National Implementation Plan for the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants

VIII NATIONAL IMPLEMENTATION PLAN ��������� ���������� �� ���������� ������� ���������� MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT AND ENERGY REPUBLIC OF THE MALDIVES 2017 I ISBN: Written by Fazeela Ahmed Shaheem Mauman Abdul Rasheed Contributors Mareer Mohamed Husny Mohamed Hamdhoon Fazeela Ahmed Shaheem Ahmed Shan Aishath Huma Midhath Abdul Rasheed Ismail Ajmal Proof read by Midhath Abdul Rasheed Critical Review Hassan Azhar Layout and Design Ismail Ajmal © Ministry of Environment and Energy Handhuvaree Hingun Maaafannu, Male', 20392 Maldives www.environment.gov.mv Citation: Ministry of Environment and Energy. 2016. National Implementation Plan to the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants. I ISBN: Written by Fazeela Ahmed Shaheem Mauman Abdul Rasheed Contributors Mareer Mohamed Husny Mohamed Hamdhoon Fazeela Ahmed Shaheem Ahmed Shan Aishath Huma Midhath Abdul Rasheed Ismail Ajmal Proof read by Midhath Abdul Rasheed Critical Review Hassan Azhar Layout and Design Ismail Ajmal © Ministry of Environment and Energy Handhuvaree Hingun Maaafannu, Male', 20392 Maldives www.environment.gov.mv Citation: Ministry of Environment and Energy. 2016. National Implementation Plan to the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants. II III The Government of Maldives is committed to ensure a safe and healthy environment for its people and future generations. Given that Persistent Organic Pollutants are harmful chemicals that persist in the environment and have the ability to travel over a great distance affecting human health and environment, it is imperative that we act and take urgent measures to address this very critical issue. The Ministry of Environment and Energy appreciates the support from the Stockholm Convention and other partners in preparing this National Implementation Plan. I am confident that this process will enhance the institutional, legal and administrative framework required to minimize the adverse effects of Persistent Organic Pollutants and ensure a socially, economically and environmentally stable environment for our people. It gives me great pleasure on behalf of the Government of Maldives to endorse this National Implementation Plan for the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants. Thoriq Ibrahim Minister �������� Foreword The National Implementation Plan (NIP) for the Stockholm Convention has been prepared by the Ministry of Environment and Energy (MEE), in consultation with key stakeholders at all stages. The Ministry wishes to acknowledge the valuable support, contribution and information provided by all stakeholders for the preparation of this NIP. MEE appreciates the financial support provided by Global Environment Facility (GEF) and the technical assistance provided by United Nations Industrial Development Organisation (UNIDO) in formulating this NIP. Furthermore, MEE appreciates the work undertaken by the National Chemicals Management Committee, the SAICM team, technical experts, and the project team for coordinating and facilitating the NIP process. ���������������� II III The Government of Maldives is committed to ensure a safe and healthy environment for its people and future generations. Given that Persistent Organic Pollutants are harmful chemicals that persist in the environment and have the ability to travel over a great distance affecting human health and environment, it is imperative that we act and take urgent measures to address this very critical issue. The Ministry of Environment and Energy appreciates the support from the Stockholm Convention and other partners in preparing this National Implementation Plan. I am confident that this process will enhance the institutional, legal and administrative framework required to minimize the adverse effects of Persistent Organic Pollutants and ensure a socially, economically and environmentally stable environment for our people. It gives me great pleasure on behalf of the Government of Maldives to endorse this National Implementation Plan for the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants. Thoriq Ibrahim Minister �������� Foreword The National Implementation Plan (NIP) for the Stockholm Convention has been prepared by the Ministry of Environment and Energy (MEE), in consultation with key stakeholders at all stages. The Ministry wishes to acknowledge the valuable support, contribution and information provided by all stakeholders for the preparation of this NIP. MEE appreciates the financial support provided by Global Environment Facility (GEF) and the technical assistance provided by United Nations Industrial Development Organisation (UNIDO) in formulating this NIP. Furthermore, MEE appreciates the work undertaken by the National Chemicals Management Committee, the SAICM team, technical experts, and the project team for coordinating and facilitating the NIP process. ���������������� IV V ������������� ��� �������� AFFF BTI DDT DFO EEE EEZ FFFP GDP GEF HDI HPA ILO LDC LFPR LGA LPG MCS MDNS MEE MFDA MIC Aqueous Film Forming Foam Bacillus thuringiensis Dichloro-Diphenyl-Trichloro Ethane Diesel Fuel Oil Electric and Electornic Equipment. Exclusive Economic Zone Film forming Flouroprotein Gross Domestic Product Global Environment Facility Human Development Index Health Protection Agency International Labour Organisation Least Developed Country Labour Force Participation Rate Local Government Authority Liquefied Petroleum Gas Maldives Customs Service Ministry of Defence and National Security Ministry of Environment and Energy Maldives Food and Drug Authority Medium Income Country MNDF MoFA MRDC NCD NEAP NSSD ODS OECD PCA PCBs PCDD PCDF PDBEs PFOSF PFOS PO POPs SAICM STELCO UNEP UPOPs WHO Maldives National Defence Force Ministry of Fisheries and Agriculture Maldives Road Development Corporation Non-Communicable Diseases National Environment Action Plan Maldives National Strategy for Sustainable Development Ozone Depleting Substance Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development Principal Component Analysis Polychlorinated biphenyls Polychlorinated dibenzo-dioxins Polychlorinated dibenzo-furans Polybrominated diphenyl ethers Perfluorooctane sulfonyl fluoride Perfluorooctane sulphonic acid President's Office Persistent Organic Pollutants Strategic Approach to International Chemicals Management State Electric Company Limited United Nations Environment Programme Unintentional Persistent Organic Pollutants World Health Organisation IV V ������������� ��� �������� AFFF BTI DDT DFO EEE EEZ FFFP GDP GEF HDI HPA ILO LDC LFPR LGA LPG MCS MDNS MEE MFDA MIC Aqueous Film Forming Foam Bacillus thuringiensis Dichloro-Diphenyl-Trichloro Ethane Diesel Fuel Oil Electric and Electornic Equipment. Exclusive Economic Zone Film forming Flouroprotein Gross Domestic Product Global Environment Facility Human Development Index Health Protection Agency International Labour Organisation Least Developed Country Labour Force Participation Rate Local Government Authority Liquefied Petroleum Gas Maldives Customs Service Ministry of Defence and National Security Ministry of Environment and Energy Maldives Food and Drug Authority Medium Income Country MNDF MoFA MRDC NCD NEAP NSSD ODS OECD PCA PCBs PCDD PCDF PDBEs PFOSF PFOS PO POPs SAICM STELCO UNEP UPOPs WHO Maldives National Defence Force Ministry of Fisheries and Agriculture Maldives Road Development Corporation Non-Communicable Diseases National Environment Action Plan Maldives National Strategy for Sustainable Development Ozone Depleting Substance Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development Principal Component Analysis Polychlorinated biphenyls Polychlorinated dibenzo-dioxins Polychlorinated dibenzo-furans Polybrominated diphenyl ethers Perfluorooctane sulfonyl fluoride Perfluorooctane sulphonic acid President's Office Persistent Organic Pollutants Strategic Approach to International Chemicals Management State Electric Company Limited United Nations Environment Programme Unintentional Persistent Organic Pollutants World Health Organisation VI VII �������� Foreword Executive Summary Introduction 1. COUNTRY PROFILE 1.1. Geographic and Environment 1.2. Demographics 1.3. Profile of economic sectors 2. INSTITUTION, POLICY AND REGULATORY FRAMEWORK 2.1. Environmental policy, sustainable development policy and general legislative framework 2.2. Role and responsibility of ministries and other governmental institutions 2.2.1. Ministry of Defence and National Security 2.2.2. Maldives Customs Service 2.2.3. Ministry of Fisheries and Agriculture 2.2.4. Ministry of Environment and Energy 2.2.5. Ministry of Health 2.2.5.1. Health Protection Agency 2.2.5.2. The Maldives Food and Drug Authority 2.3. Constitutional Norms 2.4. Corresponding International Commitments and Obligations 2.5. Description of existing legislation concerning POPs 2.5.1. Legislative Norms 2.5.1.2. Law on importation of prohibited items to the Maldives (Law No: 4/75) 2.5.2. Environmental Protection and Preservation Act (Law No. 4/93) 2.5.2.3. Draft pesticides bill 3. KEY APPROACHES AND PROCEDURES FOR POPs CHEMICAL AND PESTICIDE MANAGEMENT 4. ASSESSMENT OF POPs ISSUE IN THE COUNTRY 4.1. Assessment with respect to Annex A, part I chemicals (POPs pesticides) 4.1.1. PCB contaminated sites 4.1.2. Management of PCB waste in Maldives 4.3. Assessment with respect to Annex A, part II chemicals (PDBEs) 4.4. Assessment with respect to Annex B chemicals (DDT) 4.5. Assessment of PFOS, its salts and PFOSF (Annex B, Part III chemicals) 4.6. Assessment of releases of intentional produced chemicals (Annex C chemicals) 4.6.1. Waste incineration 4.6.1.1 Municipal solid waste incineration 4.6.1.2 Hazardous waste incineration 4.6.1.3 Clinical or Hospital generated waste incinerators 4.6.2. Brick Production 4.6.3. Asphalt mixing 4.6.4. Transport 4.6.5. Open burning processes 4.7. Disposal and Landfill 4.7.1. Landfills, waste dumps and landfill mining 4.7.2. Open water dumping 4.7.3. Composting 4.7.4. Contaminated sites and hotspots 5. CURRENT LEVEL OF INFORMATION, AWARENESS AND EDUCATION 5.1. Pre-awareness sessions (General Public) 5.2. Post-awareness sessions (General Public) 5.3. Assessment on the vulnerable groups I X 1 2 2 3 4 5 5 6 6 7 8 9 9 10 10 11 12 13 14 14 15 16 17 18 20 22 23 24 25 26 29 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 37 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 VI VII �������� Foreword Executive Summary Introduction 1. COUNTRY PROFILE 1.1. Geographic and Environment 1.2. Demographics 1.3. Profile of economic sectors 2. INSTITUTION, POLICY AND REGULATORY FRAMEWORK 2.1. Environmental policy, sustainable development policy and general legislative framework 2.2. Role and responsibility of ministries and other governmental institutions 2.2.1. Ministry of Defence and National Security 2.2.2. Maldives Customs Service 2.2.3. Ministry of Fisheries and Agriculture 2.2.4. Ministry of Environment and Energy 2.2.5. Ministry of Health 2.2.5.1. Health Protection Agency 2.2.5.2. The Maldives Food and Drug Authority 2.3. Constitutional Norms 2.4. Corresponding International Commitments and Obligations 2.5. Description of existing legislation concerning POPs 2.5.1. Legislative Norms 2.5.1.2. Law on importation of prohibited items to the Maldives (Law No: 4/75) 2.5.2. Environmental Protection and Preservation Act (Law No. 4/93) 2.5.2.3. Draft pesticides bill 3. KEY APPROACHES AND PROCEDURES FOR POPs CHEMICAL AND PESTICIDE MANAGEMENT 4. ASSESSMENT OF POPs ISSUE IN THE COUNTRY 4.1. Assessment with respect to Annex A, part I chemicals (POPs pesticides) 4.1.1. PCB contaminated sites 4.1.2. Management of PCB waste in Maldives 4.3. Assessment with respect to Annex A, part II chemicals (PDBEs) 4.4. Assessment with respect to Annex B chemicals (DDT) 4.5. Assessment of PFOS, its salts and PFOSF (Annex B, Part III chemicals) 4.6. Assessment of releases of intentional produced chemicals (Annex C chemicals) 4.6.1. Waste incineration 4.6.1.1 Municipal solid waste incineration 4.6.1.2 Hazardous waste incineration 4.6.1.3 Clinical or Hospital generated waste incinerators 4.6.2. Brick Production 4.6.3. Asphalt mixing 4.6.4. Transport 4.6.5. Open burning processes 4.7. Disposal and Landfill 4.7.1. Landfills, waste dumps and landfill mining 4.7.2. Open water dumping 4.7.3. Composting 4.7.4. Contaminated sites and hotspots 5. CURRENT LEVEL OF INFORMATION, AWARENESS AND EDUCATION 5.1. Pre-awareness sessions (General Public) 5.2. Post-awareness sessions (General Public) 5.3. Assessment on the vulnerable groups I X 1 2 2 3 4 5 5 6 6 7 8 9 9 10 10 11 12 13 14 14 15 16 17 18 20 22 23 24 25 26 29 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 37 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 VIII IX 6. IDENTIFICATION OF SOCIAL IMPACTS OF POPS 6.1. Vulnerable groups 6.1.1. Personnel working or living in the vicinity of dumpsites 6.1.2. Personnel working in power utilities that have contaminated transformers 6.2. Gender considerations 7. STRATEGY, ACTION PLAN ELEMENTS OF THE NATIONAL IMPLEMENTATION PLAN 7.1. Policy statement 7.2. Implementation Strategy 7.3. Strategies, Activities and action plans 7.3.1. Institutional and regulatory strengthening measures 7.3.2. Use, identification, labelling, removal, storage and disposal of PCBs and equipment containing PCBs (Annex A, Part II chemicals) 7.3.3. Production, import and export, use stockpile and wastes of hexaBDE (Annex A, Part IV chemicals) and tetraBDE and pentaBDE Annex A, Part V chemicals) and HBB, where applicable (Annex A, Part I chemicals)) 7.3.4. Production, import, and export, use stockpiles and wastes of PFOS, its salts and PFOSF (Annex B, Part III chemicals) 7.3.5. Action Plan to reduce releases from unintentional production (Article 5) 7.3.6. Measures to reduce releases from stockpiles, articles and wastes (Article 6) 7.3.7. Facilitating or undertaking information exchange and stakeholder involvement and public awareness, information and education (Article 10) 7.3.8. Effective evaluation 7.3.9. Reporting 7.3.10. Research, development and monitoring 7.3.11. Technical and financial assistance 8. DEVELOPMENT AND CAPACITY-BUILDING PROPOSALS AND PRIORITIES 8.1. Priority areas 8.1.1. Recommendations for the issue of waste 8.1.2. Recommendations for the issue of vehicle emissions 9. Conclusion ANNEX I ANNEX II ANNEX III BIBLIOGRAPHY 44 46 46 47 48 49 49 50 51 53 54 55 56 57 59 59 60 60 61 61 62 63 63 64 70 71 73 VIII IX 6. IDENTIFICATION OF SOCIAL IMPACTS OF POPS 6.1. Vulnerable groups 6.1.1. Personnel working or living in the vicinity of dumpsites 6.1.2. Personnel working in power utilities that have contaminated transformers 6.2. Gender considerations 7. STRATEGY, ACTION PLAN ELEMENTS OF THE NATIONAL IMPLEMENTATION PLAN 7.1. Policy statement 7.2. Implementation Strategy 7.3. Strategies, Activities and action plans 7.3.1. Institutional and regulatory strengthening measures 7.3.2. Use, identification, labelling, removal, storage and disposal of PCBs and equipment containing PCBs (Annex A, Part II chemicals) 7.3.3. Production, import and export, use stockpile and wastes of hexaBDE (Annex A, Part IV chemicals) and tetraBDE and pentaBDE Annex A, Part V chemicals) and HBB, where applicable (Annex A, Part I chemicals)) 7.3.4. Production, import, and export, use stockpiles and wastes of PFOS, its salts and PFOSF (Annex B, Part III chemicals) 7.3.5. Action Plan to reduce releases from unintentional production (Article 5) 7.3.6. Measures to reduce releases from stockpiles, articles and wastes (Article 6) 7.3.7. Facilitating or undertaking information exchange and stakeholder involvement and public awareness, information and education (Article 10) 7.3.8. Effective evaluation 7.3.9. Reporting 7.3.10. Research, development and monitoring 7.3.11. Technical and financial assistance 8. DEVELOPMENT AND CAPACITY-BUILDING PROPOSALS AND PRIORITIES 8.1. Priority areas 8.1.1. Recommendations for the issue of waste 8.1.2. Recommendations for the issue of vehicle emissions 9. Conclusion ANNEX I ANNEX II ANNEX III BIBLIOGRAPHY 44 46 46 47 48 49 49 50 51 53 54 55 56 57 59 59 60 60 61 61 62 63 63 64 70 71 73 X IX ��������� ������� The Stockholm Convention (SC) on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) was adopted in May 2001 with the objective of protecting human health and the environment from POPs. According to Article 7 of the SC, Parties a re requ i red to deve lop Na t i ona l Implementation Plans (NIPs) to demonstrate how the obligations under the SC will be implemented. This NIP covers both the initial POPs and the new POPs added at the fourth and fifth meetings of the Conference of Parties to the Stockholm Convention. The Republic of Maldives ratified the SC on 17th October 2006. However, to date, there has been no specific action towards the environmentally sound management of POPs at the national level. The Environment Protection and Preservation Act (Law no. 4/93) of the Maldives has par ticular provisions for the sound management of hazardous waste. However, limited data, capacity, resources and a general lack of under- -standing have hampered the substantive realisation and implementation of these specific provisions. Given that there are no industries manufacturing POPs in the Maldives, their presence in the country could only be accounted for by the direct importation of these chemicals, incidental imports where they are contained in other products, and trans-boundary transfers, including marine and atmospheric. It is also important to note that combustion of solid and chemical waste materials also constitute a significant contributor to the generation of POPs in the Maldives. The POPs situation of the country was determined by various preliminary inventories conducted from 2013-2015 and through which information was gleaned regarding import, use and management of POPs. This NIP includes an in-depth study of the regulatory and institutional framework of the country concerning POPs and chemicals and the level of information and awareness about POPs among stakeholders and the general population. The NIP presents a policy statement and an implementation strategy, supported by 11 action plans. This NIP has been developed through wide consultations and assessments of the status of chemicals listed under the Convention. The action plans outlined in this document has been developed following stakeholder consultations and prioritisation following these discussions. A national workshop was conducted to further validate the results and endorse this NIP. 8 1 As part of obligations under the Stockholm Convention, the Maldives developed its National Implementation Plan (NIP), through the project “Enabling Activities to Facilitate and Early Action on the Implementation of the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants”. This project was funded by the Global Environment Facility (GEF), administered by the United Nations Industrial Development Organisation (UNIDO), and executed by the Ministry of the Environment and Energy (MEE). The NIP was developed by a team of national consultants, with the guidance of international consultants and the implementing agency, through a participatory and consensus-building process. A range of stakeholders including government institutions, regional and local authorities, business associations, non- governmental organisations and academic and research institutions were consulted throughout the NIP process. I����������� The high risk associated with POPs led the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) to recognise the need to develop an international treaty that would protect human health and the environment from the adverse effects from these chemicals. Following inter- governmental negotiations, the text of the Stockholm Convention was adopted and was th brought into effect on 17 May 2004. The Republic of Maldives ratified the Convention thon 17 October 2006. To date, 151 countries are signatories and 124 are Parties to the Convention. To comply with the objective of protecting human health and the environment, the Stockholm Convention seeks, in its first stage, to reduce and subsequently eliminate twelve of the most hazardous POPs, nine of which are pesticides (aldrin, dieldrin, endrin, clordane, heptachlor, hexachlorobenzene, mirex, toxaphene and DDT), and three correspond to unintentional emissions (dioxins and furans, PCBs and hexachlorobenzene) of which PCB is an industrially used compound. 2 3 The islands vary in size, from 0.5 sq. km to around two sq. km. The average elevation of the islands is around 1.5 metres, making the country one of the lowest lying in the world. The small size, geographical distribution, extremely low elevation and impacts from climate change also make the country extremely vulnerable to various types of natural and environmental disasters. 1. C������ ������� The Republic of Maldives stretches over 860 km long along the Laccadive-Chagos submarine ridge. The chain of coral atolls, varying in width from 80-120 km, are comprised of 26 natural atolls, divided into 20 administrative regions, which along with the Capital City Male', constitute the 21 administrative regions of the country. A total of 1192 islands make up the country, of which 187 islands are inhabited and a further 1005 islands are recorded as uninhabited. The total Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) is approximately 859,000 sq. km. The coral reef system of Maldives is of international th significance, being the 7 largest in the world and contributing to 5% of the world's coral reefs. Maldivian coral reef system is rich in biodiversity, with over 250 species of corals and 1090 species of reef and reef associated fish species. 1.1. ���������� ��� ����������� At the 2014 census, the population of the country stood at 338,434 people, of which approximately one third inhabit the capital 1Male'. The following table shows the population distribution along selected population groups. A�� G����� Under 19 years Adolescent (10-19) Youth (20-34) Working Age (15-64) Reproductive Age (15-49) Old Age (65+) 1.2. ������������ N����� 125,807 57,741 108,437 233,180 200,178 16,419 ����� 1 : ���������� �� �������� ��� ������ Source: National Bureau of Statistics/ National Statistical Yearbook, 2016 1 National Bureau of Statistics/ National Statistical Yearbook, 2016 2 3 The islands vary in size, from 0.5 sq. km to around two sq. km. The average elevation of the islands is around 1.5 metres, making the country one of the lowest lying in the world. The small size, geographical distribution, extremely low elevation and impacts from climate change also make the country extremely vulnerable to various types of natural and environmental disasters. 1. C������ ������� The Republic of Maldives stretches over 860 km long along the Laccadive-Chagos submarine ridge. The chain of coral atolls, varying in width from 80-120 km, are comprised of 26 natural atolls, divided into 20 administrative regions, which along with the Capital City Male', constitute the 21 administrative regions of the country. A total of 1192 islands make up the country, of which 187 islands are inhabited and a further 1005 islands are recorded as uninhabited. The total Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) is approximately 859,000 sq. km. The coral reef system of Maldives is of international th significance, being the 7 largest in the world and contributing to 5% of the world's coral reefs. Maldivian coral reef system is rich in biodiversity, with over 250 species of corals and 1090 species of reef and reef associated fish species. 