Namibia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution 2021

1.1 Namibia’s commitment ................................................................................................................. 3 1.2 A fair and ambitious contribution to achieve the Conventions objective............................ 3

1.3 NDC implementation process ...................................................................................................... 3 1.3.1 Building Namibia’s Adaptive and Mitigative Capacities ................................................ 3

1.4 Status of the NDC process in Namibia...................................................................................... 4

1.5 Namibia’s Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation: Policy and Planning .................. 5

1.5.1 Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation activities .................................................... 5

1.6 Namibia’s medium- and long-term development plans......................................................... 5

1.6.1 Vison 2030 ............................................................................................................................... 5

1.6.2 Harambe Prosperity Plan ...................................................................................................... 5

1.6.3 National Development Plan .................................................................................................. 6

1.7 NDC alignment with long-term mitigation strategies ............................................................. 6 2 MITIGATION CONTRIBUTION ...................................................................................... 7

2.1 Accounting for baseline targets in the NDCs ........................................................................... 7

2.1.1 Mitigation .................................................................................................................................. 7

2.1.2 Adaptation................................................................................................................................ 9

2.2 GHG Inventory ........................................................................................................................... 10

2.3 Baseline targets in NDCs .......................................................................................................... 11

2.4 Mitigation contributions by sector ........................................................................................... 11 3 ADAPTATION ............................................................................................................. 19

3.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................................. 19

3.2 Impacts and priorities for adaptation.................................................................................... 20

3.2.1 Water resources ................................................................................................................... 20

3.2.2 Agriculture and forestry ...................................................................................................... 21 vi

3.2.3 Coastal zones ........................................................................................................................ 21

3.2.4 Health ..................................................................................................................................... 22

3.2.5 Tourism .................................................................................................................................... 22

3.2.6 Disaster risk management ................................................................................................... 22

3.3 Prioritised measures ................................................................................................................... 23

3.4 Cross-cutting areas .................................................................................................................... 28

3.5 Blue carbon opportunities in adaptation ............................................................................... 29 4 MEANS OF IMPLEMENTATION ................................................................................... 30

4.1 Mitigation Funding requirements ............................................................................................. 30

4.2 Adaptation funding requirements ........................................................................................... 31

4.3 Finance ......................................................................................................................................... 32

4.4 NDC financing strategy ............................................................................................................ 33

4.5 Barriers and Opportunities towards the NDCs implementation ........................................ 34

4.5.1 Energy .................................................................................................................................... 34

4.5.2 IPPU including RAC. .............................................................................................................. 34

4.5.3 AFOLU .................................................................................................................................... 35

4.5.4 Waste ..................................................................................................................................... 35 5 MONITORING, REPORTING AND VERIFICATION FOR NDC TRACKING ................... 35

5.1 MRV systems in Namibia .......................................................................................................... 35

5.1.1 Barriers and Opportunities to MRV .................................................................................. 36

5.1.2 MRV Capacity Needs .......................................................................................................... 36

5.2 Institutional arrangements to track NDC implementation. .................................................. 37 6 REFERENCES ............................................................................................................... 44 7 APPENDICES ............................................................................................................... 46 Appendix 1: Detailed Mitigation Measures ..................................................................................... 46 Appendix 2: Detailed Adaptation Measures .................................................................................. 49 vii List of figures Figure 2.1. Mitigation contribution against business-as-usual (BAU). .......................................................................... 12 Figure 2.2. Mitigation potential from all mitigation measures. .................................................................................... 13 Figure 4.1. Mitigation investment requirements for all measures. ............................................................................... 31 Figure 4.2. Summary needs for adaptation actions. ...................................................................................................... 32 Figure 5.1. Institutional arrangements for NDC tracking. .............................................................................................. 38 List of tables Table 2.1. Further information for clarity on baseline target (mitigation). .................................................................. 8 Table 2.2. Types of Information Useful for Contributions Including Adaptation Components. ................................ 9 Table 2.3. National GHG emissions (MT, CO₂-eq) by sector (2010 - 2015). ......................................................... 10 Table 2.4. Summary of BAU emissions and NDC emissions reduction......................................................................... 11 Table 2.5. Summary of estimated GHG mitigation potential from all measures. .................................................... 16 Table 2.6. Updated Mitigation Contributions (Mt CO2e) by sector........................................................................... 19 Table 3.1. Adaptation actions. ........................................................................................................................................... 24 Table 3.2. Proposed Future adaptation activities in Namibia’s blue economy. ....................................................... 29 Table 4.1. Estimated mitigation and adaptation finance needed. ............................................................................. 32 Table 5.1. Institutional arrangements for Namibia’s NDC MRV management: Responsibilities and roles in climate change management. ............................................................................................................................................. 39 viii EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Introduction Namibia is resolutely committed to the Paris Agreement, and to Namibia commits to reduce its taking practical and ambitious action to reduce emissions and ensure a climate-resilient economy. The revised NDC allows for a robust GHG emissions conditionally by assessment of Namibia’s mitigation and adaptation actions at least 91% of its BAU scenario supported by a comprehensive stakeholder-driven dialogue emissions by 2030. mechanism and enhanced data. This report provides an update on the latest policies, measures and actions that will drive significant emission reductions whilst promoting a climate-resilient Namibia. The updated NDC presents a progressive shift above the 2015 pledge to reduce emissions from 89% to 91% by 2030. Mitigation contribution Namibia's mitigation commitment is in the form of a decrease in GHG emissions compared to the Business as Usual (BAU) baseline over the 2015-2030 period. This update presents an improvement in the commitment of the devotion of Namibia to meeting the Paris Agreement goal and following the road to net zero emissions by 2050. In the energy sector, the national sustainable energy strategy of Namibia looks to introduce new emissions- reducing technologies and encourage healthier practices that are more energy efficient.1 The updated NDC includes climate-friendly and energy-efficient refrigeration and air conditioning (RAC). Low Global Warming Potential technology options, particularly technology with natural refrigerants, exist as an alternative to HFCs for almost any RAC appliance. In the AFOLU sector, the main driver of the 2030 goal is to reduce the deforestation rate. The next 10 years will see a decrease in CO2 equivalents by over 13.5 MtCO2e. Namibia has acknowledged that reforestation, agroforestry and urban forests are vital to both carbon and timber productivity through best forest management practices. Under the waste sector, energy utilisation measures such as Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) transformation into compost and electricity are the most important opportunities. In the BAU scenario, overall GHG emissions in 2030 are expected to rise by up to 24.167 MtCO2e. The estimated emissions reduction will be 21.996 MtCO2e through 2030 (91% reduction of which 78.7% is from the AFOLU) (Table ES-1). Table ES-1. Sectoral share and percentage of BAU GHG emissions in 2030. Sector Mitigation potential (MtCO2e) % Reduction compared to BAU scenario in 2030 Energy 2.800 11.6% IPPU & RAC 0.134 0.6% AFOLU 19.030 78.7% Waste 0.031 0.1% Total 21.996 91% 1 (Ministry of Mines and Energy, 2017) 1 Adaptation contribution Adaption is still a relevant feature in Namibia and the country is considered one of the most vulnerable countries to the impacts of climate change. The country is particularly vulnerable to flooding and droughts. Ministries with adaptation relevance proposed a total of 49 priority actions. The agriculture, tourism and fisheries sectors are especially critical for adaptation, and several ministries have set goals for both youth and women's participation. Therefore, in Namibia, we see gender-balanced training and the promotion of the youth and women as relevant. Means of implementation . The projected net cost of the NDC mitigation measures to be implemented in Namibia is expected to be approximately USD 3.61 billion by 2030 and more than USD 1.72 billion for adaptation targets, representing a total funding need of approximately USD 5.33 billion (or NAD 77 billion). Table ES-2 outlines the estimated funding requirements and conditions for the updated NDC. The unconditional measures comprise about 10 per cent of the total expected funding and 90 per cent for the conditional measures. The funding pool would constitute a mix of national and international funding. TABLE ES-2. ESTIMATED MITIGATION AND ADAPTATION FINANCE NEEDED. Mitigation measures (USD) Adaptation measures (USD) Total (USD) Unconditional 0.36 billion 0.17 billion 0.53 billion Conditional 3.25 billion 1.55 billion 4.80 billion Total (USD) 3.61 billion 1.72 billion 5.33 billion Measuring, reporting and verification (MRV) framework Namibia has institutional reporting arrangements in place. The National Climate Change Committee and its sub- working groups will oversee and track the implementation of the updated NDC. Namibia is currently developing a robust transparency reporting system on its NDC and this would be a final instrument for the national MRV system. The new MRV systems will enable the country to monitor the effectiveness of its mitigation and adaptation measures including access to the means of implementation particularly climate finance. 2 1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Namibia’s commitment N amibia's second Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) according to Article 4 of the Paris Agreement reflects its continued adherence to the goals of the Paris Agreement, to keep the rise in global average temperature well below 2oC above pre-industrial levels. In 2015 the Namibian Government submitted its ambitious NDC with a pledge to reduce its national emissions of greenhouse gases (GHGs) by 89% by 2030. Since then, the Parties have agreed to announce a new round of enhanced NDCs. Hence Namibia has taken this major step to raise its mitigation ambition from 89% in 2015 to 91%. Namibia commits to reduce its GHG emissions conditionally by 14% (under limited domestic and international support) and towards 77% (with substantial international support) in 2030 compared to the Business As Usual levels, corresponding to a total reduction by 21.996 MtCO2e. Namibia is committed to combating climate change and accelerating the transition to a climate-resilient, low-carbon sustainable mode of development. Namibia continues to play a part in an effective global response to climate change. Namibia is to implement an economy-wide target to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from 91 per cent below 2015 levels by 2030. The general statement by most countries is to agree to the Talanoa Dialogue2, which states that there should be no backsliding but progression over time. Namibia endorses the Talanoa Dialogue's commitment to no backsliding in this matter. The details of Namibia’s new contribution are going to be set out in this updated NDC to aid transparency, clarity and understanding.

1.2 A fair and ambitious contribution to achieve the Conventions objective Namibia's second updated nationally determined contribution is an ambitious, fair and reasonable contribution to the global efforts to Namibia commits to reduce fight climate change. The target is a significant progression above emissions by 21.996 MtCo2e (14% Namibia’s 2015 commitment. In this updated NDC Namibia aims to unconditional part and 77% reduce emissions by 91 per cent below 2030 BAU levels. conditional part) in 2030 compared to BAU (24.167 MtCo2e).

1.3 NDC implementation process

1.3.1 Building Namibia’s Adaptive and Mitigative Capacities Namibia has put in place a National Climate Change Policy of 2011 and the National Climate Change Strategy and Action Plan 2013-2020 (NCCSAP), aimed at building the country's adaptive and mitigative capacities by 2 (UNFCCC, 2018) 3 identifying potential adaptation and mitigation options that can pave way for low carbon and climate-resilient economy. The NCCSAP will be replaced by the NDC Implementation Strategy and Action Plan for 2021-2030. This document will clarify national goals and objectives regarding climate change and lay out a plan for implementing, reporting and monitoring a series of priority activities to implement the updated NDC.

1.4 Status of the NDC process in Namibia The present existing structure for the implementation of climate change activities consists of a multi-sectoral NCCC which oversees the implementation and coordination of sector-specific and cross-sectoral NDC activities while also providing advice and guidance on them. The NCCC reports to Cabinet through the NPC while the Parliamentary Standing Committee on Economics, Natural Resources and Public Administration advises Cabinet on relevant policy matters for the INDC also3. The MET, which is responsible for all environmental issues in the country and is the National Focal Point to the UNFCCC and reports on NDC activities to the UNFCCC. MET monitors, tracks and follows COP decisions on NDCs, including funding possibilities, and transmits these to the concerned institutions. Sectoral activities rest with the respective Ministries through their concerned Directorates. The Namibian Government and development stakeholders have come together to join forces in delivering on the country's commitments to advance the Paris Agreement. A newly developed Partnership Plan connects international resources for climate mitigation and adaptation to five priority areas set by the government and builds a community around climate action in Namibia. Building off progress already made through Namibia's existing climate plans and policies, the Namibia NDC Partnership Plan identifies priority areas set by the government for implementation of its Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) under the Paris Agreement. The Plan takes ongoing action into account but, more importantly, looks to the future for development partners to deliver on their responsibility in supporting the global south to fight climate change. The priority areas set by the Government, and supported by the development community, private sector and others include4: • Development of better framework conditions for effective climate change governance. • Strengthening financing of projects that help reduce emissions and enhancing the country's resilience against the effects of climate change. • Tracking progress toward greenhouse gas emission reduction targets. • Strengthening coordination across national and international stakeholders to fast-track decisions and interagency collaboration. Several members of the NDC Partnership have already pledged to support Namibia’s ambitions through the Partnership Plan, including the African Development Bank, the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, the French Development Agency (AfD), the European Commission, the Federal Republic of Germany 3 (Republic of Namibia, 2015a) 4 (UNDP, 2018) 4 (through GIZ and KfW), the United Nations Development Programme, the World Bank and World Resources Institute. Several Namibian banks, including the Namibia Development Bank and NedBank, have shown strong interest in investing in climate-smart projects. A growing community of development partners, private sector and government institutions is pulling together behind for the need to address climate impacts to achieve global climate goals.5 Namibia has embraced the NDC Partnership’s integrated planning process to strengthen coordination, resource mobilisation and transparency on NDC implementation.

