National Climate Change Adaptation Strategy for Sri Lanka 2011 to 2016

5. Safeguard Natural Resources and Biodiversity from Climate Change Impacts Under each of the Strategic Thrusts, key Thematic Areas for action, along with priority Adaptation Measures, have been identified. An estimated 47.7 billion rupees in incremental additional financing, beyond current and ongoing expenditure, will be required to implement the NCCAS over its 6 year duration. The vast majority of these financial resources are expected to be channeled directly to the broad base of agencies and stakeholders (both within Government and beyond), to finance and implement climate change adaptation interventions of varied scale. The Ministry of Environment will play a facilitation and coordination role in the process. Hundreds of stakeholders representing a cross section of government institutions, national NGOs, professionals, and academia covering a wide range of sectors were engaged in the process of developing this strategy. A pipeline of projects related to each Strategic Thrust has also been developed as an integral part of the NCCAS development process, to expedite investment. Contents Chapter 1: Introduction ______________________________________________ 1 Chapter 2: The Development Process __________________________________ 3 Guiding Principles in Strategy Formulation ___________________________ 3 The Climate Change Adaptation Planning Process _____________________ 3 Sector Vulnerability Profile Development ____________________________ 4 From SVPs to Strategy: Establishing Strategic Priorities _________________ 4 Chapter 3: The Strategy _____________________________________________ 7 Strategic Thrust 1: Mainstream Climate Change Adaptation into Natonal Palnning and Development _____________________________ 8 Strategic Thrust 2: Enable Climate Resilient and Healthy Human Settlements ___________________________________ 11 Strategic Thrust 3: Minimize Climate Change Impacts on Food Security _______________________________________________ 14 Strategic Thrust 4: Improve Climate Resilience of Key Economic Drivers ________________________________________ 17 Strategic Thrust 5: Safeguard Natural Resources and Biodiversity from Climate Change Impacts _______________________ 20 The NCCAS at a Glance __________________________________________ 24 Chapter 4: Financing Requirement and Implementation Targets ___________ 27 Appendices: Appendix 1: List of Persons/Institutions Consulted ____________________ 29 Appendix 2:Detailed Strategic Interventions Table ____________________ 35 Appendix 3: List of Project Concept Notes Available __________________ 52 Appendix 4: Target Implementation Schedule for NCCAS ______________ 55 Appendix 5: Estimated Financing Requirements _______________________ 57 NCCAS 2011 - 2016 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION Photo: Studio Times Ltd. Having emerged as an environmental concern, climate change is now regarded worldwide as an overarching development challenge. It can seriously affect the economic growth, food security, public health, cultural heritage, social stability and even the national security of countries. Sri Lanka is a negligible contributor to global warming. However, as a nation, we are highly vulnerable to the impacts of climate change, which include: • increases in the frequency and intensity of disasters such as droughts, floods and landslides; • variability and unpredictability of rainfall patterns; • increase in temperature; and • sea level rise, among others. These vulnerabilities cut across many sectors in the economy, and threaten to compromise the significant achievements the country has recorded in the last 20 years in increasing incomes and reducing poverty, as well as our ongoing development drive. Living and coping with uncertain impacts of climate change is no longer a choice; it is an imperative. Sri Lanka needs to address climate change adaptation to ensure that its economic development can continue without disruption or setbacks, and investments in poverty reduction, food and water security and public health will not be undone. This document, which outlines a comprehensive National Climate Change Adaptation Strategy (NCCAS), aims to achieve just that. The following pages lay out a prioritized framework for action and investment aimed at systematically moving Sri Lanka and its people towards a climate-change resilient future. 1 NCCAS 2011 - 2016 CHAPTER 2 THE STRATEGY DEVELOPMENT PROCESS Guiding Principles in Strategy Formulation The strategy development team has followed five principles to guide its activities and planning process. They were to: • Pursue pragmatic solutions, in line with the national development agenda The NCCAS is focused around supporting the successful implementation of the Mahinda Chintana development framework and ensuring its sustainability for the long term. The National Physical Planning Policy and Plan (NPPP), the National Environment Policy and associated action plan, as well as the National Action Plan for Haritha Lanka Programme (HLP) have also been considered. • Initiate process to mobilize significant investments Consistent efforts have been made to elevate thinking above a mere advocacy agenda, and to focus on rational means to safeguard Sri Lanka’s national interests and mobilize resources to support and sustain development. • Mobilize people/institutions to work towards integrated solutions Focus has been placed on stimulating stakeholder interest and initiative to identify climate change risks and adaptation measures across key sectors. All efforts have been taken to capture synergies, and position Sri Lanka to take advantage of opportunities to mobilize resources to support climate change adaptation. • Harness the wealth of expertise and knowledge already available in Sri Lanka The strategy development process has been carried out with clear acknowledgement that a vast body of knowledge resides with a dispersed and diverse range of stakeholders and experts. All efforts have been made to consult as broad a base of stakeholders as feasible. • Contribute towards developing the nation Adapting to climate change is a contribution towards developing the nation. As such, the process has consistently adopted a pro-active stance in engaging stakeholders across all sectors and seeking ways to ensure that Sri Lanka’s development trajectory can be supported and made more climate change resilient. The Climate Change Adaptation Planning Process The NCCAS was developed through a three stage process, as follows: • Preparing Sector Vulnerability Profiles (SVPs) for key sectors, which outline the current status of the sectors and the main potential climate change risks facing Sri Lanka. 3 • Adopting a participatory process for the above through working groups comprising a range of stakeholders, as well as individual consultations with key people, to refine content of the SVPs and to identify and prioritize areas for future investment. • Synthesizing these sector based analyses into one cohesive national adaptation strategy, which includes a clear program for priority action and investment based on clearly defined strategic priorities. Over 500 stakeholders representing a cross section of government institutions, national NGOs, professionals, and academia covering a wide range of sectors were engaged in the process. A list of key persons consulted is in Appendix 1. Sector Vulnerability Profile Development SVPs have been developed for the following key groupings of sectors, where climate vulnerabilities are expected to be critical in the Sri Lankan context: • Agriculture and Fisheries • Water • Health • Urban Development, Human Settlements & Economic Infrastructure • Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services These SVPs are concise background documents which support the NCCAS and were developed as a means to document the current status of each key sector and identify the key climate change related issues that need to be addressed. The set of SVPs provides a summary snapshot of each sector grouping, highlighting their positioning in the national development trajectory, and summarizing information on the nature, scale, and geographic distribution of vulnerability to climate change impacts across key sectors. The documents also provide insight to the background that exists to position adaptation activities/interventions. From SVPs to Strategy: Establishing Strategic Priorities As the SVPs evolved and extensive consultations were carried out, several recurrent observations came to the fore, and formed the foundation for establishing strategic priorities for the NCCAS. These observations include: • Climate change-related risks cannot be considered in isolation. They are often linked to, and will likely aggravate existing development disparities and problems. • Problems are rarely isolated clearly within one sector—cross sectoral linkages are common • A multidisciplinary approach is critical in order to effectively understand and address climate change concerns • Integrated solutions and adaptation measures straddling multiple sectors are necessary to address risks to key national development initiatives Sri Lanka’s development framework as articulated in the Mahinda Chintana Idiri Dekma, and the Mahinda Chintana 10 Year Horizon Development Framework (MC10YP), outlines the overarching development strategy Sri Lanka is pursuing. Several key pillars of the 4 NCCAS 2011 - 2016 national development strategy are apparent upon evaluation of the approximately Rs. 4.3 trillion investment framework planned for the 2006-2016 period in the MC10YP. • Investments in human settlements, which combine initiatives in housing, urban development, and drinking water, among others, total over Rs. 947 billion. • Investments in food security—combining irrigation, agriculture, fisheries, and nutrition total over Rs. 360 billion. • Investments in key economic drivers such as transport infrastructure, tourism, and plantations exceed Rs. 1,454 billion. • While planned investment in environmental and natural resource conservation is a relatively modest Rs. 18.5 billion, conservation and effective management of these resources is recognized as a core principal in the development strategy. Collectively these core pillars of the MC10YP represent over 65% of the total planned investments in the 10 year plan. In socio-economic terms, these key strategic areas which underpin the national development strategy, effectively reach the entire population of the country. Success and sustainability of the investments are of critical importance. All of the above key thrusts of Sri Lanka’s development framework show vulnerabilities to climate change. Adaptive measures will be necessary to ensure their long term resilience and sustainability in the face of climate change. In order to effectively bolster Sri Lanka’s national development effort and ensure its success and sustainability, the NCCAS aggregates findings across sectors, and addresses them in an integrated manner which reflects the national priorities articulated through the Mahinda Chintana. 5 NCCAS 2011 - 2016 CHAPTER 3 THE STRATEGY The NCCAS mirrors and supports Sri Lanka’s national development strategy as articulated in the Mahinda Chintana and is aimed at ensuring its success and sustainability. Accordingly, key findings of sector-based analysis were synthesized into an integrated framework, and structured into the following 5 Strategic Thrusts:

1. Mainstream Climate Change Adaptation into National Planning and Development Includes cross cutting policy measures, capacity building, safeguards, monitoring programs, coordination mechanisms, etc

2. Enable Climate Resilient and Healthy Human Settlements Includes housing, urban development and planning, public health, drainage, drinking water, urban wetlands, waste management, pollution control, etc.

3. Minimize Climate Change Impacts on Food Security Includes agriculture, fisheries, irrigation, nutrition, etc.

4. Improve Climate Resilience of Key Economic Drivers Includes tourism, transport, power, commercial agriculture, etc.

5. Safeguard Natural Resources and Biodiversity from Climate Change Impacts Includes water resources management, biodiversity conservation, etc. Under each of the Strategic Thrusts, key Thematic Areas for action, along with priority Adaptation Measures, have been identified. These are outlined in the following pages. Detailed information on each recommended Adaptation Measure is in Appendix 2. The overall NCCAS at-a-glance is at the end of this chapter. A pipeline of projects related to each Strategic Thrust has also been developed as part of the NCCAS, to expedite investment. An index of climate change adaptation projects/ concepts seeking financing are in Appendix 3, and the compilation of the relevant concept notes, which were developed by a wide range of stakeholders, is available in a separate volume. Development of additional adaptation project concepts is an ongoing process. 7 Strategic Thrust 1 Mainstream Climate Change Adaptation into National Planning and Development Photo: Studio Times Ltd. Following the dawn of peace, Sri Lanka has accelerated its multifaceted development drive, which is expected to transform the country in both physical and economic terms within the next decade. Major investments are being rolled out across many sectors, and ambitious targets are being pursued. The effects of climate change, however, if unaddressed, will likely have impacts on our development drive and the sustainability of our achievements. Such climate change- induced impacts, which we are already beginning to see, cut across multiple sectors. They also often exacerbate problems that the country is already grappling with. For example: • Increased frequency and intensity of natural hazards such as droughts, floods, and landslides are causing damage to infrastructure, crops, and livelihoods. • Vector borne diseases are spreading at an alarming rate, while a changing climate creates conditions more conducive for mosquito breeding. • Our natural resources, which are the underpinning of our society and major industries such as tourism, are under severe stresses due to growing human settlements and anthropogenic activities. These stresses are compounded by climate change impacts. An integrated approach is needed to mainstream climate change adaptation into to national planning and development, and improve the climate resilience of Sri Lanka’s economy and its people. This includes cross-cutting interventions that impact across multiple strategic thrusts and sectors in the economy. Given the scale and significance of potential impacts, climate change adaptation must be considered from the early stages of development planning through the implementation of major projects and programmes. Sri Lanka’s society also needs to have more access to information on climate change related threats they may face, and what they can do at household or community levels to adapt and protect themselves. 8 Strategic Thrust 1 NCCAS 2011 - 2016 Thematic Areas for Action: A. Strengthen national level climate-adaptation planning and implementation capacity Climate change adaptation planning capacity is very limited, and scattered. The Climate Change Secretariat (CCS) has a mandate to coordinate climate change related activity across the country. However, CCS capacity to execute on this mandate is constrained on many fronts. Technical capacity to effectively deal with climate change is lacking across key sector agencies as well. There is no focal point or unit responsible for ensuring climate resilience criteria are considered in national level planning initiatives. There are no training institutions or programmes locally which are targeted at building the required technical skill base for effective long term management of climate change risks either. A pool of experts and future leaders in this space needs to be developed and nurtured. Priority Adaptation Measures: i Strengthen and restructure CCS ii Develop sector specific training programmes on climate change adaptation iii Introduce climate change studies at university level B. Ensure future investments/economic plans are climate resilient Climate change considerations are largely not included in planning processes across the economy. While knowledge of the concept of climate change seems widespread, awareness about what can and should be done to adapt is still very limited. Adequate guidelines and safeguards are lacking. The Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) and Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) guidelines, for example, do not specifically include any climate change considerations. Often these are the only environmental checks on major investments – various economic sectors depend on them for guidance on environmental sustainability considerations. Understanding of the economics of climate change in the Sri Lankan context is limited. There seems to be a great deal of ‘fatigue’ among stakeholders in talking about climate change. There is weariness on the limited scope for mitigation action. More focus needs to be placed on adaptation and action, and resource mobilization. Priority Adaptation Measures: i. Incorporate climate change concerns into SEA processes ii. Increase awareness of climate change issues across all levels of government. iii. Quantify economic costs of climate change on specific sectors C. Systematically research climate change-adaptation options and disseminate knowledge While climate change-related initiatives and research are being carried out on an ad- hoc basis by various stakeholders, there is little coordination among them. A range of institutions are coordinating initiatives and research related to climate change (e.g. Department of Meteorology, Disaster Management Center, Universities, NBRO, CCS, NSF, etc.). Access to information and lessons from these various initiatives is limited. An improved and more effective platform for the planning, coordinating, sharing, and disseminating of climate change-related knowledge, which is also clearly linked to national planning activity, is urgently needed. 