1.1. ���������� ��� ����������� At the 2014 census, the population of the country stood at 338,434 people, of which approximately one third inhabit the capital 1Male'. The following table shows the population distribution along selected population groups. A�� G����� Under 19 years Adolescent (10-19) Youth (20-34) Working Age (15-64) Reproductive Age (15-49) Old Age (65+) 1.2. ������������ N����� 125,807 57,741 108,437 233,180 200,178 16,419 ����� 1 : ���������� �� �������� ��� ������ Source: National Bureau of Statistics/ National Statistical Yearbook, 2016 1 National Bureau of Statistics/ National Statistical Yearbook, 2016 4 5 The particular geographic nature, compounded by a restricted natural resource base, and highly dispersed population presents particular challenges for the economic and developmental agenda of the country. However, the country has made steady progress, as demonstrated by the improvement in the Human 2Development Index (HDI) from 0.592 in 2000 to 0.688 in 2012, an increase of 15.0% or average annual increase of about 1.6 %.The th country ranked 109 out of 187 countries in 2011 HDI ranking. In terms of the education sector, the Maldives has made immense gains in the area of primary and secondary education, for which 3the net enrolment stood at 104.5% and 86.6% in 2015 respectively. Similarly, much gain has also been made in the health sector. For instance, in 1977, the life expectancy at birth was 46.5 years. By 2011, this had improved to 74 years. In 1990, infant mortality rate was 76 and this dropped sharply to 9 by 2011. The local population 15 years of age and above is increasing and statistics show that it is likely to continue to do so. Whilst the unemployment rate in Maldives is 5.2 percent, there has also been a significant migrant inflow into the country over the past years. According to Statistical Yearbook 2016, a total number of 62,502 foreigners work in Maldives in over 16 sectors of the economy. In terms of development, the Maldives ranks amongst middle-income countries, having been graduated from the Least Developed Country (LDC) status in 2011. The 2004 Asian Tsunami caused damages to around two thirds of the country's GDP and destroyed key infrastructure. Subsequently, the United Nations General Assembly granted an exceptional three-year moratorium to the Maldives to enable post-tsunami recovery and reconstruction. Following the end of this moratorium, the country was graduated from the LDC status to Middle Income Country (MIC) status in January 2011. 1.3. ������� �� �������� ������� 2UNDP, Human Development Report 2013: The Rise of the South. Human Progress in a Diverse World 3Net enrolment above 100 is as a result of using estimated population and data duplication in the calculation. Source: Ministry of Education, 2015 2. ����������, ������ ��� I ���������� ��������� 2 .1. ������������� ������, ����������� ����������� ������ ��� ������� ����������� ��������� The responsibilities of management of hazardous chemicals, including POPs are distributed amongst various ministries, agencies and institutions. This has, consequently, lead to fragmentation and a lack of effective coordination, impeding the realisation of government policies towards the protection of the environment and human health from these substances. As such, there is an urgent need to formulate and implement a collective and coherent body of law relating to chemicals management. Currently, there is no dedicated institutional body mandated with the overal l the management of chemical substances, including POPs, in the Maldives. Furthermore, an analysis of the existing legislation within the scope of chemicals regulation shows a lack of spec i a l l eg i s l a t i v e and no rma t i ve - methodological base for POPs management. However, goal 15 and 16 of the Third National Environmental Action Plan (NEAP) aims to develop mechanisms for the appropriate management of hazardous wastes including chemicals, healthcare waste and waste oils by mid-2010, and reduce health risks from chemicals and pesticides by 2011. Goal 6 of the Maldives National Strategy for Sustainable Development states the importance of ensuring that chemicals, including pesticides, are handled and used in ways that do not pose significant threats to human health and the environment. 4 5 The particular geographic nature, compounded by a restricted natural resource base, and highly dispersed population presents particular challenges for the economic and developmental agenda of the country. However, the country has made steady progress, as demonstrated by the improvement in the Human 2Development Index (HDI) from 0.592 in 2000 to 0.688 in 2012, an increase of 15.0% or average annual increase of about 1.6 %.The th country ranked 109 out of 187 countries in 2011 HDI ranking. In terms of the education sector, the Maldives has made immense gains in the area of primary and secondary education, for which 3the net enrolment stood at 104.5% and 86.6% in 2015 respectively. Similarly, much gain has also been made in the health sector. For instance, in 1977, the life expectancy at birth was 46.5 years. By 2011, this had improved to 74 years. In 1990, infant mortality rate was 76 and this dropped sharply to 9 by 2011. The local population 15 years of age and above is increasing and statistics show that it is likely to continue to do so. Whilst the unemployment rate in Maldives is 5.2 percent, there has also been a significant migrant inflow into the country over the past years. According to Statistical Yearbook 2016, a total number of 62,502 foreigners work in Maldives in over 16 sectors of the economy. In terms of development, the Maldives ranks amongst middle-income countries, having been graduated from the Least Developed Country (LDC) status in 2011. The 2004 Asian Tsunami caused damages to around two thirds of the country's GDP and destroyed key infrastructure. Subsequently, the United Nations General Assembly granted an exceptional three-year moratorium to the Maldives to enable post-tsunami recovery and reconstruction. Following the end of this moratorium, the country was graduated from the LDC status to Middle Income Country (MIC) status in January 2011. 1.3. ������� �� �������� ������� 2UNDP, Human Development Report 2013: The Rise of the South. Human Progress in a Diverse World 3Net enrolment above 100 is as a result of using estimated population and data duplication in the calculation. Source: Ministry of Education, 2015 2. ����������, ������ ��� I ���������� ��������� 2 .1. ������������� ������, ����������� ����������� ������ ��� ������� ����������� ��������� The responsibilities of management of hazardous chemicals, including POPs are distributed amongst various ministries, agencies and institutions. This has, consequently, lead to fragmentation and a lack of effective coordination, impeding the realisation of government policies towards the protection of the environment and human health from these substances. As such, there is an urgent need to formulate and implement a collective and coherent body of law relating to chemicals management. Currently, there is no dedicated institutional body mandated with the overal l the management of chemical substances, including POPs, in the Maldives. Furthermore, an analysis of the existing legislation within the scope of chemicals regulation shows a lack of spec i a l l eg i s l a t i v e and no rma t i ve - methodological base for POPs management. However, goal 15 and 16 of the Third National Environmental Action Plan (NEAP) aims to develop mechanisms for the appropriate management of hazardous wastes including chemicals, healthcare waste and waste oils by mid-2010, and reduce health risks from chemicals and pesticides by 2011. Goal 6 of the Maldives National Strategy for Sustainable Development states the importance of ensuring that chemicals, including pesticides, are handled and used in ways that do not pose significant threats to human health and the environment. 6 7 The Ministry of Defence and National Securi ty (MDNS), is responsible for monitoring the control and flow of chemicals. These responsibilities can be categorized as regulation of chemical weapons, import of chemicals into the country and the disposal of chemicals. The ministry also implements decisions and provides coordination of activities by relevant ministries, departments and institutions dealing with imports, usage and distribution of chemical and chemical compounds. Prior approval from the MDNS is required before importing chemicals into the country. The general structure of the chemical related legislation in the Maldives entails the close collaboration between local authorities (atoll, island and city councils) and relevant ministries for effective implementation of the environmental policies and its related legislative norms. Thus, control and regulation of chemicals are divided between different organisations. 2.2. ���� ��� �������������� �� ���������� ��� ����� ������������ ������������ 2.2.1. �������� �� ������� ��� �������� �������� 2.2.2. �������� ������� ������� The Maldives Customs Ser vice (MCS) maintains a database for the imports of chemicals that shows a broad category of chemicals that are imported into the country. This database is of particular importance as specific databases do not exist, and this is the only form of analysis of chemical usage in the country. Author's note: At the time of editing and publishing, MEE and MDNS had launched a national chemical management database “MAKUDI”, a harmonised database that shows the most common types of chemicals imported to Maldives which will strengthen monitoring and surveillance of imported chemicals. 6 7 The Ministry of Defence and National Securi ty (MDNS), is responsible for monitoring the control and flow of chemicals. These responsibilities can be categorized as regulation of chemical weapons, import of chemicals into the country and the disposal of chemicals. The ministry also implements decisions and provides coordination of activities by relevant ministries, departments and institutions dealing with imports, usage and distribution of chemical and chemical compounds. Prior approval from the MDNS is required before importing chemicals into the country. The general structure of the chemical related legislation in the Maldives entails the close collaboration between local authorities (atoll, island and city councils) and relevant ministries for effective implementation of the environmental policies and its related legislative norms. Thus, control and regulation of chemicals are divided between different organisations. 2.2. ���� ��� �������������� �� ���������� ��� ����� ������������ ������������ 2.2.1. �������� �� ������� ��� �������� �������� 2.2.2. �������� ������� ������� The Maldives Customs Ser vice (MCS) maintains a database for the imports of chemicals that shows a broad category of chemicals that are imported into the country. This database is of particular importance as specific databases do not exist, and this is the only form of analysis of chemical usage in the country. Author's note: At the time of editing and publishing, MEE and MDNS had launched a national chemical management database “MAKUDI”, a harmonised database that shows the most common types of chemicals imported to Maldives which will strengthen monitoring and surveillance of imported chemicals. 8 9 2.2.3. �������� �� ��������� ��� ����������� In relation to chemicals management, the role of Ministry of Fisheries and Agriculture (MoFA) extends to the following; Implementation of the agricultural policy; Storing and treatment of pesticides; Determination of alternative methods for control of pests, plant diseases and weeds; Elaboration of effective measures on safe use of plant protection chemicals; Official control of observation rules on use and treatment of pesticides; Regulation of import and distribution of pesticides. Pesticides are regulated through MoFA, who process the requests of imports of chemicals. The contents of the request include trade name, unit size and number of units. In terms of procedures, following a request for import, the ministry looks up the category of the product requested, and identifies the active ingredient and whether the active ingredient is present on the list of prohibited pesticides. Products (of active ingredients) that are not on the list are approved and send to the MDNS for final approval. MoFA also provides advice on control of pests and proper treatment to consumers of pesticides. The ministr y also provides information to farmers and other consumers on the recommended pesticides and effective use. Information sheets are written in the local language, giving instructions and precautions in handling and application of pesticides. 2.2.4. �������� �� ����������� ��� ������ The Ministry of Environment and Energy (MEE), is mandated to set appropriate solid waste management mechanisms, and formulate the required laws and regulations to this regard. The ministry also provides assistance to the local councils in establishing a viable solid waste management system at the island level. Furthermore, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) (which acts as the regulatory body affiliated to MEE) is mandated to formulate and implement guidelines and standards for environmentally safe procedures for waste management, and monitor to ensure that those operating waste management systems meet these guidelines and standards. In addition, the ministry also issues quota, and gives approval for the import of Ozone Depleting Substances (ODS) as per obligations under the Montreal Protocol. 2.2.5. �������� �� ������ Ministr y of Health is mandated with overseeing the country's health and s ocial protection sectors. The Health Protection Agency and the Maldives Food and Drug Authority are both institutions operating under the umbrella of Ministry of Health. 8 9 2.2.3. �������� �� ��������� ��� ����������� In relation to chemicals management, the role of Ministry of Fisheries and Agriculture (MoFA) extends to the following; Implementation of the agricultural policy; Storing and treatment of pesticides; Determination of alternative methods for control of pests, plant diseases and weeds; Elaboration of effective measures on safe use of plant protection chemicals; Official control of observation rules on use and treatment of pesticides; Regulation of import and distribution of pesticides. Pesticides are regulated through MoFA, who process the requests of imports of chemicals. The contents of the request include trade name, unit size and number of units. In terms of procedures, following a request for import, the ministry looks up the category of the product requested, and identifies the active ingredient and whether the active ingredient is present on the list of prohibited pesticides. Products (of active ingredients) that are not on the list are approved and send to the MDNS for final approval. MoFA also provides advice on control of pests and proper treatment to consumers of pesticides. The ministr y also provides information to farmers and other consumers on the recommended pesticides and effective use. Information sheets are written in the local language, giving instructions and precautions in handling and application of pesticides. 2.2.4. �������� �� ����������� ��� ������ The Ministry of Environment and Energy (MEE), is mandated to set appropriate solid waste management mechanisms, and formulate the required laws and regulations to this regard. The ministry also provides assistance to the local councils in establishing a viable solid waste management system at the island level. Furthermore, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) (which acts as the regulatory body affiliated to MEE) is mandated to formulate and implement guidelines and standards for environmentally safe procedures for waste management, and monitor to ensure that those operating waste management systems meet these guidelines and standards. In addition, the ministry also issues quota, and gives approval for the import of Ozone Depleting Substances (ODS) as per obligations under the Montreal Protocol. 2.2.5. �������� �� ������ Ministr y of Health is mandated with overseeing the country's health and s ocial protection sectors. The Health Protection Agency and the Maldives Food and Drug Authority are both institutions operating under the umbrella of Ministry of Health. 10 11 2.2.5.1. ������ ���������� ������ Health Protection Agency (HPA) was formed under the Public Health Protection Act (Law no. 7/2012). Mandate of HPA is to undertake the responsibilities mentioned in Public Health Protection Act and take the lead to protect public health, maintain public wellbeing and improve health awareness among Maldivians and all people living in Maldives. The HPA's main responsibilities in relation to chemicals management is to identify hazards or possibility of health ‘ hazards, measure extent of possible public health risks and to establish a monitoring system. HPA's mandate extends to identification of health risks and the agency takes action to protect people working or living in surrounding areas from any gas, chemicals, radiation or vibration emanating from a residential or non-residential building. Furthermore, HPA also regulates vector control chemicals that are used for controlling mosquitoes that cause vector borne diseases such as dengue fever and chikungunya. Maldives Food and Drug Authority (MFDA) operates the National Health Laboratory which is used for conducting a range of tests including, amongst others, water quality tests, histamine in fish, and alcohol traces in beverages. However, tests for pesticide residues on fruits and vegetables are not conducted. At the time of editing and publishing, MEE and MDNS had launched a national chemical management database “MAKUDI”, a harmonised database that shows the most common types of chemicals imported to Maldives which will.to strengthen monitoring and surveillance of imported chemicals. 2.2.5.2. ��� �������� ���� ��� ���� ��������� In approving pesticides for public health issues and in the medical sector, MFDA operates under a similar procedure as practised by MoFA. In this regard, the contents on the request form include brand name, chemical name, quantity, and intended use of the product. However, information on the formulation or the concentration is not included in these requests. The requests are approved based on public health considerations. 2. �������������� �����3. Article 22 of the Constitution of the Republic of Maldives states that the State has a fundamental duty to protect and preserve the natural environment, biodiversity, resources and aesthetics of the country for the benefit of present and future generations. Furthermore, it further stipulates that the State shall undertake and promote economic and social goals through ecological ly balanced sustainable development and shall take measures necessary to foster conservation, prevent pollution, extinction of any species and ecological degradation. Article 23 of the Constitution provides every citizen the following rights, and requires the State to undertake the progressive realisation of these rights by reasonable measures within its ability and resources: a. Adequate and nutritious food and clean water; b. Clothing and housing; c. Good standards of health care, physical and mental wellbeing; d. A healthy and ecologically balanced environment; e. Equal access to means of communication, the State media, transportation facilities, and the natural resources of the country; f. The establishment of a sewage system of a reasonably adequate standard on every inhabited island; g. The establishment of an electricity system of a reasonably adequate standard on every inhabited island. 10 11 2.2.5.1. ������ ���������� ������ Health Protection Agency (HPA) was formed under the Public Health Protection Act (Law no. 7/2012). Mandate of HPA is to undertake the responsibilities mentioned in Public Health Protection Act and take the lead to protect public health, maintain public wellbeing and improve health awareness among Maldivians and all people living in Maldives. The HPA's main responsibilities in relation to chemicals management is to identify hazards or possibility of health ‘ hazards, measure extent of possible public health risks and to establish a monitoring system. HPA's mandate extends to identification of health risks and the agency takes action to protect people working or living in surrounding areas from any gas, chemicals, radiation or vibration emanating from a residential or non-residential building. Furthermore, HPA also regulates vector control chemicals that are used for controlling mosquitoes that cause vector borne diseases such as dengue fever and chikungunya. Maldives Food and Drug Authority (MFDA) operates the National Health Laboratory which is used for conducting a range of tests including, amongst others, water quality tests, histamine in fish, and alcohol traces in beverages. However, tests for pesticide residues on fruits and vegetables are not conducted. At the time of editing and publishing, MEE and MDNS had launched a national chemical management database “MAKUDI”, a harmonised database that shows the most common types of chemicals imported to Maldives which will.to strengthen monitoring and surveillance of imported chemicals. 2.2.5.2. ��� �������� ���� ��� ���� ��������� In approving pesticides for public health issues and in the medical sector, MFDA operates under a similar procedure as practised by MoFA. In this regard, the contents on the request form include brand name, chemical name, quantity, and intended use of the product. However, information on the formulation or the concentration is not included in these requests. The requests are approved based on public health considerations. 2. �������������� �����3. Article 22 of the Constitution of the Republic of Maldives states that the State has a fundamental duty to protect and preserve the natural environment, biodiversity, resources and aesthetics of the country for the benefit of present and future generations. Furthermore, it further stipulates that the State shall undertake and promote economic and social goals through ecological ly balanced sustainable development and shall take measures necessary to foster conservation, prevent pollution, extinction of any species and ecological degradation. Article 23 of the Constitution provides every citizen the following rights, and requires the State to undertake the progressive realisation of these rights by reasonable measures within its ability and resources: a. Adequate and nutritious food and clean water; b. Clothing and housing; c. Good standards of health care, physical and mental wellbeing; d. A healthy and ecologically balanced environment; e. Equal access to means of communication, the State media, transportation facilities, and the natural resources of the country; f. The establishment of a sewage system of a reasonably adequate standard on every inhabited island; g. The establishment of an electricity system of a reasonably adequate standard on every inhabited island. 