National Biodiversity Strategic Action Plan 2016-2022

National Biodiversity Strategic Action Plan 2016-2022 View of Adam’s Peak from Horton Plains National Park Naalin Perera © IUCN, Sri Lanka Produced by: Biodiversity Secretariat, Ministry of Mahaweli Development and Environment, with Technical Assistance from IUCN, International Union for Conservation of Nature, Sri Lanka Country Office. May 2016 National Biodiversity Strategic Action Plan 2016-2022 Publication copyright: Biodiversity Secretariat, Ministry of Mahaweli Development and Environment (MoMD&E) Biodiversity Secretariat Ministry of Mahaweli Development and Environment Tel: +94 11 2883374 e-mail: biodiversitysl@gmail.com ISBN: 978-956-8396-05-09 Technical Assistance: IUCN, International Union for Conservation of Nature, Sri Lanka County Office Supported by: GEF/UNDP Project on National Biodiversity Planning to Support the Implementation of the CBD 2011-2020 Strategic Plan in Sri Lanka Citation: MoMD&E (2016). National Biodiversity Strategic Action Plan 2016-2022. Colombo, Sri Lanka: Biodiversity Secretariat, Ministry of Mahaweli Development and Environment. xxi + 284 pp. Cover and Document Designed by: S.A. Dhanuka Priyasad v Table of Contents List of Figures viii List of Tables ix List of Boxes xi Team of Contributors xii Message from His Excellency, the President of the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka, Minister of Mahaweli Development and Environment xiii Message from the Secretary, Ministry of Mahaweli Development and Environment xiv Message from the Director, Biodiversity Secretariat, Ministry of Mahaweli Development and Environment xv Vision xvi List of Acronyms xvii Chapter 1. National Biodiversity Stocktaking and Information Management 1 1.1 The Development of Sri Lanka’s Biodiversity Action Plans 2 1.2 Existing Gaps 3 1.3 Introduction to the NBSAP 3 1.4 National Obligations under the CBD 8 1.5 Biodiversity of Sri Lanka, Trends and Linkages to Human Well-being 10 1.5.1 General Description of Sri Lanka 10 1.5.2 Status of the Biodiversity of Sri Lanka 20 1.5.3 The Value of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services in Sri Lanka 33 1.5.4 Contribution of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services to Human Well-being 35 1.5.5 Trends of biodiversity in Sri Lanka 44 Trends in Ecosystems 44 Trends in Species 44 Trends in In-situ Conservation — Protected and other Managed Areas 51 Trends in Ex-situ Conservation 57 1.5.6 Causes and Consequences of Biodiversity Loss 59 Causes 59 Underlying Driver 59 Habitat-related Drivers 59 Species-related Drivers 68 Climate Change-related Drivers 77 Consequences 82 1.5.7 Existing Institutional, Legal and Policy Framework for Biodiversity Conservation 84 Policies 84 Legislation 87 Organizations 95 The Role of Civil Society in Biodiversity Conservation 102 vi Biodiversity-related International Treaties and Conventions Enacted by the Sri Lankan Government 102 1.5.8 Barriers and Challenges for Effective Conservation and Sustainable use of Biodiversity 113 Policy 113 Institutional 113 Implementation 113 Financial 113 Chapter 2. Setting National Targets 117 2.1 Existing National Biodiversity Targets 118 2.2 National Targets for 2022 119 Chapter 3. National Strategic Action Plan 129 3.1 Vision 3.2 Consideration of Concepts in Developing the Strategy 130 3.3 The Strategic Objectives 131 3.4 The Approach Taken in the Preparation of the NBSAP 131 3.4.1 A Three-tiered Hierarchical Approach 131 3.5 National Actions to Implement the Strategic Objectives 131 Chapter 4. Needs for Implementation 155 4.1 Capacity Building 156 4.1.1 Plan for Capacity Development for the Implementation of the NBSAP 156 4.2 Communication and Outreach 163 4.2.1 Preliminary Strategy for the Communication and Outreach of the NBSAP 163 4.3 Resource Mobilization 165 4.3.1 Road Map for Resource Mobilization for NBSAP Implementation 165 Principle behind Resource Mobilization 165 Strategy for Resource Mobilization 166 Approach to Resource Mobilization 166 Budget estimate for implementing the NBSAP 2016-2022 166 Possible Financing Mechanisms 168 Bio-prospecting 168 Payments for Ecosystem Services (PES) 170 Ongoing Projects 170 Chapter 5. Coordination, Monitoring, Evaluating and Reporting 173 Table of Contents Contd. vii 5.1 National Coordination and Reporting Format 174 5.2 Biodiversity Clearing-House Mechanism 174 5.3 Supervision of and Advice for the Implementation of the NBSAP 175 5.4 Monitoring and Evaluation 175 Citations 177 Annexes 195 Annex 1. List of Stakeholders Consulted during the NBSAP Development Process 196 Annex 2. Matrix of Stakeholders Listed in the Plan 202 Annex 3. The NBSAP Communication and Capacity Building Strategy for the Action Plan: a preliminary proposal 236 Annex 4. Budget Estimates for Implementing the NBASP 2016-22 274 viii List of Figures Figure 1. Sri Lanka’s Location and Exclusive Economic Zone 11 Figure 2 The Earth During the Early (above) and Late (below) Jurassic 12 Figure 3. The Topography of Sri Lanka 14 Figure 4. Rivers of Sri Lanka 16 Figure 5. Reservoirs of Sri Lanka 17 Figure 6. Bioclimatic Zones of Sri Lanka 19 Figure 7. Endemicity Among Some of the Main Taxonomic Groups in Sri Lanka 25 Figure 8. Figure 8. a) Repeated land Bridge Formation, due to Lowering of the Sea Level during periods of Glaciations (between 3 myrs – 3000 yr), Connected the Indian Mainland with Sri Lanka Facilitating Faunal Exchange between Sri Lanka and India. Figure 8. b) Sea level Rise as in the Present Day Separates India from Sri Lanka 27 Figure 9. Sri Lanka’s Ichthyological Zones 28 Figure 10. Sri Lanka’s Mammalian Zones 29 Figure 11. Sri Lanka’s Avifaunal Zones 30 Figure 12. Sri Lanka’s Vegetation Zones 32 Figure 13. Ecosystem Services and Linkages to Human Well-being 33 Figure 14. Schematic Illustration of Ecosystem Services in Sri Lanka 36 Figure 15. Forestry Sector Contribution to GDP 37 Figure 16. Forestry Sector Contributions to the Sri Lankan Economy 39 Figure 17. A High Proportion of Species in Most Taxonomic Groups seen in Sri Lanka are Listed as Threatened 48 Figure 18. Protected Areas of Sri Lanka (under the Jurisdiction of the Forest Department and Department of Wildlife Conservation) 52 Figure 19. Other Managed Areas of Sri Lanka (under the Jurisdiction of the Department of Fisheries and Coast Conservation and Coastal Resource Management Department) 54 Figure 20. Environmental Protection Areas (EPAs) under the Jurisdiction of the CEA and proposed by the NWPEA 56 Figure 21. Ex-situ Conservation Centres and National Repositories of Sri Lanka 58 Figure 22. Sri Lanka’s Population and Growth in the last 150 years 59 Figure 23. Mangrove Destruction around Puttalam Lagoon 61 Figure 24. Increase in Visitors to Yala National Park 69 Figure 25. Projected Sea Level Rise in Sri Lanka 78 Figure 26. Changes in Climate Boundaries in 2050 79 Figure 27. Increasing Revenue from Visitation to Four National Parks (2007-2014) 82 Figure 28. Sectoral Contributors to Biodiversity Conservation in Sri Lanka 100 Figure 29. Change in the Number of Species in Three Decades 120 ix Figure 30. The Three-tier Hierarchical Approach used in the Preparation of this NBSAP 131 Figure 31. Matrix of Stakeholders 157 Figure 32. Matrix of Stakeholder Engagement 158 Figure 33. Proposed Hierarchical Coordination 174 List of Tables Table 1. An Overview of Sri Lanka’s Ecosystem Diversity 20 Table 2. An Overview of Sri Lanka’s Species Diversity 26 Table 3. Contribution to the National Economy by the Forestry Sector 38 Table 4. Summary of Ecosystem Services Provided by Sri Lankan Ecosystems 40 Table 5. New Species of Fauna Recorded since 2007 in Sri Lanka 45 Table 6. Conservation Status of Nationally Assessed Taxa of Sri Lanka 46 Table 7. Current Coverage of Protected Areas in Sri Lanka 53 Table 8. Summary of Habitat-related Threats to Sri Lanka’s Ecosystems 65 Table 9. Summary of Species-related Threats to Sri Lanka’s Ecosystems 70 Table 10. Current and Projected Areas under Three Major Climatic Zones 79 Table 11. Impact of Climate Change on Ecosystems 80 Table 12. Breakdown of Tourist Visitation and Revenue by National Park 83 Table 13. A Selection of Policies and Plans that have a Bearing on Biodiversity 84 Table 14. A Selection of Acts and Ordinances that Directly or Indirectly Affect Biodiversity 87 Table 15. A Selection of Organizations that have a Bearing on Biodiversity 95 Table 16. International Conventions related to Biodiversity Conservation to which Sri Lanka is a Signatory 102 Table 17. Key Capacity Needs by Type of Group 159 Table 18. Summary Budget Estimates for Implementing the NBSAP 2016-22 167 Table 19. Selected Ongoing Biodiversity-related Projects 170 x List of Boxes Box 1. The Aichi Targets 4 Box 2. Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) 6 Box 3. The Ecosystem Approach 7 Box 4. Other National Obligations 9 Box 5. The Contribution of the Forestry Sector to the National Economy of Sri Lanka 37 Box 6. The National Red List 47 Box 7. The Conservation History of the Critically Endangered (CR) Point-endemic Freshwater Fish, Bandula Barb (Pethia bandula): a Success Story 49 Box 8. Environmental Protection Areas (EPAs) for the Conservation of Biodiversity 55 Box 9. Loss of Mangroves and Salt Marshes around Puttalam Lagoon 61 Box 10. The National Pilisuru Programme 63 Box 11. Habitat Loss = Loss of Carbon Sequestration 67 Box 12. Over-visitation 69 Box 13. Strengthening Capacity for Managing Invasive Alien Species (IAS) in Sri Lanka 72 Box 14. The UN REDD Programme 109 Box 15. Globally Important Biological Sites 110 Box 16. Justification for the Formulation of National Targets 120 Box 17. The Process of Preparing the NBSAP 126 Box 18. The NBSAP: Synergies among Global and other National Targets 130 Box 19. Failure of Communicating Conservation 163 Box 20. Bio-piracy and Bio-theft 169 xi Team of Contributors Team Leader Prof. Devaka Weerakoon Technical Contributors Prof. Devaka Weerakoon Dr. Sriyanie Miththapala Mr. Shamen Vidanage Mr. Jagath Gunawardena Mr. Sarath Ekanayake Mr. Sampath de Alwis Goonatilake Mr. Arjan Rajasuriya Mr. Naalin Perera Dr. Scott Perkin Dr. Ananda Mallawatantri Technical Assistance Mr. Gyan de Silva Mr. Tharanga Wijewickrama Ms. Lankika Chathurangi Mrs. Kumudini Ekaratne GIS Mapping Mrs. Darshani Wijesinghe Mr. Hasitha Marasinge Mrs. Sandamali Pathirage Other Assistance Mrs. Padmi Meegoda Mr. Charitha Dias NBSAP Preparation Supervision Mrs. R.H.M.P. Abeykoon Mr. Shamen Vidanage Dr. Ananda Mallawatantri NBSAP Preparation Coordination Mrs. Hemamali Herath Mr. Leel Randeni NBSAP Preparation Project Manager Mr. Naalin Perera Technical Contributors for the Proposed Ecosystem Classification Prof. Devaka Weerakoon, Prof. I.A.U.N. Gunatilleke, Prof. C.V.S. Gunatilleke, Prof. Siril Wijesundara, Dr. T. Jayasingham, Mr. Sarath Ekanayake, Mr. Sampath de Alwis Goonatilake, Mr. Naalin Perera. Technical Contributors for the Stakeholder Consultations Dr. Nirmalie Pallewatta, Prof. Siril Wijesundara, Dr. Athula Senaratne, Mr. Jagath Gunawardena, Dr. Nihal Attapattu, Dr. Gamini Samarasinghe. xii Message from His Excellency, the President of the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka, Minister of Mahaweli Development and Environment Sri Lanka is blessed with immense natural wealth — with a multitude of species and a range of breath taking ecosystems that provide us Sri Lankans with life-sustaining services. Historical records reveal that our unique culture has been nourished by conservation-friendly religions and philosophies. The Theravada Buddhist tradition teaches us to convey loving kindness to all living beings and centuries of using our traditional knowledge have validated this compassion. However, in our efforts to improve our economy, we are now squandering this natural wealth. While developing the country’s infrastructure, we are ravaging its ecosystems. Since 1900, more than 75% forest cover has been lost; and 50% of our wetlands have been reclaimed or destroyed. In the process of improving agriculture and advancing our industries, we are poisoning the water and polluting the air. In our determination to better ourselves and our daily lives, we are consuming more, discarding more and accumulating solid waste We are also currently experiencing changing weather patterns, influenced by global warming, that lead to extreme weather events, such as the devastating floods of 2016. We cannot improve our economy at the cost of our inherited natural wealth. However, at the same time, I am committed to improving the quality of lives of our people and to making this country a haven where everyone is content and lives in harmony with each other. The challenge facing us today is to ensure that we achieve this so that we not only live in harmony with each other but also with nature. In order to attain this difficult balance between development and the conservation of our rich natural heritage, we need a holistic policy and a comprehensive road map. In this context, I welcome this National Biodiversity Strategic Action Plan (NBSAP), which presents the current state of our natural wealth and provides recommendations that mainstream our island’s biodiversity into national development. It is a great pleasure for me to send this message for this critical policy intervention. It is proposed that this NBSAP will be implemented with the active support of a wide range of stakeholders, in a variety of sectors. I believe that this action plan was prepared in line with the ‘Towards a Blue-Green Era National Sustainable Development Programme’ designed to bring the country’s coastal, marine and terrestrial resource management into a new era of effective conservation. I extend my grateful thanks to everyone who contributed to the preparation of this NBSAP. I wish everyone engaged in its implementation all the very best in their endeavours to make the vision of ‘Living in Harmony with Nature’ a reality. Maithripala Sirisena President, Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka Hon. Minister of Mahaweli Development and Environment xiii Message from the Secretary, Ministry of Mahaweli Development and Environment Among the major functions vested with our Ministry are the provision of national leadership for formulating policies for sustainable development and collaborative implementation of plans and pilots with line agencies, other organizations and different social groups. As a member of the United Nations Organization, Sri Lanka has responsibilities and obligations to fulfil the commitments to the global community that stem from international conventions and treaties. The Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) is an iconic convention of the United Nations. Each party of this Convention is mandated to prepare an action plan to achieve strategic goals to manage the country’s sustainable management of biodiversity. This National Biodiversity Strategic Action Plan (NBSAP) 2016 - 2022 was prepared to meet the above requirement. IUCN, Sri Lanka Country Office provided technical assistance to our Ministry. What we refer to as biodiversity is the variety and variability of all life on Earth. Sri Lanka’s biodiversity is unique as there is a high species richness per unit area, very high endemism, and a wide variety of ecosystems. In addition, we have inherited a unique traditional knowledge nourished with experiences from our ancestors, who cherished the natural environment. Current anthropogenic threats to biodiversity and its resultant depletion and degradation is not only confined to Sri Lanka but is also rampant at a global scale. The conservation of biodiversity must not be relegated to our Ministry but must become integral to all sectors. Therefore, we need to join hands to implement the recommendations of the NBSAP and ensure the conservation of our nation’s natural wealth so that future generations may also benefit from this wealth. In this mission we need to stand together, supported by strong scientific data. During the preparation of the NBSAP, not only line agencies and biodiversity experts, but other organizations, CBOs and NGOs involved with community-based biodiversity conservation were also invited to provide their inputs. I believe that we will be able to make biodiversity everyone’s business. Without active support from each and every individual in the country, it will be difficult to implement the actions of the NBSAP. I am delighted that the NBSAP included sustainable livelihoods in their actions, as that is a critical need for a fast developing country like Sri Lanka. I convey my sincere gratitude to those who contributed to make this document a reality. Udaya R. Senevirathne Secretary, Ministry of Mahaweli Development and Environment xiv Message from the Director, Biodiversity Secretariat, Ministry of Mahaweli Development and Environment We are currently in the United Nations Decade on Biodiversity, from 2011-2020. This Decade emphasizes as its theme ‘Biodiversity is Life — Biodiversity is Our Life’. In 1994, Sri Lanka became a signatory to the United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD). The Biodiversity Secretariat of the Ministry of Mahaweli Development and Environment acts as the operational focal point to the CBD. The Biodiversity Secretariat has led the way in implementing programmes to mainstream the country’s biodiversity into national development policies and plans. At a national level, National Biodiversity Strategies and Action Plans (NBSAPs) are the principal instruments for implementing the CBD (Article 6 of the CBD). The Convention requires countries to prepare a national biodiversity strategy (or an equivalent instrument) and to ensure that this strategy is mainstreamed into the planning and activities of all those sectors whose activities can have an impact (positive and negative) on biodiversity. Therefore, the Biodiversity Conservation in Sri Lanka — A Framework for Action (BCAP) was prepared in 1998 with the recommendations to implement the objectives of the convention. The Addendum for the BCAP was prepared in 2007 to review the progress of implementation of this BCAP, to identify important areas missing (cross-cutting or inadequately dealt with), to compile available information, and to propose actions and recommendations to facilitate effective implementation of the BCAP. In Nagoya City, Japan, the 10th Conference of Parties (COP X) of the CBD was held and key historical decisions were taken. COP X decided that every party of the Convention needed to update existing biodiversity strategies and action plans to achieve the goals of the new strategic plan and the adopted 20 Aichi (2020 Targets). Therefore, the Biodiversity Secretariat implemented a project titled ‘the National Biodiversity Planning to Support the Implementation of the CBD 2011-2020 Strategic Plan in Sri Lanka and to prepare National Report to the CBD (NBSAP) Project’. Through this project, the Biodiversity Conservation in Sri Lanka — Framework for Action launched in 1998, addendum and chapter reports in 2007, were updated according the guidelines of the CBD Strategic Plan 2011-2020 and national priorities. It was mandated that the Aichi Targets were incorporated when preparing the National Biodiversity Strategic Action Plan (NBSAP) for Sri Lanka. The NBSAP (2016-2022) includes five strategic objectives 12 national targets. Altogether, there are 87 actions covering all the thematic areas from forests and wildlife, agricultural biodiversity, marine and coastal biodiversity and invasive species, to biosafety and equitable sharing of benefits arising from the use of biodiversity. During the process of national consultation, public sector officials, experts, social activists, Indigenous People and Local Communities (IPLCs), CBOs and NGOs members, as well as representatives from the private and corporate sector, were consulted. Their generous inputs improved the NBSAP. We thank IUCN, Sri Lanka Country Office for providing technical assistance to prepare the NBSAP in order to meet global obligations and national commitments. The NBSAP would not have become a reality without generous financial support from the Global Environmental Facility and coordination from UNDP. We acknowledge the Technical Evaluation and Procurement Committees of the Ministry for supporting us in the timely completion of the project. We especially thank the Secretary for guidance and encouragement, as well as the strong support throughout the process from the Additional Secretaries. We anticipate your active support to implement the actions recommended by the NBSAP, so that we may create a nation in harmony with nature. R. H. M. P. Abeykoon Director (Biodiversity), Ministry of Mahaweli Development and Environment VISION Sri Lanka’s biodiversity is valued, conserved and sustainably used to benefit all its citizens AA – Affected Area ABS – Access and Benefit Sharing ASTER – Advanced Space borne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer AT – Aichi Target BACC – Mainstreaming Biodiversity Conservation and use in Sri Lankan Agro-ecosystems for Livelihoods and Adaptation to Climate Change Project BC – Before Christ BCAP – Biodiversity Conservation in Sri Lanka: A Framework for Action BCPs – Biocultural Community Protocols BDS – Biodiversity Secretariat BDSL – Biodiversity Sri Lanka BEC – National Biodiversity Experts Committee BES – Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services B4FN – Biodiversity for Food and Nutrition Project BINGO – Big International Non-Governmental Organization BIOFIN – The Biodiversity Finance Initiative BMARI – Bandaranayake Memorial Ayurvedic Research Institute BOBLME – Bay of Bengal Large Marine Ecosystem BOI – Board of Investment BP – Before Present CA – Conservation Area CANARI – Caribbean Natural Resources Institute CBC – Ceylon Bird Club CBD – Convention on Biological Diversity CBO – Community Based Organization CC&CRMD – Coast Conservation and Coastal Resource Management Department C-CAMP-P – Community Camp Programme CCD – Coast Conservation Department CCF – Central Cultural Fund CCS – Climate Change Secretariat CEA – Central Environmental Authority CEB – Ceylon Electricity Board CEPA – Communication, Education and Public Awareness Strategy CG – Coast Guard CHM – Clearing House Mechanism CITES – Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora CMS – Convention on Conservation of Migratory Species COP – Conference of the Parties CR – Critically Endangered List of Acronyms xvii List of Acronyms Contd. CR (PE) – Critically Endangered Possibly Extinct CRI – Coconut Research Institute CSR – Corporate Social Responsibility CZMP – Coastal Zone Management Plan DAD – Department of Agrarian Development DAPH – Department of Animal Production and Health DCS – Department of Census and Statistics DD – Data Deficient DFAR – Department of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources DIMO – Diesel and Motor Engineering Plc DMC – Disaster Management Centre DNBG – Department of National Botanic Gardens DNM – Department of National Museums DNZG – Department of National Zoological Gardens DoA – Department of Agriculture DoArch – Department of Archaeology DoAyur – Department of Ayurveda DoDD – Department of Divinaguma Development DoEA – Department of Export Agriculture DoH – Department of Health DoM – Department of Meteorology DWC – Department of Wildlife Conservation EbA – Ecosystem-based Adaptation Eco-DRR – Ecosystem-based Disaster Risk Reduction EFL – Environmental Foundation Limited EIA – Environmental Impact Assessment EN – Endangered EPA – Environmental Protection Area ES – Ecosystem Service EBSA – Ecologically or Biologically Significant Marine Area FAO – Food and Agriculture Organisation FCO – Forest Conservation Ordinance FD – Forest Department FEO – Federation of Environmental Organizations FFPO – Fauna and Floral Protection Ordinance FMA – Fishery Management Area FPIC – Free and Prior Informed Consent GDP – Gross Domestic Product GEF – Global Environment Facility GIS – Geographic Information System GIZ – German Development Cooperation xviii GMO – Genetically Modified Organism GoSL – Government of Sri Lanka GPS – Global Positioning System GSMB – Geological Survey and Mines Bureau HSBC – Hong Kong & Shanghai Banking Corporation IAS – Invasive Alien Species ID – Irrigation Department IDB – Industrial Development Board IEE – Initial Environmental Examination IEEP – Institute for European Environmental Policy IEO – International Environmental Organization ILCs – Indigenous and Local Communities INGO – International Non-Governmental Organization IPCC – Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change IPHT – Institute of Post-Harvest Technology IPLC – Indigenous People and Local Community IPS – Institute of Policy Studies IUCN – International Union for Conservation of Nature IWMI – International Water Management Institute KDN – Kanneliya-Dediyagala-Nakiyadeniya LMO – Living Modified Organisms LUPPD – Land Use Policy Planning Department M&E – Monitoring and Evaluation MASL – Mahaweli Authority of Sri Lanka MEA – Millennium Ecosystem Assessment MEPA – Marine Environment Protection Authority MoALF – Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Fisheries MoE – Ministry of Environment MoEPA – Ministry of Environment and Parliamentary Affairs MoERE – Ministry of Environment and Renewable Energy MoF – Ministry of Finance MoFE – Ministry of Forestry and Environment MoFARD – Ministry of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources Development MoH – Ministry of Health MoIWRM – Ministry of Irrigation and Water Resources Management MoM&WD – Ministry of Megapolis and Western Development MoMD&E – Ministry of Mahaweli Development and Environment MoNRE – Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment MoSD&W – Ministry of Sustainable Development and Wildlife MPA – Marine Protected Area msl – Mean Sea Level List of Acronyms Contd. xix List of Acronyms Contd. MSP – Multi-stakeholder platform mya – Million Years Ago mybp – Million Years Before Present myr – Million Years NAQDA – National Aquaculture Development Authority NARA – National Aquatic Resources Research and Development Agency NBRO – National Building Research Organization NBSAP – National Biodiversity Strategic Action Plan NCCAS – National Climate Change Adaptation Strategy NCS – National Conservation Strategy NCSA – National Capacity Needs Self-Assessment NE – Not Evaluated NEA – National Environmental Act NEAP – National Environmental Action Plan NERD – National Engineering Research and Development Centre NFP – National Focal Point NG&JA – National Gem and Jewellery Authority NGO – Non-Governmental Organization NIE – National Institute of Education NIFS – National Institute for Fundamental Studies NIP – National Implementation Plan for the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants NISSG – National Invasive Species Specialist Group NMDC – National Mineral Development Corporation NOSCOP – National Oil Spill Contingency Plan NPD – National Planning Department NPPD – National Physical Planning Department NPQS – National Plant Quarantine Service NRC – National Research Council NSC – National Steering Committee NSCAG – National Species Conservation Advisory Group NSF – National Science Foundation NT – Near Threatened NWPEA – North Western Province Environmental Authority NWS&DB – National Water Supply and Drainage Board PA – Protected Area PC – Provincial Council PCB – Polychlorinated Biphenyl PES – Payments for Ecosystem Services PGIA – Post Graduate Institute of Agriculture xx PGRC – Plant Genetic Resources Centre PIC – Prior Informed Consent POP – Persistent Organic Pollutant PPG – Project Preparation Grant PSC – Public Service Commission RDA – Road Development Authority REDD – Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation RPRDC – Rice Processing Research and Development Centre RRDI – Rice Research and Development Institute RRI – Rubber Research Institute SACEP South Asia Co-operative Environmental Programme SBSTTA Subsidiary Body on Scientific, Technical and Technological Advice SDD – Sustainable Development Division SDGs – Sustainable Development Goals SEA – Strategic Environmental Assessment SEEA – System of Environmental-Economic Accounts SLC – Sri Lanka Customs SLINTEC – Sri Lanka Institute of Nano Technology SLLR&DC – Sri Lanka Land Reclamation and Development Corporation SLPA – Sri Lanka Ports Authority SLPD – Sri Lanka Police Department SLTDA – Sri Lanka Tourism Development Authority SMA – Special Management Areas TEEB – The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity TNA – Technology Needs Assessment TRI – Tea Research Institute UDA – Urban Development Authority UGC – University Grants Commission UNCLOS – United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea UNDP – United Nations Development Program UNEP – United Nations Environmental Program UNESCO – United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization UNFCCC – United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change UoSJP – University of Sri Jayawardenapura VU – Vulnerable WGS – World Geodetic System WHT – Wildlife Heritage Trust WNPS – Wildlife and Nature Protection Society WWF – World Wildlife Fund YZA – Young Zoologists Association List of Acronyms Contd. xxi Osbeckia lanata (Sinhala: Kuru Bovitiya; Tamil: No name known) Endemic and Endangered Naturally found in Horton Plains National Park, Central Highlands World Heritage Serial Property. Some species of Osbeckia are used in indigenous medicines in Sri Lanka. Naalin Perera © IUCN, Sri Lanka This fledgling Black-Winged Stilt (Himantopus himantopus) was observed in an unprotected wetland located in northwest coast of Sri Lanka, on its first solo journey from the nest. Although it represents a single element of the environment, it already marks its place in the intricate web of life, just as this NBSAP marks its place in the arena of global biodiversity conservation. Chapter 1 National Biodiversity Stocktaking and Information Management Naalin Perera © IUCN, Sri Lanka Nat iona l B iod ivers i ty S t ra teg ic Ac t ion P lan 2016-2022 2 1.1 The Development of Sri Lanka’s Biodiversity Action Plans Sri Lanka became a signatory to the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) in 1992 and ratified the Convention in 1994. Following the ratification of the CBD, Sri Lanka formulated a Strategy for the Preparation of a Biodiversity Action Plan for Sri Lanka (MoENR, 2007a). The purpose of this document was to identify the means by which an action plan would be developed. Following this, in 1996, as an obligation to the CBD, the Government, with the technical support of IUCN, formulated a biodiversity conservation action plan (BCAP) under the title Biodiversity Conservation in Sri Lanka: A framework for action, which was approved by the Cabinet of Ministers in 1998 (MoENR, 2007a). This BCAP proposed the establishment of the Biodiversity Secretariat, a National Steering Committee (NSC) and several Task Forces and described the modality by which the latter would operate to a) ‘Study the BCAP recommendations for action; (b) Evaluate the current related activities in relation to these recommendations; (c) Identify priority areas for action, and to work out a programme of action assigning responsibilities for implementation; (d) Provide expert advice to the NSC on matters of relevance to their subject areas, as and when necessary; (e) Critically examine papers and recommendations prepared by experts in relation to identified issues, for the National Steering Committee; (f) Regularly monitor and review performance in relation to implementation; and (g) Undertake any other activities specified by the NSC’ (MoFE, 1999). Thus, the BCAP ensured a very wide consultative process, involving government agencies, non governmental organizations, experts and local communities (MoFE, 1999). The BCAP consisted of 74 recommended actions to achieve 18 specific objectives listed under four thematic areas: forests, wetlands, coastal and marine systems, and agricultural systems. (This categorization was useful not only in ecological terms but also allowed for differentiation of responsibilities to relevant organizations.) The BCAP also included a further 73 recommended actions to achieve 22 specific objectives listed under eight cross-cutting areas: Priority actions in selected bioregions, Ex-situ conservation, Research, Education and awareness, Biodiversity information, Legal measures, Institutional support and Valuation of biodiversity (MoFE, 1999). The BCAP proposed a two-year inception phase, and a ten-year implementation phase. The implementation phase was divided into two phases, each of five years. The BCAP recommended that it was reviewed at the end of the first five years (MoFE, 1999). Therefore, in 2005, the National Biodiversity Experts Committee undertook to review the BCAP as recommended. The objectives were to a) review implementation of the BCAP; b) identify gaps; c) propose actions for the ‘effective implementation of the BCAP’ (MoNRE, 2007a). For this purpose, 16 task forces were established, represented by more than 90 national experts, who prepared an addendum to the BCAP in 2007, comprising 16 chapters covering cross-cutting thematic areas. Each chapter comprised a status review, a gap analysis and a set of recommendations. Altogether 102 recommendations were given, which were later shortlisted to 31 high priority and 14 priority recommendations. For each of these recommendations, the institutional responsibilities, implementation arrangements and time frames were provided. Although not stated, the Addendum to the BCAP implies an implementation period of nine years, which come to an end in 2016 (MoENR, 2007a). 1.2 Existing Gaps According to the Fifth National Report to the CBD, only 11 out of 74 (15%) BCAP recommended actions were achieved satisfactorily, while another 36 (49%) were achieved partially (BDS, MoERE, 2014). The remaining 27 actions (36%) were not completed in a satisfactory manner (BDS, MoERE, 2014). The level of achievement with respect to the thematic area of forests is comparatively high, i.e., 17 out 3 of 24 recommendations (70.8%) were achieved either completely or partially. On the other hand, the success rate in wetlands and agricultural systems was comparatively low, i.e., only 37.5 and 16.6% of recommended actions were achieved satisfactorily or partially (BDS, MoERE, 2014). According to the Fifth National Report to the CBD only six out of the 31 (19%) priority recommendations in the Addendum have been achieved satisfactorily, while another 16 (52%) were achieved partially. The progress towards achieving the remaining nine recommendations was listed as unsatisfactory (29.0%) (BDS, MoERE, 2014). Lack of financial resources was identified as the main barrier that has prevented the achievement of satisfactory progress for the recommendations that are listed as unsatisfactory (BDS, MoERE, 2014). There are more than 30 state institutions and 15 laws directly involved in conservation and sustainable use of biological diversity in Sri Lanka. These institutions and laws provide an important framework to support the maintenance of biodiversity into sectoral and cross-sectoral strategies, plans and programmes. However, lack of expertise; inadequacy of staff; lack of collaboration and coordination among these line agencies; and lack of adequate information were identified as the other barriers that have resulted in failure to address the recommendations listed as having shown unsatisfactory progress (BDS, MoERE, 2014). In addition, the lack of adequate integration into the plans, policies and programmes of the agencies of the development sector of mainstreaming recommended actions to the work programmes of the respective line agencies is also retarding progress (BDS, MoERE, 2014). It was also stated in the Addendum that climate change had not been adequately considered in the BCAP (MoENR, 2007a). In order to successfully implement the current NBSAP, addressing these barriers became critically important. Actions were aligned with already developed national and sectoral plans and programmes that are either being implemented currently, or will be implemented in the future. Further, climate change considerations were integrated into various actions. In addition, Chapter 4 provides the approach that should be taken to ensure the capacity needs, communication and outreach strategy, as well as a road map for resource mobilization to overcome the capacity and financial barriers that are identified as major limitations in realization of the recommended actions of the BCAP and the addendum to BCAP. Finally, Chapter 5 outlines the approach that should be taken to coordinate and monitor the implementation of the current NBSAP. 1.3 Introduction to the NBSAP Once more, Sri Lanka must undertake to revise the NBSAP in line with emerging national and global priorities. This NBSAP will have an operational period of seven years from 2016-2022 and will provide the strategic approach needed to ensure that Sri Lanka’s rich biodiversity is conserved and used in a sustainable manner. It includes national targets that are synergistic with global targets such as the Aichi Biodiversity Targets and Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Further, the NBSAP is also consistent with other national and sub-national policy frameworks, mainly the updated National Action Plan for Haritha Lanka Programme, which will have a similar operational period as the NBSAP. The NBSAP is also a guiding policy framework for provincial authorities of Sri Lanka, as well as civil society groups and private sector organizations in approaches to biodiversity conservation and ecosystems management. Therefore, during the NBSAP preparation, all these stakeholders were consulted in order to ensure that the proposed actions are acceptable to all stakeholders and can be practically implemented. Nat iona l B iod ivers i ty S t ra teg ic Ac t ion P lan 2016-2022 4 Box 1. The Aichi Targets (Source: CBD, 2010a) Strategic Goal A: Address the underlying causes of biodiversity loss by mainstreaming biodiversity across government and society By 2020, at the latest, people are aware of the values of biodiversity and the steps they can take to conserve and use it sustainably. By 2020, at the latest, incentives, including subsidies, harmful to biodiversity are eliminated, phased out or reformed in order to minimize or avoid negative impacts, and positive incentives for the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity are developed and applied, consistent and in harmony with the Convention and other relevant international obligations, taking into account national socio economic conditions. By 2020, at the latest, biodiversity values have been integrated into national and local development and poverty reduction strategies and planning processes and are being incorporated into national accounting, as appropriate, and reporting systems. By 2020, at the latest, Governments, business and stakeholders at all levels have taken steps to achieve or have implemented plans for sustainable production and consumption and have kept the impacts of use of natural resources well within safe ecological limits. Strategic Goal B: Reduce the direct pressures on biodiversity and promote sustainable use By 2020, the rate of loss of all natural habitats, including forests, is at least halved and where feasible brought close to zero, and degradation and fragmentation is significantly reduced. By 2020 areas under agriculture, aquaculture and forestry are managed sustainably, ensuring conservation of biodiversity. By 2020, pollution, including from excess nutrients, has been brought to levels that are not detrimental to ecosystem function and biodiversity. By 2020, invasive alien species and pathways are identified and prioritized, priority species are controlled or eradicated, and measures are in place to manage pathways to prevent their introduction and establishment. By 2015, the multiple anthropogenic pressures on coral reefs, and other vulnerable ecosystems impacted by climate change or ocean acidification are minimized, so as to maintain their integrity and functioning. By 2020 all fish and invertebrate stocks and aquatic plants are managed and harvested sustainably, legally and applying ecosystem based approaches, so that overfishing is avoided, recovery plans and measures are in place for all depleted species, fisheries have no significant adverse impacts on threatened species and vulnerable ecosystems and the impacts of fisheries on stocks, species and ecosystems are within safe ecological limits. 5 Box 1. The Aichi Targets Contd. By 2020, at least 17 per cent of terrestrial and inland water, and 10 per cent of coastal and marine areas, especially areas of particular importance for biodiversity and ecosystem services, are conserved through effectively and equitably managed, ecologically representative and well connected systems of protected areas and other effective area-based conservation measures, and integrated into the wider landscape and seascapes. By 2020 the extinction of known threatened species has been prevented and their conservation status, particularly of those most in decline, has been improved and sustained. By 2020, ecosystems that provide essential services, including services related to water, and contribute to health, livelihoods and well-being, are restored and safeguarded, taking into account the needs of women, indigenous and local communities, and the poor and vulnerable. By 2020, ecosystem resilience and the contribution of biodiversity to carbon stocks has been enhanced, through conservation and restoration, including restoration of at least 15 per cent of degraded ecosystems, thereby contributing to climate change mitigation and adaptation and to combating desertification. By 2015, the Nagoya Protocol on Access to Genetic Resources and the Fair and Equitable Sharing of Benefits Arising from their Utilization is in force and operational, consistent with national legislation. By 2015 each Party has developed, adopted as a policy instrument, and has commenced implementing an effective, participatory and updated national biodiversity strategy and action plan. By 2020, knowledge, the science base and technologies relating to biodiversity, its values functioning, status and trends, and the consequences of its loss, are improved, widely shared and transferred, and applied. By 2020, at the latest, the mobilization of financial resources for effectively implementing the Strategic Plan 2011-2020 from all sources and in accordance with the consolidated and agreed process in the Strategy for Resource Mobilization should increase substantially from the current levels. This target will be subject to changes contingent to resources needs assessments to be developed and reported by Parties. By 2020, the traditional knowledge, innovations and practices of indigenous and local communities relevant for the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity, and their customary use of biological resources, are respected, subject to national legislation and relevant international obligations, and fully integrated and reflected in the implementation of the Convention with the full and effective participation of indigenous and local communities, at all relevant levels. By 2020, the genetic diversity of cultivated plants and farmed and domesticated animals and of wild relatives, including other socio-economically as well as culturally valuable species, is maintained, and strategies have been developed and implemented for minimizing genetic erosion and safeguarding their genetic diversity. Strategic Goal C: Improve the status of biodiversity by safeguarding ecosystems, species and genetic diversity Strategic Goal D: Enhance the benefits to all from biodiversity and ecosystem services. Strategic Goal E: Enhance implementation through participatory planning, knowledge management and capacity building Nat iona l B iod ivers i ty S t ra teg ic Ac t ion P lan 2016-2022 6 Box 2. Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) (Source: UN, 2015a) End poverty in all its forms everywhere End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote lifelong learning opportunities for all Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls Ensure access to water and sanitation for all Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy for all Reduce inequality within and among countries Make cities inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable Ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns Take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas and marine resources Sustainably manage forests, combat desertification, halt and reverse land degradation, halt biodiversity loss Promote just, peaceful and inclusive societies Revitalize the global partnership for sustainable development Promote inclusive and sustainable economic growth, employment and decent work for all Build resilient infrastructure, promote sustainable industrialization and foster innovation The NBSAP is based on the ecosystem approach to ensure that the maintenance of ecosystem services and functions, vital for human well-being, including inter alia, the provision of food, water and fuel; cultural services; habitat provision; climate regulation, pollination and seed dispersal. 7 Principle 1: The objectives of management of land, water and living resources are a matter of societal choice. Both cultural and biological diversity are central components of the ecosystem approach, and management should take this into account. Ecosystems should be managed for their intrinsic values and for the tangible or intangible benefits for humans, in a fair and equitable way. Principle 2: Management should be decentralized to the lowest appropriate level. Management should involve all stakeholders and balance local interests with the wider public interest. Principle 3: Ecosystem managers should consider the effects (actual or potential) of their activities on adjacent and other ecosystems. Ecosystems do not exist in isolation and exist as mosaics of interconnected units across a heterogeneous landscape. This means that management must be at a landscape level. Principle 4: Recognizing potential gains from management, there is usually a need to understand and manage the ecosystem in an economic context. Often those who benefit from conservation do not pay the costs associated with conservation and, similarly, those who generate environmental costs (e.g. pollution) escape responsibility. Alignment of incentives allows those who control the resource to benefit and ensures that those who generate environmental costs will pay. Principle 5: Conservation of ecosystem structure and functioning, in order to maintain ecosystem services, should be a priority target of the ecosystem approach. Ecosystem functioning and resilience depends on a dynamic relationship within species, among species and between species and their abiotic environment, as well as the physical and chemical interactions within the environment. The conservation and, where appropriate, restoration of these interactions and processes is of greater significance for the long-term maintenance of biological diversity than simply protection of species Principle 6: Ecosystems must be managed within the limits of their functioning. The limits to ecosystem functioning may be affected to different degrees by temporary, unpredictable or artificially maintained conditions and, accordingly, management should be appropriately cautious. Principle 7: The ecosystem approach should be undertaken at the appropriate spatial and temporal scales. Boundaries for management will be defined operationally by users, managers, scientists and indigenous and local peoples. Connectivity between areas should be promoted where necessary. The ecosystem approach is based upon the hierarchical nature of biological diversity characterized by the interaction and integration of genes, species and ecosystems. This again, emphasizes a landscape approach. Principle 8: Recognizing the varying temporal scales and lag-effects that characterize ecosystem processes, objectives for ecosystem management should be set for the long-term. Ecosystem processes are characterized by varying temporal scales and lag-effects. This inherently conflicts with the tendency of humans to favour short-term gains and immediate benefits over future ones. Box 3. The Ecosystem Approach ‘The ecosystem approach is a strategy for the integrated management of land, water and living resources that promotes conservation and sustainable use in an equitable way. Application of the ecosystem approach will help to reach a balance of the three objectives of the Convention. It is based on the application of appropriate scientific methodologies focused on levels of biological organization which encompass the essential processes, functions and interactions among organisms and their environment. It recognizes that humans, with their cultural diversity, are an integral component of ecosystems’ (CBD, 2000, emphasis added) At the fifth Conference of the Parties, the Ecosystem Approach was endorsed and the use of 12 principles were adopted for application (CB, 2000). The 12 principles are presented below, extracted directly from the COP V decision. Nat iona l B iod ivers i ty S t ra teg ic Ac t ion P lan 2016-2022 8 Thus, this NBSAP is a continuing process in consolidating the aspirations and actions of Sri Lanka towards a sustainable future. The NBSAP should be considered as a living, planning document that complies with national policies, laws, plans, programmes and projects. It provides a biodiversity communication, education and public awareness strategy (CEPA); a Clearing House Mechanism (CHM), which serves as a platform for information, knowledge management and networking on biodiversity to aid in policy decision making; and an NBSAP resourcing plan to conserve and sustainably use the country’s biodiversity in an equitable manner. The NBSAP also outlines the strategy to raise public awareness and implement the Nagoya Protocol on Access to Genetic Resources and Benefit-Sharing (CBD, 2010b) — to achieve the third objective of the CBD. The country will need a systematic capacity building strategy to achieve this and thereby, protect its sovereign resources and provide benefits for all Sri Lankans. The success of implementing the NBSAP will involve close coordination among the key line agencies in Sri Lanka mandated with biodiversity conservation and natural resources management, other economic sectors of the government and the private sector. The NBSAP consists of five major sections: 1. the context, describing the present status of Sri Lanka’s biodiversity, including threats to biodiversity, institutional arrangements for biodiversity conservation, as well as barriers and challenges faced in conservation and sustainable utilization of biodiversity; 2. the national targets of NBSAP; Principle 9: Management must recognize that change is inevitable. Ecosystems change, including species composition and population abundance. Hence, management should adapt to the changes. The ecosystem approach must utilize adaptive management in order to anticipate and cater for such changes and events and should be cautious in making any decision that may foreclose options, but, at the same time, consider mitigating actions to cope with long-term changes such as climate change. Principle 10: The ecosystem approach should seek the appropriate balance between, and integration of, conservation and use of biological diversity. Biological diversity is critical both for its intrinsic value and because of the key role it plays in providing the ecosystem and other services upon which we all ultimately depend. There has been a tendency in the past to manage components of biological diversity either as protected or non-protected. There is a need for a shift to more flexible situations, where conservation and use are seen in context and the full range of measures is applied in a continuum from strictly protected to human-made ecosystems. Principle 11: The ecosystem approach should consider all forms of relevant information, including scientific and indigenous and local knowledge, innovations and practices. Assumptions behind proposed management decisions should be made explicit and checked against available knowledge and views of stakeholders. Principle 12: The ecosystem approach should involve all relevant sectors of society and scientific disciplines. Most problems of biological-diversity management are complex, with many interactions, side-effects and implications, and therefore should involve the necessary expertise and stakeholders at the local, national, regional and international level, as appropriate. Thus the ecosystem approach ensures that: Humans are integral to ecosystems; • The multiplicity of stakeholders is acknowledged; • A landscape approach that integrates protected and non-protected areas in management is applied; • Adaptive management is an essential aspect of management; and • There is flexibility in the approach, requiring ‘learning-by-doing and is incremental’ (Shephard, 2008). Box 3. The Ecosystem Approach Contd. 9 3. the strategic objectives — defining the vision, priority areas and national actions to achieve the strategic objectives; 4. the implementation plan, including plans for capacity development, communication and outreach, and resource mobilization; and 5. the coordinating mechanism, monitoring system and the strategy to systematically promote the values of biodiversity through knowledge and information sharing and networking on biodiversity. 1.4 National Obligations under the CBD Contracting parties are expected to fulfil the following: 1. According to Article 6 of the CBD, contracting parties should develop a National Biodiversity Strategic Action Plan (NBSAP) or an equivalent instrument, in order to integrate conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity into sectoral and cross-sectoral activities (CBD, 1992). The NBSAP is a process by which countries can plan to address the threats to their biodiversity. Hence, NBSAPs are the principal instruments for the implementation of the Convention, both at the national and global level, and they are increasingly relevant to other biodiversity-related conventions and agreements. As outlined in the previous section, Sri Lanka has fulfilled this requirement by developing the BCAP in 1998, followed by the Addendum to the BCAP in 2007 and is now in the process of developing the next review, update and revision, the NBSAP. 2. According to Article 26, contracting parties should submit national reports at intervals determined by the Conference of the Parties (COP), outlining the measures that the country has taken for the implementation of provisions of the convention and their effectiveness in meeting the objectives of the convention (CBD, 1992). Sri Lanka has submitted its national reports periodically to the COP, the most recent of which, the Fifth National Report, was submitted in 2014. Biocultural Community Protocols (BCPs) The 16th meeting of the Subsidiary Body on Scientific, Technical and Technological Advice (SBSTTA) deliberated on Biocultural Community Protocols (BCPs) as a platform for communities to engage with external actors such as government agencies, researchers, NGOs, and the private sector according to their own terms, plans, priorities, and rights and responsibilities in conserving biodiversity (Tyrrell and Alcorn, 2011). Biocultural Community Protocols are instruments that set out clear terms and conditions to governments and the private, research, and non-profit sectors for engaging with indigenous and local communities (ILCs) and accessing their local resources and knowledge. They are developed through culturally-rooted, participatory decision-making processes within the communities and are based on communities’ customary norms, values, and laws (Lassen, 2012). Community Protocols are referenced in the Nagoya Protocol on Access to Genetic Resources and the Fair and Equitable Sharing of Benefits Arising from their Utilization under the Convention on Biological Diversity. The Biodiversity Secretariat initiated a dialogue on BCPs in Sri Lanka. It is intended that BCPs for Sri Lanka will be developed primarily for use by indigenous peoples and local communities (IPLCs) with support from long-standing and trusted organizations, where appropriate. The toolkit developed by Community Protocols will be adopted for this purpose (www. community-protocols.org ). REDD+ appears to be one of the potential areas for piloting BCPs in Box 4. Other National Obligations Nat iona l B iod ivers i ty S t ra teg ic Ac t ion P lan 2016-2022 10 Box 4. Other National Obligations Contd. 1.5 Biodiversity of Sri Lanka, Trends and Linkages to Human Well-being 1.5.1 General Description of Sri Lanka Sri Lanka is a moderate-sized, continental island, listed as the 25th largest island in the world (Calder, 2009). Sri Lanka belongs among the equatorial belt of countries, as it lies just south of the Tropic of Cancer between 5˚ 55’ and 9˚ 51’ North Latitude and 79˚ 41’ and 81˚ 54’ East Longitude. Sri Lanka is endowed with a coastline of 1,620 km. The continental shelf around the northern and northwestern part of the island is broad but the shelf ends more abruptly in the south and east of the island. Conforming with the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) (1982), and the Maritime Zones Law No. 22 of 1976, Sri Lanka has different areas of national maritime jurisdiction as shown in Figure 1. Sri Lanka, as part of the engagement of indigenous people such as the Vedda community and local communities such as traditional fishers, in fulfilling Free and Prior Informed Consent (FPIC). The Forest Department initiated the preparation of BCPs under its UN REDD project for the four different clans of the Vedda community in Sri Lanka. Traditional Knowledge Repatriation Traditional knowledge and natural resources are closely interlinked, hence, repatriation of cultural artefacts currently held in foreign countries is needed to protect traditional knowledge. The CBD Article 17.2 on repatriation of information, which is of importance to indigenous and local communities and relevant to conservation, is also addressed (IIED, 2005). Sri Lanka is believed to have lost many cultural artefacts relating to traditional knowledge in conservation during the nearly four and a half centuries of the country’s external rule. Though very little work has been done on this area at present, the Biodiversity Secretariat is determined to establish necessary systems, taking guidance from the ad-hoc open-ended inter-sessional working group on article 8(j) and related provisions in the CBD (CBD, 2015a) to regain important cultural artefacts currently in foreign countries under the traditional knowledge repatriation provisions on the CBD. Ecologically or Biologically Significant Marine Areas (EBSAs) A regional workshop on ‘Ecologically or Biologically Significant Marine Areas (EBSAs) in North East Indian Ocean’ was held on 22nd March 2015. Scientific criteria for EBSA set out by COP decision IX/20 (CBD, 2008) were discussed and used for tentatively identifying potential areas around Sri Lanka to be considered as EBSAs. The potential list of EBSAs around Sri Lanka included the Gulf of Mannar, the southern coast and the coastal area near Trincomalee for conserving whales, dolphins, turtles and sensitive ecosystems — coral reefs, seagrass meadows and mangroves. Given that fewer marine protected areas are declared in Sri Lanka compared to their terrestrial counterparts, EBSAs are welcomed as tools for conservation and sustainable use of marine areas. From the information note produced by the CBD (Rice, 2016; CBD, 2016a) to further enhance scientific methodologies and supporting the decision XII/22 (CBD, 2014), it is expected that required data sets will be gathered for these sites covering both scientific and traditional knowledge and related data assessed that these sites may be designated as EBSAs during the current NBSAP implementation period. Special emphasis will be given to include traditional knowledge into the process of describing EBSAs in line with the COP decision XI/17 and the training manual produced for this purpose by CBD (Tyrrell and Alcorn, 2011). 11 Figure 1. Sri Lanka’s Location and Exclusive Economic Zone (Source: Map prepared by NARA accessed from Joseph, 2004) Nat iona l B iod ivers i ty S t ra teg ic Ac t ion P lan 2016-2022 12 Based on the geological evidence, Sri Lanka has been in existence for nearly three billion years. From the Proterozoic era (2500-542 mya) up to the Jurassic period, Sri Lanka remained part of the Gondwana super continent (Katupotha, 2013). During the Jurassic period, approximately 158-160 mya, the Indo Madagascar plate drifted away from East Africa, followed by the separation of the Deccan plate from Madagascar around 84-96 mya (Briggs, 2003) (Figure 2). After the separation from Madagascar, the Deccan plate underwent a period of isolation for about 30-40 million years, before colliding with the Eurasian plate around 40-50 mya. With the collision of the Deccan and Eurasian plates there was an exchange of biota between Asia and peninsular India. Consequently, the ‘Biotic ferry model’ was proposed, according to which the Deccan plate functioned as a raft, carrying ancient Gondwanan forms to Asia. Upon collision with Asia these Gondwanan forms dispersed out of India and into Asia (also called the ‘Out-of-India’ hypothesis) (Karanth, 2006). Likewise, Palaearctic mammals such as the hippopotamuses (Hexaprotodon), rhinoceros (Rhinoceros), elephants (Palaeoloxodon, Hyselephas and Elephas), lions and tigers (Panthera) dispersed into India (also called the ‘Into India’ hypothesis) during periods of glaciations (Prater, 1971). Figure 2. The Earth During the Early (above) and Late (below) Jurassic (Source: Wikimedia Commons, 2015) 13 Therefore, the geological history of Sri Lanka can be subdivided into four phases: (i) the Pre-drift phase, during which Sri Lanka and India were part of a much larger landmass referred to as Gondwana (> 160 mybp); (ii) the Drift phase, ending with the collision of the Deccan plate and the Asiatic continent (between 50 and 40 mybp); (iii) the Miocene epoch (25 mybp), during which Sri Lanka separated from the Indian subcontinent, following a series of complex tectonic movements, which began in the Jurassic era; and (iv) the Quaternary epoch (two mybp to present), during which sea level changes driven by climate cycles, resulted in repeated formation of land bridges between India and Sri Lanka, in the Palk Strait region (Katupotha, 2013; Swan, 1983). At present, Sri Lanka has a diverse topography that has resulted from periods of upliftment and erosion. The net result of these processes has been the creation of the central hills, with many peaks, and in cross section, a step-like arrangement referred to as peneplains. The first peneplain extends from 0 metres above sea level to 300 metres. The second peneplain rises from 301 to 1,500 metres. In this area, the land rises gently, with low, rounded hills and crests of hard rock. The third peneplain is the central mountain area consisting of plateaus, mountain chains and basins, extending from 1,501 to over 2,100 metres, with some peaks — such as Piduruthalgala (2,524 m), Kirigalpotta (2,395 m), Totapola (2,357 m), and Sri Pada (Adam’s Peak) (2,243 m) — reaching elevations greater than 2,200 m (Survey Dept., 2007). The resulting landform thus has many escarpments, ridges and valleys. In the rolling first peneplain are some ‘rock islands’ called inselbergs, jutting out of the relatively flat terrain (Figure 3). Knuckles Mountain Range, 3rd Peneplain Yala National Park, 1st Peneplain Naalin Perera © IUCN, Sri Lanka Naalin Perera © IUCN, Sri Lanka Nat iona l B iod ivers i ty S t ra teg ic Ac t ion P lan 2016-2022 14 Figure 3. The Topography of Sri Lanka (Source: Produced by IUCN, based on the contours given in Cooray, 1984) 15 The montane region covers about three percent of the island and comprises three distinct mountain ranges that have been isolated from each other for many thousands of years and hence, harbour unique faunal and floral elements. The drainage pattern of the country is almost entirely governed by the central highlands, with all the perennial watercourses originating in the mountains. The country is dissected by 103 river basins (Figure 4). The river flow contributes to the creation of some unique ecosystems in the flood plain areas. Patane Ella, Mahaweli River Basin, Knuckles Mountain Range Although Sri Lanka has no natural lakes, the dry zone is dotted with nearly 10,000 ancient irrigation reservoirs, relics of an ancient hydraulic civilization (also called tanks from the Portuguese tanque), extending, in total, over nearly 60,000 ha, and providing perennial and seasonal sources of water (Survey Dept., 2007). (Figure 5.) Naalin Perera © IUCN, Sri Lanka Nat iona l B iod ivers i ty S t ra teg ic Ac t ion P lan 2016-2022 16 Figure 4. Rivers of Sri Lanka (Source: Jayasuriya et al., 2006) 17Figure 5. Reservoirs of Sri Lanka (Source: DAD, 2011) Nat iona l B iod ivers i ty S t ra teg ic Ac t ion P lan 2016-2022 18 Sri Lanka’s climate is largely governed by the monsoonal winds and affected by the central hills. The seasonality of rainfall, influenced by two distinct monsoons and convectional and cyclonic effects, as well as the rain shadow effect caused by the central mountains, has given rise to six bioclimatic zones (Wijesinghe et al.,1993). The low and mid-country wet zone extends over much of the southwest part of the island, and has a mean annual rainfall of 2,500-5,000 mm, and is stratified into low, mid and montane regions that rise to 2,500 m above msl. Because of this altitudinal variation, the mean temperature of the wet zone drops progressively from 27˚ C in the lowlands to around 13˚ C - 16˚ C in the montane areas, with occasional ground frosts at high elevations. Temperature plays an important role in the highland regions, where decreasing temperature at higher elevations, along with the wind has resulted in unique natural communities. The dry zone, with a mean daily temperature of 30˚ C, is spread over much of the lowland plains. The rainfall of 1,250 mm - 1,900 mm per year is not spread evenly through the year, and there is a long, dry period of about five months. During these dry months, rainfall is less than 50 mm per month. There are two extra dry coastal strips with prolonged drought periods in the northwest and southeast coastal regions, forming the arid zone, with a mean annual rainfall less than 1,250 mm. A narrow intermediate zone, with a mean annual rainfall of 1,900 - 2,500 mm, lies between the wet and dry zones, as does the montane intermediate zone. (See Figure 6 for all of the above.) Wet Lowland Stream Naalin Perera © IUCN, Sri Lanka 19Figure 6. Bioclimatic Zones of Sri Lanka (Source: Wijesinghe et al., 1993) Nat iona l B iod ivers i ty S t ra teg ic Ac t ion P lan 2016-2022 20 1.5.2 Status of the Biodiversity of Sri Lanka These zoogeographic, topographic, climatic and edaphic factors have resulted in a diverse array of aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems and a multitude of coastal and marine ecosystems. In addition, there are unique human-made ecosystems — such as reservoirs and agricultural landscapes. Table 1 presents an extended classification (including edaphic and anthropogenic variants) in consultation with leading ecologists. More details of this classification are presented in the Section on Trends in Ecosystems. All these ecosystems have contributed to the establishment of rich faunal and floral assemblages with some unique attributes, unusual for a moderate-sized tropical island. Table 1. An Overview of Sri Lanka’s Ecosystem Diversity Anthropogenic Major Ecosystem Types Variants of Major Ecosystems Edaphic and Other variant Forests (Tree dominated) Grasslands (Herb dominated) Caves Other Man-made ecosystems Lowland wet evergreen forests Mid-elevation evergreen forests Montane evergreen forests Moist-mixed evergreen forests Dry-mixed evergreen forests Arid-mixed evergreen forests Montane upper wet patana Montane lower wet patana Humid zone dry patana Summer zone dry patana Upland savannas Lowland savannas Dry (damana) grasslands Flood plain grasslands Above-ground caves Below-ground caves Montane peat bogs Intermediate upper patana Intermediate lower patana Dry zone grasslands Drawdown areas of large tanks Pasturelands Kekilla fernlands Wet (talava) grasslands Abandoned mines Railway tunnels Public parks and gardens Home gardens Abandoned lands and road side Agro plantations — Mixed culture Agro plantations — Monoculture Rock out crop forests Swamp forests Swamp forests with springs Isolated hill forests Riverine evergreen forests Sea shore scrublands Sand dune scrublands Sand dune forests Palmyra woodlands Secondary forests Sparse open forests Dry deciduous thorn scrublands Forest plantations — Monoculture Forest plantations — Mixed culture 21 Fresh and brackish water villus Rivers and streams Springs Marshes Sandy shores Rocky shores Gravelly shores Dead coral beaches Coral reefs Sandstone reefs Rocky reefs Seagrass meadows Seaweeds Mud bottoms Sand bottoms Mud bottoms Sand bottoms Rocky bottoms Sandstone bottoms Open ocean Rocky Islets Sandy islets Islets with vegetation cover Ports Harbours and anchorages River expansion lakes Mangroves Lagoons Flood plains (villu) Salt marshes Tidal flats Estuaries Waterfalls and their spray zone Thermal marshes Sand Dunes Reservoirs Tanks Ponds Aquaculture bodies Salterns Canals Paddy fields Riprap structures Breakwaters and groynes Beach landing areas Lentic (standing) Water Bodies Lotic (running) Water Bodies Marshlands Beach Reefs Shallow Marine Water (Less than 200 m) Deep Marine Water (More than 200 m) Islets Major Ecosystem Types Edaphic and Other variant Anthropogenic Major Ecosystem Types Edaphic and Other variant Anthropogenic Nat iona l B iod ivers i ty S t ra teg ic Ac t ion P lan 2016-2022 22 Lowland Wet Evergreen Forest Dry-mixed Evergreen Forest Palmyra Woodland Montane Evergreen Forest Arid-mixed Evergreen Forest Montane Upper Wet Patana © Sriyanie Miththapala Sampath de Alwis Goonatilake © IUCN, Sri Lanka Sampath de Alwis Goonatilake © IUCN, Sri Lanka Naalin Perera © IUCN, Sri Lanka Naalin Perera © IUCN, Sri Lanka Naalin Perera © IUCN, Sri Lanka 23 Reservoirs Paddy Fields Rock out crop Forests Rivers and Streams Mangroves Below-ground Caves © Martin Staube © Sriyanie Miththapala © Sriyanie Miththapala Naalin Perera © IUCN, Sri Lanka Naalin Perera © IUCN, Sri Lanka Naalin Perera © IUCN, Sri Lanka Nat iona l B iod ivers i ty S t ra teg ic Ac t ion P lan 2016-2022 24 Coral Reefs Seagrass Meadows Dead Coral Beaches Sandy Islets Rocky Shores Rocky Islets Naalin Perera © IUCN, Sri Lanka Naalin Perera © IUCN, Sri Lanka Sampath de Alwis Goonatilake © IUCN, Sri Lanka Arjan Rajasuriya © IUCN, Sri Lanka Arjan Rajasuriya © IUCN, Sri Lanka Sampath de Alwis Goonatilake © IUCN, Sri Lanka 25 The hallmark of Sri Lanka’s biodiversity is the presence of large populations of mega fauna (such as the Asian Elephant, Leopard, and Sloth Bear) that do not occur in other moderate-sized islands, as well as the presence of a large proportion of endemic species among many of the plant, vertebrate and invertebrate taxa (Table 2) (MoE, 2012a). Sri Lanka is home to the largest extant mammal in the world — the great blue whale (Balaenoptera musculus) — as well as the smallest known mammal by mass — the pygmy shrew (Suncus etruscus). Sri Lanka, along with the Western Ghats of India, is listed as one of the 35 biodiversity hotspots of the world (CI, 2016). Designation of a biodiversity hotspot is based on two criteria, the presence of 0.5% or 1,500 species of vascular plants as endemics, and the reduction of forest cover by 70% or more, causing many of the taxa to become threatened with extinction (CI, 2016). Designation of Sri Lanka as a biodiversity hotspot is based on both of these criteria, as there is a high level of endemicity in most taxonomic groups (Figure 7) and a high proportion of the species in most taxonomic groups are threatened with extinction, especially in the case of endemic species (Figure 17), primarily due to loss of habitat. Figure 7. Endemicity Among Some of the Main Taxonomic Groups in Sri Lanka (Source: MoE, 2012a) This high level of endemicity may have arisen as a result of multiple factors such as topography, climate, abundance of water, association with multiple land masses during the island’s evolutionary history and being a continental island, as opposed to a volcanic island. These, factors would have contributed to repeated cycles of colonization, followed by long periods of isolation, leading to speciation and resulting in the evolution of many endemic species. In other words, almost all the evolutionary drivers appear to have operated on Sri Lanka during its evolutionary history, shaping its biodiversity. 87.39% 79.92% 59.45% 46.22% 38.40% 21.21% 19.44% 10.57% 6.83% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Amphibians Land snails Reptiles Freshwater f ish Dragonf lies Flowering plants Mammals Butterf lies Birds 98.04%Freshwater crabs Nat iona l B iod ivers i ty S t ra teg ic Ac t ion P lan 2016-2022 26 Table 2. An Overview of Sri Lanka’s Species Diversity (Source: IUCN Sri Lanka database, 2016; Legend: NK — Not Known) Total Native Endemic Marine Migrant Exotic Land snails 254 230 203 0 0 24 Scorpions 18 18 14 0 0 NK Centipedes 23 23 3 0 0 NK Dragonflies 124 124 48 0 0 0 Butterflies 245 245 26 0 0 0 Bees 130 130 NK 0 0 NK Freshwater Crabs 51 51 50 0 0 0 Freshwater Fish 119 92 55 0 0 27 Amphibians 119 119 105 0 0 0 Reptiles 217 217 131 21 0 1 Birds 498 221 34 - 276 1 Mammals 141 129 21 33 - 12 Angiosperms 4,203+ 3,103+ 889+ 0 0 1,100+ Gymnosperms 35+ 2 0 0 0 33+ Pteridophytes 336 321 49 0 0 15+ Mosses 560+ 560 66+ 0 0 NK Liverworts 222 222 NK 0 0 NK Lichens 661 661 NK 0 0 NK Total 7,828 6,338 1,691 54 276 1,212 Taxonomic Group Recorded from Sri Lanka Lowering of the sea level during the Pleistocene era made it possible for faunal groups to cross over from the Indian subcontinent to Sri Lanka across the Palk Strait using Adam’s Bridge (Figure 8). This hypothesis is supported by the discovery of Tiger fossils (Panthera tigris) from Batadomba and Alawala caves (dated 16,700 -11,600 yr bp and 14,000-8,000 yr bp respectively), and Rhinoceros fossils from Lunugala (dated 80,000 (+20,000) yr bp) (Manamendra-Aarachchi et al., 2005; Laurie et al.,1983). Sea level changes also facilitated the movement of small vertebrates such as the ancestors of Ceratophora species. Long periods of isolation between interglacial periods, where the sea levels rose cutting off the land connection, appear to have led to the process of speciation allowing the evolution of many new species. A case in point is the evolution of five species of the genus Ceratophora at different altitudinal ranges in Sri Lanka (Erdelen, 1989). Prehistoric humans also appeared to have immigrated to the island during this period, as evidenced by the stone tools found in the Bundala Pathirajawela (dated to 125,000 yr BP) (Deraniyagala, 1986). (Figure 8 is a schematic drawing of this process of land bridge formation and sea level rise) 27 Figure 8. a) Repeated Land Bridge Formation, due to Lowering of the Sea Level during periods of Glaciations (between 3 myrs - 3000 yr), Connected the Indian Mainland with Sri Lanka Facilitating Faunal Exchange between Sri Lanka and India. Figure 8. b) Sea Level Rise as in the Present Day Separates India from Sri Lanka. (Illustrated by Thusitha Premaratne) Based on the distribution of animals, several zonation patterns are recognized in Sri Lanka. Senanayake and Moyle (1982) have identified four ichthyological zones based on the distribution patterns of freshwater fish, namely: the Mahaweli Zone, dry zone, transition zone and southwestern zone. Of these four zones, the southwestern ichthyological zone supports the highest species richness and endemism (Figure 9). Eisenberg and McKay (1970) also proposed a system for classifying the distribution patterns of mammals in Sri Lanka based on the climate map of Muller-Dombois and Sirisena (1967), who recognized seven mammalian zones, namely: monsoon scrub jungle in the northwest (A1) and southeast (A2); monsoon forest and grassland (B); inter monsoon forest (C); rain forests and grasslands below 914.4 m (3,000 ft) (D1); between 914.4-1,524 m (3,000-5,000 ft) (D2); and above 1,524 m (>5,000 ft) (D3). Of these, most of the endemic and threatened mammals of Sri Lanka are restricted to the zones D1, D2 and D3. More than 75% of the D1 zone falls within the Western Province (Figure 10). Kotagama (1993) has divided Sri Lanka into six avifaunal zones based on the distribution patterns of the resident bird species. These include the northern zone, low country wet zone, mid country wet zone, and hill country wet zone, dry zone and the Uva zone. As in the case of mammals, the low, mid and hill country wet zone harbours the highest species richness, as well as endemicity, of birds (Figure 11). Plants also show a distinct distribution pattern. Ashton and Gunatilleke (1987), taking into consideration the trends in distribution of plants, have divided Sri Lanka into 15 floristic regions. In addition, Wijesinghe et al., (1993), assessing distribution patterns of biodiversity and climate, have defined six bioclimatic zones for Sri Lanka. Finally, the Ministry of Forestry and Environment (1999) has divided Sri Lanka into 15 bio-regions, based on climate and geo-physical classifications, the distribution patterns of fauna and flora, and the biodiversity richness of different parts of the country (Figure 12). Nat iona l B iod ivers i ty S t ra teg ic Ac t ion P lan 2016-2022 28 Figure 9. Sri Lanka’s Ichthyological Zones (Source: Senanayake and Moyle, 1982). 29Figure 10. Sri Lanka’s Mammalian Zones (Source: Eisenberg and Mckay, 1970) Nat iona l B iod ivers i ty S t ra teg ic Ac t ion P lan 2016-2022 30 Figure 11. Sri Lanka’s Avifaunal Zones (Source: Kotagama, 1993) 31 Cophotis dumbara, an Endemic of Montane Evergreen Forests Ochna jabotapita, an Endemic of Lowland Wet Evergreen Forests Tharanga Wijewickrama © IUCN, Sri Lanka Naalin Perera © IUCN, Sri Lanka Nat iona l B iod ivers i ty S t ra teg ic Ac t ion P lan 2016-2022 32 Figure 12. Sri Lanka’s Vegetation Zones (Source: Ashton and Gunatilleke, 1987) 33 More than 75% of the endemic species in Sri Lanka are restricted to the wet zone where only about 10% of the original forest cover remains (MoE, 2012a). The dry zone that contains nearly 70% of Sri Lanka’s forest cover supports only a few endemic species, which show a wide distribution in Sri Lanka. The only endemics that are unique to the dry zone are found today in forests associated with inselbergs. Some examples of such species include Alwis’ day gecko (Cnemaspis alwisi) found only in Dolukanda; Kumarasinghe’s day gecko (Cnemaspis kumarasinghei) found only in Maragala; Small rock gecko (Cnemaspis podihuna) found only in Lahugala and Sri Lanka tribal rock-frog (Nannophrys naeyakai) found only in Kokagala and Yakunne hela. (Fernando et al., 2007; Wickramasinghe and Munindradasa, 2007). This phenomenon may have arisen as a result of the extensive changes to the dry zone forests during the hydraulic civilization that existed in the dry zone for nearly 2,500 years. 1.5.3 The Value of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services in Sri Lanka The values of nature vary according to local biophysical and ecological circumstances and the social, economic and cultural context. According to CBD guidance on Incorporating Biodiversity and Ecosystem Service Values into NBSAPs, the values can simply mean ‘the regard that something is held to deserve’ or ‘the importance or preciousness of something’. Values, therefore, are not necessarily (and often cannot be) identified in quantitative terms. It further explains that the reference to values includes economic, cultural and social values, as well as intrinsic values of biodiversity, which can be represented in a variety of units — physical, qualitative, quantitative and monetary (UNEP-WCMC and IEEP, 2013). Ecosystem services are the links between nature and the economy, and are the values that flow to human societies (MEA, 2005; TEEB, 2009) (Figure 13). ‘They are the benefits humans derive from ecosystems’ (MEA). From an economic perspective, the flow of ecosystem services can be seen as the ‘dividend’ that society reaps from this natural capital (TEEB, 2009). Maintaining stocks of natural capital allows the sustained provision of this flow of ecosystem services in the future. Figure 13. Ecosystem Services and Linkages to Human Well-being (Source: MEA, 2005) Nat iona l B iod ivers i ty S t ra teg ic Ac t ion P lan 2016-2022 34 Sri Lanka is well known for upholding these values as part of its heritage. The establishment of Mahameuna uyana as a sanctuary for animals, as early as the 3rd century BC, is a historical example. Traditional lifestyles were interwoven with nature conservation and an appreciation of biodiversity’s economic, social, cultural and spiritual values. Living testimonies of this close association with nature are the ellangawa or small tank cascade systems and the Kandyan home garden systems. However, over time, these traditional systems have declined. Understanding this need, the Post Graduate Institute of Agriculture (PGIA) and the Department of Agricultural Economics, University of Peradeniya, took the initiative to popularize environmental economics in Sri Lanka during the early 1990s. However, having delivered a number of pioneering outputs, the momentum of work in this field was lost gradually in Sri Lanka towards 2010. In contrast, the global interest in ecosystem services rose since the launch of the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (MEA) in 2005. Later, ‘The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity’ (TEEB) developed a framework for capturing ecosystem services values based on the findings of MEA. The CBD also recognized that one of the root causes for the continuous degradation of biodiversity was the lack of knowledge regarding its value (Pascual et al., 2010; CBD, 2010c). Noting Sri Lanka’s international obligations, including the Aichi targets (specifically targets 2 and 3), and recognizing the need for incorporating Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (BES) values into the local decision-making process, the Biodiversity Secretariat of the Ministry of Environment initiated the ‘Pricing the Biodiversity of the Island’ Project in the year 2012. In 2013, a two-day national conference on ‘Livelihoods, Biodiversity and Ecosystem Values’ took place, organized by the Biodiversity Secretariat of the MoERE with technical support from IUCN. The recommendations of the conference are listed below and are relevant for incorporating biodiversity and ecosystem values into the decision-making processes in Sri Lanka (MoERE, 2013a). Key recommendations of the BES Workshop • Set up an Environmental Economics Working Group, under the chairmanship of the MoERE to provide technical advice to the Ministry on ongoing issues and in relevant policy analysis, using environmental economic tools. • Determine the agenda for environmental economics within the ‘Pricing the Biodiversity of the Island Project’ and beyond, using the TEEB framework to address the obligations of Sri Lanka under conventions such as the CBD. • Design and implement an island-wide capacity enhancement programme on the application of environmental economics tools in development decision-making. Engage universities to produce valuation studies according to the framework and guidance given by the MoERE. • Identify the top ten environmental issues and conduct appropriate environmental economic analyses and produce policy briefs on those, with appropriate instruments to make a change for the better. Disseminate the findings widely, covering policy and decision-makers and the public. • Conduct case studies to demonstrate ecosystems and livelihoods values in sustainable management of natural resources in Sri Lanka and widely disseminate the findings. In addition to the above recommendations, the Haritha Lanka Programme proposed strategic actions for establishing biodiversity conservation financing mechanisms through biodiversity valuation and economics of conservation. These actions have been used in formulating targets and strategic actions to identify and incorporate biodiversity and ecosystem values in the NBSAP revision. 