevant MDAs Financial, Technical and Logistic support 400,000 400,000 GEF World Bank, Governm ent budget, Multilate ral and Bilateral 2015 2018 (5) Pilot site remediation for clean-up of contaminated sites 1. Assessment of technology options for remediation of POPs contaminate d sites 2. Evaluation and selection of the remediation 4 Remediated land available for other industrial activities Selected remediation technology Contaminat ed sites remediated FMEnv, TCN Financial and Logistic support 1,500,00 0 GEF, World Bank, AfDB, Other donors 2016 2017 167 | P a g e technology to be employed 3. Pilot remediation of 2 hotspots sites using chosen/ approved remediation technology option (6) Promote technical training for management of POPs contaminated sites a. Undertake courses, workshops and seminars on management and reclamation of contaminated sites. b. Development and circulation of a guide on good practices and experiences for management of POPs contaminated sites. 3 More Reclaimed land available for other developmental activities Seminars, workshops and courses organised. Guide developed FMENV, TCN Financial and technical support. 300,000 300,000 Nigerian Govt., Multilate ral and Bilateral donors 2016 2020 168 | P a g e 3.3.6 Activity: Facilitating or undertaking information exchange and stakeholder involvement (Article 9) Activities Action Plans Priority Rankin g Outcomes/Outp ut Performanc e Indicator Responsib le Institution s Resource and needs Cost Estimate (USD) Funding Sources Time Line (1) Synergy assurance and information exchange among stakeholders a. Strengthening of the Chemical Information Exchange Network (CIEN) for awareness and information sharing for all chemical and waste associated projects. b. Development of Annual nationwide POPs Monitoring report 4 4 Increased awareness of hazardous chemicals and waste cluster. Increased Public access to information on annual POP pollution from industrial and other sources in each locality and/or nationwide released into air, discharged into rivers or Activities Action Plans Priority Ranking Outcomes/ Output Performan ce Indicator Responsib le Institution s Resource and needs Cost Estimate (USD) Funding Sources Time Line (1) Strengthening the national public awareness programme on POPs a. Develop mechanisms for awareness among stakeholders b. Conduct public enlightenment campaign on POPs at a national and state and local government levels. c. Print educative leaflets d. Electronic and print media advertisements 5 Improved public awareness Public enlighten ment campaign conducted Educative leaflets printed and circulated Workshop in geopolitica l zones conducted FMEnv Partners: FMI, Relevant NGOs, other relevant stakehold ers Financial and Technical support 400,000 Nigerian Govt., Bilateral & Multilate ral donors 2016 2017 FMENV and other relevant MDAs FMENV and other relevant MDAs Financial and Technical support Financial and Technical support 100,000 150,000 Nigerian Govt., GEF, UNEP, Bilateral donors Nigeria Govt., GEF, UNEP, Bilateral donors 2017 2018 2016 2020 169 | P a g e transferred off site as waste. e. Workshops in all the geopolitical zones (2) Raising Awareness and Capacity Building of all Stakeholders Strengthen national capacities of government institutions and local authorities, including NGOs. Periodic Advocacy and Sensitisation workshop for executive and members of National Assembly on Health and Environmental impact of POPs. 4 Improved awareness Improved Executive and National Assembly Support for POPs elimination Capacity of govt. institutions , local authorities and NGOs strengthen ed Executive and National Assembly members sensitised FMENV, FMI, FMoC, TCN, NGO and other relevant stakehold ers FMENV, FMI, other relevant stakehold ers Financial and Technical support 500,000 250,000 Nigerian Govt., GEF, Multilate ral and Bilateral donors. GEF, Multilate ral and Bilateral donors. 2016 2017 2016 2017 (3) Raising national public Sensitisation and awareness raising visit to abattoirs on the 5 Reduced health issues from meat processing Environme ntally safe approache s for meat FMENV, FMoH, NGO and other Financial and Technical support 100,000 Nigerian Govt., GEF, Bilateral 2016 2018 170 | P a g e awareness programme danger of burning animal skins with used tyres. Demonstration of safer meat processing technology e.g. blow torch. processing establishe d. Safer technology introduced . relevant stakehold ers 250,000 and Multilate ral donors. (4) Promote training courses on the Stockholm Convention and POPs management in Educational Institutions Carry out intensive training programme on chemical management focusing on POPs. Carry out distance learning course – introduction to the Stockholm Convention and POPs management. Carry out seminars, 4 Improved awareness and Education Report of training Programm e on POPs Chemicals. Report of Seminars and training Workshop Educative leaflets printed and circulated FMENV, FMI, FMoC, NGO and Other relevant stakehold ers Financial and Technical support 500,000 Nigerian Govt., GEF, Multilate ral and Bilateral donors. 2016 2019 171 | P a g e Functional and Populated Website Annual report document training courses and demonstration projects in the scope of Specific Action Plans. (2) To strengthen the national capacity to collect and use multi-sectoral information Identify the resource persons. Carry out a needs assessment 4 Improved collection and usage of multi sectoral information Resource persons Identified Needs assessment Report Training materials FMENV, NAFDAC, NESREA, FMA&RD, NGOs, CBOs, FMI, State governme nt Financial and Technical Support 150,000 Nigerian Govt., Bilateral & Multilate ral donors 2016 2018 172 | P a g e Develop training materials and Programmes Carry out training Developed Training organised 3.3.7 Activity: Public awareness, Information and Education (Article 10) 173 | P a g e 3.3.8 Activity: Effectiveness Evaluation (Article 16) Activities Action Plans Priority Rankin g Outcomes/Outp ut Performanc e Indicator Responsib le Institution s Resource and needs Cost Estimate (USD) Funding Sources Time Line (1) Strengthening of National Capacity for POPs Monitoring. Establishment of at least two Passive Air Monitoring sites in each of the 6 geo-political zones. Establishing periodic Bio monitoring programmes (Terrestrial and Aquatic) for POPs based on the international commitments of Nigeria. Support public reference laboratories 5 5 5 National Database of POPs in Nigeria Environment. National Database of POPs in Nigeria Environment. Enhanced Reference Lab capacity for Functional Monitoring Stations. Functional Monitoring Station and Efficient Database Improved reference Labs. FMENV FMENV, NBS FMENV, Geo-Labs, other Financial and Technical support Technical Support Financial and Technical support 1,500,00 0 3,000,00 0 1,500.00 0 Nigerian Govt., GEF, Multilate ral and Bilateral donors. GEF, Bilateral donors GEF, Multilate ral and 2016 – 2018 2016 – 2020 2016 2020 174 | P a g e for monitoring POPs, particularly U-POPs. POPs Analysis in the Country stakehold ers Bilateral donors. (2) Checking current hazards of POPs on Health. Risk Assessment analysis for foods and industrial chemicals. 4 Risk Assessment report POPs Risk of food Profiled FMENV, FMoH, FMA&RD, NAFDAC, TCN Financial and Technical support 1,000,00 0 National Govt., GEF, Multilate ral and Bilateral donors. 2016 2018 3.3.9 Activity: Research, development and monitoring (Article 11) Activities Action Plans Priority Rankin g Outcomes/Outp ut Performanc e Indicator Responsib le Institution s Resource and needs Cost Estimate (USD) Funding Sources Time Line (1) Improvement of National Technical and Analytical Capacity a. Establish a laboratory in each geopolitical zone b. Capacity building for the analytical professionals c. Provision of the laboratory equipment needed for 5 Availability of facility for POPs analysis in Nigeria and database management for effectiveness evaluation. Effective, Accurate and Efficient POPs Analysis. Functional Laboratory. Well Kitted lab Personnel. FMEnv, FMA&RD, FMoH, FMST, Federal Ministry of Education (FME), NCS, Partner: World Bank, Financial and Technical support 15,000,00 0 Nigerian Govt., GEF, World Bank, Bilateral Donors and Multinat ional Compan y. 2016 2020 175 | P a g e sampling and analysis of POPs d. Training of laboratory staff e. Introduction of specific methods for different POPs analysis f. Accreditation of laboratories g. Develop sustainability plan h. Train key stakeholders on detection of POPs i. Develop database of existing POPs j. Train data management personnel k. Create POPs information management system Universitie s. Development of researches on the 4 Accurate and up-to-date Measureme nt method developed FMENV, NESREA, FMF, Financial and 1,500,000 Nigerian Govt., GEF, 2016 2020 176 | P a g e (2) Enhancing researches on POPs and their alternatives. measurement methods of POPs releases from transportation sector. measurement method FMST, Universitie s, National Research Institutes (NRI) Technical support Bilateral & Multilat eral Donors, and Multinat ionals Promote Research on the health implications of exposure to POPs-chemicals from degradation of car materials as a result of harsh weather condition in Nigeria 4 Reduced POPs exposure from degraded car materials Toolkit for measuring car degradation developed FMENV, FMST, NRI Financial and Technical support 2,000,000 Nigerian Govt., GEF, Bilateral & Multilat eral Donors and Multinat ionals 2016 2020 (3) Promote research, development and innovation on Establish support/incentiv es mechanism for cleaner and POPs-free technologies. 4 Reduced POPs exposure due to increase use of Cleaner and POP-free Technologies in the Country. Novel cleaner technologie s developed FMENV, FMST, NARICT, other research institution s Financial and Technical support 3,500,000 Nigerian Govt., GEF, Bilateral Donors, & Multinat ionals 2016 2020 177 | P a g e POPs and their alternatives. Development of study on existing technologies to dispose of POPs. 4 Appropriate BATs/BEPs to dispose of POPs in different sector identified. BATs/BEPs Disposal options established FMENV, FMST, NARICT, other research institution s Financial and Technical support 500,000 Nigerian Govt., GEF, Bilateral Donors, & Multinat ionals 2016 2018 3.3.10 Activity: Technical and financial assistance (Articles 12 and 13) Activities Action Plans Priority Rankin g Outcomes/Outp ut Performanc e Indicator Responsib le Institution s Resource and needs Cost Estimate (USD) Funding Sources Time Line (1) Participation in international assessments of POPs Rendering timely and appropriate technical assistance in response to requests from developing country Parties and Parties with economies in transition. 4 Improved technologies of beneficiary economy Feasible Technologic al transfer to developing economies FMENV, other relevant institution s Technical Support 500,000 Nigerian Govt., GEF, Bilateral Donors, & Multinati onals 2018 2020 (2) Regional and bilateral Assisting developing 4 Improved National Mainstream ed Sound Chemicals FMENV, Other relevant Financial and 500,000 Nigerian Govt., GEF, 2016 2018 178 | P a g e development assistance countries to mainstream sound management of chemicals including POPs in their National developmental strategies Chemicals Management Manageme nt in National Developme nt Plan institution s Technical Support Bilateral Donors, & Multinati onals (3) Sourcing for financial assistance towards the successful implementati on of the Convention Financial needs assessment. Identify sources of Financial assistance. Requisition for financial assistance through proposal Writing. 5 Adequate Funding Support for the Convention Implementation Documents showing financial needs List of potential Donors identified Number of proposals prepared and submitted FMENV, FMF, Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MFA) Financial Support 5,000 2,000 3,000 Nigerian Govt., Bilateral donors 2016 2018 179 | P a g e 3.3.11 Activity: Mainstreaming Gender Perspective Activities Action Plans Priority Rankin g Outcomes/Outp ut Performanc e Indicator Responsib le Institution s Resource and needs Cost Estimate (USD) Funding Sources Time Line (1) Sensitisation and Awareness raising among women to increase knowledge on POPs exposure, its health and environment effects Advocacy for women farmers on minimising exposure to Agricultural Pesticides 4 Improved women farmers Support for Agricultural Pesticides exposure minimisation Sensitised women farmers. Report of Workshop/ Town-hall meeting. FMEnv, FMI, FME,FMA &RD, Federal Ministry of Women Affairs (FMWA) and NGO Financial Support 300,000 Nigerian Govt., GEF, Bilateral & Multilate ral Donors, and Multinati onals 2016 2018 Sensitisation of rural Women on traditional practices that could lead to POPs exposure e.g. Using of tyre scraps for cooking and land clearance; and Open Burning; fossil fuel and firewood. 4 Reduced POPs exposure among rural women Rural women sensitised on risk of POPs exposure through traditional practices FMEnv, FMI, FMA&RD, FMWA and NGO. Financial Support 500,000 Nigerian Govt., Bilateral and Multilate ral donors 2016 2019 180 | P a g e Identification of Best Practicable Environmental Options (BPEOs) for domestic chores e.g. use of cleaner energy 5 Reduce POPs related health conditions Practicable Cleaner technology identified for domestic chores FMEnv, FMST, Energy Commissi on of Nigeria (ECN) Financial Support 300,000 Nigerian Govt., Bilateral and Multilate ral donors 2016 2018 (2) Bio monitoring of POPs exposure among rural women Bio-monitoring for POPs exposure among rural women using biotic measures. (Human Milk and Blood Samples) 4 Statistics on POPs exposure among rural women. POPs exposure among rural women monitored FMEnv, FMoH, FMWA Financial Support 250,000 Nigeria Govt., Bilateral donors 2016 2018 3.3.12 Activity: BAT and BEP assurance in POP Management (Article 5(b-f) and Annex C Part V) Activities Action Plans Priority Rankin g Outcomes/Outp ut Performance Indicator Respons ible Instituti ons Resource and needs Cost Estimate (USD) Funding Sources Time Line (1) Promotion of BATs/BEPs for sound POPs Disposal or Destruction Establishment of pilot cleaners production centre for the promotion of BATs/BEPs 5 Reduce POPs Exposure using safer technology Safer technology identified and itemised FMEnv, FMST, FMoH Financial and Technical Support 6,000,00 0 Nigerian Govt., GEF, Bilateral and Multilate 2018 2021 181 | P a g e Functional Centre ral donors Establishment of BATs/BEPs Centre for environmentally safe disposal of potentially hazardous consumer products and industrial wastes 5 Reduce Industrial POPs Exposure using safer technology Safer technology identified and itemised Functional Centre FMEnv, FMST, FMIT&I, FMoH Financial and Technical Support 6,000,00 0 Nigeria Govt., Bilateral and Multilate ral donors 2018 2021 Introduction of BATs and BEPs methodology to demonstrate reduction or elimination of Unintentionally produced POPs releases from Mining, Cement, Petroleum (Gas Flaring) and related Industries in response to the Stockholm Convention on POPs. 4 Reduce U-POPs related health conditions Practicable Cleaner technology identified for mining, petroleum, cement and related industries. FMENV, FMITI, Federal Ministry of Mines and Steel Develop ment (FMM& SD), Federal Ministry of Petroleu m (FMP) Financial and Technical support 3,000,00 0 Nigerian Govt., Bilateral and Multilate ral donors 2018 2021 182 | P a g e Development of safer alternatives to POPs-Pesticide. 5 Reduce incidences of POPs-pesticide exposure Report of identified safer alternatives FMEnv, FMST, FMA&R D NABDA, NARICT, Financial and Technical Support 500,000 Nigerian Govt., Bilateral and Multilate ral donors 2016 2018 Development and demonstration of Best Environmental Options in the management of contaminated pesticide containers. 4 Reduce incidences of POPs exposure from unsound use of empty pesticide containers Best Environmenta l Options Identified FMEnv, FMA&R D, FMST, FMoH Financial and Technical Support 600,000 Nigerian Govt., Bilateral and Multilate ral donors 2016 2019 Demonstration of Best Available Techniques/Best Environmental Practices (BATs/BEsP) in the management of industrial chemicals 5 Reduce Industrial POPs Exposure through use of safer technology Best Strategy for sound management of Industrial chemicals FMEnv, FMST, FMIT&I Financial and Technical support 1,500,00 0 Nigerian Govt., Bilateral and Multilate ral donors 2017 2019 Pilot Project for the upgrade of existing HealthCare 4 Reduced cases of health issues arising from Upgraded HCW Facilities FMEnv, FMST, FMIT&I Financial and Technical support 2,500,00 0 Nigerian Govt., Bilateral and 2017 2021 183 | P a g e Waste (HCW) Incineration Facilities for Improved Removal & Destruction Efficiency. exposure to HCW Multilate ral donors Demonstration of non combustion technologies in medical waste management cycle, as well as other hazardous chemicals and wastes. 