12 13 2. ������������� ������������� 4. ����������� ��� ����������� Maldives is party to various multilateral environmental agreements, of which 5 are related to chemicals management. These include Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer, Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer, Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and their Disposal, Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants, Rotterdam Convention on the Prior Informed Consent Procedure for Certain Hazardous Chemicals and Pesticides in International Trade and the Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production, Stockpiling and use of Chemical Weapons and on their Destruction. Maldives is also a member to the Strategic Approach to Internat ional Chemicals Management (SAICM). Ratification of international agreements demands legislative assuring of country's commitments. Although the Maldives has existing legislations, the implementation of these, including those related to chemicals management are highly challenging. As the majority of ecological laws are interconnected with each other, and changes in one law demands the insertion of changes to subsequent regulations; this factor stipulates breaking of general system of ecological legislation, causing discrepancies between laws and regulations. In future, the reformation of legislation should be directed not to the increasing of number of legislative acts, but on their systematisation and enhanced effectiveness. 2.5. ����������� �� �������� ����������� ���������� ���� Assurance of ecological safety and use of chemical substances, is ensured and regulated by the Constitution of the Maldives, legislative ac ts and normat ive-methodolog ica l documents. Analysis of existing legislation on POPs management shows the lack of special normative base for POPs treatment in the Maldives. The following section outlines the existing legislations and regulations related to the sound management of chemicals and hazardous waste. 12 13 2. ������������� ������������� 4. ����������� ��� ����������� Maldives is party to various multilateral environmental agreements, of which 5 are related to chemicals management. These include Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer, Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer, Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and their Disposal, Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants, Rotterdam Convention on the Prior Informed Consent Procedure for Certain Hazardous Chemicals and Pesticides in International Trade and the Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production, Stockpiling and use of Chemical Weapons and on their Destruction. Maldives is also a member to the Strategic Approach to Internat ional Chemicals Management (SAICM). Ratification of international agreements demands legislative assuring of country's commitments. Although the Maldives has existing legislations, the implementation of these, including those related to chemicals management are highly challenging. As the majority of ecological laws are interconnected with each other, and changes in one law demands the insertion of changes to subsequent regulations; this factor stipulates breaking of general system of ecological legislation, causing discrepancies between laws and regulations. In future, the reformation of legislation should be directed not to the increasing of number of legislative acts, but on their systematisation and enhanced effectiveness. 2.5. ����������� �� �������� ����������� ���������� ���� Assurance of ecological safety and use of chemical substances, is ensured and regulated by the Constitution of the Maldives, legislative ac ts and normat ive-methodolog ica l documents. Analysis of existing legislation on POPs management shows the lack of special normative base for POPs treatment in the Maldives. The following section outlines the existing legislations and regulations related to the sound management of chemicals and hazardous waste. 14 15 2.5.1. ����������� ����� 2.5.1.2. ��� �� ����������� �� ���������� ����� �� ��� �������� (��� ��. )4/75 The Law on Importation of Prohibited Items to the Maldives (Law no. 4/75) implemented and enforced by the MDNS, regulates, among others, the import of dangerous chemicals into the country. Article 5 of the Act states that all dangerous chemicals (except for fireworks), acids and other poisonous items produced using these chemicals shall only be imported into the country with the prior written permission and approval from the MDNS. In order for the effective management of chemicals, special permits need to be sought from the relevant government institutions which monitor the respective chemicals related to that sector, while the final approval will be issued from the MDNS. The ministry has formulated a regulation pursuant to Article 5, however, it is yet to be implemented. The implementation of the said regulation has been delayed due to the unavailability of trained staff and the required equipment to carry out the specific tasks as stipulated in the regulation. 2. ������������� ����������5.2.3. ��� ������������ ��� (��� ��. 4/93) The Environmental Protection and Preservation Act (Law no. 4/93) includes provisions for the environmentally sound management of hazardous wastes, chemicals and oils. Article 7 of the Act provides for waste disposal, oil and poisonous substances where: (a) any type of waste, oil, poisonous gases or any substances that may have harmful effects on the environment shall not be disposed within the territory of the Maldives; and (b) in cases where the disposal of the substances stated in paragraph (a) of the clause becomes absolutely necessary, these shall be disposed only within the areas designated for the purpose by the government. If such waste is incinerated, appropriate precaution should be taken to avoid any harm to the health of the population. Moreover, Article 8 of the Act provides for hazardous/toxic or nuclear wastes where such waste that is harmful to human health and the environment shall not be disposed anywhere within the territory of the country. Permission should be obtained from MEE at least 3 months in advance for any transboundary movement of such wastes through the territory of the Maldives. 14 15 2.5.1. ����������� ����� 2.5.1.2. ��� �� ����������� �� ���������� ����� �� ��� �������� (��� ��. )4/75 The Law on Importation of Prohibited Items to the Maldives (Law no. 4/75) implemented and enforced by the MDNS, regulates, among others, the import of dangerous chemicals into the country. Article 5 of the Act states that all dangerous chemicals (except for fireworks), acids and other poisonous items produced using these chemicals shall only be imported into the country with the prior written permission and approval from the MDNS. In order for the effective management of chemicals, special permits need to be sought from the relevant government institutions which monitor the respective chemicals related to that sector, while the final approval will be issued from the MDNS. The ministry has formulated a regulation pursuant to Article 5, however, it is yet to be implemented. The implementation of the said regulation has been delayed due to the unavailability of trained staff and the required equipment to carry out the specific tasks as stipulated in the regulation. 2. ������������� ����������5.2.3. ��� ������������ ��� (��� ��. 4/93) The Environmental Protection and Preservation Act (Law no. 4/93) includes provisions for the environmentally sound management of hazardous wastes, chemicals and oils. Article 7 of the Act provides for waste disposal, oil and poisonous substances where: (a) any type of waste, oil, poisonous gases or any substances that may have harmful effects on the environment shall not be disposed within the territory of the Maldives; and (b) in cases where the disposal of the substances stated in paragraph (a) of the clause becomes absolutely necessary, these shall be disposed only within the areas designated for the purpose by the government. If such waste is incinerated, appropriate precaution should be taken to avoid any harm to the health of the population. Moreover, Article 8 of the Act provides for hazardous/toxic or nuclear wastes where such waste that is harmful to human health and the environment shall not be disposed anywhere within the territory of the country. Permission should be obtained from MEE at least 3 months in advance for any transboundary movement of such wastes through the territory of the Maldives. 16 17 2.5.2.3. ����� ���������� ���� Currently, MoFA is in the process of drafting a Pesticide Bill which would be the law governing pesticides upon endorsement by the Parliament. The Bill will be the primary l e g a l i n s t r u m e n t t o r e g u l a t e t h e management, use and distribution of pesticides during all stages of their life cycle, including the disposal of pesticide waste, with the objective of protecting human, animal and plant health and the marine and terrestrial environment and promoting sustainable agricultural production in the Maldives. Upon ratification of the said Bill, the ministry will be mandated to issue permits on the use of pesticides and manage both direct and i n d i r e c t e ff e c t s o f p e s t i c i d e s . T h e implementation of this legislation will also allow the country to more effectively meet its international obligations and fur ther collaboration with international partners 3. K�� ���������� ��� ���������� ��� ���� �������� ��� ��������� ���������� Chemicals are not produced in the country. However, recent developments have resulted in an increase in the import and use of chemicals and related components. The implementation and enforcement of environmentally sound management of hazardous waste and chemicals has been a challenge to the country due to the lack of chemical databases indicating the usage and disposal of these chemicals. The means to study and analyse the situation is limited given that no system for collection of baseline information has been established. Detailed statistics pertaining to the chemicals imported into the country is unavailable except for import data. The broad categories of imports of chemicals and related industries are subdivided under the harmonized system into a number of groups and are managed by the MCS. All chemicals require prior permission from MDNS, before import into the country can take place. All chemicals restricted under Stockholm Convention are banned in Maldives except for PCBs. However, this ban is not tied to any legis lat ive norm, and has been exercised via publ ic announcement. Chemicals should be disposed by means of caution and care, and as such, a formal procedure for disposal of chemicals is necessary. To this regard, MDNS is formally responsible for disposal of hazardous chemicals. Previously this was done at the island of Thamburudhoo, which is used for military training. However, currently there is no designated area for disposing chemicals and consequently no facility that fulfils environmental criteria for disposing such chemicals exist. At the moment, MNDF dilutes the waste chemicals and drains it into the ground or sea, due to lack of neutralising chemicals and proper facilities for disposal. Household pesticide containers are often disposed off with the daily garbage or dumped at Thilafushi landfill as is the case in greater Male' region. The HPA carries stockpiles of chemicals used for vector control, to be used in emergency situations. The main stock are stored at Thilafushi island and an emergency stock is kept at Ministry of Health’s store. These are distributed accordingly to the entire country at a need basis or in an outbreak situation. The chemicals used for vector control are Deltacide, Malathion and Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis (Bti) 16 17 2.5.2.3. ����� ���������� ���� Currently, MoFA is in the process of drafting a Pesticide Bill which would be the law governing pesticides upon endorsement by the Parliament. The Bill will be the primary l e g a l i n s t r u m e n t t o r e g u l a t e t h e management, use and distribution of pesticides during all stages of their life cycle, including the disposal of pesticide waste, with the objective of protecting human, animal and plant health and the marine and terrestrial environment and promoting sustainable agricultural production in the Maldives. Upon ratification of the said Bill, the ministry will be mandated to issue permits on the use of pesticides and manage both direct and i n d i r e c t e ff e c t s o f p e s t i c i d e s . T h e implementation of this legislation will also allow the country to more effectively meet its international obligations and fur ther collaboration with international partners 3. K�� ���������� ��� ���������� ��� ���� �������� ��� ��������� ���������� Chemicals are not produced in the country. However, recent developments have resulted in an increase in the import and use of chemicals and related components. The implementation and enforcement of environmentally sound management of hazardous waste and chemicals has been a challenge to the country due to the lack of chemical databases indicating the usage and disposal of these chemicals. The means to study and analyse the situation is limited given that no system for collection of baseline information has been established. Detailed statistics pertaining to the chemicals imported into the country is unavailable except for import data. The broad categories of imports of chemicals and related industries are subdivided under the harmonized system into a number of groups and are managed by the MCS. All chemicals require prior permission from MDNS, before import into the country can take place. All chemicals restricted under Stockholm Convention are banned in Maldives except for PCBs. However, this ban is not tied to any legis lat ive norm, and has been exercised via publ ic announcement. Chemicals should be disposed by means of caution and care, and as such, a formal procedure for disposal of chemicals is necessary. To this regard, MDNS is formally responsible for disposal of hazardous chemicals. Previously this was done at the island of Thamburudhoo, which is used for military training. However, currently there is no designated area for disposing chemicals and consequently no facility that fulfils environmental criteria for disposing such chemicals exist. At the moment, MNDF dilutes the waste chemicals and drains it into the ground or sea, due to lack of neutralising chemicals and proper facilities for disposal. Household pesticide containers are often disposed off with the daily garbage or dumped at Thilafushi landfill as is the case in greater Male' region. The HPA carries stockpiles of chemicals used for vector control, to be used in emergency situations. The main stock are stored at Thilafushi island and an emergency stock is kept at Ministry of Health’s store. These are distributed accordingly to the entire country at a need basis or in an outbreak situation. The chemicals used for vector control are Deltacide, Malathion and Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis (Bti) 18 19 4. �������� �� POP� A ����� �� ��� ������� 4. ���������� ���� ������� �� ����� �, 1. ���� � ��������� (���� ����������) The i ssue of POPs was brought to international attention during the late 1980s a n d s u b s e q u e n t l y m e a s u re s w e re undertaken to reduce or phase out these damaging chemical pollutants. Maldives had banned POPs pest ic ides before the international ban. Currently, there are no productions, impor t or use of POPs pesticides in the country. There is no specific pesticide legislation, nor are there any specific regulations on the registration, transportation, storage and use of pesticides and the disposal of empty pesticide containers and small quantities of lef tover pesticides. However, a draf t pesticide act is being developed with assistance from several key stakeholders that will address these issues in a more holistic manner. In accordance with the mandate provided by the President's Office to all ministries, the legal status of pesticide registry and other governance structures rests with MDNS as custodian of the Law 4/75. Currently, there is no pesticide registration scheme. Instead, all individual consignments of pesticide importation require approval in writing from MDNS. To request for such approvalimporters first need to obtain a letter of no objection from MoFA for agricultural pesticides. MCS will only release pesticides if an import permit has been obtained from MDNS. MoFA maintains a 'Negative List' of pesticides prohibited for importation and use in Maldives. It contains pesticides regulated by international conventions and active ingredients that fall in WHO Hazard Class I. The list was drawn up in 2006 and has not been updated since. However, not all pesticide importers and shops shops are aware of the existence of this list. There is no standard form to request for “no objection” from MoFA and as such, information submitted varies. Requests typically contain the trade name, unit size and number of units. In several cases the active ingredient and formulation are also provided, but very often this is not the case. In addition, the intended use is not mentioned in most requests. Following the submission of the request for import, the category of the product (fertilizer, insecticide, fungicide, herbicide, etc) is determined and the active ingredient identified if this has not been provided. These are then checked against the list of prohibited pesticides. Products that are not on the 'Negative List' get a 'no objection to import' permit and are forwarded to the MDNS for approval. MoFA maintains a file of all requests for permits to impor t pesticides and its responses to these requests. However, annual overviews of approved products and/or quantities are not compiled. MDFA uses a 'health significance approved chemical list' for issuance of permits for health purposes. Only chemicals on the list are approved. It has a format for requesting approval, which contains the brand name, chemical name, quantity and intended use. Information about the formulation and concentration is not requested. This system has been in existence since 2006. 18 19 4. �������� �� POP� A ����� �� ��� ������� 4. ���������� ���� ������� �� ����� �, 1. ���� � ��������� (���� ����������) The i ssue of POPs was brought to international attention during the late 1980s a n d s u b s e q u e n t l y m e a s u re s w e re undertaken to reduce or phase out these damaging chemical pollutants. Maldives had banned POPs pest ic ides before the international ban. Currently, there are no productions, impor t or use of POPs pesticides in the country. There is no specific pesticide legislation, nor are there any specific regulations on the registration, transportation, storage and use of pesticides and the disposal of empty pesticide containers and small quantities of lef tover pesticides. However, a draf t pesticide act is being developed with assistance from several key stakeholders that will address these issues in a more holistic manner. In accordance with the mandate provided by the President's Office to all ministries, the legal status of pesticide registry and other governance structures rests with MDNS as custodian of the Law 4/75. Currently, there is no pesticide registration scheme. Instead, all individual consignments of pesticide importation require approval in writing from MDNS. To request for such approvalimporters first need to obtain a letter of no objection from MoFA for agricultural pesticides. MCS will only release pesticides if an import permit has been obtained from MDNS. MoFA maintains a 'Negative List' of pesticides prohibited for importation and use in Maldives. It contains pesticides regulated by international conventions and active ingredients that fall in WHO Hazard Class I. The list was drawn up in 2006 and has not been updated since. However, not all pesticide importers and shops shops are aware of the existence of this list. There is no standard form to request for “no objection” from MoFA and as such, information submitted varies. Requests typically contain the trade name, unit size and number of units. In several cases the active ingredient and formulation are also provided, but very often this is not the case. In addition, the intended use is not mentioned in most requests. Following the submission of the request for import, the category of the product (fertilizer, insecticide, fungicide, herbicide, etc) is determined and the active ingredient identified if this has not been provided. These are then checked against the list of prohibited pesticides. Products that are not on the 'Negative List' get a 'no objection to import' permit and are forwarded to the MDNS for approval. MoFA maintains a file of all requests for permits to impor t pesticides and its responses to these requests. However, annual overviews of approved products and/or quantities are not compiled. MDFA uses a 'health significance approved chemical list' for issuance of permits for health purposes. Only chemicals on the list are approved. It has a format for requesting approval, which contains the brand name, chemical name, quantity and intended use. Information about the formulation and concentration is not requested. This system has been in existence since 2006. 20 21 4.2. ���������� ���� ������� �� ����� �, ���� �� ��������� (����) Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are class of synthetic organic chemicals that are chemically inert. PCBs have been widely used as an additive to oil found in electrical equipment, hydraulic machineries and other appliances where the inertness of PCBs are desired. 'Chemical iner tness enables efficiency in operation, durability and safety of the appliances.' Due to these characteristics, PCBs have many benefits for commercial use. However, PCBs are persistent when released to the environment. PCBs are one of the most widely spread environmental pollutant which h a v e b e e n d e t e c t e d i n a l l o f t h e environmental medium. Trace amounts of PCB have been detected in sampled islands of the Maldives during a study conducted in 42014. PCBs are used for many applications like dielectric fluids in electrical equipment, heat transfer fluid in mechanical operations, plasticizerz, lubricants, inks and surface coatings. The uses of PCBs can be categorised based on their occurrence in closed, partially closed and open systems. This classification is based on how easily the PCBs could escape into the environment. Currently, the Maldives does not import any category of PCB based equipment. However, it is possible that such equipment may have been imported in the past and in the absence of adequate records, it is challenging to identify the exact numbers of PCB based equipment that may be in the Maldives. Hence, it is very difficult to individually identify the equipment and application, as most of them would have passed their consumer life cycle since 5PCBs were banned in 1979. Potentially PCB containing equipment is distributed to five islands, which are among the most populous in Maldives. The records show that there are 18 potentially PCB containing equipment. These equipment consists of 15 electric transformers and 3 oil filled circuit breakers. The total volume of potentially PCB containing oil amounts to 6,100 litres, which comprises of 5,819 litres of transformer oil and 282 litres used in oil filled circuit breakers. 