35 1.5.4 Contribution of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services to Human Well-being Ecosystem services are the direct and indirect contributions of ecosystems to human well-being (MEA, 2005). Some ecosystem processes provide direct benefits to humans, but many of them provide benefits primarily via indirect interactions. The schematic in Figure 14 shows the extent of services provided by ecosystems in Sri Lanka. The contribution of biodiversity and ecosystem services to social well-being in Sri Lankan society can be understood by examining some of the provisioning services that they provide. In the year 2014, the fisheries sector (both inland and marine) contributed 1.8% of GDP. A total of 217,140 active fishers engaged in fishing in 2014, to provide rupees 176,239 million as value-added revenue from ecosystem services (MoFARD, 2015). A forestry sector assessment conducted by the Ministry of Environment estimated that annual cattle grazing related benefits accrued by local communities were worth rupees 214 million. The contribution of hydropower to electricity generation in Sri Lanka is about 35% according to CEB reports,and the value of electricity generated in 2011 was rupees 4.6 billion. Fishermen in Batticaloa Lagoon Randenigala Dam © Sriyanie Miththapala Naalin Perera © IUCN, Sri Lanka Nat iona l B iod ivers i ty S t ra teg ic Ac t ion P lan 2016-2022 36 Figure 14. Schematic Illustration of Ecosystem Services in Sri Lanka (This is merely a schematic illustration meant to show selected ecosystem services. It is not an exhaustive map of ecosystem services. For a more detailed list of services provided by ecosystems see Table 4.) (© IUCN Sri Lanka, 2016; illustrated by Dinuk Senapatiratne) 37 Forests play a significant role in providing various benefits in terms of goods and services to people. These benefits vary, depending on the interactions and the proximity of the beneficiaries to the given forest. Forestry benefits can range from natural resources that forest-dwelling communities obtain from the forest, to resources which neighbouring local communities and global communities obtain from the same forest. Traditionally, the contribution from the forestry sector to the national accounts (i.e., to the Gross Domestic Product — GDP) were under represented, as only a few of values — such as the value of timber, which has a market value — were accounted for. Therefore, in the past, the true value of forests was not reflected adequately to guide decision-making for development. To address this weakness, in 2010, the Sustainable Development Division of the then Ministry of Environment commissioned a study titled ‘Integration of the Forestry Sector Contribution to the System of National Accounts in Sri Lanka’. The study assessed non-conventional values of Sri Lankan forests — such as non-timber forest products, recreational values, contribution of mangroves for fish breeding, and the value of carbon stocks, livestock grazing, pollination and watershed protection. These estimates are referred to as the forestry sector contribution from a green accounting perspective. This study has demonstrated that between 2002 and 2010, the conventional value of forestry remained around 0.6% to the GDP, whereas with green accounting included, estimates of forestry sector contribution to GDP has increased to 2.7 - 4.9% (Figure 15). These changes indicate that the forestry sector contributes much more to the national economy than is reflected in conventional accounting (SDD, MoMD&E, undated). Box 5. The Contribution of the Forestry Sector to the National Economy of Sri Lanka Figure 15. Forestry Sector Contribution to GDP (Source: SDD, MoMD&E, undated; Legend: 1) Percentage share of forestry sector contribution from conventional estimates to GDP — before revisions; 2) Percentage share of forestry sector contribution from conventional estimates to GDP — after revisions and new estimates; 3) Percentage share of forestry net contribution from Green Accounting estimates to GDP; 4) Percentage share of forestry sector total contribution from conventional and Green Accounting to GDP) 0 1 2 3 4 5 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Year 1 2 3 4 P er ce nt ag e G D P Nat iona l B iod ivers i ty S t ra teg ic Ac t ion P lan 2016-2022 38 Box 5. Contd. The study further provides detailed estimates for Sri Lankan forests as of 2010 (Table 3). Benefit/cost Value (in Rs. Mn) 1 Forestry conventional accounts 52,917 2 Non timber forest products 4,777 3 Recreation 694 (fee) + 4,100 (consumer surplus) 4 Contribution of mangroves for fish breeding 1,260 5 Mangrove non-use, option and erosion control benefits 518 6 Net carbon gain 17,273 7 Cattle grazing 214 8 Pollination 46,692 9 Watershed protection 1,704 10 Non-use values of visiting Sinharaja forest, Yala National Park, dry zone forests and watching leopards 9,711 11 Pharmaceutical prospecting 102,816 12 Depletion of trees from logging and planned development activities (5,874) Total 236,802 The infographic in Figure 16 graphically depicts these values. This pioneering study by the MoMD&E of estimating the contribution of the forestry sector to the national accounts of Sri Lanka addresses one of the root causes for biodiversity degradation — the lack of knowledge of the monetary value of biodiversity. This study demonstrates how valuable forests are for the national economy. This is one of the first steps towards the establishment of a Green Accounting mechanism for Sri Lanka. Pollination by a HawkmothNaalin Perera © IUCN, Sri Lanka Table 3. Contribution to the National Economy by the Forestry Sector (Source: SDD, MoMD&E, undated) 39 Figure 16. Forestry Sector Contributions to the Sri Lankan Economy (Source: MoMD&E, undated; illustrated by Dinuk Senapatiratne) 0 150,000 160,000 170,000 180,000 190,000 200,000 20,000 10,000 30,000 40,000 50,000 60,000 70,000 80,000 90,000 100,000 110,000 120,000 130,000 140,000 Gross value of willingness to pay for sourthern region forests for pharmaceuticals Total watershed benefits from wetland forestry (Crop-based estimates) Economic value of pollination for selected fruit crops (Gross value added) Total value added for recreational visitation Gross non-use (willingness to pay) for existence of Sinharaja National Heritage Wilderness Area, Yala National Park, elephants and leopards Gross value contribution from mangroves to fish breeding Total carbon loss/gain from all categories 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Rs. Mn. Graph Produced By: IUCN Sri Lanka Country O�ce Table 4 presents a summary of ecosystem services provided by Sri Lankan ecosystems. Nat iona l B iod ivers i ty S t ra teg ic Ac t ion P lan 2016-2022 40 Table 4. Summary of Ecosystem Services Provided by Sri Lankan Ecosystems (Sources MEA, 2005; McVittie and Hussain, 2013; BDS, MoERE, 2014; Perera, 2012; Kathriarachchi, 2012; Wijesundara, 2012; Miththapala, 2008b, 2008c, 2008d, 2013a and 2013b) Services Natural Ecosystems Man-made Provisioning Food Lowland wet evergreen forest; mid-elevation evergreen forests; montane evergreen forests; moist-mixed evergreen forests; dry-mixed evergreen forests; arid-mixed evergreen forests; upland savannas; lowland savannas; fresh and brackish water villus; river expansion lakes; mangroves; lagoons; fresh and brackish water villus; flood plains (villu); salt marshes; tidal flats; rivers and streams; estuaries; coral reefs; sandstone reefs; rocky reefs; seagrass meadows; seaweeds; mud bottoms; sand bottoms; open ocean. Secondary forests; sparse open forests; dry deciduous thorn scrublands; home gardens; agro plantations; paddy fields; reservoirs; aquaculture bodies. Fodder Montane upper wet patana; montane lower wet patana; humid zone dry patana; summer zone dry patana; dry (damana) grasslands; flood plain grasslands; upland savannas; lowland savannas. Pasturelands; wet (talava) grasslands. Water supply Rivers and streams; fresh and brackish water villus. Reservoirs; tanks; ponds. Fibre, timber Lowland wet evergreen forests; mid elevation evergreen forests; montane evergreen forests; moist-mixed evergreen forests; dry-mixed evergreen forests; arid mixed evergreen forests; upland savannas; lowland savannas; marshes. Secondary forests; sparse open forests; dry deciduous thorn scrublands; forest plantations; wet (talava) grasslands. Genetic resources Lowland wet evergreen forests; mid elevation evergreen forests; montane evergreen forests; moist-mixed evergreen forests; dry-mixed evergreen forests; arid mixed evergreen forests; upland savannas; lowland savannas; mangroves; coral reefs; fresh and brackish water villus. Tanks. Medicinal resources Lowland wet evergreen forests; mid elevation evergreen forests; montane evergreen forests; moist-mixed evergreen forests; dry-mixed evergreen forests; arid mixed evergreen forests; upland savannas; lowland savannas; mangroves; coral reefs, fresh and brackish water villus; marshes. Home gardens; agro plantations — mixed culture. Ornamental resources Lowland wet evergreen forests; mid elevation evergreen forests; montane evergreen forests; moist-mixed evergreen forests; dry-mixed evergreen forests; arid mixed evergreen forests; upland savannas; lowland savannas; mangroves; coral reefs, rivers and streams. Home gardens; reservoirs. 41 Services Natural Ecosystems Man-made Regulating Services Air quality regulation Lowland wet evergreen forests; mid elevation evergreen forests; montane evergreen forests; moist-mixed evergreen forests; dry-mixed evergreen forests; arid mixed evergreen forests; upland savannas; lowland savannas; mangroves. Secondary forests; sparse open forests; dry deciduous thorn scrublands; forest plantations; public parks and gardens, home gardens. Water purification Mangroves; sea grasses; marshes. Tanks. Water regulation Lowland wet evergreen forest; mid-elevation evergreen forests; montane evergreen forests; moist-mixed evergreen forests; dry-mixed evergreen forests; arid-mixed evergreen forests; marshes; mangroves; lagoons; flood plains (villu); salt marshes; tidal flats; estuaries. Tanks. Erosion regulation Lowland wet evergreen forests; mid elevation evergreen forests; montane evergreen forests; moist-mixed evergreen forests; dry-mixed evergreen forests; arid mixed evergreen forests; upland savannas; lowland savannas; mangroves; lagoons; flood plains (villu); salt marshes; tidal flats; estuaries; sand dunes coral reefs; sandstone reefs; rocky reefs. Tanks; agro-plantations Climate regulation Lowland wet evergreen forests; mid elevation evergreen forests; montane evergreen forests; moist-mixed evergreen forests; dry-mixed evergreen forests; arid mixed evergreen forests; upland savannas; lowland savannas; mangroves. Tanks; reservoirs; agro-plantations; forest plantations; public parks and gardens; home gardens. Carbon sequestration Lowland wet evergreen forests; mid elevation evergreen forests; montane evergreen forests; moist-mixed evergreen forests; dry-mixed evergreen forests; arid mixed evergreen forests; upland savannas; lowland savannas; mangroves; salt marshes; seagrass meadows. Secondary forests; sparse open forests; dry deciduous thorn scrublands; forest plantations; public parks and gardens, home gardens. Pollination (providing habitats for pollinators) Lowland wet evergreen forests; mid elevation evergreen forests; montane evergreen forests; moist-mixed evergreen forests; dry-mixed evergreen forests; arid mixed evergreen forests; upland savannas; lowland savannas. Secondary forests; sparse open forests; dry deciduous thorn scrublands; forest plantations; public parks and gardens, home gardens; agro plantations; paddy fields. Nat iona l B iod ivers i ty S t ra teg ic Ac t ion P lan 2016-2022 42 Services Natural Ecosystems Man-made Pest and disease regulation (providing habitats for natural enemies of pests and vectors) Lowland wet evergreen forests; mid elevation evergreen forests; montane evergreen forests; moist-mixed evergreen forests; dry-mixed evergreen forests; arid mixed evergreen forests; upland savannas; lowland savannas. Home gardens. Soil formation All natural tree-dominated forests mentioned in Table 1. Mangroves, tidal flats, marshes trap sediments. Tanks trap sediments. Primary production Lowland wet evergreen forests; mid elevation evergreen forests; montane evergreen forests; moist-mixed evergreen forests; dry-mixed evergreen forests; arid mixed evergreen forests; upland savannas; lowland savannas, mangroves; salt marshes; seagrass meadows. Secondary forests; sparse open forests; dry deciduous thorn scrublands; forest plantations; public parks and gardens, home gardens; agro plantations; paddy fields. Nutrient cycling Lowland wet evergreen forests; mid elevation evergreen forests; montane evergreen forests; moist-mixed evergreen forests; dry-mixed evergreen forests; arid mixed evergreen forests; upland savannas; lowland savannas, mangroves; marshes. Secondary forests; sparse open forests; dry deciduous thorn scrublands; forest plantations; public parks and gardens, home gardens ; agro plantations; paddy fields. Water cycling Lowland wet evergreen forests; mid elevation evergreen forests; montane evergreen forests; moist-mixed evergreen forests; dry-mixed evergreen forests; arid mixed evergreen forests; upland savannas; lowland savannas, mangroves; salt marshes; seagrass meadows. Tanks, reservoirs; secondary forests; sparse open forests; dry deciduous thorn scrublands; forest plantations; public parks and gardens, home gardens ; agro plantations; paddy fields. Provisioning of habitats All of the ecosystems listed in Table 1. Botanical and zoological gardens; public parks and gardens; home gardens; agro plantations; secondary forests; sparse open forests; dry deciduous thorn scrublands; forest plantations, tanks. Supporting Services Table 4. Contd. 43 Services Natural Ecosystems Man-made Cultural services Spiritual and religious services Montane evergreen forests (Peak Wilderness); Isolated hill forests (Ritigala Monastery, Dolukanda ruins site);swamp forests (Kiriamma ulpota); Moist-mixed evergreen forest (Arankele Monastery). Aesthetic value Lowland wet evergreen forests; mid elevation evergreen forests; montane evergreen forests; moist-mixed evergreen forests; montane upper wet patana; mangroves; lagoons; flats; rivers and streams; estuaries; coral reefs; sandstone reefs; rocky reefs; open ocean. Agricultural croplands; pasturelands; some forest plantations; tanks and reservoirs. Recreation and ecotourism Lowland wet evergreen forests (for example, Sinharaja Natural Heritage Wilderness Area); mid-elevation evergreen forests (for example, Peak Wilderness Nature Reserve); montane evergreen forests (for example, Pidurutalagala) dry-mixed evergreen forests (for example, Yala National Park, Minneriya National Park); montane upper wet patana (for example, Horton Plains National Park); mangroves (for example, Muthurajawela EPA); lagoons (for example, Negombo Lagoon); flood plains (villu) (for example, Wilpattu National Park); rivers and streams (for example, Kithulgala); estuaries; coral reefs (for example, Bar Reef Marine Sanctuary, Hikkaduwa and Pigeon Island National Parks); sandstone reefs; rocky reefs. Botanic and zoological gardens; public parks and gardens; tanks; reservoirs. Knowledge system and educational services All of the ecosystems listed in Table 1 Agricultural croplands; pasturelands; forest plantations Nat iona l B iod ivers i ty S t ra teg ic Ac t ion P lan 2016-2022 44 1.5.5 Trends of Biodiversity in Sri Lanka Trends in Ecosystems Even though it is a small island, Sri Lanka shows a broad spatio-temporal variation in climatic, topographic, edaphic and zoogeographic factors that has resulted in the formation of a diverse array of terrestrial, aquatic, coastal and marine ecosystems. The protection of these ecosystems is largely effected by the main in-situ custodians of Sri Lanka, the Department of Wildlife Conservation and the Forest Department. Since 2007, there has been an increase in the number of protected areas, which is very encouraging. Seven national parks, one nature reserve and two sanctuaries have been declared by the Department of Wildlife Conservation, since 2007 (DWC, 2016). The amendment of the Forest Ordinance in 1995 (No. 23 of 1995) established a new category of forests called Conservation Forests. Under this category all the forests of the wet zone are protected as Conservation Forests (See section on In-situ Conservation). This protection afforded to the wet zone forests reduced large-scale loss, but habitat degradation, in many forms still continues due to weak enforcement in some areas (See section on Habitat-related Drivers). Mangroves were also protected as Conservation Forests, but destruction continues unabated due to weak enforcement in some areas. In general, coastal ecosystems continue to be under considerable threat from anthropogenic activities in coastal zone, where 25% of the island’s population is concentrated (CZMP, 2006). Urbanization, increasing tourism, industries, ports and harbours, oil exploration, coal power plants, fisheries, aquaculture and agriculture place heavy pressures on coastal ecosystems (BOBLME, 2013). After the three-decade long civil unrest, focus has now shifted to the North and East, where various dry zone forest types are now being threatened by habitat loss for socio-economic development projects (Perera, 2014). Over the years many attempts have been made to classify Sri Lanka’s ecosystems mainly based on vegetation characteristics (Ashton and Gunatilleke, 1987; Chapman, 1947; De Rosayro, 1950; Gaussen et al., 1964; Greller and Balasubramaniam, 1980; Holmes, 1956; Legg and Jewell, 1995; Koelmeyer, 1957 & 1958; Mueller-Dombois, 1968; Perera, 1975; Pemadasa, 1995 and Werner, 1984). During the Protected Area gap analysis Jayasuriya et al., (2006) proposed a classification system taking into consideration all these classification systems. With each classification the new ecosystem types were added onto the list of ecosystem types of Sri Lanka. However, many of these focus only on terrestrial ecosystems and have not considered the many edaphic and anthropogenic variations of these major ecosystems that support unique species assemblages. Further, ecosystems such as caves rock outcrops have not been listed in any of these classification systems, even though they are unique ecosystems. Therefore, if these variants are not given due consideration as unique ecosystems, they are likely to be excluded from conservation planning. Because many of these variants have small extents, if they are not given proper conservation attention, they are likely to be lost forever. Therefore, during the preparation of the NBSAP, a new ecosystem classification system has been developed in consultation with several leading ecologists in Sri Lanka and is presented in Table 1. However, this ecosystem classification should be subjected to a broader stakeholder consultation before being adopted and therefore, this is included as Action 1 under Target 1 to be achieved during the implementation of the present NBSAP. Trends in Species Exploration of the island’s species has always been excellent, but taxonomic exploration has blossomed in the new millennium (Table 5). 45 Table 5. New Species of Fauna Recorded since 2007 in Sri Lanka (Source: IUCN Sri Lanka database, 2016) Animal Group New description New records Update to species level Validation Total Scorpions 4 1 0 0 5 Dragonflies 13 0 0 0 13 Butterflies 0 2 0 1 3 Freshwater Fish 4 0 7 0 11 Amphibians 16 0 0 0 16 Reptiles 37 0 1 0 38 Birds 0 7 2 0 9 Mammals 2 0 3 0 5 Total 76 10 13 1 100 Cyathea sinuata, the only known tree ferns in the world, with simple leaves Sri Lanka Red-finned Barb (Pethia reval) Four-toed Snakeskink (Chalcidoseps thwaitesi) Naalin Perera © IUCN, Sri Lanka Naalin Perera © IUCN, Sri Lanka Naalin Perera © IUCN, Sri Lanka Nat iona l B iod ivers i ty S t ra teg ic Ac t ion P lan 2016-2022 46 Entire groups — such as ants, bees, spiders and bryophytes, pteridophytes were assessed and included in the last revision of the Red List™ (MoE, 2012a). Yet, the distressing corollary is many of these species are threatened by various anthropogenic activities. A total of 487 species are considered Critically Endangered, and another 196, Possibly Extinct (MoE, 2012a) (Table 6). Table 6. Conservation Status of Nationally Assessed Taxa of Sri Lanka (Source, MoE, 2012a) Total Native Endemic CR (PE) CR EN VU NT DD Land snails 254 230 203 0 76 66 21 7 57 Scorpions 18 18 14 NK NK NK NK NK NK Centipedes 23 23 3 NK NK NK NK NK NK Dragonflies 124 124 48 0 26 19 15 17 10 Butterflies 245 245 26 0 21 37 23 23 7 Bees 130 130 NK 0 48 38 20 12 0 Freshwater Crabs 51 51 50 0 32 13 1 5 0 Freshwater Fish 119 92 55 2 18 19 6 5 9 Amphibians 119 119 105 1 42 28 10 3 3 Reptiles 217 217 129 0 42 48 20 15 26 Birds 498 221 34 0 8 17 30 36 0 Mammals 141 129 21 0 11 28 19 10 19 Angiosperms 4,203+ 3,103+ 889+ 172 210 536 613 348 144 Gymnosperms 35+ 2 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 Pteridophytes 336 321 49 21 42 88 70 40 12 Mosses 560+ 560 66+ 0 NE NE NE NE NE Liverworts 222 222 NK 0 NE NE NE NE NE Lichens 661 661 NK 0 NE NE NE NE NE Total 7,827+ 6,337+ 1,689+ 196 487 899 829 509 287 Taxonomic Group National Conservation Status 47 The historical record shows that life on Earth has gone through five mass extinctions during the last 600 million years. Available data indicate that we are currently living through the sixth mass extinction of the Earth. Unlike the past mass extinctions that were caused by natural phenomena, the current extinction event is almost entirely caused by humans. In 1962, Sir Peter Scott came up with the idea of compiling a list of plants and animals that were facing a high risk of extinction to draw attention to the biodiversity crisis, and this became popularly known as the Red Data Book. In 1964, IUCN took over the preparation of the list of threatened species. In 2015, IUCN celebrated 50 years of Red Listing. The Red List™ provides an assessment of the extinction risk faced by a species by assigning a Red List™ category based on a five-criteria system. Any species assigned to one of the three categories — Critically Endangered, Endangered or Vulnerable — is listed as a threatened species. The Red List™ therefore, provides a basis for prioritization of species for conservation action. However, it should be noted that Red Listing only provides a diagnosis of the status of the species, and this must be followed with a planned programme to reverse the drivers that have caused the species to become threatened. The Red List™ can also be used for raising awareness, motivating people for conservation, monitoring conservation action and also provides a objective basis for preparing lists of species that are protected under national or international law. Even though the IUCN Red List™ provides a basis for conservation planning, there are several drawbacks in using it for national conservation priority setting. Firstly, the Global Red List™ is heavily biased towards vertebrate taxa and most invertebrate groups are either partially assessed or not assessed at all. Secondly, Sri Lanka is poorly represented in the global Red List, and many endemic species are not listed at all. Finally, some of the species that are listed globally as threatened have healthy populations in Sri Lanka, for example, Sambar (Rusa unicolor) and Mahseer (Tor khudree). In contrast, some species that are listed as Least Concern globally have extremely small populations in Sri Lanka, for example, Indian Courser (Cursorius coromandelicus) and Crab Plover (Dromas ardeola). Therefore, it is essential to have a National Red List in order to identify national conservation priorities. The first list of nationally threatened species of Sri Lanka was prepared in 1987, which was subsequently updated 1993, 1999, 2007 and 2012. The first three national lists were prepared using national criteria, while the latter two lists were prepared using the IUCN Red List™ criteria. Updating the national species assessments at regular intervals is extremely important for updating species conservation plans for Sri Lanka and therefore, this has been included as one of the activities of the present NBSAP. Further, as stated earlier, Red Listing should be followed up with a number of actions such as the preparation and implementation of recovery plans for at least Critically Endangered species; the updating of lists of protected species; and for research prioritization. Therefore, some of these follow up actions have also been included as activities under the current NBSAP. (Source: MoE, 2012a) Box 6. The National Red List Nat iona l B iod ivers i ty S t ra teg ic Ac t ion P lan 2016-2022 48 It should be noted that a high proportion of the threatened species are endemics (Figure 17). This situation has arisen due to several reasons. Firstly, more than 75% of the threatened endemic species in Sri Lanka are habitat specialists restricted to the wet zone forests (MOE, 2012a) where the forest cover has undergone a marked decline over the last 150 years due to cultivation and expansion of human settlements, resulting in large-scale loss of habitats for many of the endemic species. According to the latest forest cover assessment carried out in 2010 (Edirisinghe et al., 2012), the proportion of natural forest cover in the wet zone accounts for only 15.5% of the extent of the wet zone or 3% of the extent of Sri Lanka. Secondly, the remaining forests in the wet zone exist as small forest fragments, which are continuing to decline in extent due to encroachment, which results in local extinction of endemic species from these habitat fragments. Thirdly, the habitat quality of the remaining forest fragments in the wet zone has declined rapidly, resulting in reduction of their carrying capacity for endemic species. Finally, many of the endemic species are exploited by the ornamental trade, which has resulted in rapid decline in their population sizes. These factors have contributed to many of the endemic species becoming threatened. Figure 17. A High Proportion of the Species in Most Taxonomic Groups seen in Sri Lanka are Listed as Threatened (Source: MoE, 2012a; Legend: Red bars —% of endemic threatened; Grey bars — % threatened species). Sampath de Alwis Goonatilake © IUCN, Sri Lanka Gordonia speciosa, an Endemic and Endangered Plant found in Montane Evergreen Forests 32.36 48 33 90 38 68 51 11 54 66.44 100 88 90 73 76 71 53 86 0 20 40 60 80 100 Flowering plants Dragonf lies Butterf lies Freshwater f ish Amphibians Reptiles Birds Mammals % of endemic threatened % threatened Freshwater crabs 49 Conservation of the Bandula Barb (Pethia bandula) is a good example of a multi-stakeholder biodiversity conservation initiative. The Biodiversity Secretariat of the Ministry of Mahaweli Development and Environment (MoMD&E), Department of Wildlife Conservation (DWC), Forest Department (FD), Sri Lanka Police Department (SLPD), Divisional Secretariat of Warakapola, IUCN, Young Zoologists Association (YZA), Wildlife Heritage Trust (WHT), Community Camp Programme C-CAMP-P, University of Colombo, print and electronic media, scientists, conservation professionals and community members all contributed to this programme. Bandula Barb is a point-endemic species, which is found naturally only in the 2.5 km stretch of stream that flows through the Galapitamada area of the Kegalle District in Sri Lanka. It is a critically endangered fish species found totally outside the protected area network of Sri Lanka. The stream, in which this brilliantly coloured fish lives, flows through human settlements, as well as paddy fields, rubber plantations and home gardens. When this species was first identified in 1991, the population was estimated to be around 2,000 individuals (Pethiyagoda 1991). However, within a decade, this population decreased at an alarming rate to 200-300 individuals. The reasons attributed to this decline were illegal collection for the ornamental fish trade, extensive use of agrochemicals in paddy fields and changes in land use (Wickramasinghe 2008). Within this context, the Ministry of Environment, proposed a resolution ‘Conservation of Bandula Barb in Sri Lanka — resolution 3.117’ — as a special conservation effort, passed at the 2004 IUCN World Conservation Congress held in Bangkok. In response to the above resolution, a Conservation Action Plan for the Bandula Barb was developed in 2008 by the Ministry of Environment and some of the initial actions presented there in were implemented by the Ministry itself, including the establishment of a second population of Bandula Barb inside a protected area managed by the Forest Department. In 2013, the Sri Lanka Office of IUCN initiated a project to implement the Bandula Barb Conservation Action Plan, with financial support from the Toyota Environmental Activities Grant Program of the Toyota Motor Corporation. This project employed a variety of approaches, including creation of awareness, engagement of youth, deployment of nature-based solutions and participatory community decision-making in conservation activities. IUCN worked with key local stakeholders, including the Hapugoda, Rubbidigala and Alpitiya community-based organizations, C-CAMP-P (a traditional and organic farming organization in Warakapola), the FD and the DWC, to implement this project. Through the project, the second population of the Bandula Barb was augmented by the introduction of a few more individuals, with permission from the DWC. A decade after the passing of the resolution ‘Conservation of Bandula Barb in Sri Lanka’ at the IUCN World Conservation Congress, the Bandula Barb population in 2015 was estimated to be 1,500 individuals. Box 7. The Conservation History of the Critically Endangered (CR), Point-endemic Freshwater Fish, Bandula Barb (Pethia bandula): a success story (Main source: IUCN Sri Lanka, 2015; Muthunayake et. al., 2012) Nat iona l B iod ivers i ty S t ra teg ic Ac t ion P lan 2016-2022 50 Bandula barb (Pethia bandula) Habitat of the Bandula barb Sampath de Alwis Goonatilake © IUCN, Sri Lanka Naalin Perera © IUCN, Sri Lanka 51 Trends in In-situ Conservation — Protected and other Managed Areas The Largest Asian Elephant gathering in Asia, Minneriya National Park Naalin Perera © IUCN, Sri Lanka At present (2016), the total area declared as protected areas in Sri Lanka is around 2.3 million ha, representing about 35% of the total land area (DWC, FD, 2016) (Table 7). It should be noted that this figure needs to be verified and was calculated on data provided by the DWC and FD. These protected areas are declared under the Fauna and Flora Protection Ordinance and the Forest Conservation Ordinance. Some of these lands are privately owned (for example, sanctuaries), therefore the entire 35% declared cannot be considered as ‘protected’. Three types of protected areas, namely National Reserves, Sanctuaries and Managed Elephant Reserves have been declared under the Fauna and Flora Protection Ordinance. National Reserves can be declared only on state (government) land and the entry in to these areas is restricted according to the category. There are seven categories recognized under the National Reserves, namely Strict Nature Reserves (3), National Parks (24), Nature Reserves (7), Jungle Corridors (1), Marine National Parks (2), Refuges and Buffer Zones. Sanctuaries (61) and Managed Elephant Reserves (1) can have both state and private land within their areas and there are certain controls and restrictions on activities that are permitted in private lands that falls within these areas (FFPO, 2009) (Figure 18). Three types of protected areas — Conservation Forests (134), Reserved Forests (Forest Reserves) (524) and Village Forests — have been declared under the Forest Conservation Ordinance. All these can be declared only on state land. The Conservation Forests have the highest degree of protection under this enactment and entry is restricted to non-extractive practices. Reserved Forests are also protected, but in this type of forests limited extraction of certain forest resources is allowed under a permit system. The type known as Village Forests is declared to cover an area that is used for different uses by a community or several communities and certain kinds of extractive practices are allowed to be carried out inside such areas. However, these are very small in extent, and not always clearly demarcated and mapped. A very important feature in this enactment is that it provides protection to all state lands within Sri Lanka that are not declared as protected areas by this or by another enactment. Hence, this provision allows these areas to enjoy a certain degree of protection by regulating some of the activities that can be carried out in such lands (FCO, 2009). Nat iona l B iod ivers i ty S t ra teg ic Ac t ion P lan 2016-2022 52 Figure 18. Protected Areas of Sri Lanka (under the Jurisdiction of the Forest Department and Department of Wildlife Conservation) (Source for PAs under the jurisdiction of the FD: MoE, 2012a; source for PAs under the jurisdiction of the DWC: DWC, 2015) 53 In addition, other areas have been declared under the National Heritage Wilderness Areas Act, the Fisheries and Aquatic Resources Act and the National Environmental Act. The National Heritage Wilderness Areas Act allows declaration of areas of high biodiversity value such as habitats of rare and endangered species, important watershed areas and areas that have special aesthetic value as National Heritage Wilderness areas. So far, only the Sinharaja National Heritage Wilderness Area has been declared under this act. The Fisheries and Aquatic Resources act has provisions to declare areas for management, regulation, development and the conservation of fisheries and aquatic resources and to prohibit the import of any species that can have an adverse impact on aquatic organisms. There are two types of areas that can be declared under this enactment, Fisheries Management Areas and Fisheries Reserves. The former are declared for the sustainable management of a particular area, while the latter is intended to protect a particular resource or the resources that are found in a particular area by restricting and controlling the activities that are allowed in such an area. This provision can be made use of to protect the spawning areas of aquatic animals and to ensure the sustainable use of fisheries resources. The Coast Conservation and Coastal Resource Management Department (CC&CRMD) has recognized the need for an integrated approach to coastal zone management that includes local level involvement and collaboration. Therefore, they have declared Special Management Areas (SMA) sites which recognize a set of issues within defined and manageable boundaries. The CC&CRMD is in the process of developing ecological profiles and SMA plans with the involvement of communities in these areas. The overall planning process and plan implementation of SMAs are coordinated by the Special Area Management Coordinating Committees headed by the Divisional Secretaries of the area. Thus far, CC&CRMD have 15 operational SMA sites and 30 proposed SMA sites (CC&CRMD, person.comm.). Figure 19 presents managed areas under the Jurisdiction of the Department of Fisheries and the Coast Conservation and Coastal Resource Management Department. Protected Area Category Extent (ha) % of Sri Lanka % of PA Extent Strict Natural Reserve 31,574 0.5 1 National Parks (Land) 685,979 10 30 National Parks (Marine) 19,563 0.3 1 Nature Reserve 65,485 1 3 Sanctuary 262,911 4 11 Jungle Corridor 8,777 0.1 0 Total 1,074,290 16 47 Forest Department Conservation Forests 134,307 2 6 Reserved Forests 1,092,700 17 47 Village forests Total 1,227,007 19 53 Department of Wildlife Conservation Table 7. Current Coverage of Protected Areas in Sri Lanka (Source, DWC, FD, 2016) Nat iona l B iod ivers i ty S t ra teg ic Ac t ion P lan 2016-2022 54 Figure 19. Other Managed Areas of Sri Lanka (under the Jurisdiction of the Department of Fisheries and the Coast Conservation and Coastal Resource Management Department) (Source: BOBLME, 2011 and additions from gazette notifications; © IUCN, 2016) 55 The National Environmental Act also has provisions to designate areas as Environmental Protection Areas based on the biodiversity value of a particular area. An important feature of this act is that there can be regulations to prohibit, restrict, regulate and approve certain types of activities within such areas and these are effected through regulations. With the overall guidance of the Ministry of Mahaweli Development and Environment and the Ministry of Sustainable Development and Wildlife, the Forest Department and the Department of Wildlife Conservation are the main organizations mandated to conserve, in-situ, the biodiversity in Sri Lanka. Together, these two departments have declared about 35% of terrestrial land as protected areas (PAs) (DWC, FD, 2016). (This figure is provisional and needs verification.) However, there are some ecologically sensitive areas outside of the purview of these two departments, and there has been no mechanism to regulate activities in such areas. Since 2006, the Central Environmental Authority has started designating some of those areas as Environmental Protection Areas (EPAs), with some regulatory power over activities in these areas without necessitating a change in land ownership. EPAs address a conservation gap in Sri Lankan context by bringing ecologically important but relatively small areas under the purview of the CEA, without the need for land acquisition. Management plans for declared EPAs are prepared consultatively for their management. There are a number of new areas being assessed to be included in the list of EPAs. The National Environmental Act No. 47 of 1980 and its amendments have provisions under Sections 24 C and 24 D, which allow the Central Environmental Authority to declare specific areas as Environmental Protection Areas through an order published by gazette. Once the CEA declares an area as an Environmental Protection Area, any planning scheme or project in the protection area under the provision of any law, which is in conflict with any provision of the National Environmental Act, ceases to operate in that area. To date, eight EPAs have been declared. They are; 1. Muthurajawela Environmental Protection area (Gazette Notification No. 1466/26 of 13th October 2006) 2. Thalangama Environmental Protection Area (Gazette Notification No. 1487/10 of 5th March 2007). 3. Lake Gregory Environmental Protection Area (Gazette Notification No. 1487/10 of 5th March 2007). 4. Knuckles Environmental Protection Area (Gazette Notification No. 1507/9 of 23rd July 2007). 5. Maragala Mountain Range Environmental Protection Area (Gazette Notification No. 1560/26 of 01st August 2008). 6. Walawwewatta Wathurana Environmental Protection Area (Gazette Notification No. 1598/21 of 24th April 2009. 7. Bolgoda Environmental Protection Area (Gazette Notification No. 1634/23 of 30th December 2009). 8. Hantana Environmental Protection Area (Gazette Notification No. 1641/28 of 17th February 2010). Box 8. Environmental Protection Areas (EPAs) for the Conservation of Biodiversity (Source: CEA, 2013) In addition, three Environmental Protection Areas have been identified by the NWPEA (Figure 20). Nat iona l B iod ivers i ty S t ra teg ic Ac t ion P lan 2016-2022 56 Figure 20. Environmental Protection Areas (EPAs) under the Jurisdiction of the CEA and NWPEA (Source: © IUCN, 2016 based on CEA, 2015 and Gazette Extraordinary 1685/11 of 21st December 2010) 57 In addition, Sri Lanka has ten globally important, internationally recognised sites classed under three categories: World Heritage Sites, Biosphere Reserves and Ramsar Wetlands. These are described in section 1.5.7. In 2008, at COP 9 of the CBD, several criteria were adopted for the identification of Ecologically or Biologically Significant Marine Areas (EBSAs) (CBD, 2008). These are a) uniqueness or rarity; b) special importance for life history stages of species; c) importance for threatened, endangered or declining species and/or habitats; d) vulnerability, fragility, sensitivity, or slow recovery; e) biological productivity; f) biological diversity; and g) naturalness. At the Northeast Indian Ocean Regional Workshop to Facilitate the Description of EBSAs, three areas of Sri Lanka were identified and agreed upon in plenary: the southern coastal and offshore waters of Sri Lanka between Galle and Yala National Park; coastal and offshore area of the Gulf of Mannar; and Trincomalee Bay and associated ecosystems (CBD, 2015b). Trends in Ex-situ Conservation As highlighted in CBD Article 9, Sri Lanka is focusing primarily on conserving its biological heritage through in-situ conservation. However, many ex-situ conservation measures have also been adopted to conserve elements of biodiversity. As with protected areas, the number of ex-situ conservation areas has increased. (See Figure 21.) The Department of National Zoological Gardens and Department of National Botanical Gardens are the main agencies responsible for ex-situ conservation of animals and plants of Sri Lanka, respectively. The National Zoological Gardens now has three zoological gardens in Dehiwela, Pinnawala and Ridiyagama, while the Department of National Botanical Gardens has five botanical gardens in Peradeniya, Hakgala, Gampaha, Avissawella and Mirijjawila. The Department of National Museums and the National Herbarium of Peradeniya maintain the national repositories of preserved fauna and flora, respectively. Apart from above, the Department of Wildlife Conservation, Department of Ayurveda and the Plant Genetic Resources Centre are also contributing to the ex-situ conservation of biological diversity. Although ex-situ conservation of plant and animals by the private sector and communities are not mainstreamed in Sri Lanka, there are a few privately-owned arboreta, which are maintained by non– governmental organizations. Under the guidance of Department of Wildlife Conservation, ex-situ conservation of marine turtles’ eggs has been undertaken by community-level organizations in southern Sri Lanka. Although it has not been adequately documented, members of civil society, IPLCs and Community Based Organizations (CBOs) voluntarily conserve indigenous varieties of seeds, yams, vegetables, spices and poultry, all of which can be considered vital components of the agrobiodiversity of Sri Lanka. National Zoological Gardens, Dehiwala Naalin Perera © IUCN, Sri Lanka Nat iona l B iod ivers i ty S t ra teg ic Ac t ion P lan 2016-2022 58 Figure 21. Ex-situ Conservation Centres and National Repositories of Sri Lanka (Source: © IUCN, 2016) 59 1.5.6 Causes and Consequences of Biodiversity Loss Causes Underlying Driver: The main indirect driver of ecosystem change, of course, is Sri Lanka’s population, which although currently not growing, increased rapidly in the second half of the last century (Figure 22). Figure 22. Sri Lanka’s Population and Growth in the last 150 years (Source: Department of Census and Statistics, 2015) Sri Lanka is one of the most densely populated nations of Asia, with 323 persons/km2 (Dept. of Census and Statistics, 2013). This dense population has placed enormous pressures on species and ecosystems. 