9 Strategic Thrust 1 Priority Adaptation Measures: i. Establish coordinated research programme with widespread dissemination ii. Model possible future climate scenarios iii. Conduct regular national forums on climate impacts on various sectors iv. Capture, evaluate and disseminate traditional knowledge on adaptive measures D. Increase financing for climate change adaptation Availability of financing for climate adaptation is limited, and a key factor for the fatigue and frustration expressed by many stakeholders participating in climate change initiatives. However, Sri Lanka has an opportunity to capture substantial resources specifically targeted towards climate change being made available internationally. The pursuit of such financing opportunities, however, will require a concerted effort, guided by the Ministry of Finance and supported by cross-sectoral expertise. Institutional mechanisms to effectively allocate, manage, and monitor such financing will also need to be established. Non-government stakeholders and smaller players should also be empowered to access financing and implement climate change adaptation interventions. Priority Adaptation Measures: i. Strengthen NPD/ERD to pursuit financing for climate change adaptation ii. Establish climate change adaptation small grant facility iii. Establish multi-sectoral climate negotiation team for Sri Lanka iv. Support climate-change adaptation regulations with incentives, where possible E. Inform and mobilize stakeholders at multiple levels in support of climate adaptation The education system, media, and other information ‘multipliers’ are at this point not effectively engaged in disseminating information on climate change. The target groups that need to be mobilized to support climate change adaptation in Sri Lanka are many—ranging from international agencies to local communities. Awareness about technical solutions to climate-induced problems are not available at the local levels, in the local languages and in accessible formats. More effective engagement of civil society organizations is needed, particularly to mobilize for community-level adaptation to climate impacts. Priority Adaptation Measures: i. Effectively engage education system, media, and other information ‘multipliers’ ii. Make information about adaptation options available at community level iii. Promote policy change for climate change adaptation through small group engagement iv. Engage existing institutional and community-based mechanisms for coordination v. Combat negative anthropogenic activity (such as sand mining) 10 Strategic Thrust 2 Enable NCCAS 2011 - 2016 Climate Resilient and Healthy Human Settlements Photo: Indika Wanniarachchi Sri Lanka is unmistakably on a path of rapid urbanization. Aggressive investments in urban development, housing, and healthcare are core tenets of the national development framework. With immense investments planned in line with the Mahinda Chintana and the NPPP, Sri Lanka is expected to become a predominantly urban country within the next decade, if not sooner. The MC10YP and MCBF outline a range of investments in human settlements, urban development, drinking water supply, and health infrastructure totaling almost a trillion rupees by 2016. Targets include the development of new metro cities, construction of over 600,000 new housing units, and working towards making Sri Lanka the “Wonder of Asia.” The effects of climate change, however, are expected to have substantial impacts on our human settlements and our development trajectory. Such impacts, which we are already beginning to see, typically cut across multiple sectors. They also often exacerbate problems that the country is already grappling with. Climate-related impacts related to the country’s human settlements include: • Increased frequency and intensity of floods and landslides causing extensive asset loss/damage and displacement of people, particularly the poor. • Increased frequency and intensity of droughts exerting greater pressure on our freshwater resources, and making drinking water shortages more frequent and severe, particularly in the Dry and Intermediate Zones. • Increases in ambient temperatures resulting in greater energy (electricity) demand for cooling purposes. • Increases in vector densities due to climatic factors, resulting in the rapid spread of diseases such as dengue, particularly in urban areas. • Gradual sea level rise and associated effects causing long-term damage to coastal settlements, infrastructure, and livelihoods. 11 Strategic Thrust 2 An integrated approach is needed to enable the development of climate resilient and healthy human settlements to ensure Sri Lanka’s national interests are not jeopardized by current and potential climate change-induced risks. The range of cross-cutting issues will require interventions spanning across planning, housing, water supply and drainage, health, roads, and several other sectors. Thematic Areas for Action: A. Mobilize stakeholders for climate change adaptation of settlements Various mechanisms for community and household level adaptation to climate change-- such as improved construction methods already developed--are not widely in use. This is partly due to poor mobilization of stakeholders on the ground. Sri Lanka has existing institutional mechanisms (such as District Coordinating Committees and local government) which are geared towards ensuring engagement of the local level. However, their engagement in mobilizing stakeholders towards climate change adaptation has not been initiated. The same applies to the extensive grassroots networks of the NGO sector. Systematic and targeted approach to mobilize stakeholders for multi-sectoral adaptation initiatives is needed. Effective regulations and/or incentives to promote adaptation in settlements are lacking. Priority Adaptation Measures: i. Establish coordination body/mechanism for climate change adaptation of settlements ii. Promote improved climate resilient construction methods iii. Support climate change adaptation interventions with incentives B. Improve planning to include climate change considerations Human settlement planning in the Sri Lankan context largely ignores climate change related concerns such as the increased frequency/intensity of natural hazards, changes in rainfall patterns, temperature rise, and sea level rise. This is in part due to a lack of information on possible risks and impacts. While development plans are formulated for the major urban areas in the country, such planning initiatives do not cover areas currently beyond UDA’s purview. Inadequacy of land planning is leading to haphazard and sprawling development patterns, degradation of environmental conditions, and increases in the climate change vulnerability of human settlements. Priority Adaptation Measures: i. Develop detailed local-level hazard maps for key settlements ii. Stimulate greening of settlements and preservation of natural ecosystems iii. Promote land use planning and monitoring for both urban and rural areas iv. Research climate change impacts on human settlements and link to planning C. Ensure adequate quality and quantity of water for settlements As human settlements rapidly expand, the pressure to ensure adequate quality and quantity of water to fulfill the demand for domestic (and industrial) use also increases. This pressure is exacerbated by the impacts of climate change. Sri Lanka currently has poor management of watersheds and water sources. Principles of IWRM are rarely implemented. Contamination of water sources is a common problem. Awareness and technical 12 Strategic Thrust 2 NCCAS 2011 - 2016 knowledge to conserve water and control pollution is limited. While several agencies carry out water quality monitoring and surveillance, it is inadequate and not carried out in a systematic and coordinated manner. Data sharing among key stakeholders is lacking. The use of water saving methods and rainwater harvesting are also limited. Priority Adaptation Measures: i. Promote water saving technologies including rainwater harvesting ii. Improve monitoring/surveillance and sharing of data across sectors iii. Promote integrated water resources and watershed management iv. Research climate impacts on water availability and develop scalable adaptation models D. Combat climate change-related health concerns in settlements Climate change-related health concerns in the Sri Lankan context are not fully understood, although clear links between changing climate and the rapid spread of mosquito, rodent, and water-borne diseases, as well as respiratory diseases, are widely acknowledged. The spread of such climate change-linked communicable diseases is exacerbated due to haphazard development patterns and the associated degradation of environmental conditions. While the health sector collects extensive data to monitor and control health concerns, data collected by MOH area is incongruent with the divisional secretariat boundaries used by most other sectors, making cross-sectoral analysis and cooperation difficult. Priority Adaptation Measures: i. Monitor and control vector borne diseases ii. Facilitate data sharing and compatibility between Ministry of Health and other sectors iii. Engage health sector experts in local level planning iv. Research health impacts of climate change in Sri Lankan context E. Increase awareness on vulnerabilities and adaptation of settlements Awareness levels about the impacts of climate change on human settlements are limited among the public, technical service providers, as well as government agencies. Research in this area is limited, and dissemination of findings is lacking. Media engagement or targeted messaging aimed at increasing the resilience of human settlements to climate change is largely absent and inter-sectoral coordination is lacking as well. Priority Adaptation Measures: i. Improve the gathering, processing and dissemination of information related to human settlements ii. Enhance awareness and demand for climate resilient construction iii. Improve coordination/dissemination through existing institutional mechanisms iv. Engage media more proactively with messaging tailored for stakeholders 13 Strategic Thrust 3 Minimize Climate Change Impacts on Food Security Photo: Studio Times Ltd. Ensuring food security is the core principle behind development of the agriculture, fisheries and irrigation sectors in Sri Lanka’s national development agenda. This thrust is further bolstered by the emphasis on nutrition in the health sector. Our national development drive seeks to substantially increase agricultural productivity, increase fisheries yields, and decrease malnourishment. The MC10YP stipulates investments of over Rs. 360 billion during the plan period in non-plantation agricultural productivity enhancements and irrigation alone. However, climate change impacts may substantially hamper our development aims and performance in this Strategic Thrust. For example: • Increasing demands on our freshwater resources due to expanding settlements, combined with impacts of droughts and saline intrusion in the coastal areas, will reduce water availability for both agriculture and household use. • Variability and unpredictability of rainfall regimes impact the reliability of agricultural yields, particularly for crops with specific growing seasons, such as rice. • Droughts and increased soil erosion will reduce storage capacity in irrigation tanks and canals, which are already low in maintenance. An integrated approach is needed to minimize the climate change impacts on food security involving irrigation, agriculture, fisheries, nutrition (health) and environment sectors as part of the initiative to ensure Sri Lanka’s national interests are adapted to be resilient to potential climate change-induced risks. 14 Strategic Thrust 3 NCCAS 2011 - 2016 Thematic Areas for Action: A. Ensure ability to meet food production and nutrition demand Fluctuations in agricultural, livestock, and fisheries production volumes and pricing can be expected as a result of climate change impacts. The irregularity of rainfall patterns, for example, is a major problem particularly for paddy cultivation, requiring the rapid distribution of seed stock of specific varieties depending on the onset of monsoon rains. Yield loss due to drought, flood, and salinity are increasing due to climate change. The impact of climate change on pest populations is not clearly understood. Neither are the impacts of climate change on the livestock and fisheries sectors. Fluctuations in production will inevitably manifest in pricing variations that will make it even more difficult for vulnerable populations to meet their nutritional needs. Crop diversification may be required. Priority Adaptation Measures: i. Increase awareness on alternative options to meet nutrition requirements ii. Improve weather forecasting and information dissemination iii. Ensure easy access to seed stock alternatives to counter rainfall variability iv. Research climate impacts/adaptive measures for agriculture, livestock and fisheries sectors v. Conserve genetic resources for future crop and livestock improvement B. Ensure adequate water availability for agriculture Ensuring adequate water availability for agriculture despite climate change is a key challenge in ensuring food security. Increased frequency and severity of droughts, combined with increased soil erosion and siltation due to high intensity rains, could limit ground and surface water capacity. Sea level rise is increasing the threat of saline intrusion, and the situation is exacerbated by sand mining in rivers. The irregularity of rainfall patterns is a major problem particularly for paddy cultivation. Sri Lanka’s ancient tank systems are not optimally utilized. Integrated management of water resources is generally not practiced and forest cover in catchments is diminishing. While water saving farming practices and crops have been identified, their use is limited. Priority Adaptation Measures: i. Promote water-efficient farming methods and crops to improve water productivity ii. Improve maintenance of existing tanks and reservoirs including their watersheds and catchments iii. Adopt and promote the principles of IWRM iv. Construct new reservoirs and trans-basin diversions to meet demand C. Mitigate food security-related socio-economic impacts Over the medium to long term, climate change may impact the competitiveness of Sri Lanka as a producer of certain products in agriculture, while giving it competitive advantages in others. The impact of probable scenarios on entire value chains is not clearly understood. A clear understanding of the scale of socio-economic impacts is also lacking. For example, communities dependent on the marine fisheries industry may be impacted by threats to their settlements and landing sites due to erosion and sea level rise. Other 15 Strategic Thrust 3 vulnerable groups throughout the country may be similarly at risk. Initiatives to minimize socio-economic impacts of climate change through diversification or risk transfer are limited. Priority Adaptation Measures: i. Encourage risk transfer methods such as insurance ii. Research climate impacts on long-term food security and agriculture value chains iii. Identify and help vulnerable fishing communities to adapt or relocate D. Increase awareness and mobilize communities for climate change adaptation Communities dependent on agriculture are already feeling the impacts of climate change, but awareness about how to adapt at a community or household level is lacking. Some potential adaptation options for the agriculture sector have been studied, but have not been scaled up. Existing field level coordination mechanisms and the extensive grassroots networks of the NGO sector are not effectively engaged or mobilized to support climate change adaptation. Priority Adaptation Measures: i. Increase awareness on climate impacts on food security and on the potential adaptive measures ii. Pilot test and scale up community level agriculture/livestock/fisheries adaptation models iii. Improve utilization of field level coordination mechanisms and civil society organizations iv. Promote risk transfer initiatives 16 Strategic Thrust 4 Improve NCCAS 2011 - 2016 Climate Resilience of Key Economic Drivers Photo: Studio Times Ltd. The MC10YP and MCBF stipulate aggressive investments in much needed economic infrastructure, including transport, power, housing, etc. It has also initiated major initiatives to substantially expand and capture the potential of industries such as tourism and shipping. The total investment stipulated between 2007 and 2016 (the plan period) is over Rs. 1.4 trillion (accounts for over a third of total investments in the MC10YP). A major transformation of the country in both physical and economic terms is widely anticipated as a result of these investments. While these major investments are being rolled out, adequate consideration of potential climate change induced risks is critical to ensure that our investments and economic growth are sustainable over the long term. Some investments and sectors may be substantially vulnerable to climate change. For example: • Sea level rise, storm surges and continued coastal erosion will have negative impacts on our coastal infrastructure. Some of our most critical transport infrastructure runs through coastal areas, and are already being impacted by erosion. • Sri Lanka’s tourism industry is underpinned by its natural resources, including beaches and biodiversity, which could be negatively impacted by climate change impacts such as temperature rise, sea level rise, and increased natural hazards. • Frequent floods and landslides are already causing extensive damage to our infrastructure in regions prone to natural hazards. The impacts will get worse with the increase in frequency and intensity of these hazards due to climate change. An integrated approach is needed to improve the climate resilience of key economic drivers involving tourism, transport, commercial agriculture and several other sectors to minimize risks to Sri Lanka’s development trajectory. 