1.5 Namibia’s Climat e Change Mitigation and Adaptation : Policy and Planning

1.5.1 Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation activities Namibia developed a national climate change strategy and action plan for the period 2013-2020, with two mitigation themes: sustainable energy and prioritized low carbon development, and transportation. Namibia has placed more focus on adaptation that is currently implemented under four key critical themes, that is, food security and sustainable biological resources; sustainable water resources base; human health and wellbeing; and infrastructure development. Namibia has placed more focus on adaptation that is currently implemented under four key critical themes, that is, food security and sustainable biological resources; sustainable water resources base; human health and wellbeing; and infrastructure development. Awareness-raising efforts are a key feature of reaching the goals of Namibia’s climate change policy. As such, cross-sectoral and multi-stakeholder initiatives, such as this collaboration, are significant to support education and public awareness for adapting to and mitigating the impacts of climate change and continuing to oversee the implementation of these activities in line with the Harambee Prosperity Plan.6

1.6 Namibia’s medium- and long-term development plans

1.6.1 Vison 2030 Namibia’s Vision 2030 document adopts a strategic approach for long-term sustainable development. Namibia acknowledges that climate change impacts directly the entire chain of national development and is likely to have negative impacts on efforts to achieve development objectives, including the long-term objectives and targets of Namibia’s Vision 2030. The goal of the NPCC has been to contribute to the attainment of sustainable development in line with Namibia’s Vision 2030 through the strengthening of national capacities to reduce climate change risk and build resilience for any climate change shocks. Namibia’s long-term development vision, Vision 2030 aims to achieve a prosperous and industrialised Namibia.7 Actions on reducing current and future emissions include using renewable energy sources and energy-efficient technology among many other actions. Mitigation is rooted in the “transition to move toward a low-carbon development path” taking into consideration Namibia’s long-term Vision 2030.

1.6.2 Harambe Prosperity Plan The Harambee Prosperity Plan (HPP) acknowledges climate change is a reality of our time. Although the degree of contribution to global warming varies, Namibia has committed to reducing carbon dioxide emissions into the 5 (UNDP, 2018) 6 (Republic of Namibia, 2016a) 7 (Office of the President, 2004) 5 atmosphere because our planet is at stake8. Namibia fully supports the goals of COP21. That is why, during the Harambee period, Namibia is targeting a primarily renewable energy mix. The International Community is called upon to support Namibia in financing renewable energy9. The Plan does not replace but complements the long-term goal of the National Development Plans [NDPs] and Vision 2030. HPP introduces an element of flexibility in the Namibian planning system by fast-tracking development in areas where progress is insufficient. It also incorporates new development opportunities and aims to address challenges that have emerged after the formulation of NDPs.

1.6.3 National Development Plan For the first time in a National Development Plan (NDP5), Namibia included an intermediate emissions reduction target (Greenhouse gas emissions 30% reduction against Business As Usual projection, by 2022). This target is a carbon budget which the country can “spend” in diverse ways by allocating emission rights and commitments among those sectors most responsible for greenhouse gas emissions. The target is an important signal for private stakeholders and potential investors, giving them the incentive to find mitigation opportunities. NDP5 targets10 are subject to domestic monitoring and annual reporting: The Government of Namibia will necessarily follow an emission monitoring and reporting system based on the rules of the Paris Agreement (which were agreed at COP24). The transition to low carbon and climate-resilient economy offers considerable opportunities to address challenges such as energy and water insecurity. Namibia will seek to aggressively mobilize funding for innovation in these areas through multilateral financing mechanisms such as the Green Climate Fund and Global Environment Facility, and through bilateral relationships and partnerships with the private sector.

1.7 NDC alignment with long -term mitigation strategies Ensuring buy-in and ownership of the final strategy by key ministries, departments and agencies, along with non-governmental stakeholders, is crucial. Their “visible and felt” support and participation are vital if long- term strategies are to be influential in guiding short, medium as well as long-term planning and investment decisions across all societal levels. The overall objective is to initiate an effective and just transition to a low greenhouse gas emission and resilient future. This will require; involvement of political leadership at the highest level, the creation of institutional arrangements for long-term planning, supportive legal frameworks and stakeholder engagement. It is envisaged that a shared vision will be realised and that all these constituencies will be effectively harmonised in the implementation of the long-term strategy. 8 (Republic of Namibia, 2016a) 9 (Republic of Namibia, 2016b) 10 (NPC, 2017) 6 2 MITIGATION CONTRIBUTION The mitigation contribution from Namibia is in the form of a reduction in GHG emissions compared to a business- as-usual (BAU) baseline over the period 2015-2030. This update presents an increase in the ambition of Namibia’s11 commitment to achieving the objective of the Paris Agreement and in line with a path to net-zero emissions by 2050.12 To drive this ambition over time, the Paris Agreement contains an ‘ambition mechanism’ or ‘ratcheting mechanism’. This requires countries to submit an updated NDC, with a progression from previous submissions (i.e. no backsliding), reflecting the highest possible ambition given their national circumstances.

2.1 Accounting for baselin e targets in the NDCs The preparation of the INDC report focused mainly on existing policies, strategies and action plans developed and currently being implemented. In the preparation of this second update report, the focus is on broadening the existing mitigation and adaptation strategies, on the basis that the new actions will yield positive results in both mitigation and adaptation areas while benefiting other sectors of the economy at large. This NDC update improves the first NDC, on comprehensive scientific review and robust stakeholder involvement. Detailed sector- based modelling for mitigation has now been conducted to evaluate the mitigation potential and to develop quantified conditional and unconditional commitments by 2030.

2.1.1 Mitigation

2.1.1.1 ACCOUNTING FOR NDC MITIGATION TARGETS Namibia shall account for its nationally determined contributions. In accounting for anthropogenic emissions and removals corresponding to its nationally determined contributions, the country shall promote environmental integrity, transparency, accuracy, completeness, comparability, consistency, and ensure the avoidance of double counting. This is in line with the guidelines adopted by the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Agreement.

2.1.1.2 BASELINE TARGETS IN NDCS Baseline scenarios defined in this updated NDC are presented as a future projected reference level of emissions against which a goal has been established or progress is to be measured. The mitigation contributions presented in this updated NDC are based on achieving a relative GHG emissions reduction through 2015-2030. Baseline scenarios used in this report demonstrate emissions that would have occurred in the absence of certain mitigation policies. Baselines can also be used as a reference to set a target (“target baselines”); this updated NDC will focus on baseline targets as communicated within Parties’. The baseline scenarios were built on Key Assumptions linked to driving variables such as GDP, industrial output, population, consumption, investment etc. Namibia’s NDC target has been expressed in relation to the baseline scenario. The first NDC for Namibia expressed its baseline target as unconditionally reducing 89% of its GHGs below BAU for 2030. Similarly, in 11 Namibia is member of Climate Ambition Alliance, brings together countries, businesses, investors, cities, and regions who are working towards achieving net-zero CO2 emissions by 2050. 12 (NAZCA, 2019) 7 this updated NDC, a baseline target was used to express Namibia’s mitigation response relative to a counterfactual baseline scenario under which certain emissions reductions and associated policies (that could have a direct or indirect effect on emissions) do not take place. Accounting for baseline targets thus depends on a clear understanding of the baseline scenario. Namibia is providing this information to give greater clarity, transparency and understanding of its baseline and thus, the baseline target, which will facilitate greater understanding of its NDCs, and progress towards and achievement of the mitigation target (Table 2.1). TABLE 2.1. FURTHER INFORMATION FOR CLARITY ON BASELINE TARGET (MITIGATION). Baseline choice: The dynamic baseline can more easily isolate the level of effort associated with meeting a target since it is recalculated to account for changes in exogenous drivers. It can accommodate unforeseen changes in exogenous factors through recalculation.13 Accounting method: Relative to base year/period emissions. Compares net emissions in the target year(s) with net emissions in the base year/base period. The difference between the two values is applied toward target achievement. Accounting under this approach reflects changes in emissions relative to past performance. Start year or period: 2015 Emissions drivers, their values and assumptions Key drivers that can affect calculations of baseline and data sources: scenarios in this updated NDC include drivers of economic activity (GDP, sectoral composition), structural changes in economic sectors, energy prices, supply and demand of fuel type, land-use practices and technology development. Policies and actions (planned and implemented) The number of actions on policies, plans and to include in the baseline: strategies are 11. Sector-wise, Energy outnumbered the other three with 31 actions, followed by eight in AFOLU, three in Waste and one in IPPU. Out of these, 24 actions have been completed or implemented in the Energy sector and 7 in the AFOLU sector. Methodologies, latest available data, emissions National objectives and priorities – data sources: factors: Laws, climate change strategy, economic development strategies and plans, energy planning and policies, transportation plans, water plans, coastal zone plans, agriculture plans, forest protection and management plans, electricity plans, green growth plans, five-year budget documents. Current GHG emissions profile – data source: Latest national GHG inventory (based on IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories covering 13 (Vaidyula & Hood, 2018) 8 CO2 emissions, CH4 and N2O emissions, and HFC emissions including PCFs, SFs). If not available, proxies for estimating current GHG emissions profiles, governmental annual estimates. Sources include inventory reports, Biennial Reports and Biennial Update Reports, and National Communications, sector-specific analyses.

2.1.2 Adaptation TABLE 2.2. TYPES OF INFORMATION USEFUL FOR CONTRIBUTIONS INCLUDING ADAPTATION COMPONENTS. TYPE OF INFORMATION PURPOSE OF INFORMATION EXAMPLES OF DATA SOURCES Climate change trends, impacts, Identify vulnerable groups and National Communications to the and vulnerabilities sectors within the country UNFCCC; reports by national, multinational, and civil society organizations; IPCC Fifth Assessment Report; academic research; national, sub-national or local assessments and studies associated with projects; international databases such as CRED or insurance industry databases Statement of long-term goals or Help guide further adaptation National planning documents; vision planning and action, if such a records of planning meetings, goal or vision exists including stakeholder consultation processes Statement of current and Identify current efforts that an National planning documents; near-term planning and action INDC can build upon national policies, regulations, or procedural guidelines; national or sectoral databases of projects and programs; subnational (for example, city, state, county, province, district) records of activities and investments Summary of support Understand existing support that National records; national can be used for implementation databases or studies such as Climate Public Expenditure and Institutional Reviews (CPEIRs), and numerous international databases Statement of gaps, barriers, and Understand resources needed to National assessment; subnational needs execute near-term action or (sector, location, etc.) assessments; planning 9 adaptation project reports or evaluations Monitoring plans Identify existing monitoring National assessment and/or systems that can be used to track stakeholder consultation processes; the goals and/or activities that project/program monitoring and may be included in the INDC evaluation data; national census data or other national statistical bureau resources; environmental monitoring systems, including satellite data. To inform the NDC update process, the Namibian Ministry of Environment, Forestry and Tourism has compiled existing analysis on the sectoral composition of emissions, projected GHG emissions through 2030, sectoral mitigation actions in the sectoral plans, and possible co-benefits, among other issues. Based on this analysis, Namibia prioritised additional data needs in the agriculture, forestry, and other land uses (AFOLU) sectors. The process used all the data to build an economy-wide business-as-usual scenario as well as to assess various mitigation scenarios and their impacts in the NDC update design process (Table 2.2).

2.2 GHG Inventory Namibia’s GHG inventory data in the base year 2015 are shown in Table 2.3 according to IPCC reporting categories for all GHG emissions sources. Total emissions from all the sectors excluding forestry were estimated at 4.22 MtCO2e for 2015. Total national emissions increased by 1.7% over the period 2010 - 2015. The AFOLU sector remained the leading emitter throughout this period followed by Energy, for all years under review. TABLE 2.3. NATIONAL GHG EMISSIONS (MT, CO₂-EQ) BY SECTOR (2010 - 2015).14 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Trend Energy 2.92 2.80 3.00 2.86 3.24 3.54 IPPU 0.30 0.44 0.52 0.53 0.53 0.52 AFOLU 17.37 19.33 19.88 16.29 17.27 16.86 Waste 0.14 0.14 0.15 0.15 0.16 0.16 Total 20.73 22.71 23.55 19.84 21.19 21.08 emissions Note: The area graphs show the trend in emissions from 2010 to 2015 for the 4 IPCC sectors and total emissions. 14 (REPUBLIC OF NAMIBIA, 2015B, 2016C, 2018, 2019) 10

2.3 Baseline targets in NDCs In this updated NDC, baseline scenarios are defined as a future projected reference level of emissions against which a goal has been established or progress is to be measured. The mitigation contributions in this updated NDC are based on a relative decrease in GHG emissions from 2015 to 2030. The baseline scenarios included in this report depict emissions that would have occurred if specific mitigation strategies had not been implemented. Baselines can also be used to set an objective ("target baselines"). Namibia's first NDC stated its baseline target as unconditionally reducing its GHGs below BAU by 2030. Similarly, a baseline target was used in this updated NDC to express Namibia's mitigation response relative to a counterfactual baseline scenario in which certain emissions reductions and associated policies (that could have a direct or indirect effect on emissions) do not occur. Namibia is providing this information to improve the clarity, transparency, and understanding of its baseline.