4Colombo, A, Bettinetti, R, Strona, G, Cambria, F, Fanelli, R, Zameer, Z & Galli, P 2014, 'Maldives: An archipelago that burns. A first survey of PCDD/Fs and DL-PCBs from human activities', Science of the total environment, vol. 497-498 (2014), pp. 499-507 5UNEP 1999, 'Guidelines for identification of PCBs and PCB containing materials', First Issue, August 1999, UNEP Chemicals. ��� ������ ������� �������� ���������� ������������ 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 Figure 1 : Types of PCB containing equipment and Volume, in Maldives ��� ������ ������� �������� ���������� ������������ 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 Figure 2 : Volume of PCB contaminated oil in Maldives Potentially PCB containing equipment in Maldives Volume of PCB contaminated oil in Maldives 20 21 4.2. ���������� ���� ������� �� ����� �, ���� �� ��������� (����) Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are class of synthetic organic chemicals that are chemically inert. PCBs have been widely used as an additive to oil found in electrical equipment, hydraulic machineries and other appliances where the inertness of PCBs are desired. 'Chemical iner tness enables efficiency in operation, durability and safety of the appliances.' Due to these characteristics, PCBs have many benefits for commercial use. However, PCBs are persistent when released to the environment. PCBs are one of the most widely spread environmental pollutant which h a v e b e e n d e t e c t e d i n a l l o f t h e environmental medium. Trace amounts of PCB have been detected in sampled islands of the Maldives during a study conducted in 42014. PCBs are used for many applications like dielectric fluids in electrical equipment, heat transfer fluid in mechanical operations, plasticizerz, lubricants, inks and surface coatings. The uses of PCBs can be categorised based on their occurrence in closed, partially closed and open systems. This classification is based on how easily the PCBs could escape into the environment. Currently, the Maldives does not import any category of PCB based equipment. However, it is possible that such equipment may have been imported in the past and in the absence of adequate records, it is challenging to identify the exact numbers of PCB based equipment that may be in the Maldives. Hence, it is very difficult to individually identify the equipment and application, as most of them would have passed their consumer life cycle since 5PCBs were banned in 1979. Potentially PCB containing equipment is distributed to five islands, which are among the most populous in Maldives. The records show that there are 18 potentially PCB containing equipment. These equipment consists of 15 electric transformers and 3 oil filled circuit breakers. The total volume of potentially PCB containing oil amounts to 6,100 litres, which comprises of 5,819 litres of transformer oil and 282 litres used in oil filled circuit breakers. 4Colombo, A, Bettinetti, R, Strona, G, Cambria, F, Fanelli, R, Zameer, Z & Galli, P 2014, 'Maldives: An archipelago that burns. A first survey of PCDD/Fs and DL-PCBs from human activities', Science of the total environment, vol. 497-498 (2014), pp. 499-507 5UNEP 1999, 'Guidelines for identification of PCBs and PCB containing materials', First Issue, August 1999, UNEP Chemicals. ��� ������ ������� �������� ���������� ������������ 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 Figure 1 : Types of PCB containing equipment and Volume, in Maldives ��� ������ ������� �������� ���������� ������������ 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 Figure 2 : Volume of PCB contaminated oil in Maldives Potentially PCB containing equipment in Maldives Volume of PCB contaminated oil in Maldives 22 23 4. �� ������������ �����1.1. � The contaminated sites identified are the sites where there were leakage and spilling of oil. Analytical data shows that there are 10 potentially PCB contaminated sites in the Maldives. Table below illustrates the potentially PCB contaminated sites in the Maldives. Island S. Hithadhoo S. Feydhoo S. Gan GN. Fuvahmulah Number of contaminated sites 2 1 1 6 Table 2 : PCB contaminated sites in the Maldives Volume of PCB contaminated oil that could seep into soil (litres) 1113 521 521 2540 4. ��������� �� 1.2. � ��� ����� �� �������� There are no existing guidelines from relevant government authorities to deal with the disposal of potentially PCB containing equipment in the Maldives. Decommissioned electrical transformers are sold as scrap metal in the Maldives. Due to absence of guidelines and legislative measures regarding disposal of PCB contaminated oil in the Maldives, these are then sold by utility companies for other uses. Island communities buy this oil to apply on wooden furniture and transport vessels like boats. In some cases PCB contaminated oil have been mixed and boiled with naphthalene to make a chemical mixture, which make wood termite resistant. These indicate that there are huge gaps in the public perception of health and environmental impacts of PCB contaminated oil. 22 23 4. �� ������������ �����1.1. � The contaminated sites identified are the sites where there were leakage and spilling of oil. Analytical data shows that there are 10 potentially PCB contaminated sites in the Maldives. Table below illustrates the potentially PCB contaminated sites in the Maldives. Island S. Hithadhoo S. Feydhoo S. Gan GN. Fuvahmulah Number of contaminated sites 2 1 1 6 Table 2 : PCB contaminated sites in the Maldives Volume of PCB contaminated oil that could seep into soil (litres) 1113 521 521 2540 4. ��������� �� 1.2. � ��� ����� �� �������� There are no existing guidelines from relevant government authorities to deal with the disposal of potentially PCB containing equipment in the Maldives. Decommissioned electrical transformers are sold as scrap metal in the Maldives. Due to absence of guidelines and legislative measures regarding disposal of PCB contaminated oil in the Maldives, these are then sold by utility companies for other uses. Island communities buy this oil to apply on wooden furniture and transport vessels like boats. In some cases PCB contaminated oil have been mixed and boiled with naphthalene to make a chemical mixture, which make wood termite resistant. These indicate that there are huge gaps in the public perception of health and environmental impacts of PCB contaminated oil. 24 25 4. ��������� ���� ������� 3. � �� ����� �, ���� �� ��������� (�����) Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers (PDBEs) are chemicals that have been widely used in many industrial sectors like electronics industry for the manufacture of plastic casings for computer equipment and in transport sector for the manufacture of foam cushioning in automobiles. These chemicals possess toxic properties, which resists degradations and are bio-accumulative. In Maldives, there are no productions of POPs PDBEs and articles containing POPs PDBEs. However, the country imports and uses articles and products that may contain POP PBDEs particularly in Electric and Electronic Equipment (EEE) and in transport vehicles. Due to lack of comprehensive data and lack of specific classification in terms of brands for the EEE and transport sector, it is not possible to estimate the total amount of POPs PDBEs in the country. Hence, estimating the total EEE entering the waste stream is difficult. Since Maldives does not have a sound waste disposal capacity, all the POPs PBDE containing wastes from 1970 until now have been left at landfills and dumpsites. Therefore, it is expected that waste dumpsites may have POPs PBDEs. 4. ��������� ���� ������� 4. � �� ����� � ��������� (���) The side effects of DDT usage are well documented, particularly in countries where DDT is used for vector control and management in fighting against malaria. Maldives has also used DDT in the past. However, the effects of DDT is poorly understood, thus there is a need for continuous assessment of the chemical toxicology of DDT in order to trace the effects of DDT usage in Maldives. DDT is listed in the registry of banned pesticides in the Maldives, and as such, its’ production, import, exports and use is prohibited in the country since the early 1990's. 24 25 4. ��������� ���� ������� 3. � �� ����� �, ���� �� ��������� (�����) Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers (PDBEs) are chemicals that have been widely used in many industrial sectors like electronics industry for the manufacture of plastic casings for computer equipment and in transport sector for the manufacture of foam cushioning in automobiles. These chemicals possess toxic properties, which resists degradations and are bio-accumulative. In Maldives, there are no productions of POPs PDBEs and articles containing POPs PDBEs. However, the country imports and uses articles and products that may contain POP PBDEs particularly in Electric and Electronic Equipment (EEE) and in transport vehicles. Due to lack of comprehensive data and lack of specific classification in terms of brands for the EEE and transport sector, it is not possible to estimate the total amount of POPs PDBEs in the country. Hence, estimating the total EEE entering the waste stream is difficult. Since Maldives does not have a sound waste disposal capacity, all the POPs PBDE containing wastes from 1970 until now have been left at landfills and dumpsites. Therefore, it is expected that waste dumpsites may have POPs PBDEs. 4. ��������� ���� ������� 4. � �� ����� � ��������� (���) The side effects of DDT usage are well documented, particularly in countries where DDT is used for vector control and management in fighting against malaria. Maldives has also used DDT in the past. However, the effects of DDT is poorly understood, thus there is a need for continuous assessment of the chemical toxicology of DDT in order to trace the effects of DDT usage in Maldives. DDT is listed in the registry of banned pesticides in the Maldives, and as such, its’ production, import, exports and use is prohibited in the country since the early 1990's. 26 27 4. ��������� �� ����, ��� ����� 5. � ��� ����� (����� �, ���� ��� ���������) Perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS), its salts, and perfluorooctane sulfonyl fluoride (PFOSF) were listed in Annex B of the Stockholm Convention in 2009. The majority of PFOS-related substances are polymers of high molecular weights in which PFOS is only 6a fraction of the polymer and final product. These PFOS carbon chains (C F SO ) 8 17 2 containing industrial chemicals are called PFOS-related substances. Although the net contribution of individual PFOS-related substances to the total environmental load of PFOS cannot be readily predicted, there is a potential that any molecule containing the PFOS carbon chain could be a precursor to PFOS. PFOS can be formed by environmental microbial degradation or by metabolism in larger organisms from PFOS-related 7substances. There is no manufacture of articles and products using PFOS as a chemical and its related substances in the country. However, it is possible that consumer articles may contain PFOS, its salts, PFOSF and its related substances. Nevertheless, due to unavailability of data required for the specific sectors of textiles, apparel, home furnishing and upholstery, synthetic carpets, leather, paper and packaging, industrial and household surfactants, toner and printing ink, it is not possible to quantify its prevalence. Assessments undertaken indicated that PFOS, its salts, PFOSF and its related substances are not present in the medical devices, coatings, paint and varnishes used in the country. The hydraulic fluids used in the aircrafts registered in the country do not use PFOS, its salts, PFOSF and its related substances. In addition to this, sulfluramid is not a permitted insecticide in the country, thus no PFOS is present in the insecticides used in the country. The largest amount of PFOS and related substances in current use in the Maldives are in the form of fire-fighting foams. To this regard, only the required amounts are brought into the country and foam is not dispensed unless required. The facilities in the airports do not have bulk quantities of foam in their storage, but only sufficient quantities for fire vehicles and reserve. 6 OECD, 2002 7 UNEP, 2002 The amount of fire-fighting foams with fluorosurfactants in the country is determined by the import data. The consumption of the fire-fighting foams depends on the frequency of fire drills and the rate of fire accidents. The relevant authorities that use fire-fighting foam in the country are the Fire and Rescue Department of the MNDF, airports and private companies that deal with the sale of fire safety and fire-fighting equipment. The different types of fire-fighting foams and agents containing PFOS related substances in the country are Aqueous Film-Forming Foams (AFFF) and Film- Forming Fluoroprotein Foams (FFFP). The main countries where fire-fighting foams are imported into the country are from UK, India, Malaysia, Sri Lanka, UAE and Singapore. There is no specific legislation in the Maldives in relation to import or use of fire-fighting foams for oil tanks. Furthermore, all islands with an oil tank larger than 3000 litres are known to have fire-fighting foam, which are mostly AFFF foams. The import data on fire-fighting foams are available from the year 2000 and onwards. However, it is important to note that the Airport Rescue and Fire Fighting Section of Maldives Airports Company Limited was formed in 1966, and foam has been imported since then. The MNDF Fire and Rescue Services is the state authority that imports and distributes large quantities of AFFF fire-fighting foams. To this regard, 1210 litres of AFFF have been used in cases of fire incidents from 2009 until end of 2013 and 1200 litres of AFFF are present in the stock as of 2013. The largest amount of PFOS and related substances has been used between 1970 to 2002, and has therefore entered the waste stream. Since the Maldives does not have a sound waste management capacity, all PFOS containing wastes from 1970 until now have been disposed at landfills and dumpsites. These sites can be considered as PFOS reservoirs and potentially PFOS contaminated sites. The total stock in these landfills could not be estimated, as this data has not been recorded. The largest stocks of PFOS and related substances would be most likely be found at these landfills. The largest landfill site is at Thilafushi island where the waste from Male' City and other islands have been disposed since the 1990s. In addition, other waste disposal sites may also contain PFOS and related chemicals, thus further assessment is needed. 26 27 4. ��������� �� ����, ��� ����� 5. � ��� ����� (����� �, ���� ��� ���������) Perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS), its salts, and perfluorooctane sulfonyl fluoride (PFOSF) were listed in Annex B of the Stockholm Convention in 2009. The majority of PFOS-related substances are polymers of high molecular weights in which PFOS is only 6a fraction of the polymer and final product. These PFOS carbon chains (C F SO ) 8 17 2 containing industrial chemicals are called PFOS-related substances. Although the net contribution of individual PFOS-related substances to the total environmental load of PFOS cannot be readily predicted, there is a potential that any molecule containing the PFOS carbon chain could be a precursor to PFOS. PFOS can be formed by environmental microbial degradation or by metabolism in larger organisms from PFOS-related 7substances. There is no manufacture of articles and products using PFOS as a chemical and its related substances in the country. However, it is possible that consumer articles may contain PFOS, its salts, PFOSF and its related substances. Nevertheless, due to unavailability of data required for the specific sectors of textiles, apparel, home furnishing and upholstery, synthetic carpets, leather, paper and packaging, industrial and household surfactants, toner and printing ink, it is not possible to quantify its prevalence. Assessments undertaken indicated that PFOS, its salts, PFOSF and its related substances are not present in the medical devices, coatings, paint and varnishes used in the country. The hydraulic fluids used in the aircrafts registered in the country do not use PFOS, its salts, PFOSF and its related substances. In addition to this, sulfluramid is not a permitted insecticide in the country, thus no PFOS is present in the insecticides used in the country. The largest amount of PFOS and related substances in current use in the Maldives are in the form of fire-fighting foams. To this regard, only the required amounts are brought into the country and foam is not dispensed unless required. The facilities in the airports do not have bulk quantities of foam in their storage, but only sufficient quantities for fire vehicles and reserve. 6 OECD, 2002 7 UNEP, 2002 The amount of fire-fighting foams with fluorosurfactants in the country is determined by the import data. The consumption of the fire-fighting foams depends on the frequency of fire drills and the rate of fire accidents. The relevant authorities that use fire-fighting foam in the country are the Fire and Rescue Department of the MNDF, airports and private companies that deal with the sale of fire safety and fire-fighting equipment. The different types of fire-fighting foams and agents containing PFOS related substances in the country are Aqueous Film-Forming Foams (AFFF) and Film- Forming Fluoroprotein Foams (FFFP). The main countries where fire-fighting foams are imported into the country are from UK, India, Malaysia, Sri Lanka, UAE and Singapore. There is no specific legislation in the Maldives in relation to import or use of fire-fighting foams for oil tanks. Furthermore, all islands with an oil tank larger than 3000 litres are known to have fire-fighting foam, which are mostly AFFF foams. The import data on fire-fighting foams are available from the year 2000 and onwards. However, it is important to note that the Airport Rescue and Fire Fighting Section of Maldives Airports Company Limited was formed in 1966, and foam has been imported since then. The MNDF Fire and Rescue Services is the state authority that imports and distributes large quantities of AFFF fire-fighting foams. To this regard, 1210 litres of AFFF have been used in cases of fire incidents from 2009 until end of 2013 and 1200 litres of AFFF are present in the stock as of 2013. The largest amount of PFOS and related substances has been used between 1970 to 2002, and has therefore entered the waste stream. Since the Maldives does not have a sound waste management capacity, all PFOS containing wastes from 1970 until now have been disposed at landfills and dumpsites. These sites can be considered as PFOS reservoirs and potentially PFOS contaminated sites. The total stock in these landfills could not be estimated, as this data has not been recorded. The largest stocks of PFOS and related substances would be most likely be found at these landfills. The largest landfill site is at Thilafushi island where the waste from Male' City and other islands have been disposed since the 1990s. In addition, other waste disposal sites may also contain PFOS and related chemicals, thus further assessment is needed. 28 29 In addition to landfills, all current and former sites where AFFF and FFFP foam have been used in the past can be considered as potentially PFOS contaminated sites. Additionally, all major sites where fire has been extinguished by fire fighting foams can be considered PFOS contaminated. Moreover, all islands with an oil tank larger than 3000 litres are known to have fire- fighting foam, which are mostly AFFF foams. Therefore, PFOS contamination might have taken place where these foams have been applied or disposed. Foam is not disposed onto the ground during trainings, and no specific training grounds have been determined, hence, making identification of locations and detailed assessments are very difficult. For some airports, the volume of AFFF foam use can only be roughly estimated due to inconsistency in tra ining schedules and inconsistency in amounts used in respective trainings. As an estimate, the current use may be extrapolated to take into account the number of years since the fire-fighting units was established in the specific airport. 1200 litres of fire-fighting form are used in the Emergency Training Exercise which is held once in every two years in Velana International Airport. Hanimaadhoo International Airport Fire Fighting Foams: (FFFP) 6% Brand: ANGUS Imported Company: ANGUS Fire England In Stock (litres): 1400 Amount used for training (litres): - Dharavandhoo Domestic Airport Fire Fighting Foams: (FFFP) 6% Brand: UNLIGHT Imported Company: Intergrated Fire Protection Pvt Ltd, India In Stock (litres): 2800 Amount used for training (litres): 14-15/month Velana International Airport Fire Fighting Foams: (FFFP) 6% Brand: ANGUS Imported Company: ANGUS Fire England In Stock (litres): 9600 Amount used for training (litres): 1302 (in 2013) Kahdhoo Domestic Airport Fire Fighting Foams: (AFFF) 6%, (FFFP) 6% Brand: ANGUS Imported Company: ANGUS Fire England In Stock (litres): 3628.5 Amount used for training (litres): - Koohdoo Domestic Airport Fire Fighting Foams: (AFFF) 6%, (FFFP) 6% Brand: UNILIGHT Imported Company: Intergrated Fire Protection Pvt Ltd, India In Stock (litres): 4000 Amount used for training (litres): 100/Month Kaadehdhoo Domestic Airport Fire Fighting Foams: (AFFF) 6%, (FFFP) 6% Brand: ANGUS Imported Company: ANGUS Fire England In Stock (litres): 2600 Amount used for training (litres): - Gan International Airport Fire Fighting Foams: (FFFP) 6% Brand: ANGUS Imported Company: ANGUS Fire England In Stock (litres): 2900 Amount used for training (litres): - Figure 3 : Distribution of fire-fighting foams in the regional airports. 4. ��������� �� �������� �� 6. � ������������� �������� ��������� (����� � ���������) Polychlorinated dibenzo-dioxins (PCDD or Dioxins), dibenzo-furans (PCDF or Furans) are included under the by-product category of the 12 initial POPs under the Stockholm Convention. Unlike other pollutants mentioned in Article 5 of the Stockholm Convention, PCDD and PCDF are not deliberately produced for any specific purpose, but always occur as an unintentional by- product of anthropogenic activities, mainly activities such as waste incineration, open burning, power generation, automobile emissions, etc. 4.6.1. ����� ������������ Waste incinerators are included in Annex C-II of the Convention as a high priority sector for formation and release of PCDD/PCDF. From this source group, only the following three categories were identified to be relevant to Maldives. 