5 Reduce incidences of U POPs emission. Practicable Non combustion technologies identified. Report of Pilot technologies. FMEnv, FMST, Financial and Technical support 600,000 Nigerian Govt., Bilateral and Multilate ral donors 2017 2018 Pilot Project for the upgrading of Toxic Waste Incineration Facilities for Improved Removal & Destruction Efficiency 4 Reduced cases of health issues arising from exposure to HCW Upgraded HCW Facilities FMEnv, FMST, FMIT&I Financial and Technical support 3,200,00 0 Nigerian Govt., GEF, Bilateral and Multilate ral donors 2017 2021 (2) BATs/BEPs demonstratio n Demonstration of BATs and BEPs in the 4 Reduced Lead Acid exposure Practicable Management FMEnv, FMST Technical and 500,000 GEF, Nigerian Govt., 2016 2018 184 | P a g e management of Used Lead Acid Battery (U-LAB) Options identified Financial Support (3) Promotion of ECO Products and Articles Strengthening National capacity for promotion of National ECO labelling in Products and Articles 3 Reduction in cost of waste treatment. National ECO Stamps in products FMEnv, FMIT&I, CPC, Customs , NAFDAC , MAN, NGO Financial and Technical support 500,000 Nigeria Govt., Bilateral and Multilate ral donors 2017 2018 Enabling Activity for joining the Global Ecolabelling Network (GEN) 3 Improved environmental health Membership of the GEN. Report of stakeholders Commitment workshop on implementing GEN Obligations FMEnv, FMIT&I, NPC, CPC, NCS, MAN Financial Support 500,000 Nigeria Govt., Bilateral and Multilate ral donors 2018 2019 (4) Promotion of BATs and Pilot Project for reduction of Vehicular Exhaust Emission 4 Reduced Health effects arising from exhaust emissions Reduction System identified. Report of reduction strategy. FMEnv, FMS&T, National Automo tive Council (NAC), FRSC, Financial Support 500,000 Nigeria Govt., Bilateral and Multilate ral donors 2017 2018 185 | P a g e BEPs sector for sound management of emissions in the transport sector DRTS, NATA Pilot Project for upgrading MOT testing facility, incorporating Modern Exhaust gas Emission Equipment 4 Reduced Health Incidences arising from exhaust emissions Functional Modern MOT testing facility with Up-to date Exhaust Emission Monitoring Equipment FMEnv, DRTS, FRSC. Technical & Financial Support 350,000 Nigerian, Govt., GEF, Bilateral donor 2017 2018 Capacity Building for monitoring of Vehicular Exhaust Emissions nationwide 4 Reduced Health Incidences arising from exhaust emissions Capacity for nationwide Exhaust Emission Monitoring built. Data of Continuous Nationwide monitoring FMEnv, FRSC, FCT & States DRTS, Technical & Financial Support 1,000,00 0 Nigeria Govt., Bilateral and Multilate ral donors 2017 2019 Management of End-of-Life Vehicles 5 Reduced environmental impact of ELVs Functional Car crushing facilities in Six Geo-political zones. Metal Recycling Facilities. FMEnv, FMST, FMT, DRTS, NATA Technical & Financial Support 10,000,0 00 Nigeria Govt., GEF, EU, Car Manufac turing Compani es (Toyota, 2018 2022 186 | P a g e Pilot car accessories recycling facility. Data of national ELVs Ford, BMW, M. Benz, Peugeot etc.) other Bilateral and Multilate ral donors 187 | P a g e References 1. Abbott, et al., (2007): Perfluorooctanoic Acid Induced Developmental Toxicity in the Mouse Dependent on Expression of Peroxisome Proliferator Activated Receptor‐alpha. Toxicol .Sci. 98, 571‐581. 2. Abdulraheem, N. (2010): Protection of Women’s Rights under the Nigerian Plural Legal System January. 3. Adeleye, A. 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UNEP Chemicals (1999): “Guidelines for the identification of PCBs and PCB‐containing equipment”, 90. UNEP (1992): United Nations Framework on Climate Change. http://www.chem.unep.ch/POPS/POPs Inc/INC 2/infs/downloads/inf8.doc http://archive.basel.int/pub/pcbManualE.pdf http://www.pops.int/ 192 | P a g e 91. UNEP (1998): Inventory of global PCB- destruction capacities. Available at archive.basel.int/pub/pcbManualE.pdf. 92. UNEP, (2012): Guidance for the inventory of perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) and related chemicals listed under the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Or ganic Pollutants Available at http://chm.pops.int/Implementation/NIPs/Guidance/tabid/28 82/Default.aspx. 93. UNEP, (2012): Guidance for the inventory of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) listed under the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants. Available at http://www.unido.org/fileadmin/user media/Services/Environmental Manag ement/Stockholm Convention/Guidance Docs/UNEP‐POPS‐GUID‐NIP‐2012‐PBDEs‐ Inventory.En.pdf. 94. UNIDO (2014): “Inventory training on NIP Update in Nigeria PFOS” 95. Vijgen. J. (2002): Evaluation of Demonstrated and Emerging Remedial Action Technologies for the Treatment of Contaminated Land and Groundwater (Phase III). 96. WAAPP-Nigeria (2013): Report of a Baseline Study on Status of Use, Registration and Regulation of Pesticides in Nigeria. West Africa Agricultural Productivity Programme (WAAPP). 97. Wania F, Dugani C.B. . (2003): assessing the long-range transport potential of polybrominated diphenyl ethers: a comparison of four multimedia m odels. Environ Toxicol Chem, 22,1252– 1261. 98. WHO/UNEP, (2013): The state‐of‐the-science of endocrine disrupting chemicals-2012. In : Bergman Å, Heindel JJ, Jobling S, Kidd KA, Zoeller RT, (eds) Geneva: UNEP/WHO. Available at: http://www.who.int/ceh/publications/endocrine/en/in dex.html. 99. Williams, A. B. (2013): Residue Analysis of Organochlorine Pesticides in Water and Sediments. African Journal of Environmental Science and Technology. Vol. 7(5), pp. 267-273, May 2013 DOI: 10.5897/AJEST12.214 ISSN 1996-0786 ©2013 Academic Journals http://www.academicjournals.org/AJEST. 100. Wong, et al (2007): Export of toxic chemicals a review of the case of uncontrolled electronic‐ waste recycling. Environ Poll 149:131–140. http://chm.pops.int/Implementation/NIPs/Guidance/tabid/2882/Default.aspx http://chm.pops.int/Implementation/NIPs/Guidance/tabid/2882/Default.aspx http://www.unido.org/fileadmin/user media/Services/Environmental Management/Stockholm Convention/Guidance Docs/UNEP‐POPS‐GUID‐NIP‐2012‐PBDEs‐Inventory.En.pdf http://www.unido.org/fileadmin/user media/Services/Environmental Management/Stockholm Convention/Guidance Docs/UNEP‐POPS‐GUID‐NIP‐2012‐PBDEs‐Inventory.En.pdf http://www.unido.org/fileadmin/user media/Services/Environmental Management/Stockholm Convention/Guidance Docs/UNEP‐POPS‐GUID‐NIP‐2012‐PBDEs‐Inventory.En.pdf http://www.who.int/ceh/publications/endocrine/en/index.html http://www.who.int/ceh/publications/endocrine/en/index.html http://www.academicjournals.org/AJEST 193 | P a g e Annexes 194 | P a g e Annex I: Coordination Mechanism S/N Project Steering Committee Project Coordinating Unit Organisation Contact Person S/N Names 1. Federal Ministry of Environment Permanent Secretary/Chair 1. Yunuss, A-G 2. Federal Ministry of Finance Mr. A. O. Bernard 2. Adesina Adetitun 3. Federal Ministry of Justice Mrs. Hauwa Mapindi 3. Dahiru Ibrahim 4. Federal Ministry of Health Mr. Fatai Olanrewaju 4. Bolori A. Tahir 5. Federal Ministry of Agriculture & Rural Dev. Mrs. Florence Ononiwu 5. Maranzu Vera 6. Federal Ministry of Science and Technology Momah Enang 6. Aminu Fausat 7. Federal Ministry of Industry, Trade and Investment Mr. C. F. Onuorah 7. Amadi Charles 8. Federal Ministry of Information Mr. Charles Ojugbana 8. Ezeanochie Johnson 9. Transmission Company of Nigeria (TCN) Engr. Olisa Okoli 9. Akunwa Ifeoma 10. National Planning Commission Mr. V. D. Mallo 10. Dangana Inebhari 11. Nigeria Customs Service DCC. Alfa Adamu Ibrahim 11. Nwachukwu Ada 12. BCRCC, Ibadan Prof. O. O. Osibanjo 12. Suleman Bashiru 13. Academia Prof. B. Alo (UNILAG) 13. Okoli Obinna 14. CropLife Nigeria President 15. Nigeria ASP Implementation Network (NASPIN) Leslie Adogame 195 | P a g e Annex II: List of Participants at POPs Inventory Training Workshop S/N Name Designation ORGANIZATION EMAIL/TELEPHONE 1. Mr A.K. Bayero Director FMEnv 2. Dr. Idris A. Goji Deputy Director FMEnv 3. Theodore M. Nwaokwe Deputy Director FMEnv theodorenwaokwe2002@yahoo.com 4. Florence Ononiwu Deputy Director FMARD ononiwuflorence@yahoo.com 5. Ajiboye, Dorcas E. Deputy Director FML&P Dorcas ajiboye@yahoo.com 6. Aanu Basil Assistant Director FMEnv aanuisrael@gmail.com aanubasil@gmail.com 7. Onuourah Francis Assistant Director FMITI francompouls@yahoo.com 08024197776 8. Idi Moh’d Maleh Assistant Director FMEnv idimmaleh@yahoo.com 9. Abiola-Awe I. E. (Mrs) Assistant Director FMEnv iniabiolawe@yahoo.co.uk 10. Yunuss Abdul-Ganiyu Chief Environmental Scientist FMEnv agyunuss@yahoo.co.uk 11. Mr. Fatai S. O. Chief Scientific Officer FMoH OLANREWAJU1968@yahoo.com 08036086768 12. Ojideh J. C. Chief Scientific Officer FMoH ojide24@yahoo.com 07030499735 13. Dr. E. Moma Assistant Chief Scientific Officer FMST eemoma@yahoo.com 08037040646 14. Mr. Olawale Akande Assistant Chief Environmental Scientist FMEnv a olawale2000@yahoo.com 08033029439 mailto:theodorenwaokwe2002@yahoo.com mailto:ononiwuflorence@yahoo.com mailto:Dorcas ajiboye@yahoo.com mailto:aanuisrael@gmail.com mailto:aanubasil@gmail.com mailto:francompouls@yahoo.com mailto:idimmaleh@yahoo.com mailto:iniabiolawe@yahoo.co.uk mailto:OLANREWAJU1968@yahoo.com mailto:ojide24@yahoo.com mailto:eemoma@yahoo.com mailto:a olawale2000@yahoo.com 196 | P a g e S/N Name Designation ORGANIZATION EMAIL/TELEPHONE 15. Dr. Livinus Nnamdi Nwankwo Principal Environmental Scientist FMEnv nnamdi2livi@yahoo.com 08037647155 16. Mr. Adenigba Olabode Principal Environmental Scientist FMEnv 08034047863 17. Dauda Musa Environmental Officer FMEnv dauda.musa@yahoo.com 08036866283 18. Mr. Oridele Foluso Senior Environmental Scientist FMEnv 07033758213 19. Mr. Adetitun Adesina Aderemi Senior Environmental Scientist FMEnv reminew76@hotmail.com 20. Sakwe Qunita Senior Environmental Scientist FMEnv 21. Dangiwa Ewa O. Senior Scientific Officer FMEnv 08065748802 22. O.B.A. Gbetsere Senior Environmental Health Officer FMEnv 08024247925 23. Suleiman A. U. Senior Technical Officer FMEnv 08166459393 24. Engr. Ezeamasiobi Emeka E. Senior Computer Engineer FMCT ezeamasiobi@yahoo.com 25. Engr. Obinna Opata Chemical Engineer I FMEnv 08028343610 26. K. O. Akinola Environmental Health Officer FMEnv 07038655975 27. Kelani Kadri O. Scientific Officer I FMEnv 08069642186 28. Aishatu Isah Scientific Officer I FMEnv 07039266166 29. Ibeneme Joy Ifeoma Inspector Of Factory I FML&P Jifeoma10@yahoo.com 30. Engr. Musa Nurudeen Environmental Engineer II FMEnv 08065607805 31. Engr. Dahiru Ibrahim Environmental Engineer II FMEnv 08037042083 mailto:nnamdi2livi@yahoo.com mailto:dauda.musa@yahoo.com mailto:reminew76@hotmail.com mailto:ezeamasiobi@yahoo.com mailto:Jifeoma10@yahoo.com 197 | P a g e S/N Name Designation ORGANIZATION EMAIL/TELEPHONE 32. Maranzu Vera Scientific Officer II FMEnv Vera Maranzu@yahoo.com 33. Mr. Bello Abdulkadri Bolakale Scientific Officer II FMEnv 08189523021 34. Mr. Amos Ishaya Scientific Officer II FMEnv ai.elma@yahoo.com 08038511776 35. Jimoh Azeez O. Scientific Officer II FMEnv 08032265631 36. Mr. Ahmed Bah Scientific Officer II FMEnv ahmedbah934@yahoo.com 08033267632 37. Ms. Aletagbor Victoria Taiye Scientific Officer II FMEnv 08034519412 38. Mrs. Aladesawe Fausat Scientific Officer II FMEnv 08144451480 39. Mr. Amadi Charles Ifeanyi Scientific Officer II FMEnv 08106246282 40. Mr. Musa Lawan Scientific Officer II FMEnv 08160918747 41. Mr. Seun Badejo Scientific Officer II FMEnv 08036173816 42. Mr. Musa Abdullahi Abarshi Scientific Officer II FMEnv 08038405545 43. Mr Olayemi Arowosegbe Scientific Officer II FMEnv 07084075210 44. Miss Iheanacho Roseline C. Scientific Officer II FMEnv 07064799161 45. Miss Nnanke O. Leko Scientific Officer II FMEnv 07063675154 46. Dangana Inebhari Scientific Officer II FMEnv 08063331626 47. Ogunde A. M. Scientific Officer II FMEnv 48. Edomwandagbon Edward Osagie Scientific Officer II FMEnv 08033701614 49. Benjamin Onah Renshaw - FMEnv 08060585743 50. Mr. Babayo Abdullahi HEO FMEnv 08022990982 51. Mrs. Agnes Agbontenagbele Ogu CS II FMEnv 08023043589 52. Mr. Onoja Damian CS II FMEnv 08064721174 mailto:Vera Maranzu@yahoo.com mailto:ai.elma@yahoo.com mailto:ahmedbah934@yahoo.com 198 | P a g e S/N Name Designation ORGANIZATION EMAIL/TELEPHONE 53. Zubairu Kasimu CCO FMEnv 08036834082 54. Ijiomah C. Joy Environmental Scientist FMT ijiomahcjoy@gmail.com 55. Okhaifoh Joy EDO II FMARD Madugbaj@yahoo.com 56. Prof. O. Osibanjo Director Basel Centre University Of Ibadan oosibanjo@yahoo.com 57. Bosun Oladimeji Consultant Best Environmental Solution Tools bosunoladimeji@yahoo.com 08034039144 58. Dr. O. O. Dada Consultant/Expert Newport Technologies droodada@yahoo.com 08033118237 59. Stephen Sekav Dzever Legal Practitioner Caleb Mutfwang & Co. skoozyz@yahoo.com caleblegal@yahoo.com 08139564008 60. Christian Ihenacho President/Ceo Oji Environmental Services ojiventures@gmail.com 08091849249 61. Garba D. Hadejia Deputy Manager NNPC garba.hadejia@nnpcgroup.com 62. Olaomi Adenike Officer, ESIA NNPC adenike.mowo@nnpcgroup.com 08030577920 63. Temitope-Ogunsola P. ASF Ii Federal Fire Service pelumiotitoju@yahoo.com 08050698540 64. Olugbenga Adeyemi Assistant Director AEPB olugbengat2004@gmail.com 65. Onwuka Chris State Secretary AFAN amaonye@yahoo.com 08035977833 66. Ezebuiro N. C. Scientific Officer National Biotech. Development Agency 201ceepee@gmail.com 09035680569 mailto:ijiomahcjoy@gmail.com mailto:Madugbaj@yahoo.com mailto:oosibanjo@yahoo.com mailto:bosunoladimeji@yahoo.com mailto:droodada@yahoo.com mailto:skoozyz@yahoo.com mailto:caleblegal@yahoo.com mailto:ojiventures@gmail.com mailto:garba.hadejia@nnpcgroup.com mailto:adenike.mowo@nnpcgroup.com mailto:pelumiotitoju@yahoo.com mailto:olugbengat2004@gmail.com mailto:amaonye@yahoo.com mailto:201ceepee@gmail.com 199 | P a g e S/N Name Designation ORGANIZATION EMAIL/TELEPHONE 67. Adeboye Seyi Scientific Officer National Biotech. Development Agency oluseyiadeboye@yahoo.com 08036047066 68. Shittu H. EFP WAAPP-Nig Shussain310@yahoo.co.uk 69. Kuzhkuzha D. M. AEFP WAAPP-Nig danielmanarwa@yahoo.com 70. Dr. Edu Inam Snr. Lecturer University of Uyo eduinam235@gmail.com 08181750861 71. Dr. Michael P. Okoh Lecturer University of Abuja okoh.michael@gmail.com 72. Ojobor Ngozi Environment Officer FAAN eneojobor@yahoo.com 73. Leslie Adogame National Coordinator NASPIN (NGO) ame adogame@hotmail.com 08033301305 74. M. O. Akeju DD(QAD) CPC lolakaju@yahoo.com 08086402316 75. Kemi Oladipo SLT CPC Oladayo77@yahoo.com 76. Engr. Olisa M. Okoli AGM(CR&E) TCN olisadebeokoli@yahoo.com 08033904855 77. V. D. Mallo Acpo NPC vdmallo@yahoo.com 78. Josephine Ogunbameru Inspection & Enforcement NESREA josephineogunbameru@nesrea.gov.ng 79. Friday Ukpong Inspection & Enforcement NESREA fukpong@nesrea.org 80. Oniye S. H. Environmental Scientist NOSDRA oniyebaba@yahoo.com 81. Olayioye Tosin Environmental Scientist NOSDRA olayioyetosin@yahoo.com 08115777578 82. Awa Nnenna U. Technical Person Nigeria Customs Service awa.nnenna@customs.gov.ng 08065150737 mailto:oluseyiadeboye@yahoo.com mailto:Shussain310@yahoo.co.uk mailto:danielmanarwa@yahoo.com mailto:eduinam235@gmail.com mailto:okoh.michael@gmail.com mailto:eneojobor@yahoo.com mailto:ame adogame@hotmail.com mailto:lolakaju@yahoo.com mailto:Oladayo77@yahoo.com mailto:olisadebeokoli@yahoo.com mailto:vdmallo@yahoo.com mailto:josephineogunbameru@nesrea.gov.ng mailto:fukpong@nesrea.org mailto:oniyebaba@yahoo.com mailto:olayioyetosin@yahoo.com mailto:awa.nnenna@customs.gov.ng 200 | P a g e S/N Name Designation ORGANIZATION EMAIL/TELEPHONE 83. Moses Uzoma C. Technical Person Nigeria Customs Service uzomam@yahoo.com 08033868990 84. Gom Mustafa S. Environment Officer FAAN tafagom@yahoo.com 07063628294 85. Oluyomi Banjo National Environmental Expert UNIDO O.Banjo@unido.org 08163067622 86. Fukuya Iino IDO UNIDO f.iino@unido.org mailto:uzomam@yahoo.com mailto:tafagom@yahoo.com mailto:O.Banjo@unido.org mailto:f.iino@unido.org 201 | P a g e Annex III: Communiqué Issued at the Validation Workshop 202 | P a g e 203 | P a g e Annex IV: List of Participants at Inventory Data Validation and Priority Setting Workshop S/N Name Organisation Designation Phone E-Mail 1. Mr P.O. Bankole FMEnv D(Forestry) 08037260542 philipbankole@gmail.com 2. Engr. Chike Chikwendu NASPIN Steering Committee Member 08023188059 c chikwendu@hotmail.com 3. Adewole Akinduntire Micfil Int Tech. Country Corporation Country Representative 08099909404 adewoleakin@yahoo.com 4. Emmanuel Iorliam National Automotive Council Industrial Officer 07035968950 emmy4ter@yahoo.com 5. Nkeosenyem Fed. Min. of Justice PEOI 08059612180 onyemeanthony@gmail.com 6. Dr. Enang Moma Fed. Min. of Science and Tech CSO 08037040646 eemoma@yahoo.com 7. Dr. Ezebuino N.C NABDA PSO 09035680569 201ceepee@gmail.com 8. Fubare Pepple FRCN Senior Producer 0803665415 Fubarapepple@yahoo.com 9. Satumari Hauwa ICCON Assistant Registrar I 08068048047 hajahauwa@yahoo.com 10. Yomi Banjo UNIDO Environment Expert 0.banjo@unido.org 11. Oyegbade Azeez Rey NBS Head(En) 08067755060 royazeez@yahoo.com 12. Job Funso Emmanuel NBS E & Env Desk Officer 08054215412 funsosalem@yahoo.co.uk 13. Omotola Adeniyi NBS Env. Desk Officer 08056057659 omotoadeni@yahoo.com 14. Oladimeji Bosun Best Environmental Solution & Tools Consultant 08034039144 bosunoladimeji@yahoo.com 15. Onuora C.F FMITI Assistant Director 08024197776 industryfrank@gmail.com 16. Linda Akpami Hospitalia Consultaire Consultant 09096291752 lakpamifaks@gmail.com 17. Fakolujo Olumide Hospitalia Consultaire Consultant 07063036480 olumidefaks@yahoo.com 18. Omeke Andy Fed. Min. Of Information DD 08033044545 andyomekeh@yahoo.com 19. Alfa Adamu Ibrahim Nig. Customs Service DCC 08028451349 alfazazi@gmail.com mailto:philipbankole@gmail.com mailto:c chikwendu@hotmail.com mailto:adewoleakin@yahoo.com mailto:emmy4ter@yahoo.com mailto:onyemeanthony@gmail.com mailto:eemoma@yahoo.com mailto:201ceepee@gmail.com mailto:Fubarapepple@yahoo.com mailto:hajahauwa@yahoo.com mailto:0.banjo@unido.org mailto:royazeez@yahoo.com mailto:funsosalem@yahoo.co.uk mailto:omotoadeni@yahoo.com mailto:Bosunoladimeji@yahoo.com mailto:industryfrank@gmail.com mailto:lakpamifaks@gmail.com mailto:olumidefaks@yahoo.com mailto:andyomekeh@yahoo.com mailto:alfazazi@gmail.com 204 | P a g e S/N Name Organisation Designation Phone E-Mail 20. Moses U.C Nig. Customs Service ASCII 08033868990 mosesuzoma1447@gmail.com 21. Bassey M.E.J FMOH Deputy Director 08033148573 mejbassey@yahoo.com a. 2 2 Perpetua Ezediunor FMOH Scientific Officer 08064632015 perpeyino@yahoo.com 22. Onaoha Sandra FMOH IT(C.MP) 09033282575 Ifunaya1000@gmail.com 23. Yusuf Umoru FMT DD(IC) 08034092232 umoruyusuf59@gmail.com 24. Sekav Stephen Dzever Caleb Muftwang & Co National Expert (Socio Economics) 08139564008 skoozyz@yahoo.com 25. Ogunleye A.O LASEPA Assistant Director 08037206777 abiodun.ogunleye@ymail.com 26. Engr. Shabi LASEPA GM 08036667049 adebolashabi@yahoo.com 27. Uche Asogwa CRIN Ibadan Research Fellow 08035070371 Ucheasogwa1@yahoo.com 28. Dr. Oludayo Dada New Port Technology CEO 08072277770 droodayo@gmail.com 29. Rajuno David NOCAIDA Exe. Secretary 08033586985 nocaidaabuja@yahoo.co.uk 30. Josephine Ogunbameru NESREA SSO 08034708174 obehi78@yahoo.com 31. Friday Ukpong NESREA SO I 08067852272 catchweekend@yahoo.com 32. Akhator Peter NESREA SSO 08066462319 peterakhator@yahoo.com 33. Okpe Sunikey A. MAN Research Economist 08036131330 saokpe@yahoo.com 34. Cdr. Ademoluti FRSC Hos Policy, Hq 08038069107 co.ademoluti@frcn.gov.ng 