2.4 Mitigation contributions by sector In the BAU scenario, overall GHG emissions in 2030 are expected to rise by up to 24.167 MtCO2e. The estimated emissions reduction under the NDC scenario will be approximately 21.996 MtCO2e in 2030 (91% reduction of which 78.7% is from the AFOLU) (Table 2.4). TABLE 2.4. SUMMARY OF BAU EMISSIONS AND NDC EMISSIONS REDUCTION. Sector Mitigation potential (MtCO2e) % Reduction compared to BAU scenario in 2030 Energy 2.800 11.6% IPPU & RAC 0.134 0.6% AFOLU 19.030 78.7% Waste 0.031 0.1% Total 21.996 91% The total mitigation potential is estimated at around 21.996 MtCO2e in 2030 compared to BAU emissions in the same year of 24.167 MtCO2e (Figure 2.1). According to the analysis, mitigation measures identified within the AFOLU sector account for the highest proportion (approximately 79%) (Table 2.4) compared to other sectors. 11 FIGURE 2.1. MITIGATION CONTRIBUTION AGAINST BUSINESS-AS-USUAL (BAU). 27 26 24.167 9% 25 24 MtCO2e 21.996 23 91% 22 21 20 2020 2025 2030 BAU Mitigation Figure 2.1 illustrates the emission projections for the BAU scenario and Namibia’s mitigation contribution for all measures (unconditional and conditional). By 2030 avoided emissions are estimated to be around 21.996 MtCO2e, representing a reduction against BAU of around 91% (figures are given in Table 2.4.). With no measures, emissions are estimated to total around 24.167 MtCO2e, equal to 8% more than the mitigation scenario by 2030. Figure 2.2 summarises the estimated emissions reduction potential in 2030 for all mitigation measures assessed from the ‘long list’ of all mitigation measures presented in appendix 1. The pie charts indicate the relative contribution made from measures within the key sectors of energy (electricity generation and transport), IPPU (Cement industry and RAC), AFOLU (forestry), waste (solid waste transformation and recycling), against the BAU baseline described above. 12 FIGURE 2.2. MITIGATION POTENTIAL FROM ALL MITIGATION MEASURES. Energy Electricity generation Biomass Energy Solar Thermal plant 40MW - Road Map - 20 replacing imports, 000 Solar Water 5% heaters (SWH), 3% Luderitz Wind 40 MW & 50 MW Solar Rooftop Wind IPP Power Systems (45 MW Plant - replacing PV) - replacing imports , 4% imports, 3% Baynes Hydro - REFIT 170 MW PV 300 of 600 MW, - replacing imports 37% plus Ruacana, 45% Omburu 20 MW PV & 20 MW Solar IPP Power Plant - replacing Embed generation - 13 imports, 3% MW PV replacing… Transport Promote passenger vehicle Fuel switching - fuel efficiency, Hydrogen 27% replacing diesel, 42% 10 000 Electric Transport – LDV – Vehicles - reducing fuel use replacing by 20 per cent, gasoline, 0.3% 30% 13 IPPU including RAC Domestic refrigeration - switch to R600a (isobutane) and safe Commercial refrigeration (Stand-alone disposal of old refrigerators, 1% equipment) - switch to R290 (propane) and R744 (CO2) and safe disposal of old equipment, 2% Car air conditioning - safe disposal of old car Commercial ACs, 0.1% refrigeration (Condensing units) - switch to R290 (propane) and R744 (CO2) and safe Split residential air disposal of old conditioners - switch to equipment, 9% R290 (propane), 11% Replace 23% clinker in cement production, 77% AFOLU Plant 10,000 ha of Plant 5,000 ha of trees per year under trees under Urban Agroforestry, 2% Forestry, 6% Restore 15.5 million ha of grassland savanna and soil carbon, 12% Reforest of 20,000 ha per year, 9% Reduce deforestation rate by 75 per cent, 71% 14 Waste Methane net zero emissions by 2050 (achieve 75% of the target by 2030), 32% Transform 70% MSW to compost and electricity, 63% Increase Recycling of plastic waste and e-waste by 65 per cent, 5% In the energy sector, Namibia’s National Renewable Energy Policy aims to drive emerging technologies that reduce emissions and support cleaner practices. The goal is the substitution of existing higher emission technologies with cleaner, more efficient, and lower-cost technologies. Namibia’s efforts in renewables will contribute to a 30% reduction equivalent in the quantity (2.668 TWh) of electricity imported in 2018 which would result in 0.8 TWh (800 GWh) in new RE generation of 330 MW of Solar PV per annum until 2030. Further measures that will build on Namibia’s existing efforts include fuel switching to replace inefficient fuels with cleaner and economical alternatives, such as substituting hydrocarbons for hydrogen or electric energy. Complimented by modern equipment upgrades, fuel switching is a simple approach that Namibia will use in reducing energy consumption and costs for end-users, while also curbing carbon emissions. Fuel economy (FE) and greenhouse gas (GHG) emission standards regulations will be used as one of the main instruments available to Namibia to achieve significant improvements in fuel consumption and GHG emissions from light-duty vehicles (LDVs). These standards through continued development and application of fuel-efficient technologies will reduce carbon emissions by 3% of total GHG emissions. Over the years by 2030, Namibia’s adoption of such standards will result in a market transformation towards vehicles that are increasingly fuel-efficient-consuming less fuel per kilometre driven and thus emitting less GHG. The total mitigation potentials of the RAC sector are essential to Namibia's mitigation options including both direct and indirect emission reductions through climate-friendly refrigeration and air conditioning. Emissions of hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) used as refrigerants are addressed by the commitments made under the Kigali Amendment of the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer which have been ratified by the Republic of Namibia in May 2019. To prevent lock-in of highly climate-damaging HFC refrigerants in the time between now and the first Kigali Amendment phase-down step in 2029, the Republic of Namibia aims to implement early action on the reduction of HFCs and the introduction of climate-friendly alternatives. Low GWP 15 technology options, particularly natural refrigerant technology options, exist as an alternative to HFCs for almost any RAC appliance. Namibia aims at the introduction of climate-friendly and energy-efficient appliances through the inclusion of a ban on high GWP equipment and the introduction of minimum energy performance standards (MEPS) that generate emission reductions, both from the use of refrigerants (direct emissions) and from low energy consumption (indirect emissions). The measures aim to achieve a penetration of 60% climate- friendly and energy-efficient residential air conditioners, as well as domestic and commercial refrigeration units by 2030. This will be accomplished by switching from inefficient HFC-based equipment to energy-efficient natural refrigerant-based equipment. These measures are complemented by training technicians on the proper servicing and handling of low GWP refrigerants. They are to be also trained in the safe and proper disposal of old refrigerators as well as car air conditioning equipment. The mitigation potential for HFC emissions is projected to be 0.031 MtCO2e in 2030. Significant indirect (energy-related) mitigation potential exists, i.e. around 0.048 MtCO2e in 2030. However, the resulting emissions will be accounted for under the Energy sectors. TABLE 2.5. SUMMARY OF ESTIMATED GHG MITIGATION POTENTIAL FROM ALL MEASURES. Measure Mitigation % of BAU potential (MtCO2e) scenario in 2030 Energy Electricity generation: 1) Renewable Energy Feed-in Tariff (REFIT) 70 MW PV - replacing imports plus Ruacana 0.246 1.12 2) Solar Rooftop systems (45 MW PV) - replacing imports 0.016 0.07 3) Embedded generation - 13 MW PV replacing imports 0.005 0.02 4) Solar power - Omburu 20 MW PV - replacing imports & 20 MW Solar IPP Power Plant 0.014 0.06 5) Wind power - Luderitz Wind 40 MW replacing imports & 50 MW Wind IPP Power Plant 0.022 0.05 6) Biomass Energy plant 40MW - replacing imports 0.007 0.11 7) Hydropower - Baynes Hydro 300 of 600 MW 0.201 0.91 8) Solar Thermal Road Map - 20 000 Solar Water heaters (SWH) 0.017 0.08 Transport: 9) Promote passenger vehicle fuel efficiency standards (in 80 % of 0.614 2.79 total passenger vehicle population) 10) 10 000 Electric Vehicles - replacing gasoline 0.007 0.03 11) Fuel switching to low-carbon fuels - Hydrogen replacing diesel 0.946 3.59 12) Light-duty vehicles (LDV) – reducing fuel use by 20% 0.684 3.11 Subtotal 2.779 11.94 IPPU including RAC Industry: 13) Replace 23% clinker in cement production 0.104 0.47 Refrigeration and Air Conditioning (Climate-friendly and energy-efficient alternatives): 14) Split residential air conditioners – switch to R290 (propane) 0.015 0.07 15) Car air conditioning – safe disposal of old car ACs 0.0002 0.001 16 16) Domestic refrigeration - R600a (isobutane) and safe disposal of 0.005 old refrigerators 0.001 17) Commercial refrigeration (Stand-alone equipment) – switch to R290 0.013 (propane) and R744 (CO2) and safe disposal of old equipment 0.003 18) Commercial refrigeration (Condensing units) – switch to R290 0.052 (propane) and R744 (CO2) and safe disposal of old equipment 0.011 Subtotal 0.134 0.61 AFOLU 19) Reduce deforestation rate by 75 % 13.537 61.54 20) Reforest of 20,000 ha per year 1.779 8.09 21) Restore15.5 million ha of degraded savanna 2.3 10.46 22) Plant 10,000 ha of trees per year under Agroforestry 0.358 1.63 23) Plant 5,000 ha of trees under Urban Forestry 1.056 4.80 Subtotal 19.030 86.52 Waste 24) Transform 70% MSW to electricity and compost 0.0197 0.07 25) Increase Recycling of plastic waste and e-waste by 70% 0.0016 0.01 26) Zero waste by 2050 through re-use and recycling (75% of target 0.0101 0.04 achieved by 2030) Subtotal 0.031 0.12 TOTAL 21.996 91% Approximately 8.9% or about 7,290,000 ha of Namibia is forested and reducing the deforestation rate by 75% from 0.9% per year to below 0.25% will be the major drive to achieving the 2030 target (Figure 2.2). More effort and investment are being put in place by Namibia to achieve this goal in Namibia’s forest areas. Over 13.5 Mt CO2 equivalent will be mitigated in the next 10 years. Namibia recognises that reforestation, agroforestry, and urban forestry are key emissions reduction strategies (Table 2.5). Through the restoration of 15.5 million hectares of degraded savanna, it is expected that 2.3 Mt CO2 equivalent will be reduced from total emissions in 2030 (Table 2.5). The central parts of the country are covered by thornbush savanna, which is increasingly being encroached by indigenous woody bush species. This is considered a serious form of land degradation, adversely impacting biodiversity, groundwater recharge and land productivity as well as accessibility for eco-tourism activities. In total, it is estimated that in total 45 million hectares are affected by woody encroachment at varying intensities. Namibia’s land sector is reported as a large net sink and will remain so even in the scenario of increased bush biomass harvest. Even the largest upscaling scenarios of bush biomass utilization are not expected to compromise this terrestrial sink. Furthermore, the net impact of bush thinning in combination with the restoration of savanna rangelands is still subject to further research, especially with regards to changes in soil organic carbon. While the mitigation impact of bush thinning and rangeland restoration has not been determined conclusively, the climate change adaptation benefits of these measures are undisputed and manifold. Although Namibia’s land sector is very much likely to remain a sink, it may become CO2 neutral under the scenario of increased harvest and use of the invader bush. The assumptions made when calculating emissions for the BAU scenario for the Land sector which governs mitigation are: • National programmes for the protection of Forest lands in the north-eastern regions are deemed to reduce deforestation to a strict minimum with a loss of 7500 hectares annually. 17 • Other wooded land (OWL)15 will also stabilize as woody encroachment into grassland in the central and southern part of the country is estimated to be not occurring due to rainfall being limiting. • With no further encroachment of woody species occurring, the Grassland area of 3.8 million ha will remain the same. The utilisation of the encroacher bush in OWL is not expected to affect this land class as it will be primarily bush thinning as opposed to a full clearing. • Settlement’s area will increase marginally by 100 ha on an annual basis from OWL as inclusion from Cropland or Grassland is estimated not to occur. • The area of Wetlands and Other lands is estimated to remain stable. The targeted national mitigation contribution from the AFOLU sector is expected to result from the implementation of different strategies that relate mainly to natural forest management (reforestation and urban forestry) and agroforestry, either with domestic or international support. The total area of intervention is expected to reach 15,000 ha with merely domestic support and 20,000 ha with international support. The potential mitigation contribution from Agroforestry, represented by the total C storage of trees outside natural forest lands estimated at 0.358 MtCO2e. However, this figure is a total of ≈10,000 ha of land by 2030. Like any other land use in Namibia urban forestry16 and its management can have immense potential in mitigating C emissions and performing other environmental services. The transformation of MSW to compost and electricity is the most significant mitigation potential under the Waste sector. Though mitigation potential from waste sources is, by comparison limited, the potential to expand the actions is high. Overall, the updated NDC had a significant increment (22%) in mitigation potential across all sectors from 2015 targets (Table 2.6). Efforts under the IPPU sector increased three times more than the first NDC targets. The energy sector’s mitigation potential also grew in the period 2020 – 2030 due to more technology-based options being availed to reduce GHG emissions. AFOLU had the least increment (3%) because of the nature of options created which are non-technological and the mitigation potential of the sector is almost saturated. Beyond that limit, AFOLU may shift to being an emitter of GHGs. 15 Other wooded land, or OWL, is defined by FRA-2000 as land with a tree crown cover (or equivalent stocking level) of 5– 10% of trees able to reach a height of 5 meters at maturity, a crown cover of more than 10% of trees not able to reach a height of 5 meters at maturity (such as dwarf or stunted trees), or shrub and bush cover of more than 10%. OWL excludes areas with the tree, shrub, or bush cover just specified but of less than 0.5 hectares and width of 20 meters, as well as land predominantly used for agricultural practices (FAO 2000, 2001). 16 The term "urban forestry" refers to the management of all trees within a densely populated area, including trees in parks, on streetways, and on private property. 18 TABLE 2.6. UPDATED MITIGATION CONTRIBUTIONS (MT CO2E) BY SECTOR. INDC Updated Sector (2015) NDC (2021) Variance % Change Energy 1.30 2.25 1.48 73% IPPU (including RAC) 0.04 0.13 0.13 225% AFOLU 18.51 19.03 2.68 3% Waste 0.21 0.31 0.16 48% TOTAL 20.06 24.51 4.45 22% Green hydrogen, which uses renewable energy to produce hydrogen from water, is taking off around the globe including Namibia. Green hydrogen will play a crucial role in reaching the emissions neutrality goal, and it would be economically convenient. Opportunities exist today to pilot both green hydrogen for low-emission transport solutions and fuel cells for remote power provision. Meanwhile, in Namibia smaller stationary fuel cell systems have also started to be piloted for residential and tourism consumers 17 The country’s transition to modern fuels in the industry could also be a major area of potential growth for green hydrogen. Namibia is in the process of building the means towards clean energy sources. Currently, a feasibility study to explore whether Namibia can become a leading global contributor to green hydrogen is underway 18. The study will investigate the costs to produce, process and transport the hydrogen. Namibia expects that the decarbonization plan of the electric matrix by 2030 will bring a significant GHG emissions reduction through green hydrogen. 3 ADAPTATION