28 29 In addition to landfills, all current and former sites where AFFF and FFFP foam have been used in the past can be considered as potentially PFOS contaminated sites. Additionally, all major sites where fire has been extinguished by fire fighting foams can be considered PFOS contaminated. Moreover, all islands with an oil tank larger than 3000 litres are known to have fire- fighting foam, which are mostly AFFF foams. Therefore, PFOS contamination might have taken place where these foams have been applied or disposed. Foam is not disposed onto the ground during trainings, and no specific training grounds have been determined, hence, making identification of locations and detailed assessments are very difficult. For some airports, the volume of AFFF foam use can only be roughly estimated due to inconsistency in tra ining schedules and inconsistency in amounts used in respective trainings. As an estimate, the current use may be extrapolated to take into account the number of years since the fire-fighting units was established in the specific airport. 1200 litres of fire-fighting form are used in the Emergency Training Exercise which is held once in every two years in Velana International Airport. Hanimaadhoo International Airport Fire Fighting Foams: (FFFP) 6% Brand: ANGUS Imported Company: ANGUS Fire England In Stock (litres): 1400 Amount used for training (litres): - Dharavandhoo Domestic Airport Fire Fighting Foams: (FFFP) 6% Brand: UNLIGHT Imported Company: Intergrated Fire Protection Pvt Ltd, India In Stock (litres): 2800 Amount used for training (litres): 14-15/month Velana International Airport Fire Fighting Foams: (FFFP) 6% Brand: ANGUS Imported Company: ANGUS Fire England In Stock (litres): 9600 Amount used for training (litres): 1302 (in 2013) Kahdhoo Domestic Airport Fire Fighting Foams: (AFFF) 6%, (FFFP) 6% Brand: ANGUS Imported Company: ANGUS Fire England In Stock (litres): 3628.5 Amount used for training (litres): - Koohdoo Domestic Airport Fire Fighting Foams: (AFFF) 6%, (FFFP) 6% Brand: UNILIGHT Imported Company: Intergrated Fire Protection Pvt Ltd, India In Stock (litres): 4000 Amount used for training (litres): 100/Month Kaadehdhoo Domestic Airport Fire Fighting Foams: (AFFF) 6%, (FFFP) 6% Brand: ANGUS Imported Company: ANGUS Fire England In Stock (litres): 2600 Amount used for training (litres): - Gan International Airport Fire Fighting Foams: (FFFP) 6% Brand: ANGUS Imported Company: ANGUS Fire England In Stock (litres): 2900 Amount used for training (litres): - Figure 3 : Distribution of fire-fighting foams in the regional airports. 4. ��������� �� �������� �� 6. � ������������� �������� ��������� (����� � ���������) Polychlorinated dibenzo-dioxins (PCDD or Dioxins), dibenzo-furans (PCDF or Furans) are included under the by-product category of the 12 initial POPs under the Stockholm Convention. Unlike other pollutants mentioned in Article 5 of the Stockholm Convention, PCDD and PCDF are not deliberately produced for any specific purpose, but always occur as an unintentional by- product of anthropogenic activities, mainly activities such as waste incineration, open burning, power generation, automobile emissions, etc. 4.6.1. ����� ������������ Waste incinerators are included in Annex C-II of the Convention as a high priority sector for formation and release of PCDD/PCDF. From this source group, only the following three categories were identified to be relevant to Maldives. 30 31 4. �������� ����� 6.1.1 � ����� ������������ Municipal solid waste is regarded as the waste generated f rom households , commercial and industrial activities and is generally considered to not include any hazardous waste material. There has been no nationwide waste audit conducted in the country, although isolated waste audits have been conducted at different regions of the country for various purposes. At present, general household waste is not appropriately managed at any of the islands in Maldives. Open burning is the most common method of managing municipal waste employed at the country. It is estimated that 0.83 kg of waste is produced per person 8per day. Waste incineration is compulsory in the resorts under Section 5 of the Regulation on the Protection and Conservation of Environment in the Tourism Industry. At tourist resorts, an estimated 3.5 kg of 9waste is produced per bed per day. The incinerators used at resorts are simple municipal solid waste incinerators that are batch fed on as needed basis, with no air 10pollution control system incorporated in it, and as such, is classified as Class 1 incinerator for the purposes of this inventory. The residual ash produced by incineration is bagged in plastic bags 11and sent for disposal. Data obtained from the Tourism Yearbook 2013 shows that the 12 operational bed capacity for the country in 2012 was 25,062. Using the operational bed capacity and the rate of waste generated per bed per day, it is estimated that 32,016.7 tonnes of waste is being generated by the tourism sector annually. 8 Feasibility report- North province regional waste management project, 2011 9 Feasibility report- North province regional waste management project, 2011 10 Assessment of Solid Waste Management practices and its vulnerabilities to Climate Risks in Maldives Tourism Sector, 2013 11 Assessment of Solid Waste Management practices and its vulnerabilities to Climate Risks in Maldives Tourism Sector, 2013 12 Tourism Yearbook, 2013 4. �������� ����� 6.1.2 � ������������ Hazardous wastes are defined as residues and wastes that are hazardous due to their characteristics or which contain materials that are regarded as hazardous. Hazardous waste may occur in any state of matter and can include commercial products, pesticides, pharmaceuticals, batteries and oils or by products of manufacturing processes. The current waste management practices in Ma ld ives do not inc lude any was te segregation. Ultimately, it is mixed waste (both hazardous and municipal waste) that is dumped into the waste yards and burned to reduce the waste volume. No specific waste audit has been conducted till date to quantify the volume of hazardous waste produced in the country. Field visits for data collection did not yield any quantifiable data, as all surveyed sample populations did not segregate waste prior to disposal. Although hazardous waste is being produced, it is not being incinerated, but is being openly burned along with other domestic waste in the waste yard. 30 31 4. �������� ����� 6.1.1 � ����� ������������ Municipal solid waste is regarded as the waste generated f rom households , commercial and industrial activities and is generally considered to not include any hazardous waste material. There has been no nationwide waste audit conducted in the country, although isolated waste audits have been conducted at different regions of the country for various purposes. At present, general household waste is not appropriately managed at any of the islands in Maldives. Open burning is the most common method of managing municipal waste employed at the country. It is estimated that 0.83 kg of waste is produced per person 8per day. Waste incineration is compulsory in the resorts under Section 5 of the Regulation on the Protection and Conservation of Environment in the Tourism Industry. At tourist resorts, an estimated 3.5 kg of 9waste is produced per bed per day. The incinerators used at resorts are simple municipal solid waste incinerators that are batch fed on as needed basis, with no air 10pollution control system incorporated in it, and as such, is classified as Class 1 incinerator for the purposes of this inventory. The residual ash produced by incineration is bagged in plastic bags 11and sent for disposal. Data obtained from the Tourism Yearbook 2013 shows that the 12 operational bed capacity for the country in 2012 was 25,062. Using the operational bed capacity and the rate of waste generated per bed per day, it is estimated that 32,016.7 tonnes of waste is being generated by the tourism sector annually. 8 Feasibility report- North province regional waste management project, 2011 9 Feasibility report- North province regional waste management project, 2011 10 Assessment of Solid Waste Management practices and its vulnerabilities to Climate Risks in Maldives Tourism Sector, 2013 11 Assessment of Solid Waste Management practices and its vulnerabilities to Climate Risks in Maldives Tourism Sector, 2013 12 Tourism Yearbook, 2013 4. �������� ����� 6.1.2 � ������������ Hazardous wastes are defined as residues and wastes that are hazardous due to their characteristics or which contain materials that are regarded as hazardous. Hazardous waste may occur in any state of matter and can include commercial products, pesticides, pharmaceuticals, batteries and oils or by products of manufacturing processes. The current waste management practices in Ma ld ives do not inc lude any was te segregation. Ultimately, it is mixed waste (both hazardous and municipal waste) that is dumped into the waste yards and burned to reduce the waste volume. No specific waste audit has been conducted till date to quantify the volume of hazardous waste produced in the country. Field visits for data collection did not yield any quantifiable data, as all surveyed sample populations did not segregate waste prior to disposal. Although hazardous waste is being produced, it is not being incinerated, but is being openly burned along with other domestic waste in the waste yard. 32 33 4. ������� �� �������� 6.1.3. � ��������� ����� ������������ Through key informants and sur veys conducted, it was identified that hospitals across the country do not keep data on the amount of waste generated. As such, in the absence of quantifiable data the amount of waste generated at hospitals has been assumed based on the general waste production percentages and quantities as mentioned in the World Health Organization (WHO) Fact Sheet. As per these statistics, of the total waste generated in hospitals daily, 80% of the waste is general waste and the remaining 20% of waste is considered as 13hazardous waste . It is also estimated that 0.2 kg of hazardous waste will be produced per patient (per bed) per day. The activity rate for this source group has been calculated assuming that bulk of hospital waste would be produced by inpatients. The types of incinerator being used to dispose hospital and clinical waste in the country are simple, metal incinerators, without a secondary combustion chamber, temperature controls or an air pollution control system. Hence, these incinerators can be classified as a Class 1 incinerator. Since none of these incinerators are currently operational, all the waste collected is being sent to Thilafushi for disposal. 13 World Health Organization Fact Sheet No. 253. 4. ���� ����������6.2. � Brick production is a sector that has recently bloomed in Maldives. Maldives Road Development Corporation is the major actor in this sector, with some other companies and individuals undertaking the process at a comparatively smaller scale. There are four machines allocated for brick production purposes with no air pollution control systems integrated in the system. The machines run on electricity, with uncontaminated diesel being used as a fuel. It is estimated that an average of 30,000 bricks of varying sizes are produced each day. The postproduction residue is collected in burlap sack size sacks, and an estimated 500 bags of residue is transported to Thilafushi for disposal each day. The types of machinery used for brick production are simple machines with no emission abatement technologies and using clean fuel. 32 33 4. ������� �� �������� 6.1.3. � ��������� ����� ������������ Through key informants and sur veys conducted, it was identified that hospitals across the country do not keep data on the amount of waste generated. As such, in the absence of quantifiable data the amount of waste generated at hospitals has been assumed based on the general waste production percentages and quantities as mentioned in the World Health Organization (WHO) Fact Sheet. As per these statistics, of the total waste generated in hospitals daily, 80% of the waste is general waste and the remaining 20% of waste is considered as 13hazardous waste . It is also estimated that 0.2 kg of hazardous waste will be produced per patient (per bed) per day. The activity rate for this source group has been calculated assuming that bulk of hospital waste would be produced by inpatients. The types of incinerator being used to dispose hospital and clinical waste in the country are simple, metal incinerators, without a secondary combustion chamber, temperature controls or an air pollution control system. Hence, these incinerators can be classified as a Class 1 incinerator. Since none of these incinerators are currently operational, all the waste collected is being sent to Thilafushi for disposal. 13 World Health Organization Fact Sheet No. 253. 4. ���� ����������6.2. � Brick production is a sector that has recently bloomed in Maldives. Maldives Road Development Corporation is the major actor in this sector, with some other companies and individuals undertaking the process at a comparatively smaller scale. There are four machines allocated for brick production purposes with no air pollution control systems integrated in the system. The machines run on electricity, with uncontaminated diesel being used as a fuel. It is estimated that an average of 30,000 bricks of varying sizes are produced each day. The postproduction residue is collected in burlap sack size sacks, and an estimated 500 bags of residue is transported to Thilafushi for disposal each day. The types of machinery used for brick production are simple machines with no emission abatement technologies and using clean fuel. 34 35 4. ������ ������6.3. � The only asphalt mixing plant is located in Addu City, and is operational only on demand. During operation, the machine is used for around twelve hours daily. The machine uses diesel to cook tar and uses electricity to power the plant. It is generally considered as an unsophisticated machine with no filters or dust control systems on the machine. The machine has a smoke residue outlet linked to a water filled depression in the ground. The resultant residue is then collected and buried in the grounds for disposal. Since these projects are small scale projects conducted infrequently, there were no quantifiable data. 4. ��������6.4. � Contribution to PCDD/PCDF emissions from the transpor t sector is attr ibuted to incomplete combustion of fuel in vehicles. N u m e ro u s f a c t o r s s u c h a s e n g i n e maintenance, age, and technologies for emission reduction contribute to incomplete combustion of fuel. This matter is of particular gravity to a small island developing state such as the Maldives, where the capital Male' is one of the most densely populated cities in the world. The 'Vehicle Registration Regulation' under the Land Transportation Act (Law no. 5/2009) sets standards for the quality and age of vehicles imported into the country. The 'Road Worthiness Examination Regulation' under the same act annually assesses the condition of the vehicle. This acts as a measure to reduce degraded engines which leads to incomplete combust ion of foss i l fuels re leas ing PCDD/PCDF. The petrol or gasoline used in Maldives is unleaded. While vehicle and vessel registration requires it to be registered according to fuel type consumed, there are no information available on whether these vehicles and vessels use 4 stroke or 2 stroke engines. Given these limitations in data, a definite calculation of the PCCD/PCDF in the transport sector is challenging. However, data that is available on diesel engine indicate that the 319,941.83 tonnes of fuel were used in the year 2012. The release estimate for diesel engines is 0.032 g TEQ (unit for toxic equivalent) per year. 34 35 4. ������ ������6.3. � The only asphalt mixing plant is located in Addu City, and is operational only on demand. During operation, the machine is used for around twelve hours daily. The machine uses diesel to cook tar and uses electricity to power the plant. It is generally considered as an unsophisticated machine with no filters or dust control systems on the machine. The machine has a smoke residue outlet linked to a water filled depression in the ground. The resultant residue is then collected and buried in the grounds for disposal. Since these projects are small scale projects conducted infrequently, there were no quantifiable data. 4. ��������6.4. � Contribution to PCDD/PCDF emissions from the transpor t sector is attr ibuted to incomplete combustion of fuel in vehicles. N u m e ro u s f a c t o r s s u c h a s e n g i n e maintenance, age, and technologies for emission reduction contribute to incomplete combustion of fuel. This matter is of particular gravity to a small island developing state such as the Maldives, where the capital Male' is one of the most densely populated cities in the world. The 'Vehicle Registration Regulation' under the Land Transportation Act (Law no. 5/2009) sets standards for the quality and age of vehicles imported into the country. The 'Road Worthiness Examination Regulation' under the same act annually assesses the condition of the vehicle. This acts as a measure to reduce degraded engines which leads to incomplete combust ion of foss i l fuels re leas ing PCDD/PCDF. The petrol or gasoline used in Maldives is unleaded. While vehicle and vessel registration requires it to be registered according to fuel type consumed, there are no information available on whether these vehicles and vessels use 4 stroke or 2 stroke engines. Given these limitations in data, a definite calculation of the PCCD/PCDF in the transport sector is challenging. However, data that is available on diesel engine indicate that the 319,941.83 tonnes of fuel were used in the year 2012. The release estimate for diesel engines is 0.032 g TEQ (unit for toxic equivalent) per year. 36 37 4. ��� ������� 6.5. � ��������� Since Maldives does not have significant biomass burning practices, only waste burning and accidental fires are relevant. All municipal and hazardous waste are burned together in a designated dumpsite. Segregation of waste is rare, and mostly steel, metal and construction waste are being dumped separately. According to the North Province Feasibility Report 2011, an estimated 0.83 kg of waste is 14produced per person per day . This provides a value of 283, 740.48 tonnes of domestic waste being produced by Maldivians annually. Since mixed waste (domestic waste, agricultural waste and sometimes hazardous waste) are being burnt without any pollution control mechanism, for purposes of reduction of waste volume, the open burning processes has been classified under source class one. As both hazardous and general wastes generated from the hospitals are also disposed off in the communal waste disposal centre, the 27,379 tonnes of hospital waste is also added to this activity rate. Hence, it can be determined that the most evident source of PCDD/PCDF formation and release would be via uncontrolled and open waste burning practices. 14 Feasibility Report- North Province regional waste management project, 2011 4. ������� ��� ��������7. � 4. ��������, ����� 7.1. � ����� ��� �������� ������ Waste management in Maldives mainly consists of openly burning waste at designated dumpsites. Thilafushi is the only landfill site which is located in the greater Male' region. However, at Thilafushi, mixed 15waste is openly burnt and not buried like conventional landfills. 1 6 There are 41 sewerage systems installed in the islands of Maldives. The sewage outfall pipes are located on an average 10 m away from the shoreline, in areas of high wave and current action to facilitate rapid dispersal of nutrients in the sewage. 4. ���� ����� 7.2. ������� Emissions of untreated sewage are expected to have low PCDD/PCDF concentrations as PCDD/PCDF production and release are mainly caused by the procedures and chemicals that go into treatment of sewage. 15 Environmental and Social Baseline Assessment of Thilafushi Waste Management Facility 2010 16 As of January 2016 36 37 4. ��� ������� 6.5. � ��������� Since Maldives does not have significant biomass burning practices, only waste burning and accidental fires are relevant. All municipal and hazardous waste are burned together in a designated dumpsite. Segregation of waste is rare, and mostly steel, metal and construction waste are being dumped separately. According to the North Province Feasibility Report 2011, an estimated 0.83 kg of waste is 14produced per person per day . This provides a value of 283, 740.48 tonnes of domestic waste being produced by Maldivians annually. Since mixed waste (domestic waste, agricultural waste and sometimes hazardous waste) are being burnt without any pollution control mechanism, for purposes of reduction of waste volume, the open burning processes has been classified under source class one. As both hazardous and general wastes generated from the hospitals are also disposed off in the communal waste disposal centre, the 27,379 tonnes of hospital waste is also added to this activity rate. Hence, it can be determined that the most evident source of PCDD/PCDF formation and release would be via uncontrolled and open waste burning practices. 14 Feasibility Report- North Province regional waste management project, 2011 4. ������� ��� ��������7. � 4. ��������, ����� 7.1. � ����� ��� �������� ������ Waste management in Maldives mainly consists of openly burning waste at designated dumpsites. Thilafushi is the only landfill site which is located in the greater Male' region. However, at Thilafushi, mixed 15waste is openly burnt and not buried like conventional landfills. 1 6 There are 41 sewerage systems installed in the islands of Maldives. The sewage outfall pipes are located on an average 10 m away from the shoreline, in areas of high wave and current action to facilitate rapid dispersal of nutrients in the sewage. 4. ���� ����� 7.2. ������� Emissions of untreated sewage are expected to have low PCDD/PCDF concentrations as PCDD/PCDF production and release are mainly caused by the procedures and chemicals that go into treatment of sewage. 15 Environmental and Social Baseline Assessment of Thilafushi Waste Management Facility 2010 16 As of January 2016 38 39 4. ���������7.3. � Composting in most islands are not being undertaken at a large scale, but individually in household levels to aid in soil enrichment for personal gardening uses. A pilot project funded by the World Bank, the Ari Atoll Solid 17Waste Management Project, focused on the provision of an integrated solid waste management system to six islands of the Ari Atoll. The project focused on segregation of waste at the household level and reduction in volume of waste that has to be transferred for disposal by facilitating and promoting production of compost. However, g iven that data on waste segregation and composting has not been kept, the release of PCDD/PCDF cannot be calculated for the composting sector. 