35. Dr. (Mrs) G.I.B. Obioh NABDA Ag. Director (EBD) 08034007152 gobioh@yahoo.com 36. K. A. Musa FRSC Ordely 08064430020 ka.musa@frsc.gov.ng 37. Florence Ononinu FMA&RD Deputy Director 08036504001 ononiflorence@yahoo.com 38. Jerry Bulus M. FRSC Driver 08116909290 Jm.bulus@frsc.gov.ng 39. J.O Gabriel NATA BOT 07037807888 40. Alh. Suleiman Noma NATA V.Chairman 08094461286 41. Wale Omoshowon NATA Patron 08057717568 42. Idris Shuaibu NATA Patron 08055241758 mailto:mosesuzoma1447@gmail.com mailto:mejbassey@yahoo.com mailto:perpeyino@yahoo.com mailto:Ifunaya1000@gmail.com mailto:umoruyusuf59@gmail.com mailto:skoozyz@yahoo.com mailto:abiodun.ogunleye@ymail.com mailto:adebolashabi@yahoo.com mailto:Ucheasogwa1@yahoo.com mailto:droodayo@gmail.com mailto:nocaidaabuja@yahoo.co.uk mailto:obehi78@yahoo.com mailto:catchweekend@yahoo.com mailto:peterakhator@yahoo.com mailto:saokpe@yahoo.com mailto:co.ademoluti@frcn.gov.ng mailto:gobioh@yahoo.com mailto:ka.musa@frsc.gov.ng mailto:ononiflorence@yahoo.com mailto:Jm.bulus@frsc.gov.ng 205 | P a g e S/N Name Organisation Designation Phone E-Mail 43. Olusoji Ajekigbe NATA PA 08033813130 44. Emmanuel Aliu NATA Marshal 08064666827 45. Success G Omachi NATA Marshal 0803408655 46. John Idowu Obanobi NATA Marshal 08023248353 47. Yange Tersoo NPC PO II 08061356985 tersoo.yanye@yahoo.com 48. Ya’u Halilu NPC PO II 08065943538 yhalilu9@gmail.com 49. Professor Oladele Osibanjo Basel Centre University Of Ibadan Director 08033013378 oosibanjo@yahoo.com 50. Mrs Victoria I. Oye Consumer Protection Council Scientific Officer 08065772822 vickyoye44@yahoo.com 51. Joshua Gberkon Communication Technology CAO 08023449116 joshua.gberkon@commtech.gov.ng 52. Adeboye S.E. NABDA SO 08036047066 oluseyiadeboye@yahoo.com 53. Ojideh S.C. FMOH CSO 07030499735 janeojideh@gamil.com 54. Fatai S.O. FMOH Assistant Director 08036086768 olanrewaju1968@yahoo.com a. 0 Dr Tamunomiete Lawson FML&P PIF 08030661559 tammywjlawson@yahoo.com 55. Ibrahim A. Mustafa AFAN Director (Representative) 08057947331 baandex@gmail.com 56. Kemi Ahmed Yusuf FMF Asst. Director 08054564530 kajideus@gmail.com 57. Osho Ogunsakin NATA Chapter Chairman 08033175222 osho ogunsakin@yahoo.com 58. F.E.S Owoeye NATA BOT 08088404242 59. Ijeom Ikeaka Hospitalia Consultant Environmental Consultant 08167852594 cikeaka@hospitaliaconsultaire.com 60. Odinakachi Eme Hospitalia Consultant Technical Consultant 08062691671 oeme@hospitaliaconsultaire.com 61. Kojah B. Francis Fed Min Of Agric Chief Scientist Officer 08034044538 kojahb2000@yahoo.com 62. Adeyinka M. A National Oil Spil Detection & Response Agency Deputy Director 08033528753 wunmimadeynilea@gmail.com mailto:tersoo.yanye@yahoo.com mailto:yhalilu9@gmail.com mailto:oosibanjo@yahoo.com mailto:vickyoye44@yahoo.com mailto:joshua.gberkon@commtech.gov.ng mailto:oluseyiadeboye@yahoo.com mailto:janeojideh@gamil.com mailto:olanrewaju1968@yahoo.com mailto:tammywjlawson@yahoo.com mailto:baandex@gmail.com mailto:kajideus@gmail.com mailto:osho ogunsakin@yahoo.com mailto:cikeaka@hospitaliaconsultaire.com mailto:oeme@hospitaliaconsultaire.com mailto:kojahb2000@yahoo.com mailto:wunmimadeynilea@gmail.com 206 | P a g e S/N Name Organisation Designation Phone E-Mail 63. Hussian Shittu WAAPP-Nigeria Environment Focal Point 07086300269 shussain310@yahoo.com 64. Chafe Aliyu Danlami FMA&RD Abuja Assistant Director 08084422322 alicahafe@yahoo.com 65. Kudiri Manzo Gombe State Fire Service Director 08132233888 66. Ashaolu C.A NAFDAC ACRO 08050777634 ashaolulincon@yahoo.com 67. Kurfi F.M NAFDAC SRO 08033494973 mail2fadila@yahoo.com 68. Hamayola A. Makai BDP Abuja Secretary General 08035054341 hmayolamakai@yahoo.com 69. Etim Mreke Abasi FMENV Corper 08066749254 mfrekeetimrr@dmail.com 70. Ufono Joseph Ufono FMENV CFS 08155591667 josephufono@gmail.com 71. Ohaukwu C. J FMENV SCE 08079920532 ohaukwu@yahoo.co.uk 72. Obiora Ogochukwu FMENV Scientific Officer I 08066366387 gobbyangel@yahoo.com 73. Oluwale Akande FMENV ACSO 08033029439 akandetund@gmail.com 74. Oladeinde Babatunde FMENV SO 08154116404 oladehindebabatunde@gmail.com 75. Adejori A. O FMENV SO 08039206203 aoadejori@yahoo.com 76. Lawan Musa FMENV ES II 08160918747 elimny@yahoo.com 77. Olabanji O A FMENV PES 08055124539 Toyluv98@yahoo.com 78. Mabel Emmanuel FMENV Deputy Director (Dda) 08054221294 mabdemmanuel@yahoo.com 79. Dr. I A Goji FMENV Deputy Director 08037044077 iagoji@yahoo.com 80. Musa Nurudeen FMENV EE I 08065607805 nuramysao@gmail.com 81. Suleman Bashiru.O. FMENV SO II 08064062925 subasho77@gmail.com 82. Chigb Morgan FMENV SCE 08068073880 earthwater4life@gmail 83. Dabiri Olarinwaju FMENV SO I 07037500780 olalekandabiri127@yahoo.com 84. Femi Adegbite FMENV DD 08023110024 johnadefemiadegite@yahoo.com 85. Onoja D. O FMENV PCS 07042211682 86. Agnes Ugu FMENV CS 08023043589 okodogbeagnes@yahoo.com mailto:shussain310@yahoo.com mailto:alicahafe@yahoo.com mailto:ashaolulincon@yahoo.com mailto:mail2fadila@yahoo.com mailto:hmayolamakai@yahoo.com mailto:mfrekeetimrr@dmail.com mailto:josephufono@gmail.com mailto:ohaukwu@yahoo.co.uk mailto:gobbyangel@yahoo.com mailto:akandetund@gmail.com mailto:oladehindebabatunde@gmail.com mailto:aoadejori@yahoo.com mailto:elimny@yahoo.com mailto:Toyluv98@yahoo.com mailto:mabdemmanuel@yahoo.com mailto:iagoji@yahoo.com mailto:nuramysao@gmail.com mailto:subasho77@gmail.com mailto:olalekandabiri127@yahoo.com mailto:johnadefemiadegite@yahoo.com mailto:okodogbeagnes@yahoo.com 207 | P a g e S/N Name Organisation Designation Phone E-Mail 87. Babayo Abdulahii FMENV PC 08022990982 88. Olusanya O. FMENV AD 08023040724 olusanyaev@yahoo.co.uk 89. Afolabi Adewunmi FMENV SO II 07032380755 afolabiadewunmi@gmail.com 90. Baba G. Al. FMENV AD (Efczm) 08033497016 ababagana@yahoo.com 91. Okocha A. FMENV CES 08033559909 adelaide.okocha@yahoo.com 92. K O Akinola FMENV EHO - 93. Sagay Sharon FMENV S0 II - 94. Umuesen Imaobong FMENV SSO 08022229094 ipuma2002@yahoo.com 95. Joel Ekandem FMENV SO II 08035232790 ekandejoel@yahoo.com 96. Kuku Kingsley E FMENV CE II 08032557809 kingsobon@yahoo.com 97. Aminu Fausat FMENV CE II 08144451480 fausataminu@yahoo.com 98. Nwanchuku Ada FMENV SO II 08035687405 adaojemen@yahoo.com 99. Amadi Charles FMENV CE II 08106246282 charlesamadi545@yahoo.com 100. Ezeanochie Johnson FMENV SO I 08030963003 zenociejohnson@yahoo.com 101. Dahiru Ibrahim FMENV EE I 08037042073 ibtula3858@gmail.com 102. Bello Abdulkadri FMENV SO II 09053116381 abdulkadrbello@yahoo.com 103. Oridele Foluso FMENV SES 07033758213 folusomoses@gmail.com 104. Osunde Ade FMENV SOII 08134585652 105. Sani Suleiman FMENV EHO I 08039430874 106. Omotayo Hannah FMENV COPPER 08078735126 omotayohanah1988@gmail.com 107. Engr. Ajinkale Gk FMENV DD(HCE) 08054344661 108. Engr. Bayo Smith FMENV SCE 08103013969 smith bayo@yahoo.com 109. Gbagidi Faith FMENV SO I 08038270542 faiyhgbagidi@yahoo.com 110. Elendu Betty N FMENV SO I 08165999883 111. O.B.A Gbetsere FMENV Peho 08024247925 gbetsereaghogho@yahoo.com mailto:olusanyaev@yahoo.co.uk mailto:afolabiadewunmi@gmail.com mailto:ababagana@yahoo.com mailto:adelaide.okocha@yahoo.com mailto:ipuma2002@yahoo.com mailto:ekandejoel@yahoo.com mailto:kingsobon@yahoo.com mailto:fausataminu@yahoo.com mailto:adaojemen@yahoo.com mailto:charlesamadi545@yahoo.com mailto:zenociejohnson@yahoo.com mailto:ibtula3858@gmail.com mailto:abdulkadrbello@yahoo.com mailto:folusomoses@gmail.com mailto:omotayohanah1988@gmail.com mailto:smith bayo@yahoo.com mailto:faiyhgbagidi@yahoo.com mailto:gbetsereaghogho@yahoo.com 208 | P a g e S/N Name Organisation Designation Phone E-Mail 112. Idi Moh’d Maleh FMENV Upops 08033108784 idimmaleh@gmail.com 113. Aliyu Mohd Sani FMENV IT 114. S.S. Danahap FMENV AD (PRS) 08053575410 samchi.danahap@yahoo.com 115. Elegbeleye Rebacca FMENV IT 08059543538 twin4gog@yahoo.com 116. Lawal Hauwa H FMENV IT 08070856339 opeyemihawa@yahoo.com 117. Kazeem Afeez FMENV SO II 07034688996 lanre86@gmail.com 118. Oladgba Gapar FMENV IT 08139315439 gapar69@yahoo.com 119. Kenneth Micheal Uko FMENV IT 08067772643 kennetmichealuko@gmail.com 120. Dangana Inebhari FMENV SO II 08063331626 danganarayam@gmail.com 121. Dauda Musa FMENV SEO 08036866283 dauda.musa@yahoo.com 122. Edenedo Sylvester FMENV PTO II 08066587334 sedenedo@yahoo.com 123. Collins Opigo Alfred FMENV CE II 07068104658 opigoalfred@yahoo.com 124. Eniola Shittabey FMENV SE 08189423940 eniolasbey@yahoo.com 125. Aletagbor V. Taiye FMENV SO II 08034519412 valetagbor@yahoo.com 126. Enafuje Oketta FMENV SO II 08062161401 ujoketta@yahoo.com 127. Onasanya Adezoye K FMENV SO I 08070422552 128. Veronica Ejene FMENV SO I 07062591642 129. Amos Ishaya FMENV SO I 08038511776 ai.elma@yahoo.com 130. Collins Ezechuku FMENV SO I 07039821337 collinsezechukhu@yahoo.com 131. Dr. L.N Nwankwo FMENV ACES 08037147155 nnamdi2livi@yahoo.com 132. Yunuss Abdul-Ganiyu FMENV CES 08033222204 agyunuss@yahoo.co.uk 133. Adessina Adetitun FMENV SSO 134. Bolori Tahir Abdulrahman FMENV SO II 08030643008 tbabdul@yahoo.com 135. Fubara Pepple FRCN Senior Produce 08036654115 fubarapepple@yahoo.com 136. Nkechinyere Itodo VON Editor 08133950221 kech.von@gmail.com mailto:idimmaleh@gmail.com mailto:samchi.danahap@yahoo.com mailto:twin4gog@yahoo.com mailto:opeyemihawa@yahoo.com mailto:lanre86@gmail.com mailto:gapar69@yahoo.com mailto:kennetmichealuko@gmail.com mailto:danganarayam@gmail.com mailto:dauda.musa@yahoo.com mailto:sedenedo@yahoo.com mailto:opigoalfred@yahoo.com mailto:eniolasbey@yahoo.com mailto:valetagbor@yahoo.com mailto:ujoketta@yahoo.com mailto:Ai.elma@yahoo.com mailto:collinsezechukhu@yahoo.com mailto:nnamdi2livi@yahoo.com mailto:agyunuss@yahoo.co.uk mailto:tbabdul@yahoo.com mailto:fubarapepple@yahoo.com mailto:kech.von@gmail.com 209 | P a g e S/N Name Organisation Designation Phone E-Mail 137. Bitrus Kozah VON Reporter 08065473824 kozahb9@gmail.com 138. Johnson Eyiangho NAN Editor 07030737398 johnsoneyiangho@yshoo.com 139. Oyinloye Cecilia NAN Editor 07039694521 oyinloyececilia11@yahoo.com 140. O Salamatu Ibrahim AIT Reporter 08033497874 asabeibrahim18@yahoo.com 141. Ismalia Jimeh The Abuja Inquirer Reporter 08060810744 ismailj86@yahoo.com 142. Muazu Abdullahi DRTS For Director 08065534206 muazuabdullahi70@gmail.com 143. Osutta J David DRTS For Director 08069658955 utomodi@yahoo.co.uk mailto:kozahb9@gmail.com mailto:johnsoneyiangho@yshoo.com mailto:oyinloyececilia11@yahoo.com mailto:asabeibrahim18@yahoo.com mailto:ismailj86@yahoo.com mailto:muazuabdullahi70@gmail.com mailto:utomodi@yahoo.co.uk 210 | P a g e Annex V: Statement of Commitment at Endorsement Workshop STAKEHOLDERS STATEMENT OF COMMITMENT AT THE NATIONAL STAKEHOLDERS WORKSHOP FOR THE ENDORSEMENT OF REVIEWED AND UPDATED NATIONAL IMPLEMENTATION PLAN FOR THE STOCKHOLM CONVENTION ON PERSISTENT ORGANIC POLLUTANTS WE, the representatives of Ministries, Departments, and Agencies (MDAs) of the Federal and State Governments of Nigeria, professionals and academia Research Institute, private sector, civil society organizations, participating in the National Stakeholders Workshop for the Endorsement of the Reviewed and Updated National Implementation Plan for the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants in Abuja, Nigeria from 17 to 18 May, 2016; RECALLING the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants of 22 May, 2001 and its amendments as well as the Paris Climate Agreement and in particular Nigeria’s Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) and other such relevant international instruments on chemical risk management; GUIDED BY the provisions of Article 7 of the Stockholm Convention on the active participation of all relevant stakeholders at all stages of the development of the updated national Implementation Plan; AWARE of the dangerous and long-time effects of Persistent Organic Pollutants on the ecosystem and general wellbeing of fauna and flora as well as the need to urgently tackle this menace; CONSCIOUS of the need for national inter-agency cooperation among all relevant stakeholders in implementing the Stockholm Convention and strengthening policy instruments to meet emerging chemical-risk challenges; RECOGNIZING the milestones of the initial National Implementation plan submitted to the Stockholm Convention Secretariat in 2009, and the need for the review and update; APPRECIATING the efforts of the Federal Government of Nigeria through the Project Coordinating Unit, and the support of technical and development partners in updating the 2009 National Implementation Plan; HEREBY: DECIDE to adopt and endorse the updated National Implementation Plan, including the action plans and strategies formulated therein, to reduce or eliminate releases of POPs and other pollutants in-country; 211 | P a g e Reiterate our commitment to the implementation of the Stockholm Convention and other related Conventions as well as international instruments on chemicals management in order to safeguard the health of people and the environment; COMMIT to undertake review of Nigeria’s policies and legislative frameworks relevant to the implementation of the Stockholm Convention and the related conventions and international processes on chemicals and wastes management; RESOLVE to collaborate with all relevant MDAs, Civil Society Organisations, the private sector and technical and development partners to reduce or eliminate releases of POPs and other pollutants within the timeframe of the updated National Implementation Plan; FURTHER COMMIT to cooperate with relevant regional and international organisations in mainstreaming the updated National Implementation Plan with the general Sound Management of Chemical (SMC) priorities into national development planning & budgetary processes as well as in the way of life of all Nigerians. 212 | P a g e Annex VI: List of Stakeholders at NIP Document Endorsement Workshop S/N Name Organisation Designation Phone No. E-Mail 1. Alhaji Jibril Usman Federal Ministry of Environment Honourable Minister of State ijibril@gmail.com 2. Dr. Bukar Hassan Federal Ministry of Environment Permanent Secretary bukar hassan@yahoo.co.uk 3. Mr. A. K. Bayero Federal Ministry of Environment Director 4. Dr. Idris A. Goji Federal Ministry of Environment Deputy Director 08037044077 iagoji@yahoo.com 5. Prof B. I. Alo University of Lagos Professor 08022903841 profjidealo@yahoo.com 6. Idi Mohammed Maleh Federal Ministry of Environment Deputy Director idimmaleh@gmail.com 7. Dr. Oludayo O Dada Newport Technologies Ltd Chief Executive Officer 08033118237 droodada@gmail.com 8. Yunuss Abdul-Ganiyu Federal Ministry of Environment Assistant Director agyunuss@yahoo.co.uk 9. Ajide Sunday Kwara State Ministry of Environment and Forestry Ilorin Deputy Director 08035494250 sunday.ajide@gmail.com 10. Olu Mustapha Ministry of Foreign Affairs Second Secretary 08039697181 olumustapha@yahoo.com 11. Engr Ajikanle G K Federal Ministry of Environment Deputy Director 08023053892 ajikanlegk@yahoo.com 12. Ibok Edifon Federal Ministry of Science and Technology Principal Scientific Officer 08066263029 ibokedifon@yahoo.co.uk 13. Bright Dowole Environmental Health Officers Registration Council of Nigeria Principal Environmental Health Officer 08034260153 bright7070@gmail.com brightolugbenga@yahoo.com 14. Adetitun Adesina Aderemi Federal Ministry of Environment Principal Scientific Officer reminew76@yahoo.com mailto:ijibril@gmail.com mailto:Bukar hassan@yahoo.co.uk mailto:iagoji@yahoo.com mailto:PROFJIDEALO@YAHOO.COM mailto:idimmaleh@gmail.com mailto:DROODADA@GMAIL.COM mailto:agyunuss@yahoo.co.uk mailto:SUNDAY.AJIDE@GMAIL.COM mailto:OLUMUSTAPHA@YAHOO.COM mailto:ajikanlegk@yahoo.com mailto:IBOKEDIFON@YAHOO.CO.UK mailto:BRIGHT7070@GMAIL.COM mailto:reminew76@yahoo.com 213 | P a g e S/N Name Organisation Designation Phone No. E-Mail 15. Aletagbor Victoria Taiye Federal Ministry of Environment Scientific Officer 08052781215 valetagbor@yahoo.com 16. Adepoju Thomas Federal Ministry of Environment Scientific Officer 08068615914 tommy.aa08@yahoo.com 17. Babayo Abdullahi Federal Ministry of Environment Senior Executive Officer 08022990982 18. Okoli Obinna Chukwuka Federal Ministry of Environment HTO 07031683797 okoliobinna65@gmail.com 19. Ezeanochie Johnson C. Federal Ministry of Environment Scientific Officer I 08030963003 ezeanochiejohnson@yahoo.com 20. Dangana Rayam Inebhari Federal Ministry of Environment Scientific Officer Ii 08063331626 danganainebhari@outlook.com 21. Amadi Ifeanyi Charles Federal Ministry of Environment Scientific Officer I 08106246282 charlesamadi545@yahoo.com 22. Bosun O Oladimeji Best Environmental Solution Tools Consultant 08034039144 bosunoladimeji@yahoo.com 23. Yusuf Babatunde Gift Nigerian Automobile Technician Association State Secretary 08034536211 yusufbabatunde806@gmail.com 24. Ikiebe Vivian Nigerian Automobile Technician Association State Auditor 08055335225 25. Engr. Ezeamasiobi Emeka Federal Ministry of Communication Assistant Chief Communication Engineer 08065711414 ezeamasiobi@yahoo.com 26. Bolori Tahir Abdulrahman Federal Ministry of Environment Scientific Officer I 08030643008 tbabdul@yahoo.com 27. Musa Nurudeen Federal Ministry of Environment Environmental Engineer 08065607805 nuramusao@gmail.com 28. Olusanya Olubunmi Federal Ministry of Environment Deputy Director 08023040724 oolusanya98@gmail.com mailto:valetagbor@yahoo.com mailto:Tommy.aa08@yahoo.com mailto:okoliobinna65@gmail.com mailto:ezeanochiejohnson@yahoo.com mailto:danganainebhari@outlook.com mailto:charlesamadi545@yahoo.com mailto:BOSUNOLADIMEJI@YAHOO.COM mailto:yusufbabatunde806@gmail.com mailto:EZEAMASIOBI@YAHOO.COM mailto:tbabdul@yahoo.com mailto:nuramusao@gmail.com mailto:oolusanya98@gmail.com 214 | P a g e S/N Name Organisation Designation Phone No. E-Mail 29. Fausat Aminu Federal Ministry of Environment Chemical Engineer I 08144451480 fausataminu@yahoo.com 30. Ezeifem Georgina Federal Ministry of Environment NYSC Corp Member 07038325824 ezeifema@yahoo.com 31. Dahiru Ibrahim Federal Ministry of Environment Environmental Engineer I 08037042083 ibtula3858@gmail.com 32. Com Success G Omachi National Automobile Technician Association State Secretary Ii 08034086555 gimeautomobile@gmail.com 33. Akunwa L. Ifeoma Federal Ministry of Environment Scientific Officer I 08068509264 ifeomaakunwa@yahoo.com 34. Maranzu Vera Federal Ministry of Environment Scientific Officer I 08065519574 vera