17 Strategic Thrust 4 Thematic Areas for Action: A. Minimize impacts of climate change on infrastructure Most infrastructure constructed in Sri Lanka to date, including roads, drainage systems, railways, etc. have not factored in climate change considerations. While in some areas it may not matter, in others this is critical. For example, transport infrastructure in certain coastal areas could be under severe threat due to sea level rise. A systematic investment program to adapt infrastructure prone to climate change risks is not available. This will necessarily have to follow after a detailed study, but the investments involved could be substantial. Sectors such as tourism are also under threat, as our beaches and biodiversity which underpin our tourism product are both at risk due to climate change. At a broader level, guidelines and standards for development and engineering of infrastructure currently in use are outdated and do not include climate change risk considerations—thus posing a substantial threat to the sustainability of ongoing investments. Priority Adaptation Measures: i. Identify climate change risks on transport infrastructure, and invest in adaptive measures ii. Update standards/guidelines for infrastructure design and development iii. Include climate change adaptations in tourism planning guidelines B. Minimize impacts of climate change on plantation sector Climate impacts on the major plantation crops such as tea, rubber and coconut are being studied, but awareness on how climate change will impact the various crops is limited particularly among field level stakeholders. Clear plans are not available for scaleable adaptive measures and how and where to deploy them. Climate change may present opportunities as well as threats. Potential opportunities have not been explored. A systematic body of research aimed at ensuring the climate change resilience of Sri Lanka’s key plantation industries needs to be pursued. Priority Adaptation Measures: i. Research climate impacts and adaptive measures in plantation sub-sectors ii. Pilot test and scale-up sub-sector specific adaptation measures iii. Evaluate and exploit potential productivity benefits due to climate change C. Assist key industries in coping with climate change impacts A lack of information, coordination, guidance and safeguards inhibit the ability to ensure investments in industries are resilient to climate change. A more comprehensive assessment of climate change impacts on our key industries is needed. Such information needs to be easily accessible to investors, as well as planners and regulators. Community level awareness of potential climate impacts on industries, and how they may adapt is also limited. Energy saving methods and the use of renewable energy sources although recognized as desirable, could be promoted more aggressively as well. 18 Strategic Thrust 4 NCCAS 2011 - 2016 Priority Adaptation Measures: i. Make sector-specific climate vulnerability information available to investors/ regulators ii. Encourage climate change risk transfer options for key industries iii. Research potential climate change impacts/adaptive measures for key industries iv. Offer incentives for industrial energy saving practices and renewable energy usage D. Raise awareness about climate vulnerability in key economic sectors Climate change awareness in key economic sectors is currently low and vague. The capacity within sectors/industries to address climate change concerns is also extremely limited. A sustained and broad-based dialogue to improve awareness, and to mobilize stakeholders within vulnerable industries (such as tourism and plantations) for climate change adaptation is needed. This calls for raising the awareness and understanding of climate vulnerabilities, adaptation options and costs. A balanced and constructive approach is needed. Priority Adaptation Measures: i. Increase climate change awareness at all levels ii. Build capacity for climate change adaptation in key economic sectors iii. Engage wider stakeholders in dialogue on climate adaptation 19 Strategic Thrust 5 Safeguard Natural Resources and Biodiversity from Climate Change Impacts Photo: Sanjiv de Silva Land and water are among Sri Lanka’s most important natural resources, which together with the island’s exceptional biodiversity underpin food security, livelihoods, nutrition and health of the population as well as economic development. This is particularly evident in the fields of agriculture and livestock production, fisheries, forestry, tourism, traditional medicine, most manufacturing industries, and external trade. Sri Lanka’s high biodiversity includes a diverse array of ecosystems and species, and provides for a wide range of ecosystem services, such as providing fresh water, ameliorating the climate, containing soil erosion, regulating surface runoff and providing bio-resources. Not surprisingly, the importance of the country’s natural resources and biodiversity are recognized in key national planning documents and policies, and over-arching policies and plans that govern environmental management. The potential climate change vulnerabilities of natural resources and biodiversity include: • Land degradation due to extreme weather events, natural hazards, and soil erosion that causes loss of soil fertility and agricultural productivity. • Changes in water quality and quantity in inland freshwaters. • Degradation of vegetation in watersheds due to climate change. • Changes in terrestrial, inland wetland and coastal systems, their species and ecosystem services, due to changes in rainfall regimes and rising temperatures. • Changes in growth rates, reproduction and geographic ranges of species and phenology of plants due to climatic changes. • Changes in coastal and marine systems, species and ecosystem services due to sea level rise, global warming and ocean acidification, with particular impacts on coral reefs and associated species. 20 Strategic Thrust 5 NCCAS 2011 - 2016 All climate change impacts on biodiversity may not be preventable. However, guidelines provided by the Secretariat to the Convention on Biological Diversity suggest that timely identification of threats, concerted conservation action to increase and maintain the resilience of species and ecosystems, availability of connected and safe protected areas and conducive refugia for affected species, and the use of an integrated ecosystem approach are practical and effective climate change adaptation strategies. Thematic Areas for action: A. Ensure adequate quality and quantity of water for human wellbeing and ecosystem services Sri Lanka, though not a water scarce country, needs to manage its resources effectively to ensure future water security and related ecosystem services in view of climate change. Already, the availability of both ground and surface waters for human needs and ecosystem services is reduced due to declining water quality in all climatic zones, and declining water quantity in the dry and intermediate zones. There is an urgent need to strengthen and centralize the management of water resources in the country with a strong water policy to minimize current confusion on responsibilities in water management. Thereafter, an effective water quality monitoring system, national level IWRM plans to address multiple users and environmental flows, and mechanisms to identify, protection and manage watersheds that lie outside protected areas, have to be initiated. Priority Adaptation Measures: i. Promote efficient water resource use and development using IWRM ii. Promote research partnerships on good practices for varied water uses iii. Strengthen/establish an institution to coordinate management of water resources B. Enhance climate change resilience of terrestrial ecosystems and their services Habitat loss, fragmentation and degradation due to decreased canopy cover and forest conversion to other uses are major anthropogenic threats that undermine and erode terrestrial biodiversity. Resilience of forests and other key terrestrial habitats, as well as the species they contain, need to be enhanced in all climatic zones. The ecosystem approach provides an effective framework for integrated management with the participation of key stakeholders. Special attention should be given to areas with already threatened, endemic, or otherwise important species with high vulnerability to climate change. Priority Adaptation Measures: i. Link/restore/conserve, forests and other habitat refugia to increase resilience of ecosystems and species ii. Convert monoculture forest plantations into mixed species plantations iii. Promote land use planning for biodiversity conservation and limit inappropriate vegetation conversion iv. Establish and/or effectively manage Protected Areas and other important wildlife refuges in all climatic zones 21 Strategic Thrust 5 C. Enhance the resilience of coastal and marine ecosystems and associated vulnerable species Many coastal ecosystems are degraded due to poor land use, coastal erosion, pollution and over-exploitation of resources. With increasing temperature and changing weather patterns coastal ecosystems will inevitably face changes in their physical, chemical and biological functions. Anthropogenic stresses that degrade these systems further need to be minimized. New Special Area Management (SAM) sites should be identified and plans developed. Already existing SAM plans should be effectively implemented encouraging the adoption of the integrated coastal zone management approach. Sustainable use of coastal resources should be promoted at community level. Priority Adaptation Measures: i. Promote integrated coastal resource management, particularly at SAM sites ii. Restore and rehabilitate degraded coastal ecosystems and depleted coastal species D. Enhance climate change resilience of natural inland wetlands and associated species. Inland wetlands are rich in species and are the source of water for domestic, agriculture and inland fishery related needs. They are often degraded or lost due to multiple anthropogenic threats. The loss of wetlands in urban areas that are important as flood retention areas and habitats for urban biodiversity has resulted in major urban floods in recent years. Pollution of inland wetlands has led to substantial ecosystem and biodiversity degradation. Inland wetlands need to be protected to ensure uninterrupted ecosystem services that sustain us. Special attention needs to placed on coastal freshwater wetlands and biodiversity that face high risk of salt water intrusion due to over-extraction, inland sand mining, and sea level rise. Priority Adaptation Measures: i. Protect marshes/flood retention areas in urban areas and limit land conversion. ii. Prevent the discharge of industrial effluents and solid waste into inland wetlands iii. Control and manage salt water intrusion into coastal freshwater wetlands iv. Strengthen coordination and streamline management of wetlands across relevant agencies E. Address socioeconomic concerns resulting from climate change impacts on biodiversity Biodiversity based livelihoods and communities are bound to be adversely affected by climate change. Sea level rise, for example, will impact fishery processes, livelihoods, and life styles of coastal communities. Unplanned forest clearing in the dry zone has resulted in drastic changes in food habits and migration routes of animals such as elephants, which in turn have increased human-animal conflicts. Adapting in such situations requires skill building to adjust to changes in bio-resources, shifting to alternate means of livelihood, or sometimes relocating to safer places. Priority Adaptation Measures: i. Identify and address climate change impacts on biodiversity that affect local communities ii. Help communities to adapt to changes in livelihoods or to relocate when necessary 22 Strategic Thrust 5 NCCAS 2011 - 2016 F. Research, monitor and address impacts of climate change on biodiversity Extensive research is needed to better understand climate change impacts on the natural resources and biodiversity of Sri Lanka. Research and monitoring activities addressing a wide range of ecosystems, their species and their interactions need to be studied, understood and potential adaptive interventions identified. Research and monitoring of Invasive Alien Species and other potential threats should be strengthened to help develop effective interventions in controlling them. The use of traditional knowledge in conservation should also be explored. Priority Adaptation Measures: i. Research and monitoring programs to strengthen knowledge base on climate change and terrestrial biodiversity ii. Research and monitoring programs to strengthen knowledge base on climate change and aquatic biodiversity iii. Minimize entry, establishment and spread of invasive alien species (IAS) G. Raise awareness and mobilize stakeholders for conservation of biodiversity and ecosystem services Rising awareness on the importance of natural resources and biodiversity is crucial in effectively protecting and conserving them. Educating all stakeholders on the current problems, how they are expected to worsen with climate change, and how they can help is essential in resolving long-standing problems in ecosystem conservation. While public awareness has risen on conserving species and ecosystems, there is still limited understanding of the newer concepts of ecosystem services. Enhancing this knowledge would help in promoting integrated, ecosystems-based approaches to climate adaptation. Priority Adaptation Measures: i. Focus on minimizing current stresses on ecosystems ii. Promote training and awareness on use of the ecosystem approach for conservation iii. Build capacity for climate adaptation research among students and staff of conservation agencies iv. Increase public awareness about the value of aquatic and marine ecosystems v. Engage in dialogue with wider stakeholders 23 The NCCAS at a Glance Strategic Thrust 1: Mainstream CC Adaptation into National Planning and Development A Strengthening national climate-adaptation planning and implementation capacity i Strengthen and restructure CCS ii Develop of sector specific training programmes on CC adaptation measures iii Introduce climate change studies at university level B Ensure future investments/economic plans are climate resilient i Incorporate CC concerns into SEA processes ii Increase knowledge and understanding of CC among planners and senior technical staff iii Quantify economic costs of CC on specific sectors C Systematically research climate change-adaptation options and disseminate knowledge i Establish coordinated multidisciplinary research programme with widespread dissemination ii Model possible future climate scenarios iii Conduct regular national forums on climate impacts on various sectors iv Capture, evaluate and disseminate traditional knowledge on adaptive measures D Increase financing for CC adaptation i Strengthen NPD/ERD to pursuit financing for climate change adaptation ii Establish CC adaptation small grant facility iii Establish a multi-sectoral climate negotiation team for Sri Lanka iv Support CC adaptation regulations with incentives, wherever possible E Inform and mobilize stakeholders at multiple levels in support of climate adaptation i Effectively engage education system, media and other information ‘multipliers’ ii Make information about adaption options available at community level iii Promote policy change for CC adaptation through small group engagement iv Engage existing institutional and community-based mechanisms for coordination of adaptation activities v Combat negative anthropogenic activity (such as sand mining) Strategic Thrust 2: Enable Climate Resilient and Healthy Human Settlements A Mobilize stakeholders for CC adaptation of settlements i Establish coordination body/mechanism for CC adaptation of settlements ii Promote improved climate resilient construction methods iii Support CC adaptation interventions with incentives B Improve planning to include CC considerations i Develop detailed local-level hazard maps for key settlements ii Upgrade drainage in key settlements ii Stimulate greening and increase of canopy cover in settlements and preserve natural ecosystems iii Promote land use planning and monitoring for both urban and rural areas iv Research CC impacts on human settlements and link to planning C Ensure adequate quality and quantity of water for settlements i Promote water saving technologies including rainwater harvesting ii Improve monitoring/surveillance and sharing of data across sectors iii Promote integrated water resources and watershed management iv Research climate impacts on water availability and develop scalable adaptation models D Combat climate change-related health concerns in settlements i Monitor and control vector borne diseases ii Facilitate data sharing and compatibility between Ministry of Health and other sectors iii Engage health sector experts in local level planning iv Research health impacts of CC in Sri Lankan context E Increase awareness on vulnerabilities and adaptation of settlements i Improve the gathering, processing and dissemination of information related to human settlements ii Enhance awareness and demand for climate resilient construction iii Improve coordination/dissemination through existing institutional mechanisms iv Engage media more proactively with messaging tailored for stakeholders Strategic Thrust 3: Minimize CC Impacts on Food Security A Ensure ability to meet food production and nutrition demand i Promote alternative options to meet nutrition requirements ii Improve weather forecasting and information dissemination iii Ensure easy access to seedstock alternatives/advice to counter rainfall variability iv Research climate impacts/adaptive measures for agriculture, livestock and fisheries sectors v Conserve genetic resources for future crop and livestock improvement B Ensure adequate water availability for agriculture i Promote water-efficient farming methods and crops ii Improve maintenance of existing tanks and reservoirs including their watersheds and catchments iii Adopt and promote the principles of IWRM iv Contruct new reservoirs and trans-basin diversions to meet demand C Mitigate food security-related socioeconomic impacts i Encourage development of risk transfer methods ii Research climate impacts on long-term food security and agriculture value chains iii Identify and help vulnerable fishing communities to adapt or relocate D Increase awareness and mobilize communities for CC adaptation i Increase awareness on climate impacts on food security and on the potential adaptive measures. ii Pilot test and scale up community level agricuture/livestock/fisheries adaptation models iii Improve utilization of field level coordination mechanisms and civil society organizations iv Promote risk transfer initiatives Strategic Thrust 4: Improve Climate Resilience of Key Economic Drivers A Minimize impacts of CC on infrastructure i Identify CC risks on transport infrastructure, and invest in adaptive measures ii Update standards/guidelines for infrastructure design and development iii Include CC adaptations in tourism planning guideilnes B Minimize impacts of CC on plantation sector i Research climate impacts and adaptive measures in plantation sub-sectors ii Pilot test and scale-up sub-sector specific adaptation measures iii Evaluate and exploit potential productivity benefits due to CC C Assist key industries in coping with CC impacts i Make sector-specific climate vulnerability information available to investors/regulator ii Encourage CC risk transfer options for key industries iii Research potential CC impacts/adaptive measures for key industries iv Offer incentives for industrial energy saving practices and renewable energy usage D Raise awareness about climate vulnerability in key economic sectors i Increase CC awareness at all levels ii Build capacity for CC adaptation in key economic sectors iii Engage wider stakeholders in dialogue on climate adaptation Strategic Thrust 5: Safeguard Natural Resources and Biodiversity from CC Impacts A Ensure adequate quality and quantity of water for human wellbeing and ecosystem services i Promote efficient water resource use and development using IWRM ii Promote research partnerships on good practices for varied water uses iii Strengthen/establish an institution to coordinate management of water resources B Enhance CC resilience of terrestrial ecosystems and their services i Link/restore/conserve, forests and other habitat refugia to increase resilience of ecosystems and species ii Convert monoculture forest plantations into mixed species plantations iii Promote land use planning for biodiversity conservation and limit inappropriate vegetation conversion iv Establish and/or effectively manage PAs and other important wildlife refuges in all climatic zones C Enhance the resilience of coastal and marine ecosystems and associated vulnerable species i Promote integrated coastal resource management, particularly at SAM sites ii Restore and rehabilitate degraded coastal ecosystems and depleted coastal species D Enhance CC resilience of natural inland wetlands and associated species i Protect marshes/flood retention areas in urban areas and limit land conversion. ii Prevent discharge of industrial effluents and solid waste into inland wetlands iii Control and manage salt water intrusion into coastal freshwater wetlands iv Strengthen coordination and streamline management of wetlands across relevant agencies E Address socioeconomic concerns resulting from CC impacts on biodiversity i Identify and address CC impacts on biodiversity that affect local communities ii Help communities to adapt to changes in livelihoods or to relocate when necessary F Research, monitor