3.1 Introduction Climate change continues to be a real threat to Namibia’s development progress. The country already has a harsh desert and a low precipitation climate. Population growth, extreme inequalities, and development trends will further exacerbate and worsen current challenges and other existing vulnerabilities, with changing rainfall patterns and rising temperatures. The country's climate vulnerability is closely related to its aridity and high-water scarcities. The Namibian land sector is highly vulnerable to the impacts of climate change and is already hard hit. Besides the increasing variability of dry spells and flood events, woody encroachment is having a major impact on this key sector. 17 (World Bank, 2020) 18 (Nexentury, 2021) 19 Among the drivers of woody encroachment is anthropogenic climate change itself. Woody encroachment has adverse impacts on savanna ecosystem services such as groundwater recharge and biodiversity. It further drastically decreases the suitability for eco-tourism and specifically the carrying capacity for both livestock and wildlife in large parts of Namibia, thus adversely affecting the land productivity and rural livelihoods. Bush thinning improves the livestock industry resilience to climate change. This industry accounts for 90% of all agricultural production in Namibia with approximately 60% of households owning cattle, including nearly 40% of poor households. From an adaptation perspective, bush thinning and the sustainable utilisation of bush biomass in line with the restoration of savanna rangelands thus yield significant benefits. Corresponding activities and value chains are supported by the National Rangeland Management Policy and Strategy and the ongoing Bush Control and Biomass Utilization projects/initiatives. Most of the current climate change adaptation projects, and programs in Namibia tend to focus on capacity building, knowledge communication, field implementation, and policy formation and integration, with all nationally implemented projects supporting community-based adaptation. Regions within Namibia that are particularly targeted for adaptation interventions are the northern parts of the country, including Kavango, Zambezi, Oshikoto, Oshana, Ohangwena, Omusati, and the northern part of Kunene Region. Most of the adaptation activities are implemented with funding donor and international multilateral institutions such as the Green Climate Fund, Adaptation Fund, Global Environmental Fund (GEF), European Union (EU), United States Agency for International Development (USAID), GIZ, Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA), etc. However, local institutions such as the Environmental Investment Fund also provide support to climate change adaptation activities.

3.2 Impacts and priorities for adaptation. For the development of the Fourth National Communication19, climate change impacts and vulnerability was assessed for the most vulnerable sectors, namely water resources, agriculture, forestry, coastal zones, tourism, human health and disaster risk management.

3.2.1 Water resources Namibia relies on dams, ephemeral rivers and aquifers for its water supply. These water resources are supplemented to a limited extent by unconventional sources such as reclaimed water and desalination. The absence of perennial rivers in Namibia’s interior means that the country is reliant on rainfall as its natural water source. The semi-arid climate over most of the country coupled with high evaporation rates makes the country one with a net water deficit (mean annual rainfall minus potential evaporation), ranging from -4000 mm in the southeast to -1600 mm in the northeast. 19 (Republic of Namibia, 2020) 20 To ensure sustainable long-term access to water, and effectively manage and conserve the country’s water resources with the uncertainty of climate change, the following adaptation options are pertinent; promote efficient water harvesting techniques, recycling and re-use of water, promote the use of desalination technologies to increase water supply, promote and encourage integrated water resources management, etc.

3.2.2 Agriculture and forestry Agriculture is a key sector of the Namibian economy. It is not only the largest employer and also critical to livelihoods and food security. Over two-thirds of households practice subsistence cropping and pastoralism, mostly on communally held lands. Agricultural production ranges from the intensive production of horticultural crops) to large-scale production of cereals, mainly maize and millet. Less than 10% of the land surface is used for crop production, while nearly 75% is used for livestock production. Current/potential adaptation options and issues in the agriculture and forestry sectors include implementation of Climate-Smart Agriculture, bush-thinning and the sustainable utilisation of bush biomass, improved water management, improved monitoring and early warning, the development of knowledge and decision-support systems, and the development of new crop varieties and technologies to support farming. Barriers to adaptation include reduced extension service and slow uptake of Climate Smart Agriculture and Conservation Agriculture techniques.

3.2.3 Coastal zones Tide gauge records from Lüderitz and other localities on the west coast of southern Africa over the last 30 years have revealed an estimated sea-level rise that is comparable with the global measurements.20 Given the lack of natural and human-made protective infrastructure to storm surges, the coastal areas are highly vulnerable to sea-level rise. The most significant drivers of climate change risks and vulnerability that are of importance to coastal environments and fisheries are modification of terrestrial climatic and hydrologic processes; change in coastal and oceanic circulation processes; ocean acidification; increased sea surface temperature; sea-level rise; increase in sea storminess and changing wind systems. The adaptation measures proposed for coastal zones can be classified broadly into “no regrets” and “additional” options that are proactively designed to counter sea-level rise. No regrets options are efforts that are undertaken even if climate change were not happening. In the context of sea-level rise, no regrets options available to Namibia include enforcement of development restrictions within the coastal buffer zone; reduce the degradation of wetlands, estuaries, dune cordons and sandbars; integration of sea-level rise scenarios into future planning decisions; incorporate sea-level rise risks in disaster management strategies and alleviate poverty and improve living conditions. On the other hand, other options are new interventions or investments, additional to the business as usual and existing efforts, designed to improve wellbeing, maintain the environment, and ultimately counter sea-level rise. These options can be classified into physical, biological, and institutional responses. Physical options are hard engineering techniques such as seawalls, groynes, detached breakwaters, and revetments. Biological options are more natural, less likely to produce adverse consequences and more cost-effective than most physical 20 (“The Report on 1.5°C Global Warming-Relevant Aspects for Climate Services,” 2019) 21 options. They include dune cordons, estuary and wetland rehabilitation, and kelp beds. Institutional options are policy or decision-making responses. Added options include vulnerability mapping and risk communication, design and implementation of appropriate and effective legislation, the establishment of early warning systems, research and monitoring and design of appropriate insurance products to address sea-level rise.

3.2.4 Health Based on the 2016/17 Namibia Intercensal Demographic Survey and the 2006/07 National Demographic and Health survey, the main causes of death in children under five years (diarrhoea (42%), undernutrition (40%), malaria (32%), acute respiratory infections (30%)) have a strong environmental component linked to climate. The main causes of adult mortality are AIDS, tuberculosis, and malaria. Since these diseases often co-occur, it is difficult to establish the exact cause of death. Climate change is already exacerbating the causes of infant and adult mortality, and this will likely worsen in the future. Adaptation needs and barriers in the Namibian health sector include cross-sectoral cooperation and collaboration, accessibility, and effectiveness of health care infrastructure, especially among the poor segments of the population, a lack of understanding of the linkages between climate and health in Namibia.

3.2.5 Tourism Namibia’s tourism industry has undergone rapid growth in the past three decades, with an average increase in international arrivals of 16% per year on average. This growth rate has made tourism the fastest-growing sector of the Namibian economy. Tourism in Namibia relies largely on the wildlife sector. Changes in the quality of wildlife viewing, wildlife numbers and vegetation because of climate change are expected to affect the demand for wildlife tourism, which is estimated to be as much as a 15 % reduction in tourism demand.

3.2.6 Disaster risk management With climate change contributing to an increase in disaster risk, disaster risk management becomes a vital and urgent component of any climate change adaptation program. As part of climate change adaptation policies and investments, Namibia needs to focus on reducing its vulnerability and planning for measures to mitigate natural disaster risks. Adaptation measures proposed in this updated NDC cover the following aspects; minimise the loss of human life, property and damage to the environment from hazards of natural and ecological origin, advocate an approach to disaster risk management that focuses on reducing risks especially to those sections of the population who are most vulnerable due to poverty and a general lack of resources (both urban and rural communities), advocate for a shared awareness and responsibility to reduce disaster risk in communities, and in society generally, and to facilitate partnerships in this regard between organs of state, the private sector, non- governmental organisations and communities. 22 The current updated NDC seeks to accelerate Namibia’s socio-economic growth by a holistic approach to addressing sector-specific vulnerabilities and directing funding to adaptation for effective climate action. This NDC will seek to foster new jobs and lead to resilient communities across the country. The Government listed seven sectors as being especially vulnerable: water resources; agriculture; forestry; coastal zones; tourism; health; and disaster risk management. The government has prioritized action on climate change and introduced a national climate change policy; however, the success in the implementation of these actions is closely related to donor engagement and financing.

3.3 Prioritised measures Mitigation and adaptation often coexist together and quite a few adaptation actions do have mitigation co- benefits. The Namibian Government is currently formulating the National Adaptation Plan (NAP). The NAP will serve as the guiding document to implement adaptation actions in Namibia. Namibia’s first NDC in 2015 did not identify blue carbon ecosystem strategies or plans to leverage this potential. As Namibia works to enhance its climate commitments and revise its NDC, there is an opportunity to explore blue carbon potential. In this update, Namibia seeks to highlight the integration of blue carbon in its future NDC revision process. Namibia expects to include these ecosystems in NDCs to benefit from the additional services they provide, including coastal protection, wildlife habitat and water filtration. Table 3.1 provides a summary description of prioritised adaptation actions, timelines for adoption, accountable lead ministries, and the link with Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). More details on adaptation measures are outlined in appendix 2. Furthermore, blue economy opportunities are highlighted in Table 3.2. 23 TABLE 3.1. ADAPTATION ACTIONS. Adaptation action Lead Ministry Timeline SDG link Water resources 1. Provide full support for integrated water MAWLR 2020 - 2025 resources management in Namibia 2. Establish best practice systems for improving MAWLR 2020 - 2025 the efficiency of water use particularly in irrigation 3. Coordinate use of surface and groundwater MAWLR 2020 - 2025 resources and artificially increase the recharge rate of groundwater aquifers to reduce evaporation 4. Improve water demand management, MAWLR 2020 - 2030 particularly at the local level and in the agricultural, industrial, mining and tourism sectors 5. Establish nation-wide monitoring and control of MAWLR 2020 - 2030 groundwater use more strictly 6. Prioritize seawater desalination MAWLR 2020 - 2030 Agriculture 7. Promoting diversification of crops to hedge MAWLR 2020 - 2025 against erratic rainfall and shorter seasons (Climate Smart Agriculture) 8. Development of improved crop varieties that MAWLR 2020 - 2025 adapt to climate change (Climate Resilient Agriculture) 9. Enhancing access to farming inputs (i.e. seed MAWLR 2020 - 2025 and fertilizer) availability and maintain consistency in yields (Climate Resilient Agriculture) 10. Promote protected cultivation and improved MAWLR 2020 - 2025 planting methods for enhancing water use efficiency and crop productivity (e.g., greenhouses net houses, mulching, spot 24 Adaptation action Lead Ministry Timeline SDG link planting/zero tillage) (Climate Resilient Agriculture) 11. Promote the use of water targeting only MAWLR 2020 - 2025 irrigation of high-value crops (Climate Resilient Agriculture) 12. Promoting climate resilience in livestock MAWLR 2020 - 2025 management through strategies such as the creation of fall-back grazing areas and mixing small and large stock herds of various breeds (Climate Smart Agriculture) 13. Enhance integrated pest management as an MAWLR 2020 - 2025 ecosystem approach to crop production and protection (Climate Resilient Agriculture) 14. Improvement of support services and capacity MAWLR 2020 - 2025 building to crop production resilient to climate change by promoting research, trials and up- scaling climate-smart farming systems that increase resilience to climate change. Forestry 15. Restoration of the savanna through bush MEFT 2020 - 2030 thinning for increased land productivity, improved food security, improved groundwater recharge and increased biodiversity. 16. Bush biomass utilisation and value addition MEFT 2020 - 2025 (Bush based animal feed production, biochar application, drought resilience, improved food security, bush-to-energy, employment & income creation) 25 Adaptation action Lead Ministry Timeline SDG link 17. Support agroforestry interventions to ensure MEFT 2020 - 2025 food security (bush-based livestock feed, other biomass for fodder, meat, and Non-Timber Forest Produces (NTFPs)) in Namibia’s most vulnerable communities. Coastal zones 18. Introduce legislation to reduce property and MFMR 2020 - 2025 infrastructure development in environmentally sensitive areas and areas at risk of sea-level rise 19. Research and monitor sea-level rise MFMR 2020 - 2030 20. Undertake vulnerability mapping MFMR 2020 - 2025 21. Collaborate with the insurance market to guide MFMR 2020 - 2025 investment in coastal areas 22. Develop an early warning system MFMR 2020 - 2025 23. Rehabilitate wetlands and estuaries MFMR 2020 - 2025 24. Install sea walls barriers and barrages MFMR 2020 - 2030 Tourism 25. Promote sustainable tourism and provide MEFT 2020 - 2030 capacity building for climate change innovation in Namibia’s tourism sector. 26. Implement conservancies, tourism and MEFT 2020 - 2030 adaptation programs based on community- based natural resource management (CBNRM) 27. Promote community-based natural resource MEFT 2020 - 2030 management data collection and archiving 28. Diversify livelihoods in communities dependent on MEFT 2020 - 2030 CBNRM initiatives such as the Namibian Conservancy programme and Community Forests. 26 Adaptation action Lead Ministry Timeline SDG link Health 29. Strengthen the capacity of health professionals MHSS 2020 - 2030 in epidemic preparedness and response 30. Recruit and train community health workers to MHSS 2020 - 2030 provide emergency first aid 31. Improve staff training on prevention and MHSS 2020 - 2030 treatment of malnutrition 32. Enhance and further mainstream climate- MHSS 2020 - 2030 related awareness 33. Improve access to timely and relevant MHSS 2020 - 2030 information 34. Strengthen the policies required to effectively MHSS 2020 - 2030 address both slow-onset and catastrophic events 35. Develop health-centred adaptation strategies MHSS 2020 - 2025 36. Climate-proof the public health system MHSS 2020 - 2030 37. Strengthen and provide capacity building for MHSS 2020 - 2030 water and sanitation systems Disaster risk management 38. Strengthen capacities for disaster risk MURD 2020 - 2025 preparedness, contingency planning and risk reduction 39. Implement vulnerability and risk mapping MURD 2020 - 2025 40. Improve information flow and communications MURD 2020 - 2025 between formal structures at the national regional and community levels 41. Support community-based adaptation practices MURD 2020 - 2025 in both rural and urban areas 42. Improve monitoring and documentation of MURD 2020 - 2025 extreme events 27 Adaptation action Lead Ministry Timeline SDG link 43. Develop pro-poor disaster insurance schemes MURD 2020 - 2025