maranzu@yahoo.com 35. Emeka Ezekiel United Nations Industrial Development Organisation (Unido) Communication Expert 0813547489 c.ezekiel@unido.org 36. Okhaifoh Joy Federal Ministry of Agric and Rural Development Scientific Officer 08034921150 madugbaj@yahoo.com 37. Nwachukwu Ada Federal Ministry of Environment Scientific Officer 08035689403 ada.ojemeni@yahoo.com 38. Suleman Bashiru Ojo Federal Ministry of Environment Scientific Officer Ii 08064062925 sulemanbashiru@gmail.com 39. Oluyomi Banjo United Nation Industrial Development Organisation Environmental Expert o.banjo@unido.org 40. Charles Ojugbana Federal Ministry of Information Deputy Director 08033140154 convoiltd@yahoo.com 41. Adamu J. Pukmah Ministry of Environment Gombe State Permanent Secretary 08023746982 adamujpukmah@gmail.com 42. Damien Okonkwo Federal Ministry of Environment Scientific Officer 08106419888 damien.okonkwo@yahoo.com 43. Sakwe Quinta Federal Ministry of Environment Principal Scientific Officer 08035678989 suintta@yahoo.com 44. Sani Lawan Rigado National Assembly Clerk, Senate Committee On Environment 08036852160 sanilawan005@gmail.com mailto:fausataminu@yahoo.com mailto:ezeifema@yahoo.com mailto:Ibtula3858@gmail.com mailto:gimeautomobile@gmail.com mailto:ifeomaakunwa@yahoo.com mailto:vera maranzu@yahoo.com mailto:C.EZEKIEL@UNIDO.ORG mailto:MADUGBAJ@YAHOO.COM mailto:ada.ojemeni@yahoo.com mailto:sulemanbashiru@gmail.com mailto:o.banjo@unido.org mailto:CONVOILTD@YAHOO.COM mailto:ADAMUJPUKMAH@GMAIL.COM mailto:Damien.okonkwo@yahoo.com mailto:suintta@yahoo.com mailto:SANILAWAN005@GMAIL.COM 215 | P a g e S/N Name Organisation Designation Phone No. E-Mail 45. Adeboye Seyi E. National Biotechnology Development Agency Senior Scientific Officer 08036047066 oluseyiadeboye@yahoo.com 46. Adenekan Adetunji Federal Ministry of Environment Scientific Officer 08021321542 adetunji.adenekan@yahoo.com 47. Ayodele Debby Ibukun Federal Ministry of Environment Senior Scientific Officer 08036294200 tosyn9@yahoo.com 48. Anaemeje Kelechi Juliet Federal Ministry of Environment Industrial Trainee 07061125921 kellyjully@hotmail.co.uk 49. Dr. Nwankwo N. Livinus Federal Ministry of Environment Assistant Chief Environmental Officer 08037147155 nnamdi2livi@yahoo.com 50. Olabanji Oluwatoyin A. Federal Ministry of Environment Assistant Chief Environmental Officer 08055124539 toyluv98@yahoo.com 51. Ogu Agnes Federal Ministry of Environment Chief 08146465005 okodogbeagnes@yahoo.com 52. Oniye S. Hammed National Oil Spillage Detection and Response Agency Environmental Scientist 08036167636 oniyebaba@yahoo.com 53. Oseji Elizabeth National Oil Spillage Detection and Response Agency Environmental Scientist 08032497559 elizabethoseji@gmail.com 54. Sako Comfort Transmission Company of Nigeria Principal Manager 08165773253 etoncee@yahoo.com 55. Akande Olawale Federal Ministry of Environment Assistant Chief Scientific Officer 08033029439 akande.tunde78@gmail.com 56. Lamidi Auta Federal Ministry of Environment H.M Driver (Fmenv) 57. Engr. Idris A. Federal Ministry of Environment Assistant Director 0803334169 idrimakg@yahoo.com 58. Musa Murtala Nuhu Federal Ministry of Environment Senior Scientific Officer 08133884095 mmusanuhu@gmail.com mailto:OLUSEYIADEBOYE@YAHOO.COM mailto:Adetunji.adenekan@yahoo.com mailto:Tosyn9@yahoo.com mailto:kellyjully@hotmail.co.uk mailto:nnamdi2livi@yahoo.com mailto:toyluv98@yahoo.com mailto:okodogbeagnes@yahoo.com mailto:ONIYEBABA@YAHOO.COM mailto:ELIZABETHOSEJI@GMAIL.COM mailto:ETONCEE@YAHOO.COM mailto:akande.tunde78@gmail.com mailto:idrimakg@yahoo.com mailto:mmusanuhu@gmail.com 216 | P a g e S/N Name Organisation Designation Phone No. E-Mail 59. K.O. Akinola Federal Ministry of Environment Senior Environmental Health Officer 07038655976 lahillahillah2000@yahoo.com 60. Ikechukwu C. Federal Ministry of Environment Principal Scientific Officer 08063970530 chiemeiyke@yahoo.com 61. Ejirika Samuel Federal Ministry of Environment Scientific Officer 08034830504 smek11@gmail.com 62. Idris N Ahmed Federal Ministry of Justice Assistant Director 08035262652 ndababoidris@gmail.com 63. Mercy V Agada Federal Ministry of Justice Assistant Director 08033155613 mercyagada@gmail.com 64. Kelvin Ukweku Federal Ministry of Environment Senior Environmental Engineer 08079297145 kevnuk@yahoo.ca 65. Aghagho O.B. Gbetsere Federal Ministry of Environment Principal Environmental Health Officer 08024247925 gbetsereaghogho@yahoo.com 66. Akinrinmade Adeoye Federal Ministry of Environment Scientific Officer 08103207837 akinrinmade akinyele@yahoo.com 67. Kelani Oyedeji Federal Ministry of Environment Scientific Officer 08069642186 kadry2002@yahoo.com 68. Onyeanusi Sandra Federal Ministry of Environment Scientific Officer 07068331108 onyeanusisandy@gmail.com 69. Onasanya Adetoye K. Federal Ministry of Environment Scientific Officer 08070422552 onasanyaadetoye@yahoo.com 70. Amego Linda Federal Ministry of Justice Chief State Counsel 08033210813 nigoamego@yahoo.com 71. Ogunleye Abiodun Lagos State Environmental Protection Agency Assistant Director 08037206777 abiodun.ogunleye@ymail.com 72. Collins Ezechukwu Federal Ministry of Environment Scientific Officer 07039822337 collins55-@gmail.com 73. Bello Kayode Federal Ministry of Environment Scientific Officer 08023944336 kaybel2001@yahoo.com 74. Mbakwe Chinomnso Federal Ministry of Environment Scientific Officer 08033269288 nony0810@gmail.com mailto:lahillahillah2000@yahoo.com mailto:chiemeiyke@yahoo.com mailto:smek11@gmail.com mailto:ndababoidris@gmail.com mailto:MERCYAGADA@GMAIL.COM mailto:kevnuk@yahoo.ca mailto:gbetsereaghogho@yahoo.com mailto:akinrinmade akinyele@yahoo.com mailto:kadry2002@yahoo.com mailto:onyeanusisandy@gmail.com mailto:onasanyaadetoye@yahoo.com mailto:nigoamego@yahoo.com mailto:abiodun.ogunleye@ymail.com mailto:collins55-@gmail.com mailto:kaybel2001@yahoo.com mailto:nony0810@gmail.com 217 | P a g e S/N Name Organisation Designation Phone No. E-Mail 75. Ihenacho Roseline Federal Ministry of Environment Scientific Officer 07064799161` roselinechidima71@yahoo.com 76. Nevo Geraldine Ifeoma Federal Ministry of Environment Senior Scientific Officer 08035482643 ifeoma nevo@yahoo.com 77. Obiasulu Nonyelum Federal Ministry of Environment Scientific Officer 08064289181 nonyeobiasulu@gmail.com 78. Victoria I Oye Consumer Protection Council Scientific Officer 08065772822 vickyoye44@yahoo.com 79. Linda Akpami Hospitalia Consultaire Consultant 08036090552 lakpami@gmail.com 80. Muritala A Yabo Federal Ministry of Environment Environmental Scientist 08036491383 ibnabdullahzez@gmail.com 81. Sulaiman A. U Federal Ministry of Environment Principal Technical Officer 08166459393 asuma68@yahoo.com 82. Collins Opigo A Federal Ministry of Environment Chemical Engineer 07068104658 opigoalfred@yahoo.com 83. Collins Okenyi Federal Ministry of Environment Scientific Officer 08038671567 asogwachimezie@yahoo.com 84. Omotoso Modupe Federal Ministry of Environment Assistant Director 08039564708 85. Yaru Mahmud Nurudeen Federal Ministry of Environment Chemical Engineer 08134946567 nuramfai@yahoo.com 86. Yunusa Galadima Federal Ministry of Environment Scientific Officer 08062752323 yygaladima@gmail.com 87. Engr. Abubakar M Bello Nigerian Society of Chemical Engineers Executive Secretary 08099027755 ambello@eemslimited.com 88. Adeteju Egbedina Federal Ministry of Science and Technology Senior Scientific Officer 08036730455 tejuegbedina@yahoo.com 89. Barr. Ajaeree E. A Nigeria Customs Service Legal Counsel 08060812949 everestajaeree@yahoo.com mailto:roselinechidima71@yahoo.com mailto:ifeoma nevo@yahoo.com mailto:nonyeobiasulu@gmail.com mailto:VICKYOYE44@YAHOO.COM mailto:LAKPAMI@GMAIL.COM mailto:ibnabdullahzez@gmail.com mailto:asuma68@yahoo.com mailto:opigoalfred@yahoo.com mailto:ASOGWACHIMEZIE@YAHOO.COM mailto:nuramfai@yahoo.com mailto:yygaladima@gmail.com mailto:ambello@eemslimited.com mailto:TEJUEGBEDINA@YAHOO.COM mailto:everestajaeree@yahoo.com 218 | P a g e S/N Name Organisation Designation Phone No. E-Mail 90. Ahmed Bah Ibrahim Federal Ministry of Environment Scientific Officer 08033267632 ahmedbah934@yahoo.com 91. Sagay Sharon Federal Ministry of Environment Scientific Officer 08124900474 sharnsg369@gmail.com 92. Edeh Chinenye Federal Ministry of Environment NYSC 07032363203 edehcinenye@gmail.com 93. Akpama Atiekomie Federal Ministry of Environment Chemical Engineer 08033420716 atiekomie 23@yahoo.com 94. Chinedu Nkechi Federal Ministry of Environment Senior Scientific Officer 08037933130 kedisclouds20@yahoo.com 95. Musa Ibrahim Mohammed NESREA Assistant Legal Adviser 08035989677 ibrodma@yahoo.co.uk 96. Friday Ukpong NESREA Scientific Officer 08067852272 catchweekend@yahoo.com 97. Josephine Ogunbameru NESREA Senior Scientific Officer 08034708174 obehi78@yahoo.com 98. Okpala Chika Federal Ministry of Environment Senior Environmental Health Officer 08037116362 chizodos@yahoo.co.nz 99. Olugbno U. Susan Federal Ministry of Environment Senior Scientific Officer 09095325788 udolugbuo@gmail.com 100. Faith Gbagidi Federal Ministry of Environment Scientific Officer 08038271542 faithgbags25@yahoo.com 101. Theodore M Nwaokwe Federal Ministry of Environment Deputy Director 08037000653 theodorenwaokwe@gmail.com 102. Amber Kenneth Federal Ministry of Environment AO 08062501955 amberhnkkenneth@yahoo.com 103. Adisnekwe Tina Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation Deputy Manager (Environmental Studies) 08033137680 tinaadenekwe@yahoo.com 104. Abdulkadri Jamila Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation Superintendent Audit (Hse) 07037877111 janiila.abdulkadir@nnpcgroup.com mailto:ahmedbah934@yahoo.com mailto:sharnsg369@gmail.com mailto:edehcinenye@gmail.com mailto:atiekomie 23@yahoo.com mailto:kedisclouds20@yahoo.com mailto:IBRODMA@YAHOO.CO.UK mailto:CATCHWEEKEND@YAHOO.COM mailto:OBEHI78@YAHOO.COM mailto:chizodos@yahoo.co.nz mailto:udolugbuo@gmail.com mailto:faithgbags25@yahoo.com mailto:theodorenwaokwe@gmail.com mailto:amberhnkkenneth@yahoo.com mailto:TINAADENEKWE@YAHOO.COM mailto:JANIILA.ABDULKADIR@NNPCGROUP.COM 219 | P a g e S/N Name Organisation Designation Phone No. E-Mail 105. Falemu Ayodeji Federal Ministry of Environment Scientific Officer 07031061540 falemuayodeji@yahoo.com 106. Eze Ogechukwu Federal Ministry of Environment Scientific Officer 08068171601 eze ogechukwu@yahoo.com 107. Saba Umar Muhammad Federal Ministry of Environment Scientific Officer 08055186187 umarsaba69@gmail.com 108. Ononiwu Florence Federal Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development Deputy Director 08036504001 ononiwuflorence@yahoo.com 109. I. O. Ejiofor (Arc) Federal Road Safety Corps (FRSC) Assistant Route Commander 08030997908 io.ejiofor@frsc.gov.ng 110. Amos Ishaya Federal Ministry of Environment Scientific Officer 08038511776 ai.elma@yahoo.com 111. Fauziyya Baffa Usman Federal Ministry of Environment Industrial Trainee 07080486330 112. Mustapha Nura Mairiga Federal Ministry of Environment Industrial Trainee 07039655422 nuramustapha57@gmail.com 113. Adejori Abiodun Federal Ministry of Environment Scientific Officer 08034670587 abbeeycity01@gmail.com 114. Alhaji I A Yusuf Federal Ministry of Environment Director (Media & Communication) 08059674834 mohammedyusuf702@yahoo.com 115. Femi Adegbite Federal Ministry of Environment Deputy Director 08023110029 johnadeyemiadegbite@yahoo.com 116. David D W Federal Ministry of Environment Assistant Director 08055071099 117. S. Mamman Federal Road Safety Corps (FRSC) Assistant Route Commander 08037332033 s.mamman@frsc.gov.org 118. Engr. Chike Chikwendu Nigeria-Africa Stockpile Programme Implementation Network (NASPIN) Steering Committee Member 08023188059 c chikwendu@hotmail.com mailto:falemuayodeji@yahoo.com mailto:eze ogechukwu@yahoo.com mailto:umarsaba69@gmail.com mailto:ONONIWUFLORENCE@YAHOO.COM mailto:IO.EJIOFOR@FRSC.GOV.NG mailto:ai.elma@yahoo.com mailto:nuramustapha57@gmail.com mailto:Abbeeycity01@gmail.com mailto:MOHAMMEDYUSUF702@YAHOO.COM mailto:johnadeyemiadegbite@yahoo.com mailto:S.MAMMAN@FRSC.GOV.ORG mailto:c chikwendu@hotmail.com 220 | P a g e S/N Name Organisation Designation Phone No. E-Mail 119. Salawu Abayomi Tope Federal Ministry of Environment Scientific Officer 08028389726 ayobami salawu@yahoo.com 120. Bala Abdullahi Federal Ministry of Environment Senior Scientific Officer 07055673009 121. Zubairu Kasimu Federal Ministry of Environment CCO 08036834082 kasimzubairu@yahoo.com 122. Agada Precious Federal Ministry of Environment ED 08055262556 123. Lawan Musa Federal Ministry of Environment Environmental Scientist I 08160918747 musalawan80@yahoo.com 124. Abdulrahman Bashir Federal Ministry of Environment Scientific Officer 08065331553 abdulbashirft@yahoo.com 125. Idowu Oluwadare Institute of Public Analyst of Nigeria (IPAN) Member 0803502834 idowuoluwadare@gmail.com 126. Satumari Apagu Hauwa Institute of Chattered Chemists of Nigeria (ICCON) Assistant Registrar I 08068048047 hajahauwa@yahoo.com 127. F. N. Abdulraheem Federal Ministry of Budget and National Planning Deputy Director 08036086504 nikeabdul@yahoo.co.uk 128. Ogunde Adewale Federal Ministry of Environment Scientific Officer 08024245737 ogundea2013@yahoo.com 129. Uche Egwuatu Federal Ministry of Environment Deputy Director 08064950505 nkuche5@yahoo.com 130. Mba E. Kelechi Federal Ministry of Environment Scientific Officer 08068195972 kcmekmbah@yahoo.com 131. Jonah D. Barde Federal Ministry of Environment Chief Environmental Scientist 08036147540 bardejd@gmail.com 132. Samuel Adeyemi Federal Ministry of Environment Assistant Chief Environmental Scientist 08034273805 samadeyemi2002@yahoo.com 133. Oladeinde Babatunde Federal Ministry of Environment Scientific Officer 08154116404 oladeindebabatunde@gmail.com 134. Onafuje Oketta Federal Ministry of Environment Scientific Officer 08062161401 ujoketta@yahoo.com mailto:ayobami salawu@yahoo.com mailto:KASIMZUBAIRU@YAHOO.COM mailto:musalawan80@yahoo.com mailto:abdulbashirft@yahoo.com mailto:IDOWUOLUWADARE@GMAIL.COM mailto:HAJAHAUWA@YAHOO.COM mailto:NIKEABDUL@YAHOO.CO.UK mailto:Ogundea2013@yahoo.com mailto:Nkuche5@yahoo.com mailto:kcmekmbah@yahoo.com mailto:bardejd@gmail.com mailto:Samadeyemi2002@yahoo.com mailto:oladeindebabatunde@gmail.com mailto:ujoketta@yahoo.com 221 | P a g e S/N Name Organisation Designation Phone No. E-Mail 135. Aposu Linus Institute of Chattered Chemists of Nigeria (ICCON) Assistant Registrar Ii 07062177821 laposu@yahoo.com 136. Beatrice Onu Institute of Chattered Chemists of Nigeria (ICCON) Admin Officer 07034663498 beatylala@yahoo.com 137. Edward Osagie Federal Ministry of Environment Scientific Officer 08033701614 osagiedhotmale@hotmail.com 138. Itoro Williams Federal Ministry of Environment Scientific Officer 08085353015 williamsitoro@gmail.com 139. Amaka Amala Federal Ministry of Environment Scientific Officer 08187282980 busylora@yahoo.com 140. Naomi Yakubu Federal Ministry of Environment Secretariat Assistant 08033855932 141. A Franca Federal Ministry of Environment Press Press 08164902455 francaade92@yahoo.com 142. Oladele Kolawale Federal Ministry of Environment Senior Scientific Officer 08034438297 kolardele@yahoo.co.uk 143. Dr. Nwosu Callistus Federal Ministry of Budget And National Planning Principal Planning Officer 08033225210 nwosuire@yahoo.com 144. Joy Odozi National Biosafety Management Agency Scientific Officer 08091115681 jhoiodozi@yahoo.com 145. Alawode Samuel Tobi National Biosafety Management Agency Scientific Officer 07033609459 samlincon10@yahoo.com 146. Adiji Ayodeji O. Federal Ministry of Environment Forestry Officer 07038874432 adyayodeji@gmail.com 147. Chigbo Morgan O. Federal Ministry of Environment Senior Scientific Officer 08068073880 morchibsengineering@yahoo.com 148. Salifu Seidu Federal Ministry of Environment Scientific Officer 08068033701 salis2success@gmail.com 149. Afolabi Adewunmi Federal Ministry of Environment Scientific Officer 07032380755 afolabiadewunmi@gmail.com 150. Ogaga James Federal Ministry of Environment Scientific Officer 07065080439 ogagaojaks@gmail.com mailto:LAPOSU@YAHOO.COM mailto:BEATYLALA@YAHOO.COM mailto:osagiedhotmale@hotmail.com mailto:williamsitoro@gmail.com mailto:busylora@yahoo.com mailto:FRANCAADE92@YAHOO.COM mailto:kolardele@yahoo.co.uk mailto:NWOSUIRE@YAHOO.COM mailto:jhoiodozi@yahoo.com mailto:SAMLINCON10@YAHOO.COM mailto:adyayodeji@gmail.com mailto:morchibsengineering@yahoo.com mailto:Salis2success@gmail.com mailto:afolabiadewunmi@gmail.com mailto:ogagaojaks@gmail.com 222 | P a g e S/N Name Organisation Designation Phone No. E-Mail 151. Makinde Olaoluwa National Biosafety Management Agency Scientific Officer 08063065035 olamakinde57@gmail.com 152. Caleb Mutfwang Caleb Mutfwang & Co. Legal Consultant (Principal) 08033071423 caleblegal@yahoo.com 153. Sekav .S Dzever Caleb Mutfwang & Co. Legal Practitioner 08139564008 caleblegal@yahoo.com skoozyz@yahoo.com 154. Oladele Richard Kolawole Federal Ministry of Environment Senior Scientific Officer 08034438297 kolardele@yahoo.co.uk 155. Eguaoje Festus O I Federal Ministry of Environment Assistant Director (GEF) 08033343564 obogbua1968@gmail.com 156. Faturoti Olutola Federal Fire Service (FFS) Assistant Superintendent of Fire Ii 08032846330 tolahephziba129@yahoo.com 157. Adamu A Dakogi Federal Fire Service (FFS) Assistant Superintendent of Fire Ii 08036415186 abduldakogi@gmail.com 158. Ogbodo Nkiruka Jacinta Federal Ministry of Environment Senior Chemical Engineer 08099448171 nkirukaogbodoo@yahoo.com 159. Nurudeen Abdulazeez Federal Ministry of Environment Scientific Officer 08188482410 abdulazeez90@yahoo.com 160. Dcf Agunloye T O Federal Fire Service Deputy Controller 08033716381 princet01@yahoo.com 161. Esan P.O Federal Fire Service Assistant Superintendent of Fire II 07032349733 esanoladimeji@yahoo.com 162. Akinrinbola Oladapo Federal Ministry of Environment Scientific Officer 08034484414 akinrinbolaoladapofrank@yahoo.com 163. Bayo Smith Federal Ministry of Environment Senior Chemical Engineer 08103013969 smith bayo@yahoo.com 164. Ekpo Uboho Akpan Federal Ministry of Environment Scientific Officer 08060577571 dellyekpo@yahoo.com mailto:OLAMAKINDE57@GMAIL.COM mailto:CALEBLEGAL@YAHOO.COM mailto:CALEBLEGAL@YAHOO.COM mailto:skoozyz@yahoo.com mailto:KOLARDELE@YAHOO.CO.UK mailto:OBOGBUA1968@GMAIL.COM mailto:tolahephziba129@yahoo.com mailto:ABDULDAKOGI@GMAIL.COM