and address impacts of CC on biodiversity i Research and monitoring programs to strengthen knowledge base on CC and terrestrial biodiversty ii Research and monitoring programs to strengthen knowledge base on CC and aquatic biodiversity iii Minimize entry, establishment and spread of IAS G Raise awareness & mobilize stakeholders for conservation of biodiversity and ecosystem svcs. i Focus on minimizing current stresses on ecosystems ii Promote training and awareness on use of the ecosystem approach for conservation iii Build capacity for climate adaptation research among students and staff of conservation agencies iv. Increase public awareness about the value of aquatic and marine ecosystems v Engage in dialogue with wider stakeholders NCCAS 2011 - 2016 CHAPTER 4 FINANCING REQUIREMENTS AND IMPLEMENTATION TARGETS The NCCAS lays out a framework for action for the 2011-2016 period, with the aim of moving Sri Lanka towards a bright and climate change resilient future. Adaptation to climate change requires concerted action from many corners of Sri Lankan society including politicians and leaders, government agencies, NGOs, researchers, academia, the private sector, as well as communities and households. The NCCAS is expected to lay a broad framework for coordinating and mobilizing this range of stakeholders around a prioritized framework of action. An estimated 47.7 billion rupees in incremental additional financing, beyond current and ongoing expenditure, will be required to implement the NCCAS over its 6 year duration. This resource pool, which needs to be raised and mobilized, is expected to include investments from Government, international development partners, NGOs, as well as the private sector. Estimated Financing Requirements (Rs.million) Strategic Thrust 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Total 1: Mainstream CC Adaptation into National Planning & Development 50 554 669 637 820 820 3,550 2: Enable Climate Resilient & Healthy Human Settlements 91 496 2,768 2,434 2,398 2,098 10,285 3: Minimize Climate Change Impacts on Food Security 8 183 2,123 1,690 1,755 7,215 12,974 4: Improve Climate Resilience of Key Economic Drivers 160 375 3,785 3,610 3,875 3,375 15,160 5: Safeguard Nat. Resources & Biodiversity from CC Impacts 20 219 279 1,652 1,770 1,790 5,730 Total 329 1,837 9,604 10,023 10,618 15,298 47,699 The vast majority of these financial resources are expected to be channeled directly to the broad base of agencies and stakeholders (both within Government and beyond), to finance and implement climate change adaptation interventions of varied scale. Such interventions would range from discrete stand-alone projects aimed at climate change adaptation, to add-ons to ongoing projects to bolster their climate resilience. The Ministry of Environment will play a facilitation and coordination role in the process. Further detail on the estimated financing required is in Appendix 4. A target schedule for implementation of the range of activities in the NCCAS is in Appendix 5. A pipeline of climate change adaptation projects in line with the NCCAS has been developed to expedite the mobilization of investment. The proposed project concepts seeking financing are listed in Appendix 3 and the compilation of the relevant concept notes, which were developed by a wide range of stakeholders, is available in a separate volume at the Climate Change Secretariat in the Ministry of Environment. Development of additional adaptation project concepts is an ongoing process. 27 APPENDICES NCCAS 2011 - 2016

APPENDIX 1 List of Key Persons/Institutions Consulted Government Organizations (GOs) Dharmakeerthi, S. Assistant Director/CCS, Ministry of Environment Abayawardana, S. Director/CEO, National Dissanayake, D M T K. Actg. Assistant Science Foundation (NSF) Director, Central Environmental Authority Abeyratne, D L P R. Senior Assistant (CEA) Secretary, Ministry of Tourism Dissanayake, K M D P. Senior Engineer, Abeysinghe, I S. Director, Tea Research Coast Conservation Department Institute (TRI) Dr. Silva, D A C. CEO, Sri Lanka Institute of Abheyrathne, D M. Director/Planning, Tourism and Hotel Management (SLITHM) Ministry of Irrigation & Water Management Dr. Wijeratne, PM. Deputy Director, Plant Alawathugoda, D. Research Officer, Forest Genetic Resources Centre (PGRC) Department Fernando, M P S. Conservator General of Amarasinghe, A. Head- ILD, National Forest, Forest Department Science Foundation (NSF) Fernando, P J D. Assistant Director, Amarawardena, G K D. Additional Ministry of Housing and Common Secretary, Ministry of Disaster Management Amenities and Human Rights Fernando, S. EMO, Ministry of Health Balanadan, S. Technical officer, Water Gamage, G. Director/Biodiversity Resources Board Secretariat, Ministry of Environment Balasingham, S. Registrar-Community Gamage, M. Director General, Dept. of For. Medicine, Ministry of Health Aid & Budget Mon., Min. of Fin. & Plan. Banda, J. Team Leader- Education, Training Gamage, M. Hydrogeologist, Water & Awareness (SNC) Resources Board Bandara, R M S. Head-Landslide Studies Gunasekera, H M. Director General – and Services Division, National Building NPD, Ministry of Finance and Planning Research Organization (NBRO) Gunasinghe, K G S D. Sri Lanka Institute of Bandarathillake, H M. National Project Tourism and Hotel Management (SLITHM) Manager, SNC Project team Gunasinghe, W A D S. Director - Public Batuwitage, L P. Additional Secretary, Utility, Ministry of Finance and Planning Ministry of Environment Gunawardane, G M J K. Director/ Chandradasa, U W L. Director-Tech & Promotion & Education, Ministry of Mitigation, Disaster Management Centre, Environment Ministry of Disaster Mgt. & Human Rights Gunawardene, J. Environment Lawyer, Chandrapala, L. Director, National council Central Environmental Authority (CEA) for Disaster Management (MDM) Hapuarachchi, L. EMO/Biodiversity De Costa, H. EMO/ Biodiversity Secretariat, Secretariat, Ministry of Environment Ministry of Environment Haputhantri, S. Head/MMRD, National De Silva, S.B.A. Road Development Aquatic Resources Research and Authority Development Agency (NARA) de Zoysa, I J. Director General, Herath, A. Assistant Director/CCS ,Ministry Department of Agriculture of Environment 29 Herath, H D B. Coordinator-Disaster Karunaratne, N. Ministry of Environment Management, Ministry of Health Kasturiarachchi, K. EMO/CCS, Ministry of Hettiarachchi, D K. Sri Lanka Tourism Environment Development Authority (SLTDA) Kiriella, M B. Director International Hettiarachchi, G. Director General, Relations & Research, Sri Lanka Tourism Disaster Management Centre, Ministry of Development Authority (SLTDA) Disaster Mgt. & Human Rights Kotinkaduwa, J D. Assistant Director, Hewapathirana, K. Fishery Biologist, Ministry of Finance and Planning Department of Fisheries and Aquatic Kulathunga, A A. Director/NRM, Ministry Resources of Environment Inoka, T. EMO/CCS, Ministry of Kumara, P. Asst. Gen. Manager, Water Environment Resources Board Iqbal, M C M. Team Leader – Vulnerability Kurukulasuriya, V. Director/Research, and Adaptation (SNC) National Physical Planning Department Jagoda, D. Senior Architect, National (NPPD) Housing Development Authority (NHDA) Lekamge, S. Director – Primary Education, Jayasekera, S R. Deputy Director, Ministry National Institute of Education (NIE) of Disaster Management and Human Rights Maheepala , P G. Dep. DG, Ministry of Jayasinghe, G. Director/Envt. Mgt and Health Assessment, Central Environmental Mallawaarachchi, U N. Assistant Director Authority (CEA) Planning, Ministry of Transport Jayasooriya, B. Ministry of Fisheries & Manorathne, R W S M N. Assistant Aquatic Resources Director, Central Environmental Authority Jayasundara, S. PA/Biodiversity Secretariat, (CEA) Ministry of Environment Musthapha, F, Hon. Deputy Minister, Jayathillaka, M A R D. Former Secretary, Ministry of Environment Ministry of Environment Narampanawa, W M V. Additional Jayathillake, A. Director/ Air Resources Secretary, Ministry of Environment Management & International Relations, Niranjan, K. Engineer, Ceylon Electricity Ministry of Environment Board Jayathunga, S. Director/Sustainable Nissanka, S. P. Head, Clean Development Development, Ministry of Environment Mechanism Centre, CDM Centre Jayatissa, R. Head-Dep. of Nutrition, Pathirana, U P L D. Director/ Medical Research Institute (MRI) Administration, Ministry of Environment Jayaweera, D S. Director General – Pathirana, N C. Director, Ministry of Health Development Finance, Ministry of Finance Pathirana, S. EMO/CCS, Ministry of and Planning Environment Kalaiselvam, S. Director General, Sri Lanka Perera, D. EMO/ Biodiversity Secretariat, Tourism Development Authority (SLTDA) Ministry of Environment Kannangara, J A A N. SAS, Ministry of Perera, H N R. Acting Project Director, Housing and Common Amenities Coast Conservation Department Kariyawasam, S H. Director, Ministry of Perera, H S. Lab Technician, Coconut Disaster Management and Human Rights Development Authority Kariyawasam, S. Actg. SAS, Water Perera, K D S R. Director – NPD, Ministry Resources Board of Finance and Planning 30 NCCAS 2011 - 2016 Perera, N. Director, Central Environmental Ranbanda, J M. Nutrition Assistant, Authority (CEA) Medical Research Institute (MRI) Perera, N. Team Leader- GHG Inventory Randeni, L. EMO/Promotion & Education, (SNC) Ministry of Environment Perera, S. Director/ERD, Ministry of Rathna, D. RA/CCS, Ministry of Finance and Planning Environment Perera, W. Assistant Director General, Rathnayake , R M J C. D/A, National National Institute of Education (NIE) Physical Planning Department (NPPD) Premalal, K H S M. Deputy Director, Rathnayake, S. EMO/ Biodiversity Department of Meteorology Secretariat, Ministry of Environment Priyalal, N C. Agriculture Development Ratnayake, P U. Director, Sri Lanka Assistant, Ministry of Agriculture Tourism Development Authority (SLTDA) Priyantha, K M H G S. Vet Surgeon, Ravindralingam, K. Senior Engineer, Road Department of Animal Production and Development Authority Health (DAPH) Samansiri, S. Ass. Director IT/GIS, Disaster Priyantha, N. Chief Engineer (Renewable Management Centre, Ministry of Disaster Energy Projects), Ceylon Electricity Board Mgt. & Human Rights Priyanthie, S. EMO/P &P, Ministry of Samaranayake, J W K. Plant Genetic Environment Resources Centre (PGRC) Prof. Wijesinha, R. Secretary, Ministry of Samaranayake, U M M. Director-Nutrition, Disaster Management and Human Rights Ministry of Health Punyawardane, B U R. Head – Climate Samarappuli, L. Head-Soil & Plant Change Division, Department of Nutrition, Rubber Research Institute (RRI) Agriculture Samarasinghe, G B. Director General, Rajasuriya, A. Research Officer, National Department of Meteorology Aquatic Resources Research and Samarathunga, R H S. Secretary, Ministry of Development Agency (NARA) Environment Rajkumar, S G J. Assistant General Sarathchandra, A W M. Director (Planning Manager, National Water supply and and Project Implementation), Ministry of Drainage Board (NWSDB) Transport Ranasinghe, A. SO/NSF, National Science Sathurusinghe, A. Conservator, Forest Foundation (NSF) Department Ranasinghe, H. Team Leader- Mitigation Senanayake, G. Assistant Director/ERD, (SNC) Ministry of Finance and Planning Ranasinghe, I. Director General Senevirathne, A. Disaster Management (Development), Ministry of Fisheries & Centre, Ministry of Disaster Mgt. & Human Aquatic Resources Rights Ranawaka, R A S. Senior Engineer Silva, A. Director/Policy & Planning, (Development), Coast Conservation Ministry of Environment Department Silva, G B E T. CA/Account Division, Ranawake, P C. Former Hon. Minister, Ministry of Environment Ministry of Environment Silva, P. Director General, Urban Ranaweerarachchi, C. Director/Sustainable Development Authority Development, Ministry of Environment Siyambalapitiya, N. Deputy Director (Planning), Road Development Authority 31 Sooriyagoda, T. Additional Project Director, Universities Ministry of Tourism Fernando, S. Researcher, Faculty of Sugathapala, K. Head- Human Settlements Science, University of Peradeniya Division, National Building Research Organization (NBRO) Gunaratne, L H P. Senior Lecturer, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Peradeniya Sumathipala, W L. Senior Technical Advisor, Ministry of Environment Gunatilleke, I A U N. Professor, Faculty of Science, University of Peradeniya Tharindu , A T H. EMO/CCS, Ministry of Environment Gunatilleke, S. Professor, Faculty of Science, University of Peradeniya Tissera, H. Consultant Epidemiologist, Epidemiology Unit, Ministry of Health Kodithuwakku, S. Senior Lecturer, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Peradeniya Udugahapattawa, U. Assistant Director/ ERD, Ministry of Finance and Planning Kotagama, S W. Professor-Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, University Uyanwatta, P.Ministry of Tourism of Colombo Vinodh, T L C. Engineer(R & D), Coast Marambe, B. Professor, Faculty of Conservation Department Agriculture, University of Peradeniya Warnasuriya, A R. Meteorologist, Ministry Meegaskumbura, M. Lecturer, Faculty of of Disaster Management and Human Rights Science, University of Peradeniya Wasalabanda, N. Asst. Gen. Manager, Padmalal, U K G K. Senior Lecturer, Open Water Resources Board University of Sri Lanka Weerasori, I S. Deputy Director General, Perera, A. Senior Lecturer, Faculty of Urban Development Authority Science, University of Peradeniya Weerawardane, N D R. Research Officer, Pushpakumara, D K N G. Professor, Forest Department Faculty of Agriculture, University of Weragoda, U W B A. Deputy General Peradeniya Manager, Coconut Cultivation Board Silva, P. Senior Lecturer, Faculty of Werahera, S M. Assistant Director/Air Agriculture, University of Peradeniya Resources Management, Ministry of Weerahewa, J. Senior Lecturer, Faculty of Environment Agriculture, University of Peradeniya Wickramaarachchi, N D. Assistant Director/NRM, Ministry of Environment Wickramasinghe, Department of Agriculture Research Organizations Wickramewardane, K G R G R. Assistant Bahir, M M. Researcher, Taprobania Nature Director, Ministry of Finance and Planning Conservation Society Wijesinghe, P R. Community Physician, Balasuriya, A. Junior Professional/PIM, Epidemiology Unit, Ministry of Health Centre for Poverty Analysis (CEPA) Wijesoriya, W M. Additional Secretary, Dr. Ventatesan, R. SASP Coordinator, Ministry of Environment South Asia Cooperative Environment Wijesundara, D SA. Director, Department programme (SACEP) of Botanic Gardens Eriyagama, N. Water Resources Engineer, Wijesundara, S M. Director (NRM), International Water Management Institute Ministry of Agriculture (IWMI) Wijewardene, K D D. Chief Engineer (R & Fernando, K. Senior Professional/PIM, D), Coast Conservation Department Centre for Poverty Analysis (CEPA) 32 NCCAS 2011 - 2016 Manthritilleke, H. Head- Sustainable De Mel, M. Environmental Scientist, Development Initiative, International Water Environmental Foundation Limited Management Institute (IWMI) Deraniyagala, R. President, Wildlife and Matin, M. Manager, GIS/RS/Data Mgt. Unit, Nature Protection Society International Water Management Institute Deraniyagala, Y. Manager (R & T), (IWMI) Munasinghe Institute of Development Niranjan, F. Senior Research Officer, Sri (MIND) Lanka Council for Agricultural Research Ekaratne, K. Senior Program Officer, IUCN Policy -The World Conservation Union Perera, N. South Asia Cooperative Gunawardane, N. CEO/Director, Environment programme (SACEP) Television for Education-Asia Pacific (TVE Rathnadeera, W K. Senior Programme AP) Officer, South Asia Cooperative Hapuarachchi, B. Project Manager- Environment programme (SACEP) Disaster Risk Reduction, Practical Action Senaratne, A. Research Fellow, Institute of Hidallage, V. Country Director, Practical Policy Studies (IPS) Action Smakhtin, V. Theme Leader, International Jeewanthi, D. Environment Officer, Centre Water Management Institute (IWMI) for Environmental Justice Tissera, J S. Officiating Director General, Kariyawasam, T. Director, Sri Lanka Nature South Asia Cooperative Environment Forum programme (SACEP) Karunaratne, W. Legal Officer, Weerakkody, R. Senior Research Officer, Environmental Foundation Limited Hector Kobbekaduwa Agrarian Research Kekulandala, B. Co-ordinator – CCA, and Training Institute (HARTI) Practical Action Wickramasinghe, K. Research Officer, Liyanage, C. Environment Officer, Centre Institute of Policy Studies (IPS) for Environmental Justice Miranda, R. Head of Communications, Non Government Organizations (NGOs) Practical Action Ajantha, A. Practical Action Pallawala, R. Team Leader- Research & Ariyananda, T. Director, Lanka Rain Water Quality Assurance, Practical Action Harvesting Forum Perera, R. PM, Practical Action Athukorale, K. Convener, Women for Water Preethiviraj, N.Media Coordinator, Partnership Sarvodaya Chandraratne, G. Programme Officer, Sri Rathnaweeera, E. Practical Action Lanka Red Cross Society Salinda, R. Program Manager-CC, Green Chularatne, H M U. Executive Director, Movement of Sri Lanka SEVANATHA Seneviratne, A. Head-Media & Cooray, R. Program Co-ordinator (PIP- Communication, Green Movement of Sri SL), Asian Disaster Preparedness Centre Lanka (ADPC), DMC Tennakoon, A. Regional Director, Creech, S. Sri Lanka Nature Forum Sewalanka Foundation De Alwis, D. Senior Program Officer, IUCN Vidanage, S P. Programme Co-ordinator, -The World Conservation Union IUCN -The World Conservation Union 33 Vilcassim, R. Environment Officer, Fortuna, S. Associate programme Officer, Environmental Foundation Limited United Nations Environment Programme Wickamarathne, A. Programme Officer, (UNEP) Television for Education-Asia Pacific Hansen, D S. Senior Project Manager, (TVEAP) NORAD, Royal Norwegian Embassy In, L H. Projects Coordinator, KOICA, Private Sector, Media and Professional Korean Embassy Organizations Jayasinghe, D. Programme Assistant GEF/ SGP, UNDP-Global Environment Facility Balan, S. President, Sri Lanka Institute of (GEF), UNDP Landscape Architecture (SLILA) Juntops, M. Research Fellow, United Basnayake, H. Former President, Sri Lanka Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) Institute of Landscape Architecture (SLILA) Krawanchid, D. Research Assistant, United de Silva, N. CEO, Survey Research Lanka Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) (Pvt) Ltd. Mallawathantri, A. Assistant Resident De Silva, M. A T. Freelance Consultant Representative, UNDP-Environment, Dias, A. Station Director, MTV Channels Energy & Disaster Management, UNDP (Pvt.) Ltd. Min – Hyeon, S. Country Representative, Gunaratna, L. President, National Academy KOICA, Korean Embassy of Science Peralta, G. Asian Development Bank Gunaratne, L. Managing Director, LGA Pilapitiya, S. Lead Environmental Specialist, Consultant (Pvt) Ltd. World Bank Handunnetti, D. Freelance journalist Priya, S. Senior Technical Coordinator, Madawanarachchi, W. Director, CIC United Nations Environment Programme Agribusiness (UNEP) Rodgrio, M. Freelance Journalist, The Ranawana, S. Asian Development Bank Sunday Times Rodgers, C. Senior Water and Climate Salgado, S. CEO, Ogilvy Action Change Specialist, Asian Development Uduman, D. Principal Research Officer, Bank Survey Research Lanka (Pvt) Ltd. Samarasekara, V. Climate Change Wanasinghe, D D. Chairman, All Island Specialist, Asian Development Bank Poultry Association Samarasuriya, S. National Coordinator GEF/SGP, UNDP-Global Environment Facility (GEF), UNDP Donor Organizations Tsuyoshi, H. Representative, Japan Amerasinghe, M. Project Implementation International Cooperation Agency (JICA) Officer, Asian Development Bank Vijayanathan, L. Senior Advisor, NORAD, Bailey, M. Counselor Development Royal Norwegian Embassy Cooperation for South Asia, Australian Agency for International Development, Vokes, R. Country Director ,Asian Australian High Commission Development Bank De Silva, D. SASSD, World Bank Woo, C S. Country Representative, KOICA, Korean Embassy Depta, J. Director/Finance and Administration, GTZ Yakandawala, H. National Professional Officer, World Health Organization (WHO) Dissanaike, T. Consultant, UNDP-Global Environment Facility (GEF), UNDP 34 NCCAS 2011 - 2016