0.00 0.50 1.00 1.50 2.00 2.50 3.00 0 5,000,000 10,000,000 15,000,000 20,000,000 25,000,000 18 71 18 81 18 91 19 01 19 11 19 21 19 31 19 41 19 51 19 61 19 71 19 81 20 01 20 12 20 13 20 14 Population Growth Habitat-related Drivers Plants and animals are less resilient to external pressures when the ecological communities of which they are a part shrink (habitat loss), or components of the ecological communities are removed partly or wholly disrupting their balance (habitat degradation) or when populations become isolated from each other (habitat fragmentation). Habitat loss, degradation and fragmentation affect the well-being and survival of individual populations, as well as entire species and if continued, may affect the functioning of entire ecosystems. Direct causes of habitat loss, degradation and fragmentation include clearing of native vegetation and pollution of land, waterways and marine areas (MEA, 2005). Sri Lanka has a rich history that dates back to 500 BC. As Sri Lanka’s civilization is based on agriculture, there has been extensive re-shaping of natural habitats during this long history, first in the dry zone, during the height of the hydraulic civilization, then in the wet zone during the colonial period. Much of the plantations established in the British colonial era focused on the 3rd peneplain, where the climate was appropriate initially for the cultivation of coffee and then for tea. The forests of the 2nd peneplain — the mid country — fell to rubber plantations. After independence in 1948, the focus shifted again to the dry zone, initially, when the Mahaweli Development Programme commenced. After the cessation of civil unrest, the focus is again on development in the North and East. Nat iona l B iod ivers i ty S t ra teg ic Ac t ion P lan 2016-2022 60 In the wet zone, human population is more than triple the national average (~ 1,000 persons/km2) the current forest cover (lowland, montane and sub-montane) is only approximately 1,976.66 km2 (4.7%) (BDS, MoENR, 2009; MoE, 2012a). In addition, forests left in the wet zone, excepting the patches of Sinharaja, the Kanneliya-Dediyagala-Nakiyadeniya complex and Peak Wilderness, are small, discrete, isolated patches, comprising as many as 100 different fragments (Gunatilleke and Gunatilleke, 1991 in litt. Kathriarachchi, 2012). Currently, about half the human population of Sri Lanka is crammed into about a quarter of the land area in the wet zone. Therefore, each fragment of wet zone forest, is surrounded by dense human habitation (BDS, MoENR, 2009). Coastal ecosystems are also threatened by habitat loss. Mangrove Destruction in Puttalam Lagoon Naalin Perera © IUCN, Sri Lanka © Sriyanie Miththapala Deforestation in a Lowland Wet Evergreen Forest 61 Mangroves around the Puttalam Lagoon are under severe threat from habitat loss. Senarath and Visvanathan (2001) reported a decrease of 64% in the extent of mangroves in the area between 1981 and 1992. Bournazel et al. (2015) reveal that about 34% has been further lost, largely as a consequence of shrimp farming. During this period, the area occupied by shrimp farms and salt pans expanded by 2,777% and 60% respectively (Bournazel et al., 2015) (Figure 23). Box 9. Loss of Mangroves and Salt Marshes around Puttalam Lagoon Figure 23. Mangrove Destruction around Puttalam Lagoon (Top series: Mangrove destruction and concurrent increase in shrimp farms and salt pans; bottom series: close up of the Mi Oya Estuary; Source: Bournazel et al., 2015) Salt marshes also fell prey to shrimp farms in Puttalam. Dayaratne et al (1997) reported that about 50% of the salt marshes around Puttalam lagoon area were lost within a decade (1981-1992). Nat iona l B iod ivers i ty S t ra teg ic Ac t ion P lan 2016-2022 62 In the western province, there has been extensive reclamation of wetlands for development (MoFE, 1999). Coral reefs have also been subject to habitat loss, through blast fishing, that destroys reefs or creates gaps (habitat fragmentation). This has been observed from Ambalangoda to Hikkaduwa, Koggala, Midigama, Polhena, Rekawa, Passikudah, Kuchchaveli and Nilaweli (CZMP, 2006). Habitat degradation is much more insidious. Pollution, in any form, degrades habitats. Water pollution, from point and non-point sources, is a major problem for many coastal ecosystems such as lagoons, estuaries, rivers, tanks and other inland water bodies (Joseph, 2004). Much of this pollution comes from excessive use of agro-chemicals. In rural areas, overuse of agro-chemicals has contributed to polluting surface water (Imbulana et al. 2006). Nutrient-related pollution has been reported in many reservoirs, such as the Kotmale Reservoir, Beira Lake, Kandy Lake, Lake Gregory, Nuwara wewa and Tissawewa (Imbulana et al. 2006). Beira Lake and Kotmale Reservoir have experienced eutrophication (Sivapalan, 1991). Synthetic fertilizers used in the montane zone for tea and other plantations results in water pollution downstream (Imbulana et al. 2006). Such pollution not only diminishes the quality of services provided by ecosystems, but also threatens the survival of species such as amphibians, freshwater crabs and land snails, many of which are found nowhere else in the world (MoE, 2012a). Solid waste management also is a problem. Studies show that, daily, 3,700 tonnes of municipal solid waste is generated in Sri Lanka (Menikpura and Basnayake, 2009). Much of this is dumped in open sites, not only causing health hazards but also degrading ecosystems. Solid Waste Dumping near a Wetland Naalin Perera © IUCN, Sri Lanka 63 Box 10. The National Pilisaru Programme In 2008, the Government of Sri Lanka launched the Pilisaru Project with the goal of recycling waste and discarding the rest in an environmentally friendly manner. The project objectives were to i) prepare a national policy on waste management; ii) build the capacity of and create awareness among people involved in solid waste management; iii) provide technical assistance to local authorities to improve waste management; iv) provide necessary facilities to implement solid waste management projects v) monitor the programme; and vi) strengthen the legal framework for solid waste management. By 2014, ² 120 compost sites had been established; ² 22 bio gas plants in hospitals and other government organizations; ² Equipment for local authorities — such as 151 tractors, 161 tractor tailors, 54 siever machines, skid steer loaders, one excavator and four compactors — were provided to local authorities; ² 30,000 compost bins have been provided at low cost to local authorities; ² Local government authorities and the general public were educated through awareness programmes. (Source: Fernando, undated; CEA, undated) Other examples of habitat degradation include • Gem mining which scars stream beds causing changes in the depth of water columns and siltation; • Sand mining in rivers upstream that increases siltation, salt water intrusion and diminishes the sediment replenishment so needed for coastal ecosystems such as mangroves, tidal flats and beaches. For example, the CZMP (2006) reports extensive river sand mining in the Nilwala Ganga, Gin Ganga, Kalu Ganga, Maha Oya and Deduru Oya (CZMP, 2006); the supply of sand from Maha Oya has decreased by 75% of the original, and that of the Kelani Ganga is one third of the original supply (CZMP, 2006); • Beach sand mining: this has been observed in Panadura, Lunawa, Angulana and Paliyawatte (CZMP, 2006); • Both river sand mining and beach sand mining result in erosion on beaches, lagoon, estuarine and river banks; • Encroachment of forests — this is very common around wet zone forests; • Chena cultivation — dry zone forests degraded in this manner grow into scrub forests; • Cardamom cultivation — which destroys the understoreys of mid-elevation evergreen forests; • Poor slope management in the hill country with dire consequences downstream of siltation and landslides; • Earthworks — large areas cut open and left to erode resulting in greatly increased siltation and erosion; • Dams and diversions — which alter the quantity of water reaching downstream: changing water flow from fast to slow, depth from shallow to deep. Nat iona l B iod ivers i ty S t ra teg ic Ac t ion P lan 2016-2022 64 Naalin Perera © IUCN, Sri Lanka Naalin Perera © IUCN, Sri Lanka Sampath de Alwis Goonatilake © IUCN, Sri Lanka Use of Agro-chemicals Solid Waste Pollution in Castlereigh Reservoir Poor Slope Management in the Hill Country In coastal systems, extensive changes occur with hydrological changes, for example, changes to inflow or outflow. A summary of habitat-related threats to ecosystems listed in Table 1 is presented in Table 8. 65 Table 8. Summary of Habitat-related Threats to Sri Lanka’s Ecosystems (Sources: BDS, MoERE, 2014; Perera, 2012; Kathriarachchi, 2012; Wijesundara, 2012; Miththapala, 2008b, 2008c, 2008d, 2013a and 2013b) Ecosystem Habitat-related drivers Lowland wet evergreen forests Deforestation fragmentation, degradation such as encroachment, gem mining, solid waste pollution, slash and burn cultivation practices, construction of dams for hydropower. Mid-elevation evergreen forests Deforestation, fragmentation, degradation encroachment, gem mining, cardamom cultivation. Montane evergreen forests Deforestation, fragmentation, degradation, such as forest die-back, encroachment, gem mining, pollution, construction of large dams, high altitude timber plantations, cardamom cultivation. Moist-mixed evergreen forests Deforestation, fragmentation, degradation such as earthworks, dams and diversions. Dry-mixed evergreen forests Deforestation, fragmentation, degradation such as slash-and-burn cultivation, earthworks, encroachment, forest to pasture conversion, over-grazing of livestock, forest-die back. Arid-mixed evergreen forests Deforestation, fragmentation, degradation such as slash-and-burn cultivation, pollution through irresponsible tourism. Montane upper wet patana Fragmentation, degradation through forest fires, agriculture, pollution due to irresponsible tourism. Montane lower wet patana Degradation through forest fires agriculture, pollution. Humid zone dry patana Habitat degradation through intensive forest fires. Summer zone dry patana Habitat degradation through forest fires. Upland savannas Habitat loss; degradation through intensive forest fires, agriculture. Lowland savannas Habitat loss; habitat degradation through intensive forest fires; over-grazing of livestock. Dry (damana) grasslands Habitat loss; degradation through forest fires; over grazing of livestock. Flood plain grasslands Habitat degradation such as increased sedimentation through upland erosion; over-grazing of livestock; agriculture. Above-ground caves Not known. Below-ground caves Not known. Fresh and brackish water villus Not known. Mangroves Habitat loss for shrimp farms, other aquaculture, salt pans, development (including tourism) and agriculture; fragmentation; degradation by over-intrusion of freshwater due to irrigation projects. Nat iona l B iod ivers i ty S t ra teg ic Ac t ion P lan 2016-2022 66 Ecosystem Habitat-related drivers Flood plains (villu) Hydrological alterations; changes in sedimentation, point and non-point pollution, encroachment. Lagoons Reclamation for agriculture, aquaculture and infrastructure; point and non-point pollution, eutrophication, changes in sedimentation, hydrological changes, use of illegal fishing methods that damages the system; erosion of banks; destructive fishing practices. Estuaries Same as for lagoons. Salt marshes Habitat loss and fragmentation for aquaculture and development; degradation by point and non-point pollution, changes in sedimentation. Tidal flats Habitat loss and fragmentation for aquaculture and development; degradation by point and non-point pollution, changes in sedimentation. Rivers and streams Habitat degradation through point and non-point pollution; siltation; river sand mining; dams and diversions, especially mini hydropower projects; erosion of banks; channelization of rivers running through urban areas. Marshes Reclamation for flood retention, industrial uses and housing etc. Habitat degradation through point and non point pollution; destructive fishing practices. Sandy shores Habitat loss and degradation by encroachment for infrastructure development; beach sand mining; solid waste pollution. Rocky shores Encroachment for infrastructure development; solid waste pollution. Gravelly shores Not known. Dead coral beaches Not known. Sand dunes Habitat loss by levelling for infrastructure development; beach sand mining; habitat degradation by solid waste pollution; irresponsible tourism. Seagrass meadows Habitat degradation by point and non-point pollution; and destructive fishing methods; irresponsible tourism; habitat loss for construction of erosion defence structures, harbours, ports and marinas. Seaweeds Not known. Mud bottoms Not known. Sand bottoms Not known. Coral reefs Habitat loss and fragmentation through blast fishing; point and non-point pollution; changes in sedimentation. Sandstone reefs Same as above. Rocky reefs Same as above. Rocky Islets Habitat degradation by encroachment. Sandy islets Encroachment. Islets with vegetation cover Not known. Open Ocean Marine pollution. Table 8. Contd. 67 The resulting loss and fragmentation of habitat have been the major drivers of species extinction. Many of Sri Lanka’s endemic species are concentrated in the wet zone — the lowlands, midlands and hill country. Nearly 1/3rd of Sri Lanka’s resident birds are forest dwellers, including all the endemics; of the endemics 60% are restricted to the forests of the wet zone (Weerakoon and Gunawardana, 2012). Migratory species — such as many of the 276 species of migrant birds and marine turtles — are severely affected by the loss and degradation of coastal and other ecosystems. Box 11. Habitat Loss = Loss of Carbon Sequestration Another major consequence of habitat loss is that with their loss, the ability of these ecosystems to sequester carbon is also lost. Mattson et al. (2012) presented data of 17 Mt CO2 baseline deforestation emissions in Sri Lanka between the period of 1992 and 1996, although they qualified their calculation with the statement ‘it is challenging for Sri Lanka to produce a robust and accurate reference level due to the lack of nationally based inventories’. Mangroves also sequester carbon. Perera et al. (2012) estimated that mangroves in the estuaries of Kala Oya, Malwathu Oya and the Batticaloa Lagoon have carbon stocks of 204, 165 and 150 t/ha respectively. It has been estimated that the amount of carbon sequestered in the sediments of many coastal ecosystems is as much as 50 times higher than carbon stored in land sinks (CI in litt. Simon, 2012). In many of these ecosystems, these sediments have been building for many thousand years (World Bank, IUCN, ESA and PWA, 2010). Although some coastal ecosystems emit methane and others may be carbon sources (giving out more carbon that they absorb), coastal wetlands are net sinks for greenhouse gases (World Bank, IUCN, ESA and PWA, 2010). A dramatic difference between carbon absorption in coastal marine and terrestrial ecosystems is the capacity in coastal ecosystems for long-term carbon sequestration in their sediments. This immense service of different ecosystems is foregone as a consequence of habitat loss. Chena Cultivation Sarath Ekanayake © IUCN, Sri Lanka Nat iona l B iod ivers i ty S t ra teg ic Ac t ion P lan 2016-2022 68 Species-related Drivers Overexploitation, introduction of invasive alien species and human-wildlife conflict are three major drivers that contribute to loss of biodiversity in Sri Lanka. Overexploitation mainly affects marine fin fish and shellfish resources; trees with commercial value such as timber trees; medicinal plants; as well as fish and plants that are used in the aquarium industry. Harvest data for the Puttalam Lagoon in 2010 showed that the lagoon fishery was already 1.5 times the maximum sustainable yield (IUCN, 2011b). For shrimps, the stocks in the Lagoon and associated coastal seas are reported to be exploited heavily (Sanders and Jayasinghe, 2009 in litt. CENARA 2010). Sea cucumbers are exported to the Far East for medicinal purposes. This fishery is now considered unsustainable (Long et al., 2010). The medicinal plant Salacia reticulata (Sinhala: Kothala Himbutu; Tamil: No name known) is threatened by overexploitation because it is known to be effective in the treatment of diabetes (Dhanasiri et al., 2013; MoE, 2012). Although all orchids are afforded protection under the Fauna and Flora Protection Ordinance (FCO, 2009), species such as fox-tail orchids (Rhynchostylis retusa) — found in the dry, lowland savannas — and jewel orchids (such as Zeuxine regia) found in the low and mid-country evergreen forests, are collected illegally for ornamental purposes (Fernando, 2012). Species of aquatic ornamental plants such as Cryptocoryne, Aponogeton and Lagenandra are also under threat from overexploitation (Yakandalwala, 2012). The chank fishery (dating back to the early 19th century) — harvested for ornamental purposes — is also now unsustainable (Long et al., 2010). A study of the export of native freshwater fish revealed that 53 species were being exported, of which 18 were endemics, and concluded that the commercial harvest of endemic freshwater fish is highly unsustainable (Gunasekara, 2011). Species such as Ebony (Diospyros ebenum; Sinhala: Kaluwara; Tamil: Karunkali), Calamander (Diospyros quaesita; Sinhala: Kalu-Mediriya; Tamil: No name known) Nedun wood (Pericopsis mooniana; Sinhala: Nedun; Tamil: No name known) are threatened by overexploitation for use as valued timber (MoE, 2012a; MALF, 1995). Invasion by non-native species is considered today to be one of the greatest threats to the world’s biodiversity (Burgiel and Muir, 2010). Sri Lanka is an island, with a high proportion of endemic plants and animals due to its long geographic isolation that limits immigration of new species, allowing established species to evolve in the absence of strong competitors and predators. Many of these endemic species are highly specialized to the habitats they have evolved in and their continued existence depends on availability of habitat, as well as quality of the habitat. Therefore, invasive alien species, introduced as a consequence of human activities, have a dramatic effect on such isolated ecosystems, where they can become the leading cause of species extinctions (Burgiel and Muir, 2010). In addition, islands often have ecological niches that have not been filled because of the distance from colonizing populations, which further increases the probability of successful invasions. Also, because of their isolated nature and limited resource availability, islands have to interact more with the outside world and the present trends in globalization have led to increased trade, tourism and transportation that are responsible for many accidental introductions of potentially invasive species. 69 Box 12. Over-visitation Figure 24. Increase in Visitors to Yala National Park (Source: SLTDA, 2014) Over-visitation is a form of over-use. After the cessation of the civil unrest, the number of foreign and local tourists visiting national parks has increased (SLTDA, 2014) (Figure 24). For Yala National Park, the increase in just a decade is more than sevenfold (SLTDA, 2014). However, the carrying capacity of the park for visitors has not changed, resulting in over-crowding of the park that is extensively mentioned in the media, during the peak tourist season. Adding to this over-crowding, is an emerging threat of irresponsible tourism. Yala has seen the death of leopards and jungle cats, which have been run over by vehicles, speeding within the park. In other areas — such as Pitawala Patana in Knuckles — frequented by local tourists, the Marbled Rock Frog (Nannophrys marmorata) is threatened by the loss of their restricted habitat of the crevices of moist rock surfaces. Tourists damage this habitat by trampling these stones or moving them. Another alarming consequence of irresponsible tourism has been seen in a small spatial shift in blue whale sightings off the southern coast of Sri Lanka, in a short space of two years In 2008 2009, whales were observed along the nearshore continental shelf, while in 2011, sightings were mainly near the international shipping lane. The study infers that this spatial shift is consequence of unregulated whale watching (Illangakoon, 2012). The role that tourism plays in the conservation of biodiversity is, therefore, addressed in this NBSAP. 0.0 50,000.0 100,000.0 150,000.0 200,000.0 250,000.0 300,000.0 350,000.0 400,000.0 19 8 9 19 9 0 19 9 1 19 9 2 19 9 3 19 9 4 19 9 5 19 9 6 19 9 7 19 9 8 19 9 9 20 0 0 20 0 1 20 0 2 20 0 3 20 0 4 20 0 5 20 0 6 20 0 7 20 0 8 20 0 9 20 1 0 20 1 1 20 1 2 20 1 3 20 1 4 Nat iona l B iod ivers i ty S t ra teg ic Ac t ion P lan 2016-2022 70 Table 9. Summary of Species-related Threats to Sri Lanka’s Ecosystems (Sources: BDS, MoERE, 2014; Perera, 2012; Kathriarachchi, 2012; Wijesundara, 2012; Miththapala, 2008b, 2008c, 2008d, 2013a and 2013b) Ecosystem Species-related threat(s) Lowland wet evergreen forests • Continued overexploitation of some resources such as Coscinium fenestratum, Gyrinops walla, Dipterocarpus glandulosus; • Hunting of selected animal species; • Spread of IAS such as Alstonia macrophylla, Clidemia hirta, and Dillenia suffruticosa. Mid-elevation evergreen forests • Overexploitation of some resources such as fuelwood; • Poaching and hunting for species such as Muntiacus muntjak; • Spread of IAS such as Miconia calvescens, and Clusia rosea. Montane evergreen forests • Over-visitation (for example, Peak Wilderness and Horton Plains National Park); • Overexploitation of selected species for firewood, fencing etc. • Spread of IAS such as Ageratina riparia, Austroeupatorium inulifolium and Cestrum aurantiacum. Moist-mixed evergreen forests • Selected removal of valuable species such as Munronia pinnata; • Unsustainable harvesting of fruits of Dialium ovoideum; • Spread of IAS such as Leucaena leucocephala. Dry-mixed evergreen forests • Selected logging of Diospyros ebenum and Manilkara hexandra, Chloroxylon swietenia unsustainable harvesting of fruits of Dialium ovoideum and M. hexandra; • Hunting of Axis axis, Rusa unicolor; • Over-visitation (Yala, Minneriya); • Spread of IAS such as Leucaena leucocephala. Arid-mixed evergreen forests • Overexploitation of species such as Salvadora persica; • Spread of IAS such as Prosopis juliflora and Opuntia stricta. Montane upper wet patana • Selected unsustainable removal of species such as Ipsea speciosa; • Spread of IAS such as Austroeupatorium inulifolium, Ulex europaeus. Montane lower wet patana • Spread of IAS such as Aristea ecklonii, Pennisetum clandestinum. Humid zone dry patana • Spread of IAS such as Austroeupatorium inulifolium. Summer zone dry patana • Removal of species such as Brachystelma lankana; • Spread of IAS such as Austrolopathorium inulifolium. Upland savannas • Selected removal of valuable species; • Spread of IAS such as Austroeupatorium inulifolium. 71 Lowland savannas • Selected unsustainable removal of species such as fruits of Terminalia bellirica, T. chebula, and Phyllanthus emblica; leaves of Diospyros melanoxylon; • Spread of IAS such as Lantana camara and Panicum maximum. Dry (damana) grasslands • Hunting of Axis axis and Sus scrofa; • Spread of IAS such as Panicum maximum and Lantana camara. Flood plain grasslands • Spread of IAS suchas Xanthium indicum; • Hunting of Axis axis and Sus scrofa. Above-ground caves • Small-scale hunting of cave-dwelling bats; • Over-visitation in selected sites. Below-ground caves • Small-scale hunting of cave-dwelling bats; • Over-visitation in selected sites. Fresh and Brackish water villus • Hunting of selected species; • Spread of IAS such as Oreochromis mossambicus. Mangroves • Unsustainable harvesting of mangrove trees for traditional fishing; • Spread of IAS such as Annona glabra. Lagoons • Overexploitation of fisheries resources; • Spread of IAS such as Eichhornia crassipes and Salvinia molesta. Flood plains (villu) • Spread of IAS such as Xanthium indicum, Eichhornia crassipes, Salvinia molesta Oreochromis mossambicus, Pterygoplichthys disjucnctivus, P. pardalis. Estuaries Salt marshes Tidal flats Rivers and streams • Collection of fish and aquatic plants for the ornamental trade; • Destructive fishing such as poisoning and dynamiting; • Spread of IAS such as Oreochromis mossambicus, Chitala ornata and Eichhornia crassipes. Marshes • Collection of fish and aquatic plants for the ornamental trade; • Destructive fishing such as poisoning; • Spread of IAS Oreochromis mossambicus, Chitala ornata, Eichhornia crassipes, Salvinia molesta, Pterygoplichthys disjucnctivus and P. pardalis. Sandy shores • Overexploitation of sand resources; • Spread of IAS such as Opuntia stricta. Rocky shores Gravelly shores Dead coral beaches Seagrass meadows • Bottom trawling, anchoring that damages populations of species; • Unsustainable collection of sea cucumbers. Seaweeds ² Same as for lagoons. ² Not known. ² Not known. ² Not known. ² Not known. ² Not known. ² Not known. Nat iona l B iod ivers i ty S t ra teg ic Ac t ion P lan 2016-2022 72 Mud bottoms • Bottom trawling, anchoring that damages populations of species. Sand bottoms • Bottom trawling, anchoring that damages populations of species. Coral reefs • Overexploitation of all types of edible species; • Overexploitation for the ornamental fish and trinket trade; destructive fishing; • Spread of invasive species such as Crown-of thorns starfish; Spread of Halimeda, encrusting sponges, tunicates. Sandstone reefs • Same as above. Rocky reefs • Same as above. Rocky Islets • Collection of bird eggs. Sandy islets • Collection of bird eggs. Islets with vegetation cover • Loss of vegetation cover, by overexploitation. Open Ocean • Overexploitation of marine resources (for example, over fishing); • By-catch of dolphins and sea turtles; harpooning of dolphins and hunting of sea turtles, collection of jellyfish; • Lack of implementation of whale-watching regulations that leads to irresponsible tourism. Invasive Alien Species (IAS) affect natural (terrestrial, aquatic and marine) and agro-ecosystems of Sri Lanka, impacting biological diversity and food security. Open economic policies that have facilitated international trade, travel and transport, and natural and man-made disasters supporting the free movement of international aid have seen an increase, over the past several decades, of IAS, through either deliberate or accidental introductions (MoE, 2012b). In recognition of the spread of IAS as a major species-related driver of biodiversity loss, the Ministry of Mahaweli Development and Environment (MoMD&E) has taken important steps to strengthen the national capacity to manage IAS in Sri Lanka. A key initiative is the Global Environmental Facility (GEF) funded project on ‘Strengthening Capacity to Control the Introduction and Spread of Invasive Alien Species in Sri Lanka’ executed by the Biodiversity Secretariat. The GEF IAS project is in the final stages of successful implementation towards meeting three outcomes listed below. 1. A comprehensive national regulatory framework for the control of IAS in Sri Lanka is in place; 2. A well-coordinated institutional mechanism is in place for integrated planning and decision making at national and local levels with greater access to information on the status, threats and means of controlling IAS; and Box 13. Strengthening Capacity for Managing Invasive Alien Species (IAS) in Sri Lanka Table 9. Contd. 73 3. Decision-makers at national and local levels are aware of cost-effective IAS controls being implemented at national and local levels, best practices are shared and stakeholders’ capacities strengthened. Some of the notable outputs of the project includes the following: • A comprehensive National IAS Policy; • A finalized National IAS Strategy and Action Plan; • A National IAS Control Act is being formulated; • A National IAS Communication Strategy has been introduced and dialogue on IAS control enhanced; • A National Invasive Species Specialist Group (NISSG) has been established and is functional, advising the Government of Sri Lanka on IAS control; • A National Focal Point (NFP) and an institutional coordinating mechanism for IAS control have been established; • IAS pre-entry and post-entry Risk Assessment Protocols have been developed; • National lists of IAS fauna and flora for Sri Lanka are being updated (potential lists and black lists); • A web-based, interactive and user-friendly National IAS Database is being developed and plans are in place for its regular updating; and • IAS education and communications materials have been prepared (catalogues, identification guides, fact sheets and posters of IAS of Sri Lanka). Through this project, IAS management related institutional aspects have also been supported, for example, customs agencies are better able to detect IAS and apply IAS control techniques. Capacity building is a key requirement, for increasing technical knowledge, better enforcement, control and management. In addition to customs agencies, politicians, senior management, secondary school children, the general public and the media have been made more aware of the status, threats and control of IAS in Sri Lanka. Financial incentives to support IAS control, and disincentives to prevent entry have also been developed and endorsed by the Government for use. Site-specific, cost-effective, best practice toolkits have been developed for four cases, each of priority invasive alien fauna and flora, and have been piloted at selected sites through public-private-NGO partnerships. (Source MoE, 2012b) Nat iona l B iod ivers i ty S t ra teg ic Ac t ion P lan 2016-2022 74 © Sriyanie Miththapala Human-Wildlife Conflict — Purple-faced Leaf Langur © Naalin Perera Naalin Perera © IUCN, Sri Lanka Naalin Perera © IUCN, Sri Lanka Over-fishing Unsustainable Collection of Veniwal A Road Kill: Jungle CatIllegal Logging Naalin Perera © IUCN, Sri Lanka Naalin Perera © IUCN, Sri Lanka Water Hyacinth, an Invasive Alien Species © Sriyanie Miththapala 75 Another species-related driver is human wildlife conflict. Human-wildlife conflict refers to negative interactions between humans and wildlife. Such conflicts occur worldwide in developing regions of the world, as well as in more developed areas and affects both rich and poor alike. As the human population expands and natural habitats shrink, people and animals are increasingly coming into conflict over living space and food. Judging by the current trends of human population growth and land use patterns, it can be predicted that human-wildlife conflicts will continue to increase and will become one of the most significant impediments to conservation of endangered species. Human-wildlife conflict has many manifestations. These include • Conflict due to crop losses: the majority of human-wildlife conflicts belongs to this category. Wild animals can attack various crops such as grain [for example, Scaly-breasted Munia (Lonchura punctulata), White-rumped Munia (Lonchura striata)]; vegetables [for example, Alexandrine Parakeet (Psittacula eupatria), Rose-ringed Parakeet (Psittacula krameri), Indian Peafowl (Pavo cristatus)], tubers [for example, Wild boar (Sus scrofa)], fruits [for example, Flying fox (Pteropus giganteus), Fulvous fruit bat (Rousettus leschenaultia), Short-nosed fruit bat (Cynopterus sphinx)] and perennial crops such as coconut [for example, Porcupine (Hystrix indica), and Giant squirrel (Ratufa macroura)]; • Conflicts due to damage to stored grain [for example, Common rat (Rattus rattus), Indian house mouse (Mus musculus); and Indian Palm Squirrel (Funambulus palmarum)]; • Conflict due to attacks on livestock [for example, Leopard (Panthera pardus) or poultry [for example, Fishing cat (Prionailurus viverrinus) and Palm civet (Paradoxurus hermaphoditus)]; • Conflicts arising due to impacts on infrastructure such as roofs [for example, Grey langur (Semnopithecus priam), and Purple-faced leaf monkey (Semnopithecus vetulus)]; • Conflicts arising due to damage to home gardens [for example, Mole rat (Bandicota bengalensis), and Malabar bandicoot (Bandicota indica)]; • Conflicts due to roosting and nesting in urban centres and thereby becoming a public nuisance [for example Rock Pigeon (Columba livia) and House Crow (Corvus splendens)]; and • Conflicts arising due to injury or death caused to people by wild animals [for example, Asian Elephant (Elephas maximus), Saltawater Crocodile (Crocodylus porosus) and Sri Lanka toque monkey (Macaca sinica)]. Many of the animals that cause conflict are already threatened species [for example the Asian Elephant, Leopard and Giant flying squirrel (Petaurista philippensis); and they are often killed by people in retaliation or to ‘prevent’ future conflicts. This drives these species further towards the brink of extinction. Habitat loss and habitat fragmentation are the main drivers that have contributed to the escalation of human-wildlife conflicts. This has resulted in animals coming into close contact with human use areas leading to the development of such conflict. In addition, some human activities such as open dumping of garbage and public feeding of animals can also attract many of these conflict-causing animals to close proximity to humans. When people feed wild animals directly or indirectly, animals come to perceive humans as a source of food. Over time, this can lead to habituation, where the animals become increasingly comfortable around humans and do not view them as a threat. While some people would see this as a positive outcome, in contrast, this increases the probability of occurrence of negative interactions. When animals have a healthy fear of people, they keep their distance and negative interactions are less frequent, only occurring during rare, chance encounters. Even though human-wildlife conflicts involves many species of wild animals, a concerted effort has been made to address only the human-elephant conflict. In recent times, the Department of Wildlife Conservation has also taken a keen interest in solving human-monkey conflicts, that are escalating due to rapid urban expansion. Nat iona l B iod ivers i ty S t ra teg ic Ac t ion P lan 2016-2022 76 Therefore, the need to develop management plans for at least all the threatened animals that are causing conflict has been recognized and included as an action in this NBSAP. Within species, the loss of genetic diversity limits their ability to adapt to environmental changes. Habitat loss and fragmentation, overexploitation of species and invasive alien species that reduce population sizes drive the loss of genetic diversity. Nowhere is this more critical than in the field of agriculture. Within the crops, genetic diversity is rapidly being depleted. Since the 1900s, globally 75% crop genetic diversity has been lost through the adoption of high-yielding, genetically similar varieties; six breeds of livestock are now lost each month (FAO, 1999). This decline in agrobiodiversity — a critical subset of biodiversity, developed and actively managed by farmers — is attributed to the Green Revolution and subsequent increase in what is termed ‘industrial agriculture’, where agriculture became intensive, driven by use of high-yielding crop varieties, increased irrigation and mechanization, as well as intensive use of fertilizers and pesticides (Burney et al., 2010). In this process, much fewer crop varieties were cultivated as monocultures, while the number of livestock breeds also decreased rapidly, resulting in monocultures that were highly susceptible to disease and environmental changes (FAO, 1999). Such vulnerability will be exacerbated by climate change. Also worsening the results of the intensification of agriculture are globalization and marketing, in turn, driving agriculture to the selection of a few varieties and breeds (FAO, 1999). As a consequence, the world is currently fed by about 150 plant species, of which, 12 species, comprise 75% of the world’s food. Of this 12 species, more than 50% of the world’s food supply comes from just three species: rice, wheat, and maize (IDRC, 2016). The diet breadth of humans has drastically shrunk. Sri Lanka has not escaped the impacts of agricultural intensification and market globalization. Before the Green Revolution, Sri Lanka grew long-lived, single-season indigenous varieties of rice with organic fertilizers (Jayawardena, 2003). Currently, about 95% of the extent of rice cultivated lands, are sown with new improved varieties and a loss of about 600 traditional varieties (Jayawardena, 2003). The conservation of Sri Lanka’s agrobiodiversity has, therefore, become a priority and is one of this NBSAPs strategic objectives, with a specific target and actions allocated to address the issue. Coastal Erosion Naalin Perera © IUCN, Sri Lanka 77 Climate Change-related Drivers The global climate is changing rapidly. Climate change magnifies existing threats, for example by potentially increasing the distribution and abundance of introduced plants and pest animals already present in an area (Burgiel and Muir, 2010), a concern that has been raised by Iqbal et al. (2014) for Sri Lanka. It is also likely to bring with it new threats, including long-term changes in rainfall and temperature patterns rising sea levels, ocean acidity and changes to the frequency and severity of extreme events such as fires, floods and droughts. These changes bring a high risk of an accelerating wave of extinctions and disruptions to ecological processes throughout the 21st century and beyond. Changes in sea level have been predicted in various parts of the island as shown in Figure 25. Coral Bleaching in Bar reef — May 2016 Floods in the Kelani River — May 2014 Naalin Perera © IUCN, Sri Lanka Arjan Rajasuriya © IUCN, Sri Lanka Nat iona l B iod ivers i ty S t ra teg ic Ac t ion P lan 2016-2022 78 Figure 25. Projected Sea Level Rise in Sri Lanka (Source: Hazard profile of Sri Lanka, DMC, 2012. IPCC 2007 temperature predictions for the B2 scenario and elevation data from Improved Advanced Space borne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) were processed in a GIS system using 1984 WGS datum to estimate the sea level rise in 2025, 2050 and 2100 years. Respective coastal inundations were estimated using the Bruun rule using estimate sea level rise.) 79 Climatic changes in both temperature and rainfall have been observed in Sri Lanka (Basnayake et al., 2002; Chandrapala, 1996). The familiar baseline climate map has now changed, as shown by Muthuwatta and Liyanage (2013), who used baseline rainfall data from 1970-2000 to analyze a climate model projection to 2050, to show significant changes (Figure 26). Figure 26. Changes in Climate Boundaries in 2050 (a) baseline map; b) current map (based on observed data from 1971-2000 from the Met Dept.); c) projected change in 2050 (using the UK Hadley Centre for Climate Prediction and Research Model, HadCm3, applied on the IPCC Scenario A1B) (Source Muthuwatta and Liyanage, 2013) Table 10. Current and Projected Areas under Three Major Climatic Zones (Source Muthuwatta and Liyanage, 2013) Zone Current (km2) Baseline (km2) Projected (km2) % change between predicted and current map Dry 38,627 43,734 35,492 -8.1 Intermediate 14,212 11,866 17,312 21.8 Wet 12,696 10,278 12,793 0.03 Muthuwatta and Liyanage’s study reveals that by 2050 (compared to the period between 1970 and 2000), average rainfall will increase by 155 mm (7%). This increase will impact most the south and southeastern areas of the island. While the dry zone decreases in size, the intermediate zone will increase (Muthuwatta and Liyanage, 2013) (Table 10). Their study focused on agro-ecological zones, and their results reveal that variability in rainfall in 11 out of 48 agro-ecological zones exceeds the baseline (Muthuwatta and Liyanage, 2013). No work has been carried out yet about the impacts of these projected changes on the biodiversity. Folden et al. 2013 listed five biological traits that will make species vulnerable to climate change: 1) specialized habitat and/or microhabitat requirements; 2) narrow environmental tolerances or thresholds that are likely to be exceeded due to climate change at any stage in the life cycle; 3) dependence on specific environmental triggers or cues that are likely to be disrupted by climate change; 4) dependence on interspecific interactions that are likely to be disrupted by climate change; and 5) poor ability to a) b) c) Nat iona l B iod ivers i ty S t ra teg ic Ac t ion P lan 2016-2022 80 disperse to or colonize a new or more suitable range. Their global study analyzed 16,857 species of birds, amphibians and corals, and pinpointed species which were most vulnerable to climate change and the geographic areas in which these species were most vulnerable. Similar studies for Sri Lanka are needed urgently, where many of the amphibian, reptile and bird endemics of the country have very specialized habitat requirements. A study to predictively model the distribution of the endemic birds of Sri Lanka (Perera, 2014) reveals that the most important predictors were average annual precipitation, and seasonality of precipitation, indicating that the above changes could have profound effects on species with restricted ranges. In relation to ecosystems, climate change is likely to have profound impacts as listed in the table below. Effect of climate change Ecosystem Impact on ecosystem Coastal flooding as a consequence of sea level rise Mangroves, lagoons, estuaries, salt marshes, tidal flats, sandy shores, sand dunes, rocky shores, gravelly shores, rivers, seagrass meadows, agro-ecosystems Habitat loss by inundation — Loss of mangroves, tidal flats, seagrasses, dunes. In turn, there is the loss of carbon stocks, as some of these ecosystems sequester carbon. Salinity intrusion as a consequence of sea level rise Coastal ecosystems (such as mangroves, lagoons estuaries, salt marshes, tidal flats, sandy shores, rocky shores, gravelly shores, rivers, seagrass meadows) Changes in species composition, inability for some species to complete their life cycles, both of which could affect commercially important species, such as fin and shell fish for food, as well as the functioning of these ecosystems, which could affect other services. Ocean acidification Open ocean, coral reefs, There could be profound changes in marine food webs, affecting food security — such as slowing down of calcification critical for coral growth, coral bleaching; ocean acidity is corrosive to marine shelled organisms. This will worsen the impact of other effects such as temperature. Changes in ocean wave currents Open ocean, coral reefs, seagrasses There could be profound changes in marine food webs, affecting food security; hypoxic zones form; there is nutrient mixing including upwelling of nutrients from deep waters. Table 11. Impact of Climate Change on Ecosystems (Source: extracted from Miththapala, 2008a, 2008b, 2008c, 2008d, 2013a and 2013b) 81 Changes in rainfall patterns Mangroves, terrestrial forests, grasslands, floodplains, villus, lagoons, estuaries, rivers and streams. Changes in species composition in mangroves, terrestrial forests, grasslands; land degradation due to erosion; increasing landslides; affects soil formation and soil quality; changes in the soil-water environment. Changes in rainfall will affect inflow (either an increase or decrease) into floodplains, villus, lagoons, estuaries, rivers and streams, changing their natural hydrological patterns. Changes in temperature on land Terrestrial ecosystems will be affected, but ecosystems such as montane evergreen forests are likely to be profoundly impacted. Aquatic ecosystems Open ocean Changes in species composition because of changes in photosynthesis and other biological reactions; decrease in species populations due to disruption of life cycles and change in behavioural patterns; heat waves and related impacts; fires; changes in oxygen balance. Evaporation would increase in aquatic systems such as rivers, reservoirs, lagoons and estuaries. In coastal brackish-water systems, salinity could increase. Changes in wave currents. Changes in ocean temperature Coral reefs (El Niño events), Open ocean Seagrasses Coral bleaching, damaging the whole ecosystem. Changes in ocean oxygen levels, wave currents, nutrient cycling. Ocean stratification resulting phytoplankton booms and reduction in productivity. Higher water temperatures will affect directly growth, reproduction and general metabolism of seagrasses. Increase in extreme weather events (such tropical cyclones, droughts, flash floods, landslides, forest fires, heat waves) All ecosystems Physical damage and increased erosion in coastal ecosystems; salinity increase in coastal ecosystems and paddy fields; habitat loss and decrease in species populations. Effect of climate change Ecosystem Impact on ecosystem Nat iona l B iod ivers i ty S t ra teg ic Ac t ion P lan 2016-2022 82 As a tropical island, Sri Lanka is extremely vulnerable to the predicted climate change related impacts such as sea level rise, salt water intrusion leading to increased salinization of low-lying areas, rising ocean temperatures and ambient temperatures, ocean acidity, changes in rainfall patterns and increased frequency of storms and other natural hazards such as floods and landslides. These changes will have a significant effect on Sri Lanka’s biodiversity, especially the distribution of species, composition of ecological communities and biological processes such as flowering, fruiting, reproduction and migration. Consequences Biodiversity loss has impacts on ecosystem functioning and in turn, damage or reduction to ecosystem functioning impacts ecosystem services. Two decades of research on the impact of biodiversity loss on ecosystem functioning reveal clear evidence that loss of biodiversity negatively impacts a) the efficiency by which communities in ecosystems capture resources and convert them to biomass; b) decreases temporal stability of ecosystem functions; c) because ecosystem processes are non-linear, change accelerates with biodiversity loss (Cardinale et al., 2012). In addition, loss of biodiversity across trophic levels impacts ecosystem functioning more than loss within trophic levels; and key species have disproportionate influence on ecosystem functioning (Cardinale et al., 2012). Loss of ecosystem functioning, in turn, leads to the reduction and even loss of services provided by ecosystems (MEA, 2005). In addition, loss of ecosystem functioning decreases the resilience of ecosystems to withstand changes in the environment, especially the predicted changes of climate change. The values of ecosystems services of just the forestry sector were discussed in Table 3 and Figure 15 and show the likely economic losses from the loss of ecosystem services. All of the above, will, ultimately have a significant impact on human well-being, and livelihoods. For example, lagoons and estuaries found along the coastline of Sri Lanka support the livelihoods of some 500,000 people (2% of the population of Sri Lanka) and the income from fisheries from these lagoons and estuaries is estimated to be more than five billion rupees (Samarakoon and Samarawickrama, 2012). Both lagoons and estuaries face many anthropogenic threats, such as siltation, sand mining upstream, hydrological alterations, and overexploitation (see Table 8 and 9), placing the well-being of 500,000 people at risk. Further, Sri Lanka plans to expand its tourism industry, which is currently the third largest foreign exchange earner (SLTDA, 2014). The graph below shows the increasing revenue from tourists (both local and foreign) visiting four national parks (Yala, Udawalawe, Wilpattu and Kumana) since 2007. Figure 27. Increasing Revenue from Visitation to Four National Parks (2007-2014) (Source: SLTDA) 85,733.3 84,419.6 103,993.0 227,249.2 301,008.7 424,844.9 576,458.8 827,587.9 0.0 100,000.0 200,000.0 300,000.0 400,000.0 500,000.0 600,000.0 700,000.0 800,000.0 900,000.0 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 Re ve nu e (R s. ) Year 83 The table below presents a breakdown of visitor to different national parks in 2014. Table 12. Breakdown of Tourist Visitation and Revenue by National Park (Source: SLTDA, 2014) National Park Total visitors Total revenue Yala 413,434 374,967,271.47 Wilpattu 54,782 28,525,657.24 Kumana 20,470 5,250,810.00 Udawalawe 134,702 115,409,624.35 Horton Plains 268,253 141,729,103.93 Bundala 18,500 12,154,301.85 Wasgamuwa 18,481 1,812,540.65 Minneriya 146,089 137,146,428.37 Kaudulla 47,163 32,692,110.00 Lunugamwehera 10,212 5,212,182.00 Gal Oya 3,512 301,820.00 Horagolla 4,859 203,135.00 Maduru Oya 873 186,804.80 Angamedilla 1,838 74,430.00 Galway's Land 1,753 167,960.00 Lahugala 216 27,520.00 Pigeon Island Marine 58,877 14,074,888.00 Hikkaduwa Marine 37,398 367,361.50 Bar Reef Marine 11,287 2,908,300.00 Total 1,252,699 873,212,249.16 The graph on the previous page and the table above show how heavily Sri Lankan tourism depends on natural capital. Loss or degradation of such natural capital will, therefore, also affect the attractiveness of Sri Lanka as a tourism destination. Loss of biodiversity will also have an impact on future benefits that can be accrued from biological resources — such as the development of new drugs and improving crop varieties using emerging innovations of biotechnology. Naalin Perera © IUCN, Sri Lanka Over-visitation of Horton Plains National Park Nat iona l B iod ivers i ty S t ra teg ic Ac t ion P lan 2016-2022 84 1.5.7 Existing Institutional, Legal and Policy Framework for Biodiversity Conservation The biological resources of Sri Lanka are protected by the constitution of Sri Lanka and several ordinances, acts, regulations and policies. The Ministry of Mahaweli Development and Environment and the Ministry of Sustainable Development and Wildlife are the ministries directly responsible for biodiversity conservation, while several other ministries indirectly contribute to the sustainable management of biological resources. Apart from the government sector, international and national non government organizations, community-based organizations and the corporate sector also play key roles in biodiversity conservation. According to Article 27 (14) of the Sri Lankan Constitution, ‘The State shall protect, preserve and improve the environment for the benefit of the community.’ Article 28 (f) reinforces this by stating that every person has a duty ‘to protect nature and conserve its riches.’ These were written into the Constitution in 1978 (Silva in UNEP, 2009). Policies Policy Aim The National Conservation Strategy of 1988 Soon after the Global Biodiversity Strategy was published, Sri Lanka prepared a National Conservation Strategy (NCS). It was one of the first countries in Asia to do so. The strategy was a preliminary attempt deal with key issues of environmental degradation and biodiversity loss in the country. National Environmental Action Plan in 1991 Based on the recommendations of the NCS, a National Environmental Action Plan (NEAP) was adopted for a five-year period (1992–1996). Implementation led to a revised NEAP, in 1994, for the period 1995–98. Over the years, these environmental policy frameworks have helped shape several generations of sectoral and national development strategies (MoEPA, 1991; MoEPA, 1993; MoFE, 1998). Coastal Zone Management Plan (CZMP) 2006 Initially prepared in 1991, this is updated periodically by the CC&CRMD, the last published iteration being in 2006. Another revision is currently under review. Table 13. A Selection of Policies and Plans that have a Bearing on Biodiversity (Sources: CZMP, 2006; FD, 2016; MoE, 2006; MoENR, 2010; UNEP, 2009; taken directly from the policies.) Several national policies and action plans have been established to protect biodiversity either at ecosystems or species level. For example, the national forest policy and wildlife policy has been developed for habitat or ecosystem level conservation, while an elephant policy targets species level conservation. A policy, strategy and action plan for invasive alien species have been formulated; and a policy for mangroves has been drafted. Another policy on access and benefit sharing is being finalized. Some of these policies are listed in the following table. 85 Policy Aim National Forest Policy of 1995 The policy was drawn up to provide clear directions for safeguarding the remaining natural forests of the country in order to conserve biodiversity, soil and water resources. In accordance with the policy, the forests under the jurisdiction of the FD have been reclassified and placed under four management systems ranging from protection, non-extractive use, management of multiple use forests for sustainable production of wood and management of forests with community participation. Forestry Sector Master Plan of 1995 covering 1995-2020 The Forestry Sector Master Plan ‘puts particular emphasis on: conserving the remaining natural forests to maintain biological resources (flora and fauna) as reservoirs of biodiversity; empowering people and rural communities to manage and protect multiple use forests mainly for their own benefit; building partnerships in forestry development activities; developing home garden and other agro-forestry systems as well as forest plantations to meet peoples basic needs and to supply industrial wood; policy and legal reforms; and developing and strengthening forestry institutions, both state and NGOs’. National Wildlife Policy of 2000 The policy renews the commitment of the government to conserve wildlife resources through promoting conservation, maintaining ecological processes and life sustaining systems, managing genetic diversity and ensuring sustainable utilization and sharing of equitable benefits arising from biodiversity. It emphasizes the need for effective protected area management with the participation of local communities. National Oil Spill Contingency Plan (NOSCOP) of 2000 Provides a guide and control on how to deal with an oil spill contingency. National Policy on Solid Waste Management of 2002 The main objectives of the policy are (a) to ensure environmental accountability and social responsibility of all waste generators, waste managers and service providers (b) to actively involve individuals and all institutions in integrated and environmentally sound solid waste management practices (c) to maximize resource recovery with a view to minimize the amount of waste for disposal and (d) to minimize adverse environmental impacts due to waste disposal to ensure health and well-being of the people and on ecosystems. The National Environmental Policy of 2003 The policy aims to promote the sound management of the environment while balancing social and economic development needs. It aims to manage the environment by linking together the activities, interests and perspectives of different stakeholders with equitable sharing of benefits and costs. The policy supports securing land tenure rights including use rights on state land and long-term tenure for chena farmers. It is open to alternative mechanisms and policy tools to provide incentives while minimizing compliance costs to benefit the environment, the society and the economy. It emphasizes participation, transparency and public accountability in the management of natural resources. Nat iona l B iod ivers i ty S t ra teg ic Ac t ion P lan 2016-2022 86 Policy Aim National Watershed Management Policy of 2004 This policy aims to conserve, protect, rehabilitate, sustainably use and manage the watersheds while managing their environmental characteristics with the involvement of communities. National Wetlands Policy of 2004 This policy seeks to give effect to the National Environment Policy and other relevant national policies, while respecting national commitments towards relevant international conventions, protocols, treaties and agreements to which Sri Lanka is a party. National Biosafety Policy of 2005 The policy on biosafety set the overall framework in which adequate safety measures will be developed and put into force to minimize possible risks to human health and the environment while extracting maximum benefits from any potential that modern bio technology may offer. National Implementation Plan for the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants of 2006 The NIP details several activities to control and manage POPs in Sri Lanka. Capacity building and institutional strengthening as well as awareness raising on the detrimental effects of POPs are areas of high priority for the successful implementation of the NIP. National Policy on Elephant Conservation and Management of 2006 The elephant has been so closely associated with Sri Lanka’s history, culture, religions, mythology and even politics that it would be difficult to imagine the island without it. Therefore the present policy was developed to ensure the long-term survival of the elephant in the wild in Sri Lanka through the mitigation of the human-elephant conflict. National Land Use Policy of 2007 This Policy aims to ensure proper land use, food security, economic development and the maintenance of the productivity of the land at a higher level. It also provides a path for the protection, conservation and sustainable use of the land resource of the country and offers an appropriate and ideal framework that will best meet the needs of the present generation while safeguarding the land resource for the future generation as well. National Policy on Climate Change 2012 This Policy aims to adapt to and mitigate the impacts of climate change within a framework of sustainable development. One of its objectives is ensuring ecosystem stability. National Policy on Sand as a Resource for the Construction Industry 2006 This Policy aims to manage sand resources in a sustainable manner, minimizing environmental impacts, while sustaining economic benefits, thereby developing a dual approach to the management of sand resources. This will be achieved through a system of policing backed by a framework of regulations;granting incentives for alternative employment. However, one of the Policy’s objectives are to prioritize environmental concerns over commercial concerns. Table 13. Contd. 87 Legislation Several key acts and regulations exist in Sri Lanka that directly and indirectly protect biodiversity. Sri Lanka has conservation laws that date back to colonial times and a number of new laws have emerged to address modern challenges. A selection of these laws is presented in the table below. Table 14. A Selection of Acts and Ordinances that Directly or Indirectly Affect Biodiversity (Some taken directly from: UNEP, 2009; BDS, MoENR, 2009). Act Last amendment Relevance to biodiversity conservation Fauna and Flora Protection Ordinance, No. 02 of 1937 Act No. 22 of 2009 DWC; has empowered the SLPD and FD also to implement. Directly protects habitats and species. Provisions This enactment plays the major role in affording protection to indigenous species of animals and plants. It has been amended several times and the latest amendments are by Act No. 22 of 2009. The intention of this enactment is ‘to provide for the protection of and conservation of the fauna and flora of Sri Lanka and their habitats, for the prevention of commercial and other misuse of the fauna and flora and their habitats and for the conservation of biodiversity of Sri Lanka’. The provisions of this ordinance are broad and wide, cover the protection of both habitats and species, as well as the regulation of the import and export of animals. The protection of habitats is effected by making them parts of a protected area or declaring the habitat as a protected area. Three types of protected areas, namely National Reserves, Sanctuaries and Managed Elephant Reserves can be declared under this ordinance. National Reserves can only be declared on state (government) land and the entry in to these areas is restricted according to the category, and there are seven categories under which a National Reserve can be made. These are: Strict Nature Reserves; National Parks; Nature Reserves; Jungle Corridors; Marine National Parks; Refuges; and Buffer Zones. Sanctuaries and Managed Elephant Reserves can have both state and private land within their areas, and there are certain controls and restrictions on activities that are permitted in private lands that fall within these areas. The concept of declaring Managed Elephant Reserves covering both state and private lands is to ensure that both human beings and elephants can live in harmony and not in conflict with each other. They are intended to strike a balance between different needs, rather than acquiring such lands to resettle people and declare National Reserves. The protection of species under this enactment saw a major new development through the latest amendment which brought in a new category of protected species known as Strictly Protected Species for mammals, reptiles and birds. Elephants are provided with a special degree of protection because of their ecological, cultural, social and economic importance and because they are under severe pressure and threat. A special feature in the protection afforded to elephants is the provisions that allow people to keep tame elephants and to keep the tusks of dead elephants in their possession, both being old and traditional practices that are allowed under the law, by regulations and through a process of registration and permits. There are 20 species of mammals, 16 species of reptiles and 63 species of birds that are listed as Strictly Protected Species. These are given a higher degree of protection by increasing the punishments provided for offences against these species. The protection of birds cover all the migrants (including vagrants and stragglers) that come within the area belonging to Sri Lanka and has been afforded in a manner that any new species that is seen within Sri Lanka will automatically be protected by law. It is noteworthy that all other migrant species belonging to different categories in addition to birds — such as reptiles, mammals and even dragonflies — are enjoying protected status in Sri Lanka. Implementing Agency Nat iona l B iod ivers i ty S t ra teg ic Ac t ion P lan 2016-2022 88 Act Last amendment Implementing Agency Relevance to biodiversity conservation Forest Ordinance, No 16 of 1907, now Forest Conservation Ordinance, after its last amendment Act No.65 of 2009. The Conservator General of Forests is responsible for the enforcement of the provisions of the FCO Directly protects forests and species within these forests. However, domestic animals are not protected under this ordinance and have been excluded from being provided protection. This enactment also excludes providing protection to exotic or alien species of animals, although the entry of such species is regulated by making it mandatory to import them only under a permit issued by the DWC. Provisions This amendment changed the hitherto used short title of the enactment (Forest Ordinance) to the Forest Conservation Ordinance. The intention of the FCO is to ‘consolidate and amend the law relating to the conservation, protection and the sustainable management of the forest resources and the utilization of forest produce’. It can be used both to provide protection to habitats and regulate and maintain the sustainable use of plant species through a system of permits. This enactment provides for the declaration of three types of protected areas, namely, Conservation Forests, Reserved Forests (Forest Reserves) and Village Forests. All these can be declared on state land only. The Conservation Forests have the highest degree of protection under this enactment and entry is restricted for non-extractive practices only. The type known as Village Forests is declared to cover an area that is used for different purposes by a community or several communities and certain kinds of extractive practices are permitted inside such areas. A very important feature of this enactment is that it provides protection to all state lands within Sri Lanka that are not declared as protected areas by this or by another enactment. Hence, this provision allows these areas to enjoy a certain degree of protection by regulating some of the activities that can be carried out in such lands. The other important feature in the Forest Conservation Ordinance is that it allows the extractive use of flora under a regulatory system. This is effected through the issue of permits to collect different parts of plants which are grouped under the broad category known as ‘Forest Produce’. This category is divided into two, namely Major Forest Products and Minor Forest Products. The former includes timber, while the latter includes parts of plants, as well as medicinal herbs. This system, which has been in place for more than a century, ensures the sustainable use of forest resources. The permit system is geared to ensure the sustainable use of biological material that falls within the category of Forest Products. Act Last amendment Implementing Agency Relevance to biodiversity conservation The National Heritage Wilderness areas Act, No 03 of 1988 None The Conservator General of Forests is the competent authority Directly protects habitats. Provisions The intention is to provide protection to habitats that are important in terms of biodiversity, as well as for other aspects such as aesthetic values, and geological and hydrological importance of such Table 14. Contd. 89 Act Last amendment Implementing Agency Relevance to biodiversity conservation The National Environmental Act, No.47 of 1980 Act. No. 53 of 2000 The Central Environmental Authority (CEA) is responsible for the enforcement of the provisions of this Act. Supports biodiversity conservation by controlling pollution and requiring mitigatory measures for development projects through mandatory EIAs. Provisions The intention of this enactment is to provide for the protection, management and enhancement of the environment and for the prevention, abatement and control of pollution. The main activities under this enactment are the protection of the physical environment by regulating the discharge of substances that may cause pollution to the environment, through a process of licensing. It also has provisions for environmental approval for certain types of new ventures and projects and this approval has to be preceded by an Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) or an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) report. The subject matter that is evaluated under these reports includes the biodiversity of the areas that will be affected by the proposed activities and proposed mitigation measures. Thus, both the licensing process and the environmental approval have indirect roles in protecting biodiversity. In addition, there are provisions in this act to designate areas as Environmental Protection Areas where the biodiversity value of a particular area merits conservation. An important feature of this act is that there can be regulations to prohibit, restrict, regulate and approve certain types of activities within such areas and these are effected through regulations. Act Last amendment Implementing Agency Relevance to biodiversity conservation Coast Conservation Act No. 57 of 1981 Act No 64 of 1988. The Director of the CC&CRMD Protects biodiversity in coastal areas. Provisions The Coastal Zone is defined under this act. This enactment details regulations related to activities permitted within this zone, as well as those prohibited The Director of the CC&CRMD can request an EIA for development activities in the coastal zone. This act has provisions to prevent pollution as well as to declare special management areas. areas. It does not have provisions to provide any direct protection to species. This enactment is unique in having provisions to afford protected status to an area for reasons other than the value of biodiversity. Therefore, this enactment enables the declaration of areas with special biodiversity values — such as habitats of rare and endangered species — as well as for the protection of wilderness areas for their importance as watersheds and areas that have special aesthetic value. The protection provided to an area declared under this act permits the entry into such areas and allows only non-extractive uses such as tourism and recreation. This act has been used to declare only one National Heritage Wilderness Area to date, the Sinharaja National Heritage Wilderness Area. However, it has the potential to afford much needed protection to places that have high biodiversity value. Nat iona l B iod ivers i ty S t ra teg ic Ac t ion P lan 2016-2022 90 Act Last amendment Implementing Agency Relevance to biodiversity conservation Fisheries and Aquatic Resources Act, No 02 of 1996 Act No 64 of 1988. DFAR Supports biodiversity conservation by declaring areas protected for regulation of fisheries, which supports other species and habitats in the area. It also protects some marine species. Act Last amendment Implementing Agency Relevance to biodiversity conservation Marine Pollution Prevention Act No. 59 of 1981 Act No. 35 of 2008 The Marine Environment Protection Authority is responsible for the enforcement of this enactment. Supports biodiversity conservation by preventing one of the drivers of its loss, in the marine sector. Provisions This enactment authorises the Marine Environment Protection Authority (MEPA) to implement and Provisions The objectives of this enactment are to provide for the management, regulation, development and the conservation of the fisheries and aquatic resources of Sri Lanka. This enactment has defined the term ‘fish’ in a very broad manner and covers not only fish but also every species of aquatic fauna from invertebrates to marine and aquatic mammals. The definition of aquatic resources covers every type of aquatic plants including seaweeds and thus, has a broad range of applications. This enactment has provisions to declare protected areas and to prohibit the import of any species that can have an adverse impact on aquatic organisms. There are two types of special areas that can be declared under this enactment, namely the Fisheries Management Areas and Fisheries Reserves. The former are declared for the sustainable management of a particular area and are established through regulations that ensure the sustainable use of fisheries resources and through a process of public participation in decision-making in relation to the area. The type known as Fisheries Reserves is intended to protect a particular resource or the resources that are found in a particular area by restricting and controlling the activities that are allowed in such an area. This provision can be used to protect the spawning areas of aquatic animals and to ensure the sustainable use of fisheries resources. This enactment provides for the declaration of any species from being overexploited and to protect species by restricting or preventing the catching and landing of such species and also through the regulation of exports. Marine mammals and marine turtles and thresher sharks are protected by prohibition of the catching of these species, while the export trade has been regulated by prohibition of the export of certain species of freshwater and marine species, the mandatory need for permits for the export of yet other species. Another important aspect in this enactment is the powers to prevent the import of any species of aquatic organisms by formulation of regulations. This will help protect biodiversity by preventing the introduction of predators and invasive alien species. The regulations made during the past have prohibited the import of 24 species of fish, which can become either predators or invasive species if released to the water bodies. Table 14. Contd. 91 Act Last amendment Implementing Agency Relevance to biodiversity conservation Antiquities Ordinance No 9 of 1940 Act No 24 of 1998 The Director-General of Archaeology is responsible for the enforcement of this enactment. Indirectly supports biodiversity conservation through the declaration of archaeological reserves which serve as habitats for species. Provisions This ordinance and its amendments provides for the Director General of Archaeology to declare certain areas as Archaeological Reserves, where encroachment of any kind is prohibited. It also empowers the Director General of Archaeology to conduct an Archaeological Impact Assessment of areas that may be affected by development, industrial or other projects proposed by anyone and implement any mitigatory measures that may be required. Act Last amendment Implementing Agency Relevance to biodiversity conservation Plant Protection Act No. 35 of 1999 No amendment The Director of Agriculture is responsible for the enforcement of this enactment This has direct bearing on the spread of invasive alien species. Provisions This act provides for the protection of wild plants, seeds and prevention of plant diseases and controls the introduction of new plant species. The intention is to protect native and agricultural species from disease as well as from attack from introduced herbivorous invertebrates. To a certain extent, this Act can control the entry of invasive alien species. Act Last amendment Implementing Agency Relevance to biodiversity conservation Soil Conservation Act No. 25 of 195 Act No. 24 of 1996 Director of Agriculture, Ministry of Agricultural Development is responsible for enforcement of this enactment Soil erosion damages water ways that become sedimented, thus degrading aquatic habitats. This act therefore, indirectly supports biodiversity by preventing habitat degradation. take necessary steps to prevent marine pollution in the territorial waters of Sri Lanka. This act has provisions for contingencies such as oil spills and to prevent the discharge of ships’ waste into Sri Lankan waters. Nat iona l B iod ivers i ty S t ra teg ic Ac t ion P lan 2016-2022 92 Act Last amendment Implementing Agency Relevance to biodiversity conservation Felling of Trees (Control) Act No. 9 of 1951 Act No 1 of 2000 The Conservator General of Forests is the competent authority This can be used to protect threatened tree species. Act Last amendment Implementing Agency Relevance to biodiversity conservation Mahaweli Authority of Sri Lanka Act No. 23 of 1979 Act No. 59 of 1993 MASL This has a bearing on biodiversity conservation in the Mahaweli Basin which covers 16% of the land area of Sri Lanka. Provisions This act provides for the prohibition and control of the felling of selected tree species. So far only three species are thus protected: Jak (Artocarpus heterophyllus); breadfruit (Artocarpus altilis) and palmyrah (Borassus flabellifer). Provisions This act established the Mahaweli Authority of Sri Lanka and provides for the protection of watershed areas and protection of the physical environment of the Mahaweli area. It has provisions for the acquisition of land for irrigation development. Act Last amendment Implementing Agency Relevance to biodiversity conservation Urban Development Authority Law 1978 Act No. 41 of 1988 Urban Development Authority This act has a direct bearing on habitat loss and degradation, and can have either a positive or negative impact. Provisions This law and its amendments promote integrated planning and implementation of economic, social and physical development in areas declared as urban development areas, all development activity within the said areas fall within the purview of the Urban Development Authority. Table 14. Contd. Provisions This act and its amendments provide for the conservation of soil resources, mitigation of soil erosion, and protection against floods and drought. The quality of the soil (physical, chemical and biophysical) is maintained through the provisions of this act. 93 Act Last amendment Implementing Agency Relevance to biodiversity conservation Water Hyacinth Ordinance No 9 of 1909 No amendment Department of Agriculture This act has a direct bearing on the spread of IAS. Provisions This controls the introduction and proliferation of water hyacinth and other weeds and invasive plants in the country. Act Last amendment Implementing Agency Relevance to biodiversity conservation The National Zoological Gardens Act no.41 of 1982 No amendment Department of National Zoological Gardens This act has a direct bearing on biodiversity conservation as it sets up an ex-situ conservation site. Act Last amendment Implementing Agency Relevance to biodiversity conservation The Botanic Gardens Ordinance No. 31 of 1928. Law No. 32 of 1973 Department of National Botanic Gardens This act has a direct bearing on biodiversity conservation as it sets up an ex-situ conservation site. Provisions This Acts governs the management and administration of the National Zoological Gardens. Provisions This deals with ex-situ conservation of plants, and concerns the management and administration of the National Botanic Gardens. Act Last amendment Implementing Agency Relevance to biodiversity conservation Mines and Minerals Act No. 33 of 1992. Act No. 66 of 2009 Board of Management of the Geological Surveys and Mines Bureau This act has a direct bearing on habitat loss and degradation. Provisions Regulates mining, exploitation, processing, trading and export of minerals. Nat iona l B iod ivers i ty S t ra teg ic Ac t ion P lan 2016-2022 94 Act Last amendment Implementing Agency Relevance to biodiversity conservation Control of Pesticides Act No. 33 of 1980 (as amended). Act No. 31 of 2011 Registrar of Pesticides This has a direct bearing on pollution of soil and water. Act Last amendment Implementing Agency Relevance to biodiversity conservation Municipal Councils Ordinance No. 29 of 1947 (as amended). Act No 34 of 2014 Municipal Councils This has a direct bearing on solid waste and water pollution. Act Last amendment Implementing Agency Relevance to biodiversity conservation Water Resources Board Act No. 29 of 1964 (as amended). Act no. 42 of 1999 Water Resources Board This has a direct bearing on the prevention of water pollution and attempting to reverse habitat loss. Provisions Provides for the establishment of Municipal Councils and outlines their powers, duties and responsibilities in relation to the built environment and matters such as waste disposal and sanitation. Provisions Establishes the Water Resources Board and sets out its duties, which include promotion of afforestation, preventing the pollution of rivers, streams and other water courses, and formulation of national policies relating to the control and use of water resources of the country. Provisions Provides for the licensing and regulation of the import, packing, labelling, storage, formulation, transportation, sale and use of pesticides. Thus only permitted pesticides can be used in the country. Table 14. Contd. Act Last amendment Implementing Agency Relevance to biodiversity conservation Irrigation Ordinance No. 32 of 1946 (as amended) – Part VI. Act No. 13 of 1994 Department of Irrigation This has a bearing on e-flows. Provisions Deals with environmental aspects of water, irrigation and land use in irrigated agricultural activities. 95 Organizations The Ministry of Mahaweli Development and Environment is the key government agency which is authorized by parliament of Sri Lanka to manage the environment and biological wealth of Sri Lanka. However, there other key organizations listed in the table below, which have mandates that relate to biodiversity conservation. A large number of non-governmental organizations are also working in biodiversity conservation. Some of these organizations are directly involved in protection, research, conducting surveys, assessments, preparation of policies, implementation of laws, education and awareness related to biodiversity, while other organizations contribute in cross cutting areas. These are also listed in the table below. Table 15. A Selection of Organizations that have a Bearing on Biodiversity (Sources: Extracted directly from each organization’s website) Organizations Functions Remarks Government Agencies Ministry of Mahaweli Development and Environment (MoMD&E) The key government agency that is authorized by the parliament of Sri Lanka to manage the environment and biological wealth of Sri Lanka. It is the focal point for overseeing all environmental, biodiversity and climate change related initiatives at the government level. It is the focal point for many multilateral conventions. (See Table 16.) Biodiversity Secretariat (BDS) of the Ministry of Mahaweli Development and Environment Is responsible at the national level for coordinating, implementing and monitoring conservation programmes; protecting traditional knowledge and cultural activities; updating the National Red List; preparing and administering policies and action plans related to biodiversity conservation; coordinating work on the Convention on Biological Diversity and other related agreements; coordinating activities related to the Nagoya Protocol on Access to Genetic Resources and implementing national legislation and multilateral agreements. Key agency for the preparation and implementation of the NBSAP. Act Last amendment Implementing Agency Relevance to biodiversity conservation Sri Lanka Land Reclamation and Development Corporation Act No. 15 of 1968 (as amended). Act No 49 of 2011 Sri Lanka Land Reclamation and Development Corporation This has direct bearing on the loss of habitats particularly wetlands. Earlier, the Act was a driver of ecosystem loss but now is not. Provisions Empowers the Sri Lanka Land Reclamation and Development Corporation (SLLR&DC) to reclaim low-lying lands and wetlands Nat iona l B iod ivers i ty S t ra teg ic Ac t ion P lan 2016-2022 96 Organizations Functions Remarks Ministry of Sustainable Development and Wildlife Oversees the DWC. It is planned that a national secretariat for sustainable development will be established. Department of Wildlife Conservation This department is entrusted with managing two million hectares of land which cover approximately 15% of the total land area of Sri Lanka. The areas managed by DWC are categorized under several management units as National Parks (26), Nature Reserves (7), Strict Natural Reserves (3), Jungle corridors (1) and Sanctuaries (61). Within these there are several marine sanctuaries and marine national parks declared and managed by the DWC. The vision of the DWC is to conserve the wildlife heritage of Sri Lanka for present and future generations. Implements the FFPO. Comes under the MSD&W. Forest Department This department is responsible for managing 2.1 million hectares of forests and other ecosystem types, which represent 55% of the forest land area of Sri Lanka. The vision of the Forest Department is to sustainably manage forest and tree resources of Sri Lanka in order to meet the requirements of timber and forest produce, while preserving their ability to provide environmental services for the well-being of people and the national economy. Implements the Forest Conservation Ordinance. Comes under the MoMD&E. The Coast Conservation and Coastal Resource Management Department This department is the prime agency responsible for coastal issues (CCD, 2004). The mandate of the CC&CRMD is the coastal zone defined in the Coast Conservation Act of 1981. The mission of the CC&CRMD is the sustainable development of coastal resources and the management of coastal processes to optimize social, economic and environmental status of Sri Lanka. Implements the Coast Conservation Act. Comes under the MoMD&E. Central Environmental Authority The Central Environmental Authority was established and empowered under the National Environment Act and is responsible for enforcing the National Environment Act, as well as formulating and implementing other environmental policies. Its mission is to be the flagship of the nation steering towards protecting and managing the quality of the environment by promoting public participation, enforcement, advanced technological interventions and environmental education. Implements the National Environmental Act. Comes under the MoMD&E. The Marine Environment Protection Authority (MEPA) MEPA is the apex body with the sole responsibility of preventing, controlling and managing the pollution of Sri Lanka’s marine environment. Implements the Marine Pollution Prevention Act No.35 of 2008. Comes under the MoMD&E. Table 15. Contd. 97 Organizations Functions Remarks Ministry of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources Development (MoFARD) MoFARD is mandated to be responsible for the development and, sustainable use and conservation of fisheries sector in Sri Lanka. Implements the Fisheries Act. Ministry of Agriculture This Ministry directly influences the conservation of agricultural biodiversity and plays an important role in ensuring sustainable use of natural resources and the prevention of pollution in order to avoid significant damage to biodiversity. Implements the Soil Conservation Act, Plant Quarantine Act; Control of Pesticides (Amendment) Act No. 6 of 1994 and Plant Protection Act No 35 of 1999. Department of National Zoological Gardens (DNZG) The DNZG is the main ex-situ conservation organization for fauna Implements the National Zoological Gardens Act No.14 of 1982. Comes under the Ministry of Sustainable Development and Wildlife. Department of National Botanic Gardens (DNBG) The DNBG is the main ex-situ conservation organization for flora Implements the Botanic Gardens Ordinance No. 31 of 1928. Comes under the Ministry of Sustainable Development and Wildlife. Non-Governmental Sector The Wildlife and Nature Protection Society (WNPS) The WNPS is the oldest biodiversity conservation agency in Sri Lanka. Initially founded as a game protection society in 1894, WNPS has evolved into a wildlife and nature conservation society that advocates policy and provides environmental education. The Ceylon Bird Club The Ceylon Bird Club was founded in 1943 with seven members, including G. M. Henry and W.W.A. Phillips, two of Sri Lanka’s foremost ornithologists. The CBC has been engaging in activities such as collecting, recording and providing information on the birds of Sri Lanka. The Field Ornithology Group of Sri Lanka (FOGSL) Established in 1976, the Field Ornithology Group of Sri Lanka is a non profit organization affiliated to the Department of Zoology, University of Colombo. Its main aim is the conservation of birds and the environment. It is the national affiliate of Birdlife International, which is the global umbrella organization for the conservation of birds. The Young Zoologists Association (YZA) The YZA is also one of the oldest nature conservation organizations in Sri Lanka, founded in 1972. Its membership is made up mainly of undergraduates, students and young professionals. Nat iona l B iod ivers i ty S t ra teg ic Ac t ion P lan 2016-2022 98 Organizations Functions Remarks The Environmental Foundation Limited (EFL) EFL is another leading non-governmental organization founded in 1981, to promote environmental advocacy and providing free legal aid to marginalized communities to protect their environmental rights. Private Sector Dilmah Conservation, This is the dedicated CSR wing of MJF Group of Companies and is responsible for promoting sustainable environmental and social development. It is a prime example of the commitment shown by Sri Lanka’s private sector to biodiversity conservation. Sri Lanka Business and Biodiversity Platform (now called Biodiversity Sri Lanka) This was established jointly by the Ceylon Chamber of Commerce, IUCN and Dilmah Conservation in order to provide a mechanism to cultivate dialogue between the private sector and conservation agencies. It aims to provide services to businesses interested in investing in natural resource conservation and sustainable development. International Organizations which Work with Governments to Conserve Biodiversity The United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) THE UNDP was founded in 1965 under the UN, through the merger between the UN Special Fund and the Expanded Programme of Technical Assistance (Stoke, 2009). Its headquarters are in New York. UNDP provides training, grants and advice to developing countries to achieve sustainable human development (UNDP, 2012). After being engaged in Sri Lanka for many years, the UNDP, amongst many other achievements, has helped support and establish livelihoods in the post-conflict era, aided the government in monitoring aid distribution and strengthened government agencies. Significantly, it has also aided in building capacity to manage biodiversity, in particular, at present, with the project on Strengthening capacity to control the introduction and spread of alien invasive species in Sri Lanka (UNDP, 2012). IUCN, International Union for the Conservation of Nature Founded in 1948, IUCN is the world’s largest and oldest global environmental organization with over 1,300 government and NGO members and more than 15,000 volunteer experts in 185 countries. Operations in Sri Lanka commenced in 1988. At present, the Sri Lanka Country Office has 12 members, four of which are Government entities, and eight of which are NGOs. The Sri Lanka Country Programme involves supporting members in biodiversity conservation, environmental policy, institutional support, conservation and management of critical habitats and environmental education and awareness. IUCN is most recognized for the creation and continual revision of the National Red List, which catalogues biodiversity in Sri Lanka and the conservation status of each species. The Red List™ has been a primary tool for conservation biologists around the country and the globe. The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) The FAO of the United Nations was founded in 1945. It aims to eradicate hunger, malnutrition and food insecurity; eliminate poverty; and facilitate the sustainable management and use of natural resources including water, land, air, genetic resources and climate. The international organization acts as a vessel for knowledge transfer between parties providing information about food, agriculture and natural resources, and those who need it. The FAO Sri Lanka Country Programme aims to ‘achieve a sustainable food and nutrition security while developing livelihoods in the rural agricultural sector’ and to preserve and rehabilitate forestry and biodiversity of forests. Table 15. Contd. 