3.4 Cross-cutting areas In this update, crucial areas of climate change policy and implementation are adequately addressed, specifically 1) Gender; 2) Youth involvement; and 3) Private sector engagement. It is also important to highlight an additional area related to Youth. During the NDC implementation and particularly for mitigation measures in the AFOLU, Namibia will seek to promote youth participation in climate change projects and awareness campaigns. Since young people and future generations will inherit the worst impacts of the climate crisis and bear the future costs of the decisions made today21, Namibia recognises that the youth are a driving force for higher climate ambition. The NDC implementation is set to provide employment opportunities and providing support for youth entrepreneurship. Climate change impacts do not discriminate between men and women; however, the level of resilience differs within the gender stream. According to the Agricultural Survey by the Namibia Statistics Agency22, the greatest percentage of subsistence farming households in the country is headed by women. However, women are also said to have limited access to capital, productive land, knowledge and services and these factors, in turn, decrease the resilience and adaptive capacities of women. As part of this NDC update, Namibia acknowledges the importance of addressing gender issues, particularly women’s participation in climate action. Most priority actions have a specific target for women’s participation. In the implementation phase of this NDC, detailed baseline gender/youth climate assessments and evaluations which include just transition strategies are to be conducted. These are to include priority sectors of AFOLU, agriculture, energy, waste and IPPU. Consequently, informed capacity building and planning for gender/youth- oriented climate actions and just transition training will be carried out in defined focal points. Considerations are to be given to the following: • Establishment of a gender/youth climate and risk management working group. • Review of gender/review climate legal framework and policy. • Develop and incorporate into NDCs gender/youth climate strategy. • Development of a just transition strategy and a green job assessment model for Namibia. To measure the impact of climate measures on key development indicators, such as GDP, jobs, skills, revenue distribution and inequalities and gender inequality, a national Green Jobs Assessment Model will be developed. The assessment's findings and process of multi-stakeholder dialogues will help Namibia foster evidence-based NDC policymaking and a just transition. 21 NDCPartnership, “Youth Engagement | NDC Partnership,” https://ndcpartnership.org/action-areas/youth. 22 (Namibia Statistics Agency, 2019) 28

3.5 Blue carbon opportunities in adaptation Namibia has an abundance of blue carbon waiting to be discovered and reported. Our challenge is to figure out how and where to act to strengthen blue carbon opportunities. With the tenth longest coastline (1572 km) in Africa 23, Namibia’s Blue Carbon ecosystems hold great potential as Nature-based Solutions to mitigate climate change. They also play a unique role in protecting coastlines from the increasing impacts of climate change by absorbing incoming wave energy, providing storm surge protection, and preventing erosion 24. Namibia has therefore, proposed future blue economy adaptation activities (Table 3.2). TABLE 3.2. PROPOSED FUTURE ADAPTATION ACTIVITIES IN NAMIBIA’S BLUE ECONOMY. Industry Adaptation Objectives 1. Renewable Energy, • Enhance the use of renewable energy potential across the ocean and Engineering and Built coastal environments (hydro, desalination, fogging, solar, wind, biomass Environment and geothermal) • Improve climate-resilient engineering and building standards for infrastructure in housing, rail, transport, coastal, waste management, telecoms, refrigeration, and energy. 2. Coastal Land Use • Protect the 1500 km coastline beaches against erosion, which will Planning include the prioritization of EBSAs (islands, wetlands, and riverine basins). • Update the agro-ecological zones to include ocean industries and areas and strengthen coastal beach erosion management systems. • Establish a Coastal Vulnerability Index to sea-level rise. 3. Services (Technology, • Expand and modernize the coastal weather observation network with Weather, Health, technological systems such as the oceanographic and meteorological Research) buoys to ensure adequate climate information service for adaptation. • Improve research on understanding impacts and responses to sea-level rise at some of the vulnerable coastal areas, and through data exchange between Benguela countries and ocean-based economies. • Establish comprehensive early warning and disaster prevention systems specific to areas in the ocean and coastal environments. 4. Eco-Tourism and Wildlife • Support conservation and technological development to enable the tourism sector to deal properly with climate change. 5. Marine Fisheries and • Implement effective environmental monitoring systems including Aquaculture environmental and sanitary surveillance and warning system along the coastline. • Establish partnerships to facilitate the generation of knowledge (basic and applied) through the alliance of research institutions, public regulators, and ocean and marine industries. • Identify and proclaim marine protected areas to conserve biologically sensitive sites. 23 (Kirui, 2018) 24 (WWF, 2020) 29 6. Marine Mining • Ensure that exploration and mining within the Protected Areas comply with the environmental and economic regulatory frameworks. • Enact a legal framework benchmarked against environmental global best practices to facilitate sound marine exploration and environmentally sustainable mining activities. 7. Value-Addition and Food • Reduce fish meal-based by-products emanating from fresh fish. Manufacturing • Promote innovations in food processing, food losses and waste. 8. Coastal Agriculture • Scale-up climate-smart technologies to increase the crop, livestock, and fisheries productivity. • Adapt conservation agriculture approach as the basis for sustainable coastal farming and improved food security. • Use irrigation water-saving technologies and organic soil nutrient sources. 9. Water Use Efficiency and • Promote integrated water resources development and management Management practices including artificial replenishment of groundwater tables. • Attract investments for desalinization of seawater for human use, blue forestry and urban greening, and food security interventions. • Advance wastewater reuse and recycling technologies at the municipal and industry level. 4 MEANS OF IMPLEMENTATION Namibia would need funding, capacity development and technology transfer to fully implement the mitigation and adaptation measures found in this NDC. This section presents an overview of the means of implementation across finance, capacity building, and technology. Costing each action involved identifying the cost for sub-actions, including upfront capital costs (e.g., infrastructure), ongoing maintenance costs, capacity-building or training, and the human resources needed to implement the action. A further desk review included an assessment of similar actions previously completed within the country, at national and/or subnational levels. It is important to note that costs for some actions may change over time; it may be necessary to reconsider cost estimates as new information comes to light. For example, costs may decrease over time due to falling technology costs or barriers being removed by relevant policies.

4.1 Mitigation Funding requirements Figure 4.1 provides an estimated $3.61 billion in funding required for any identified mitigation options by 2030. These represent the requisite capital investment costs for equipment and infrastructural resources. Investment levels for each sector are roughly equal to the projected mitigation shares for each emitting sector. AFOLU accounts for 49% of the total funding requirements for the 2020-2030 timeline. Investments in energy 30 facilities account for the bulk of the remaining requirement. The AFOLU (49%) and energy sector (38%) mitigation actions require the most funds and these are mostly conditional upon international support. FIGURE 4.1. MITIGATION INVESTMENT REQUIREMENTS FOR ALL MEASURES. Energy USD 1.36 billion 38% IPPU including USD 0.23 billion 6% RAC AFOLU USD 1.75 billion 49% Waste USD 0.27 billion 7% Total USD 3.61 billion

4.2 Adaptation funding requirements The following figure 4.2 summarises the financial needs by sector in the adaptation as reported by each Ministry. The total financing needed for adaptation actions is just over USD 1.72 billion. The largest funding is required for agriculture (26%, USD 564 million), forestry (21%, USD 454 million), and coastal zones (12%, USD 255 million). Most of the requested funding depends on international support. 31 FIGURE 4.2. SUMMARY NEEDS FOR ADAPTATION ACTIONS. 2% 5% 9% 5% 12% USD 1.72 billion 26% 21% Water resources Agriculture Forestry Coastal zones Tourism Human helth Disaster risk management

4.3 Finance Financial needs remain high amid ongoing efforts. Most actions that need financing and mobilisation of future resources will be a fair blend of national and foreign funds. The estimated net cost for the established NDC mitigation measures is expected to be about 3.61 USD billion and more than USD 1.72 billion for adaptation goals, reflecting a combined requirement of about USD 5.33 billion in financing. Table 4.1 summarises the approximate worth of the finance needed over the next ten years. The unconditional measures make up 10 per cent of the overall projected support and for the conditional measures 90%. TABLE 4.1. ESTIMATED MITIGATION AND ADAPTATION FINANCE NEEDED. Mitigation measures (USD) Adaptation measures (USD) Total (USD) Unconditional 0.36 billion 0.17 billion 0.53 billion Conditional 3.25 billion 1.55 billion 4.80 billion Total (USD) 3.61 billion 1.72 billion 5.33 billion 32 Extensive research and consultations with sectoral leads were conducted as part of the NDC revision phase to generate conditional and unconditional cost forecasts for mitigation and adaptation steps from 2020 through 2030. The overall expected cost of the NDC mitigation defined by Namibia by 2030 is estimated to be about USD 3.61 billion and USD 1.72 billion for adaptation goals, reflecting a total finance need of about USD 5.33 billion (approximately 77 billion Namibia dollars) (Table 4.1).

4.4 NDC financing strategy Finance is critical for the implementation of the mitigation and adaptation actions set out in Namibia’s updated NDC. International public financing sources will provide the large-scale investment needed. Strengthening finance from domestic and external sources will also be key in supporting the implementation of the mitigation and adaptation actions. Similarly, this NDC update includes conditions for their full implementation, such as additional or enhanced international support in the form of finance, technology transfer, technical assistance and capacity-building. Improving access to public and private financing sources is, therefore, a high priority for Namibia. Meeting the additional investment and financial flows would require a combination of: • commitments by developed countries to provide additional financial assistance to developing countries under the Convention; • appropriate national policies to encourage private investment and domestic government investment in mitigation and adaptation measures; • optimal use of the funds available under the Convention and from other sources to spread the risk across public and private sources; • expansion of the carbon market through more stringent commitments by Annex I Parties to increase demand and possible additional mechanisms to increase supply; and • new sources of predictable funds to provide additional external financial flows to developing countries for adaptation and mitigation. If the funding available under the financial mechanism of the UNFCCC remains at its current level and continues to rely mainly on voluntary contributions, it would not be sufficient to address the estimated future financial flows needed for mitigation and adaptation. However, with the right policies and/or incentives, a substantial part of the required additional investment and financial flows could be covered by currently available sources. National policies can assist in shifting investments and financial flows made by private and public investors into more climate-friendly alternatives and optimizing the use of available funds by spreading the risk across private and public investors. Improvement in, and an optimal combination of mechanisms, such as the carbon markets, financial mechanism of the Convention, ODA, national policies and, in some cases, new and additional resources– will be needed to mobilize the necessary investment and financial flows to address climate change. 33

4.5 Barriers and Opportunities t owards the NDCs implementation The implementation of mitigation actions faces multiple barriers in various areas such as institutional, organisational, financial and technology technological issues. There is an urgent need to improve the enabling environment for tracking climate change activities. Many barriers have been removed in recent years to speed up the implementation of mitigation projects. The existing challenges cannot be addressed alone, and coordinated and concerted efforts of all partners are needed. It is for this reason that Namibia has joined the NDC Partnership, and we believe that it will be a valuable partnership to assist the country to achieve NDC targets and contribute to the overall goals outlined in the Paris Agreement. Investment in climate mitigation activities will be associated with high perceived and actual risks related to environmental, technological, financial, and regulatory uncertainties. Namibia will explore various de-risking instruments that include insurance, guarantees and derivative-based products, as tools that can directly improve the risk-return profile in favour of low carbon technologies. It is also expected that the technical and financial support provided by the NDC Partnership will facilitate the closure of information gaps in areas that are critical to determining the status and effectiveness of the NDCs. Assessment and evaluation of essential baseline data and variables, such as GDP, industrial production, population, consumption, expenditure, land-use, soil quality, water quality, precipitation and evaporation are critical fields. In essence, the NDC partnership plan is to make provision for the collection of baseline data as well as the expansion of tracking and monitoring data related to the various aspects of the NDC implementation process.