mailto:NKIRUKAOGBODOO@YAHOO.COM mailto:ABDULAZEEZ90@YAHOO.COM mailto:princet01@yahoo.com mailto:esanoladimeji@yahoo.com mailto:AKINRINBOLAOLADAPOFRANK@YAHOO.COM mailto:SMITH BAYO@YAHOO.COM mailto:DELLYEKPO@YAHOO.COM 223 | P a g e S/N Name Organisation Designation Phone No. E-Mail 165. Salami Ismaila Federal Fire Service (FFS) FI 08062102074 talk2ismal@yahoo.com 166. Okoro Stanley Hospitalia Consultair Ltd Environmental Assessment Officer 08038799089 okorochukwustanley@yahoo.com 167. Ukpoju Adam S. Federal Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development Chief Agric Supervisor 08065701244 samukpoju@yahoo.com 168. Stephanie Nwachoko Federal Ministry of Environment Scientific Officer 07068212247 mailbaby1@yahoo.com 169. Ajayi O. J. Federal Ministry of Environment Confidential Secretary 08035986602 170. Chuks Aruogu Hospitalia Consultair Ltd Environmental Assessment Officer 08186308036 caruogu@hospitaliaconsulaire.com 171. Ezeanata Charity E Anambra State Ministry of Environment, Awka Director (Eh&Pc) 08036664687 chateby2003@yahoo.com 172. Oladapo Khadija Federal Ministry of Environment Scientific Officer 08032503846 khadyaholadipo@rocketmail.com 173. Gbagidi Faith Federal Ministry of Environment Scientific Officer 08038271542 faithgbags25@yahoo.com 174. Prince Peter Uwagbale Ksm Edo State Ministry of Environment, Benin City Director (Env. Sanitation and Safety Services) 08131160792 uwagbalepeter@yahoo.com 175. Edu Inam Department of Chemistry University of Uyo, Akwa Ibom Director, Research and Development 07062404480 eduinam@uniuyo.edu.ng 176. Dera Nnadi Nigeria Customs Service Assistant Comptroller 08033201729 dera nnadi@yahoo.com derannadi@customs.gov.ng 177. Onaja D. O Federal Ministry of Environment Principal Confidential Secretary 07042211682 demanojoelogh@gmail.com 178. Joel Ekandem Federal Ministry of Environment Scientific Officer 07035232790 ekamdemjoel@yahoo.com mailto:TALK2ISMAL@YAHOO.COM mailto:OKOROCHUKWUSTANLEY@YAHOO.COM mailto:samukpoju@yahoo.com mailto:MAILBABY1@YAHOO.COM mailto:CARUOGU@HOSPITALIACONSULAIRE.COM mailto:CHATEBY2003@YAHOO.COM mailto:KHADYAHOLADIPO@ROCKETMAIL.COM mailto:FAITHGBAGS25@YAHOO.COM mailto:uwagbalepeter@yahoo.com mailto:eduinam@uniuyo.edu.ng mailto:dera nnadi@yahoo.com mailto:derannadi@customs.gov.ng mailto:demanojoelogh@gmail.com mailto:EKAMDEMJOEL@YAHOO.COM 224 | P a g e S/N Name Organisation Designation Phone No. E-Mail 179. D.O. Onyena Federal Ministry of Environment Deputy Director 08108312829 180. Fatai S. Olarenwaju Federal Ministry of Health Assistant Director 08036086768 fmoh19682@yahoo.com 181. Perpetua Ezediunor Federal Ministry of Health Scientific Officer 08064632015 perpeyino@yahoo.com 182. Adanikin Olugbenga The Nation Correspondent 08062458291 olugbenga.a4@gmail.com 183. Oguwa A. M Federal Ministry of Environment Scientific Officer 08024245731 184. Harriet Chris United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) Kano Managing Director 08032591721 greenearth649@gmail.com 185. Ahmed Salawu ITV Camera Man 09050489904 ahmedoladimeji28@gmail.com 186. Ada Achanya ITV Journalist 08032900785 aadafavour@yahoo.com 187. Chika Onyesi Silverbird TV Journalist 08033622550 linkasa@yahoo.com 188. Amadi Vivian Federal Ministry of Environment Press SIO 08061650134 amadivivian21@yahoo.com 189. Essen Cornelius The Guardian Journalist 08035974852 essencornel@gmail.com 190. Atuora Obed Federal Ministry of Environment Press Assistant Director (Press) 08065656600 choziatuora@yahoo.com 191. Emmanuel Johnson AIT Camera Man 08027163322 emmybest23@gmail.com 192. Etta Michael B Blueprint Head of Environment Desk 08037865928 mob4real57@yahoo.co.uk 193. Adejinrin Rasak Silverbird TV Cameraman 08138665658 adejinrinrasak@gmail.com 194. Ngozi Nwankwo Nigerian Pilot Reporter Abuja 08060541556 blesing2020@yahoo.com 195. Nnodim O Victor Punch Correspondent 08034427262 nnodimovictor@gmail.com 196. Caleb Ayansina Vanguard Correspondent 08060647858 caleb4ch@yahoo.co.uk 197. Patience Ihejirika Leadership Correspondent 0805325091 ivieoshafuosoa@yahoo.com mailto:fmoh19682@yahoo.com mailto:perpeyino@yahoo.com mailto:olugbenga.a4@gmail.com mailto:greenearth649@gmail.com mailto:AHMEDOLADIMEJI28@GMAIL.COM mailto:AADAFAVOUR@YAHOO.COM mailto:LINKASA@YAHOO.COM mailto:AMADIVIVIAN21@YAHOO.COM mailto:ESSENCORNEL@GMAIL.COM mailto:CHOZIATUORA@YAHOO.COM mailto:EMMYBEST23@GMAIL.COM mailto:MOB4REAL57@YAHOO.CO.UK mailto:ADEJINRINRASAK@GMAIL.COM mailto:BLESING2020@YAHOO.COM mailto:NNODIMOVICTOR@GMAIL.COM mailto:CALEB4CH@YAHOO.CO.UK mailto:IVIEOSHAFUOSOA@YAHOO.COM 225 | P a g e 226 | P a g e Annex VII: Data on Pilot Inventory of National HealthCare Waste 227 | P a g e 228 | P a g e Annex VIII: Inventory Data from CleanFarms Project THE CLEANFARMS PROJECT NIGERIA Background In May 2010, CropLife Nigeria (representing pesticides importers in Nigeria) in collaboration with CropLife International1 (representing international pesticides manufacturers) and NAFDAC undertook a pilot project under the name CleanFarms to identify obsolete pesticides and empty containers in five states: Benue, FCT, Kaduna, Nasarawa, and Niger state. All project activities are being paid by CropLife International. PHASE 1: Inventory The first step of the project was to take inventory of any obsolete pesticides and empty pesticides containers in the five states. During this phase, the project succeeded in: 1. Training of 158 Extension Officers of the Agricultural Development Project (ADP) in the five states in taking inventory and the hazardous of obsolete pesticides (Jun-Jul 2010). 2. Taking inventory of obsolete pesticides and empty containers held in the private sector in the five states (Jul-Oct 2010). 3. Organizing a stakeholders’ meeting in Abuja in which the results of the inventory were presented to all stakeholders including the Ministry of Environment, Health, and Agriculture, farmers’ organisations, NGOs and technical partners (Apr 2011). PHASE 2: Analysis of the identified stocks A total of 9.9 tonnes of obsolete pesticides and 72,000 empty containers were identified. Of the identified obsolete stocks, 10% were leaking or highly toxic. A bit over 20% was manufactured by CropLife International members, while 79% manufactured by other producers (of which 90% in China). PHASE 3: Safeguarding Because only 21% of the identified obsolete pesticides were manufactured by CropLife International members, funds were made available to safeguard only in one state. Niger was 1 Members of CropLife International are BASF, Bayer, Dow, DuPont, FMC, Monsanto, Sumitomo, and Syngenta. 229 | P a g e selected because of the high percentage of leaking products and the good collaboration with ADP. During this phase, the following has been achieved: 1. Upgrading of ADP storage facilities in Minna to be capable to store safeguarded products (Jun-Sep 2011). 2. Shipping of a container from Europe with safeguarding equipment (May-Oct 2011). 3. Training of 14 people from importing companies, ADP Niger state, Ministry of Environment, NAFDAC and NOCAIDA in safeguarding, facilitated by Veolia International (Nov 2011). 4. Safeguarding obsolete pesticides in Niger state (Dec 2011). 5. Safeguarded products stored in ADP Minna. 6. Organizing a feedback meeting in Minna in which the results of the inventory were presented to all stakeholders including the Ministry of Environment, Health, and Agriculture, farmers’ organisations, NGOs, ADP and NOCAIDA (January 2012). Safeguarded products Almost 6 tonnes were safeguarded in Minna, Suleja, Bida and Kontagora. Products included Pirimiphose methel, Propanil, Endosulphan, Glyphosate, Lambda, Cypermathrine, Orizo Plus, 24-D, Pendimenthalin, Chlorocyrisos, Atrazine, Diuron, Propanil, Chlorocyrisos, and Butachlor. In addition, 32 tonnes of DDVP 100% was identified in a store in Suleja. Only the leaking bottles could be safeguarded because of lack of equipment. The remaining DDVP was incinerated in Port Harcourt by the importing company. At the moment CropLife Nigeria is looking for possibilities to incinerate the safeguarded pesticides in a safe way. Storage facility in Minna Safeguarding activities 230 | P a g e Annex IX: POPs Inventory Questionnaires QUESTIONNAIRES 0N POLYBROMINATED DIPHENYLETHERS (PBDEs) IN ELECTRICAL/ELECTRONIC PRODUCTS Kindly note that this survey is required for developing integrated action plans for addressing POPs challenges in Nigeria and not for the purpose of regulatory sanctions. Therefore your cooperation in completing the questionnaire would be appreciated. Five (5) principal types of questionnaire on PBDEs have been designed by the Federal Ministry of Environment (FMEnv), for data collation purposes. The questionnaires were designed with different content and format depending on the respondent group. The types of questionnaires are as follows:  Household  Business Entities and Institutions  Importers and Exporters  Collectors  Repair Shops, Second-hand Shops, Dismantlers and Processors QUESTIONNAIRE FOR HOUSEHOLDS Household Information 1.1 How many family members are living in your house? [ ] Age group Number of person (a) 0 to 3 (Baby) (b) 4 to 12 (Child) (c) 13 to 19 (Teenager) 231 | P a g e (d) 20 to 59 (Adult) (e) 60 and over (Senior) Total 1.2 Into which category does your monthly income (as a total household) fall? (please select one): a) Low income b) Middle income c) Upper middle income d) High income Electrical and Electronic Equipment in Your House 2.1 Television Sets Q1 Do you have television sets in your house? 1) Yes → Please answer Q1-1 and Q1-2 and then go to Q2 2) No → Please go to Q2 Q1-1 How many Television Sets (TVs) did you discard during the past five years and how many TVs do you currently have in your house? 1) TVs discarded during the past five years [ ] 2) TVs currently in your house [ ] Q1-2 Please answer the following questions for each TV that you discarded during the past five years or currently have in your house. If you had/have more than three TVs in total, please answer about only three TVs that you discarded and/or have had for a longer term. Question TV#1 TV#2 TV#3 1-2-1 Did you discard the TV during the past five years or do you currently have it? 1) Currently have a) Yes b) No 2) Discarded When? [ ] 1) Currently have a) Yes b) No 2) Discarded When? [ ] 1) Currently have a) Yes b) No 2) Discarded When? [ ] 1-2-2 What type of TV is it? 1) Colour CRT 2) LCD 1) Colour CRT 2) LCD 1) Colour CRT 2) LCD 1-2-3 Who is the maker of the TV? 1-2-4 In which year did you get the TV? 232 | P a g e 1-2-5 How did you get the TV? 1) Bought 2) Given 3) Other 1) Bought 2) Given 3) Other 1) Bought 2) Given 3) Other 1-2-6 Was the TV brand new or second hand when you got it? 1) Brand-new 2) Second-hand 1) Brand-new 2) Second-hand 1) Brand-new 2) Second-hand 1-2-7 How did you discard the TV? Please answer ‘Yes’ or ‘No’. 1) Discard together with the other wastes for municipal waste collection? 2) Give / sell to the collectors? → Collector’s name and location/contact [ ] 3) Pay to the collector? → Collector’s name and location/contact [ ] 4) Give / sell to friends or relatives? 5) Bring to the recycling station / centre etc.? → Station’s name and location/contact [ ] 6) Others [e.g. keep at home] 2.2 Personal Computers Q2 Do you or did you have personal computers in your house? 1) 2) Yes → Please answer Q2-1 and Q2-2 and then go to Q3 No → Please go to Q3 Q2-1 How many Personal Computers (PCs) did you discard during the past five years and how many PCs do you currently have in your house? PCs discarded during the past five years [ ] PCs currently in your house [ ] Q2-2 Please answer the following questions for each PC that you discarded during the past five years or currently have in your house. If you had/have more than three PCs in total, please answer about only three PCs that you discarded and/or have had for a longer term. 233 | P a g e Question PC#1 PC #2 PC #3 2-2-1 Did you discard the PC during the past five years or do you currently have it? 1) Do you still use it as PC? a) Yes b) No 2) Discarded When? [ ] 1) Do you still use it as PC? a) Yes b) No 2) Discarded when? [ ] 1) Do you still use it as PC? a) Yes b) No 2) Discarded When? [ ] 2-2-2 What type of PC is it? 1) Desktop with CRT display 2) Desktop with LCD display 3) Notebook 1) Desktop with CRT display 2) Desktop with LCD display 3) Notebook 1) Desktop with CRT display 2) Desktop with LCD display 3) Notebook 3-2-3 Who is the maker of the PC? 2-2-4 In which year did you get the PC? 2-2-5 How did you get the PC? 1) Bought 2) Given 3) Other 1) Bought 2) Given 3) Other 1) Bought 2) Given 3) Other 2-2-6 Was the PC brand new or second hand when you got it? 1) Brand-new 2) Second-hand 1) Brand-new 2) Second-hand 1) Brand-new 2) Second-hand 2-2-7 How did you discard the PC? Please answer ‘Yes’ or ‘No’. 1) Discard together with the other wastes for municipal waste collection? 2) Give / sell to the collectors? → Collector’s name and location/contact [ ] 3) Pay to the collector? →Collector’s name and location/contact [ ] 4) Give / sell to friends or relatives? 5) Bring to the recycling station / centre etc.? → Station’s name and location/contact [ ] 6) Others [Pls. specify] [ ] 234 | P a g e 2.3 Mobile Phones Q3 Do your family members or did your family members have mobile phones? 1) 2) Yes → Please answer Q3-1 and Q3-2 and then go to Q4 No → Please go to Q4 Q3-1 How many Mobile Phones (MPs) did your family members discard during the past five years and how many MPs do your family members currently have? MPs discarded during the past five years [ ] MPs that your family members currently have [ ] Q3-2 Please answer the following questions for each MP that your family members discarded during the past five years or currently have. If your family members had/have more than three MPs in total, please answer about only three MPs that your family members discarded and/or have had for a longer term. Question MP#1 MP #2 MP #3 3-2-1 Did your family member discard the MP during the past five years or does s/he currently have it? 1) 2) Do you still use it as MP? a) Yes b) No Discarded When? [ ] 1) 2) Do you still use it as MP? a) Yes b) No Discarded When? [ ] 1) 2) Do you still use it as MP? b) Yes b) No Discarded When? [ ] 3-2-2 Who is the maker of the MP? 3-2-3 In which year did s/he get the MP? 3-2-4 How did s/he get the MP? 1) 2) 3) Bought Given Other 1) 2) 3) Bought Given Other 1) 2) 3) Bought Given Other 3-2-5 Was the MP brand new or second hand when s/he got it? 1) 2) Brand-new Second-hand 1) 2) Brand-new Second-hand 1) 2) Brand-new Second-hand 235 | P a g e 3-2-6 How did s/he discard the MP? Please answer ‘Yes’ or ‘No’. 1) Discard together with the other wastes for municipal waste collection? 2) Give / sell to the collectors? → Collector’s name and location/contact [ ] 3) Pay to the collector? → Collector’s name and location/contact [ ] 4) Give / sell to friends or relatives? 5) Bring to the recycling station / centre etc.? → Station’s name and location/contact [ ] 6) Others [Pls. specify] [ ] 2.4 Refrigerators Q4 Do you or did you have refrigerators in your house? 1) 2) Yes → Please answer Q4-1 and Q4-2 and then go to Q5 No → Please go to Q5 Q4-1 How many refrigerators did you discard during the past five years and how many refrigerators do you currently have in your house? Refrigerators discarded during the past five years [ ] Refrigerators currently in your house [ ] Q4-2 Please answer the following questions for each refrigerator (fridge) that you discarded during the past five years or currently have. If you had/have more than three fridges in total, please answer about only three fridges that you discarded and/or have had for a longer term. 236 | P a g e Question Fridge#1 Fridge #2 Fridge #3 4-2-1 Did you discard the fridge during the past five years or do you currently have it? 1) 2) Do you still use it as fridge? a) Yes b) No Discarded When? [ ] 1) 2) Do you still use it as fridge? a) Yes b) No Discarded When? [ ] 1) 2) Do you still use it as fridge? a) Yes b) No Discarded When? [ ] 4-2-2 Who is the maker of the fridge? 4-2-3 In which year did you get the fridge? 4-2-4 How did you get the fridge? 1) 2) 3) Bought Given Other 1) 2) 3) Bought Given Other 1) 2) 3) Bought Given Other 4-2-5 Was the fridge brand-new or second-hand when you got it? 1) 2) Brand-new Second-hand 1) 2) Brand-new Second-hand 1) 2) Brand-new Second-hand 4-2-6 How did you discard the fridge? Please answer ‘Yes’ or ‘No’. 1) Discard together with the other wastes for municipal waste collection? 2) Give / sell to the collectors? → Collector’s name and location/contact [ ] 3) Pay to the collector? → Collector’s name and location/contact [ ] 4) Give / sell to friends or relatives? 5) Bring to the recycling station / centre etc.? → Station’s name and location/contact [ ] 6) Others [Pls. specify] [ ] 2.5 Air Conditioners Q5 Do you or did you have air conditioners in your house? 237 | P a g e 1) 2) Yes → Please answer Q5-1 and Q5-2 and then go to Q6 No → Please go to Q6 Q5-1 How many Air Conditioners (ACs) did you discard during the past five years and how many ACs do you currently have in your house? ACs discarded during the past five years [ ] ACs currently in your house [ ] Q5-2 Please answer the following questions for each AC that you discarded during the past five years or currently have. If you had/have more than three ACs in total, please answer about only three ACs that you discarded and/or have had for a longer term. Question AC#1 AC#2 AC #3 5-2-1 Did you discard the AC during the past five years or do you currently have it? 1) 2) Do you still use it as AC? a) Yes b) No Discarded When? [ ] 1) 2) Do you still use it as AC? a) Yes b) No Discarded When? [ ] 1) Do you still use it as AC? a) Yes b) No 2)Discarded When? [ ] 5-2-2 Who is the maker of the AC? 5-2-3 In which year did you get the AC? 5-2-4 How did you get the AC? 1) 2) 3) Bought Given Other 1) 2) 3) Bought Given Other 1) 2) 3) Bought Given Other 5-2-5 Was the AC brand new or second hand when you got it? 1) Brand-new 2) Second-hand 1) Brand-new 2) Second-hand 1) Brand-new 2) Second-hand 238 | P a g e 5-2-6 How did you discard the AC? Please answer ‘Yes’ or ‘No’. 1) Discard together with the other wastes for municipal waste collection? 