APPENDIX 2 Detailed Strategic Interventions Table STRATEGIC THRUST 1: MAINSTREAM CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION INTO NATIONAL PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT Intervention Performance Indicator Key Activity Partners Type A Strengthening national climate-adaptation planning and implementation capacity i Strengthen and restructure Climate Change Secretariat • Cabinet paper for MoE, MoF CB/IS, PI The Climate Change Secretariat needs substantial revised CCS structure strengthening with an improved structure and approved adequate staff strength to be able to lead the national • Qualified staff recruited climate change adaptation agenda, to effectively • New structure coordinate initiatives, and to build its credibility as operationalized the primary focal point for authentic climate change related information and analysis. ii Develop of sector specific training programmes on • Number of training Various CB/IS CC adaptation measures programmes Climate change vulnerability and adaptation conducted measures vary widely across sectors, requiring • Number of technical specific training to ensure the success of adaptation personnel trained interventions. Training programs will have to be • Sectors covered” developed and implemented on an ongoing basis in parallel with adaptation interventions. An effective modality and hub for delivery of such trainings also needs to be established. iii Introduce climate change studies at university level • Post-graduate degree Universities CB/IEC Climate change studies needs to be established at programme in climate certificate/diploma level as well as at post-graduate studies established at level to develop a human resource pool with the one or more of the depth of knowledge and competence to spearhead national universities and implement Sri Lanka’s climate change adaptation agenda across all key sectors. B Ensure future investments/economic plans are climate resilient i Incorporate CC concerns into SEA processes • Climate Change Policy MoE/CEA PI The Strategic Environment Assessment process to be includes requirement revised to include the consideration of climate for climate change change impacts in the early stages of planning for impact consideration major development initiatives. This will need to be • SEA guidelines includes backed by clauses in the Climate Change Policy to assessment of climate make it a requirement for approval. change resilience ii Increase knowledge and understanding of climate • Awareness programmes Various CB/IS change among planners and senior technical staff developed and A systematic programme to expand knowledge and executed understanding on climate change vulnerability in the • Climate change Sri Lankan context, targetted at policy makers, resilience included planners and senior technical staff in key agencies, as part of sectoral is needed. This will help ensure that climate planning proposals resilience will also be considered as part of the overall assessment of feasibility. iii Quantify economic costs of climate change on • Assessment of economic MoE/CCS, RPD specific sectors impact completed and Various A comprehensive assessment and quantification of disseminated the economic costs to Sri Lanka due to expected climate change is needed to clarify investment priorities in adaptation. It is also necessary to inform and strengthen Sri Lanka’s negotiating position in international climate negotiations. 35 C Systematically research climate change-adaptation options and disseminate knowledge i Establish coordinated multidisciplinary research • National climate change NSF, RPD programme with widespread dissemination research programme Universities, A credible hub for national climate change research established, with MoE, others needs to be established. A systematic, focused, and pipeline of research action oriented research programme on climate focused on each change impacts and adaptation measures relevant strategic thrust to each strategic thrust of the CCAS needs to be • Research findings pursued. Findings need to be fed directly into national planning processes and disseminated widely. ii Model possible future climate scenarios • Climate scenarios and Dept. of Met., RPD Further research is needed to establish a clearer projections for Sri Lanka Universities, understanding of possible climate change scenarios published by credible others that may affect Sri Lanka. This is needed to inform sources adaptation planning processes locally as well as to inform Sri Lanka’s negotiating position in international climate negotiations. iii Conduct regular national forums on climate impacts • Regular programme of CCS, NSF, RPD, IEC on various sectors national climate universities, A series of regular national forums on climate change, change forums others focused on each strategic thrust, are needed to established for each provide a credible platform for the range of strategic thrust academics, researchers and professionals involved in climate change adaptation to disseminate knowledge and debate ideas. A credible national platform will avert the confusion caused by the proliferation of ad hoc events with little focus. iv Capture, evaluate and disseminate traditional • Scaleable adaptive CCS, NSF, RPD knowledge on adaptive measures measures based on NGOs, others Traditional measures used in Sri Lanka to adapt to traditional knowledge changing environmental conditions across key identified and sectors need to be researched, and where documented appropriate as an adaptation to climate change, • Programmes to promote knowlede disseminated and their use scaled up. identified adaptation measures initiated” D Increase financing for climate change adaptation i Strengthen NPD/ERD to pursuit financing for • Climate change CCS, MoF, CB/IS climate change adaptation adaptation projects others Focused information on climate vulnerabilities in developed and key sectors, supported by well-developed climate submitted to NPD change adaptation project proposals to address risks, • Volume of financing are needed to enable the Ministry of Finance to allocated for climate allocate and/or pursue potential financing options change adaptation for major interventions. Such proposals will need to projects be developed by sector agencies, with support from the Ministry of Environment. ii Establish climate change adaptation small grant • Small grant facility MoE, MoF, PI, CB/IS facility established and others A small grant facility, which can be administered operational guidelines by a professional body under MoE, is needed to defined efficiently finance community and local level • Number of proposals adaptation interventions. It is envisaged that the approved fund will be accessible by all stakeholders • Funds disbursed and including civil society groups; have clear project outcomes guidelines for competitive allocation of resources; achieved and adequate capacity for disbursement and monitoring and evaluation. 36 NCCAS 2011 - 2016 iii Establish a multi-sectoral climate negotiation team • Climate change MoE/CCS, CB/IS for Sri Lanka negotiating team Min. of Foreign Assemble a climate negotiation team that include identified Affairs experts from a range of relevant sectors which are • Range of expertise impacted by climate change. Such a team to represented participate in or provide advisory services to national delegations attending all key international negotiations. iv Support climate-change adaptation regulations with • Adaptation projects Various Other incentives, wherever possible supported by incentives Improved regulations and guidelines alone where appropriate do not ensure action. Providing incentives for climate adaptation measures could stimulate greater adoption of measures being promoted. Incentive measures will need to be developed on a case-by-case basis to support interventions being rolled out by various agencies. E Inform and mobilize stakeholders at multiple levels in support of climate adaptation i Effectively engage education system, media and • Please refer to • Please refer to IEC other information ‘multipliers’ Information Education IEC Strategy To influence and inspire behaviour change, and Communications information needs to be disseminated with the active (IEC) Strategy participation of information multipliers, e.g. education system, informal networks of civil society groups, and all sections of the media. These ‘multipliers’ are well positioned and equipped to engage large numbers across social and income levels. However, they need authentic information and guidance on complex, technical matters. ii Make information about adaption options available • Please refer to IEC • Please refer to IEC at community level Strategy IEC Strategy Climate adaptation would begin, and be sustained, mostly at thhe local levels by individuals, families, neighbourhoods and other communities who share climate impacts. The specific information of adaptation methods, technologies and practices therefore need to be made available at these levels in the local languages, and in non-technical and non-proprietary forms. iii Promote policy change for climate change • Please refer to IEC • Please refer to IEC adaptation through small group engagement Strategy IEC Strategy The recent shift to disaster risk reduction (DRR) in Sri Lanka resulted from sustained efforts in engaging in small group level advocacy with the relevant ministries, departments and other state agencies. A similar nurturing of champions and supporters will be needed for CC adaptation. iv Engage existing institutional and community-based • Please refer to IEC • Please refer to IEC mechanisms for coordination of adaptation activities Strategy IEC Strategy Over the years, various formal and informal mechanisms and networks have been developed by the state agencies and some civil society groups engaged in development, conservation or relief work, e.g. in agricultural extension, rural credit, disaster mitigation, water supply and sanitation, etc. It makes sense for the Climate Adaptation Strategy to tap into relevant mechanisms. 37 v Combat negative anthropogenic activity (such as • Please refer to IEC • Please refer to IEC sand mining) Strategy IEC Strategy Climate change adaptation requires both pro-active and preventive interventions. The latter involves curbing various activities that take place at the ground level that weaken or damage the environment’s resilience. These are often result of ignorance, poverty, greed and weak law enforcement. Targeted awareness raising can help contain these, while also strengthening law enforcement and monitoring. STRATEGIC THRUST 2: ENABLE CLIMATE RESILIENT AND HEALTHY HUMAN SETTLEMENTS Intervention Performance Indicator Key Activity Partners Type A Mobilize stakeholders for climate change adaptation of settlements i Establish coordination body/mechanism for • Lead agency and UDA, PI, CB/IS climate change adaptation of settlements coordination NWSDB, A lead agency and coordination mechanism is mechanism NWRB, needed to capture synergies in adaptation identified local interventions in humam settlements given the wide • Meetings regularly government range of agencies involved. Activation and use of an conducted and include agencies, existing mechanism such as the interministerial climate change DMC, MoH, coordinating committee in the UDA Act is adaptation on the others. recommended. agenda ii Promote improved climate resilient construction • Training programmes NBRO, DMC, CB/IS methods developed local gov’t Development and execution of targetted and trade- • Training programmes agencies, specific technical training will be needed on a conducted for key universities continuous basis to ensure climate resilience sectors and tech./ considerations are mainstreamed into housing and • Number of people voc. training settlement development. Guideliens for climate trained institutes, resilient construction methods have been • Information integrated others. developed by various stakeholders in Sri Lanka, into technical curricula however, they are not widely disseminated or in universities/ practiced. vocational institutes iii Support climate change adaptation interventions • Incentives for adoption Various Other with incentives of various technologies/ The possibility of offering financial, tax or other practices offered incentives for the adoption of climate resilient • Increase in adoption of technologies/practices (such as use of rainwater, given adaptive measure water recycling, increasing canopy cover) needs to be explored and pilot tested. Incentives are likely to be a stronger driver of behaviour change than r egulations alone. B Improve planning to include climate change considerations i Develop detailed local-level hazard maps for • Number of settlements DMC, UDA, RPD key settlements with detailed hazard local gov. Mapping of potential climate-related hazards in maps completed. agencies, detail at a local level is needed for effective local • Utilization of hazard NGOs, level planning to ensure climate resilience of the maps in planning/ universities major human settlements in the country. Methods regulation for mapping have been successfully pilot tested by UDA/Practical Action and several stakeholders already and could be replicated for all major settlements. 38 NCCAS 2011 - 2016 ii Upgrade drainage in key settlements • Assessments of drainage UDA, DMC PhI Currently drainage systems nationwide are not systems in key local planned and constructed for the high intensity settlements completed government rainfall patterns that are emerging as a result of • Drainage systems agencies, climate change. A systematic assessment of upgraded others drainage systems in key settlements is needed, followed by investments to upgrade existing drainage systems and build new ones if required. iii Stimulate greening and increase of canopy cover • Visible increase in UDA, PI, PhI in settlements and preserve natural ecosystems canopy cover local gov., Increasing canopy cover at a household and • Revised planning Forest Dept., community level will have immediate benefits to regulations/guidelines NGOs, local communities in reducing local temperatures schools, others and conservation of water resources, while also having far reaching benefits in conserving biodiversity. This can be achieved through a combination of improved regulations, awareness, and incentives. iv Promote land use planning and monitoring for both • Revised regulations UDA, PI urban and rural areas calling for land use local gov. Land use planning is currently only mandated in planning outside agencies, designated urban areas under the control of UDA. UDA areas. NGOs. Regulatory changes and capacity strengthening at • No. of land use plans multuple levels are required to enable land use developed and adopted planning in non-UDA areas and to control the at local level unplanned sprawl of settlements which are exacerbating climate change-related vulnerabilities. v Research climate change impacts on human • Comprehensive research NSF, NBRO, RPD settlements and link to planning programme designed Universities, A concerted body of applied research to better and funded NGOs, others understand climate vulnerabilities specific to • Research findings/ Sri Lanka’s settlements and to develop pragmatic recommendations and scaleable adaptation measures needs to be adopted and launched. Such research needs to have a well implemented. defined feedback loop into planning processes and agencies. Strengthening this link is vital, as is the commissioning of specific new research that helps monitor human settlements related trends and conditions. C Ensure adequate quality and quantity of water for settlements i Promote water saving technologies including • Level of utilization of Local Gov. PI, IEC rainwater harvesting water saving Agencies, Several water saving technologies/options have technologies by region NGOs, been developed and tested in the Sri Lankan context, NWRB but their use is limited. A stepped up campaign, combined with incentives and regulations, is needed to increase adoption of these technologies, particularly in the Dry Zone. ii Improve monitoring/surveillance and sharing of • Water quality MoH, NWRB, RPD data across sectors monitoring program UDA, Monitoring of data such as water quality/quantity, established local gov., disease incidence, building approvals, etc. are • Mechanism/platform NGOs. others. done by various agencies in Sri Lanka. However, for data sharing such monitoring programs need to be substantially established strengthened and streamlined for cross-sectoral • Regular release/ comparability. A mechanism for regular sharing of updating of data data needs to be developed and initiated and a • Data publicly capable coordinating entity identified and assigned. accessible 39 iii Promote integrated water resources and watershed • Pilot-scale IWRM NWRB, PI, IEC management initiatives funded and Irrigation Dept., Integrated water resource management practices are implemented UDA, needed to ensure Sri Lanka’s settlements can cope • Greater awareness local gov. with climate change vulnerabilities in the water and adoption of NGOs, others sector. Pilot-scale initiatives should be encouraged to IWRM principles demonstrate benefits. Engagement with stakeholders to ensure policy and regulatory measures are put in place also need to be pursued. iv Research climate impacts on water availability and • Comprehensive NSF, NWRB, RPD develop scalable adaptation models research programme universities, The body of research on climate change impacts on designed and funded NGOs, others water availability for Sri Lanka’s growing settlements • Research findings/ is needed--with a clear view towards developing a recommendations range of scaleable adaptation measures.projects that adopted and can be deployed at household and community level, implemented. as well as at a larger scale. D Combat climate change-related health concerns in settlements i Monitor and control vector borne diseases • Vector monitoring MOH, PhI, RPD An effective, nationwide, and systematic programme programme established local gov. to monitor and control disease vectors (particularly and operational agencies mosquito vectors) which are on the rise with nationwide. climate change is an urgent need. This will enable • Ability to predict and better prediction and control of potential outbreaks. respond to outbreaks Further in-depth research on climate-impacts on increased vectors is also needed. • Disease incidence rate down ii Facilitate data sharing and compatibility between • MOH boundaries MOH, CB/IS Ministry of Health and other sectors mapped and Local Gov. An initiative to clearly map MOH boundaries georeferenced Agencies geographically and to define means to enable cross sectoral comparison of the extensive data between MOH divisions and DSDs is crucial. This would be an intervention that will yield very rapid results and have far reaching benefits for climate change adaptation as well as planning in the health sector. iii Engage health sector experts in local level planning • Participation of health UDA, CB/IS More active upstream engagement of health officials in settlement Local Gov. professionals is needed in settlement planning and planning/management Agencies, management, to prevent and control the spread of meetings at local and MOH. both communicable and non-communicable national level. diseases associated with climate change and poor environmental management. iv Research health impacts of climate change in • Comprehensive research NSF, MOH, RPD Sri Lankan context programme designed Universities A wider body of research into the extent and and funded nature of climate change impacts on Sri Lanka’s • Research findings/ health sector needs to be pursued. recommendations disseminated. E Increase awareness on vulnerabilities and adaptation of settlements i Improve the gathering, processing and dissemination • Please refer to • Please refer IEC of information related to human settlements IEC Strategy to IEC Information on the rapidly urbanizing human Strategy settlements is scattered across different sectors and agencies, e.g. demographic, geo-spatial, utilities, public health, etc. The integrated approach to climate change adaptation requires pooling and linking such information, which then becomes the basis of timely, targeted adaptation measures and planning. 