4.5.1 Energy Namibia has significant renewable energy potential and has taken steps to direct investment and creating an enabling environment for private sector investment in renewables. Namibia’s transport is dominated by the road component for both passengers and goods. Taking into consideration the extended geographic nature of the country with low population densities outside its urban areas, there is little prospect for the transport landscape to change in the short or medium term.

4.5.2 IPPU including RAC. In the cement industry use of extenders and other materials to replace GHG-intensive clinker has been one way of reducing the GHG intensity of cementitious products. The challenge is that the long-term properties of these products are not known. This makes it difficult to find an appropriate “properties” metric to use as the denominator. For the RAC sector the main barriers hindering the uptake of highly efficient, low-GWP RAC appliances include 1) The absence of market guidance and/or incentives for investment in energy-efficient and climate-friendly products, 2) Standardised technician training regarding maximisation of energy efficiency and safe-handling and installation of climate-friendly (natural) refrigerants which are flammable and/or toxic limited and requires 34 strengthening and expansion, 3) Lack of a standardised MRV system, 4) Lack of public awareness of climate- friendly refrigerant alternatives, such as natural refrigerants, 5) Current lack of financial mechanisms to support the replacement of high-GWP and inefficient units.

4.5.3 AFOLU Implementing mitigation actions in the AFOLU sector is challenging given a lack of data and complexities associated with multiple stakeholders at multiple scales. Land ownership coupled with high financial costs, a harsh arid climate, lack of technology and capacity are some of the challenges facing Namibia.

4.5.4 Waste Limited waste is generated in Namibia (due to a small population). There are long distances between the municipalities making it expensive to transport waste. There is also inadequate waste characterisation. Viable waste to energy projects requires access to reliable and suitable feedstock which, given the current system, presents may present a potential barrier. Finally, administrative, and technical capacity requirements tend to be quite high. Namibia is aware that the implementation of our NDC presents several challenges, particularly in terms of financial and technological resources. Substantial funding is required to enable Namibia to meet its pledges. Namibia, as a developing country, faces numerous difficult challenges to maintain the welfare of its population. As such, the country will not be able to allocate adequate funding to meet the climate change agenda, even if this is of prime importance to it. Efforts, including incentives to attract private investors, have been deployed to bring in the funds needed. 5 MONITORING, REPORTING AND VERIFICATION FOR NDC TRACKING

5.1 MRV systems in Namibia Namibia’s efforts will undoubtedly contribute to the global efforts to mitigate the adverse impacts of climate change. In this context, the country is strengthening the existing institutional arrangements, to ensure a robust and transparent climate action that would enable to build a vibrant national Measurement, Reporting and Verification system (MRV). The system is expected to harmonize and track all data needs of the relevant local and international stakeholders. It is to comprise of the following components: mitigation, adaptation, GHG inventory, support received, and support needed. 35

5.1.1 Barriers and Opportunities to MRV Namibia presented conceptual MRV systems in its BUR1 and BUR2, with the intent of implementing the same. To date, some progress has been recorded but this is still insufficient to meet the reporting requirements. Recognising this gap in the reporting framework, this is a very urgent item on the agenda of the country and is considered of utmost importance in the near future, in line with the revision of the NDC and its implementation post-2020. Based on the collection of data and other information for producing the last 3 GHG inventories and mitigation and needs chapters of the 3 BURs, it is evident that the present institutional arrangements for the MRV of Emissions (GHG inventory) are still weak and need strengthening while the MRV for Mitigation and Support are still in their infancies. Further work, brainstorming and consultation with stakeholders has led to the design of an improved MRV concept which will take on board objectively performing institutional arrangements to make the systems functional in the coming years, after appropriate capacity building. The proposed new concepts for the 3 MRV systems are presented in the BUR3, the intent being to meet the requirements of the Paris Agreement (PA). Efforts have been deployed to develop the MRV systems and build capacity domestically to sustainably assess and report emissions, mitigation actions, including emissions reductions and support needed and received within the framework of the UNFCCC. Progress has been made but there remain challenges relating to: • Systematic availability of all data required for the UNFCCC reports; • Sufficiency of resources to implement the MRV components exhaustively; • Adequate capacity to undertake mitigation assessments; and • Formalised roles and responsibilities of institutions and individuals for accountability.

5.1.2 MRV Capacity Needs A major gap identified is the inability of the system to effectively aggregate the cumulative effects of individual mitigations and adaptation actions as well as evaluating policy measures. The following capacity building needs were identified: • Training on the latest IPCC, UNFCCC guidelines, data processing. • Capacity-building on GHG data management and institutional arrangements. • Continuous training of GHG experts, especially new experts on GHGs at the international level; and • Assessment and monitoring of the effects of GHGs on the policy level for mitigation and adaptation actions. 36

5.2 Institutional arrangements to track NDC implementation. An effective MRV system is necessary to successfully implement Namibia's NDC, which enables the country to monitor the effectiveness of its mitigation and adaptation measures and facilitates access to climate finance. Following the national institutional framework for climate change management, the climate change unit in the Ministry of Environment, Forestry and Tourism is responsible for tracking progress. The Project Management Unit coordinates the day-to-day issues related to the development of reports. Sector leads have been identified for each of the IPCC sectors, see Figure 5.1. The working group members are currently responsible for collecting and providing activity data from their sectors. Namibia Statistics Agency (NSA) has played a key role in providing key national statistics, especially on imports and exports of commodities. Currently, data archiving is done by the MEFT, however, discussions have started to have this task under the NSA. Current existing institutional arrangements are depicted in Figure 5.1. 37 FIGURE 5.1. INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS FOR NDC TRACKING. Archiving (NSA & CCU unit- MEFT QA/QC Coordinator (CCU unit - MEFT) MRV SYSTEM Capacity Building (CCU unit - MEFT & International Consultant) Energy Sector Lead (Ministry of Mines and Energy) Computation of Emissions and QA (International Consultant) Water Sector Lead (Ministry of Environment, Forestry and Tourism) Data Providers NSA & other stakeholders IPPU Sector Lead (Ministry of industrialisation, Trade &SME development) AFOLU Sector Lead (Ministry of Agriculture, Water and LAnd Reform) Table 5.1 summarises Namibia’s framework for tracking and reporting on the progress of implementing the mitigation and adaptation goals outlined in this NDC. It summarises the institutions’ roles and responsibilities to guide and support the implementation of NDC MRV at the national level including policy and strategic decision levels. 38 TABLE 5.1. INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS FOR NAMIBIA’S NDC MRV MANAGEMENT: RESPONSIBILITIES AND ROLES IN CLIMATE CHANGE MANAGEMENT. Name of Stakeholder Current role in climate change management Ministry of Environment, Forestry Responsible for coordinating, managing climate change issues in and Tourism (MEFT) the country and implementation of the UNFCCC. The MEFT is also responsible for the coordination of the transposition and implementation of environmental laws in the field of environmental and climate change. The MEFT is the coordinator of the GHG emissions Inventory and is the lead for the estimates of the Waste Sector. National Climate Change The multi-sectoral National Climate Change Committee (NCCC) Committee (NCCC) consisting of representatives from relevant ministries and other stakeholders including the private sector, NGOs, academia and implementing partners, oversees the implementation of the climate change policy, including the preparation of National Communications (NC) and Biennial Update Reports (BUR) Ministry of Mines and Energy The ministry is in charge of monitoring and reporting in the key (MME) sectors relevant to climate change mitigation including energy management, energy efficiency and renewable energy. GHG inventory lead for the Energy sector, including mitigation. Involved in data collection and transmission activities Ministry of Water, Agriculture and It oversees monitoring and reporting in key sectors of climate Land Reform (MAWLR) change mitigation (AFOLU) and adaptation in agriculture, forestry, and water management. GHG inventory lead for AFOLU Sector, including mitigation. Already involved in data collection and transmission activities. Ministry of Industrialisation Trade It oversees monitoring and reporting on IPPU adaptation and and SME Development (MITSMED) mitigation. GHG inventory lead for IPPU Sector. Already involved in data collection and transmission activities. Office of the Prime Minister Member of NCCC and technical working groups. 39 Name of Stakeholder Current role in climate change management Environmental Investment Fund Fund supporting the protection of the environment, its biological (EIF) diversity and ecological life-support functions; and the promotion of sustainable natural resources use for economic development by supporting green and environmental enterprises. Expertise in gender. Its gender policy is aimed at contributing to better health for both women and men, through health research, policies and programmes which give due attention to gender considerations and promote equity and equality between women and men. Member of NCCC and responsible for resource mobilization for NCCC. National Planning Commission Responsible for all national planning activities. (NPC) Namibia Statistics Agency (NSA) Has the national legal mandate to collect and archive all national data; hence they will be a crucial stakeholder for sex- disaggregated data collection in the project. Key data provider of the GHG emissions inventory, archiving and socio-economics scenarios. Already involved in data collection and transmission activities. Namibia Agronomic Board (NAB) AD and info on agriculture, fertilizer and practices. Already involved in data collection and transmission activities. Civil aviation office Data provider of the GHG emissions inventory on LTOs and bunkering Already involved in data collection and transmission activities. Ministry of Mines and Energy Data provider for mitigation and adaptation policies, specifically (MME) responsible for information on energy policies and electricity generation. Namibia Roads Authority (NRA) Data provider of the GHG emissions inventory on vehicles and road transport. Already involved in data collection and transmission activities. Namibia Airports Authority (NAA) Data provider of the GHG emissions inventory on civil aviation. Already involved in data collection and transmission activities. Agribank of Namibia Loan provider 40 Name of Stakeholder Current role in climate change management Meat Cooperation of Namibia Data provider of the GHG emissions inventory on the livestock (Meatco) (Parastatal) sector. Already involved in data collection and transmission activities. National Commission on Research Research clearance Science and Technology Namibia Meteorological Services Data provider on adaptation. Promotes the application of meteorology to aviation, maritime operations, water resources, agriculture, health, energy, tourism, environment and other sectors of the national economy. To acquire and preserve Namibia's national climate data for use by the present and future generations and posterity. City Council of Windhoek Data provider of the GHG emissions inventory and mitigation on the waste sector. Already involved in data collection and transmission activities. TransNamib Data provider of the GHG emissions inventory on rail transport. Not involved in data collection and transmission activities. Nampower Data provider of the GHG emissions inventory on electricity generation. Already involved in data collection and transmission activities. Namibian Dairies Data provider of the GHG emissions inventory on information on cattle feeds. Already involved in data collection and transmission activities. Ohorongo Information on carbon emissions related to Portland clinker production. Already involved in data collection and transmission activities. Ohlthaver & List Group of Data provider of the GHG emissions inventory on the IPPU sector. Companies Already involved in data collection and transmission activities. 41 Name of Stakeholder Current role in climate change management Development Bank of Namibia Provides finance for larger enterprises in key economic sectors that are expected to deliver development impact, economic activity and employment. The Bank finances previously disadvantaged Namibians and women entrepreneurs. The DBN has been instrumental in availing climate mitigation funding to non-state actors. University of Namibia Develop national emission factors. Already involved in data collection and transmission activities. Namibia University of Science & Develop national emission factors. Technology Already involved in data collection and transmission activities. Namibia Energy Institute Serves as a national information resource base for sustainable energy use and management. Already involved in data collection and transmission activities. International University of Already involved in data collection and transmission activities. Management (IUM) Desert Research Foundation Studies and surveys for GHG inventory and EFs Namibia Medical Society Works towards cost-effective and efficient health service provision to the people of Namibia through the existing medical capacity and capability. Red Cross Society Support gender-responsive disaster management and humanitarian action related to climate change. The Namibian Association of As an association comprising 8 Non-Government Organisations Community Based Natural Resource (NGOs) and the University of Namibia, NACSO provides services to Management (CBNRM) Support rural communities seeking to manage and utilise their natural Organisations (NACSO) resources in a sustainable manner. Could provide support on the linkages between gender and climate change. Integrated Rural Development and Works towards improving the lives of rural people by diversifying Nature Conservation the socio-economy in Namibia’s communal areas to include wildlife and other valuable natural resources. Provides capacity building training with a focus on building women’s leadership skills. Namibian Development Trust Seeks to ensure improved livelihoods and empower rural communities Media Institute of Southern Africa MISA is a media institute, providing media and literacy training (NAMIBIA) and access to information. 42 Name of Stakeholder Current role in climate change management NBC As the public broadcaster of Namibia, NBC is uniquely positioned to increase the awareness of the public on climate change mitigation, adaptation and reporting. FAO Supports strengthened capacity for disaster risk reduction, resilience building and climate change adaptation and mitigation in Namibia IOM IOM is the leading inter-governmental organization in the field of migration, and works on climate change-induced migration. UNIDO Specialized agency of the United Nations promoting industrial development for poverty reduction, inclusive globalisation, and environmental sustainability. GIZ Specialized agency of the German cooperation for supporting climate action in developing countries. Friedrich-Ebert Stiftung Promotes democracy, development, social justice and peace through capacity-building, policy research, public dialogue, and international exchange. Commissioned research on youth and climate change in Namibia. 43 6 REFERENCES Kirui, T. K. (2018). Countries in Africa With the Longest Coastlines - WorldAtlas. https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/countries-in-africa-with-the-longest-coastlines.html MET. (2015). National Climate Change Strategy & Action Plan 2013 – 2020. MET, N. (2013). National Policy on Climate Change for Namibia. Ministry of Mines and Energy. (2017). National Renewable Energy Policy for Namibia (Issue July). Namibia Statistics Agency. (2019). Namibia Census of Agriculture 2013 2104 - Communal Sector Report (Revised Report) (Issue November). NAZCA. (2019). Climate Ambition Alliance: Net Zero 2050. https://climateaction.unfccc.int/views/cooperative-initiative-details.html?id=94 NDCPartnership. (n.d.). Youth Engagement | NDC Partnership. Retrieved May 15, 2021, from https://ndcpartnership.org/action-areas/youth Nexentury. (2021). O&L Nexentury Acquires KFW/DEG Grant for Green Hydrogen Study | O&L Nexentury. https://olnexentury.com/2021/05/05/ol-nexentury-acquires-kfw-deg-grant-for-green- hydrogen-study/ NPC. (2017). Namibia’s 5th National Development Plan (NDP 5). Office of the President. (2004). Namibia Vision 2030. Republic of Namibia. (2015a). Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDC) of The Republic of Namibia to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (Issue September). Republic of Namibia. (2015b). Republic of Namibia National GHG Inventory Report (Issue August). Republic of Namibia. (2016a). Harambee Prosperity Plan: Namibian Government’s Action Plan towards Prosperity for All. In Harambe Prosperity Plan. Republic of Namibia. (2016b). Harambee Prosperity Plan 2016 - 2020. Republic of Namibia. (2016c). National GHG Inventory Report NIR 2 (Issue September). Republic of Namibia. (2018). National GHG Inventory Report NIR 3 (Issue October). Republic of Namibia. (2019). National GHG Inventory Report NC4 (Issue September). Republic of Namibia. (2020). Namibia’s Fourth National Communication to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (Issue March 2020). The report on 1.5°C global warming-relevant aspects for climate services. (2019). Climate Services. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cliser.2019.100105 UNDP. (2018). NDC Partnership | UNDP in Namibia. http://www.na.undp.org/content/namibia/en/home/presscenter/articles/2018/ndc- 44 partnership.html UNFCCC. (2018). 2018 Talanoa Dialogue Platform. United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. Vaidyula, M., & Hood, C. (2018). Accounting for baseline targets in NDCs: Issues and options for guidance. Climate Change Expert Group Paper No.2018(2). World Bank. (2020). Green Hydrogen in Deeveloping Countries. In Energy Sector Management Assistance Program. WWF. (2020). Enhancing NDCs through nature-based solutions: 8 simple recommedations for integrating nature into NDCs. Authors: Martin, S., Bartlett, R., Kim, M. (S. Martin, R. Bartlett, & M. Kim (Eds.); Issue March). 45 7 APPENDICES