99 Organizations Functions Remarks IWMI The International Water Management Institute (IWMI) is a scientific, non profit research organization focusing on sustainable utilization of land and water resources in developing countries. With offices across Asia and Africa, its headquarters are in Sri Lanka. IWMI develops scalable agriculture water management solutions which directly impact on poverty reduction, ecosystem health and food security with the collaboration of government, civil society and the private sector. IWMI’s achievements in Sri Lanka include tsunami relief and research, investigations into irrigation and wetland systems, malaria mapping and research, overall water accounting and groundwater research. Kokmote Wildlife Bunglow, Wilpattu Naional Park, Managed by the Department of Wildlife Conservation Naalin Perera © IUCN, Sri Lanka Nat iona l B iod ivers i ty S t ra teg ic Ac t ion P lan 2016-2022 100 In addition to the above listed in the previous table, the Ministry of Science, Technology and Research; Ministry of Education; Ministry of Higher Education and Highways; Ministry of Power and Renewable Energy; Ministry of Disaster Management; Ministry of Irrigation and Water Resources Management; Ministry of Megapolis and Western Province Development; Ministry of City Planning and Water Management; and the Ministry of Finance also play roles that have a direct or indirect influence on biodiversity. The Green Movement, Turtle Conservation Project, Wildlife Trust, Sri Lanka Environmental Journalists Forum, Young Biologists Association, Ocean Resources Conservation Association, Wildreach Trust and Eco-v are some of the other non-government organizations which have contributed to biodiversity conservation in Sri Lanka. Sevalanka Foundation, the Small Fishers Federation and Sarvodaya are some of the national-level organizations which have contributed to biodiversity conservation, as a cross-cutting theme of their organizations. In addition, there is also a large number of community-based organizations (CBOs) and indigenous people and local community organizations (IPLCs) that are playing active roles in the biodiversity conservation of Sri Lanka. In the private sector, HSBC Plc, Nation Trust Bank, Sampath Bank, Kelani Valley Plantations Ltd, Tokyo Cement, Holcim (Lanka) Ltd, and Sri Lanka Telecom are some of the leading companies that annually contribute funds for biodiversity conservation through their CSR programmes. The Role of Civil Society in Biodiversity Conservation Since ancient times, members of the civil society have contributed to biodiversity conservation in many ways. Voluntary work for conservation, creating and providing shelters for faunal species, donation of land and money for biodiversity conservation activities and avoiding harmful activities, which are detrimental to biodiversity, are some of the contributions by civil society towards biodiversity conservation in Sri Lanka. At present, members of civil society play a critical role in monitoring illegal activities that cause damage to biodiversity and continuously reporting them to the relevant authorities (Figure 28). Figure 28. Sectoral Contributors to Biodiversity Conservation in Sri Lanka Biodiversity Conservation International and National Non Governmental Organizations Civil Society Government Sector Private Sector 101 Young Volunteers Create a Habitat for a threatened Fish Community Participation in the Ecological Restoration of a Tank Sampath de Alwis Goonatilake © IUCN, Sri Lanka Naalin Perera © IUCN, Sri Lanka Nat iona l B iod ivers i ty S t ra teg ic Ac t ion P lan 2016-2022 102 Table 16. International Conventions Related to Biodiversity Conservation to which Sri Lanka is a Signatory (Source: MoENR, 2008) Convention When ratified Implementing Agency Relevance to biodiversity conservation Convention of the High Seas (1948) 1958 Ministry of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources Development May affect biodiversity in the high seas due to freedom of fishing. Convention When ratified Implementing Agency Relevance to biodiversity conservation International Plant Protection Convention (1951) 1952 Seed Certification and Plant Protection Centre, Department of Agriculture Convention provides for the protection of local floral biodiversity from pests and invasive species. Convention When ratified Implementing Agency Relevance to biodiversity conservation Plant Protection Agreement for Asia and Pacific Region (1956) 1956 Seed Certification and Plant Protection Centre, Department of Agriculture Convention provides for the protection of local floral biodiversity from pests and invasive species. Provisions Aims to protect the world’s cultivated and natural plant resources from the spread and introduction of plant pests. • Provides an international framework for plant protection. • Provides for the development of International standards for phytosanitary measures, which include procedures, pest monitoring, import regulations, compliance procedures, pest management, post-entry quarantine, exotic pest emergency response and export certification • Provides for information exchange • Encourages support to developing countries to improve effectiveness of their National Plant Protection Organizations. Provisions Aims to prevent the introduction and spread within the Asia and Pacific Region of destructive plant diseases and pests. • Asia and Pacific Plant Protection Commission is established to review reports from Parties, make recommendations and consider problems requiring regional cooperation. • Parties undertake to use their best endeavours to apply measures to regulate movement of plants within the region. Biodiversity-related International Treaties and Conventions Signed and Ratified by the Sri Lankan Government Sri Lanka is a signatory to a number of international conventions related to biodiversity conservation or which have an impact species or habitats. These are listed chronologically in the table below. Provisions • Codified the traditional principle of freedom of the high seas, including the freedom of fishing. 103 Convention Whenratified Implementing Agency Relevance to biodiversity conservation Convention on Fishing and Conservation of the Living Resources of the High Seas (1958) 1958 Ministry of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources Conserves aquatic biodiversity by reducing the threat of such species being over harvested due the development of modern techniques. Convention When ratified Implementing Agency Relevance to biodiversity conservation Convention on the Continental Shelf (1958) 1964 Ministry of Foreign Affairs May affect marine biodiversity associated with continental shelves, should the state take any action regarding continental shelves. Convention When ratified Implementing Agency Relevance to biodiversity conservation International Convention Relating to Intervention on the High Seas in Cases of Oil Pollution Casualties (1969) 1983 Marine Environmental Protection Agency (MEPA) Threats to biodiversity from maritime casualties and oil spills may be reduced as states have the right to take necessary action. Convention When ratified Implementing Agency Relevance to biodiversity conservation Convention on Wetlands (Ramsar Convention) (1971) 1990 Department of Wildlife Conservation Conserves wetland and wetland associated species by encouraging the conservation of wetland habitats. Provisions The Ramsar Convention is the oldest inter-governmental environmental convention in modern times. The Convention also has five ‘International Organization Partners’: IWMI, Birdlife International, WWF International, Wetlands International and IUCN. The Convention’s mission is ’the conservation and wise use of all wetlands through local and national actions and international cooperation, as a contribution towards achieving sustainable development throughout the world‘. It makes provisions to delegate certain wetlands as ‘Wetlands of International Importance’. Provisions To solve the problems involved in the conservation of the living resources of the high seas through international co-operation considering that through the development of modern techniques some of these resources are in danger of being overexploited. Provisions • Codifies the rules of international law relating to continental shelves. • Established the rights of a sovereign state over the continental shelf surrounding it, present. Provisions Affirms the right of a coastal State to take measures on the high seas that may be necessary to prevent, mitigate or eliminate grave and imminent danger to their coastline or related interests from pollution or threat of pollution of the sea by oil, following upon a maritime casualty or acts related to such a casualty. Nat iona l B iod ivers i ty S t ra teg ic Ac t ion P lan 2016-2022 104 Convention When ratified Implementing Agency Relevance to biodiversity conservation United Nations Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage (1972) 1980 Sri Lanka UNESCO National Commission, Ministry of Education Promotes the conservation of biodiversity in natural heritage sites by promoting the conservation of such sites. Convention When ratified Implementing Agency Relevance to biodiversity conservation International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (MARPOL) (1973) 1997 Marine Environmental Protection Authority (MEPA) Reduces the threat to biodiversity from pollution from ships, especially from oil and noxious liquid substances. Convention When ratified Implementing Agency Relevance to biodiversity conservation Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) (1973) 1979 Department for Wildlife Conservation Protects species from being over harvested and traded on international markets. Provisions CITES is an international agreement between governments that aims to ensure that international trade in specimens of wild animals and plants does not threaten their survival. Under this convention, more than 35,000 different species are accorded varying degrees of protection. Table 16. Contd. Provisions • Aims to promote cooperation among nations in protecting heritage around the world that is important for current and future generations because of their outstanding universal value. This includes natural heritage sites. • To establish an effective system of collective protection of the cultural and natural heritage of outstanding universal value organized on a permanent basis and in accordance with modern scientific methods. • Provides for declaration of UNESCO World Heritage Sites. Provisions • Includes regulations aimed at preventing and minimizing pollution from ships, both accidental pollution and from that of routine operations. • Includes six technical annexes: Regulations for the prevention of pollution by oil; Regulations for the control of pollution by Noxious liquid substances in bulk; Prevention of pollution by harmful substances carried by sea in packaged form; Prevention of pollution by sewage from ships; Prevention of Pollution by Garbage from Ships; and Prevention of Air Pollution from Ships. 105 Convention When ratified Implementing Agency Relevance to biodiversity conservation Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species (also known as CMS or Bonn Convention) (1979) 1990 Department of Wildlife Conservation Protects migratory species. Convention When ratified Implementing Agency Relevance to biodiversity conservation United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) (1982) 1995 Ministry of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources Development Promotes the conservation of marine biodiversity by aiming to preserve the marine environment, controlling pollution and obliging states to maintain international standards. Convention When ratified Implementing Agency Relevance to biodiversity conservation Agreement on the Network of Aquaculture Centers in Asia and the Pacific (1988) 1989 Ministry of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources Development Biodiversity may be directly or indirectly affected by aquaculture development through factors such as habitat displacement, inadvertent spread of IAS spread and disease transfer. Provisions • Provides a global platform for the conservation of migratory animals. CMS is the only international convention focusing on the conservation of migratory species, their habitats and migration routes. • Agreements associated with this convention are tailored to each party based on the conservation needs throughout the migratory range, and can vary from legally binding treaties to Memoranda of Understanding. Provisions • Formulation of a set of criteria that determine the extent of sea area a maritime country can claim under its jurisdiction. • Aims to protect and preserve the marine environment. • Obliges states to preserve international standards of practice • Obligations related to formulating regulations related to controlling land-based, sea bed-based and open sea-based pollution. Nat iona l B iod ivers i ty S t ra teg ic Ac t ion P lan 2016-2022 106 Convention When ratified Implementing Agency Relevance to biodiversity conservation Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and Their Disposal (1992) 1992 Central Environment Authority Indirectly protects biodiversity from unregulated release of hazardous waste into the environment. Convention When ratified Implementing Agency Relevance to biodiversity conservation United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) (1992) 1994 Ministry of Mahaweli Development and Environment Promotes conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity. Convention When ratified Implementing Agency Relevance to biodiversity conservation United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) (1992) 1993 Ministry of Mahaweli Development and Environment There is a sector action plan on biodiversity and ecosystems as well as the coastal and marine sector in the NCCAS (2015). Table 16. Contd. Provisions The CBD came into effect in 1993, after the Rio Summit. The Convention has three goals: ‘the conservation of biological diversity, the sustainable use of its components, and the fair and equitable sharing of the benefits from the use of genetic resources’. The agreement covers all species, ecosystems and genetic resources. The convention is legally binding. Provisions The UNFCCC came into effect in 1993, after the Rio Summit. The aim of this convention is to stabilize greenhouse gases to prevent ‘dangerous’ climate change, allowing inter alia, ecosystems to adapt naturally to climate change. Provisions Aims to assist the members in their efforts to expand aquaculture development mainly for The purpose of: increasing production, improving rural income and employment, diversifying farm production; and increasing foreign exchange earnings and savings. Provisions • Aims to reduce the movements of hazardous waste between nations, and specifically to prevent transfer of hazardous waste from developed to less developed countries, excluding radioactive waste. • Applies conditions to imports and export of above wastes. • Applies stringent requirements for notice, consent and tracking for movement of wastes across national boundaries. 107 Convention When ratified Implementing Agency Relevance to biodiversity conservation Agreement for the establishment of the Indian Ocean Tuna Commission (1993) Date of Entry in Force: 1996 Ministry of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources Development Conserves fish species by promoting conservation of such species and sustainable development of fisheries, reducing the threat of over harvesting. Provisions Aims to promote cooperation among its members with a view to ensuring, through appropriate management, the conservation and optimum utilization of stocks and encouraging sustainable development of fisheries based on such stocks. Convention When ratified Implementing Agency Relevance to biodiversity conservation Agreement for the Implementation of the Provisions of the United Nations Convention on the Law of Seas Relating to the Conservation and Management of Straddling Fish Stocks and Migratory Fish Stocks (1995) 1996 Ministry of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources Development Promotes conservation of fish species, especially those who are part of ‘straddling fish stocks’ through encouraging sustainable methods. Convention When ratified Implementing Agency Relevance to biodiversity conservation Rotterdam Convention (1998) 2006 Ministry of Agriculture Reduces the threat to biodiversity of imported harmful chemicals that may eventually be released into the environment. Provisions Aims to ensure long-term conservation and sustainable use of straddling fish stocks and highly migratory fish stocks through effective implementation of the relevant provisions of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea. Provisions • Monitors and controls trade in certain hazardous chemicals. • Instrument to provide importing parties with the power to make informed decisions on which chemicals they want to receive and to exclude those that cannot be safely managed. • Regulates the prior informed consent (PIC) process, involving mutual information exchange. Nat iona l B iod ivers i ty S t ra teg ic Ac t ion P lan 2016-2022 108 Convention When ratified Implementing Agency Relevance to biodiversity conservation Cartagena Protocol on Bio Safety (2000) 2004 Ministry of Mahaweli Development and Environment Safeguards biodiversity from living modified organisms resulting from modern biotechnology. Convention When ratified Implementing Agency Relevance to biodiversity conservation Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (2001) 2005 Ministry of Mahaweli Development and Environment Protects biodiversity in the environment from the harmful effects of POPs and PCBs. Provisions Aims to contribute to ensuring an adequate level of protection in the field of the safe transfer, handling and use of living modified organisms resulting from modern biotechnology that may have adverse effects on the conservation and sustainable use of biological diversity, taking also into account risks to human health, and specially focusing on transboundary movements. Provisions • Aims to protect human health and the environment from persistent organic pollutants (POPs). • Established a list of 12 key POPs for which signatories are required to reduce risks to the environment and human health due to their release. • Parties are required to legal and/or administrative measures to heavily restrict or eliminate the production and use of POP pesticides and PCBs. • Parties are required to minimise unintentional production of the POPs. © Riaz Cader Spinner Dolphins (Stenella longirostris) Listed in both CITES and CMS 109 Box 14. The UN REDD Programme The UN REDD Programme was launched in 2008 to facilitate the combined force of UNDP, FAO and UNEP in supporting developing countries to conserve their globally important forests, in order to mitigate climate change. It currently has 67 partner countries. Sri Lanka became a partner of UN REDD in 2009, and the UN REDD National Programme was launched in 2013. The Forest Department is the focal point for implementing the UN REDD programme in Sri Lanka. Within this convention, industrialized countries provide incentives for developing countries to improve their land use management and forest cover. Sri Lanka is one of the 23 countries with a UN REDD National Programme. The National Programme objectives are as follows: • National consensus reached on National REDD+ Programme; • Management arrangements contributing to the National REDD+ process; • Improved stakeholder awareness and effective engagement; and • Forest monitoring system for REDD+ activities provided. (Source: The REDD Desk, 2016) Moist-mixed Evergreen Forest, Maragala EPA Naalin Perera © IUCN, Sri Lanka Nat iona l B iod ivers i ty S t ra teg ic Ac t ion P lan 2016-2022 110 In the interest of protecting vital ecosystem services, protected areas have been demarcated around the world for biodiversity conservation. Many species migrate across national borders. Thus, the destruction of biodiversity in one country can have consequences for biodiversity in another. Therefore, some protected areas have been given international recognition because of their global importance. Sri Lanka has 10 globally important, internationally recognised biological sites. These are classed into three categories: World Heritage Sites, Biosphere Reserves and Ramsar Sites. World Heritage Sites Founded by the UN Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage of 1972, the International World Heritage Programme administered by the UNESCO lists World Heritage Sites as being places of special cultural or physical significance (UNESCO, 2016a&b). Sri Lanka has two sites of natural heritage. Sinharaja Forest Reserve: Sri Lanka’s largest patch of lowland tropical rainforest (approximately 11,187ha) is located in the island’s southwest lowland wet zone, extending across the Sabaragamuwa and Southern Provinces. It was a World Biosphere reserve, declared in 1978, before it was declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1988. Approximately 60% of tree species are endemic and 50% bird, butterfly and mammal species endemic to Sri Lanka are found within the Sinharaja forest (UNESCO, 2015). The forest is famous for its bird diversity and unique bird interactions, known as mixed species feeding flocks. Central Highlands Serial Property: This site comprises three distinct conservation areas, namely, the Peak Wilderness Sanctuary (now a Nature Reserve), Horton Plains National Park and Knuckles Conservation Forest. The Peak Wilderness Nature Reserve is known for Adam’s Peak, a site of religious pilgrimage; Horton Plains National Park, for its unique landscape; and Knuckles, for its five peaks and extremely biodiverse montane rainforests (IUCN, 1990; Werner, 1985; Forest Department, 2012). The Central Highlands Serial Property was declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 2010 due to the importance of its unique montane and cloud forests which contain a high level of endemism (UNESCO, 2015). Biosphere Reserves Biosphere Reserves are ‘areas of terrestrial and coastal ecosystems which are internationally recognised within the framework of UNESCO’s programme on Man and Biosphere’ (Watson, 1998). Sri Lanka has four International Biosphere Reserves, three of which are described below. (The fourth is Sinharaja, which has already been described as a World Heritage Site.) Hurulu Forest Reserve: Declared a forest reserve in 1942 and a Biosphere Reserve in 1977, the Hurulu Forest Reserve is located in the North Central Province of Sri Lanka. The dry evergreen forest of this dry zone landscape is an ideal habitat for elephants, as there are large areas of grassland and minimal human intervention. Bundala National Park: This park was declared a Ramsar Site in 1990, and was given the status of National Park in 1993. In 2005, Bundala was designated as a biosphere reserve by UNESCO. It is located in the Hambantota District and extends across 6,216 ha. Bundala is also categorized as an internationally important wetland due to the presence of its five shallow lagoons. Box 15. Globally Important Biological Sites 111 Kanneliya-Dediyagala-Nakiyadeniya (KDN) Biosphere Reserve: This was declared an International Biosphere Reserve by UNESCO in 2004.The KDN forest complex is located in the Southern Province, in the Galle District, near Sinharaja Forest. It has an area of approximately 10,867 ha, and is the second largest block of lowland rainforest in Sri Lanka (after Sinharaja), despite having previously endured heavy logging (FD, 2015). It is a major catchment area for the Gin and Nilwala Rivers, both of which are vital for industrial and agricultural activity in the Galle and Matara Districts (UNESCO, 2006). Ramsar Sites The Ramsar Convention, the oldest intergovernmental environmental convention, aims to conserve important wetlands (Ramsar Convention Secretariat, 2014). There are six Ramsar Sites in Sri Lanka, all of which are described below with the exception of Bundala (already described in the previous page). Kumana Wetland Cluster: This site falls within both Kumana National Park and the Panama Kudumbigala Sanctuary, located in the Amapara District. It was designated a Ramsar Site in 2010 and covers an area of 19,011 ha. Kumana comprises coastal wetland habitats, lagoons, mangroves, salt marshes, estuaries and reservoirs. It supports many threatened wetland species, including turtles and wetland birds (Ramsar, 2010a). Wilpattu Ramsar Wetland Cluster: Located in the North Central and Northwestern Provinces, this site covers all 165,800 ha of the Wilpattu National Park. It was declared a Ramsar Site in 2013. It is unique in that it holds several villus, which are sand-rimmed basins filled with rainwater of varying salt contents. These provide unique ecosystems suited to a diverse range of migrant and resident species. Altogether there are approximately 205 water bodies within the site (Ramsar, 2013). Maduganga: This site a mangrove lagoon containing 15 islands. It was declared a Ramsar site in 2003 and covers 915 ha, and is located in the Southern Province, in the District of Galle. Mangroves that are relatively undisturbed can be found on the islands, thus supporting a unique and biodiverse community (Ramsar, 2003). Annaiwilundawa Tank Sanctuary: Located in the Northwestern Province, in the District of Puttalam, Annaiwilundawa is a cascade tank system established by ancient civilizations back in the 12th century. It was declared a Ramsar Site in 2001. In addition to being important for irrigation, the sanctuary is a highly productive wetland, which supports 50% of Sri Lanka’s freshwater fish, as well 40% of the country’s vertebrate species (Ramsar, 2001). Vankalai Sanctuary: Vankalai is located in the Mannar District, in the Northern Province. The sanctuary was designated as a Ramsar Site in 2010. It supports a large variety of wetland bird species, including migrants who use the area as they exit Sri Lanka, including the Greater Flamingo (Phoenicopterus roseus). The 4,839 ha site contains arid scrubland, maritime grasslands, mangroves, salt marshes, tidal-flats, lagoons, seagrass beds and other ecosystems. It is also home to Dugongs (Dugong dugon) (Ramsar, 2010b). Nat iona l B iod ivers i ty S t ra teg ic Ac t ion P lan 2016-2022 Sinharaja World Heritage Site Wilpattu Ramsar Site Kumana Ramsar Site Hurulu Biosphere Reserve Bundala Ramsar Site Vankalai Ramsar Site © Sriyanie Miththapala Naalin Perera © IUCN, Sri Lanka Naalin Perera © IUCN, Sri Lanka Naalin Perera © IUCN, Sri Lanka Isuru Alawatte © Forest Department © Niroshan Mirando 113 1.5.8 Barriers and Challenges for Effective Conservation and Sustainable use of Biodiversity Policy and legal Sri Lanka has a number of policies and legislative enactments that protect the environment and natural resources. However, these do not allow for integrated planning at the landscape level to mitigate adverse impacts of large-scale landuse changes. This may have arisen because of many reasons. Firstly, development programmes in the country are being implemented by a multitude of agencies linked to different ministries with less than optimal coordination. Also sometimes, large-scale investment projects appear to be take precedence over existing conservation policies and safeguards expected through legislations outlined in Table 14. Secondly, inter-agency communication and information sharing needs improvement. Thirdly, the environment for sector agencies and their stakeholders (communities) — enabling them to work together and engage in joint planning more easily — must be strengthened. Fourthly, the lack of mainstreaming of key concepts such as the relationships among biodiversity and development, ecosystem services and human well-being into medium and long-term planning including the targeting resources in annual budgets is a serious issue. Finally, there is a lack of capacity in the planning and financial sectors to articulate and account for global environmental benefits or threats in a quantifiable/measurable manner. Further there is a need to amend some provisions of certain laws. Important laws such a law on biosafety and invasive alien species is currently being formulated. However, the main drawback in Sri Lanka’s legal environment is poor implementation, discussed in the section below. Institutional There are key organizational barriers that prevent effective biodiversity conservation. For example, the environment to acquire knowledge about and apply new tools, approaches to and models of conservation is not sufficiently conducive. The capacity to effectively carry out the mandated duties needs much institutional strengthening. Clear roles and responsibilities among different government agencies for the management of biodiversity are urgently needed. There are overlapping mandates and often, mutually exclusive objectives that increase conflicts between development goals versus biodiversity concerns. Effective inter-sectoral coordination mechanisms are inadequate. The capacity to integrate biodiversity conservation principles into development plans and production sector practices to reduce pressures on biodiversity needs considerable strengthening in the capacity of related institutions, including those in private sector. An effective decision-making support system (such as access to strong, evidenced based research data) is also urgently needed along with an effective data sharing among institutions. It is envisaged that the hierarchical process for coordination presented in Chapter 5 section 1 will address weaknesses in relation to organizational issues. Implementation Both of the above barriers impact heavily on implementation related challenges are probably the greatest barrier for effective biodiversity conservation. Key barriers encountered at the implementation level include: the inadequacy of a platform or a system for multiple agencies operating in the infrastructure, economic and social development sectors and the conservation sectors at various levels (national or regional administrative levels or river basin or other ecosystem levels) to learn and work together; few opportunities for joint project implementation with common monitoring, to conserve and manage the environment, while facilitating development; inadequacy of mechanisms to engage, as key partners, NGOs, the private sector and local communities whose livelihoods and at times, lives are at stake; and inadequacy of capacity (man power, as well as knowledge) to effectively manage the assigned portfolios by the relevant line agencies. Nat iona l B iod ivers i ty S t ra teg ic Ac t ion P lan 2016-2022 114 Financial Since the preparation of the original BCAP and through subsequent iterations, many important recommendations have been made for the conservation and sustainable use of the biodiversity of Sri Lanka. However, it is clear from the National Reports to CBD (BDS, MoENR, 2009; BDS, MoERE, 2014) that many of those recommendations have not been met repeatedly. Amongst various other barriers (see above), inadequate financing allocated for biodiversity sector has been identified as one of the key barriers. Insufficient financial allocation for the biodiversity sector can be attributed to the inability of converting such biodiversity plans — NBSAPs — into the Government’s budget proposals. This may be due to the lack of recognition, in economic terms, of returns to investment in the biodiversity sector. Thus, biodiversity plans are not converted to investment proposals. There is also a lack of coordination amongst biodiversity planners and the Treasury. During the current NBSAP period, most of these barriers will be addressed through ecosystem service valuation, green accounting and resource mobilization for NBSAP — supported by Biofin initiative and enhanced coordination amongst conservation and planning agencies. Another serious barrier to effective implementation is that biodiversity conservation is often low down on the list of priorities, not only for decision-makers, but also for much of the general public as well. Clearly linking ecosystem well-being and human well-being, valuing ecosystem services, in economic terms (that most people understand) and conveying all this through effective communication are addressed in this NBSAP. Women Bringing Back Water from Puliyankulama Tank Naalin Perera © IUCN, Sri Lanka This magnificent Sambur buck (Rusa unicolor) was photographed in Horton Plains National Park. This unique park is part of the Central Highlands Serial Property. This isolated Sambur is an integral part of montane wet patana ecosystems. Also within the Central Highlands Serial Property, are montane evergreen forests, which absorb the atmospheric water and sequester carbon; peat bogs, which attenuate floods; a network of streams, which distribute water to most parts of the island; several hundreds of plants, animals and microbes; and people, who depend on the ecosystem services provided by the Central Highlands Serial Property. All of above are integrated into parts of the NBSAP. Chapter 2 Setting National Targets Naalin Perera © IUCN, Sri Lanka 118 Nat iona l B iod ivers i ty S t ra teg ic Ac t ion P lan 2016-2022 2.1 Existing National Biodiversity Targets Sri Lanka as a signatory to the CBD has developed action plans starting from 1998 to achieve various global biodiversity targets, such as 2010 biodiversity targets as defined by the CBD and Millennium Development Goals. Sri Lanka has achieved many of these targets partially or fully as reviewed in successive national reports to the CBD. Some of the key biodiversity-related national targets and strategies for Sri Lanka include • Increasing Sri Lanka’s forest cover from the present extent of 29.7% to 32% of the land area to ensure climate resilience and protection from natural hazards (FAO, 2016); • Contributing towards achieving the global target of keeping the global temperature rise below 2˚C during this century by controlling greenhouse gas emissions (Sri Lanka NEXT, 2016); • Establishing the necessary policy, legal and institutional framework for biodiversity conservation, sustainable use, and benefit sharing including information sharing and networking (Strategy in Mission 2, Haritha Lanka Programme, National Council for Sustainable Development, 2009); • Establishing an optimum protected area network to ensure representation of critical aspects of Sri Lanka’s biodiversity, connectivity of habitats and recovery of priority threatened species and ecosystems (Ibid.); • Conserving and sustainably using biodiversity outside protected areas (Ibid.); • Establishing financing mechanisms for biodiversity conservation, by valuation of biodiversity (Ibid.); • Sustainably using agrobiodiversity (Ibid.); • Limiting access to genetic resources (Ibid.); • Preserving and promoting traditional knowledge and practices relevant to biodiversity conservation (Ibid.); • Promoting research and development on conservation and sustainable use of bio-diversity (Ibid.); • Enabling sustainable use through benefit sharing mechanisms (Ibid.); • Mainstreaming biodiversity conservation into education and related sectors (Ibid.); • Promoting carbon sequestration (Strategy in Mission 3, Haritha Lanka Programme, National Council for Sustainable Development 2009); • Developing fisheries (marine and inland) in an ecologically sustainable manner. (Strategy in Mission 4, Haritha Lanka Programme, National Council for Sustainable Development 2009); • Restoring the coastal zone, by conserving its natural resources and thereby minimizing vulnerability to natural hazards (Ibid.); • Using soft engineering solutions such as habitat restoration to stabilize eroding coastal stretches (Ibid.); • Promoting environmentally-friendly fishing practices (Ibid.); • Preventing coastal and marine pollution (Ibid.); • Reducing land degradation in agricultural areas sequestration (Strategy in Mission 5, Haritha Lanka Programme, National Council for Sustainable Development 2009); and • Assessing the forest cover of Sri Lanka, including different categories of forests (Ibid.). 119 2.2 National Targets for 2022 During the development of this NBSAP, active steps were taken to ensure that the national targets are aligned with the Aichi Biodiversity Targets and the relevant Sustainable Development Goals. Once again, it should be noted that none of these targets have specific quantitative milestones, because it was deemed difficult to define specific quantitative targets, given the current ground realities and proposed period of implementation of seven years. Some of the above national targets listed in section 2.1 above are included in the 2022 targets with modification. The National Targets for 2022 are shown below. The 12 National Targets are: 1. By 2022, a system established and ongoing for inventorising species (taxonomy and conservation status), ecosystems (structure, function, composition and distribution), their services and values, to inform conservation planning and decision-making. 2. By 2022, habitat loss, degradation and fragmentation are significantly reduced. 3. By 2022, the PA network is made representative of all critical ecosystems and species and managed effectively. 4. By 2022, the loss of species is significantly reduced. 5. By 2022, the valuation of biodiversity is mainstreamed. 6. By 2022, mechanisms are established to ensure sustainable use of biodiversity. 7. By 2022, traditional sustainable uses of biodiversity is promoted and established 8. By 2022, sustainable agriculture practices are promoted and established. 9. By 2022, genetic diversity of crop wild relatives, cultivated species and livestock are conserved. 10. By 2022, a mechanism for equitable sharing of benefits arising from biodiversity is established and implemented. 11. By 2022, the capacity of ecosystems to deliver goods and services and provide protection from hazards is enhanced. 12. By 2022, biosafety is ensured. Currently being proposed are a ‘Punarudaya’ three-year national environmental action plan and ‘Towards a Blue-green Era’ National Sustainable Development Programme. It is envisaged that these goals will also be reflected in the NBSAP. 120 Nat iona l B iod ivers i ty S t ra teg ic Ac t ion P lan 2016-2022 Box 16. Justification for the Formulation of National Targets The National Targets for 2022 were formulated around five strategic objectives listed in section 3.3. Target 1: By 2022, a system is established and ongoing for inventorising species (taxonomy and conservation status), ecosystems (structure, function, composition and distribution), their services and values, to inform conservation planning and decision making. Sri Lanka is a small island with high diversity and high endemism (MoE, 2012a). It is home to large charismatic species (mentioned in Section 1.5.2). The combination of Sri Lanka’s climate and topography (that increased isolation and resulted in more speciation); its paleobiological history (the ancient affinities with Gondwana, the repeated land bridges that allowed for repeated colonization of species from India) (Karanth, 2006; Katupotha, 2013; Swan, 1983) have given rise to a great wealth of biodiversity, as well as a high degree of endemism (Table 2). Sri Lanka is listed as one of 35 global hotspots in the world (CI, 2016) based on its species richness and extent of loss of habitats. Yet, this categorization has been made on limited data, as many of the invertebrates of Sri Lanka have not yet been studied and identified. In fact, even among the vertebrates, new species are still being discovered (inter alia Fernando et al., 2007; Groves and Meijaard, 2005; Groves et al., 2009; Manamendra-Arachchi and Pethiyagoda, 2005; Meegaskumbura et al., 2014; Meegaskumbura, and Manamendra-Arachchi, 2011; Meegaskumbura et al., 2002; Pethiyagoda et al., 2012; Ukuwela et al., 2013; Warakagoda and Rasmussen, 2004; and Wickramasinghe and Munindradasa, 2007) (Table 5; Figure 29). Given the need for continued taxonomic studies, National Target 1 was formulated to ensure that species are inventorized. Figure 29. Change in the Number of Species in Three Decades (Source IUCN database, 2016) 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 1980 2010 121 Considering the ecosystem diversity of the island, much of the focus has related to classifying vegetation types. A broader classification with grouping by major ecosystem type and their variants (edaphic and anthropogenic) was presented, through consultation of a technical group, in Table 1. Target 1, therefore, also deals with inventorizing habitats. Through Target 1 and its actions, a standard classification system for species and ecosystems will be developed, documented and gaps identified. A national programme will be established to obtain information to fill these gaps, through systematic biodiversity surveys, capacity development to do so, with mobilization of resources and dissemination of information. Target 2: By 2022, habitat loss, degradation and fragmentation are significantly reduced. Sri Lanka has been colonized for more than 100,000 years by humans (Deraniyagala, 1986). With the advent of humans, the natural landscape of Sri Lanka was changed significantly. Sri Lanka’s history chronicles a hydraulic civilization from 200 BC till 1200 AD, for about a thousand years (Jayasena and Selker, 2004). During this period, much of the forests of the dry zone were cleared for agriculture (Wijesinghe, 2000). During colonial rule, the forests of the wet zone were cleared in swathes for the establishment of plantations (MoFE, 1999). The dry zone, which had been largely ignored during colonial rule, again came into focus in the late 1960s, with the commencement of the Mahaweli Development Programme. An accelerated loss of forests between 1983 and 1992 is attributed to large-scale clearing of forests for the schemes established by this programme (BDS, MoENR, 2009). Currently Sri Lanka is at another historic turning point, post-conflict, since 2009. Many challenges — such as resettlement, resource extraction, increased irrigation for agriculture, generation of energy, provision of drinking water, and infrastructure development — are placing the remaining forests in the North and East under a great deal of pressure. As a consequence of these stressors, there is increased habitat fragmentation, pollution and spread of invasive alien species. Therefore, Target 2 was formulated to conserve habitats. Its actions will help reduce habitat loss through better planning; conduct national level ecosystem restoration plans to enhance carrying capacity and connectivity; conduct national level programmes to reduce impacts due to agrochemicals and other pollutants; reduce the impacts due to invasive alien species; reduce impacts due to over-visitation of natural habitats; manage climate change-driven impacts; manage wetlands and conduct assessment of ecosystem status. Target 3: By 2022, the protected area (PA) network is made representative of all critical ecosystems and species and managed effectively. Currently, 35% of land and 0.3% of marine areas of Sri Lanka are protected by law (DWC, FD, 2016). (See Section 1.3 and Figure 18). Aichi Target 11 states that globally, 17% of land and 10% of marine areas must be protected by 2010 (CBD, 2010a). Although Sri Lanka has already surpassed the goal of having 17% of its land under protection, it falls short for marine protected areas. Therefore, assessment of adequacy is essential. Also very necessary is evaluation of representation (i.e., are all ecosystems of Sri Lanka represented in the protected area system?); proper designation; ensuring connectivity (i.e., Does Sri Lanka have a true network of protected areas, that allows for movement of animals?); and finally, effective management. Therefore, the actions of Target 3 include updating the PA gap analysis (to ensure representation and connectivity); reassessing the status of the PA network (designation and management); improving the PA representation in coastal and marine areas and strengthening their management; preparing adaptive management plans for all designated areas; protecting paleobiodiversity sites; and promoting other conservation models such as community-based, public-private partnerships. 