40 NCCAS 2011 - 2016 ii Enhance awareness and demand for climate • Please refer to IEC • Please refer to IEC resilient construction Strategy IEC Strategy An aggressive and nationwide program to raise awareness of the construction methods, targetted at technical personnel who are the sources of contruction advice, is needed. These personnel include vocational groups such as masons, carpenters, designers, etc. as well professionals and students of architecture, engineering, and planning. iii Improve coordination/dissemination through • Please refer to IEC • Please refer to IEC existing institutional mechanisms Strategy IEC Strategy Improving the currently scattered information gathering and researching processes on human settlements needs to be accompanied by similar measures to enhance the access to resulting information in the public domain. War-time restrictions on geo-spatial data and other information need to be reviewed and removed to enable informed decision making at all levels. iv Engage media more proactively with messaging • Please refer to IEC • Please refer to IEC tailored for stakeholders Strategy IEC Strategy Urban sprawl has seen a parallel explosion in niche media outlets, especilly in radio and TV sectors, that target urban audiences. In this multiplicity of outlets, media outreach need not any longer be pursued entirely at all-island level. The urban media can be tapped to deliver specific information to different stakeholders. STRATEGIC THRUST 3: MINIMIZE CLIMATE CHANGE IMPACTS ON FOOD SECURITY Intervention Performance Indicator Key Activity Partners Type A Ensure ability to meet food production and nutrition demand i Promote alternative options to meet nutrition • Prioritization of Nutrition Dept, IEC requirements nutrional issues Metereology Nutritional disorders remain a predominant issue in expected to Dept, Dept of Sri Lanka and is likely to increase further with exacerbate with Agric climate change induced threats to food security. In climate change. order to adapt and and make our communities more • Awareness programs resilient and healthy, we need to promote to different population alternative options to meet the nutritional demands, categories especially of women and children. Household level implemented food security and nutrition needs to to be given • Empowered women priority, in adapting to these threats. To do so, in poor farming women should be empowered to drive it especially communities in in the poor farming communities of the country. sustaining household level food security and nutrition ii Improve weather forecasting and information • New/improved Min of Disaster RPD, IEC dissemination forecasting Mangt, Min Many crop failures currently occur due to the lack technology adopted of Agric of accurate and timely information on the changeing • Technical capacity rainfall patterns - either due to lack of good increased in forecasting forecasting ability or due to the lack of an • Information information dissemeniation mechnism to the farmers. dissemination Improvement fo both forecasting and information mechanism developed dissemination on weather would minimise crop failures helping farmers to adapt to changing conditions. 41 iii Ensure easy access to seedstock alternatives/advice • Community level Min of Agric, RPD,PhI to counter rainfall variability seedstock program Civil Society, Easy access to seedstock is necessary to help farming • technical capaity CBOs communities to adapt to changing rainfall pattern, building building droughts and floods. To facilitate the provess, program for community level seed stock pragrams are necessary community on above” with a mechanism for rapid distribution. It is also necessary that the seed stock has seed varieties suitable for varied conditions. iv Research climate impacts/adaptive measures for • Priority areas for Dept of RPD agriculture, livestock and fisheries sectors adaptaion identified Agriculture, The impacts of climate change on agriculture is yet • Areas for further Vet Res Inst, not fully understood, especially in fisheries and research Dept of Animal livestock sectors. This knowledge is vital for us to • Adaptation Prod and adapt to climate change. It will facilitate the mechanisms Health, NARA, identification of adaptive measures suitable to identified” Min of Fish. scale up. Negative aspcts on species as well as & Aquat. Res. potential opportunities that climate change may provide should be explored. Impacts on pests, diseases, and IAS need to be better understood and managed. Traditional practices and community level adaptation interventions should also be explored. v Conserve genetic resources for future crop and • Update genes banks Dept of RPD livestock improvement to address needs of Agriculture, Effective in-situ and ex-situ conservation of relevant climate change Vet Res Inst, germplasm is necessary for future crop and livestock • Areas identified and Dept of improvement. This will also help them to adapt to protected for Animal Prod the impacts of climate change. germplasm and Health conservation. B Ensure adequate water availability for agriculture i Promote water-efficient farming methods and crops • Water efficient farming Min. of Agric, IEC With incresing incidence of drought due to climate techniques promotion CBOs, change and the increasing demand on water, a top program Civil Society priority is to ensure food security with the available • Mechanism incentives water resources. For this, water efficient farming to promote water practices such as zero tillage, micro irrigation and efficent crop varieties SRI should be promoted. It is also necesassry to promote water efficient crop varieties for future sustainability. ii Improve maintenance of existing tanks and reservoirs • Tanks, reservoirs and Irrigation PhI including catchments and watersheds In order to meet the increasing water demands irrigation systems Department, under changing climatic conditions, the assessment for Power people maintenance of existing reservoir and irrigation maintenance levels, systems is necessary to ensure maximum storage • Reovation and capacity. Regular monitoring and maintence through maintence activities dredging, as well as prevention of siltation with implemeted in rpiority effective erosion control of tanks and the irrigation systems systems are potential adaptations. It is also important to control anthropogenic activities such as sand mining. iii Adopt and promote the principles of IWRM • IWRM Plan for Sri Lanka Irrigation PI, IEC With the predicted impacts of climate change it is essaential that the available water resources are • Adoption of IWRM in Department, managed wisely. For this, IWRM was be beneficial Priority River Basins Min. of Agric., in dealing with multiple users and in controlling Industrries, where the water flows. This should be done with Civil Society better cross-sectoral coordination and consultation. Water requiremnets for wetlands should also be considered as they are the base for all available water resources. 42 NCCAS 2011 - 2016 iv Contruct new reservoirs and trans-basin diversions • Identify potential for Dept of PhI to meet demand trans basin diversions Irrigatioon, To meet increased water demand for food and implement Min. of Agric., production, new reservoirs may need to be built. • Assess the need for power people With both floods and droughts expected to increase new reservoirs. in the country, possible adaptation interventions • Future water could be to divert water from flood prone areas to requirement drought prone areas through trans-basin transfers. assessment” C Mitigate food security-related socioeconomic impacts i Encourage development of risk transfer methods • Insurance schemes Min of Agric., With increasing incidences of disasters associated Min. of Fish. & with climate change, the farming and fishing Aquat. Res., communities become highly vulnerable. To Min of Livestock, encourage them to continue with their livelihoods Insurance which are essential for national food secuity, risk Companies, transfer options such as insurance should be CBOs created and promoted. ii Research climate impacts on long-term food • Different components Agri-business RPD security and agriculture value chains in the value chain Center, Research on impacts of climate change on long term system clearly University of food security should be studied along with the how identified Peradeniya, agricultural value chains are affected. This should • Adaptation strategies Min of Agric. study the impacts on all activities and processes developed to address that lead to a product or service that reaches the the various final consumer. Dimensions on impacts on the components in the products pathway to reach the final consumer value chain. structure, economic relationships between players in the chain, anticipated changes in the strucure, the key threats to the entire value chain, should be well understood in order to determine adaptation interventions necessary. iii Identify and help vulnerable fishing communities to • Awareness programs Min. of Fish. PhI adapt or relocate conducted & Aquat. Res., Marine and lagoon fishing communities are • Alternative livelihood CBOs, especially vulnerable to climate change due to options identified Civil Society, rising sea level rise as their livelihoods as well as • Highly vulnerable their homes become threatened. Alternate livelihood communities identified options should be considered, and re-location and re-located programmes promoted in highly vulnerable areas. D Increase awareness and mobilize communities for climate change adaptation i Increase awareness on climate impacts on food • Please refer to IEC • Please refer to IEC security and on the potential adaptive measures. Strategy IEC Strategy Better information provision to farmers has helped achieve higher agricultural yields in recent decades. A similar campaign is needed to inform farmers and fishermen on climate related impacts on their livelihoods and what adaptive measures are available to cope. Communicating this specific information in accessible, practical ways is critical to building resilience among food producers and others in the value chain. ii Pilot test and scale up community level • Please refer to IEC • Please refer to IEC agricuture/livestock/fisheries adaptation models Strategy IEC Strategy A key lesson from the Green Revolution was the value of demonstrating new methods and pratices. This can now be replicated with climate adaptation measures by starting with pilot projects which are then promoted and eventually scaled up. 43 iii Improve utilization of field level coordination • Please refer to IEC • Please refer to IEC mechanisms and civil society organizations Strategy IEC Strategy Crop farming, livestock and fisheries sectors all have well-established extension and support systems in the state sector, sometimes complemented by civil society networks. Both need to be tapped strategically to improve information provision, coordination and monitoring of climate adaptation measures. iv Promote risk transfer initiatives • Please refer to IEC • Please refer to IEC Crop and livestock farmers need enhanced Strategy IEC Strategy insurance support to buffer themselves from climate change impacts. Farmers and insurance industry in Sri Lanka have had limited engagement, so active promotion of new, customised insurance schemes would be needed. This requires working with both insurance operators and farmer organizations or networks. STRATEGIC THRUST 4: IMPROVE CLIMATE RESILIENCE OF KEY ECONOMIC DRIVERS Intervention Performance Indicator Key Activity Partners Type A Minimize impacts of climate change on infrastructure i Identify climate change risks on transport • Investments in RDA, RPD, PhI infrastructure, and invest in adaptive measures climate-proofing road CCD A detailed risk assessment and survey of roads/ infrastructure deployed Local Gov. highways within regions identified as vulnerable, Agencies together with the development of engineering solutions and a pipeline of investments to adapt critical infrastructure is needed. ii Update standards/guidelines for infrastructure design • Revised guidelines RDA, RPD, PI and development and manuals Met. Dept, Revision of and issuance of new planning and developed and Universities, design guidelines which factor-in climate change adopted DMC considerations, such as updated rainfall intensity • Revised manuals curves, bridge and road construction manuals, etc. become industry needs to be undertaken on an urgent basis. standard. Climate resilience criteria should be included in guidelines for all national infrastructure development programmes, such as Gama Neguma. iii Include climate change adaptations in tourism • Tourism planning SLTDA, PI planning guideilnes guidelines revised to NBRO, Tourism sector stakeholders need to be made more include climate UDA, aware of climate risks and potential adaptive change considerations CCD, measures they can take at the operator level. The Local Gov. inclusion of climate change adaptive criteria/ Agencies measures in tourism planning guideliens will ensure greater resilience of investments being rolled out. Such guidelines will need to be developed, adapting from similar work done for human settlements. B Minimize impacts of climate change on plantation sector i Research climate impacts and adaptive measures • Comprehensive NSF, Research RPD in plantation sub-sectors research programme Institutes, A wider body of applied research into the extent designed and funded NGOs, and nature of climate change impacts on Sri • Research findings/ Universities 44 NCCAS 2011 - 2016 Lanka’s plantation subsectors, their productivity, recommendations and their competitiveness needs to be defined and adopted and pursued. implemented. ii Pilot test and scale-up sub-sector specific adaptation • Pilot tests of adaptation NSF, Research RPD measures measures in each Institutes, Climate change adaptive measures in the plantation sub-sector NGOs, sector need to be developed where vulnerabilities • tested adaption Universities are significant, pilot tested, and findings made measures deployed available to industry groups. widely in sub-sector. iii Evaluate and exploit potential productivity benefits • Research programme NSF, Research RPD due to climate change designed and funded Institutes, Further research into the potential positive impacts • Opportunities NGOs, of climate change on each key plantation sub- identified and Universities sector’s productivity and value chains need to be initiatives to exploit explored and any opportunities exploited. launched C Assist key industries in coping with climate change impacts i Make sector-specific climate vulnerability • Sector-specific climate DMC, BOI, IEC information available to investors/regulators vulnerability UDA, others Aside from general climate risk information, information materials sector-specific analysis, maps, and other data developed related to climate vulnerability--as well as advice • Information widely on sector-specific measures to buld resilience-- disseminated need to be disseminated to investors/operators/ regulators in relevant sectors. ii Encourage climate change risk transfer options for • Increase of market size DMC, IEC key industries for disaster risk and Insurance Risk transfer options such as insurance need to similar insurance firms, Industry promoted more actively as a means to build Groups resilience and adaptive capacity of industries and entrepreneurs in the face of potential climate-induced risks. iii Research potential climate change impacts/adaptive • Research programme NSF, RPD measures for key industries designed and funded Universities, The current limited body of research on climate • Further action based Insutry Groups change impacts on Sri Lanka’s key industries needs on findings initiated to be expanded to identify and address risks, and by industry groups. exploit potential opportunities as well. iv Offer incentives for industrial energy saving • Incentive schemes CEB, Industry PI practices and renewable energy usage offered groups, Incentive mechanisms need to be developed and • Increased renewable renewable implemented to stimulate greater energy savings energy use energy tech. and renewable energy use in industry. vendors D Raise awareness about climate vulnerability in key economic sectors i Increase climate change awareness at all levels • Please refer to IEC • Please refer to IEC Climate awareness in key economic sectors is Strategy IEC Strategy currently low. This calls for urgent raising of knowledge and understanding of climate vulnerabilities, which will help achieve clarity on adaptation options and costs. A balanced approach is needed that factors climate risks into economic sectors as methodically as possible, just as disaster risks have been incorporated in recent years. ii Build capacity for climate change adaptation in key • Please refer to IEC • Please refer to IEC economic sectors Strategy IEC Strategy To accomplish (i) above, there needs to be greater technical capacity within each key economic sector. Building such capacity is a key priority in climate change adaptation. 