Appendix 1: Detailed Mitigation Measures No. Mitigation Baseline and Sector GHG % of Finance Conditionality action targets mitigation BAU costs (USD) potential - scenario Mt CO2e in 2030 1 Renewable 170 MW PV - Energy 0.24621 1.01878 USD Unconditional Energy Feed- replacing 100,000,00 in Tariff imports plus 0 (REFIT) Ruacana 2 Solar Rooftop 45 MW PV - Energy 0.01575 0.06517 USD Unconditional systems replacing 130,000,00 imports 0 3 Embedded 13 MW PV Energy 0.00455 0.01883 USD Unconditional generation replacing 168,000,00 imports 0 4 Solar power Omburu 20 Energy 0.01400 0.05793 USD Unconditional generation MW PV - 185,000,00 replacing 0 imports & 20 MW Solar IPP Power Plant 5 Wind power Luderitz Wind Energy 0.02178 0.09012 USD Unconditional generation 40 MW 70,000,000 replacing imports & 50 MW Wind IPP Power Plant 6 Biomass 40MW - Energy 0.02854 0.11809 USD Conditional Energy plant replacing 50,000,000 imports 7 Hydropower Baynes Hydro Energy 0.20125 0.83274 USD Unconditional generation 300 of 600 69,000,000 MW 8 Solar water Through the Energy 0.01700 0.07034 USD Unconditional heaters Solar Thermal 250,000,00 Road Map 0 install 20 000 SWH 9 Passenger Promote Transport 0.61400 2.54063 USD Unconditional vehicle fuel passenger 40,000,000 efficiency vehicle fuel standards efficiency standards in 80 % of total passenger vehicle 46 No. Mitigation Baseline and Sector GHG % of Finance Conditionality action targets mitigation BAU costs (USD) potential - scenario Mt CO2e in 2030 population by 2030 10 Electric 10 000 Electric Transport 0.00700 0.02896 USD Conditional Vehicles Vehicles - 50,000,000 replacing gasoline 11 Fuel Hydrogen Transport 0.94600 3.91440 USD Conditional switching replacing 42,000,000 diesel 12 Light-duty Reducing fuel Transport 0.6840 2.83028 USD Unconditional vehicles use by 20% 150,000,00 (LDV) 0 13 Replace Replace 23% Industry 0.10400 0.43034 USD Unconditional clinker clinker in 50,000,000 cement production 14 Split Switch to R290 RAC 0.01497 0.06194 USD Conditional residential air (propane) 16,000,000 conditioners 15 Car air Safe disposal RAC 0.00018 0.00074 USD Conditional conditioning of old car ACs 35,000,000 16 Domestic Switch to RAC 0.00115 0.00476 USD Conditional refrigeration R600a 90,000,000 (isobutane) and safe disposal of old refrigerators 17 Commercial Switch to R290 RAC 0.00293 0.01212 USD Conditional refrigeration (propane) and 20,000,000 (Stand-alone R744 (CO2) equipment) and safe disposal of old equipment 18 Commercial Switch to R290 RAC 0.01145 0.04738 USD Conditional refrigeration (propane) and 15,000,000 (Condensing R744 (CO2) units) and safe disposal of old equipment 19 Reduce By 2030 Forestry 13.53700 56.0139 USD Conditional deforestation reduce 4 250,000,00 deforestation 0 rate by 75 % 20 Reforestation Reforest of Forestry 1.77900 7.36122 USD Conditional 20,000 ha per 300,000,00 year 0 47 No. Mitigation Baseline and Sector GHG % of Finance Conditionality action targets mitigation BAU costs (USD) potential - scenario Mt CO2e in 2030 21 Savanna Restore 15.5 Restoration 2.30000 9.51703 USD Conditional grassland million ha of 400,000,00 restoration grassland 0 savanna and soil carbo 22 Agroforestry Plant 10,000 Forestry 0.35800 1.48135 USD Unconditional practice ha of trees per 600,000,00 year under 0 Agroforestry 23 Urban Plant 5,000 ha Forestry 1.05600 4.36956 USD Unconditional Forestry of trees under 260,000,00 Urban Forestry 0 24 Municipal Transform 70% Waste 0.01970 0.08152 USD Conditional Solid Waste MSW to 120,000,00 (MSW) electricity and 0 transformatio compost n 25 Waste Increase Waste 0.00160 0.00662 USD Conditional recycling Recycling of 50,000,000 plastic waste and e-waste by 70% 26 Methane net Methane net Waste 0.01010 0.04179 USD Conditional zero zero emissions 100,000,00 emissions by 2050 0 (achieve 75% of the target by 2030) TOTAL MITIGATION FUNDING REQUIREMENT: USD 3, 610, 000, 000 (approximately 3.61 billion US dollars) 48