122 Nat iona l B iod ivers i ty S t ra teg ic Ac t ion P lan 2016-2022 Target 4: By 2022, the loss of species is significantly reduced. Figure 17 and Table 6 show that many species are threatened with extinction. The loss of habitats (mainly through rapid urbanization and infrastructure development); their degradation; overexploitation; the spread of invasive alien species; and the over-arching impacts of climate change are the main threats facing species. (See section on Species-related and Climate Change related Drivers for a more detailed description.) Therefore, Target 4 was formulated to prevent further loss of species. The actions of Target 4 include updating the Red List (as a priority); identifying research needs for threatened species; formulating recovery plans for threatened species; establishing ex-situ facilities for threatened species; establishing ex-situ facilities in different bioclimatic zones; establishing research and breeding centres; regularizing turtle hatcheries; establishing animal care shelters; formulating management plans for species which create conflict with humans; and controlling illegal trafficking. Target 5: By 2022, the valuation of biodiversity is mainstreamed. Since the MEA explicitly linked biodiversity (specifically, ecosystem services) to human well being in 2005, there has been a steady increase in studies of valuing Sri Lanka’s ecosystems (inter alia, Bandara and Tisdell 2005; Piyadasa and Thiruchelvam, 2005; Rathnayake and Gunawardena, 2011; Rathnayake, 2015; and Wattage, 2011). Yet, ecosystem valuation (the value of biodiversity and ecosystem services — BES) has yet to be mainstreamed into planning, implementation and decision-making. Target 5 was formulated to address just this: that the valuation of biodiversity will be mainstreamed. The actions of Target 5 are designed to increase awareness about biodiversity and ecosystems (BES); undertake valuation of key ecosystems; integrate BES to national accounting; and integrate BES to regional and national financing mechanisms. Target 6: By 2022, mechanisms are established to ensure sustainable use of biodiversity. The FAO estimates that 40% of global economy is based on biological resources (CBD, undated a). The CBD Secretariat states that ‘in many cases, if not most, sustainable use is one of the strongest assurances for the protection of biological resources. As the adage goes, “Nature pays, so it stays”. Indeed, the lessons derived from experiences of sustainable usage can be applied to all economic activities, including agriculture and livestock management, forestry, fisheries, biofuels production or bioprospecting. Under the general guidelines of sustainable management, healthy ecosystems result in economic and other benefits to people, and only then does their long-term survival become secure’ (CBD, undated a). Target 6 was formulated to ensure sustainable use of biodiversity and its actions involve establishing new financing mechanisms for sustainable financing for biodiversity conservation; introducing economic instruments to encourage biodiversity conservation and sustainable use; removing perverse incentives; improving harvesting methods and preventing overexploitation through proper resource management, especially in the marine sector. 123 Target 7: By 2022, traditional sustainable uses of biodiversity are promoted and established. Sri Lanka has a long-history of traditional use of natural resources (Mahindapala, 2005). For example, there has been rice cultivation in Sri Lanka since 800 BC (Jayawardena, 2003). However, with the advent of the Green Revolution in the mid-20th century, many of these traditional practices went into decline, and with this decline, the practice of sustainable use was sacrificed for high yields and use of technology. Given the challenge of reducing the current threats facing biodiversity, while ensuring sustainable use (Target 6), an obvious pathway is the revival of traditional methods. To this end, Target 7 was formulated and its actions involve learning from traditional practices; bio-prospecting through traditional knowledge; reducing dependence on natural harvesting through establishment of outgrowing systems; and improving community-based resource management. Target 8: By 2022, sustainable agriculture practices are promoted and established. From 1950 to 2000, humans changed ecosystems more rapidly and extensively than in any comparable period of time in human history (MEA, 2005). In year 2000, cultivated systems covered 25% of Earth’s terrestrial surface (MEA, 2005). With the over-use of synthetic fertilizers, soil fertility declined, with the loss of beneficial soil micro-organisms (MEA, 2005). The use of pesticides destroys beneficial insects. Beneficial insects such as pollinators are known now to be declining (Potts et al., 2010). In Sri Lanka, 81.5% of bee species are listed as threatened (MoE, 2012a). Conversion of natural habitats for cultivation also has to be limited in order to protect ecosystems. Therefore, in cultivated areas, productivity per unit area both in terms of time and space needs to be increased. Cropping intensity increased; maximal use the three-dimensional space whenever possible; improving soil biodiversity and pollination; increasing the post-harvest shelf life of food products; and finding markets for the produce, all have become important. There are 250,000 globally identified plants species, of which, only 150 plant species are used as crops. Of those 150, just 12 provide 75%, and more than 50% of the world’s energy comes from rice, wheat, and maize (IDRC, 2016). In addition, within the crops, genetic diversity is rapidly being depleted. Since the 1900s, 75% crop genetic diversity has been lost through the adoption of high-yielding, genetically similar varieties; six breeds of livestock are now lost each month (FAO, 1999). In the past, Sri Lanka had many varieties of rice, but now, nearly 95% of paddy lands are sown with semi-dwarf, newly-improved rice varieties and many wild varieties have been lost (Jayawardena, 2003). On the other hand some of the traditional land use practices such as owita, Kandyan home gardens and mavee lands were harmonious with the nature. Currently, some countries across the globe are practising such harmonious human-nature interactions to promote biodiversity conservation. The Satoyama landscape which is functionally similar to our Wawe Gammanaya (Village Tank System) is the best example for such an initiative. Target 8 was therefore formulated to promote sustainable agriculture practices, and its actions include improving conversion efficiency; promoting underutilized or neglected crops; conserving useful biodiversity and ecosystem services such as soil biodiversity, pollination; and promoting useful elements of biodiversity-friendly traditional practices such as chena, owita, Kandyan home gardens, mavee lands. 124 Nat iona l B iod ivers i ty S t ra teg ic Ac t ion P lan 2016-2022 Target 9: By 2022, genetic diversity of crop wild relatives, cultivated species and livestock is conserved. In the previous description, the loss of agrobiodiversity was presented. However, as is noted by FAO (1999) ‘Agrobiodiversity is a vital subset of biodiversity which is developed and actively managed by farmers, herders and fishers’. Hence, there is a need to conserve crop wild relatives. To this end, Target 9 was formulated and includes actions that will establish genetic resource centres; conserve neglected, lesser known or under-utilized crops; clone useful genes that can be used to improve crops; conserve, on-farm traditional crops; and promote farmer-based crop varieties. Target 10: By 2022, a mechanism for equitable sharing of benefits arising from biodiversity is established and implemented. Genetic resources, like other biological resources, are not evenly distributed across the world. Many of the world’s 35 biodiversity hotspots are found in developing countries (CI, 2016). Thus, there are providers of genetic resources and users (CBD, 2016d). Article 15 of the CBD — relating to access and benefit-sharing — ensures that the access to genetic resources is enabled for users and that the benefits obtained from the use of these resources are shared equitably with the providers (CBD,1992). ‘The Nagoya Protocol on Access to Genetic Resources and the Fair and Equitable Sharing of Benefits Arising from their Utilization (ABS) to the Convention on Biological Diversity is a supplementary agreement to the Convention on Biological Diversity. It provides a transparent legal framework for the effective implementation of one of the three objectives of the CBD: the fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising out of the utilization of genetic resources. The Nagoya Protocol will create greater legal certainty and transparency for both providers and users of genetic resources by: establishing more predictable conditions for access to genetic resources; helping to ensure benefit-sharing when genetic resources leave the country providing the genetic resources; by helping to ensure benefit-sharing, the Nagoya Protocol creates incentives to conserve and sustainably use genetic resources, and therefore enhances the contribution of biodiversity to development and human well-being’ (CBD, 2010d). Target 10 was formulated to promote equitable sharing of benefits from biodiversity and includes actions that will enact or amend legislature for the implementation of the Nagoya Protocol; develop procedures, guidelines and mechanisms for equitable benefit sharing; develop and implement bioprospecting programmes; prepare guidelines on use of genetic resources; and establish a mechanism to trickle down benefits to the grass-root level. Target 11: By 2022, the capacity of ecosystems to deliver goods and services and provide protection from hazards is enhanced. Worldwide, the climate has changed, and will continue to change (van Aaslt, 2006). The World recognized climate change as the dominant driver of biodiversity change by the end of this century (MEA, 2015). Increasing climate-related natural disasters such as flash floods, droughts, landslides, tornado-type winds, coastal storms and tropical cyclones have been observed in Sri Lanka (Punyawardena et. al., 2013). One approach to reduce climate induced vulnerability is to better understand the risks and employ Ecosystem-based Adaptation (EbA). It involves maintaining, to be healthy and functioning, intact natural ecosystems — such as forests, wetlands, mangroves, and coral reefs — and thereby, 125 minimizing natural hazards. EbA promotes biodiversity, ecosystem services and community resilience (UNEP, 2016), as opposed to building infrastructure to meet climate risks. EbA also involves minimization of non-climatic anthropogenic risks on ecosystems. Although there is a growing body of research on climate change and agriculture (inter alia, Athulathmudali et al., 2011; De Costa, 2000; Eriagama et al., 2010; Esham and Garforth, 2013), research linking climate change and biodiversity is lacking. Thus, promotion of EbA through ecosystem leadership and awareness, as a means of adapting to climate change, as well as allocating resources for EbA related investments in national budgets, becomes important. Target 11 is designed to address this lacuna and its actions will initiate research on impact of climate change on natural hazards and biodiversity; develop home gardens, urban and rural green spaces to enrich carbon stocks; implement mangrove and river bank restoration and forest conservation projects for watersheds; identify and promote species that are resilient to extreme conditions and use them for agriculture and forestry; and mainstream EbA) and ecosystem-based adaptation to disaster risk reduction (Eco-DRR). Target 12: By 2022 Biosafety is assured. Since the 1970s, advances in genetics that involved gene splicing gave birth to the field of biotechnology. The CBD defines ’biotechnology as any technology that uses biological systems, living organisms, or derivatives thereof, to make or modify products or processes for specific use’ (CBD, 1992). ‘The mission of the biotechnology industry is to heal, fuel and feed the world’ (Greenwood, 2011). However, these advances do not come without risks. There are concerns that genes from Living Modified Organisms (LMOs) inter alia, will transfer to wild relatives; that there may be development of superweeds; that there may be a negative impact of fauna and flora; that pest resistance will increase. In addition, there are concerns that there will be a negative impact on sustainable agriculture, as again, LMOs indicate a dominance by large-scale industrialized agriculture. Target 12 was formulated to assure biosafety and its actions include strengthening policy on biosafety; implementing biosafety master plan and formulate biosafety legislature; strengthening risk assessment and risk management capacity; developing and implementing legal instruments to protect native biodiversity; ensuring that human health is not at risk from new technologies; and promoting traditional alternatives in place of modern biotechnological applications. 126 Nat iona l B iod ivers i ty S t ra teg ic Ac t ion P lan 2016-2022 Box 17. The Process of Preparing the NBSAP The methodology for the preparation of the NBSAP was developed based on guidelines provided by the CBD, other NBSAP guidance materials provided by IUCN, previous local experience in similar processes and methodologies already used by other countries to develop their own NBSAP documents. At the beginning of the preparation process, an outline of the NBSAP document was developed. This outline was then presented at the first consultative workshop, which was held on the 14th of July 2015. This initial workshop was chaired by the Secretary of the State Ministry of Environment. Several other additional secretaries, sectional directors of the Ministry and key staff, who were directly involved in this project, also participated in the workshop. The proposed NBSAP outline and methodology was presented at the workshop and approved by the committee of secretaries, sectional directors and key staff mentioned above. Furthermore, through the contributions of workshop participants, the NBSAP preparation team was able to collect valuable information and inputs to incorporate into the NBSAP document. The proposed outline and methodology of the NBSAP was then presented to the National Biodiversity Expert Group. Their feedback was used to further fine-tune the document. After this, the NBSAP preparation team had further discussions with the Biodiversity Secretariat and it was decided that a series of small-scale consultative workshops, rather than a few large scale consultation workshops, would be conducted. A number of national sectors, for which stakeholder consultation workshops were conducted, were identified (a list of stakeholders consulted is given in Annex 1). In the NBSAP document, under each broad strategic objective, targets — aligned with Aichi targets — were formulated. Under each target key national actions were identified,. These actions, targets and strategic objectives were discussed at each workshop. Stakeholder consultative workshops were held for the following sectors: 1. In-situ and ex-situ conservation; 2. Food and nutrition; 3. Climate change and development; 4. Coastal and marine conservation; 5. NGOs, CBOs and IPLCs; and 6. The corporate sector. After gathering information, inputs and viewpoints from the stakeholders of each sector, a draft action plan was developed. This draft action plan was then sent back to the stakeholders (all those who participated in the workshops) to obtain their feedback. An additional workshop was also conducted to compile an updated ecosystems list for Sri Lanka, with the participation of national level experts on the ecosystems of Sri Lanka. This ecosystems list was included in the NBSAP. As described above, the draft action plan was continually changed and improved through a broad consultative process involving key stakeholders and national-level experts. Once this process was complete, the final draft was presented to the National Biodiversity Expert Group, after which, their comments and feedback were duly addressed. After all feedback, comments and suggestions from the National Biodiversity Expert Group were incorporated, a final draft of the NBSAP was developed. This penultimate NBSAP draft was then presented at the National Stakeholder Workshop. The National Stakeholder Workshop involved a larger stakeholder group, which included both participants from previous consultation workshops, as well as key stakeholders who did not participate in previous workshops. Finally, after incorporating feedback from the National Stakeholder Workshop, the final NBSAP darft document was developed. This final draft document was reviewed firstly in-house and then by external, international experts, and finally presented to a wider stakeholder group at a a validation workshop. Comments and suggestions received by reviewers as well as participants of the validation workshop were incorporated and the NBSAP was finalized. 127 NBSAP Consultative Sessions Naalin Perera © IUCN, Sri Lanka Naalin Perera © IUCN, Sri Lanka According to the IUCN Global Red List™, this endemic Toque Monkey (Macaca sinica) is an Endangered (EN) species. However, the 2012 National Red List of Sri Lanka categorized this species as one of Least Concern (LC). This species is widely distributed on the island, and is a problem species, causing conflict with humans. This picture exemplifies the complexities of conservation: here is an endemic species (subspecies M. s. opisthomelas shown here), listed globally as Endangered, in Sri Lanka considered a problem animal, sitting on an exotic Pinus tree, feeding on garbage. Chapter 3 National Strategic Action Plan Naalin Perera © IUCN, Sri Lanka 3.1 Vision Sri Lanka’s biodiversity is valued, conserved, sustainably used and is more resilient and able to adapt to change, at the same time providing essential services and delivering benefits for all Sri Lankans, as well as contributing to sustaining a healthy planet. (An abbreviated version of this Vision was presented at the very beginning of this document.) 3.2 Consideration of Concepts in Developing the Strategy The NBSAP is anchored on the following concepts: • Conservation of biodiversity; • Sustainable use of biological resources; • Poverty alleviation through equitable sharing of benefits; • Conservation and efficient use of agrobiodiversity; • Promotion of human well-being through the ecosystem approach; • Consistency and integration with national development and sectoral plans; • Alignment with the Aichi targets and SDGs; • Adaptation to climate change; and • Multi-stakeholder consultation and engagement. Box 18. The NBSAP: Synergies among Global and other National Targets • This NBSAP ensures synergies with existing national plans/projects and programmes, as well as with global targets and protocols. As noted before, the national targets of the NBSAP are closely aligned with the Aichi Targets, the SDGs and Sri Lanka’s other national targets from Haritha Lanka (Section 3.5). • In addition, some targets relate to CBD protocols such the Nagoya and Cartegena Protocols — Targets 10 and 12 respectively. EBSAs, proposed at COP 9 of the CBD (CBD, 2008), are addressed in actions of Target 3. • Nationally, actions 10 and 11 of Target 2 complement actions of the recently concluded project ‘Strengthening Capacity in Managing Invasive Alien Species (IAS) in Sri Lanka’ (Box 12). Actions 2 and 13 of Target 2 and action 1 of Target 3 will feed into the national climate change adaptation planning process. • Actions of Target 5 are synergistic with the project ‘The Pricing the Biodiversity of the Island’ and the Green Accounting Mechanism commenced in 2012 and 2011 respectively (MoERE, 2013; MoE, 2011). Nat iona l B iod ivers i ty S t ra teg ic Ac t ion P lan 2016-2022 130 131 3.3 The Strategic Objectives The NBSAP is based on the following five strategic objectives: 1. Ensure the long-term conservation of biodiversity; 2. Promote sustainable use of biological resources; 3. Conserve agrobiodiversity; 4. Promote equitable sharing of benefits from biodiversity; and 5. Improve human well-being through an ecosystem approach. 3.4 The Approach Taken in the Preparation of the NBSAP 3.4.1 A Three-tiered Hierarchical Approach The approach taken in preparing the current update of the NBSAP has deviated from the approach taken during the two previous occasions. This NBSAP is based on a three-tiered hierarchical approach. First, five broad strategic objectives have been identified for Sri Lanka. Under each strategic objective one or a few targets have been identified. Under each target, a number of national level actions have been identified (Figure 30). The fulfilment of a set of actions will allow achievement of a given national target; and the fulfilment of specific national target(s) will allow achievement of the relevant strategic objective. Fulfilment of all five strategic objectives will ensure achievement of the overall goal set forth by the NBSAP, which is ensuring the long-term conservation of Sri Lanka’s biodiversity, while promoting its sustainable use and ensuring that benefits arising from such use is equitably shared. Figure 30. The Three-tier Hierarchical Approach used in the Preparation of this NBSAP Strategic Objectives 2. Promote sustainable use of biological resources 5. Improve human well being through an ecosystem approach 4. Promote equitable sharing of benefits from biodiversity 1. Ensure the long-term conservation of biodiversity 3. Conserve agro biodiversity Target(s) Target(s) Target(s) Target(s) Target(s) Action Action Action Action Action Action Action Action Action Action 13 2 3. 5 N at io na l A ct io ns to A ch ie ve S tr at eg ic O bj ec tiv es K ey : A T = A ic hi T ar ge t; S D G s= S us ta in ab le D ev el op m en t G oa l; N T = N at io na l T ar ge t; H L= H ar ith a La nk a: T im e fr am e: T he re a re s ev en c el ls u nd er th e co lu m n fo r th e Ti m e F ra m e. E ac h ce ll re pr es en ts a n ye ar . Th e le ad p rim ar y or ga ni za tio n re sp on si bl e fo r a g iv en a ct io n ha s be en p re se nt ed in b ol d te xt S tr at eg ic O bj ec tiv e 1: E ns ur e th e lo ng t er m c on se rv at io n of b io di ve rs ity A ct io n In di ca to r P ri m ar y S ec on da ry Ti m e Fr am e A T S D G s N T 1. E st ab lis h a na tio na l l is t o f s pe ci es a nd ec os ys te m ty pe s w ith a nn ua l u pd at in g B io di ve rs ity E xp er t G ro up es ta bl is he d to p ro vi de te ch ni ca l b ac ks to pp in g B io di ve rs ity E xp er t G ro up , B D S D W C , F D , IE O s, N A R A , D N B G , D N M , N G O s, C C & C R M D , In di vi du al e xp er ts , U ni ve rs iti es 19 H L2 S pe ci es a nd E co sy st em Li st s es ta bl is he d an d an nu al ly u pd at ed 2. E st ab lis h a na tio na l b io di ve rs ity d at ab as e to d oc um en t b io di ve rs ity in a ll na tu ra l ar ea s D at a ba se e st ab lis he d B D S , D W C , F D D N M , B E C , N A R A , N G O s, U ni ve rs iti es In di vi du al e xp er ts 19 H L2 D at a en tr y, r ep or tin g, sh ar in g an d ac ce ss pr ot oc ol s de fin ed M ec ha ni sm fo r re gu la r up da tin g de fin ed 3. P op ul at e th e da ta ba se w ith e xi st in g da ta se ts a nd u pd at e co nt in uo us ly D at ab as e po pu la te d w ith al l e xi st in g da ta s et s B D S , D N M , F D , D N B G , D W C , In di vi du al ex pe rt s IE O s, N A R A , C C & C R M D , N G O s, U ni ve rs iti es 19 H L2 Ta rg et 1 : B y 20 22 , a s ys te m is e st ab lis he d an d on go in g fo r in ve nt or is in g sp ec ie s (t ax on om y co ns er va tio n st at us ), ec os ys te m s (s tr uc tu re , f un ct io n, co m po si tio n an d di st ri bu tio n) , t he ir s er vi ce s an d va lu es , t o in fo rm c on se rv at io n pl an ni ng a nd d ec is io n m ak in g. N o. 13 3 A ct io n In di ca to r P ri m ar y S ec on da ry Ti m e Fr am e A T S D G s N T 4. D ev el op a r es ea rc h ag en da to a dd re ss id en tifi ed in fo rm at io n ga ps o n si te s, ta xa an d va lu at io n of e co sy st em s er vi ce s an d sh ar e th is in fo rm at io n w ith r el ev an t st ak eh ol de rs R es ea rc h ag en da de ve lo pe d an d pr es en te d to b ro ad s ta ke ho ld er gr ou p an d re se ar ch pr io rit ie s id en tifi ed N S F, B D S N R C U G C , D W C , F D , U ni ve rs iti es , N G O ’s , In di vi du al e xp er ts , N P D 19 H L2 5. E st ab lis h a n at io na l b ot an ic al a nd zo ol og ic al s ur ve y pr og ra m m e to c on du ct ba se lin e su rv ey s fo r su bs eq ue nt m on ito rin g of s ite s id en tifi ed in a ct io n 4 N at io na l B ot an ic al an d Z oo lo gi ca l S ur ve y pr og ra m m e es ta bl is he d w ith fu nd s N S F, B D S , N R C D N B G , D N M , D N Z G , U ni ve rs iti es , In di vi du al e xp er ts 19 H L2 6. P ro vi de s ee d gr an ts fo r co nt ra ct r es ea rc h on id en tifi ed s ite s, ta xa a nd e co sy st em se rv ic es , w he re in fo rm at io n is n ot pr es en tly a va ila bl e N um be r of s ee d gr an ts pr ov id ed B D S N S F, N R C , U G C , N A R A , D N B G , D N M , C C & C R M D , U ni ve rs iti es , P riv at e se ct or 19 H L2 N um be r o f s ite s in ve nt or ie d 7. P ro vi de tr ai ni ng fo r lo ca l e xp er ts o n le ss er kn ow n ta xa N um be r of e xp er ts tr ai ne d U ni ve rs iti es , B D S , N S F, D N B G , D N M , D N Z G N A R A , D W C , F D , N G O s, IP LC s 19 H L2 N um be r of p ar a ta xo no m is ts t ra in ed p er di st ric t N at io na l d at ab as e of ta xo no m ic e xp er ts es ta bl is he d 8. P ro vi de fi na nc ia l s up po rt fo r lo ca l e xp er ts to c om m un ic at e th ei r fin di ng s re la te d to bi od iv er si ty o f S ri La nk a bo th n at io na lly an d gl ob al ly C rit er ia to p ro vi de tr av el gr an ts d ev el op ed N S F, N R C , U G C , U ni ve rs iti es B D S , D N M , D N B G , D N Z G , N A R A , 19 Tr av el s up po rt g iv en Ta rg et 1 : C on td . N o. 13 4 A ct io n In di ca to r P ri m ar y S ec on da ry Ti m e Fr am e A T S D G s N T 9. D ev el op a nd im pl em en t a c om m un ic at io n st ra te gy t o di ss em in at e th e in fo rm at io n co lle ct ed to r el ev an t s ta ke ho ld er s C om m un ic at io n st ra te gy d ev el op ed a nd im pl em en te d B D S , D N B G , D N Z G . F D , D W C , D N M U ni ve rs iti es . E du ca tio n D ep ar tm en t. In di vi du al e xp er ts 19 A ct io n In di ca to rs P ri m ar y S ec on da ry Ti m e fr am e A T S D G s N T 1. C on du ct S tr at eg ic E nv iro nm en t A ss es sm en ts fo r al l n in e pr ov in ce s an d id en tif y th e be st p os si bl e pa th w ay to ac hi ev e na tio na l d ev el op m en t g oa ls w ith th e le as t a m ou nt o f h ab ita t l os s an d fr ag m en ta tio n N in e S E A s co m pl et ed C E A , N P P D , U D A C E B , I D , M A S L, R D A , G S M B , D oA , S LT D A , N G & JA , C C & C R M D , N W S & D B , N A Q D A , N A R A , S LL R & D C , D FA R 5 15 S E A s ar e us ed in pr ov in ci al a nd N at io na l Le ve l p hy si ca l p la nn in g 2. D ev el op a n at io na l e co sy st em ( te rr es tr ia l, co as ta l a nd m ar in e) c on se rv at io n pl an to id en tif y th e be st p os si bl e st ra te gi es fo r af fo re st at io n, e nh an ce m en t, re st or at io n an d es ta bl is hi ng c on ne ct iv ity , w ith re fe re nc e al so to e co sy st em b as ed cl im at e ch an ge a da pt at io n N at io na l c om m itt ee o f ex pe rt s es ta bl is he d to pr ov id e te ch ni ca l s up po rt FD , D W C ,B D S , N S C A G , B E C S LL R & D C , N A R A , M E P A , C C & C R M D , C E A D N B G , D N Z G , N G O s, IP LC s, M A S L, U ni ve rs iti es , P riv at e S ec to r C G , P ro vi nc ia l co un ci ls 15 15 H L2 N at io na l e co sy st em co ns er va tio n pl an es ta bl is he d 3. Im pl em en t t he n at io na l e co sy st em co ns er va tio n pl an b y in te gr at in g it w ith p ro vi nc ia l a nd lo ca l d ev el op m en t pl an s as w el l a s en su rin g pr iv at e se ct or pa rt ic ip at io n C on se rv at io n pl an m ai ns tr ea m ed in to P ro vi nc ia l l ev el de ve lo pm en t p la ns D W C , F D , B D S , P ro vi nc ia l co un ci ls , U D A , Lo ca l c ha m be rs of c om m er ce , P riv at e S ec to r, B D S L C E A , N W P E A , N A R A , C B O s N G O s, I P LC s, D N B G , D N Z G , M E P A , I D B C C & C R M D , S LT D A , M A S L, S LL R & D C , 15 15 H L2 Ta rg et 2 : B y 20 22 , h ab ita t l os s, d eg ra da tio n an d fr ag m en ta tio n ar e si gn ifi ca nt ly r ed uc ed . Ta rg et 1 : C on td . N o. N o. 13 5 A ct io n In di ca to rs P ri m ar y S ec on da ry Ti m e fr am e A T S D G s N T 4. D ev el op a nd im pl em en t a n at io na l pr og ra m m e th at r ed uc es r el ia nc e on ag ro ch em ic al u sa ge N at io na l p ro gr am m e de ve lo pe d D oA , M A S L, ID , D A D , S LP D , M un ic ip al iti es , F ar m er or ga ni za tio ns , A gr oc he m ic al co m pa ni es IP LC s, C B O s, N G O s, M oH , A ll re se ar ch in st itu te s re la te d to a gr ic ul tu re & fa rm in g 8 3 H L1 N um be r of p ro gr am m es co nd uc te d 5. D ev el op a nd im pl em en t a n at io na l st ra te gy th at r ed uc es th e re le as e of po llu ta nt s an d so lid w as te in to w et la nd s (a s de fin ed b y R am sa r) N at io na l S tr at eg y de ve lo pe d an d im pl em en te d C E A , B O I, Lo ca l au th or iti es , S LL R & D C , N W P E A N W S & D B , M E P A , D W C , C C & C R M D , ID , M A S L 8 3 H L1 P ol lu tin g so ur ce s re du ce d by 2 5% 6. D ev el op a nd im pl em en t a s et o f gu id el in es to r ed uc e th e im pa ct o f to ur is m o n na tu ra l h ab ita ts G ui de lin es d ev el op ed an d im pl em en te d S LT D A , F D , D W C , C E A , C C & C R M D , P ro vi nc ia l au th or iti es , H ot el s To ur o pe ra to rs , To ur g ui de s, M E P A , N G O s, C B O s, P ra de sh iy a sa bh a 5 7. C on du ct a n at io na l l ev el a w ar en es s ca m pa ig n on in va si ve a lie n sp ec ie s an d th ei r im pa ct s on n at ur al h ab ita ts N um be r of p ro gr am m es co nd uc te d B D S , D W C , F D , D A D , D oA , S hi pp in g co m pa ni es , D N B G , D N Z G , Im po rt er s, M ed ia M E P A , N A R A , N A Q D A , N P Q S , D A P H , , S LC , C C & C R M D U ni ve rs iti es , R es ea rc h in st itu te s 9 H L2 8. S tr en gt he n re gu la to ry m ec ha ni sm s to pr ev en t e nt ry o f i nv as iv e al ie n sp ec ie s R is k A ss es sm en t P ro to co ls e st ab lis he d an d ut ili se d B D S , N P Q S , D A P H , D FA R , S LC M oF A R D , D W C , N A Q D A 9 15 H L2 Ta rg et 2 : C on td . N o. 13 6 A ct io n In di ca to rs P ri m ar y S ec on da ry Ti m e fr am e A T S D G s N T 9 E st ab lis h ea rly w ar ni ng s ys te m fo r in va si ve a lie n sp ec ie s E ar ly w ar ni ng s ys te m es ta bl is he d an d im pl em en te d B D S , D W C , F D , M E P A , D N B G , N A R A , D N Z G , L oc al go ve rn m en t In di vi du al e xp er ts , F is h co lle ct or s, F is he rm an , C G , M ed ia 9 15 H L2 10 . E st ab lis h a m ec ha ni sm fo r up da tin g N at io na l I A S li st s ev er y fo ur y ea rs M ec ha ni sm e st ab lis he d an d im pl em en te d B D S D W C , F D , D N B G , D N Z G , N A R A , M E P A , N A Q D A U ni ve rs iti es , N G O s, C B O s, D oA , D FA R 9 15 H L2 11 . D ev el op a nd im pl em en t s pe ci es s pe ci fic m an ag em en t p la ns fo r id en tifi ed in va si ve al ie n sp ec ie s M an ag em en t p la ns fo r pr io rit y IA S d ev el op ed B D S , D O A , N A Q D A , C E A , D FA R , M A S L, M E P A , S LP A D W C , F D , M E P A , C C & C R M D , D N B G , N G O s, C B O s, F ar m er & fi sh er or ga ni za tio ns 9 15 H L2 M an ag em en t p la ns im pl em en te d 12 . S tr en gt he n th e im pl em en ta tio n of s pe ci al m an ag em en t a re as , c on se rv at io n ar ea s an d af fe ct ed a re as a s de fin ed b y th e C C & C R M A ct M an ag em en t p la ns pr ep ar ed a nd im pl em en te d fo r S M A , C A a nd A A C C & C R M D C E A , U D A , S LT D A D FA R , M E P A , D W C , F D , U ni ve rs iti es , C B O s, N G O s, N A R A , R es ea rc h in st itu te s, L oc al au th or iti es , F is h ex po rt er s 5 14 13 . C ar ry o ut a n as se ss m en t o f s pe ci es th at ar e un de rg oi ng r an ge e xp an si on d ue to c lim at e ch an ge a nd e xa m in e th ei r im pa ct s on e co sy st em s an d de ve lo p an d im pl em en t m iti ga tio n m ea su re s Im pa ct o f r an ge ex pa ns io n of s pe ci es du e to c lim at e ch an ge an d th ei r ef fe ct s as se ss ed B D S , C C S U ni ve rs iti es , D N B G , F D , D W C , N A R A , M E P A , C C & C R M D 10 13 H L3 M iti ga tio n im pl em en te d Ta rg et 2 : C on td . N o. 13 7 A ct io n In di ca to rs P ri m ar y S ec on da ry Ti m e fr am e A T S D G s N T 14 . C ar ry o ut a n at io na l a ss es sm en t o f t he im pa ct o f c lim at e ch an ge o n id en tifi ed vu ln er ab le s pe ci es a nd e co sy st em s an d de ve lo p po te nt ia l m iti ga tio n an d ad ap ta tio n st ra te gi es a nd e ns ur e th at th is a ss es sm en t f ee ds in to th e cl im at e ch an ge n at io na l a da pt at io n pl an ni ng fo r S ri La nk a N at io na l A ss es sm en t co m pl et ed C C S , B D S , D oM , F D , D W C , N A R A , C C & C R M D D FA R , D M C C B O s, N G O s, In di vi du al e xp er ts , U ni ve rs iti es 10 13 H L3 M iti ga tio n an d ad ap ta tio n st ra te gi es d ev el op ed an d m ai ns tr ea m ed to na tio na l a da pt at io n pl an ni ng 15 . P re pa re a nd im pl em en t w et la nd co ns er va tio n m an ag em en t p la ns fo r w et la nd s th at a re id en tifi ed a s cr iti ca l sy st em s ly in g ou ts id e th e P A n et w or k W et la nd c on se rv at io n an d m an ag em en t pl an s pr ep ar ed a nd im pl em en te d C E A , B D S , S LL R & D C ,U D A C C & C R M D , M E P A , F D , D W C F D , D W C , N A R A , C C & C R M D , M E P A , C B O s, N G O s, L oc al au th or iti es , R D A 5 15 H L2 16 . P re pa ra tio n of th e R ed L is t o f E co sy st em s fo r S ri La nk a an d up da te d ev er y fiv e ye ar s E co sy st em R ed L is t P re pa re d an d up da te d re gu la rly B D S , N S C A G , B E C , I U C N D W C , F D , D N B G , D N Z G , N A R A , U ni ve rs iti es , N G O s, In di vi du al ex pe rt s, D N M 5 15 H L2 Ta rg et 2 : C on td . N o. 13 8 A ct io n In di ca to r P ri m ar y S ec on da ry Ti m e fr am e A T S D G s N T 1. U pd at e th e pr ot ec te d ar ea ga p an al ys is b as ed o n th e re co m m en da tio ns o f t he pr ov in ci al S E A s an d de ve lo p an d im pl em en t a s tr at eg y to p ro te ct th e cr iti ca l h ab ita ts o ut si de th e PA n et w or k w ith r ef er en ce a ls o to ec os ys te m b as ed c lim at e ch an ge ad ap ta tio n G ap a na ly si s co m pl et ed D W C , F D , C E A , N A R A C C & C R M D B D S , M A S L, ID , U ni ve rs iti es , In di vi du al e xp er ts 11 15 H L2 N um be r of P A s es ta bl is he d ba se d on th e ga p an al ys is 2. C on du ct a s ta tu s as se ss m en t of th e PA n et w or k an d id en tif y si te s th at n ee d to b e up gr ad ed or d ow ng ra de d ba se d on th ei r cu rr en t s ta tu s PA n et w or k as se ss ed an d de si gn at io ns up da te d D W C , F D , C E A , N A R A C C & C R M D B D S , U ni ve rs iti es , In di vi du al e xp er ts 11 15 H L2 3. C ar ry o ut a n as se ss m en t o f t he co as ta l a nd m ar in e se ct or a nd id en tif y an d de si gn at e ar ea s th at ne ed to b e pr ot ec te d an d fu rt he r up s ca lin g of e xi st in g an d ne w m ar in e PA s to in te rn at io na lly re co gn iz ed m ar in e PA s su ch as E co lo gi ca lly o r B io lo gi ca lly S ig ni fic an t M ar in e A re as ( E B S A s) A t l ea st 1 0% o f c oa st al an d m ar in e ar ea s pr ot ec te d D W C , F D , C E A , N A R A C C & C R M D B D S , U ni ve rs iti es , In di vi du al e xp er ts 11 14 H L2 A t l ea st 4 E B S A s ar e de cl ar ed 4. E st ab lis h a m ar in e di vi si on in th e D ep ar tm en t o f W ild lif e C on se rv at io n an d im pl em en t ef fe ct iv e m an ag em en t o f M PA s an d m ar in e sp ec ie s M ar in e un it es ta bl is he d an d fu nc tio ni ng in D W C D W C , C G B D S , N A R A , C C & C R M D 11 14 H L2 Ta rg et 3 : B y 20 22 , t he P A n et w or k is m ad e re pr es en ta tiv e of a ll cr iti ca l e co sy st em s an d sp ec ie s an d m an ag ed e ff ec tiv el y. N o. 13 9 A ct io n In di ca to r P ri m ar y S ec on da ry Ti m e fr am e A T S D G s N T 5. P re pa re a da pt iv e m an ag em en t pl an s fo r al l a re as d ec la re d as pr ot ec te d un de r ac tio n 2 an d 3 an d en su re th at th es e pl an s ar e im pl em en te d ef fe ct iv el y M an ag em en t p la ns pr ep ar ed a nd im pl em en te d fo r al l de si gn at ed a re as FD , D W C , C E A , C C & C R M D B D S , U ni ve rs iti es , In di vi du al e xp er ts , P riv at e se ct or 11 15 H L2 6. P ro te ct s ite s th at h ar bo ur k ey ev ol ut io na ry li nk s su ch a s fo ss ils or s ub f os si ls N um be r of pa le ob io di ve rs ity s ite s de si gn at ed B D S , D oA rc h, C C F D W C , F D , C C & C R M D , C E A 11 H L2 7. P ro m ot e co m m un ity b as ed co ns er va tio n us in g su i-g en er is to ol s fo r co m m un ity o w ne d la nd B io cu ltu ra l c om m un ity pr ot oc ol d ev el op ed fo r K ith ul B D S IE O s, C B O s, N G O s, IP LC s 11 N o. Ta rg et 3 : C on td . N o. A ct io n In di ca to r P ri m ar y S ec on da ry Ti m e fr am e A T S D G s N T 1. U pd at e th e na tio na l r ed li st e ve ry fi ve y ea rs an d en su re th at th e da ta is s ha re d in a n ap pr op ria te fo rm at w ith th e IU C N G lo ba l R ed L is t N at io na l R ed L is t r ev is ed at le as t t w ic e du rin g th e pe rio d B D S , N S C A G , B E C , I U C N D W C , F D , D N B G , D N Z G , N A R A , U ni ve rs iti es , N G O s, In di vi du al ex pe rt s, D N M 12 15 H L2 S ri La nk a da ta in co rp or at ed in to th e IU C N G lo ba l R ed L is t 2. E st ab lis h an in te ra ct iv e w eb p or ta l o n th re at en ed s pe ci es to c re at e aw ar en es s on th re at en ed s pe ci es o f S ri La nk a an d en su re th at th is p or ta l i s co nt in ua lly up da te d. W eb p or ta l e st ab lis he d B D S F D , D W C , C E A , D N B G , D N Z G , N A R A , D N M 19 H L2 N um be r of v is ito rs to th e po rt al Ta rg et 4 : B y 20 22 , t he lo ss o f s pe ci es is s ig ni fic an tly r ed uc ed . 