17 World Bank. 2012. Maldives - Ari Atoll Solid Waste Management Project. Washington DC ; World Bank. 4. ����������� ����� 7.4. � ��� �������� The contaminated sites and hotspots focus on the past and present actions and activities that might have contributed to the accumulation of PCDD/PCDF, mainly in the soil and sediments of the exposed location. It is of utmost importance that these locations are identified and appropriate management and mitigation measures taken to limit human exposure and subsequent health impacts. Locations where products and residues identified in the previous source groups are deposited (either previously or currently) can be marked as contaminated sites and potential hotspots. The longevity of the PCDD/PCDF in the environment poses a significant problem, as measures to remediate the contamination sites and hotspots may re- mobilize PCDD/PCDF previously contained in the location. Open burning dumpsites in all the inhabited islands are potential hotspots for PCDD/PCDF contamination. A study conducted by Colombo et al identified that PCDD/PCDF concentrations in the soil were significantly higher in the areas closer to local waste burning sites. In this regard, all waste burning sites in the inhabited islands of Maldives should be considered as hotspots for 18contamination. 18 Colombo, A. et al. 2014. 38 39 4. ���������7.3. � Composting in most islands are not being undertaken at a large scale, but individually in household levels to aid in soil enrichment for personal gardening uses. A pilot project funded by the World Bank, the Ari Atoll Solid 17Waste Management Project, focused on the provision of an integrated solid waste management system to six islands of the Ari Atoll. The project focused on segregation of waste at the household level and reduction in volume of waste that has to be transferred for disposal by facilitating and promoting production of compost. However, g iven that data on waste segregation and composting has not been kept, the release of PCDD/PCDF cannot be calculated for the composting sector. 17 World Bank. 2012. Maldives - Ari Atoll Solid Waste Management Project. Washington DC ; World Bank. 4. ����������� ����� 7.4. � ��� �������� The contaminated sites and hotspots focus on the past and present actions and activities that might have contributed to the accumulation of PCDD/PCDF, mainly in the soil and sediments of the exposed location. It is of utmost importance that these locations are identified and appropriate management and mitigation measures taken to limit human exposure and subsequent health impacts. Locations where products and residues identified in the previous source groups are deposited (either previously or currently) can be marked as contaminated sites and potential hotspots. The longevity of the PCDD/PCDF in the environment poses a significant problem, as measures to remediate the contamination sites and hotspots may re- mobilize PCDD/PCDF previously contained in the location. Open burning dumpsites in all the inhabited islands are potential hotspots for PCDD/PCDF contamination. A study conducted by Colombo et al identified that PCDD/PCDF concentrations in the soil were significantly higher in the areas closer to local waste burning sites. In this regard, all waste burning sites in the inhabited islands of Maldives should be considered as hotspots for 18contamination. 18 Colombo, A. et al. 2014. 40 41 5. ������� ����� �� �����������, ��������� ��� ��������� Awareness among the general public or target groups is key in determining the success of strategies and implementation plans towards environmental management, including sound management of chemicals. Given this, the NIP process also examined the current level of awareness with regard to POPs in the country. Generally, the survey conducted to examine awareness towards POPs revealed that the term is novel to the majority of the general public. To this regard, although, the population is well informed on the broader environmental issues related to global warming and visible aesthetics, knowledge on the toxicological effects of chemicals seem to be minimal. 5. ��-��������� 1. � �������� (������� ������) Awareness sessions were conducted among the general public. The level of existing knowledge of POPs was assessed prior to the awareness sessions. . More than 95% of the interviewed were not aware of the POPs. Since pesticides shares a large volume of POPs, the participants was asked on the implications of pesticides on the human health. 40% of the par ticipants believed that pesticides can cause harm to human health. 54% of the participants were not sure while 6% of the participants said No. Participants were asked regarding the biggest environmental threat to the Maldives. The question was asked to analyse the level of concern to issues related to POPs. 33% of the participants stated waste while 8% of the participants stated toxic chemicals as the biggest environment threat to the Maldives. 47% of respondents noted global warming while 11% believed it was air Pollution. 40 41 5. ������� ����� �� �����������, ��������� ��� ��������� Awareness among the general public or target groups is key in determining the success of strategies and implementation plans towards environmental management, including sound management of chemicals. Given this, the NIP process also examined the current level of awareness with regard to POPs in the country. Generally, the survey conducted to examine awareness towards POPs revealed that the term is novel to the majority of the general public. To this regard, although, the population is well informed on the broader environmental issues related to global warming and visible aesthetics, knowledge on the toxicological effects of chemicals seem to be minimal. 5. ��-��������� 1. � �������� (������� ������) Awareness sessions were conducted among the general public. The level of existing knowledge of POPs was assessed prior to the awareness sessions. . More than 95% of the interviewed were not aware of the POPs. Since pesticides shares a large volume of POPs, the participants was asked on the implications of pesticides on the human health. 40% of the par ticipants believed that pesticides can cause harm to human health. 54% of the participants were not sure while 6% of the participants said No. Participants were asked regarding the biggest environmental threat to the Maldives. The question was asked to analyse the level of concern to issues related to POPs. 33% of the participants stated waste while 8% of the participants stated toxic chemicals as the biggest environment threat to the Maldives. 47% of respondents noted global warming while 11% believed it was air Pollution. 42 43 5. ���-��������� 2. � �������� (������� ������) Post awareness session sur veys were c o n d u c t e d t o a s s e s s t h e l e v e l o f understandings and its effectiveness. Participants were asked regarding their biggest concern on POPs. 75% of the participants stated negative effects on human health as their biggest concern regarding POPs, while 16% of the participants stated its threat to the biodiversity. 7% stated the persistent character of POPs as their biggest concern. Participants were asked whether they were concerned about POPs. 78% of the participants expressed concern on the issue of POPs, while the rest of 22% were not concerned on issues related to POPs Participants were asked on how eliminate POPs to deduce the level of awareness of the participants on dealing with the issue of POPs. 28% of the participants stated that technological advancements will be the best way to deal with the issue while 37% stated that opting greener technologies will address the issue the best. 31% of the participants noted the role of using less hazardous substances or find better alternatives. 5. ��������� �� 3. � ��� ���������� ������ Vulnerable groups were surveyed to assess their situation and concerns regarding POPs. It is daunting that the knowledge regarding the health issues associated with the open burning of waste was minute among the vulnerable groups. Residents who commute along the municipal open burning waste site of Addu City expressed concern of low visibility during burning periods. It was noted that traffic accidents have occurred due to the low visibility. The following is a summary of the key findings of a survey conducted for workers/occupants/etc. at Thilafushi. Protective equipment was provided to the workers with respect to the type of work carried, but masks or respiratory protection was not used or provided. The place of stay was less than half a mile from the open burning area for some workers. Workers expressed they experienced breathing difficulties in areas nearby the burn site and during the ferry travel (Male’ - Thilafushi - Male’). The workers also noted that smoke smell lingers in their clothes. The workers surveyed have been working in Thilafushi within the range of 1 - 13 years while the mean is 6.2 years. 42 43 5. ���-��������� 2. � �������� (������� ������) Post awareness session sur veys were c o n d u c t e d t o a s s e s s t h e l e v e l o f understandings and its effectiveness. Participants were asked regarding their biggest concern on POPs. 75% of the participants stated negative effects on human health as their biggest concern regarding POPs, while 16% of the participants stated its threat to the biodiversity. 7% stated the persistent character of POPs as their biggest concern. Participants were asked whether they were concerned about POPs. 78% of the participants expressed concern on the issue of POPs, while the rest of 22% were not concerned on issues related to POPs Participants were asked on how eliminate POPs to deduce the level of awareness of the participants on dealing with the issue of POPs. 28% of the participants stated that technological advancements will be the best way to deal with the issue while 37% stated that opting greener technologies will address the issue the best. 31% of the participants noted the role of using less hazardous substances or find better alternatives. 5. ��������� �� 3. � ��� ���������� ������ Vulnerable groups were surveyed to assess their situation and concerns regarding POPs. It is daunting that the knowledge regarding the health issues associated with the open burning of waste was minute among the vulnerable groups. Residents who commute along the municipal open burning waste site of Addu City expressed concern of low visibility during burning periods. It was noted that traffic accidents have occurred due to the low visibility. The following is a summary of the key findings of a survey conducted for workers/occupants/etc. at Thilafushi. Protective equipment was provided to the workers with respect to the type of work carried, but masks or respiratory protection was not used or provided. The place of stay was less than half a mile from the open burning area for some workers. Workers expressed they experienced breathing difficulties in areas nearby the burn site and during the ferry travel (Male’ - Thilafushi - Male’). The workers also noted that smoke smell lingers in their clothes. The workers surveyed have been working in Thilafushi within the range of 1 - 13 years while the mean is 6.2 years. 44 45 6. �������������� �� ������ ������� �� ���� The primary and the most immediate concerns in terms of POPs management in the Maldives are those relating to PDBEs, PCBs and U-POPs. Further investigation is needed in the Maldives to examine the specific impacts that these have on human health and the environment. In terms of U-POPs, limited availability of data does not allow the identification of the health burden that these presents. However, Colombo et al shows that the range for PCDD/F and DL-PCB soil concentrations was 0.01–49.3 pg WHO2005-TEQ g−1 and 0.01–3.69 pg WHO2005-TEQ g−1 dw 19respectively. The study also found that the principal component analysis (PCA) of the samples showed that PCDD/Fs had clear link between the pollution levels and the proximity to the local waste management sites, indicating waste combustion to be the primar y agent in the release of the contaminants. The current waste management practice in the islands does not cater for the sound disposal of POPs waste. Although there are 146 20 waste management centres established, they merely act as waste dumping grounds with little or no waste segregation in place. Most of the biodegradable waste is burnt, as are some of the plastics. This open burning practices present serious and immediate health hazards to those residing in the vicinity of these centres. However, given the geographic insularity and the small population sizes, and by extension, the limitations in the waste stream, establishing proper waste management in each of the islands is highly challenging. The current government policy of establishing regional waste management centres present opportunities of scale. The clustering of multiple atolls in the provision of waste management services which includes a halt in open burning and waste segregation, will allow for a more environmentally sound approach to managing waste. However, the planned set up at these regional waste management centres does not have the necessary infrastructure or procedures for the sound management of POPs. The incineration of waste in these sites has the potential to release these chemicals to the environment. As such, further intervention is needed to design and implement procedures to adequately address these issues. 19 Colombo et al. 2014. Maldives: an archipelago that burns. A first survey of PCDD/Fs and DL-PCBs from Human activities. Sci Total Environ. 497-498(Nov). pp 499-507 20 As of January 2016 At the moment, waste is not segregated at the household level. However, there is a level of segregation at the hospitals and health facilities across the Maldives. Until 2008, waste generated in the Male' region were separated at the collection area, however, the separated waste were then either buried or burned together at the Thilafushi site. The current practice at Thilafushi is to either collectively disposing the waste in low-lying landfill or open burn. Inefficient combustion process presents risks not only to the marine life in the vicinity but also releases significant amounts of pollutants to the environment causing toxic effects to human health. Toxins may also leach from any ash remaining, which could lead to the contamination of surface water or ground water. Given the high permeability of the soil in the Maldives, and the absence of protection measures to restrict seepage into the ground, leakage of the chemicals into the groundwater and into the sea is highly likely. Initial assessments indicate that PCBs and concentrations of other chemical are expected to be found in the surrounding and underground areas in the vicinity of waste management centers and sites. 44 45 6. �������������� �� ������ ������� �� ���� The primary and the most immediate concerns in terms of POPs management in the Maldives are those relating to PDBEs, PCBs and U-POPs. Further investigation is needed in the Maldives to examine the specific impacts that these have on human health and the environment. In terms of U-POPs, limited availability of data does not allow the identification of the health burden that these presents. However, Colombo et al shows that the range for PCDD/F and DL-PCB soil concentrations was 0.01–49.3 pg WHO2005-TEQ g−1 and 0.01–3.69 pg WHO2005-TEQ g−1 dw 19respectively. The study also found that the principal component analysis (PCA) of the samples showed that PCDD/Fs had clear link between the pollution levels and the proximity to the local waste management sites, indicating waste combustion to be the primar y agent in the release of the contaminants. The current waste management practice in the islands does not cater for the sound disposal of POPs waste. Although there are 146 20 waste management centres established, they merely act as waste dumping grounds with little or no waste segregation in place. Most of the biodegradable waste is burnt, as are some of the plastics. This open burning practices present serious and immediate health hazards to those residing in the vicinity of these centres. However, given the geographic insularity and the small population sizes, and by extension, the limitations in the waste stream, establishing proper waste management in each of the islands is highly challenging. The current government policy of establishing regional waste management centres present opportunities of scale. The clustering of multiple atolls in the provision of waste management services which includes a halt in open burning and waste segregation, will allow for a more environmentally sound approach to managing waste. However, the planned set up at these regional waste management centres does not have the necessary infrastructure or procedures for the sound management of POPs. The incineration of waste in these sites has the potential to release these chemicals to the environment. As such, further intervention is needed to design and implement procedures to adequately address these issues. 19 Colombo et al. 2014. Maldives: an archipelago that burns. A first survey of PCDD/Fs and DL-PCBs from Human activities. Sci Total Environ. 497-498(Nov). pp 499-507 20 As of January 2016 At the moment, waste is not segregated at the household level. However, there is a level of segregation at the hospitals and health facilities across the Maldives. Until 2008, waste generated in the Male' region were separated at the collection area, however, the separated waste were then either buried or burned together at the Thilafushi site. The current practice at Thilafushi is to either collectively disposing the waste in low-lying landfill or open burn. Inefficient combustion process presents risks not only to the marine life in the vicinity but also releases significant amounts of pollutants to the environment causing toxic effects to human health. Toxins may also leach from any ash remaining, which could lead to the contamination of surface water or ground water. Given the high permeability of the soil in the Maldives, and the absence of protection measures to restrict seepage into the ground, leakage of the chemicals into the groundwater and into the sea is highly likely. Initial assessments indicate that PCBs and concentrations of other chemical are expected to be found in the surrounding and underground areas in the vicinity of waste management centers and sites. 46 47 6. ��������� ������1. � The following groups have been identified as requiring specific considerations and focused interventions to reduce their vulnerability to the impacts of POPs. 6. �������� ������� 1.1. � �� ������ �� ��� �������� �� ��������� Initial assessments reveal that waste collection sites and other waste management centres s h o u l d b e t r e a t e d a s p o t e n t i a l l y contaminated sites, and as such, special consideration need to be accorded to those either living or working within the vicinity of such sites. In this regard, particular attention need to be paid to the expatriate workers involved in waste management activities. These workers are largely unskilled and have a low literacy rate and as such, there may be issues in terms of disseminating information, including safety and risk information. Focused efforts will need to be undertaken to ensure that any policies that seek to address POPs in the Maldives also take into account the case of expatriate workers and design and formulate communication strategies that are effective in reaching these groups. This may require ensuring such communication messages are translated, as need be, to specific languages. Currently, safety and risk information dissemination programmes are not targeted at expatriate workers. 6. �������� ������� �� 1.2. � ����� ��������� ���� ���� ������������ ������������ Assessments conducted for the purposes of this NIP indicate that currently 18 equipment containing POPs and 6,100 l i t res of contaminated oil is to be found within the power generation sector. The assessments also reveal that such sites do not have proper safety standards or procedures and personnel working in these sites lack the understanding of the health and safety risks in the matter. As such, it is necessary to ensure such personnel are aware of the r isks involved and institutionalise policies and practices that take into account the safety procedures required for handling contaminated equipment and oils. Given the age of the transformers in question, it has been noted that the company is in the process of phasing out and replacing these with new equipment. Since the replacement of these equipment are factored into the companies are in the costs and plans, additional action will not be required in terms of replacing these equipment. However, the concerns that remain are the disposal of these equipment and the associated contaminated oil. Currently, no facility exists in the country that can handle the proper disposal of such contaminated equipment or oils. It is then likely that these will enter the existing waste stream and further contaminate existing dumpsites. replacing these equipment. However, the concerns that remain are the disposal of these equipment and the associated contaminated oil. Currently, no facility exists in the country that can handle the proper disposal of such contaminated equipment or oils. It is then likely that these will enter the existing waste stream and further contaminate existing dumpsites. 46 47 6. ��������� ������1. � The following groups have been identified as requiring specific considerations and focused interventions to reduce their vulnerability to the impacts of POPs. 6. �������� ������� 1.1. � �� ������ �� ��� �������� �� ��������� Initial assessments reveal that waste collection sites and other waste management centres s h o u l d b e t r e a t e d a s p o t e n t i a l l y contaminated sites, and as such, special consideration need to be accorded to those either living or working within the vicinity of such sites. In this regard, particular attention need to be paid to the expatriate workers involved in waste management activities. These workers are largely unskilled and have a low literacy rate and as such, there may be issues in terms of disseminating information, including safety and risk information. Focused efforts will need to be undertaken to ensure that any policies that seek to address POPs in the Maldives also take into account the case of expatriate workers and design and formulate communication strategies that are effective in reaching these groups. This may require ensuring such communication messages are translated, as need be, to specific languages. Currently, safety and risk information dissemination programmes are not targeted at expatriate workers. 