45 iii Engage wider stakeholders in dialogue on climate • Please refer to IEC • Please refer to IEC adaptation Strategy IEC Strategy The massive upscaling of economic development in the coming decade involves multilateral donors, private foreign investors, local and foreign engineering consultancy firms and insurance companies. Engaging all these stakeholders in addressing climate vulnerabilities and adaptation measures is necessary. STRATEGIC THRUST 5: SAFEGUARD NATURAL RESOURCES AND BIODIVERSITY FROM CLIMATE CHANGE IMPACTS Intervention Performance Indicator Key Activity Partners Type A Ensure adequate quality and quantity of water for human wellbeing and ecosystem services i Promote efficient water resource use and • Implementation of Irrigation PI/IEC development using IWRM IWRM Plan Department, It is necessary to identify and coordinate multiple • Environmental Flows NWRB, water users and establish effective IWRM initiatives for major Rivers NGOs, to ensure future water security and uninterrupted • At least one project others ecosystem services that uses a landscape level using the ecosystem ecosystem approach ; covers efficient ground, approach for water | surface and rainwater use; trans-basin water resource transfers; water quality monitoring (including management monitoring saltwater intrusion and prevention); conserves wetlands and watersheds; and manages exotic species that affect ground water availability. ii Promote research partnerships on good practices for • A system to promote CEA, RPD, varied water uses multi stakeholder Forest Dept, CB/IS It is necessary to form and implement research research partnerships NSF, partnerships among multiple stakeholders having in place universities, various skills and technological facilities that will others. result in good practices for effective multiple use of ground and surface waters and an uninterrupted flow of ecosystem services in wetlands and watersheds. iii Strengthen/establish an institution to coordinate • Institution for the NWRB, CB/IS, PI management of water resources regulation of water Irrigation It is essential to establish a long-term multi- resources Dept., stakeholder water quality monitoring system • Streamlined regulations others for ground and surface waters (island-wide and and policies for water in coastal waters) through partnerships that enable resources sharing of technical expertise and facilities. Monitoring should achieve high water quality for human consumption, and enable ecosystem services and biodiversity conservation, by monotoring (a) pollutants/toxins and salinity; (b) water flows (especially in dry weather), and (c) climate change impacts on watersheds. Currently the large number of institutions involved in varied water related activities in the country has created a lack of responsibility and coordination in water management. It is necessary to establish/designate and strengthen a central agency to coordinate management of water resources and watersheds by multiple stakeholders, adhearing to relevant national policy and laws. 46 NCCAS 2011 - 2016 B Enhance climate change resilience of terrestrial ecosystems and their services i Link/restore/conserve, forests and other habitat • CCD, A strategic plan Forest Dept., PI/PhI refugia to increase resilience of ecosystems and of interconnected DWLC, species PAs, buffer zones CCD, It is necessary to enhance the resilience of forests and linkages required others and other key terresrial habitats and the species they to maintain migration contain by establishing and effectively managing PAs routes and other viable wildlife refugia in all climatic zones. The ecosystem approach provides an effective framework for integrated management of PAs, other habitat refuges, and their buffer zones with the participation of all key stakeholders. Special attention should be given to areas with already threatened and or endemic, charismatic, relict and/or possible keystone species with high potential to be affected by climate change and the fragmented wet zone forest patches. The latter could be linked via forest plantations, home gardens and crop plantations through participatory approaches based on public sector/local community and private sector partnerships. ii Convert monoculture forest plantations into • Area of monoculture Forest Dept., PhI mixed species plantations plantations converted Dept. of There can be adverse impacts of climate change on Agriculture productivity and resilience of monoculture forest plantations. This can be adressed by converting them into mixed species forest plantations that are also better able to support wildlifed, have less pest issues and cause less land degradation and soil water loss.This should be supported by research on plantation species and site species matching. iii Promote land use planning for biodiversity • Country wide MoE, UDA, PI conservation and limit inappripate vegetation biodiversty based local gov’t conversion land valuation agencies, There is a need to minimise inappropriate assessment that takes others vegetation conversion and land alienation into account (especially in hill slopes and paddy lands) and biodiverity valuestakin to adopt proper landscape level planning to • High Priority areas of promote conservation of terrestrial biodiversity environmental value based on the land use policy. This can be achieved identified by use of the ecosystem approach that allows for wide stakeholder participation, zoning land use, and integrated management of forests, associated inland wetlands and/or coastal and agricultural ecosystems, and restoration of forests and canopy cover outside forests with appropriate tree species. iv Establish and/or effectively manage Protected • Protected area Forest Dept., PI Areas and other important wildlife refuges in all management plans DWLC, climatic zones in place others It is necessary to enhance the resilience of forests • Monitoring programmes and grasslands and the species they contain by ongoing establishing and effectively managing PAs and other viable wildlife refugia in all climatic zones. The ecosystem approach provides an effective framework for integrated management of PAs and other refuges and their buffer zones. Special attention should be given to management of degraded forest fragments in the highly populated wet zone which require enrichment and linkages across forest plantations, home gardens and crop plantations through participatory approaches 47 based on public sector/local community and private sector partnerships. C Enhance the resilience of coastal and marine ecosystems and associated vulnerable species i Promote integrated coastal resource management, • Implemtation of SAM CCD, PI, CB/IS particularly at SAM sites management at NARA, All development activities carried out along the coast should be coordinated and approved by the Coast Conservation Department to ensure that they adhere to the National Land Use Plan, requirements in the Coastal Zone Management Plan (CZMP) and EIA procedures. It is also necesary to prepare and implement new Special Area Management (SAM) Plans and implement existing plans. Integrated coastal zone management should be encouraged at SAM sites in cultation with all stakeholders. The implementation of CZMP and EIA procedures should be strenghened to reduce inappropriate coastal zone development and habitat degredation through capacity building of technical and planning personnel in CCD and other relevant agencies, and strengtheinng institutional coordination across agencies active in the coastal zone. ii Restore and rehabilitate degraded coastal • Rehabilitation of key CCD, NARA, RPD, PhI ecosystems and depleted coastal species coastal ecosystems others Many coastal ecosystems are degraded due to poor land use, conversion to other uses, coastal erosion, and pollution. Likewise commecially important species are over harvested. Programmes should be developed with stakeholder participation for sustainable use of coastal resources, including introduction of breeding programmes and pilot testing of sustainable harvest levels for commercially important organisms. D Enhance climate change resilience of natural inland wetlands and associated species i Protect marshes/flood retention areas in urban • Regulation with UDA, PI, IEC areas and limit land conversion. penalties in place local The protection of marshes and flood retention areas for urban wetlands gov’t units, is particularly important in urban areas as urban • Urban wetlands NGOs, flooding is already a serious concern due to developed as others reclamation of wetlands, and is expected to increase controlled with climate change. Protection of urban wetlands recreational areas will also enhance and conserve urban biodiversity, thereby enhancing wetland ecosystems and species’ resilience to climate change, and enable provision of vital environmental services for human wellbeing. Marshes and flood retention areas should be protected by restricting development projects in them by declaring them PAs and/or EPAs, or by promoting alternate development (e.g. as recreational sites or urban agriculture) that will enable ununterrupted ecosystem services. ii Prevent the discharge of industrial effluents and • Cost effective CEA, PI, IEC solid waste into inland wetlands purification NGOs, It is required to prevent the discharge of industrial programmes local gov’t effluents, solid waste and other pollutants into devloped for release agencies, inland wetlands by promoting compliance of of effluent others regulations guiding industrial pollution and wetland • Waste processing conservation, by providing incentives for CSR and programmes stregnthening the wetland monitoring system to be • Strict guidelines effective and regular. developed for waste disposal 48 NCCAS 2011 - 2016 iii Control and manage salt water intrusion into coastal • Minimum flows at CCD, RPD, PhI freshwater wetlands the coast determined Irrigation It is necesary to prevent degradation of coastal for all river basins Dept., freshwater wetlands (both natural modified) and • Sand mining controlled others biodiversity due to salt water intrusion by continual minitoring of coastal surface and ground water, and by regulating environmental flows, controlling ground water over-extraction, and river sand mining that excarcerbates the problem. iv Strengthen coordination and streamline • Coordination CEA/Min. of CB/IS, PI management of wetlands across relevant agencies mechanisms Environment Streamline management of wetlands across established and relevant agencies, and strengthen coordination operational mechanisms to enable compliance with the national wetland policy, the National Environmental Act and other policies, plans and laws.    E Address socioeconomic concerns resulting from climate change impacts on biodiversity i Identify and address climate change impacts on biodiversity that could affect local communities • Impact assessments MoE, local RPD It is necessary to identify the impacts of climate for key settlements gov’t agencies, change on livelihoods, cultural aspects, and carried out NSF, others lifestyles of local communities that are heavily dependent on biodiversity. Possible increase of human-wildlife conflict due to changes in geographic ranges or migration routes of wildlife as a result of climate change also need to be understood. Assessments need to be followed with initiatives to conserve such biodiversity and address issues identifies. ii Help communities to adapt to changes in • Vulnerable Various RPD, PhI livelihoods or to relocate when necessary communities It is necessary to engage vulnerable communities identified to strategize options to address climate change • Pilot programmes on where livelihood options are at risk. They should livelihood options also be engagaed in plans for relocation (if required) in order to adapt to climate change and to shift to other livelihoods if necessary. F Research, monitor and address impacts of climate change on biodiversity i Research and monitoring programs to strengthen • Species and National RPD knowledge base on climate change and terrestrial ecosystems affected Science biodiversty by climate change Foundation, Research on and monitoring of the impacts of identified Min. of climate change on terrestrial biodiversity is needed • Prioritised list of Environment, to understand where adaptation interventions are adaptation others most needed. Vitally important are establishing interventions needed phenological studies on forest tree species, tailored to ecosystem/ monitoring critical habitats and fauna most liable species type to be affected examining climate change impacts on different types of forest flora. Indicator species such as amphibians, freswhater crabs etc should be given special attention. Capacity should be built for monitoring climate change impacts through training programmes on species identification, biodiversity monitoring, behavioural ecology, principles of conservation biology, phenological sampling and maintenance of accurate data sets on rainfall and ambient temperature. 49 ii Research and monitoring programs to strengthen • Adaptation interventions CCD, RPD knowledge base on climate change and aquatic identified and prioritised NARA, biodiversity for marine, brackish and Others Research and monitoring are required continually to frewater ecosystems identify threats to freshwater and coastal • Breeding programmes biodiversity that would be exacerbated by climate for identified species change and to understand where adaptation and scaled up where interventions are needed. Monitoring changes in necessary and feasible coastal water quality parameters – i.e. acidity, • Areas for further temperature, salinity, is essential. Monitoring of research identified salinity intrusion into surface water is particualry important to enable fishermen to adapt accordingly by selecting appropriate species for aquaculture, and to adapt to changed distribution of species in fishing grounds. Likewise research and dissemination of results are necessary to enable fishermen to change fishing methods and areas, seasons, fishing depths and catch species accordingly. Monitoring freshwater bodies and threatened aquatic species should be encouraged to minimise negative impacts on biodiversity and ecosystem services. Periodic monitoring of ecosystem health in all climatic zones is also vital for early identification of climate change impacts on freshwater species and ecosystems. iii Minimize entry, establishment and spread of IAS • IAS monitoring and Forest Dept., PhI, RPD There is a need to step up preventive measures to control programmes DWLC, preclude entry of new IAS; monitor natural and established for key Agriculture modified ecosystems to detect establishment of new areas/ecosystems and Dept., others IAS and the further spread of existing IAS; promote agricultural systems and inculcate skills for monitoring of natural and modified ecosystems to detect climate change impacts in forests (e.g. forest die-back can promote spread of invasive species), coastal areas (e.g. coral bleaching and death has lead to halimedia invasions, etc), and wetlands that may promote spread of IAS, with the support of universities and researchers with appropriate skills and experience. Capacity building is also needed to promote research to expand understanding of behaviour and physiology of selected IAS, and to enhance skills for adaptive management of IAS within institutions responsible for in-situ and ex-situ conservation of national biodiversity. G Raise awareness and mobilize stakeholders for conservation of biodiversity and ecosystem services i Focus on minimizing current stresses on ecosystems • Please refer to IEC • Please refer to IEC It is vital to communicate to all stakeholders the Strategy IEC Strategy urgent need to resolve long-standing problems in ecosystem conservation before climate change impacts aggravate matters. The key message is: reducing existing stresses on ecosystems will increase natural resilience to climate impacts. ii Promote training and awareness on use of the • Please refer to IEC • Please refer to IEC ecosystem approach for conservation Strategy IEC Strategy While public awareness has risen on conserving species and ecosystems, there is still limited understanding of the newer concepts of ecosystem services. Enhancing this knowledge would help in promoting the integrated, ecosystems-based approach to climate adaptation. 50 NCCAS 2011 - 2016 iii Build capacity for climate adaptation research • Please refer to IEC • Please refer to IEC among students and staff of conservation agencies Strategy IEC Strategy Conservation agencies working in forest, wildlife, aquatic and coastal sectors engage in regular monitoring and studies for their operational needs. They now need to add a new layer of study to assess climate impacts on their sectors and to determine the appropriate adaptation measures. Their research capacity needs to be strengthened. iv. Increase public awareness about the value of • Please refer to IEC • Please refer to IEC aquatic and marine ecosystems Strategy IEC Strategy Sri Lanka’s climate conditions are influenced by changes in inland wetlands and the ocean surrounding it. Climate adaptation strategies need to factor this in, and especially consider the value of wetlands, and higher vulnerability of coastal ecosystems to impacts. v Engage in dialogue with wider stakeholders • Please refer to IEC • Please refer to IEC Climate change adaptation can provide a Strategy IEC Strategy common platform, and new impetus, for pursuing conservation management of biodiversity and ecosystems. An essential first step is to engage all stakeholders, in state, academic, civil society and corporate sectors, on the threats and response options available. 51