2) Give / sell to the collectors? → Collector’s name and location/contact [ ] 3) Pay to the collector? → Collector’s name and location/contact [ ] 4) Give / sell to friends or relatives? 5) Bring to the recycling station / centre etc.? → Station’s name and location/contact [ ] 6) Others [Pls. specify] [ ] 2.6 Washing Machines Q6 Do you or did you have washing machines in your house? 1) 2) Yes →Please answer Q6-1 and Q6-2 and then go to Q7 No →Please go to Q7 Q6-1 How many washing machines (WMs) did you discard during the past five years and how many WMs do you currently have in your house? WMs discarded during the past five years [ ] WMs currently in your house [ ] Q6-2 Please answer the following questions for each WM that you discarded during the past five years or currently have. If you had/have more than three WMs in total, please answer about only three WMs that you discarded and/or have had for a longer term. Question WM#1 WM#2 WM #3 239 | P a g e 6-2-1 Did you discard the WM during the past five years or do you currently have it? 1) Do you still use it as WM? a) Yes b) No 2)Discarded When? [ ] 1) Do you still use it as WM? a) Yes b) No 2)Discarded When? [ ] 1) Do you still use it as WM? a) Yes b) No 2)Discarded When? [ ] 6-2-2 Who is the maker of the WM? 6-2-3 In which year did you get the WM? 6-2-4 How did you get the WM? 1) Bought 2) Given 3) Other 1) Bought 2) Given 3) Other 1) Bought 2) Given 3) Other 6-2-5 Was the WM brand-new or second-hand when you got it? 1) Brand-new 2) Second-hand 1) Brand-new 2) Second-hand 1) Brand-new 2) Second-hand 6-2-6 How did you discard the WM? Please answer ‘Yes’ or ‘No’. 1) Discard together with the other wastes for municipal waste collection? 2) Give / sell to the collectors? → Collector’s name and location/contact [ ] 3) Pay to the collector? → Collector’s name and location/contact [ ] 4) Give / sell to friends or relatives? 5) Bring to the recycling station / centre etc.? → Station’s name and location/contact [ ] 6) Others [Pls. specify] [ ] 2.7 Waste Batteries Q7 Have you ever changed rechargeable batteries in electrical and electronic equipment such as mobile phones, notebook computers, digital cameras, facsimile machines, and video cameras? 240 | P a g e 1) Yes → Please answer Q7-1 2) No Q7-1 How did you handle the mobile phone batteries that you do not use as battery anymore? 1) Discard together with the other wastes for municipal waste collection 2) Give / sell to the collectors → Collector’s name and location/contact [ ] 3) Pay to the collector for disposal → Collector’s name and location/contact [ ] 4) Bring to the recycling station / centre etc. → Station’s name and location/contact [ ] 5) Others [Pls. specify ] Thank you for your kind cooperation. Please return the Questionnaire to: The Director, Pollution Control and Environmental Health Department, Federal Ministry of Environment, No 14, Aguiyi Ironsi Street, Maitama, Abuja. For Clarification Please Call: +2348030643008 Email: tbabdul@yahoo.com QUESTIONNAIRE FOR BUSINESS ENTITIES & INSTITUTIONS COMPANY PROFILE: Date Name of Company / Institution Type of Business / Institution 241 | P a g e Phone Office Address Fax E-mail Number of Employees NOTE For answering questions in Tables, please group target electrical and electronic equipment (EEE) by similar characteristics. For example, if your company/institution purchased 15 colour TVs about 5 years ago and are still using them as TV, and purchased 15 mono-colour TVs 20 years ago and most of them were discarded three years ago, please consider these colour TVs as group #1, and mono-colour TVs as group #2. Electrical and Electronic Equipment (EEE) on the Premises Television Sets Q1 Does or did your company/institution have television sets on the premises? 1) Yes → Please answer Q1-1 and Q1-2 and then go to Q2 2) No → Please go to Q2 Q1-1 How many television sets (TVs) did your company/institution discard during the past five years, and how many TVs does it currently have on the premises? TVs discarded during the past five years [ ] TVs currently on the premises [ ] Q1-2 Please group the TVs by similar characteristics (age of TVs, discarded or currently held), and then answer the following questions for each group of TVs. If there are more than three groups, please answer only three groups of the TVs that your company/institution discarded and/or have on the premises for a longer term. 242 | P a g e Question TV Group#1 TV Group#2 TV Group#3 1-2-1 About how many TVs are in the group? 1-2-2 Did your company/institution discard the TVs during the past five years or does it currently have them? 1) Currently use a) Yes b) No 2) Discarded When? [ ] 1) Currently use a) Yes b) No 2) Discarded When? [ ] 1) Currently use a) Yes b) No 2) Discarded when? [ ] 1-2-3 What type of TVs are they? 1) Colour CRT 2) Mono-colour CRT 3) LCD 1) Colour CRT 2) Mono-colour CRT 3) LCD 1) Colour CRT 2) Mono-colour CRT 3) LCD 1-2-4 Who is the maker of the TVs? 1-2-5 In which year did your company/institution get the TVs? 1-2-6 How did your company/institution get the TVs? 1) Bought 2) By lease 3) Other 1) Bought 2) By lease 3) Other 1) Bought 2) By lease 3) Other 1-2-7 Were the TVs brand-new or second-hand when your company/institution got them? 1) Brand-new 2) Second-hand 1) Brand-new 2) Second-hand 1) Brand-new 2) Second-hand 1-2-8 How did your company/institution discard the TVs? Please answer ‘Yes’ or ‘No’. 1) Discard together with the other wastes for municipal waste collection 2) Give / sell to the collector → Collector’s name and location/contact [ ] 3) Pay to the collector → Collector’s name and location/contact [ ] 4) Donate to schools/other organizations or give away to employees 5) Bring to the recycling station / centre etc. 243 | P a g e → Station’s name and location/contact [ ] 6) Others [Pls. specify] [ ] Personal Computers Q2 Does or did your company/institution have personal computers on the premises? 1) 2) Yes → Please answer Q2-1 and Q2-2 and then go to Q3 No → Please go to Q3 Q2-1 How many personal computers (PCs) did your company/institution discard during the past five years, and how many PCs does it currently have on the premises? PCs discarded during the past five years [ ] PCs currently on the premises [ ] Q2-2 Please group the PCs by similar characteristics (age of PCs, discarded or currently held), and then answer the following questions for each group of PCs. If there are more than three groups, please answer about only three groups of the PCs that your company/institution discarded and/or has had for a longer term. Question PC Group#1 PC Group#2 PC Group#3 2-2-1 About how many PCs are in the group? 2-2-2 Did your company/institution discard the PCs during the past five years or does it currently have them? 1) Currently use a) Yes b) No 2) Discarded when? [ ] 1) Currently use a) Yes b) No 2) Discarded when? [ ] 1) Currently use a) Yes b) No 2) Discarded when? [ ] 244 | P a g e 2-2-3 What type of PCs are they? 1) Desktop with CRT display 2) Desktop with LC display 3) Notebook 1) Desktop with CRT display 2) Desktop with LC display 3) Notebook 1) Desktop with CRT display 2) Desktop with LC display 3) Notebook 2-2-4 Who is the maker of the PCs? 2-2-5 In which year did your company/institution get the PCs? 2-2-6 How did your company/institution get the PCs? 1) Bought 2) By lease 3) Other 1) Bought 2) By lease 3) Other 1) Bought 2) By lease 3) Other 2-2-7 Were the PCs brand-new or second-hand when your company/institution got them? 1) Brand-new 2) Second-hand 1) Brand-new 2) Second-hand 1) Brand-new 2) Second-hand 2-2-8 How did your company/institution discard the PCs? Please answer ‘Yes’ or ‘No’. 1) Discard together with the other wastes for municipal waste collection 2) Give / sell to the collector → Collector’s name and location/contact [ ] 3) Pay to the collector → Collector’s name and location/contact [ ] 4) Donate to schools/other organizations or give away to employees 5) Bring to the recycling station / centre etc. → Station’s name and location/contact [ ] 6) Others [Pls. specify] [ ] 245 | P a g e Mobile Phones Q3 Does or did your company/institution provide its employees with mobile phones for business use? 1) Yes → Please answer Q3-1 and Q3-2 and then go to Q4 2) No → Please go to Q4 Q3-1 How many Mobile Phones (MPs) did your company/institution discard during the past five years, and how many MPs does it provide to its employees or have on the premises? MPs discarded during the past five years [ ] MPs currently provided to employees or on the premises [ ] Q3-2 Please group the MPs by similar characteristics (age of MPs, discarded or currently provide/have), and then answer the following questions for each group of MPs. If there are more than three groups, please answer about only three groups of the MPs that your company/institution discarded and/or has provided to employees or had on the premises for a longer term. Question MP Group#1 MP Group#2 MP Group#3 246 | P a g e 3-2-1 About how many MPs are in the group? 3-2-2 Did your company/institutio n discarded the MPs during the past five years or does it currently provide to employees or have on the premises? 1) 2) Currently provide/use a) Yes b)No Discarded When? [ ] 1) 2) Currently provide/use a) Yes b) No Discarded When? [ ] 1) 2) Currently provide/use a) Yes b) No Discarded When? [ ] 3-2-3 Who is the maker of the MPs? 3-2-4 In which year did your company/institutio n get the MPs? 3-2-5 How did your company/institutio n get the MPs? 1) 2) 3) Bought By lease Other 1) 2) 3) Bought By lease Other 1) 2) 3) Bought By lease Other 3-2-6 Were the MP brand-new or second-hand when your company/institutio n got them? 1) 2) Brand-new Second-hand 1) 2) Brand-new Second-hand 1) 2) Brand-new Second-hand 247 | P a g e 3-2-7 How were the MPs discarded? Please answer ‘Yes’ or ‘No’. 1) Discard together with the other wastes for municipal waste collection 2) Give / sell to the collector → Collector’s name and location/contact [ ] 3) Pay to the collector → Collector’s name and location/contact [ ] 4) Donate to schools/other organizations or give away to employees 5) Bring to the recycling station / centre etc. → Station’s name and location/contact [ ] 6) Others [Pls. specify] [ ] 2.4 Refrigerators Q4 Does or did your company/institution have refrigerators on the premises? 1) 2) Yes → Please answer Q4-1 and Q4-2 and then go to Q5 No → Please go to Q5 Q4-1 How many refrigerators did your company/institution discard during the past five years, and how many refrigerators does it currently have on the premises? Refrigerators discarded during the past five years [ ] Refrigerators currently on the premises [ ] Q4-2 Please group the fridges by similar characteristics (age of fridges, discarded or currently have), and then answer the following questions for each group of fridges. If there are more than three groups, please answer about only three groups of the fridges that your company/institution discarded and/or has had on the premises for a longer term. 248 | P a g e Questions Fridge Group#1 Fridge Group#2 Fridge Group#3 4-2-1 About how many fridges are in the group? 4-2-2 Did your company/institution discard the fridges during the past five years or does it currently have them? 1) Currently use a) Yes b) No 2) Discarded when? [ ] 1) Currently use a) Yes b) No 2) Discarded when? [ ] 1) Currently use a) Yes b) No 2) Discarded when? [ ] 4-2-3 Who is the maker of the fridges? 4-2-4 In which year did your company/ institution get the fridges? 4-2-5 How did your company/institution get the fridges? 1) Bought 2) By lease 3) Other 1) Bought 2) By lease 3) Other 1) Bought 2) By lease 3) Other 4-2-6 Were the fridges brand-new or second-hand when your company/institution got them? 1) Brand-new 2) Second-hand 1) Brand-new 2) Second-hand 1) Brand-new 2) Second-hand 4-2-7 How were the fridge discard? Please answer ‘Yes’ or ‘No’. 1) Discard together with the other wastes for municipal waste collection 2) Give / sell to the collector → Collector’s name and location/contact [ ] 3) Pay to the collector → Collector’s name and location/contact [ ] 4) Donate to schools/other organizations or give away to employees 5) Bring to the recycling station / centre etc. → Station’s name and location/contact [ ] 249 | P a g e 6) Others [Pls. specify] [ ] 2.5 Air Conditioners Q5 Does or did your company/institution have air conditioners on the premises? 1) Yes→ Please answer Q5-1 and Q5-2 and then go to Q6 2) No → Please go to Q6 Q5-1 How many air conditioners (ACs) did your company/institution discard during the past five years, and how many ACs does it currently have on the premises? ACs discarded during the past five years [ ] ACs currently on the premises [ ] Q5-2 Please group the ACs by similar characteristics (age of ACs, discarded or currently have), and then answer the following questions for each group of ACs. If there are more than three groups, please answer about only three groups of the ACs that your company/institution discarded and/or has had on the premises for a longer term. Questions AC Group#1 AC Group#2 AC Group#3 5-2-1 About how many ACs are in the group? 5-2-2 Did your company/institution discard the ACs during the past five years or does it currently have them? 1) 2) Currently use a) Yes b) No Discarded When? [ ] 1) Currently use a) Yes b) No 2) Discarded When? [ ] 1) Currently use a) Yes b) No 2) Discarded When? [ ] 5-2-3 Who is the maker of the ACs? 250 | P a g e 5-2-4 In which year did your company/institution get the ACs? 5-2-5 How did your company/institution get the ACs? 1) Bought 2) By lease 3) Other 1) Bought 2) By lease 3) Other 1) Bought 2) By lease 3) Other 5-2-6 Were the ACs brand new or second-hand when your company/institution got them? 1) Brand-new 2) Second-hand 1) Brand-new 2) Second-hand 1) Brand-new 2) Second-hand 5-2-7 How were the ACs discarded? Please answer ‘Yes’ or ‘No’. 1) Discard together with the other wastes for municipal waste collection 2) Give / sell to the collector → Collector’s name and location/contact [ ] 3) Pay to the collector → Collector’s name and location/contact [ ] 4) Donate to schools/other organizations or give away to employees 5) Bring to the recycling station / centre etc. → Station’s name and location/contact [ ] 6) Others [Pls. specify] [ ] 2.6 Washing Machines (WMs) Q6 Does or did your company/institution have washing machines on the premises? 1)Yes → Please answer Q6-1 and Q6-2 and then go to Q7 2) No → Please go to Q7 Q6-1 How many washing machines (WMs) did your company/institution discard 251 | P a g e during the past five years, and how many WMs does it currently have on the premises ? WMs discarded during the past five years [ ] WMs currently on the premises [ ] Q6-2 Please group the WMs by similar characteristics (age of WMs, discarded or If there are more than three groups, please answer about only three groups of the WMs that your company/institution discarded and/or has had on the premises for a longer term. Questions WM Group#1 WM Group#2 WM Group#3 6-2-1 About how many WMs are in the group? 6-2-2 Did your company/institution discard the WMs during the past five years or does it currently have them? 1) Currently use a) Yes b) No 2) Discarded When? [ ] 1) Currently use a) Yes b) No 2) Discarded When? [ ] 1) Currently use a) Yes b) No 2) Discarded When? [ ] 6-2-3 Who is the maker of the WMs? 6-2-4 In which year did your company/institution get the WM? 6-2-5 How did your company/institution get the WMs? 1) Bought 2) By lease 3) Other 1) Bought 2) By lease 3) Other 1) Bought 2) By lease 3) Other 6-2-6 Were the WM brand new or second-hand when your company/institution got them? 1) Brand-new 2) Second-hand 1) Brand-new 2) Second-hand 1) Brand-new 2) Second-hand 252 | P a g e 6-2-7 How were the WMs discarded? Please answer ‘Yes’ or ‘No’. 1) Discard together with the other wastes for municipal waste collection 2) Give / sell to the collector → Collector’s name and location/contact [ ] 3) Pay to the collector → Collector’s name and location/contact [ ] 4) Donate to schools/other organizations or give away to employees 5) Bring to the recycling station / centre etc. → Station’s name and location/contact [ ] 7) Others [Pls. specify] [ ] 2.7 Waste Batteries Q7 Has your company/institution ever changed rechargeable batteries in electrical and electronic equipment such as mobile phones, notebook computers, digital cameras, facsimile machines, and video cameras? 1) Yes → Please answer Q7-1 and then go to Q8 2) No → Please answer Q8 Q7-1 How did your company/institution handle the old rechargeable batteries? 1) Discard together with the other wastes for municipal waste collection 2) Give / sell to the collectors → Collector’s name and location/contact [ ] 3) Pay to the collector for disposal → Collector’s name and location/contact [ ] 4) Bring to the recycling station / centre etc. → Station’s name and location/contact [ ] 5) Others [Pls. specify] 253 | P a g e [ ] Q8 How does your company/institution usually discard dry cell batteries that you do not use anymore? 1) Discard together with the other wastes for municipal waste collection 2) Give / sell to the collectors → Collector’s name and location/contact [ ] → Collector’s name and location/contact [ ] → Station’s name and location/contact [ ] 3) Pay to the collector for disposal 4) Bring to the recycling station / centre etc. 5) Others [Pls. specify] [ ] Thank you for your kind cooperation. 254 | P a g e Please return the Questionnaire to: The Director, Pollution Control and Environmental Health Department, Federal Ministry of Environment, No 14, Aguiyi Ironsi Street, Maitama, Abuja. For Clarification Please Call: +2348030643008 Email: tbabdul@yahoo.com QUESTIONNAIRE FOR IMPORTERS & EXPORTERS Date Interviewer Respondent Name Position 1. Company Profile Name of Organization Type of Business 1) Import 2) Export 3) Other ( ) Phone Address Fax E-mail Number of Employees NOTE: For television sets (item #1) and computers (item #2), if information for breakdown categories (item #1.1-1.2 or item #2.1-2.3) is not available, please answer televisions or computers as a whole in the item #1 or #2 row. 255 | P a g e 2. Import of Used Electrical and Electronic Equipment (EEE) Q1. Please specify the type, quantity, trend of import, and country of origin of used EEE currently imported by your company. Type of used EEE 1-1 How many units are imported per month on average? 