6. �������� ������� �� 1.2. � ����� ��������� ���� ���� ������������ ������������ Assessments conducted for the purposes of this NIP indicate that currently 18 equipment containing POPs and 6,100 l i t res of contaminated oil is to be found within the power generation sector. The assessments also reveal that such sites do not have proper safety standards or procedures and personnel working in these sites lack the understanding of the health and safety risks in the matter. As such, it is necessary to ensure such personnel are aware of the r isks involved and institutionalise policies and practices that take into account the safety procedures required for handling contaminated equipment and oils. Given the age of the transformers in question, it has been noted that the company is in the process of phasing out and replacing these with new equipment. Since the replacement of these equipment are factored into the companies are in the costs and plans, additional action will not be required in terms of replacing these equipment. However, the concerns that remain are the disposal of these equipment and the associated contaminated oil. Currently, no facility exists in the country that can handle the proper disposal of such contaminated equipment or oils. It is then likely that these will enter the existing waste stream and further contaminate existing dumpsites. replacing these equipment. However, the concerns that remain are the disposal of these equipment and the associated contaminated oil. Currently, no facility exists in the country that can handle the proper disposal of such contaminated equipment or oils. It is then likely that these will enter the existing waste stream and further contaminate existing dumpsites. 48 49 6. ����� 2. � �������������� As highlighted previously, given that POPs as an issue in the Maldives is largely in the form of unintended by-products, the elimination or restriction of these chemicals would not have significant impact on the livelihoods of the communities. However, it is important to note that even in the case of unintended by products, gendered discourses are an important issue to be examined. In this regard, it has been noted that it is generally women who are primarily involved in the waste management in the islands. It is women who generally transfer household w a s t e t o t h e d u m p s i t e s o r w a s t e management centres in these islands. This may then disproportionately expose them to the effects from such contaminated sites. As POPs have the potential to bio-accumulate and be transferred to unborn children, the case of women and their exposure levels to such chemicals need to be given further attention. To date, no detailed studies have been conducted on the health impact of POPs on women and children in the Maldives. However, although such detailed studies do not exist, studies elsewhere have noted the impacts of exposure to such chemicals. 7. ��������, ������ ���� �������� �� ��� �������� �������������� ���� With regard to the assessments and inventories conducted to formulate this NIP, the NIP presents a policy, an implementation strategy, along with the activities and timelines to implement these activities. 7. ����� 1. � ��������� To protect human health and environment from Persistent Organic Pollutants through: Strengthening the national legislative framework on POPs within the chemicals and environmental law and enhancing the national institutional capacity and coordination mechanism; Establishing measures for environmentally sound management of POPs; and, Strengthening of public awareness and information regarding chemicals and their sound management. 48 49 6. ����� 2. � �������������� As highlighted previously, given that POPs as an issue in the Maldives is largely in the form of unintended by-products, the elimination or restriction of these chemicals would not have significant impact on the livelihoods of the communities. However, it is important to note that even in the case of unintended by products, gendered discourses are an important issue to be examined. In this regard, it has been noted that it is generally women who are primarily involved in the waste management in the islands. It is women who generally transfer household w a s t e t o t h e d u m p s i t e s o r w a s t e management centres in these islands. This may then disproportionately expose them to the effects from such contaminated sites. As POPs have the potential to bio-accumulate and be transferred to unborn children, the case of women and their exposure levels to such chemicals need to be given further attention. To date, no detailed studies have been conducted on the health impact of POPs on women and children in the Maldives. However, although such detailed studies do not exist, studies elsewhere have noted the impacts of exposure to such chemicals. 7. ��������, ������ ���� �������� �� ��� �������� �������������� ���� With regard to the assessments and inventories conducted to formulate this NIP, the NIP presents a policy, an implementation strategy, along with the activities and timelines to implement these activities. 7. ����� 1. � ��������� To protect human health and environment from Persistent Organic Pollutants through: Strengthening the national legislative framework on POPs within the chemicals and environmental law and enhancing the national institutional capacity and coordination mechanism; Establishing measures for environmentally sound management of POPs; and, Strengthening of public awareness and information regarding chemicals and their sound management. 50 51 7. ���������, ���������� ��� ������ �����3. � 7.3.1. ������������� ��� ���������� ������������� �������� Strategy Develop a legislation for chemicals management Strengthen institutional capacity Activity Set mechanism to address POPs within the chemicals legislation or regulation Revise and harmonise existing mandates of all relevant institutions to incorporate and identify their responsibility in chemicals management Capacity building of custom officers on inspection and identification procedures Capacity building of staff handling chemicals for use, storage and disposal Provide POPs chemical testing equipment for relevant authorities Formulate a chemicals unit within the relevant institution Indicator New legislation to address chemicals Revised mandates with no conflicts and overlaps Number of staff trained Number of staff trained Number of test kits provided Number of staff at chemicals unit Responsible Agency MEE* MDNS AG PO* MEE* MDNS MOH MoFA MCS* MEE* MNDF MEE* MDNS MOH MoFA MEE* MOH MNDF MPS MoFA MCS MEE Timeline 2018 2018 2017 - onwards 2017 - onwards 2017 - onwards 2017 Resource Requirements Legal and technical expertise Instruction manuals, trainers, Instruction manuals, trainers, Budget (USD) 5000 - 20,000 20,000 20,000 20,000 7. �������������2. � �������� The implementation strategy will be guided by the following: Designating the National Chemicals Management Committee as the body with overall responsibility for coordinating POPs management activities and for reviewing and assessing progress; Clearly defining all POPs related roles and responsibilities of agencies and institutions; Ensuring that the public and all other stakeholders are made aware of and are adequately trained to undertake their respective roles and functions; and, Researching on short and long term effects of POPs. The specific activities needed to implement the policy will be assigned to various government agencies or ministries based on their mandates. The coordination of the implementation activities across various government ministries and agencies will be vital and it is proposed that the National Chemicals Management Committee established by the Ministry of Environment and Energy will have overall responsibility for coordinating the implementation of POPs management policy. The policy will be supported by a framework in which there are appropriate institutional arrangements, adequate human and physical resources, effective participation by stakeholders and mechanisms for on-going assessment, evaluation and adaptation to maintain and satisfy obligations under the Stockholm Convention. 50 51 7. ���������, ���������� ��� ������ �����3. � 7.3.1. ������������� ��� ���������� ������������� �������� Strategy Develop a legislation for chemicals management Strengthen institutional capacity Activity Set mechanism to address POPs within the chemicals legislation or regulation Revise and harmonise existing mandates of all relevant institutions to incorporate and identify their responsibility in chemicals management Capacity building of custom officers on inspection and identification procedures Capacity building of staff handling chemicals for use, storage and disposal Provide POPs chemical testing equipment for relevant authorities Formulate a chemicals unit within the relevant institution Indicator New legislation to address chemicals Revised mandates with no conflicts and overlaps Number of staff trained Number of staff trained Number of test kits provided Number of staff at chemicals unit Responsible Agency MEE* MDNS AG PO* MEE* MDNS MOH MoFA MCS* MEE* MNDF MEE* MDNS MOH MoFA MEE* MOH MNDF MPS MoFA MCS MEE Timeline 2018 2018 2017 - onwards 2017 - onwards 2017 - onwards 2017 Resource Requirements Legal and technical expertise Instruction manuals, trainers, Instruction manuals, trainers, Budget (USD) 5000 - 20,000 20,000 20,000 20,000 7. �������������2. � �������� The implementation strategy will be guided by the following: Designating the National Chemicals Management Committee as the body with overall responsibility for coordinating POPs management activities and for reviewing and assessing progress; Clearly defining all POPs related roles and responsibilities of agencies and institutions; Ensuring that the public and all other stakeholders are made aware of and are adequately trained to undertake their respective roles and functions; and, Researching on short and long term effects of POPs. The specific activities needed to implement the policy will be assigned to various government agencies or ministries based on their mandates. The coordination of the implementation activities across various government ministries and agencies will be vital and it is proposed that the National Chemicals Management Committee established by the Ministry of Environment and Energy will have overall responsibility for coordinating the implementation of POPs management policy. The policy will be supported by a framework in which there are appropriate institutional arrangements, adequate human and physical resources, effective participation by stakeholders and mechanisms for on-going assessment, evaluation and adaptation to maintain and satisfy obligations under the Stockholm Convention. 52 53 Strategy Improve data collection and management systems Research on effects of POPS on health Activity Establish and update database of POPs in the country Establish HS codes for all POPs and POPs containing equipment Conduct research on short and long term effects of POPs on exposed population Indicator Updated database of POPs in the country Number of HS codes established. Number of research conducted Responsible Agency MEE MEE* MCS MEE* MOH MoFA MNU Timeline 2017 2017 onwards 2018 Resource Requirements Budget (USD) 50,000 10,000 50,000 7. ��, ��������������, ���������, �������, 3.2. � ������� ��� �������� �� ���� ��� ��������� ���������� ���� (����� �, ���� �� ���������) Strategy Develop an action plan to eliminate PCB- containing equipment and its wastes by 2025 Activity Label PCBs and equipment containing PCBs are located in the country Labelling mechanism for all PCB containing equipment in place Establish adequate storage facilities for the replaced equipment containing PCBs Formulate guidelines for disposal of equipment containing PCBs Safe disposal of equipment containing PCBs Indicator Data base containing on PCBs containing equipment Number of labelled equipment Number of storage facilities established Guideline for disposal of equipment containing PCBs Disposal of PCB containing equipment Responsible Agency MEE MEE* STELCO FENAKA MEE* STELCO FENAKA MEE MEE* STELCO FENAKA Timeline 2017 2018 2017 2018 onwards 2018 onwards Resource Requirements Technical expertise Technical expertise Budget (USD) 5000 5000 150,000 5000 350,000 52 53 Strategy Improve data collection and management systems Research on effects of POPS on health Activity Establish and update database of POPs in the country Establish HS codes for all POPs and POPs containing equipment Conduct research on short and long term effects of POPs on exposed population Indicator Updated database of POPs in the country Number of HS codes established. Number of research conducted Responsible Agency MEE MEE* MCS MEE* MOH MoFA MNU Timeline 2017 2017 onwards 2018 Resource Requirements Budget (USD) 50,000 10,000 50,000 7. ��, ��������������, ���������, �������, 3.2. � ������� ��� �������� �� ���� ��� ��������� ���������� ���� (����� �, ���� �� ���������) Strategy Develop an action plan to eliminate PCB- containing equipment and its wastes by 2025 Activity Label PCBs and equipment containing PCBs are located in the country Labelling mechanism for all PCB containing equipment in place Establish adequate storage facilities for the replaced equipment containing PCBs Formulate guidelines for disposal of equipment containing PCBs Safe disposal of equipment containing PCBs Indicator Data base containing on PCBs containing equipment Number of labelled equipment Number of storage facilities established Guideline for disposal of equipment containing PCBs Disposal of PCB containing equipment Responsible Agency MEE MEE* STELCO FENAKA MEE* STELCO FENAKA MEE MEE* STELCO FENAKA Timeline 2017 2018 2017 2018 onwards 2018 onwards Resource Requirements Technical expertise Technical expertise Budget (USD) 5000 5000 150,000 5000 350,000 54 55 7. ���������, ������ ��� ������, ��� 3.3. � ��������� ��� ������ �� ������� (����� �, ���� �� ���������) ��� �������� ��� �������� ����� �, ���� � ���������) ��� ���, ����� ���������� (����� �, ���� � ���������)) Strategy Develop an information sharing platform Improve awareness on EEE and WEEE Activity Detailed inventory of the e-waste stream Measures, including a monitoring system, to reduce the environmentally unsound disposal of e-waste Enhance awareness on the hazardous substances contained in e-waste Indicator EEE database developed Established monitoring framework Number of awareness programs conducted Responsible Agency MEE* NCIT MEE MEE* LGA Timeline 2018 2017 2017 onwards Resource Requirements Budget (USD) 5000 2000 5000 7. ���������, ������, ��� ������, ��� 3.4. � ���������� ��� ������ �� ����, ��� ����� ��� ����� (����� �, ���� ��� ���������) Strategy Action plan for safe disposal and monitoring of PFOS containing fire- fighting foam Activity Assessment and location of sites potentially contaminated with PFOS Safe disposal of the fire- fighting foam potentially containing PFOS Monitoring and data system for PFOS containing articles Indicator Assessment Report Incorporate a guideline for safe disposal of the fire- fighting foam to companies standard operation procedures Established data monitoring system Responsible Agency MNDF MEE* MEE MEE* MNDF MCS Timeline 2017 2017 2017 Resource Requirements Legal expertise Technical expertise Budget (USD) 7000 2000 2000 54 55 7. ���������, ������ ��� ������, ��� 3.3. � ��������� ��� ������ �� ������� (����� �, ���� �� ���������) ��� �������� ��� �������� ����� �, ���� � ���������) ��� ���, ����� ���������� (����� �, ���� � ���������)) Strategy Develop an information sharing platform Improve awareness on EEE and WEEE Activity Detailed inventory of the e-waste stream Measures, including a monitoring system, to reduce the environmentally unsound disposal of e-waste Enhance awareness on the hazardous substances contained in e-waste Indicator EEE database developed Established monitoring framework Number of awareness programs conducted Responsible Agency MEE* NCIT MEE MEE* LGA Timeline 2018 2017 2017 onwards Resource Requirements Budget (USD) 5000 2000 5000 7. ���������, ������, ��� ������, ��� 3.4. � ���������� ��� ������ �� ����, ��� ����� ��� ����� (����� �, ���� ��� ���������) Strategy Action plan for safe disposal and monitoring of PFOS containing fire- fighting foam Activity Assessment and location of sites potentially contaminated with PFOS Safe disposal of the fire- fighting foam potentially containing PFOS Monitoring and data system for PFOS containing articles Indicator Assessment Report Incorporate a guideline for safe disposal of the fire- fighting foam to companies standard operation procedures Established data monitoring system Responsible Agency MNDF MEE* MEE MEE* MNDF MCS Timeline 2017 2017 2017 Resource Requirements Legal expertise Technical expertise Budget (USD) 7000 2000 2000 56 57 7. ����� ���� �� ������ �������� ���� 3.5. � ������������� ���������� (������� 5) Strategy Develop an action plan to reduce releases from UPOPS Activity Conduct baseline study to identify hotspots, especially for open burning of waste Set up segregation and recycling mechanism Establish incinerating facilities Establish monitoring system for UPOPs emissions and releases Indicator Number of open burning sites identified Baseline Assessment Number of segregation and recycling facilities established Number of incinerating facilities established Number of site visits conducted Responsible Agency MEE MEE MEE* LGA MEE Timeline 2017 2017 onwards 2017 onwards 2017 onwards Resource Requirements Technical expertise Budget (USD) 10,000 660,000 (regional facility) 100,000 (per island) 150,000 7. ������� �� ������ �������� ���� 3.6. . � ����������, �������� ��� ������ (������� 6)) Strategy Develop an action plan to identify, manage and reduce releases from stockpiles, articles and wastes Activity Conduct baseline study to identify stockpiles and contaminated sites Set up segregation and recycling mechanism Transfer stockpiles to source points Identification and data system for POPs contaminated sites Indicator Baseline studies and risk assessment conducted Number of segregation and recycling facilities established Number of reduced stockpiles Environment- al Management Plan for the remediation and avoidance of POPs contaminate d sites developed Responsible Agency MEE* EPA MEE* EPA MEE* EPA MEE Time ine 2017- 2018 2018- 2019 2018- 2019 2017- 2019 Resource Requirements Technical expertise Budget (USD) 20,000 660,000 (regional facility) 7,200,000 50,000 56 57 7. ����� ���� �� ������ �������� ���� 3.5. � ������������� ���������� (������� 5) Strategy Develop an action plan to reduce releases from UPOPS Activity Conduct baseline study to identify hotspots, especially for open burning of waste Set up segregation and recycling mechanism Establish incinerating facilities Establish monitoring system for UPOPs emissions and releases Indicator Number of open burning sites identified Baseline Assessment Number of segregation and recycling facilities established Number of incinerating facilities established Number of site visits conducted Responsible Agency MEE MEE MEE* LGA MEE Timeline 2017 2017 onwards 2017 onwards 2017 onwards Resource Requirements Technical expertise Budget (USD) 10,000 660,000 (regional facility) 100,000 (per island) 150,000 7. ������� �� ������ �������� ���� 3.6. . � ����������, �������� ��� ������ (������� 6)) Strategy Develop an action plan to identify, manage and reduce releases from stockpiles, articles and wastes Activity Conduct baseline study to identify stockpiles and contaminated sites Set up segregation and recycling mechanism Transfer stockpiles to source points Identification and data system for POPs contaminated sites Indicator Baseline studies and risk assessment conducted Number of segregation and recycling facilities established Number of reduced stockpiles Environment- al Management Plan for the remediation and avoidance of POPs contaminate d sites developed Responsible Agency MEE* EPA MEE* EPA MEE* EPA MEE Time ine 2017- 2018 2018- 2019 2018- 2019 2017- 2019 Resource Requirements Technical expertise Budget (USD) 20,000 660,000 (regional facility) 7,200,000 50,000 58 59 7. ����������� �� ����������� ����������� 3.7. � �������� ��� ����������� ����������� ��� ������ ���������, ����������� ��� ��������� (������� 10) Strategy Establish mechanism for information exchange between Parties to Convention Enhance awareness mechanisms Activity Design and establish an online portal on POPs information, accessible to public Develop material for information dissemination Involve stakeholders actively in the management and decision making Awareness raising campaigns with special focus to gender issues Indicator Updated webpage Number of information leaflets distributed Number of awareness campaigns conducted Responsible Agency MEE MEE MEE MEE Timeline 2017 2017 onwards 2017 onwards 2017 onwards Resource Requirements Technical expertise Budget (USD) 1000 1000 5000 7. �������� ����������3.8. � Strategy Ensure effective compliance mechanism Activity Facilitate information between the Party and the Secretariat Biennium update of NIP Indicator Updated NIP Responsible Agency MEE MEE Timeline 2014 2017 Resource Requirements - Technical expertise Budget (USD) - 250,000 7. ��������3.9. � Strategy Establish a data sharing electronic mechanism Activity Develop electronic platform for data sharing with key stakeholders Indicator Electronic platform for data sharing established Responsible Agency MEE* MCS MNDF MoFA NCIT Timeline 2018 Resource Requirements Technical expertise Budget (USD) 50,000 58 59 7. ����������� �� ����������� ����������� 3.7. � �������� ��� ����������� ����������� ��� ������ ���������, ����������� ��� ��������� (������� 10) Strategy Establish mechanism for information exchange between Parties to Convention Enhance awareness mechanisms Activity Design and establish an online portal on POPs information, accessible to public Develop material for information dissemination Involve stakeholders actively in the management and decision making Awareness raising campaigns with special focus to gender issues Indicator Updated webpage Number of information leaflets distributed Number of awareness campaigns conducted Responsible Agency MEE MEE MEE MEE Timeline 2017 2017 onwards 2017 onwards 2017 onwards Resource Requirements Technical expertise Budget (USD) 1000 1000 5000 7. �������� ����������3.8. � Strategy Ensure effective compliance mechanism Activity Facilitate information between the Party and the Secretariat Biennium update of NIP Indicator Updated NIP Responsible Agency MEE MEE Timeline 2014 2017 Resource Requirements - Technical expertise Budget (USD) - 250,000 7. ��������3.9. � Strategy Establish a data sharing electronic mechanism Activity Develop electronic platform for data sharing with key stakeholders Indicator Electronic platform for data sharing established Responsible Agency MEE* MCS MNDF MoFA NCIT Timeline 2018 Resource Requirements Technical expertise Budget (USD) 50,000 60 61 7. �������, ����������� 3.10. � ��� ���������� Strategy Improving sampling and analysis of POPs in Labs Activity Provide facilities and equipment for Labs Monitoring reports, research studies Indicator Laboratory with adequate facilities and equipment established Number of reports and studies conducted Responsible Agency MEE* EPA MFDA MOH MEE* MNU Timeline 2017- 2021 2017 onwards Resource Requirements Technical expertise Technical expertise Budget (USD) 100,000 50,000 7. �������� ��� ��������� ����������3.11. � Strategy Strengthen financial and technical capacity Activity Conduct capacity building programmes Indicator Number of capacity building programmes conducted per year Responsible Agency MEE Timeline 2017 onwards Resource Requirements Technical expertise Budget (USD) 200,000 8. ���������� ��� � ��������-�������� ��������� ��� ���������� 8.1. �������� ����� Given the dispersed population and the location of waste management centres near residential areas, open burning is a topical issue in the country. Currently, open burning is the primary course of waste management in the country. UPOPs produced through vehicle emissions should be given a high priority as well, since the nation does not enforce a rigid vehicle emiss ion s tandard . The s i tuat ion i s exacerbated as one third of the nation's population resides in the capital Male' where traffic congestions are inevitable and observed daily. It should be noted that the most common mean of transport is by motorcycles. The public needs to be educated through the education curriculum and targeted awareness campaigns should be conducted. It is recommended to carry out studies on the impacts to human health from UPOPs. It is also important to establish a standard chemicals labelling system which directs the users in both local, English and common expatriate languages. 