APPENDIX 3 List of Project Concept Notes Available The following is the index of adaptation project concept notes developed by stakeholders as part of the NCCAS development process. The compilation of concept notes is available in a seperate volume with the Climate Change Secretariat at the Ministry of Environment, and includes the contact information of the persons/institutions responsible. STRATEGIC THRUST 1 - Mainstream Climate Change Concerns into National Planning and Development Processes MS-1 Mainstreaming climate change adaptation into development planning (The World Conservation Union (IUCN)) MS-2 Mainstreaming Climate Change Adaptation into Urban Development planning processes (Practical Action) MS-3 Identification and addressing Research Gaps in Climate Change in Sri Lanka (National Science Foundation) MS-4 A Study Center on Climate Change, Agriculture and Livelihoods (Agribusiness Centre, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Peradeniya) MS-5 School-centered climate change adaptation and disaster risk reduction programme (Agribusiness Centre, University of Peradeniya) MS-6 Masters degree programs in Natural Resource Management with special reference to climate change (Postgraduate Institute of Agriculture, University of Peradeniya) STRATEGIC THRUST 2 - Improve Climate Resilience and Health of Human Settlements HS-1 Initiative to Conserve the Livelihood activities of Low Income Communities, through Comprehensive Management of Environment Polluting Substances in Moratuwa Municipal Area in Sri Lanka (SEVANATHA Urban Resource Centre) HS-2 Adaptation to climate change through Integrated Water Resources Management in Sri Lanka. (Water Resources Board) HS-3 Best Practices Derived from the Disaster Resilient Settlement Planning and Construction Methods as Adaptation Strategies for Climate Change (National Building Research Organization) HS-4 Rehabilitation and adaptation of the ecosystem relevant landscape architecture of the traditional small tank cascade system to collection, harvesting, distribution, utilization and recirculation of water (Independent Researcher) HS-5 Community based Adaptation to Climate Change in Landslide Affected Areas. (Sri Lanka Nature Forum) HS-6 Pilot program for an Integrated, multi-pronged approach to adapt to Climate Change in the Kalutara District (Green Movement Sri Lanka) HS-7 Pilot program for an Integrated, multi-pronged approach to adapt to Climate Change in the dry zone. (Green Movement Sri Lanka) HS-8 Climate change adaptation and disaster preparedness for fishing community in Kalpitiya, Sri Lanka (Green Movement Sri Lanka) HS-9 Climate Change Adaptation in Human settlements in Mahaweli Watershed (National Building Research Organization) 52 NCCAS 2011 - 2016 HS-10 District climate change and gender dialogues (NetWwater-Network of Women Water Professionals) HS-11 Enabling Cross Sectoral Analysis of Climate Vulnerability in the Health Sector (Epidemiology Unit, Ministry of Health) HS-12 Managing Climate-linked Disease Vectors (Epidemiology Unit, Ministry of Health) STRATEGIC THRUST 3 - Minimize Climate Change Impacts on Food Security FS-1 Effect of food price increase due to climate change on food security and nutritional status of the population (Medical Research Institute) FS-2 Adoptions of the alternative paddy cultivation technique that incorporate traditions of zero tillage, and use of straws mulch for low water requirement and pest management method (Independent Researcher) FS-3 Promoting flood / drought / salinity tolerant rice varieties and adaptive cultivation practices to minimize the impact of Climate Change on food security in Sri Lanka (Sri Lanka Nature Forum) FS-4 Assessing key climate change impacts on minor irrigation systems and developing a participatory approach for effective construction and management (Practical Action) FS-5 Traditional organic small scale paddy farming in marginal paddy lands - Scaling up experiences from Southern and Eastern Sri Lanka (Practical Action) FS-6 climate change impacts on women and food security -a comparative study of three agro ecological zones (NetWwater -Network of Women Water Professionals) FS-7 Climate Change Risk Management Strategies of Dry Zone Farmers in Sri Lanka (Institute of Policy Studies) FS-8 Establishment of Farmer Climate Change Resource Center for Food Security in Southern Sri Lanka (Department of Agricultural Engineering, University of Ruhuna) FS-9 An overview of Climate Change Implications on Food Security in Sri Lanka (Agribusiness Centre, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Peradeniya) FS-10 Agricultural Research as an Adaptation Mechanism to Climate Change (Agribusiness Centre, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Peradeniya) FS-11 Demand for climatic information by Farmers for Facilitating the decision Making Related to Cultivation/harvesting (Agribusiness Centre, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Peradeniya) FS-12 Implications of Climate Change on the Agriculture Sector in Sri Lanka: An Economy wide Analysis (Agribusiness Centre, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Peradeniya) STRATEGIC THRUST 4 - Improve Climate Resilience of Key Economic Drivers ED-1 Need assessment for the climate change adaptation in Agricultural practices in Upper Mee Oya Basin (Central Engineering Consultancy Bureau) ED-2 Empowering rubber smallholders in non-traditional rubber growing areas with knowledge on combating adverse impacts of climate change for better productivity (Rubber Research Institute) 53 ED-3 Effects of climate change on rural farm incomes: Case study on earnings of workers in rubber plantations in Sri Lanka (Agribusiness Centre, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Peradeniya) ED-4 Develop applicable strategy for kerosene lamp substitution with low cost Solar PV lighting options with a field test for best product selection (Sewalanka Foundation) ED-5 Analysis of climatic variations and climate change impacts on tea in different agro-ecological regions in Sri Lanka and implementation of suitable adaptation and mitigation measures (Tea Research Institute) ED-6 Identification of Major Food-Borne Diseases and Their Severity in Tourism Areas of Sri Lanka in Relation to Climate Changes (Sri Lanka Institute of Tourism & Hotel Management) ED-7 Community Awareness on Climate Change and Adaptation Intervention in Food- Borne Diseases in Major Tourism Areas of Sri Lanka (Sri Lanka Institute of Tourism & Hotel Management) ED-8 Improving Climate Resilience of Key Economic Drivers (University of Colombo) ED-9 Mainstreaming Climate Sensitive DRR in National Development Planning (Technology and Mitigation, Disaster Management Center) ED-10 Building Climate Change Resilience of Road Infrastructure in Sri Lanka (Planning Division, Road Development Authority) STRATEGIC THRUST 5 -Safeguard Natural Resources and Biodiversity from Climate Change Impacts NR-1 Evaluation of Atmospheric Concentration of CO2 in relation to stomatal density (National Herbarium, Department of National Botanic Gardens) NR-2 Strategic assessment: Preparedness of our major rivers catchments for CC adaptation (International Water Management Institute) NR-3 A nation-wide study on small tanks’ ability to withstand CC (regulating projected floods and droughts for the next fifty years) (International Water Management Institute) NR-4 Impact assessment of range change in tauna birds as indicator species, resulting from predicted CC (The Field of Ornithology Group of Sri Lanka) NR-5 Assessment of ecosystem based adaptation options for climate change in coastal areas of Sri Lanka (The World Conservation Union) NR-6 Using participatory approaches to build the adaptive capacity of small-scale fisher communities to the impacts of climate change (Practical Action) NR-7 Safeguarding watershed forests and its ecosystem services from the impacts of climate change by increasing its resilience (Environmental Foundation Limited) NR-8 Increasing awareness, access to information and understanding of climate change and its local impacts amongst local communities (Practical Action) NR-9 Identification and designation of North/East landscapes for conservation, sustainable development and ensuring resilience to climatic change impacts (EML Consultants Pvt Ltd) NR-10 Monitoring of impacts from climate change to sensitive coastal ecosystems around Sri Lanka and associated fisheries and capacity building of the Dept. of Fisheries & Aquaculture to undertake future research needs in coastal and marine ecology, biodiversity & fisheries (University of Ruhuna) NR-11 Agro forestry as a means of adaptation to climate change shocks (Agribusiness Centre, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Peradeniya) 54 NCCAS 2011 - 2016

APPENDIX 4 Estimated Financing Requirements (Rs. Million) Areas of Intervention 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Total Strategic Thrust 1: Mainstream CC Adaptation into National Planning and Development 50 554 669 637 820 820 3,550 A Strengthening national climate-adaptation planning and implementation capacity 5 10 30 20 15 15 95 B Ensure future investments/economic plans are climate resilient 10 25 10 - - - 45 C Systematically research climate change- adaptation options and disseminate knowledge 15 297 377 362 360 360 1,771 D Increase financing for CC adaptation 17 210 205 200 400 400 1,432 E Inform and mobilize stakeholders at multiple levels in support of climate adaptation 3 12 47 55 45 45 207 Strategic Thrust 2: Enable Climate Resilient and Healthy Human Settlements 91 496 2,768 2,434 2,398 2,098 10,285 A Mobilize stakeholders for CC adaptation of settlements 1 50 20 20 - - 91 B Improve planning to include CC considerations 15 150 2,192 2,150 2,150 2,000 8,657 C Ensure adequate quality and quantity of water for settlements 11 140 505 215 215 65 1,151 D Combat climate change-related health concerns in settlements 60 105 20 20 20 20 245 E Increase awareness on vulnerabilities and adaptation of settlements 4 51 31 29 13 13 141 Strategic Thrust 3: Minimize Climate Change Impacts on Food Security 8 183 2,123 1,690 1,755 7,215 12,974 A Ensure ability to meet food production and nutrition demand - 85 345 335 300 - 1,065 B Ensure adequate water availability for agriculture 2 23 1,703 1,200 1,200 6,000 10,128 C Mitigate food security-related socioeconomic impacts - 10 10 25 25 1,000 1,070 D Increase awareness and mobilize communities for CC adaptation 6 65 65 130 230 215 711 Strategic Thrust 4: Improve Climate Resilience of Key Economic Drivers 160 375 3,765 3,610 3,875 3,375 15,160 A Minimize impacts of CC on infrastructure 125 130 3,025 3,000 3,000 3,000 12,280 B Minimize impacts of CC on plantation sector - 25 25 25 300 300 675 C Assist key industries in coping with CC impacts - 10 530 510 500 - 1,550 D Raise awareness about climate vulnerability in key economic sectors 35 210 185 75 75 75 655 55 Areas of Intervention 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Total Strategic Thrust 5: Safeguard Natural Resources and Biodiversity from CC Impacts 20 219 279 1,632 1,760 1,780 5,690 A Ensure adequate quality and quantity of water for human wellbeing and ecosystem services - 4 4 2 15 10 35 B Enhance CC resilience of terrestrial ecosystems and their services - 50 100 1,520 1,520 1,520 4,710 C Enhance the resilience of coastal and marine ecosystems and associated vulnerable species - 10 35 35 100 100 280 D Enhance CC resilience of natural inland wetlands and associated species 15 55 50 - 50 50 220 E Address socioeconomic concerns resulting from CC impacts on biodiversity - - - 25 25 100 150 F Research, monitor and address impacts of CC on biodiversity - 50 50 50 50 - 200 G Raise awareness & mobilize stakeholders for conservation of biodiversity and ecosystem svcs. 5 50 40 20 10 10 135 Total 329 1,827 9,604 10,023 10,618 15,298 47,699 56

APPENDIX 5 Target Implementation Schedule for NCCAS STRATEGIC THRUST 1: MAINSTREAM CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION INTO NATIONAL PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT Intervention 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 A Strengthening national climate-adaptation planning and implementation capacity i Strengthen and restructure Climate Change Secretariat ii Develop of sector specific training prog’s on CC adaptation measures ii Introduce climate change studies at university level B Ensure future investments/economic plans are climate resilient i Incorporate CC concerns into SEA processes ii Increase knowledge of CC among planners and senior tech. staff iii Quantify economic costs of climate change on specific sectors C Systematically research climate change-adaptation options and disseminate knowledge i Establish coordinated multidisc. research prog. with widespread dissemination ii Model possible future climate scenarios iii Conduct regular national forums on climate impacts on various sectors iv Capture, evaluate and disseminate traditional knowledge on adaptive measures D Increase financing for climate change adaptation i Strengthen NPD/ERD to pursuit financing for climate change adaptation ii Establish climate change adaptation small grant facility iii Establish a multi-sectoral climate negotiation team for Sri Lanka iv Support climate-change adaptation regulations with incentives where possible E Inform and mobilize stakeholders at multiple levels in support of climate adaptation i Effectively engage education system, media and other information ‘multipliers’ ii Make information about adaption options available at community level iii Promote Policy change for CC adaptation iv Engage exist.inst. and com.-based mech. for coord. of adaptation activities v Combat negative anthropogenic activity (such as sand mining) STRATEGIC THRUST 2: ENABLE CLIMATE RESILIENT AND HEALTHY HUMAN SETTLEMENTS A Mobilize stakeholders for climate change adaptation of settlements i Establish coordination body/mechanism for CC adaptation of settlements ii Promote improved climate resilient construction methods iii Support climate change adaptation interventions with incentives B Improve planning to include climate change considerations i Develop detailed local-level hazard maps for key settlements ii Upgrade drainage in key settlements iii Stimulate increase of canopy cover in HS and preserve nat. ecosystems iv Promote land use planning and monitoring for both urban and rural areas v Research CC impacts on human settlements and link to planning C Ensure adequate quality and quantity of water for settlements i Promote water saving technologies including rainwater harvesting ii Improve monitoring/surveillance and sharing of data across sectors iii Promote integrated water resources and watershed management iv Research CC impacts on water availability and dev. adaptation models D Combat climate change-related health concerns in settlements i Monitor and control vector borne diseases ii Facilitate data sharing/compatibility between MoH and other sectors iii Engage health sector experts in local level planning iv Research health impacts of climate change in Sri Lankan context E Increase awareness on vulnerabilities and adaptation of settlements i Improve the gathering, processing and dissemination of info. related to HS ii Enhance awareness and demand for climate resilient construction iii Improve coordination/dissemination through existing institutional mechanisms iv Engage media more proactively with messaging tailored for stakeholders STRATEGIC THRUST 3: MINIMIZE CLIMATE CHANGE IMPACTS ON FOOD SECURITY A Ensure ability to meet food production and nutrition demand i Promote alternative options to meet nutrition requirements ii Improve weather forecasting and information dissemination iii Ensure easy access to seedstock alternatives/advice to counter rainfall variability iv Research CC impacts/adaptive measures for agri., livestock and fisheries sectors Intervention 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 v Conserve genetic resources for future crop and livestock improvement B Ensure adequate water availability for agriculture i Promote water-efficient farming methods and crops ii Improve maintenance of existing tanks and reservoirs iii Adopt and promote the principles of IWRM iv Contruct new reservoirs and trans-basin diversions to meet demand C Mitigate food security-related socioeconomic impacts i Encourage development of risk transfer methods ii Research climate impacts on long-term food security and agri. value chains iii Identify and help vulnerable fishing communities to adapt or relocate D Increase awareness and mobilize communities for climate change adaptation i Increase awareness on CC impacts on food sec. & on adaptive measures ii Pilot test and scale up com. level agri./livestock/fisheries adaptation models iii Improve utilization of field level coord. mechanisms and civil society org’s iv Promote risk transfer initiatives STRATEGIC THRUST 4: IMPROVE CLIMATE RESILIENCE OF KEY ECONOMIC DRIVERS A Minimize impacts of climate change on infrastructure i Identify CC risks on transport infrastructure, and invest in adaptive measures ii Update standards/guidelines for infrastructure design and development iii Include climate change adaptations in tourism planning guideilnes B Minimize impacts of climate change on plantation sector i Research climate impacts and adaptive measures in plantation sub-sectors ii Pilot test and scale-up sub-sector specific adaptation measures iii Evaluate and exploit potential productivity benefits due to climate change C Assist key industries in coping with climate change impacts i Make sector-specific CC vul. Info. available to investors/regulators ii Encourage climate change risk transfer options for key industries iii Research potential CC impacts/adaptive measures for key industries iv Offer incentives for ind. energy saving practices and ren. energy usage D Raise awareness about climate vulnerability in key economic sectors i Increase climate change awareness at all levels ii Build capacity for climate change adaptation in key economic sectors iii Engage wider stakeholders in dialogue on climate adaptation STRATEGIC THRUST 5: SAFEGUARD NATURAL RESOURCES AND BIODIVERSITY FROM CLIMATE CHANGE IMPACTS A Ensure adequate quality and quantity of water for human wellbeing and ecosystem services i Promote efficient water resource use and development using IWRM ii Promote research partnerships on good practices for varied water uses iii Strengthen/establish an institution to coord. mgmt. of water resources B Enhance climate change resilience of terrestrial ecosystems and their services i Link/restore/conserve, forests & other habitat refugia ii Convert monoculture forest plantations into mixed species plantations iii Promote land use planning for BD cons. and limit vegetation conversion iv Est. and/or effectively manage Pas and other important wildlife refuges C Enhance the resilience of coastal and marine ecosystems and associated vulnerable species i Promote integrated coastal resource management, particularly at SAM sites ii Restore and rehab. degraded coastal ecosys. and depleted coastal species D Enhance climate change resilience of natural inland wetlands and associated species i Protect urban marshes/flood retention areas & limit land conversion. ii Prevent the discharge of industrial effluents & solid waste into inland wetlands iii Control and manage salt water intrusion into coastal freshwater wetlands iv Strengthen coordination and streamline mgmt. of wetlands E Address socioeconomic concerns resulting from climate change impacts on biodiversity i Identify and address CC impacts on BD that affect local communities ii Help com’s to adapt to changes in livelihoods or to relocate when necessary F Research, monitor and address impacts of climate change on biodiversity i Res. & mon. prog’s to strengthen knowledge base on CC and terrestrial BD ii Res. & mon. prog’s. to strengthen knowledge base on CC and aquatic BD iii Minimize entry, establishment and spread of IAS G Raise awareness & mobilize stakeholders for conservation of biodiversity and ecosystem svcs. i Focus on minimizing current stresses on ecosystems ii Promote training/awareness on ecosystem approach for conservation iii Build cap. for CC research among students & staff of cons. Agencies iv. Increase pub. awareness about the value of aquatic and marine ecosystems v Engage in dialogue with wider stakeholders Resource intensive period Ongoing activities with recurrent budgets Photo: Studio Times Ltd. “Living and coping with uncertain impacts of climate change is no longer a choice; it is an imperative.” Documents in this series: National Climate Change Adaptation Strategy for Sri Lanka 2011-2016 Information, Education and Communications Strategy for Climate Change Adaptation in Sri Lanka NCCAS Brochures Compilation of Climate Change Adaptation Project Concept Notes Sector Vulnerability Profiles: • Urban Develoment, Human Settlements and Economic Infrastructure • Agriculture and Fisheries • Water • Health • Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services Public Perceptions Survey on Climate Change in Sri Lanka Prepared with assistance from ADB TA 7326 (SRI) Strengthening Capacity for Climate Change Adaptation Implemented by: Climate Change Secretariat Ministry of Environment Sri Lanka www.climatechange.lk