1-2 What is the average increasing /decreasing rate of import during the last 5 years? 1-3 Which country do they come from? Please list major three countries. 1. Television set + 1.1. Color CRT + 1.2 LC + 2. Computer + Type of used EEE 1-1 How many units are imported per month on average? 1-2 What is the average increasing /decreasing rate of import during the last 5 years? 1-3 Which country do they come from? Please list major three countries. 2.1. Desktop + 2.2. Notebook + 2.3. Other ( ) + 3. Mobile phone + 4. Refrigerator + 5. Air conditioner + 6. Washing machine + 7. Other ( ) + Q2. How is the imported used EEE going to be utilized? Please indicate the ratio of the units by destination. Type of used EEE Ratio (%) of Units by destination. 256 | P a g e Second-hand shops (selling at the market without repair) Repair shops (mainly for repair for selling at the market) Dismantlers (mainly for recovering reusable parts and recyclable materials) 1. Television set 1.1. Color CRT 1.2. LC 2. Computer 2.1. Desktop 2.2. Notebook 2.3. Other ( ) 3. Mobile phone 4. Refrigerator 5. Air conditioner 6. Washing machine 7. Other ( ) Q3. Please provide information about your partners by type (second-hand shops, repair shops, and dismantlers). Type* Name Address Telephone *Please specify with 1) second-hand shops, 2) repair shops, 3) dismantlers, and 4) other. 3. Export of Used EEE Q4. Please specify the type, quantity, trend of export, country of destination currently exported by your company. Type of used EEE 4-1 How many units are exported per month on average? 4-2 What is the average increasing /decreasing rate of export during the last 5 years? 4-3 Which countries do they go to? Please list the three major countries. 1. Television set + 257 | P a g e 1.1. Colour CRT + 1.2. LC + 2. Computer + 2.1. Desktop + 2.2. Notebook + 2.3. Other ( ) + 3. Mobile phone + 4. Refrigerator + 5. Air conditioner + 6. Washing machine + 7. Other ( ) + Thank you for your kind cooperation. Please return the Questionnaire to: The Director, Pollution Control and Environmental Health Department, Federal Ministry of Environment, No 14, Aguiyi Ironsi Street, Maitama, Abuja. For Clarification Please Call: +2348030643008 Email: tbabdul@yahoo.com QUESTIONNAIRE FOR COLLECTORS 258 | P a g e Date Interviewer Respondent Name Position Company Profile Name of Organization Type of Business (Multiple Answer) 1) Collection 2) Repair 3) Sales 4) Dismantling Phone Address Fax E-mail Number of Employees NOTE For television sets (item #1) and computers (item #2), if information for breakdown categories (item #1.1-1.2 or item #2.1-2.2) is not available, please answer televisions or computers as a whole in the item #1 or #2 row. Collection of Used Electrical and Electronic Equipment (EEE) Q1-1. Please specify the type, quantity, and source of used EEE currently collected by your company. Type of used EEE 1-1-1 How many units does your company collect per month? 1-1-2 Where do they come from? Please indicate the ratio (%) of the units. Charity Drives Household Office Leasing company Hotel/furnished apartment 1. Television set 1.1. CRT 1.2. LC 2. Computer 2.1. Desktop, Monitor 2.2. Notebook 259 | P a g e 3. Mobile phone 4. Refrigerator 5. Air Conditioner 6. W/Machine Q1-2. Please describe the collection route of used EEE from original dischargers such as households and offices to your company. Who are engaged in the collection and what transportation means are used? Q2. What percentage of collected used EEE is going to repair shops, second-hand shops, dismantlers or exporters? Please indicate the ratio (%) of the units. Type of used EEE Ratio (%) of used EEE collected by your company by destination Repair shop (repair used EEE) Second-hand shop (sell used EEE without repair) Dismantler (recover reusable parts and recyclable materials) Exporter 1. Television set 1.1. CRT 1.2. LC 2. Computer 2.1. Desktop 2.2. Notebook 3. Mobile phone 4. Refrigerator 5. Air conditioner 6. Washing machine Q3 Please provide information about your partners by type (second-hand shops, repair shops, dismantlers, and exporters). Type* Name Address Telephone 260 | P a g e *Please specify with 1) second-hand shops, 2) repair shops, 3) dismantlers, 4) exporters, and 5) other. Thank you for your kind cooperation. Please return the Questionnaire to: The Director, Pollution Control and Environmental Health Department, Federal Ministry of Environment, No 14, Aguiyi Ironsi Street, Maitama, Abuja. For Clarification Please Call: +2348030643008 Email: tbabdul@yahoo.com QUESTIONNAIRE FOR REPAIR & SECOND-HAND SHOPS Date Interviewer Respondent Name Position Company Profile Name of Organization Type of Business (Multiple Answer) 1) Collection 2) Repair 3) Sales 4) Dismantling Phone Address Fax E-mail Number of Employees NOTE: For television sets (item #1) and computers (item #2), if information for breakdown categories (item #1.1-1.2 or item #2.1-2.2) is not available, please answer televisions or computers as a whole in the item #1 or #2 row. 261 | P a g e Repair of Used Electrical and Electronic Equipment (EEE) Q1 Please specify the type, quantity, average weight and source of used EEE currently accepted by your company for repair/reassembling. Type of used EEE 1-1 How many units do you accept per month? 1-2 How much does one unit weigh? (kg/unit) 1-3 Where do they come from? Please indicate the ratio (%) of the units. Importer Domestic collector Directly from discharger (household, office, etc.) 1. Television set 1.1. CRT 1.2. LC 2. Computer 2.1. Desktop 2.2. Notebook 2.3. Other 3. Mobile phone 4. Refrigerator Type of used EEE 1-1 How many units do you accept per month? 1-2 How much does one unit weigh? (kg/unit) 1-3 Where do they come from? Please indicate the ratio (%) of the units. Importer Domestic collector Directly from discharger (household, office, etc.) 5. Air conditioner 6. Washing machine Q2 Please provide information about your partners by type (importers, domestic collectors). Type* Name Address Telephone 262 | P a g e *Please specify with 1) importer, 2) domestic collector, and 3) other. Q3. Please tell us your repair/reassembling process and required technology/equipment for the process. Type of used EEE Repair/reassembling Process (Please specify required technology and equipment) 1. Television set 1.1. CRT 1.2. LC 2. Computer 2.1. Desktop 2.2. Notebook 3. Mobile phone 4. Refrigerator 5. Air conditioner 6. Washing machine Q4 Please specify quantity of final products (repaired/reassembled EEE), other sellable items (reusable parts, recyclable materials), and residues (those you cannot sell) generated from the repair/reassembling process. Type of used EEE 1-1 How many units of repaired/ reassembled EEE do you Produce per month? 1-2 What is the ratio (%) of used EEE sold at your shops? 1-3 How old is the majority of used EEE sold at your shops? 1-4 How may kilograms of reusable parts, recyclable materials and residues are generated per 100 units of final products (repaired/reassembled EEE) Imported Domestically Reusable Recyclable Residues 263 | P a g e collected parts (kg/100units) materials (metals, plastics, glass etc.) (kg/100units) (kg/100units) 1. Television set 1.1. CRT 1.2. LC 2. Computer 2.1. Desktop 2.2. Notebook 3. Mobile phone 4. Refrigerator 5. Air conditioner 6. Washing machine Q5 Please provide information about your partners who buy final products (repaired/reassembled EEE), reusable parts and recyclable materials. Type* Name Address Telephone *Please specify with those who buy 1) final products (repaired/reassembled EEE), 2) reusable parts, and 3) recyclable materials. Q6 What and how much residues do you generate from repair/reassembling process per month and how do you dispose of the residue? Type of Residue Quantity (kg/month) Ways of Disposal Name and Location of Entity that Accepts 264 | P a g e Residue Plastics 1) 2) 3) 4) Dispose as municipal waste Pay for disposal Give away Other ( ) Metals 1) ) 2) 3) 4) Dispose as municipal waste Pay for disposal Give away Other ( ) Glass 1) 2) 3) 4) Dispose as municipal waste Pay for disposal Give away Other ( ) Glass with lead (CRT) 1) 2) 3) 4) Dispose as municipal waste Pay for disposal Give away Other ( ) Oil 1) 2) 3) 4) Dispose as municipal waste Pay for disposal Give away Other ( ) CFC (chlorofluorocarb on) 1) 2) 3) 4) Destruct on the premises Pay for disposal Do not collect Other ( ) Rechargeable battery (from notebook computer) 1) 2) 3) 4) Dispose as municipal waste Pay for disposal Give away Other ( ) Rechargeable battery (from mobile phone) 1) 2) 3) 4) Dispose as municipal waste Pay for disposal Give away Other ( ) Mixture of different types of materials 1) 2) 3) 4) Dispose as municipal waste Pay for disposal Give away Other ( ) Other ( ) 1) 2) 3) 4) Dispose as municipal waste Pay for disposal Give away Other ( ) 265 | P a g e Other ( ) 1) 2) 3) 4) Dispose as municipal waste Pay for disposal Give away Other ( ) QUESTIONNAIRE FOR DISMANTLERS Date Interviewer Respondent Name Position Company Profile Name of Organization Type of Business (Multiple Answer) 1)Collection 2) Dismantling 3) Other ( ) Address Phone Fax E-mail Annual Sales (Turnover) Number of Employees NOTE: For television sets (item #1) and computers (item #2), if information for breakdown categories (item #1.1-1.2 or item #2.1-2.2) is not available, please answer televisions or computers as a whole in the item #1 or #2 row. Dismantling of Used Electrical and Electronic Equipment (EEE) Q1 Please specify the type, quantity, and source of used EEE currently dismantled by your company. Type of used EEE 1-1 How many units do you dismantle per month? 1-2 How much does one unit weigh? (kg/unit) 1-3 Where do they come from? Please indicate the ratio (%) of the units. Importer Domestic collector Directly from household/office 266 | P a g e 1. Television set 1.1. CRT 1.2. LC 2. Computer 2.1. Desktop 2.2. Notebook 3. Mobile phone 4. Refrigerator 5. Air conditioner 6. W/Machine Q2 Please provide information about your partners by type (importers and domestic collectors). Type* Name Address Telephone *Please specify with 1) importer and 2) domestic collector Q3 Please tell us your dismantling process and required technology/equipment for the process. Type of used EEE Repair/reassembling Process (Please specify required technology and equipment) 1. Television set 1.1. CRT 1.2. LC 2. Computer 2.1. Desktop 2.2. Notebook 267 | P a g e 3. Mobile phone 4. Refrigerator 5. Air conditioner 6. Washing machine Q4 How many kilograms of reusable parts (those you can sell), recyclable materials (those you can sell) and residues (those you cannot sell) do you generate by dismantling 100 units of used EEE? Type of used EEE Reusable parts (kg/100units) Recyclable materials (kg/100units) Residues (kg/100units) 1. Television set 1.1. CRT 1.2. LC 2. Computer 2.1. Desktop 2.2. Notebook 3. Mobile phone 4. Refrigerator 5. Air conditioner 6. Washing machine Q5 Please provide information about your partners who buy reusable parts and recyclable materials. Type* Name Address Telephone *Please specify with those who buy 1) reusable parts, and 2) recyclable materials. Q6 What and how much residues do you generate from dismantling process per month and how do you dispose of the residue? Type of Residue Quantity (kg/month) Way of Disposal Name and Location of Entity that Accepts Residue 268 | P a g e Plastics 1) 2) 3) 4) Dispose as municipal waste Pay for disposal Give away Other ( ) Metals 1) 2) 3) 4) Dispose as municipal waste Pay for disposal Give away Other ( ) Glass 1) 2) 3) 4) Dispose as municipal waste Pay for disposal Give away Other ( ) Glass with lead (CRT) 1) 2) 3) 4) Dispose as municipal waste Pay for disposal Give away Other ( ) Oil 1) 2) 3) 4) Dispose as municipal waste Pay for disposal Give away Other ( ) CFC (chlorofluorocarbon) 1) 2) 3) 4) Destruct on the premises Pay for disposal Do not collect Other ( ) Rechargeable battery (from notebook computer) 1) 2) 3) 4) Dispose as municipal waste Pay for disposal Give away Other ( ) Rechargeable battery (from mobile phone) 1) 2) 3) 4) Dispose as municipal waste Pay for disposal Give away Other ( ) Dry cell battery 1) 2) 3) 4) Dispose as municipal waste Pay for disposal Give away Other ( ) Mixture of different types of materials 1) 2) 3) 4) Dispose as municipal waste Pay for disposal Give away Other ( ) 269 | P a g e Other ( ) 1) 2) 3) 4) Dispose as municipal waste Pay for disposal Give away Other ( ) Other ( ) 1) 2) 3) 4) Dispose as municipal waste Pay for disposal Give away Other ( ) Thank you for your kind cooperation. Please return the Questionnaire to: The Director, Pollution Control and Environmental Health Department, Federal Ministry of Environment, No 14, Aguiyi Ironsi Street, Maitama, Abuja. For Clarification Please Call: +2348030643008 Email: tbabdul@yahoo.com QUESTIONNAIRE FOR PROCESSORS Date 270 | P a g e Interviewer Respondent Name Position Company Profile Name of Organization Type of Business (Multiple Answer) 1) Collection 2) Dismantling 3) Processing of recyclable materials (plastics, metals, glass, etc.) 4) Other ( ) Phone Address Fax E-mail Annual Sales (Turnover) Number of Employees Electronic Equipment (EEE) Q1 Please specify the type, quantity, and source of waste EEE currently processed by your company. Type of Recyclable Material Quantity (kg/month) Source Name Address, Email Telephone / Fax Plastics (case, cover, parts, etc.) 1) 2) etc. Glass 1) 2) etc. Glass with lead (CRT) 1) 2) etc. 271 | P a g e Metals (electric wire, mother board, case, parts, etc.) 1) 2) etc. Other ( ) 1) 2) etc. Other ( ) 1) 2) etc. Etc. 1) 2) etc Q2 What quantity of recyclable materials recovered from used EEE or reject EEE does your company process per month? Please tell us their processing methods and buyers of the processed recyclable materials. Type of Recyclable Material Way of Processing Quantity (kg/month ) Name and Location of Entity that Buys Recyclable Material Plastics (case, cover, parts, etc.) 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) Washing Crushing Melting Pelletizing Other ( ) Glass 1) 2) 3) 4) Sorting by colour/quality Crushing Melting Other ( ) Glass with lead (CRT) 1) 2) 3) 4) Sorting by quality Crushing Melting Other ( ) Metals (electric wire, mother board, case, parts, etc.) 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) Sorting by metal type Stripping plastic cover Recover metal by burning Recover metal by acidic liquid Other ( ) 272 | P a g e Other ( ) Other ( ) Q3 What and how much residues do you generate from processing recyclable materials per month and how do you dispose of the residues? Type of Residue Quantity (kg/month) Way of Disposal Name and Location of Entity that Accepts Residue 1) 2) 3) 4) Dispose as municipal waste Pay for disposal Give away Other ( ) 1) 2) 3) 4) Dispose as municipal waste Pay for disposal Give away Other ( ) 1) 2) 3) 4) Dispose as municipal waste Pay for disposal Give away Other ( ) 1) 2) 3) 4) Dispose as municipal waste Pay for disposal Give away Other ( ) 273 | P a g e Thank you for your kind cooperation. Please return the Questionnaire to: The Director, Pollution Control and Environmental Health Department, Federal Ministry of Environment, No 14, Aguiyi Ironsi Street, Maitama, Abuja. For Clarification Please Call: +2348030643008 Email: tbabdul@yahoo.com QUESTIONNAIRE FOR HEXACHLOROCYCLOHEXANE ISOMERS Kindly note that this survey is required for developing integrated action plans for addressing POPs challenges in Nigeria and not for the purpose of regulatory sanctions. Therefore your cooperation in completing the questionnaire would be appreciated. 1. Name and address of the organization producing, marketing or using hexachlorocyclohexanes (lindane and isomers) Name of Organization Address 2. Name and producer/seller of the chemical, its use and availability (please attach safety data sheet if available) S/N Name of the HCH Producer of the HCH %Active ingredient Its use Availability 274 | P a g e 3. Names and producers/sellers of the previously used HCH, uses and reasons for not using again (please attach safety data sheet if available) S/N Names of previously used HCH stating years used Producers of the chemicals Its use Reason for not using it again 4. Frequency, location and amount of HCH (for the past 20 years) S/N Name of HCH Chemical Number of times used/year Total amount used/year location 275 | P a g e (use additional sheets if necessary) 5. Alternatives to HCH chemicals (please attach safety data sheet of the alternatives if available) S/N Name of chemical Intended use Name of alternative Reason for not using the alternative 6. Stockpiles of HCH chemicals S/N Name of Chemical Stockpiled or not? In what form? Quantity Location 276 | P a g e 7. How is the waste generated from application of this chemical managed in your organization? a. Deposited on the farm/factory area b. Destroyed in a waste treatment facility c. Sent to a landfill (name/location/address) d. Others (please specify) 8. Remark 277 | P a g e 9. Respondent Name Department Position Telephone Mobile phone Email Address Signature Date Thank you for your kind cooperation. Please return the Questionnaire to: The Director, Pollution Control and Environmental Health Department, Federal Ministry of Environment, No 14, Aguiyi Ironsi Street, Maitama, Abuja. For Clarification Please Call: +2348030643008 Email: tbabdul@yahoo.com 278 | P a g e QUESTIONNAIRE FOR PERFLUOROOCTANE SULPHONIC ACID (PFOS) AND ITS SALTS Kindly note that this survey is required for developing integrated action plans for addressing POPs challenges in Nigeria and not for the purpose of regulatory sanctions. Therefore your cooperation in completing the questionnaire would be appreciated. 