Appendix 2: Detailed Adaptation Measures No. Adaptation Ministry Co-benefits Finance costs Conditional/ Gender Youth Private sector SDGs action (mitigation, (USD) Unconditional environmental, social) Water resources 1 Provide full Ministry of • Sustainable USD 17,600,000 Unconditional • Establishment of • Empower • Partner with 2, 5, support for Agriculture, management of water well-defined youth and the 12, integrated water Water and resources gender-inclusive define government on 13 resources Land • More positive and mandates with mechanisms to investment for management Reform. water conservative responsibilities for enable their key water attitudes and the implementation engagement infrastructure practices of many of the and projects, • Cross-sectoral use of elements of the integration of including water monitoring and IWRM Framework. different rehabilitation management data water and resources modernization 2 Establish best Ministry of • Decrease in water USD 15,000,000 Unconditional management of existing practice systems Agriculture, losses and wastages processes infrastructure. for improving Water and • Decrease in water the efficiency of Land costs water use Reform. 3 Coordinate use Ministry of • Improved allocation USD 7,200,000 Unconditional of surface and Agriculture, between users and groundwater Water and uses; resources and Land • Decrease in artificially Reform. pressure and increase the treatment of other recharge rate of water resources groundwater • Stimulation of aquifers to water-saving and use reduce efficiency evaporation 49 No. Adaptation Ministry Co-benefits Finance costs Conditional/ Gender Youth Private sector SDGs action (mitigation, (USD) Unconditional environmental, social) 4 Improve water Ministry of • Improvement in USD 17,400,000 Conditional demand Agriculture, synergy and management, Water and engagement particularly at Land between/among the local level Reform. water users and in the • Improved water agricultural, allocation and industrial, abstraction limits mining and • Improved tourism sectors productivity 5 Monitor and Ministry of • Reduced losses and USD 58,275,000 Unconditional control Agriculture, wastages groundwater Water and • Improved use more strictly Land productivity Reform. 6 Prioritize Ministry of • Diversification of USD 78,650,000 Conditional seawater Agriculture, water supply. desalination Water and • Increased resilience Land to reduce per capita Reform. freshwater availability. • Provision of safe drinking water due to the high quality of output water. • Decrease in pressure and treatment on other water resources Agriculture 7 Promoting Ministry of • Increased resilience USD 19,500,000 Conditional • Inclusion of gender • Engagements 2, 5, diversification Agriculture, to climate change and considerations in and 12, of crops to Water and natural disasters climate agriculture investments in 13, hedge against Land • Promotion of initiatives climate-smart 14,1 erratic rainfall Reform. climate-friendly agriculture 5 and shorter agriculture business targeting seasons value chain youths both in 50 No. Adaptation Ministry Co-benefits Finance costs Conditional/ Gender Youth Private sector SDGs action (mitigation, (USD) Unconditional environmental, social) (Climate Smart • Sustained/increased urban and Agriculture) productivity and rural areas. profitability 8 Development of Ministry of • Improved plant USD 24,750,000 Conditional improved crop Agriculture, genetics varieties that Water and • Increased resilience adapt to climate Land to climate change and change (Climate Reform. natural disasters Resilient • Improved food Agriculture) production 9 Enhancing Ministry of • Increased USD 26,250,000 Conditional access to Agriculture, productivity facilitates farming inputs Water and reduced deforestation (i.e. seed and Land and helps the fertilizer) Reform. integrity of forests availability and which are important maintain carbon sinks consistency in • increase the carbon yields (Climate sequestration Resilient potential of Agriculture) agricultural soils by contributing to their building up of soil organic matter (SOM). 51 No. Adaptation Ministry Co-benefits Finance costs Conditional/ Gender Youth Private sector SDGs action (mitigation, (USD) Unconditional environmental, social) 10 Promote Ministry of • Increased USD 9,817,500 Conditional protected Agriculture, productivity facilitates cultivation and Water and reduced deforestation improved Land and helps the planting Reform. integrity of forests methods for which are important enhancing carbon sinks water use efficiency and crop productivity (e.g. greenhouses, net houses, mulching, spot planting/zero tillage) (Climate Resilient Agriculture) 11 Promote the use Ministry of Water conservation USD 12,925,000 Conditional of water Agriculture, and increased targeting only Water and availability in other irrigation of Land sectors high-value Reform. crops (Climate Resilient Agriculture) 52 No. Adaptation Ministry Co-benefits Finance costs Conditional/ Gender Youth Private sector SDGs action (mitigation, (USD) Unconditional environmental, social) 12 Promoting Ministry of • Reduced land USD 283,306,375 Conditional climate Agriculture, degradation resilience in Water and • Improved pasture livestock Land and agroforestry management Reform. practices through strategies such as the creation of fallback grazing areas and mixing small and large stock herds of various breeds (Climate Smart Agriculture) 13 Enhance • Decreases negative USD Conditional integrated pest impacts on the 120,000,000 management as broader ecosystem, an ecosystem making farming approach to systems more resilient crop production to climate change. and protection • Revitalises the (Climate important role of Resilient extension, research Agriculture) and the public and private sectors for pest forecasting, surveillance, detection and control, as these are vital services to increase resilience. 53 No. Adaptation Ministry Co-benefits Finance costs Conditional/ Gender Youth Private sector SDGs action (mitigation, (USD) Unconditional environmental, social) 14 Improvement of • Improved USD 3,784,600 Unconditional support services knowledge, capacity and capacity and buy-in by other building to crop agricultural sector production players resilient to • Job creation and climate change improved capacity of by promoting youth involved in the research, trials agriculture business and up-scaling climate-smart farming systems that increase resilience to climate change. Forestry 15 Promote • Improved food USD Conditional • Facilitate affected Engagements • Promote and savanna security and water 240,000,000 women’s and active engage the restoration management; participation in participation private sector through bush • Conservation of decision making, of youth in to monitor thinning for biodiversity thereby assuring sustainable rates of increased land that their points of forestry deforestation productivity, view on forest use initiatives, and share with improved food are taken into adaptation, affected and security, account. and policy interested improved • Promote and reforms. stakeholders groundwater increase women’s (e.g., scientists, recharge and equal participation land increased via gender goals or managers, biodiversity affirmative action. traditional 54 No. Adaptation Ministry Co-benefits Finance costs Conditional/ Gender Youth Private sector SDGs action (mitigation, (USD) Unconditional environmental, social) 16 Bush biomass Biodiversity USD116,000,000 Conditional • Include gender authorities, utilization and conservation indicators in forestry policymakers, value addition management general public, (Bush based monitoring and etc) animal feed evaluation. production, biochar application, drought resilience, improved food security, bush- to-energy, employment & income creation) 17 Support Shade provision, soil USD 98,000,000 Unconditional agroforestry fertilization, fruit interventions to production, or timber ensure food value, because they security provide diversified (biomass of habitats, income fodder, meat sources, and allow and Non-Timber alternative Forest Produces adaptation (NTPs)) in Namibia’s most vulnerable communities. Coastal zone and fisheries 55 No. Adaptation Ministry Co-benefits Finance costs Conditional/ Gender Youth Private sector SDGs action (mitigation, (USD) Unconditional environmental, social) 18 Introduce Ministry of • Reduced pollution USD 14,962,500 Conditional 1. Enhancement of 2. 1, 4, legislation to Fisheries and • Conservation of understanding of Comprehensive 5, 13 reduce property Marine marine ecosystems gender differences regulatory and Resources and addressing framework for infrastructure inequities. These are environmental development in critical for improving protection and environmentally the effectiveness sustainable sensitive areas and sustainability of development is and areas at marines and in place. Most risk of sea-level fisheries. of the country’s rise 2. Gender coastal areas 19 Research and Ministry of • Keeping track of USD 33,000,000 Conditional engagement in are protected, monitor sea- Fisheries and ocean and coastal addressing national parks level rise Marine areas—monitoring constraints to and significant Resources and assessing how improving gender areas of the these areas are equity and equality EEZ have changing—will in coastal zones and restrictions in facilitate keeping fisheries place coastal communities, • Engagement and regarding economies, and active involvement access to and ecosystems healthy. of women in the use of • Environmental potential adaptation natural marine observations and actions including resources. forecasts building adaptive There are • Early detection of capacity through existing water pollution and education and structures and rapid response information, procedures to • Risk assessment data protecting property monitor for pollution impact or land, increasing industry 20 Undertake Ministry of Guidance on climate USD 8,662,500 Conditional awareness of activities and vulnerability Fisheries and change planning and impacts, maintaining the mapping Marine support of resilience well-being, exploitation of Resources to anticipated climate sustaining economic natural marine change by enhancing growth, or taking and coastal understanding of advantage of new resources. planners of the nature opportunities. • The National 56 No. Adaptation Ministry Co-benefits Finance costs Conditional/ Gender Youth Private sector SDGs action (mitigation, (USD) Unconditional environmental, social) of vulnerability to • Monitoring gender Policy on climate change balance in fisheries Coastal and aquaculture Management production for Namibia, 21 Collaborate Ministry of • Adequate risk USD 11,134,600 Unconditional • Timely decision- states that one with the Fisheries and assessment and making processes of the policy insurance Marine eventuality planning for mitigation and implementation market to guide Resources and adaptation adaptation to strategies is to investment in • Better climate change. improve the coastal areas understanding of These are crucial to resilience of climate change avoid the costs of coastal systems property risks and inaction and to to climate and appropriate cover ensure environmental 22 Develop an Ministry of • Preparation of USD 30,250,000 Conditional environmental, social change. early warning Fisheries and diverse sectors and and economic • Develop a system Marine communities for sustainability of blue economy Resources climate-related events seafood production. strategy or • Protection of human policy. lives, biodiversity, • Ensure clear infrastructure and roles and property, land, jobs responsibilities and supports long in government term sustainability administration • Facilitate public and and private sectors in management planning, protecting of coastal economies and saving areas money in the long run. • Investment in 23 Rehabilitate Ministry of • Restoration of USD 48,000,000 Conditional crucial wetlands and Fisheries and ecosystems and infrastructure estuaries Marine conservation of and research Resources biodiversity as well as • Water pollution research and remediation and development reduction 57 No. Adaptation Ministry Co-benefits Finance costs Conditional/ Gender Youth Private sector SDGs action (mitigation, (USD) Unconditional environmental, social) 24 Install sea walls Ministry of • Protection of USD 113,300,000 Conditional barriers and Fisheries and infrastructure and barrages Marine property Resources • Reduced replacement, maintenance and insurance costs Tourism 25 Promote Ministry of • Lower Ecological USD 57,435,000 Conditional Engage and ensure Possibility for 1,4,5, sustainable Environment, Impact active participation youth 13 tourism and Forestry and • Conservation of of women in awareness provide Tourism biodiversity • discussing policy raising capacity (MEFT) • Reduction of land, development, engagement building for air and water decision-making, and active climate change pollution and strategies for involvement in innovation in • Support of local climate change tourism- Namibia’s communities by direct adaptation and related issues tourism sector. engagement and mitigation at all and stimulating their levels of action. adaptation in economies • addressing tourism a changing • Environmentally climate change- climate. This aware and conscious related issues such also includes tourists as women’s issues such as 26 Implement Ministry of USD 4,129400 Conditional employment in assessment of conservancies, Environment, tourism, working the tourism, and Forestry and conditions, women’s vulnerability adaptation Tourism participation in of World programs based (MEFT) planning and Heritage sites on community- management, to climate based natural gender roles, change resource women’s rights. impacts and management the potential (CBNRM) implications 58 No. Adaptation Ministry Co-benefits Finance costs Conditional/ Gender Youth Private sector SDGs action (mitigation, (USD) Unconditional environmental, social) 27 Promote Ministry of USD 3,580,500 Unconditional for and of community- Environment, tourism. based natural Forestry and Tourism’s resource Tourism positive role in management (MEFT) helping to data collection secure the and archiving future of many 28 Diversify Ministry of USD 112,640,000 Conditional World livelihoods in Environment, Heritage sites communities Forestry and in a changing dependent on Tourism climate is to CBNRM (MEFT) be taken into initiatives such account. as Namibian Conservancy Programme and Community Forests. Health 29 Strengthen the Ministry of • Established USD 15,960,000 Conditional • Provision for a • Awareness 1, 4, capacity of Health and mechanisms for climate change raising and 5, 13 health Social developing and sensitive gender conscientisation professionals in Services implementing an dimensions of health of the youth of epidemic Emergency Risk care (including various health- preparedness Management mental) and health- related issues and response Programme seeking behaviours. that may arise • Competence in the • Consideration of as a result of management of the women’s and men’s climate risks of internal and relative and change. This external emergencies, different capacities, includes including epidemics; power, social consideration • Adaptation to the resilience, of specific challenges of vulnerabilities and psychological an epidemic, resources in climate vulnerabilities whatever the nature change adaptation such as mental of the disease and strategies. It is illness, 59 No. Adaptation Ministry Co-benefits Finance costs Conditional/ Gender Youth Private sector SDGs action (mitigation, (USD) Unconditional environmental, social) the resources needed, important to note depression, etc and even in the event that gender roles and the need of a concurrent and relations can to prepare emergency either enable or and build constrain adaptive resilience in capacities. the face of • Identify gender- extreme oriented events due to opportunities to the changing 30 Recruit and Ministry of Personnel are fully USD 9,450,000 Unconditional adapt to climate climate. This train community Health and aware of their roles in change and to also includes health workers Social preparing for, and enhance health climate change to provide Services responding to, an equity. In addition to effects on emergency first emergency, improving putting in place physical health aid community well-being gender-friendly and building and confidence in the infrastructure, capacity in the health care system adaptation resiliency of 31 Improve staff Ministry of • Improved local USD 11,550,000 Conditional measures are to communities, training on Health and community being address the families, and prevention and Social wellbeing underlying causes of young people treatment of Services • Early detection of vulnerability, such as to climate malnutrition malnutrition poverty, lack of impacts. • Greater awareness empowerment, and • Engagement in the local community weaknesses in health of youth on in nutrition planning care, education, adaptation and supplementation social safety nets strategies of • Improved health and gender equity. possible ways care system • Undertake gender- communities, 32 Enhance and Ministry of • Better USD 4,830,000 Unconditional sensitive assessments youths further Health and understanding by the and gender- included, can mainstream Social local community on responsive address climate-related Services health and other interventions that anticipated, awareness impacts of global enhance health and current, and warming and health equity. future climate measures to address • Conduct gender- threats to climate change sensitive research, public health. 60 No. Adaptation Ministry Co-benefits Finance costs Conditional/ Gender Youth Private sector SDGs action (mitigation, (USD) Unconditional environmental, social) • Increase in literacy including collection, encourages change in analysis and attitudes and reporting of gender behaviour. It also data, to better enables the local understand the community to adapt health implications to climate change of climate change trends and climate policies. 33 Improve access Ministry of USD 9,450,000 Unconditional to timely and Health and relevant Social information Services 34 Strengthen the Ministry of • Improved health USD 8,610,000 Conditional policies Health and and reduced required to Social resources use, effectively Services • Increased resource address both efficiency, slow-onset and • Economic security, catastrophic • Sustainability of events ecosystems • Increased economic dynamism 35 Develop health- Ministry of • Enhance and further USD 3,025,000 Unconditional centred Health and mainstream climate- adaptation Social related awareness strategies Services • Mitigation of slow onset and catastrophic events (e.g., increase the patient to medical health ratio) • Establishment of a climate-proof the public health system • Strengthened water and sanitation systems 61 No. Adaptation Ministry Co-benefits Finance costs Conditional/ Gender Youth Private sector SDGs action (mitigation, (USD) Unconditional environmental, social) • Decrease in vector and water-borne diseases (malaria, cholera) 36 Climate-proof Ministry of USD 13,200,000 Conditional the public Health and health system Social Services 37 Strengthen and Ministry of USD 23,100,000 Conditional provide Health and capacity Social building for Services water and sanitation systems Disaster risk management 38 Strengthen Ministry of • Establishment of USD 577,500 Unconditional Integrate into the Through 1, 4, capacities for Urban and necessary regulatory vulnerability and innovative 5, disaster risk Rural quality for disaster risk assessment youth-centred 13 preparedness, Development risk standards to be gender analysis to approach contingency (MURD) applied effectively. establish the engagement planning and • Achievement of different ways in of youth on the risk reduction critical development which disasters forms of objectives affect men and emergency • Reduced poverty women. A full and disaster • New partnerships understanding of situations that between smallholder gender roles and can occur farmers and norms is decisive for because of agribusiness. There is all vulnerability and climate change potential for more risk assessments. a various resilient agriculture. Social roles and a preparedness Through partnerships, gender-specific and response businesses can reduce division of labour actions. their losses as well as lead to different support the public and specific degrees 62 No. Adaptation Ministry Co-benefits Finance costs Conditional/ Gender Youth Private sector SDGs action (mitigation, (USD) Unconditional environmental, social) sector to more of exposure and effectively build vulnerability for capacity and reduce women and girls disaster risks. concerning men and • Continual boys. development of Ensure adaptation institutions, political and risk awareness, financial management resources, technology policies and systems, and the practices take into wider social and account the dynamic cultural enabling nature of environment vulnerability and • Establishment of exposure, and early warning directly address the systems, designing drivers of evacuation strategies vulnerability, in 39 Implement Ministry of Identification of other USD 1,102,500 Unconditional particular those vulnerability Urban and vulnerable groups related to gender. and risk Rural that would otherwise Ensure women equal mapping Development be missed and participation and (MURD) incorporated into the capacity-building of planning and women and men are mitigation/adaptation the cornerstones of process effective 40 Improve Ministry of Increased awareness USD 1,102,500 Unconditional intervention. information Urban and and effective Resource flow and Rural regulation and management communications Development dedicated investments capacities of women between formal (MURD) in disaster are an important structures at the management basis for designing national meaningful regional and responses to climate community change and disaster levels prevention, response 63 No. Adaptation Ministry Co-benefits Finance costs Conditional/ Gender Youth Private sector SDGs action (mitigation, (USD) Unconditional environmental, social) 41 Support Ministry of • Establishment of USD 1,680,000 Unconditional and recovery. community- Urban and alternative means of Efficient based Rural income i.e. diverse programming adaptation Development livelihoods, networks, requires a balance practices in both (MURD) social protection, etc. between the rural and urban • Development of liabilities and areas leadership and other capabilities of both managerial/functional women and men. capacities in areas Ensure participation such as stakeholder of women on an engagement, situation equal footing in the assessment and vision green economy, definition, formulation notably in regard to of policies and their access to clean strategies, etc energy and • Training in first aid technology as users for community and providers of members and survival services as well as in skills in adverse subnational, national conditions and multilateral 42 Improve Ministry of • Improvement in USD 24,750,000 Conditional processes related to monitoring and Urban and monitoring and climate change and documentation Rural evaluation disasters/emergency of extreme Development • Improved disaster situations. events (MURD) management and response efforts 43 Develop pro- Ministry of 1. Poverty alleviation USD 7,975,000 Unconditional poor disaster Urban and and enhanced insurance Rural resilience to climate schemes Development change impacts. 2. (MURD) Insurance promotes opportunities by helping to lessen financial repercussions of volatility and, in the longer term, 64 No. Adaptation Ministry Co-benefits Finance costs Conditional/ Gender Youth Private sector SDGs action (mitigation, (USD) Unconditional environmental, social) create a space of certainty within which investments, planning and development activities can be undertaken. 3. Safety net and buffer for people shortly after a catastrophic event 4. Insurance can spur transformation by incentivizing risk reduction behaviour and fostering a culture of prevention- focused risk management. TOTAL ADAPTATION FUNDING REQUIREMENT: USD 1, 718, 130, 875 (approximately 1.72 billion US dollars) 65 BLANK PAGE 66