60 61 7. �������, ����������� 3.10. � ��� ���������� Strategy Improving sampling and analysis of POPs in Labs Activity Provide facilities and equipment for Labs Monitoring reports, research studies Indicator Laboratory with adequate facilities and equipment established Number of reports and studies conducted Responsible Agency MEE* EPA MFDA MOH MEE* MNU Timeline 2017- 2021 2017 onwards Resource Requirements Technical expertise Technical expertise Budget (USD) 100,000 50,000 7. �������� ��� ��������� ����������3.11. � Strategy Strengthen financial and technical capacity Activity Conduct capacity building programmes Indicator Number of capacity building programmes conducted per year Responsible Agency MEE Timeline 2017 onwards Resource Requirements Technical expertise Budget (USD) 200,000 8. ���������� ��� � ��������-�������� ��������� ��� ���������� 8.1. �������� ����� Given the dispersed population and the location of waste management centres near residential areas, open burning is a topical issue in the country. Currently, open burning is the primary course of waste management in the country. UPOPs produced through vehicle emissions should be given a high priority as well, since the nation does not enforce a rigid vehicle emiss ion s tandard . The s i tuat ion i s exacerbated as one third of the nation's population resides in the capital Male' where traffic congestions are inevitable and observed daily. It should be noted that the most common mean of transport is by motorcycles. The public needs to be educated through the education curriculum and targeted awareness campaigns should be conducted. It is recommended to carry out studies on the impacts to human health from UPOPs. It is also important to establish a standard chemicals labelling system which directs the users in both local, English and common expatriate languages. 62 63 8.1.1 ��������������� ��� ��� ����� �� ����� It is important to address the issue of waste through the legis lat ive f ramework. Formulation of a waste management law or guideline that is in accordance with best practices is required. Furthermore, it is recommended to make proper incineration mandatory as an alternative to open burning and make open burning of hazardous or potentially hazardous waste a punishable offense to safeguard the environment and human wellbeing. It is further recommended to formulate waste management guidelines that cover the entire process of waste management. In addition, these efforts should also be complemented with nationwide awareness campaigns. Fu r t he rmore , wa s t e managemen t infrastructure should be established which includes hazardous waste management facilities. Moreover, as the nation at present lacks a proper mechanism to assess the usage and end-life of chemicals used in the nation it is impor tant to establ i sh waste data management and auditing mechanism. 8.1.2 ��������������� ��� ��� ����� �� ������� ��������� With regard to the current laws and regulation of the nation, it is challenging to assess the emission values quantitatively. Therefore, amendments need to be made to the current vehicle regulations. The suggested amendments are setting of vehicle emission standards and development of a mechanism which supports low emission vehicles. Furthermore, with regard to the high population density (in the capital Male') and limited land area, it is recommended to set engine capacity standards per passenger for vehicles. 9. ��������� � As required by the Stockholm Convention, the NIP requires to be updated biannually. The review and update of the NIP would require Parties to assess whether it is affected by an external or internal factors, such as national priorities or the scope of the problem to be addressed. The review and update of t he N IP a l so requ i re s s t akeho lde r involvement and most importantly funds, which is the most challenging issue of all. 62 63 8.1.1 ��������������� ��� ��� ����� �� ����� It is important to address the issue of waste through the legis lat ive f ramework. Formulation of a waste management law or guideline that is in accordance with best practices is required. Furthermore, it is recommended to make proper incineration mandatory as an alternative to open burning and make open burning of hazardous or potentially hazardous waste a punishable offense to safeguard the environment and human wellbeing. It is further recommended to formulate waste management guidelines that cover the entire process of waste management. In addition, these efforts should also be complemented with nationwide awareness campaigns. Fu r t he rmore , wa s t e managemen t infrastructure should be established which includes hazardous waste management facilities. Moreover, as the nation at present lacks a proper mechanism to assess the usage and end-life of chemicals used in the nation it is impor tant to establ i sh waste data management and auditing mechanism. 8.1.2 ��������������� ��� ��� ����� �� ������� ��������� With regard to the current laws and regulation of the nation, it is challenging to assess the emission values quantitatively. Therefore, amendments need to be made to the current vehicle regulations. The suggested amendments are setting of vehicle emission standards and development of a mechanism which supports low emission vehicles. Furthermore, with regard to the high population density (in the capital Male') and limited land area, it is recommended to set engine capacity standards per passenger for vehicles. 9. ��������� � As required by the Stockholm Convention, the NIP requires to be updated biannually. The review and update of the NIP would require Parties to assess whether it is affected by an external or internal factors, such as national priorities or the scope of the problem to be addressed. The review and update of t he N IP a l so requ i re s s t akeho lde r involvement and most importantly funds, which is the most challenging issue of all. 64 65 ����� 1 NO 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 COMMON NAME 1,1,2,2-tetra chloroethane aldrin azinophosmethyl azinphos-methyl benfuracarb camphechlor chlordane chlordecone chlorethoxyfos chlormephos coumaphos DDT dieldrin endosulfan endothion endrinethylene dichloride ethylene oxide TRADE NAME Acetylene tetrachloride (fumigant) Octalene, Aldrex AZN Gusathion Oncol, Furacon Toxaphene Octachlor Kepone Fortress Dotan Asuntol Anofex, Neocide, Chlorophenthoate Octalox, dieldrex, dieldrite Thiodan (very highly toxic to fish) Endocide Hexadrin, Endrix, Mendrin Bualta, Busan 77 Oxirane (fumigant) ���� �� ������ ���������� �� �������� NO 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 COMMON NAME flucythrinate fonofos furathiocarb gamma-HCH (hexachlorocyclohexane) heptachlor heptenophos isophenphos isoxathion lumbda-cyhalothrin methylene chloride mirex nicotine oxydemeton-methyl parathion-methyl pirimiphos-ethyl RU 15525 sodium selenate tebupirimifos azinphos-ethyl butoxycarboxim TRADE NAME Cybolt , Cythrin, Pay-off Dyfonate Deltanet, Promet Gamma-Col , Lindane Heptamul, Heptox, Hepta Hostaquick, Ragadan Oftanol, Karphos, Karate (very highly toxic to fish) Dichloromethane (fumigant) Mirex Nico Soap Metasystox R, Folidol, Metacide, Fostox Primicid Kadethrin Selenic acid, Disodium salt Phostebupirim Gusathion A Plant Pin 64 65 ����� 1 NO 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 COMMON NAME 1,1,2,2-tetra chloroethane aldrin azinophosmethyl azinphos-methyl benfuracarb camphechlor chlordane chlordecone chlorethoxyfos chlormephos coumaphos DDT dieldrin endosulfan endothion endrinethylene dichloride ethylene oxide TRADE NAME Acetylene tetrachloride (fumigant) Octalene, Aldrex AZN Gusathion Oncol, Furacon Toxaphene Octachlor Kepone Fortress Dotan Asuntol Anofex, Neocide, Chlorophenthoate Octalox, dieldrex, dieldrite Thiodan (very highly toxic to fish) Endocide Hexadrin, Endrix, Mendrin Bualta, Busan 77 Oxirane (fumigant) ���� �� ������ ���������� �� �������� NO 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 COMMON NAME flucythrinate fonofos furathiocarb gamma-HCH (hexachlorocyclohexane) heptachlor heptenophos isophenphos isoxathion lumbda-cyhalothrin methylene chloride mirex nicotine oxydemeton-methyl parathion-methyl pirimiphos-ethyl RU 15525 sodium selenate tebupirimifos azinphos-ethyl butoxycarboxim TRADE NAME Cybolt , Cythrin, Pay-off Dyfonate Deltanet, Promet Gamma-Col , Lindane Heptamul, Heptox, Hepta Hostaquick, Ragadan Oftanol, Karphos, Karate (very highly toxic to fish) Dichloromethane (fumigant) Mirex Nico Soap Metasystox R, Folidol, Metacide, Fostox Primicid Kadethrin Selenic acid, Disodium salt Phostebupirim Gusathion A Plant Pin 66 67 NO 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 COMMON NAME chlorfenvinphos demeton-S-methyl dichlorves dicrotophos disulfoton EPN formetanate formothion mecarbam mephosfolan methamidophos methidathion methomyl mevinphos monocrotophos naled omethoate parathion phosphamidon polychloroterpenes TRADE NAME Birlane, Sapona, Apachlor Metasystox Dedevap, Nogos, Vapona Bidrin Disyston, Frumin AL, Solvirex EPN Carzol, Dicarzol Anthio Murfotox Cytrolane Monitor, Tamaron, Patrole Supracide, Suprathion Lannate Phosdrin, Duraphos Azodrin, Nuvacron, Crotos, Monocron Dibrom, Bromex Folimat Fostox E, E605 Dimecron Strobane NO 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 COMMON NAME propetamphos sulfotep thiofanox thiometon vamidothion ethylene dibromide ethoprophos isazofos terbufos carbofuran azobenzene chlordimeform cyhexatin cyhexatin dienochlor propargite aldicarb aldoxycarb fensulfothion oxamyl TRADE NAME Safrotin Bladafum Dacamox Ekatin Kilval Dibrome Mocap Miral Contraven, Counter, Cyanater Furadan, Curatter , Carbodan Azofume, Diazene Fundal, Galecron Acarstin , Aracnol F, Mitacid Acarstin , ArancolF Pentac Omite Temik Standak Dasanit, Terracur P vydate 66 67 NO 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 COMMON NAME chlorfenvinphos demeton-S-methyl dichlorves dicrotophos disulfoton EPN formetanate formothion mecarbam mephosfolan methamidophos methidathion methomyl mevinphos monocrotophos naled omethoate parathion phosphamidon polychloroterpenes TRADE NAME Birlane, Sapona, Apachlor Metasystox Dedevap, Nogos, Vapona Bidrin Disyston, Frumin AL, Solvirex EPN Carzol, Dicarzol Anthio Murfotox Cytrolane Monitor, Tamaron, Patrole Supracide, Suprathion Lannate Phosdrin, Duraphos Azodrin, Nuvacron, Crotos, Monocron Dibrom, Bromex Folimat Fostox E, E605 Dimecron Strobane NO 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 COMMON NAME propetamphos sulfotep thiofanox thiometon vamidothion ethylene dibromide ethoprophos isazofos terbufos carbofuran azobenzene chlordimeform cyhexatin cyhexatin dienochlor propargite aldicarb aldoxycarb fensulfothion oxamyl TRADE NAME Safrotin Bladafum Dacamox Ekatin Kilval Dibrome Mocap Miral Contraven, Counter, Cyanater Furadan, Curatter , Carbodan Azofume, Diazene Fundal, Galecron Acarstin , Aracnol F, Mitacid Acarstin , ArancolF Pentac Omite Temik Standak Dasanit, Terracur P vydate 68 69 NO 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 COMMON NAME phorate triazophos DNOC pentachlorophenol tar oil methiocarb calcium arsenate 1,2-dibromo-3-chloropropane (DBCP) fenamiphos methyl isocyanate methyl isothiocyanate 2-phenylphenol benomyl blasticidin-S cadmium chloride captafol dodine edifenphos ethyl mercury chloride hexachlorobenzene TRADE NAME Agromet Hostathion Ibertox, Trifocide, Trifrina Dowcide, Penta, Penchlorol Cade Oil Mesurol Chip-Cal, Pancal, MMA Nemagon, Fumazone, Nemafume Nemacur MIC Trapex Torsite, Ortho phenylphenol Benlate Bla-S Caddy Difolaten, Difosan, Crisfolaten Cyprex , Melprex, Venturol Hinosan Ceresan, Hexasan Anticarie, Co-op-hexa, Sanocide NO 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 COMMON NAME mercuric chloride mercuric oxide methyl mercury hydroxide oxine-copper phenylmercury acetate phenylmercury salicylate mercurous chloride phenylmercury acetate calcium polysulfide TRADE NAME Corrosive sublimate, Fungchex Mecuric Oxide Red Methylmercury hydroxide Quinolate Agrosan, Unisan Phenylmercury Salicylate Calomel, Turf fungicide Unisan Lime Sulfur 68 69 NO 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 COMMON NAME phorate triazophos DNOC pentachlorophenol tar oil methiocarb calcium arsenate 1,2-dibromo-3-chloropropane (DBCP) fenamiphos methyl isocyanate methyl isothiocyanate 2-phenylphenol benomyl blasticidin-S cadmium chloride captafol dodine edifenphos ethyl mercury chloride hexachlorobenzene TRADE NAME Agromet Hostathion Ibertox, Trifocide, Trifrina Dowcide, Penta, Penchlorol Cade Oil Mesurol Chip-Cal, Pancal, MMA Nemagon, Fumazone, Nemafume Nemacur MIC Trapex Torsite, Ortho phenylphenol Benlate Bla-S Caddy Difolaten, Difosan, Crisfolaten Cyprex , Melprex, Venturol Hinosan Ceresan, Hexasan Anticarie, Co-op-hexa, Sanocide NO 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 COMMON NAME mercuric chloride mercuric oxide methyl mercury hydroxide oxine-copper phenylmercury acetate phenylmercury salicylate mercurous chloride phenylmercury acetate calcium polysulfide TRADE NAME Corrosive sublimate, Fungchex Mecuric Oxide Red Methylmercury hydroxide Quinolate Agrosan, Unisan Phenylmercury Salicylate Calomel, Turf fungicide Unisan Lime Sulfur 70 71 ����� 2 ���� �� ������������ ��������� Ministry of Tourism Maldives Police Services Health Protection Agency Ministry of Defence Marine Research Centre State Electric Company Limited (STELCO) Male' Water and Sewerage Company (MWSC) Energy Department/MEE Water and Sanitation Department/MEE Local Government Authority PESTEX Maldives Maldives Energy Authority Laamu Atoll Council Maldives Customs Services Maldives Food and Drug Authority Ministry of Fisheries and Agriculture Maldives National Defence Force Maldives National University Thilafushi Cooperation Environmental Protection Agency Waste and Pollution Control Department/MEE Attorney General's Office Transport Authority Ministry of Health FENAKA Cooperation Addu City Council Southern Maldives, Addu City Hulhumeedhoo Hospital Maldives Road Development Cooperation ADK Hospital Indira Gandhi Memorial Hospital Kulhudhuffushi Regional Hospital Kulhudhuffushi Island Council Fuvahmulah Regional Hospital Fuvahmulah island Council ����� 3 1 2 3 4 5 Open burning processes Biomass burning Agricultural residue burning in the field of cereal and other crops stubble, impacted, poor burning conditions Agricultural residue burning in the field of cereal and other crops stubble, not impacted Sugarcane burning Forest fires Grassland and savannah fires ��� 30 0.5 4 1 0.5 ����� �� �� �� �� �� ���� 10 0.05 0.05 0.15 0.15 ����- ��� �� �� �� �� �� ����- ��� �� �� �� �� �� t/a 0 ��� 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 ����- ��� 0 ����- ��� 0 ����� 0 ���� 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 ����� ������ ���������� ��������� ������� ����� (�� ���/�) �� � � � � �� � � ������ ������� � ���/� 70 71 ����� 2 ���� �� ������������ ��������� Ministry of Tourism Maldives Police Services Health Protection Agency Ministry of Defence Marine Research Centre State Electric Company Limited (STELCO) Male' Water and Sewerage Company (MWSC) Energy Department/MEE Water and Sanitation Department/MEE Local Government Authority PESTEX Maldives Maldives Energy Authority Laamu Atoll Council Maldives Customs Services Maldives Food and Drug Authority Ministry of Fisheries and Agriculture Maldives National Defence Force Maldives National University Thilafushi Cooperation Environmental Protection Agency Waste and Pollution Control Department/MEE Attorney General's Office Transport Authority Ministry of Health FENAKA Cooperation Addu City Council Southern Maldives, Addu City Hulhumeedhoo Hospital Maldives Road Development Cooperation ADK Hospital Indira Gandhi Memorial Hospital Kulhudhuffushi Regional Hospital Kulhudhuffushi Island Council Fuvahmulah Regional Hospital Fuvahmulah island Council ����� 3 1 2 3 4 5 Open burning processes Biomass burning Agricultural residue burning in the field of cereal and other crops stubble, impacted, poor burning conditions Agricultural residue burning in the field of cereal and other crops stubble, not impacted Sugarcane burning Forest fires Grassland and savannah fires ��� 30 0.5 4 1 0.5 ����� �� �� �� �� �� ���� 10 0.05 0.05 0.15 0.15 ����- ��� �� �� �� �� �� ����- ��� �� �� �� �� �� t/a 0 ��� 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 ����- ��� 0 ����- ��� 0 ����� 0 ���� 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 ����� ������ ���������� ��������� ������� ����� (�� ���/�) �� � � � � �� � � ������ ������� � ���/� 72 73 1 2 3 4 5 Waste burning and accidental fires Fires at waste dumps (compacted, wet, high Corg content) Accidental fires in houses, factories Open burning of domestic waste Accidental fires in vehicles (per vehicle) Open burning of wood (construction/ demolition) Open Burning Processes ��� 300 400 40 100 60 ����� �� �� �� �� �� ���� 10 400 1 18 10 ����- ��� �� �� �� �� �� ����- ��� �� �� �� �� �� t/a 130, 971 130, 971 0 ��� 39.29 1 39.29 1 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 39. 291 ����- ��� 0 0 ����- ��� 0 0.000 ����� 0 0 ���� 1.310 1.310 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 1.31 ����� ������ ���������� ��������� ������� ����� (�� ���/�) �� � � � � �� � � ������ ������� � ���/� ������������ CDE, 2011. Environmental and Social Baseline Assessment of Thilafushi Waste Management Facility Colombo, A, Bettinetti, R, Strona, G, Cambria, F, Fanelli, R, Zameer, Z & Galli, P 2014, 'Maldives: An archipelago that burns. A first survey of PCDD/Fs and DL-PCBs from human activities', Science of the total environment, vol. 497-498 (2014), pp. 499-507. Guidance for Developing, Reviewing, and Updating a National Implementation Plan for the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants, UNEP, 2012 Maldives Energy Authority 2014, 'Maldives Energy Supply and Demand Survey 2010 - 2012', Male', Maldives. Maldives Energy Authority 2014, 'Maldives Energy Supply and Demand Survey 2010 - 2012', Male', Maldives. Ministry of Tourism 2014, 'Tourism Yearbook 2014', Male', Maldives. National Bureau of Statistics 2016, Statistical Yearbook, Male' Maldives. National Strategy for Sustainable Development, MHTE, 2009 Peterson, C. 2013. Assessment of Solid Waste Management Practices and Its Vulnerability to Climate Risks in Maldivian Tourism Sector. http://tourism.gov.mv/downloads/tap/2014/Solid Waste.pdf. The Maldives Health Statistics, 2013. http://health.gov.mv/publications/25 The Maldives Health Statistics 2013 FINAL 18th December 2014.pdf Third National Environmental Action Plan, MHTE, 2009 United Nations Environment Programme 1999, 'Guidelines for identification of PCBs and PCB containing materials', First Issue, August 1999, UNEP Chemicals. United Nations Environment Programme 2003, 'PCB Transformers and Capacitors from Management to Reclassification and Disposal', First Issue, UNEP Chemicals. World Bank. 2012. Maldives - Ari Atoll Solid Waste Management Project. Washington DC; World Bank. [Available at: http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2012/11/18190609/maldives-ari-atoll-solid-waste-management- project ] Waste from Health care activities, WHO Media center, www.who.int/ediacetre/factsheets/fs253/en 72 73 1 2 3 4 5 Waste burning and accidental fires Fires at waste dumps (compacted, wet, high Corg content) Accidental fires in houses, factories Open burning of domestic waste Accidental fires in vehicles (per vehicle) Open burning of wood (construction/ demolition) Open Burning Processes ��� 300 400 40 100 60 ����� �� �� �� �� �� ���� 10 400 1 18 10 ����- ��� �� �� �� �� �� ����- ��� �� �� �� �� �� t/a 130, 971 130, 971 0 ��� 39.29 1 39.29 1 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 39. 291 ����- ��� 0 0 ����- ��� 0 0.000 ����� 0 0 ���� 1.310 1.310 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 1.31 ����� ������ ���������� ��������� ������� ����� (�� ���/�) �� � � � � �� � � ������ ������� � ���/� ������������ CDE, 2011. Environmental and Social Baseline Assessment of Thilafushi Waste Management Facility Colombo, A, Bettinetti, R, Strona, G, Cambria, F, Fanelli, R, Zameer, Z & Galli, P 2014, 'Maldives: An archipelago that burns. A first survey of PCDD/Fs and DL-PCBs from human activities', Science of the total environment, vol. 497-498 (2014), pp. 499-507. Guidance for Developing, Reviewing, and Updating a National Implementation Plan for the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants, UNEP, 2012 Maldives Energy Authority 2014, 'Maldives Energy Supply and Demand Survey 2010 - 2012', Male', Maldives. Maldives Energy Authority 2014, 'Maldives Energy Supply and Demand Survey 2010 - 2012', Male', Maldives. Ministry of Tourism 2014, 'Tourism Yearbook 2014', Male', Maldives. National Bureau of Statistics 2016, Statistical Yearbook, Male' Maldives. National Strategy for Sustainable Development, MHTE, 2009 Peterson, C. 2013. Assessment of Solid Waste Management Practices and Its Vulnerability to Climate Risks in Maldivian Tourism Sector. http://tourism.gov.mv/downloads/tap/2014/Solid Waste.pdf. The Maldives Health Statistics, 2013. http://health.gov.mv/publications/25 The Maldives Health Statistics 2013 FINAL 18th December 2014.pdf Third National Environmental Action Plan, MHTE, 2009 United Nations Environment Programme 1999, 'Guidelines for identification of PCBs and PCB containing materials', First Issue, August 1999, UNEP Chemicals. United Nations Environment Programme 2003, 'PCB Transformers and Capacitors from Management to Reclassification and Disposal', First Issue, UNEP Chemicals. World Bank. 2012. Maldives - Ari Atoll Solid Waste Management Project. Washington DC; World Bank. [Available at: http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2012/11/18190609/maldives-ari-atoll-solid-waste-management- project ] Waste from Health care activities, WHO Media center, www.who.int/ediacetre/factsheets/fs253/en nip