1. Profile of Organisation Date Name of organisation Type of Business / Institution Contact Office Address Phone E-mail 2. What is the chemical used for in your organisation a) Aviation Hydraulic fluids b) Fire-fighting foam c) Insect baits for control of leaf-cutting ants from Atta spp. and Acromyrex spp. d) Insecticides for control of red imported fire ants and termites 3. Name and producer/seller of PFOS-Chemicals in-use and availability (Please attach safety data sheet if available) S/N Name of the PFOS Producer of the PFOS % Active ingredient Its use Availability 279 | P a g e 4. Names and producers/sellers of the previously used PFOS, uses and reasons for not using again (Please refer to Q2 in completing the table below, also attach safety data sheet if available) for example S/N Names of previously used PFOS stating years used Producers of the chemicals Its use Reason for not using it again 5. Usage frequency, location and amount of PFOS (from 1999 to date) S/N Name of PFOS chemical Number of times used/year Total amount used/year location 280 | P a g e ( use additional sheets if necessary) 6. Alternatives to PFOS chemicals (Please attach safety data sheet of the alternatives if available) S/N Name of chemical Intended use Name of alternative Reason for not using the alternative 7. Stockpiles of PFOS chemicals S/N Name of chemical Stockpiled or not? In what form? Quantity Location 281 | P a g e 8. How is the waste generated from application of this chemical managed in your organisation a. Deposited on the farm/factory area b. Destroyed in a waste treatment facility c. Sent to a landfill (name/location/address) d. Others ( please specify) 9. Remarks 10. Respondent Name Department Position Mobile phone Email Address Signature Date 282 | P a g e Questionnaire for Inventory of PCB-Containing Equipment Record number: Date: Inspector: A Information about the company and the site 1 Name: 2 Address: 3 Address of site: (if different from A2) 4 Phone: Fax: E-mail: 5 Name/position of contact: 6 Type of company / industry type / production at specific site: 7 Public or private company? 8 Location: Industrial zone Other urban area Rural area 3 9 Number of staff at visited site: >50 10-50 <10 10 Total number of pieces of equipment at site Transformers Capacitors Others in 1985 kWh / year 283 | P a g e 11 Total electricity consumption at site now kWh / year 12 PCB elimination action plan in place? action plan intended but not started? previous disposal activities? time frame for program? (Use a separate sheet if necessary) B Information related to the potentially PCB-containing equipment (repeat this section on a separate Section B form for each additional piece of equipment) 1 Name of manufacturer and country of origin 2 Type (transformer, capacitor, etc.) 3 Serial number 4 Power rating (voltage) 5 Date of fabrication 6 Weight: Equipment (dry weight in kg) Oil / liquid (L or kg) Total weight (kg) Size of equipment (length, width, height in ft or m) 7 Name of liquid or insulating oil/coolant, etc. 8 PCB content of liquid > 10 % PCB > 0.05 % PCB or 500 ppm > 0.005 % or 50 ppm < 0.005 % or 50 ppm No PCBs present in liquid (according to plaque) PCB content not known Equipment emptied of liquid 284 | P a g e 9 PCB analysis performed? If yes, which method and when? 10 Source of the above information (e.g., a plaque or name plate on the equipment) 11 Operational status of equipment In use: yes / since On stand-by Decommissioned 12 Condition of equipment Leaking? Immediate action needed? Storage situation (e.g. open air, locked enclosure etc.) 13 Maintenance of equipment Retrofilled? If yes, last retrofill when? By which company ? With which replacement liquid /insulating oil? Name of original liquid / insulating oil, if known 14 Other observations: (Use a separate sheet if necessary) 285 | P a g e C Information on wastes liable to contain PCB 1 Nature of the wastes (e.g., transformer oil in drums or reservoirs) 2 Estimated quantity 3 Are containers leak-proof? 4 Is the place of storage clearly marked to show the presence of PCB? 5 Have soil or buildings been contaminated by leaking PCB? (indicate magnitude of problem if possible, e.g. tonnes or cubic metres of contaminated soil) 6 Brief history of any previous remediation efforts, e.g., removal of PCB-containing equipment and waste PCB for disposal (when, by whom, where to, etc.) 7 Other relevant information (e.g., results of any sampling and analysis already undertaken) (Use a separate sheet if necessary) D Record of site visit 1 Company official(s) involved Name, position, signature, date 2 Government inspector(s) Name, position, signature, date NB: questionnaire adopted from the PCB Inventory Form (first issue) published by UNEP in 2002. Explanatory Notes: The Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants, in its Annex A and Article 6, requires Parties to identify, label and remove from use equipment containing polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and to dispose of the waste PCB-containing materials in an environmentally sound manner. 286 | P a g e This inventory form should assist countries in the preparation of their first nation-wide PCB inventory for the following purposes: 1. Identification of owners and locations of potentially PCB-containing equipment and wastes (section A); 2. Identification and quantification of potentially PCB-containing equipment such as transformers, capacitors, vacuum pumps, lamp ballast, and electrical cables (section B); and 3. Identification and quantification of waste PCBs or PCB-contaminated sites (section C). Inventory of PCB-Containing Equipment Loose copy of Section B. (Each additional piece of equipment at the site should be recorded on a separate copy of Section B, which should then be attached to the main inventory form for the site.) This additional Section B report relates to a piece of equipment located at: Record number for this site: B Information related to the potentially PCB-containing equipment (repeat this section for each piece of equipment) 1 Name of manufacturer and country of origin 2 Type (transformer, capacitor, etc.) 3 Serial number 4 Power rating (voltage) 5 Date of fabrication Weight: Equipment (dry weight in kg) 287 | P a g e 6 Oil / liquid (L or kg) Total weight (kg) Size of equipment (length, width, height in ft or m) 7 Name of liquid or insulating oil/coolant, etc. 288 | P a g e 8 PCB content of liquid > 10 % PCB > 0.05 % PCB or 500 ppm > 0.005 % or 50 ppm < 0.005 % or 50 ppm No PCBs present in liquid (according to plaque) PCB content not known Equipment emptied of liquid 9 PCB analysis performed? If yes, which method and when? 10 Source of the above information (e.g., a plaque or name plate on the equipment) 11 Operational status of equipment In use: yes / since On stand-by Decommissioned 12 Condition of equipment Leaking? Immediate action needed? Storage situation (e.g. open air, locked enclosure etc.) 13 Maintenance of equipment Retrofilled? If yes, last retrofill when? By which company ? With which replacement liquid /insulating oil? Name of original liquid / insulating oil, if known 14 Other observations: (Use a separate sheet if necessary) NB: questionnaire adopted from the PCB Inventory Form (first issue) published by UNEP in 2002. 289 | P a g e Questionnaire for POP-Pesticides and Hexachlorobenzene (HCB) State (or Town/City/Location) Contact person IMPORTANT : See instructions before filiing the form SECTION 1: POPs IDENTITY 1.1 Substance name (check one of the following substances) Aldrin Hexachlorobenzene Dieldrin Mirex DDT Toxaphene Endrin Heptachlor Chlordane 1.2 Generic names for product, mixture or formulation used Percentage of active ingredient in product, mixture or formulation Comment: SECTION 2. PRODUCTION, IMPORT AND EXPORT DATA Quantity per year (active ingredient) Year Specification 2.1 1. Produced for use 2. Produced as by products 3. Produced as impurity 4. Other Quantity per year (active ingredient) Year Specification 2.2 1. Imported for use 2. Imported impurity 3. Imported for destruction 4. Other Origins: 290 | P a g e Comment: 2.3 1. Exported for use 2. Exported impurity 3. Exported for destruction 4. Other SECTION 3. LOCAL USE Use type (see instructions) Quantity used per year Quantity reported as: (check one only) Year Specific legal restriction to use 3.1 Active ingredient Formulation Mixture Yes No Description Y e a r Comments: SECTION 4. ALTERNATIVES Use type (see instructions Availability and use Chemical alternatives name/short description Non-chemical alternative name/short description Reasons for not selecting alternative 4.1 Available Selected often Selected rarely Never selected Cost Effectiveness Other 4.2 Available Selected often Selected rarely Never selected Cost Effectiveness Other 4.3 Available Selected often Selected rarely Never selected Cost Effectiveness Other 291 | P a g e Comment : 292 | P a g e SECTION 5. STOCKPILE IDENTIFICATION Is the POP stockpiled? Quantity Stockpile Location(s) 5.1 As a product Yes (if Yes, please specify) Active Ingredient Formulation Mixture Other No NA 5.2 As a Recyclable Yes (if Yes, please specify) Active Ingredient Formulation Mixture Other No NA 5.3 As a Waste Yes (if Yes, please specify) Active Ingredient Formulation Mixture Other No NA Comments: SECTION 6. RELEASE TO ENVIRONMENTAL COMPARTMENTS Is the POP Released to environment Origin of Release Quantity per annum Location 6.1 Air Yes No Agricultural pest control Non-Agricultural pest control Industrial activity Waste disposal Other 293 | P a g e 6.2 Water Yes No Agricultural pest control Non-Agricultural pest control Industrial activity Waste disposal Other 6.3 Soil Yes No Agricultural pest control Non-Agricultural pest control Industrial activity Waste disposal Other SECTION 7. POPULATION EXPOSURE Are humans exposed to the POP Exposure type Total estimated levels Comments: 7.1 Yes No Occupational Consumer Residential Accident/Poisoning Other (please specify) SECTION 8. RELEASE AND EXPOSURE MONITORING Monitoring type Short description (add separate page if needed) 8.1 Ambient air Yes No 8.2 Ground water Yes No 8.3 Surface water Yes No 8.4 Point air Yes No 8.5 Point water Yes No 8.6 Soil Yes No 8.7 Ecosystem Yes No 294 | P a g e 8.8 Human Yes No 8.9 Agricultural commodity Yes No 8.10 Food products Yes No Comments Section 9 REGULATORY ACTIONS TAKEN TO CONTROL THE USE OF THE POP Action type to control the manufacture, importation distribution in commerce, use or disposal Short description (add separate page if needed) Reference 9.1 Public health standards or regulations 9.2 Occupational standards or regulations 9.3 Environmental standards or regulations 9.4 Guidance Document 9.5 Voluntary programme 9.6 Other (e.g., Governmental order, international agreements) 9.7 No action 295 | P a g e Comments: SECTION 10. REPORT ON CASE STUDIES ON POPs-RELATED PROBLEMS IN YOUR COUNTRY (Please provide a copy of the full report if available) Short Description (add separate page if needed) 10.1 Site location 10.2 Human activities in which the substance is used or generated 10.3 Pathways and distribution of POP 10.4 Environmental Impacts 10.5 Human health impact 10.6 Economic value of the activities at the national level, (poverty alleviation, health improvement) 10.7 Conclusions SECTION 11. DO YOU HAVE A NATIONAL ACTION PLAN TO CONTROL THE USE AND RELEASES OF THIS POP? No Yes Planned Implemented Please provide a short description (add separate page if needed) 296 | P a g e {NATIONAL/REGIONAL ACTION PLANS are programmes designed to control, reduce or eliminate the releases of POPs. They may include regulatory actions and other actions aiming at the phasing out of one or more POPs and/or promoting the use of alternative substances or techniques. NB: Questionnaire adapted from “Preparation of a National Environmentally Sound Management Plan for PCBs and PCB-Contaminated Equipment”; Training Manual Secretariat of the Basel Convention (2003) 297 | P a g e Annex X: Import of PBDEs from Nigeria Customs Services (NCS Data) 298 | P a g e Annex XI: Number of Registered Vehicles in Nigeria from 2004 to 2010 (NBS Data) 1: NUMBER OF MOTOR VEHICLE REGISTERED BY TYPE, 2004 – 2005 STATE Saloon cars Buses Lorry/Trailers Other Vehicles Motor Cycle Saloon cars Buses Lorry/Trailers Other Vehicles Motor Cycle Abia 3372 2626 177 - 36712 2489 1964 136 - 36773 Adamawa na na na na na na na na na na Akwa Ibom 4,556 241 37 22 29,949 4,970 264 114 40 22,124 Anambra na na na na na na na na na na Bauchi na na na na na na na na na na Bayelsa 450 180 35 38 450 680 300 58 121 700 Benue na na na na na na na na na na Borno na na na na na na na na na na Cross River 842 na na na 3,855 1,037 na na na 3,453 Delta na na na na na na na na na na Ebonyi 2,174 433 256 94 9,754 967 207 109 53 2,379 Edo 4,560 900 1,080 240 1,216 4,925 1,025 1,136 450 1,354 Ekiti na na na na na na na na na na Enugu na na na na na na na na na na Gombe 117 77 20 na 282 158 99 48 na 239 Imo 1,733 608 61 60 7,501 1,432 532 45 71 8,736 Jigawa na na na na na na na na na na Kaduna 3,312 1,013 - - 6,505 3,313 402 na - 1,084 299 | P a g e Kano 29,823 0 na 59 na 15,654 na na na na Katsina 1,449 245 165 125 6,471 1,604 597 173 107 5,981 Kebbi 3,044 2,860 3,219 2,341 16,268 9,570 6,523 3,549 3,021 16,971 Kogi na na na na na na na na na na Kwara 3,069 1,417 236 na 4,348 5,457 2,518 420 - 11,730 Lagos 57,826 6,494 1,910 1,146 11,549 70,496 7,150 1,972 1,460 8,022 Nassarawa na na na na na na na na na na Niger 1,868 1,468 214 - 2,126 2,210 1,746 302 - 2,472 Ogun na na na na na na na na na na Ondo na na na na na na na na na na Osun 2,293 408 42 114 1,658 3,355 782 55 83 4,408 Oyo 587 70 85 31 400 1,681 295 54 176 2,596 Plateau 940 496 19 806 2,114 4,832 193 32 135 3,121 Rivers na na na na na na na na na na Sokoto 4,661 1,331 1,062 360 14,580 1,217 258 128 274 3,854 Taraba 409 77 9 11 3,161 459 36 11 9 3,019 Yobe 1,350 221 98 177 9,580 1,618 414 80 251 10,210 Zamfara 624 366 307 - 3,756 668 250 134 - 6,465 FCT na na na na na na na na na na 2: NUMBER OF MOTOR VEHICLE REGISTERED BY TYPE, 2006 – 2007 STATE Saloon cars Buses Lorry/Trailers Other Vehicles Motor Cycle Saloon cars Buses Lorry/Trailers Other Vehicles Motor Cycle Abia 2969 1873 217 - 11895 5681 2890 562 - 46743 300 | P a g e Adamawa na na na na na na na na na na Akwa Ibom 1,987 207 28 20 10,915 1,459 146 46 22 17,923 Anambra 4,130 5,778 125 173 20,457 7,455 5,029 29 683 30,911 Bauchi na na na - na na na na na na Bayelsa 800 500 83 157 1,205 2,000 700 102 270 1,954 Benue na na na - na na na na na na Borno na na na na na na na na na na Cross River 248 - - - 4,604 402 - - 5,064 Delta na na na - na na na na na na Ebonyi 316 172 17 4,480 198 80 80 1,747 Edo 6,050 1,050 450 350 1,205 5,855 1,485 225 225 948 Ekiti 1,825 339 - - 4,257 1,789 213 - - 4,540 Enugu na na na - na na na na na na Gombe 167 84 53 - 648 211 115 68 - 114 Imo 392 111 21 21 3,075 55 169 14 23 3,383 Jigawa na na na - na na na na na na Kaduna 1,094 137 - - 176 1,847 6,376 - - 6,376 Kano - - - - - 5,953 901 - 125 Katsina 994 330 64 59 2,412 2,110 128 226 146 4,029 Kebbi 3,941 3,838 1,061 1,218 16,129 3,976 4,872 1,321 1,324 14,561 Kogi na na na - na na na na na na Kwara 3,427 1,582 264 - 4,834 2,655 1,226 204 - 3,825 Lagos 118,099 14,775 4,775 3,616 11,846 156,858 17,240 7,195 6,149 18,906 Nassarawa na na na - na na na na na na Niger 2,340 1,987 337 - 2,556 2,600 1,727 520 - 3,216 Ogun 2,403 58 27 22 463 2,816 130 63 32 1,892 301 | P a g e Ondo 2,260 786 34 107 4,207 3,001 718 81 37 3,133 Osun 2,881 784 11 82 5,100 3,303 887 8 7 8,818 Oyo 1,241 276 31 74 1,671 1,999 522 86 107 2,250 Plateau 5,269 2,115 23 1,631 5,438 5,951 3,009 21 339 7,315 Rivers na na na - na na na na na na Sokoto 678 219 86 182 2,061 2,336 389 6 528 6,230 Taraba na na na - na na na na na na Yobe 1,801 375 91 140 13,850 1,925 481 112 300 14,260 Zamfara 784 118 74 - 4,306 893 215 108 - 7,634 FCT na na na - na na na na na na Source: State Statistical Agencies Note: - = Nil 3: NUMBER OF MOTOR VEHICLE REGISTERED BY TYPE, 2008 STATE Saloon cars Buses Lorry/Trailers Other Vehicles Motor Cycle Abia na na na na na Adamawa na na na na na Akwa Ibom na na na na na Anambra na na na na na Bauchi 3,125 835 265 - 8,231 Bayelsa na na na na na Benue na na na na na Borno na na na na na 302 | P a g e Cross River na na na na na Delta na na na na na Ebonyi na na na na Edo na na na na na Ekiti 1,516 304 62 157 3,213 Enugu na na na na na Gombe 227 256 63 - 3,745 Imo na na na na na Jigawa na na na na na Kaduna 2,980 98 18 179 951 Kano na na na na na Katsina 5,210 1,050 482 162 15,748 Kebbi na na na na na Kogi na na na na na Kwara na na na na na Lagos na na na na na Nassarawa na na na na na Niger na na na na na Ogun na na na na na Ondo na na na na na Osun 3,440 1,190 16 - 13,760 Oyo 2,125 618 84 115 2,115 Plateau 1,800 365 144 84 768 Rivers na na na na na Sokoto na na na na na Taraba na na na na na 303 | P a g e Yobe 1,781 333 110 242 7,418 Zamfara na na na na na FCT na na na na na Source: State Statistical Agencies 4: NUMBER OF MOTOR VEHICLE REGISTERED BY TYPE, 2009 – 2010 STATE Saloon cars Buses Lorry/Trailers Other Vehicles Motor Cycle Saloon cars Buses Lorry/Trailers Other Vehicles Motor Cycle Abia 1,009 1,473 86 159 1,663 862 464 66 182 1,669 Adamawa na na Na na na Na na na na Na Akwa Ibom na na Na na na Na na na na na Anambra na na Na na na Na na na na na Bauchi 2,971 881 369 - 6,559 2,454 900 600 - 9,93 Bayelsa na na Na na na Na na na na na Benue na na Na na na Na na na na Na Borno na na Na na na Na na na na Na Cross River Na na Na na na Na na na na na Delta Na na Na na na Na na na na Na Ebonyi na na Na na na Na na na na na Edo na na Na na na Na na na na na Ekiti 1.152 155 51 20 2,652 1,252 255 57 167 1,728 Enugu na na Na na na Na na na na na Gombe 302 156 66 - 3,626 2,595 214 62 81 17567 304 | P a g e Imo na na Na na na Na na na na Na Jigawa na na Na na na Na na na na Na Kaduna 3,591 102 21 187 1,001 3,903 119 22 227 1,116 Kano na na Na na na Na na na na Na Katsina 1,774 261 60 27 2,912 1,984 551 132 74 13,813 Kebbi na na Na na na Na na na na Na Kogi na na Na na na Na na na na Na Kwara na na Na na na Na na na na Na Lagos na na Na na na Na na na na Na Nassarawa na na Na na na Na na na na Na Niger na na Na na na Na na na na Na Ogun na na Na na na Na na na na Na Ondo na na Na na na Na na na na Na Osun 3,106 1,774 12 4 10,564 2,902 1,535 52 15 14,750 Oyo 2,003 706 109 107 5,107 4,539 2,255 178 146 15,165 Plateau 3,012 342 200 112 1,000 2,851 170 176 108 1,220 Rivers na na Na na na na na na na Na Sokoto na na Na na na na na na na Na Taraba na na Na na na na na na na Na Yobe 2,050 600 109 250 16,118 2,535 820 212 270 20,292 Zamfara na na Na na na na na na na na FCT na na Na na na na na na na na Source: State Statistical Agencies