14 0 A ct io n In di ca to r P ri m ar y S ec on da ry Ti m e fr am e A T S D G s N T 3. Id en tif y re se ar ch n ee ds w ith r es pe ct to pr io rit iz ed th re at en ed s pe ci es a nd d ev el op a fu nd in g m ec ha ni sm to fa ci lit at e su ch re se ar ch P rio rit iz ed th re at en ed sp ec ie s lis t f or m ul at ed B D S , N S F, N R C , N S C A G , B E C P riv at e S ec to r, U ni ve rs iti es , U G C , N G O s 19 H L2 R es ea rc h ag en da de ve lo pe d F un di ng m ec ha ni sm es ta bl is he d 4. D ev el op a nd im pl em en t r ec ov er y pl an s fo r pr io rit iz ed th re at en ed s pe ci es N um be r of r ec ov er y pl an s de ve lo pe d an d im pl em en te d B D S , N S C A G , B E C , D N B G , D N Z G D W C , F D , N A R A , C E A , U ni ve rs iti es , N G O s, P riv at e se ct or 12 15 H L2 N um be r of s pe ci es th at ar e do w nl is te d ba se d on re co ve ry 5. E st ab lis h an e x si tu b re ed in g an d re se ar ch fa ci lit y fo r br ee di ng / p ro pa ga tio n of th re at en ed s pe ci es u nd er th e D ep ar tm en t of N at io na l Z oo lo gi ca l G ar de ns a nd N at io na l B ot an ic G ar de ns E x si tu b re ed in g fa ci lit y es ta bl is he d D N ZG , D N B G , N A R A , N A Q D A B D S , U ni ve rs iti es , P riv at e se ct or , D W C , F D , D oA yu r, A qu ar ia , N G O s, In di vi du al e xp er ts 12 15 H L2 N um be r of th re at en ed sp ec ie s su cc es sf ul ly b re d or p ro pa ga te d 6. R eg ul ar iz e tu rt le h at ch er ie s w ith ap pr op ria te g ui de lin es fo r sc ie nt ifi c m an ag em en t a nd a m on ito rin g sy st em es ta bl is he d G ui de lin es d ev el op ed D W C , C C & C R M D , N A R A B D S , N A Q D A , U ni ve rs iti es , In di vi du al e xp er ts , N G O s, P riv at e se ct or 12 15 N um be r of p er m its is su ed an d re ne w ed M on ito rin g re po rt s N o of tu rt le h at ch er ie s re gu la te d Ta rg et 4 : C on td . N o. 14 1 A ct io n In di ca to r P ri m ar y S ec on da ry Ti m e fr am e A T S D G s N T 7. E st ab lis h an im al c ar e sh el te rs u nd er th e D ep ar tm en t o f W ild lif e C on se rv at io n fo r re ha bi lit at io n of c on fis ca te d, in ju re d an d di sp la ce d an im al s in e ac h w ild lif e re gi on an d de ve lo p gu id el in es fo r re in tr od uc tio n of re ha bi lit at ed s pe ci es b ac k to th e w ild A s he lte r pe r w ild lif e re gi on e st ab lis he d D W C B D S , N G O s, C C & C R M D , D FA R , S LC , C G , F D , N A R A , D N Z G 12 15 P ro to co ls a nd s ta nd ar ds fo r a ni m al c ar e de ve lo pe d an d im pl em en te d P ro to co ls fo r th e re re le as e in to th e w ild o f re ha bi lit at ed a ni m al s es ta bl is he d Tr ai ni ng fo r al l r el ev an t of fic ia ls o n an im al c ar e pr ov id ed 8. D ev el op a nd im pl em en t s pe ci es le ve l m an ag em en t p la ns fo r m iti ga tio n of co nfl ic ts c au se d by th re at en ed s pe ci es S pe ci es c re at in g co nfl ic t id en tifi ed D W C , F D B D S , U ni ve rs iti es , In di vi du al ex pe rt s, N G O s 12 15 H L2 M an ag em en t p la ns de ve lo pe d fo r id en tifi ed sp ec ie s Im pl em en ta tio n in iti at ed 9. E st ab lis h ex s itu c on se rv at io n fa ci lit ie s su ch a s bo ta ni c ga rd en s, z oo s, a qu ar ia , w et la nd p ar ks , a rb or et a, m ed ic in al ga rd en s, u rb an p ar ks , n at ur al h is to ry m us eu m s, p la nt h er ba ria e tc ., or up gr ad e an d im pr ov e ex is tin g fa ci lit ie s in e ac h bi oc lim at ic z on es fo r re cr ea tio n, co ns er va tio n, e du ca tio n an d re se ar ch N um be r of e x si tu fa ci lit ie s es ta bl is he d D N B G , D N ZG . S LL R & D C , D N M , P G R C , U D A , M A S L, D oA yu r B D S , F D , D W C , N A R A , C E A , N IF S , P riv at e se ct or , N G O s, M un ic ip al co un ci ls , H os pi ta ls , U ni ve rs iti es 12 15 H L1 N um be r o f e xi st in g ex s itu fa ci lit ie s im pr ov ed a nd up gr ad ed Ta rg et 4 : C on td . N o. 14 2 A ct io n In di ca to r P ri m ar y S ec on da ry Ti m e fr am e A T S D G N T 10 . Id en tif y ga ps in e nf or ce m en t o f t ra ck in g, m on ito rin g an d pr os ec ut in g ill eg al tr ad e of s ch ed ul ed s pe ci es a nd u pd at e cu rr en t le gi sl at io n an d re gu la tio ns to a dd re ss id en tifi ed g ap s as w el l a s al ig nm en t w ith in te rn at io na l c on ve nt io ns s uc h as C IT E S D at ab as e on tr ad e an d tr af fic ki ng in fl or a an d fa un a es ta bl is he d D W C , B D S , S LC , F D , C G C C D , D FA R C C & C R M D , N A R A , I E O , N G O s, In di vi du al e xp er ts , D O A 12 15 G ap a na ly si s on e ffe ct iv e re gu la tio n of il le ga l t ra de of s ch ed ul ed s pe ci es co nd uc te d Le gi sl at io n to r eg ul at e ill eg al tr ad e of s ch ed ul ed sp ec ie s up da te d S tr at eg ic o bj ec tiv e 2: P ro m ot e su st ai na bl e us e of b io lo gi ca l r es ou rc es Ta rg et 5 : B y 20 22 , t he v al ua tio n of b io di ve rs ity is m ai ns tr ea m ed . N o. A ct io n In di ca to r P ri m ar y S ec on da ry Ti m e fr am e A T S D G s N T 1. C on du ct p ro gr am m es to c ap tu re an d cr ea te a w ar en es s on v al ue of B io di ve rs ity a nd E co sy st em S er vi ce s (B E S ) Ty pe s an d nu m be r of B E S v al ue s ca pt ur ed B D S , I E O s, IP S , M ed ia U ni ve rs iti es , D W C , F D , N G O s, N IE 1 H L2 N um be r of p ro gr am m es c on du ct ed an d ty pe s of s ta ke ho ld er s co ve re d Le ve l o f a w ar en es s cr ea tio n N um be r of in fo rm at io n m at er ia ls pr od uc ed 2 U nd er ta ke T E E B ty pe v al ua tio n st ud ie s to d et er m in e th e va lu e of k ey e co sy st em s an d th ei r se rv ic es in S ri La nk a N um be r of v al ua tio n st ud ie s co nd uc te d P G IA , U ni ve rs iti es B D S , I E O s, IP S 1 H L2 N um be r of e co sy st em s er vi ce s co ve re d Ta rg et 4 : C on td . N o. 14 3 A ct io n In di ca to r P ri m ar y S ec on da ry Ti m e fr am e A T S D G s N T 3 In te gr at e bi od iv er si ty a nd ec os ys te m s er vi ce v al ue s in to e du ca tio na l c ur ric ul a fo r m ea ni ng fu l e ng ag em en t Te ac he r gu id el in es fo r sc ho ol s an d ot he r ed uc at io na l i ns tit ut es up da te d N IE , B D S , U G C U ni ve rs iti es 1 H L2 S ub je ct s an d gr ad es in te gr at ed Ty pe s an d nu m be r of en ga ge m en ts 4. C ap tu re a nd s ha re b io di ve rs ity an d ec os ys te m s er vi ce v al ue s em be dd ed in r el ig io n an d cu ltu re N um be r an d ty pe s of v al ue s ca pt ur ed B D S , R el ig io us in st itu tio ns M in is tr y of B ud dh a S as an a an d R el ig io us A ffa irs an d ot he r re lig io us m in is tr ie s 1 N um be r of p ro gr am s or st ak eh ol de rs e ng ag ed 5. Li nk e xi st in g da ta ba se s an d de ve lo p an d m ai nt ai n a se ar ch ab le d at ab as e/ w eb p or ta l fo r ec os ys te m s, e co sy st em se rv ic es a nd th ei r va lu es S ea rc ha bl e da ta ba se e st ab lis he d B D S U ni ve rs iti es , I P S , IE O s, D W C , F D 1 H L2 6. In te gr at e bi od iv er si ty a nd ec os ys te m s se rv ic e va lu es to na tio na l a cc ou nt s O pe ra tio na l f ra m ew or k of g re en ac co un tin g de ve lo pe d D C S , S D D , N P D IP S , U oS JP , P G IA , IE O s, B D S 2 15 H L2 N um be r of E S in co rp or at ed in to gr ee n ac co un tin g S ec to ra l c on tr ib ut io n to G D P ca pt ur ed 7. D ev el op g ui de lin es to in co rp or at e B io di ve rs ity a nd E co sy st em S er vi ce v al ue s in to r eg io na l/ na tio na l/ lo ca l l ev el p la nn in g a nd pl an im pl em en ta tio n N um be r of g ui de lin es d ev el op ed D oN P , N P P D , LU P P D , B D S , U N D P, IE O s D W C , F D , B D S L 2 15 N um be r of g ui de lin es in co rp or at ed Ta rg et 5 : C on td . N o. 14 4 Ta rg et 6 : B y 20 22 , m ec ha ni sm s ar e es ta bl is he d to e ns ur e su st ai na bl e us e of b io di ve rs ity . N o. A ct io n In di ca to r P ri m ar y S ec on da ry Ti m e fr am e A T S D G s N T 1. D ev el op in no va tiv e fin an ci ng m ec ha ni sm s to g en er at e su st ai na bl e se lf fin an ci ng fo r bi od iv er si ty a nd e co sy st em s er vi ce co ns er va tio n Ty pe s an d nu m be r of m ec ha ni sm s de ve lo pe d B D S , F D , D W C , C C & C R M D P riv at e se ct or , N G O s, C B O s, IP LC s U ni ve rs iti es 3 H L2 2. In tr od uc e a pp ro pr ia te e co no m ic in st ru m en ts fo r bi od iv er si ty a nd e co sy st em se rv ic e co ns er va tio n Ty pe s an d nu m be r of ec on om ic in st ru m en ts in tr od uc ed B D S , F D , D W C , M oF , C C & C R M D U ni ve rs iti es , I P S , 3 H L2 N um be r of s ec to rs co ve re d 3. Id en tif y an d re m ov e pe rv er se in ce nt iv es th at d am ag e bi od iv er si ty a nd e co sy st em se rv ic es A r ev ie w c on du ct ed to id en tif y pe rv er se in ce nt iv es B D S , D W C , F D ,, M oF , C C & C R M D IP S , U ni ve rs iti es 3 H L2 A ct io ns ta ke n to r em ov e pe rv er se in ce nt iv es 4. P ro m ot e be st p ra ct ic es to m in im iz e th e de st ru ct iv e ha rv es tin g m et ho ds u se d fo r bi ol og ic al r es ou rc es fr om te rr es tr ia l, aq ua tic a nd m ar in e sy st em s N um be r of g ui de lin es o n be st p ra ct ic es p ro du ce d D FA R , D W C , F D , M oH C C & C R M D C G , S LP D , S LC , B D S 4 1 2 H L2 N um be r of p ro gr am s co nd uc te d to p ro m ot e be st p ra ct ic es a nd ty pe s an d nu m be r of st ak eh ol de rs c ov er ed 5. A ss es s th e pr es en t l ev el s of h ar ve st in g of fr es hw at er a nd m ar in e fin fis h/ s he ll fis h an d de ve lo p an d im pl em en t r ec ov er y pl an s fo r fin fis h/ s he ll fis h sp ec ie s st oc ks th at ar e de pl et ed d ue to o ve re xp lo ita tio n P rio rit iz at io n of s pe ci es th at a re o ve re xp lo ite d D FA R , N A R A , N A Q D A , M oF A R D C C & C R M D , U ni ve rs iti es , B D S 6 14 D ev el op a nd im pl em en t re co ve ry p la ns fo r th e pr io rit iz ed s pe ci es 14 5 Ta rg et 7 : B y 20 22 , t ra di tio na l s us ta in ab le u se s of b io di ve rs ity a re p ro m ot ed a nd e st ab lis he d. N o. A ct io n In di ca to r P ri m ar y S ec on da ry Ti m e fr am e A T S D G s N T 1. P ro m ot e an d m ob ili ze c ul tu ra l pr ac tic es a nd tr ad iti on al w is do m re la te d to b io di ve rs ity N um be r of c ul tu ra l pr ac tic es id en tifi ed N S F, B D S , IP LC s U ni ve rs iti es , C B O s, IP LC s, D oA , N A R A , 18 12 H L2 N um be r of id en tifi ed pr ac tic es m ob ili ze d 2. E st ab lis h a se ar ch ab le d at ab as e on tr ad iti on al k no w le dg e, be lie fs a nd p ra ct ic es r el at ed to bi od iv er si ty D at ab as e es ta bl is he d B D S , N A R A , IE O s, IP LC s, D FA R , C B O s, IP LC s U ni ve rs iti es , M oH , M in is tr y of In di ge no us M ed ic in e, N A R A 19 H L2 3. P ro m ot e bi o pr os pe ct in g of bo th a ni m al a nd p la nt g en et ic re so ur ce s th ro ug h th e ap pl ic at io n of tr ad iti on al k no w le dg e D ev el op p ol ic y an d le ga l m ec ha ni sm s fo r bi o pr os pe ct in g B D S U ni ve rs iti es , P G R C , I E O s, N G O s, IP LC s 18 H L2 D ev el op a p ilo t p ro je ct fo r s us ta in ab le b io pr os pe ct in g 4. D ev el op p ol ic y to ol s fo r re pa tr ia tio n of tr ad iti on al kn ow le dg e an d ar te fa ct s w hi ch ar e re la te d to b io di ve rs ity an d m ai ns tr ea m in g su as iv e be ha vi ou r re la te d to b io di ve rs ity co ns er va tio n P ol ic ie s de ve lo pe d an d im pl em en te d B D S 18 5. In tr od uc e an o ut gr ow in g sy st em fo r m ed ic in al p la nt s w ith th e in vo lv em en t o f p riv at e se ct or Id en tif y sp ec ie s th at a re su ita bl e fo r ou tg ro w in g M oH , D oA yu r P riv at e se ct or , IE O s, C B O s, N G O s, IP LC s 18 12 N um be r of p ilo t p ro je ct s co nd uc te d 6. Id en tif y ga ps in F is he ry M an ag em en t A re as ( F M A ) an d im pl em en t pr og ra m s to a dd re ss th e id en tifi ed g ap s G ap s id en tifi ed D FA R , M oF A R D B D S , U ni ve rs iti es , N A R A , N G O s, 6 14 N um be r of ne w F M A s es ta bl is he d 14 6 S tr at eg ic O b je ct iv e 3: C o n se rv e ag ro b io d iv er si ty Ta rg et 8 : B y 20 22 , s u st ai n ab le a g ri cu lt u re p ra ct ic es a re p ro m o te d a n d e st ab lis h ed . N o . A ct io n In d ic at o r P ri m ar y S ec o n d ar y Ti m e fr am e A T S D G s N T 1. Im pr ov e co nv er si on e ffi ci en cy of r aw m at er ia l t o fin al p ro du ct s N um be r of p ro gr am m es co nd uc te d to e nh an ce co nv er si on e ffi ci en cy IP H T , D FA R , T C , F D , D oA yu r IP H T o f N A R A , R R D I, N E R D , U ni ve rs iti es , N G O s, B M A R I 4 12 H L2 N um be r of r es ea rc h ou tp ut s 2. P ro m ot e an d m ai ns tr ea m un de ru til iz ed , l es se r kn ow n or ne gl ec te d fo od c ro ps , l iv es to ck an d fo od fi sh es w hi ch p ro vi de nu tr iti on A t l ea st th re e un de ru til is ed v ar ie tie s (s pe ci es ) of s ee d, fr ui ts & p la nt s pr om ot ed a t na tio na l l ev el D o A , B D S C B O s, N G O s, IP LC s, M ed ia , P G R C , D FA R 7 2 H L2 F oo d M an da la de ve lo pe d at n at io na l/ pr ov in ci al le ve l F oo d co m po si tio n ta bl es of u nd er ut ili se d pl an ts an d an im al s pr od uc ed 3. E st ab lis h an d m ai nt ai n a se ar ch ab le d at ab as e lin ke d w ith gl ob al d at ab as es o n nu tr iti on al qu al ity o f f oo d D at a ba se e st ab lis he d D o A , B D S U ni ve rs iti es N G O s 19 2 4. P ro m ot e us ef ul e le m en ts o f tr ad iti on al k no w le dg e/ p ra ct ic es of u ni qu e ag ro ec os ys te m s (s uc h as K an dy an h om e ga rd en s, c as ca de ta nk s ys te m s, ch en a, o w ita a nd M av ee la nd s) to a dd re ss c ur re nt is su es N um be r of le ss on s le ar nt fr om tr ad iti on al o r un iq ue a gr o ec os ys te m pr ac tic es p ro m ot ed B D S , D oA , U ni ve rs iti es , I E O s, N G O s, C B O s, IP LC s 18 2 H L2 14 7 N o . A ct io n In d ic at o r P ri m ar y S ec o n d ar y Ti m e fr am e A T S D G s N T 5. Id en tif y an d co ns er ve us ef ul B E S s uc h as n at ur al en em ie s, p ol lin at or s an d so il m ic ro or ga ni sm s fo r su st ai na bl e ag ric ul tu ra l p ro du ct iv ity N um be r of p ro gr am m es co nd uc te d to r ai se aw ar en es s on su st ai na bl e ag ric ul tu re B D S , D oA , F D N G O s, C B O s, IP LC s, U ni ve rs iti es 7 2 H L2 G ro w th o f t he pe rc en ta ge o f l an d un de r su st ai na bl e ag ric ul tu re Id en tif y an d re m ov e pe rv er se in ce nt iv es th at p re ve nt s th e us e of su st ai na bl e pr ac tic es N um be r of r es ea rc h fin di ng s 6 E st ab lis h a da ta ba se o n tr ad iti on al k no w le dg e D at ab as e es ta bl is he d D o A yu r, D o A , 19 H L2 Ta rg et 9 : B y 20 22 , g en et ic d iv er si ty o f c ro p w ild r el at iv es , c ul tiv at ed s pe ci es a nd li ve st oc k is c on se rv ed . N o. A ct io n In di ca to r P ri m ar y S ec on da ry Ti m e fr am e A T S D G s N T 1. E st ab lis h an d st re ng th en g en et ic re so ur ce c en tr es s uc h as fi el d ge ne b an ks , s ee d ba nk s et c. , fo r bo th s ho rt a nd lo ng t er m co ns er va tio n of g en et ic d iv er si ty of c ro ps , p ou ltr y an d liv es to ck N um be r of n ew g en et ic re so ur ce c en tr es es ta bl is he d P G R C , B D S , D A P H C R I, R R D I, D oE A , D oA yu r, D oA , N G O s, C B O s 13 2 H L2 N um be r of fu nc tio ni ng ge ne tic r es ou rc e ce nt re s im pr ov ed N um be r of c om m un ity ba se d se ed b an ks es ta bl is he d Ta rg et 8 : C on td . 14 8 A ct io n In di ca to r P ri m ar y S ec on da ry Ti m e fr am e A T S D G s N T 2. P ro m ot e co ns er va tio n of ne gl ec te d, le ss er k no w n an d un de r us ed fo od c ro ps , l iv es to ck an d th ei r w ild r el at iv es s uc h as ve ge ta bl es , s ee ds , f ru its , p ou ltr y, liv es to ck a nd fo od fi sh N um be r of le ss er k no w n, un de ru til iz ed c ro ps an d th ei r w ild r el at iv es co ns er ve d P G R C , B D S , B 4F N , B A C C , D oA , N G O s, F D , D W C 13 2 H L2 3. C ar ry o ut m ol ec ul ar g en et ic s re se ar ch to id en tif y an d us e be ne fic ia l g en es o f w ild r el at iv es an d tr ad iti on al v ar ie tie s w ith th e ai m o f i m pr ov in g cu lti va te d cr op va rie tie s an d an im al v ar ie tie s N um be r of n ew g en es id en tifi ed , c ha ra ct er iz ed an d ut ili ze d D oA , R R D I, U ni ve rs iti es , R es ea rc h in st itu te s, P G R C B D S 13 H L2 4. Im pl em en t o n fa rm c on se rv at io n fo r tr ad iti on al c ro p va rie tie s an d la nd r ac es a nd e nc ou ra ge pr om ot io n of fa rm er b as ed c ro p va rie tie s an d liv es to ck N um be r of p ro gr am m es co nd uc te d D oA , B D S N G O s, C B O s, IP LC s 13 2 H L2 N um be r of c ro p va rie tie s co ns er ve d N um be r of fa rm er b as ed cr op v ar ie tie s id en tifi ed an d pr om ot ed 5. C re at e ne w p ro te ct ed a re as or s pe ci al m an ag em en t z on es w ith in e xi st in g pr ot ec te d ar ea s fo r in s itu c on se rv at io n of c ro p w ild r el at iv es N um be r of c ro p w ild re la tiv es p ro te ct ed th ro ug h in s itu co ns er va tio n in iti at iv es D W C , F D , C E A B D S , P G R C U ni ve rs iti es , D oA N G O s, C B O s, IP LC s H L2 Ta rg et 9 : C on td . N o. 14 9 S tr at eg ic o bj ec tiv e 4: P ro m ot e eq ui ta bl e sh ar in g of b en efi ts fr om b io di ve rs ity Ta rg et 1 0: B y 20 22 , a m ec ha ni sm fo r eq ui ta bl e sh ar in g of b en efi ts a ri si ng fr om b io di ve rs ity is e st ab lis he d an d im pl em en te d. N o. A ct io n In di ca to r P ri m ar y S ec on da ry Ti m e fr am e A T S D G s N T 1. E na ct n ec es sa ry le gi sl at io n or a m en d ex is tin g le gi sl at io n fo r th e sm oo th im pl em en ta tio n of th e N ag oy a pr ot oc ol Le gi sl at io n am en de d B D S , M oM D & E , D W C , F D IE O s, N G O s IP LC 16 H L2 2. D ev el op r eg ul at io ns , p ro ce du re s, gu id el in es a nd b en efi t s ha rin g m ec ha ni sm s fo r bi ol og ic al r es ou rc es N um be r of r eg ul at io ns , pr oc ed ur es , g ui de lin es an d be ne fit s ha rin g m ec ha ni sm s fo r bi ol og ic al r es ou rc es de ve lo pe d B D S , M oM D & E , IE O s, N G O s , IP LC s 16 1 H L2 3. D ev el op a nd im pl em en t b io p ro sp ec tin g pr og ra m m es a nd e st ab lis h re le va nt m ec ha ni sm s M ec ha ni sm fo r bi op ro sp ec tin g es ta bl is he d B D S , M oM D & E M oF , I P LC s P S C 16 H L2 4. P re pa re g ui de lin es , h an db oo k fo r al l st ak eh ol de r gr ou ps fo r us e o f g en et ic re so ur ce s th at in cl ud es e co no m ic , s oc ia l, cu ltu ra l, le ga l a nd e th ic al c on si de ra tio ns G ui de lin es a nd h an db oo k pr ep ar ed B D S , M oM D & E IE O s, N G O s 16 H L2 5. E st ab lis h a m ec ha ni sm to e ns ur e be ne fit sh ar in g at th e gr as s ro ot s le ve l a nd p ilo tin g th e bi o cu ltu ra l p ro to co ls v ia c ol le ct iv e ac tio n fo r st ew ar ds hi p de ve lo pm en t M ec ha ni sm s es ta bl is he d to e ns ur e be ne fit s ha rin g at g ra ss r oo t l ev el B D S , M oM D & E C B O s, IP LC s 16 1 H L2 A t l ea st tw o bi oc ul tu ra l pr ot oc ol s ar e pr ep ar ed co lle ct iv el y w ith IP LC s 15 0 S tr at eg ic o bj ec tiv e 5: Im pr ov e hu m an w el l-b ei ng th ro ug h th e re st or at io n an d en ha nc em en t o f k ey e co sy st em s Ta rg et 1 1: B y 20 22 , t he c ap ac ity o f e co sy st em s to d el iv er g oo ds a nd s er vi ce s an d pr ov id e pr ot ec tio n fr om h az ar ds is e nh an ce d. N o. A ct io n In di ca to r P ri m ar y S ec on da ry Ti m e fr am e A T S D G s N T 1. In iti at e re se ar ch a nd m on ito rin g pr og ra m m es o n th e im pa ct s of c lim at e ch an ge , i nf ra st ru ct ur e de ve lo pm en t, an d na tu ra l h az ar ds o n bi od iv er si ty N um be r of s tu di es in iti at ed C C S , B D S , N S F, D oM , N B R O U ni ve rs iti es , I E O s, N G O s, F D , D W C , C C D N W S & D B C E A , I D , D M C 15 13 H L3 N um be r of p er m an en t pl ot s es ta bl is he d fo r m on ito rin g im pa ct s of cl im at e ch an ge 2. D ev el op m en t o r en ric hm en t o f h om e ga rd en c ar bo n st oc ks a nd b ot h ur ba n an d ru ra l g re en s pa ce s to im pr ov e ec os ys te m se rv ic es p ro vi de d by th em N um be r of p ro gr am s co nd uc te d D oD D , B D S , C C S , D oA , U D A , M oM & W D IE O s, N G O s C B O s F D , 15 13 H L3 N um be r of h om e ga rd en s w he re th e co nc ep t i s ap pl ie d N um be r of b ui ld in g ap pr ov al p ro gr am s 3. Im pl em en t m an gr ov e an d riv er b an k re st or at io n an d fo re st c on se rv at io n pr oj ec ts fo r w at er sh ed s E xt en t o f r iv er b an ks , m an gr ov es a nd ca tc hm en t f or es ts re st or ed FD , M A S L, C C & C R M D , B D S , D W C C B O s, N G O s, IE O s, S LT D A , P riv at e se ct or 14 15 H L2 4. Id en tif y an d pr om ot e sp ec ie s w ith en ha nc ed r es ili en ce to e xt re m e co nd iti on s in a gr ic ul tu re a nd r ef or es ta tio n N um be r of s pe ci es id en tifi ed a nd p ro m ot ed D oA , F D U ni ve rs iti es , C B O s, N G O s, C R I, T R I, R R I, R R D I 14 13 N um be r of a ge nc ie s ap pl yi ng th e co nc ep t 15 1 Ta rg et 1 1: B y 20 22 , t he c ap ac ity o f e co sy st em s to d el iv er g oo ds a nd s er vi ce s an d pr ov id e pr ot ec tio n fr om h az ar ds is e nh an ce d. N o. A ct io n In di ca to r P ri m ar y S ec on da ry Ti m e fr am e A T S D G s N T 5. M ai ns tr ea m E bA a nd E co D R R in a ll de ve lo pm en t p la nn in g an d th e ed uc at io n sy st em N um be r of p ro vi nc ia l co un ci ls a do pt in g E bA an d E co D R R D M C , C C S , C G M E PA , N A R A , C C & C R M D 14 H L3 N um be r of u ni ve rs iti es an d te ch ni ca l i ns tit ut es th at h av e in cl ud ed E bA an d E co D R R in th ei r cu rr ic ul um s N um be r of p ub lic aw ar en es s pr og ra m s co nd uc te d on th is to pi c Ta rg et 1 2: B y 20 22 B io sa fe ty is a ss ur ed N o. A ct io n In di ca to r P ri m ar y S ec on da ry Ti m e fr am e A T S D G s N T 1. S tr en gt he n th e po lic y on b io sa fe ty B io sa fe ty p ol ic y ad op te d an d m ai ns tr ea m ed B D S , N S F, M oM D & E U ni ve rs iti es 3 H L2 2. D ev el op a nd im pl em en t a N at io na l B io sa fe ty M as te r P la n an d fo rm ul at e bi os af et y le gi sl at io n B io sa fe ty m as te r pl an de ve lo pe d B D S , M oM D & E U ni ve rs iti es , C E A , In di vi du al e xp er ts , N G O s 3 H L2 B io sa fe ty le gi sl at io n de ve lo pe d 3. E st ab lis h ris k as se ss m en t p ro ce du re s fo r ne w te ch no lo gi es R is k as se ss m en t pr oc ed ur es to a ss es s th e im pa ct o f n ew te ch no lo gi es o n hu m an he al th d ev el op ed a nd im pl em en te d B D S , M oH N S F, S LI N T E C , C E A , U ni ve rs iti es , In di vi du al e xp er ts 3 H L2 N um be r of G M O s ev al ua te d A ct io n In di ca to r P ri m ar y S ec on da ry Ti m e fr am e A T S D G s N T 4. S tr en gt he n ca pa ci ty fo r ris k as se ss m en t an d ris k m an ag em en t C ap ac ity d ev el op ed fo r co nd uc tin g ris k as se ss m en ts a nd r is k m an ag em en t B D S , C E A , M oM D & E U ni ve rs iti es , In di vi du al e xp er ts 3 H L2 5. D ev el op a nd im pl em en t l eg al in st ru m en ts to p ro te ct n at iv e bi od iv er si ty a nd in di ge no us c ro ps fr om c on ta m in at io n of G M O s La w s to p ro te ct in di ge no us c ro ps fr om G M O ’s d ra fte d B D S , D oA , M oM D & E U ni ve rs iti es , In di vi du al e xp er ts , N G O s, IP LC s, C B O s H L2 6 E nh an ce S ri La nk a’ s sc ie nt ifi c ca pa ci ty o n bi os af et y N o of s ta ff tr ai ne d B D S , D oA U ni ve rs iti es , R es ea rc h In st itu te s H L2 Ta rg et 1 2: C on td . N o. Trail to Kudumbigala Forest Monastery Naalin Perera © IUCN, Sri Lanka School children from the Anuradhpura district participated in restoring a degraded tank catchment area. This picture represents the importance of engaging a wide range of stakeholders to achieve the targets listed in this NBSAP. Chapter 4 Needs for Implementation Naalin Perera © IUCN, Sri Lanka 156 Nat iona l B iod ivers i ty S t ra teg ic Ac t ion P lan 2016-2022 4.1 Capacity Building This NBSAP proposes to engage a wide range of stakeholders, from those mandated to conserve biodiversity — such as the Biodiversity Secretariat, the Central Environmental Authority, Department of Wildlife Conservation and the Forest Department — to others — such as the Department of Agriculture, Department of Agrarian Development, Department of Indigenous Medicines and the Department of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources, whose actions profoundly affect biodiversity, as well as the Sri Lanka Tourism Development Authority and the private sector, whose actions also seriously affect biodiversity. The NBSAP is based on the principles of biodiversity conservation and sustainable use. It is also based on the ecosystem approach and introduces concepts of valuation of biodiversity and ecosystem services, equitable benefit sharing and issues of biosafety. These concepts are often not known and/or are misunderstood. The phrase ‘ecosystem approach’ is a misnomer, as it implies that the focus is on ecosystems; in reality, it is a holistic approach that balances conservation of biodiversity, its sustainable use, and equitable sharing of benefits arising from the use of natural resources (Box 3). The value of biodiversity among many non-biologists is still understood mainly as the market value of goods (the marketable values of natural resources), but the immense value of ecosystems services aside from provisioning, remains largely unknown. (See Chapter 1, section 1.3 for more details.) The critical link between ecosystems and human well-being that underpins sustainability of livelihoods and development is also rarely articulated and nor even understood. This is particularly true for those stakeholders whose actions impact biodiversity, but are not mandated with any responsibilities related to conserving biodiversity. As noted by Chachibaia, 2004, ‘Awareness and knowledge of complex issues arising from the integrated ecosystem approach to biodiversity conservation is still insufficient. The ecosystem approach requires highly integrated policies among and between the agriculture, forestry, energy, trade, transport, financial and other sectors’. 4.1.1 Plan for Capacity Development for the Implementation of the NBSAP This section presents a plan for capacity building needed for the NBSAP. It builds on the National Capacity Needs Self-Assessment for Global Environmental Management funded by the UNDP/GEF and carried out, in 2007, by the Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources (MoENR, 2007b). The reader is referred to the NCSA for a comprehensive capacity needs assessment, but this section deals specifically with the needs for the current NBSAP and its specific targets and actions. Community Awareness Programme, ThirukkovilNaalin Perera © IUCN, Sri Lanka 157 Figure 31. Matrix of Stakeholders (Source: World Bank, undated) 1 ‘Stakeholder Analysis (SA) is a methodology used to facilitate institutional and policy reform processes by accounting for and often incorporating the needs of those who have a stake or an interest in the reforms under consideration’ (World Bank, undated). 2 In some cases, when either influence or interest was moderate, new categories such as weak promoter or promoter/latent were described. Initially, a stakeholder analysis1 was carried out for all the stakeholders listed in the NBSAP actions, in relation to their capacity to implement the NBSAP. This analysis is presented in Annex 2. Based on influence and interest gradients, stakeholders can then be graded into four categories and mapped into a matrix (Figure 31): • promoters: target groups who have high influence to effect the changes of the NBSAP, and who have a significant interest in the actions listed in the NBSAP; • defenders: target groups who have little influence to effect the changes of the NBSAP, but who are significantly interested in the actions listed in the NBSAP; • latents: target groups who have high influence to effect the changes of the NBSAP, but who have significantly little interest in the actions listed in the NBSAP; • apathetics: target groups who have little influence on NBSAP, and who have little interest as well in the actions listed in the NBSAP2. Latents (high influence, low interest) Defenders (low influence, high interest) Apathetics (low influence, low interest) Promoters (high influence, high interest) In flu en ce o f s ta ke ho ld er s Interest of stakeholders 158 Figure 32. Matrix of Stakeholder Engagement (Source: World Bank, undated) Once stakeholders were classified into groups, key areas for capacity building were identified from the NBSAP actions and listed by group. These key areas are presented in Table 17. Proposed capacity building needs for 12, 13, 14 and 15 are areas listed in the NCSA that are reiterated in this document as being critically important as general cross-cutting themes for the implementation of the NBSAP. Detailed communication and capacity actions per NBSAP action are presented in Annex 3. This categorization allows for the formulation of appropriate strategies for both capacity building and communication in relation to the NBSAP. The idea in both capacity building and communication will be to effectively move all stakeholders to the boxes on the right hand side (Figure 32). Latents (Engage and consult, increase interest level so that they move to the box on the right) Defenders (ambassadors for conservation, make use of interest to generate information about biodiversity, conservation education) Apathetics (inform, engage and aim to move to the box on the right) Promoters (Keep high focus on this group, involve heavily, engage and consult regularly) In flu en ce o f s ta ke ho ld er s Interest of stakeholders Nat iona l B iod ivers i ty S t ra teg ic Ac t ion P lan 2016-2022 Ta bl e 17 . K ey C ap ac ity N ee ds b y Ty pe o f G ro up Li gh t g re y hi gh lig ht s re fe rs d ire ct ly to a c ap ac ity n ee d id en tifi ed in th e N C S A O th er c ol ou rs r ef er to th e ty pe o f t ar ge t g ro up a s sh ow n in F ig ur e 31 . G ro up K ey c ap ac ity n ee d/ s Ti m e fr am e R em ar ks A ll (p ro m ot er s, de fe nd er s, la te nt s, ap at he tic s) 1. In tr od uc tio n to th e N B S A P a nd it s ac tio ns . W ith ou t c om pl et e kn ow le dg e an d ac ce pt an ce o f t he N B S A P, c oo pe ra tio n an d co lla bo ra tio n es se nt ia l f or th e im pl em en ta tio n of th e N B S A P w ill b e po or . T he in tr od uc tio n w ill h av e to b e ta ilo re d to s ui t t he le ve l o f kn ow le dg e an d in te re st . P ro m ot er s (in cl ud in g w ea k pr om ot er s, a nd p ro m ot er /la te nt s A ll pr om ot er s 2. C on te nt m an ag em en t o f d at ab as es , u pl oa di ng an d sh ar in g pr ot oc ol s. T hi s is e ss en tia l f or s af e sh ar in g of d at a. A ll pr om ot er s 3. U nd er st an di ng b io di ve rs ity a nd e co sy st em se rv ic es ( B E S ), v al ua tio n of B E S ( T E E B ty pe ), an d pe rv er se in ce nt iv es . A b et te r un de rs ta nd in g of th e va lu e of b io di ve rs ity , m et ho do lo gy fo r va lu at io n, a s w el l a s ab ou t p er ve rs e in ce nt iv es is e ss en tia l. A ll pr om ot er s 4. U nd er st an di ng a nd a pp lic at io n of g ap a na ly si s (f or re se ar ch n ee ds , P A s ite s, s pe ci es , v al ua tio n et c. ). T hi s is a n es se nt ia l p re re qu is ite fo r a ra ng e of a ct iv iti es . M an da te d cu st od ia ns o f bi od iv er si ty 5. U nd er st an di ng a nd im pl em en ta tio n of e co lo gi ca l ec os ys te m r es to ra tio n. E co lo gi ca l r es to ra tio n re st s on a pp ly in g pr in ci pl es o f ec ol og y to a ss is t e co sy st em s to r ec ov er th ei r he al th a nd re si lie nc e. It is n ot m er e re pl an tin g of v eg et at io n. M an da te d cu st od ia ns o f bi od iv er si ty 6. M an ag em en t o f P A s, S M A , C A s ite s st re ng th en ed T hi s is c rit ic al a s on e of th e ba rr ie rs id en tifi ed fo r su cc es sf ul im pl em en ta tio n of th e N B S A P w as th e la ck of im pl em en ta tio n. A ll pr om ot er s 7. In cr ea si ng k no w le dg e an d us ag e of E co sy st em R ed L is tin g K no w le dg e of th is to ol is c ur re nt ly p oo r. C lim at e C ha ng e S ec re ta ria t, M E PA , C C & C R M D , N A R A , i nc lu de s la te nt s D M C a nd co as tg ua rd 8. S tr en gt he n kn ow le dg e of E bA a nd E co D R R H er e to o th e kn ow le dg e of E bA a nd E co D R R n ee ds to be m ai ns tr ea m ed . 15 9 16 0 G ro up K ey c ap ac ity n ee d/ s Ti m e fr am e R em ar ks D ep ar tm en ts m an da te d w ith e x si tu c on se rv at io n an d re la te d re se ar ch 9. Im pr ov in g ex s itu c on se rv at io n: im pr ov in g te ch ni ca l k no w le dg e on c ap tiv e br ee di ng , m ol ec ul ar g en et ic te ch ni qu es fo r im pr ov in g cr op s It is im pe ra tiv e th at th e ca pa ci ty in d ep ar tm en ts m an da te d w ith e x si tu c on se rv at io n is im pr ov ed th us . A ll P ro m ot er s 10 . S tr en gt he ni ng k no w le dg e ab ou t a cc es s an d be ne fit s ha rin g of g en et ic r es ou rc es , i nt ro du ci ng th e po lic y T hi s is o ve rd ue . B D S , C E A , M oM D & E , un iv er si tie s, in di vi du al e xp er ts 11 . S tr en gt he n kn ow le dg e ab ou t b io sa fe ty , r is k as se ss m en t a nd m an ag em en t In th e cu rr en t c lim at e of g lo ba l t ra de , t hi s is c rit ic al . A ll pr om ot er s 12 . Im pr ov in g ou tr ea ch , t ra in in g, c om m un ic at io n, ed uc at io n an d cr ea tio n of a w ar en es s on bi od iv er si ty c on se rv at io n Im pr ov in g th e ca pa ci ty to ta ilo r tr ai ni ng to s ui t t he au di en ce , i nc lu di ng h ow b io di ve rs ity c on se rv at io n be ne fit s th at s pe ci fic a ud ie nc e, is c rit ic al ly im po rt an t. In cl ud in g ou tr ea ch a nd c om m un ic at io n as in te gr al to an y pr oj ec t i s al so im po rt an t. (C on se rv at io n ed uc at io n an d co m m un ic at io n ar e of te n no t c on si de re d at th e pl an ni ng o r in iti al im pl em en ta tio n st ag e. O fte n, it is ca rr ie d ou t a s ad h oc a ct iv iti es a t t he e nd o f a p ro je ct .) A ll pr om ot er s 13 . In cr ea se c ap ac ity to e ng ag e an d co nd uc t m ul ti st ak eh ol de r pl at fo rm s T hi s is c rit ic al fo r cr os s se ct or al d ia lo gu e, c oo pe ra tio n an d co lla bo ra tio n. A ll pr om ot er s 14 . In cr ea se p ro fe ss io na l n et w or ki ng a nd th ei r ca pa ci ty i n re la tio n to r es ea rc h, fu nd in g av ai la bi lit y, im pl em en ta tio n of la w s an d ot he r cr os s cu tti ng a re as S uc h pr of es si on al n et w or ks , b y th em se lv es , w ill p ro vi de in cr ea se d te ch ni ca l c ap ac ity . Ta bl e 17 . C on td . 16 1 G ro up K ey c ap ac ity n ee d/ s Ti m e fr am e R em ar ks D ef en de rs U ni ve rs iti es an d re se ar ch or ga ni sa tio ns 15 . In cr ea si ng r es ea rc h re la te d to th e ne ed s of th e N B S A P ( fo r ex am pl e, fi lli ng th e ga ps fo un d in re se ar ch ) T he re is a n ur ge nt n ee d to in cr ea se r es ea rc h on , in te r al ia , l es se r kn ow n ec os ys te m s, P A s, e co sy st em va lu at io n, th re at en ed s pe ci es s o th at th is k no w le dg e ca n fe ed in to d ec is io n m ak in g, p la nn in g an d im pl em en ta tio n. U ni ve rs iti es an d re se ar ch or ga ni sa tio ns 16 . Im pr ov in g kn ow le dg e on le ss er k no w n ta xa W ith ou t p ro pe r ta xo no m ic a ss es sm en t i t i s no t p os si bl e to d ev el op s pe ci es in ve nt or ie s. U ni ve rs iti es an d re se ar ch or ga ni sa tio ns 17 . In cr ea si ng r es ea rc h on e co sy st em v al ua tio n T hi s is c rit ic al fo r en su rin g th e en ga ge m en t o f t he pr iv at e se ct or a nd o th er s ec to rs th at a re n ot d ire ct ly en ga ge d in b io di ve rs ity c on se rv at io n. U ni ve rs iti es an d re se ar ch or ga ni sa tio ns 18 . S tr en gt he ni ng u nd er st an di ng o f t he im pa ct s of cl im at e ch an ge o n sp ec ie s A s ab ov e, r es ea rc h is n ee de d fo r sc ie nc e ba se d de ci si on m ak in g, p la nn in g an d im pl em en ta tio n. U ni ve rs iti es an d re se ar ch or ga ni sa tio ns 19 . S tr en gt he ni ng r es ea rc h on e th no bi ol og y, tr ad iti on al p ra ct ic es o f b io di ve rs ity c on se rv at io n, A s ab ov e, r es ea rc h is n ee de d fo r sc ie nc e ba se d de ci si on m ak in g, p la nn in g an d im pl em en ta tio n. La te nt s A ll 20 . In tr od uc tio n to w hy b io di ve rs ity is im po rt an t — in cl ud in g ec os ys te m s er vi ce s an d th ei r va lu es (m on et ar y an d ot he rw is e) , f oc us in g on th e im po rt an ce to e ac h ta rg et g ro up T hi s is c rit ic al fo r a bu y in , i ni tia lly to a gr ee th at bi od iv er si ty c on se rv at io n is im po rt an t a nd th en to en ga ge th is g ro up in a c al l t o ac tio n. A ll 21 . U nd er st an di ng b io di ve rs ity a nd e co sy st em se rv ic es ( B E S ), p er ve rs e in ce nt iv es A b et te r un de rs ta nd in g of th e va lu e of b io di ve rs ity , a s w el l a s ab ou t p er ve rs e in ce nt iv es is e ss en tia l. N IE /U G C 22 . S tr en gt he ni ng c ap ac ity to in cl ud e th e ab ov e in se co nd ar y an d te rt ia ry c ur ric ul a T hi s w ill e ns ur e th at th e up co m in g co ho rt o f t he w or ki ng po pu la tio n al so u nd er st an d th e ab ov e. Lo ca l g ov er nm en t 23 . U nd er st an di ng a nd a pp lic at io n of S tr at eg ic E nv iro nm en ta l A ss es sm en ts Lo ca l g ov er nm en t a ut ho rit ie s do n ot a lw ay s un de rs ta nd th e ne ed fo r S E A s an d th er ef or e, th is is e ss en tia l. Ta bl e 17 . C on td . G ro up K ey c ap ac ity n ee d/ s Ti m e fr am e R em ar ks P ar tic ul ar ly th os e in vo lv ed d ire ct ly or in di re ct ly w ith ag ric ul tu re 24 . S tr en gt he ni ng k no w le dg e ab ou t a gr ob io di ve rs ity , on f ar m c on se rv at io n, s us ta in ab le a gr ic ul tu re an d ec o ag ric ul tu re s o th at th es e ca n be p ut in to pr ac tic e In cr ea si ng s us ta in ab le p ra ct ic es in a gr ic ul tu re a nd re du ci ng d ep en de nc y on c he m ic al in te ns ifi ca tio n is cr iti ca l. P ar tic ul ar ly th os e in vo lv ed d ire ct ly or in di re ct ly w ith ag ric ul tu re 25 . S tr en gt he ni ng k no w le dg e of le ss er k no w n cr op va rie tie s T hi s w ill in cr ea se c ro p di ve rs ity . T ho se in vo lv ed in th e to ur is m in du st ry 26 . S tr en gt he ni ng k no w le dg e ab ou t w hy b io di ve rs ity is im po rt an t f or th e in du st ry a nd in tr od uc e gu id el in es to r ed uc e th e im pa ct o f t ou ris m o n na tu ra l h ab ita ts P riv at e se ct or 27 . S tr en gt he n kn ow le dg e ab ou t b io di ve rs ity , i ts se rv ic es a nd it s lo ss , s pe ci fic al ly in th e pr iv at e se ct or fo r en ga ge m en t i n th e im pl em en ta tio n of th e N B S A P T hi s is a la rg el y un ta pp ed r es ou rc e. A pa th et ic s A ll 28 . C re at e aw ar en es s ab ou t b io di ve rs ity , i ts s er vi ce s an d its lo ss s pe ci fic al ly in r el at io n to im pa ct s to ea ch s pe ci fic ta rg et g ro up T hi s is a g ro up th at m us t n ot b e fo rg ot te n. Ta bl e 17 . C on td . 163 4.2 Communication and Outreach ‘The importance of communication, education and public awareness cannot be underestimated. Communication is the key for gaining support for implementing activities towards the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity. After all, no one wants to conserve something they do not know about or care about. Biodiversity will need to become an urgent priority nationally and locally in order for the actions of NBSAPs to be implemented . . . It is unfortunate that even the best national strategies and reports may remain just pieces of paper on a shelf unless the priority issues they address are widely communicated to decision-makers, managers, civil society and the general public. Only through effective communication will the issues in NBSAPs and national reports truly become national priorities.’ (CBD, 2007, emphasis added). In post-conflict Sri Lanka, there has been a strong and urgent thrust for infrastructure development, with less focus on the conservation of natural capital. In this current climate, the paradigm of biodiversity conservation, as we know it, has to change. Conservation can no longer be relegated to the mandated custodians of biodiversity — the Department of Wildlife Conservation, the Forest Department and the Central Environmental Authority — but must be the responsibility of every single citizen of Sri Lanka. It is, therefore, imperative that all stakeholders be made aware of the actions proposed in the NBSAP, so that a larger group of stakeholders may assist in/support these conservation actions. Box 19. Failure of Communicating Conservation In 2002, the CBD declared 2010 as ‘The International Year of Biodiversity’ with the main target of achieving ‘by 2010 a significant reduction of the current rate of biodiversity loss at the global, regional and national level as a contribution to poverty alleviation and to the benefit of all life on earth’. This was also reflected in the Millennium Development Goals (UN, 2015). This target had measurable indicators (CBD 2010e). Buchart et al.’s study (2010) showed that most indicators of the state of biodiversity showed no change in the rate decline while indicators of drivers of loss had increased. The communication for the International Year of Biodiversity had not been successful. Somehow, the urgency of the problem and the need for integration of conservation concerns into development had not been conveyed effectively to decision-makers with the consequence that there was no engagement in conservation actions (CANARI, 2012). 4.2.1 Preliminary Strategy for the Communication and Outreach of the NBSAP To this end, there needs to be a strategy to disseminate the actions of the strategic action plan to create awareness about the vital importance of biodiversity conservation among the gamut of stakeholders, to sustain this knowledge and to ‘mobilize positive action’ (CANARI, 2012). It is critical that there is a complete ‘buy-in’ to conservation across the gamut of stakeholders (CANARI, 2012). The overarching objective of the communication strategy is to create a national consciousness with regard to biodiversity conversation and facilitate the implementation of the NBSAP. The communication strategy aims to: • Use advertising and marketing methods to brand and promote the NBSAP targets among the general public, as well as the gamut of stakeholders, to create awareness about the NBSAP and engage a wide audience; 164 • Create a clear understanding about the need for biodiversity conservation and the links between ecosystem well-being and human well-being among all stakeholders; • Engage all sectors, not only those mandated with biodiversity conservation, of government and non-governmental organizations, as well as, inter alia, the private sector, school children and media to recognize the national significance and value of undertaking actions recommended in NBSAP; • Mainstream biodiversity conservation as a multi-sector, value-added, and benefit-sharing effort to on-going conservation and development efforts; and • In addition to traditional communication tools, use innovative modern tools — such as social media — to disseminate information related to the NBSAP and biodiversity conservation. Target Audience The NBSAP lists primary and secondary stakeholders in each of its actions. These and other stakeholders such as the general public and media are presented in Annex 2, categorised after a stakeholder analysis according to their interest and influence in relation to the NBSAP. These stakeholders will comprises the target audience. The communication strategy, therefore, aims to target individual stakeholders based on their understanding of and interest in biodiversity conservation, and their potential ability to influence the successful implementation of the NBSAP. The Targeted Approach to the Strategy The targeted approach to the communication strategy is divided into two sections: The first is the preparatory steps section, which needs priority actions within the first year after acceptance of NBSAP. These steps are vital to make the general public aware of the NBSAP, as well and to ensure their buy in. They will also serve as a springboard for specific actions of the NBSAP. The second section details communication actions for specific actions of the NBSAP. 1. The approach will initially use marketing methods and social media to create awareness about the NBSAP: its strategic objectives and targets along the lines of the brochure created by the CBD secretariat for the Aichi targets (CBD undated, b: https://www.cbd.int/doc/strategic plan/2011-2020/Aichi-Targets-EN.pdf). 2. It will create biodiversity champions among the school children and the private sector in order to ensure wide dissemination of communication actions and buy-in from a wider audience. 3. It will use mass and social media to enlist the widest possible audience in a ‘call to action’ to elicit positive actions in relation to drivers of biodiversity loss. For example, it is proposed that ‘the European Union 52 tips for biodiversity’ (Royal Institute of Natural Sciences of Belgium, 2009) is adapted to suit Sri Lanka and its problems of biodiversity loss and turn it into ’12 tips for biodiversity’ so that one tip is released per month for the duration of the NBSAP. 4. In Annex 3 a specific, time-bound communication action, in tandem with a capacity building action, is presented for each action of the NBSAP and its identified target group. These communication actions have their own indicators that will allow for monitoring. These are only preliminary suggestions. Each action will have to be reviewed and fleshed out by running it against checklists detailed in Hesselink et al. (2007), to ensure that the message has all the elements necessary and reaches the target audience in the most effective way. Nat iona l B iod ivers i ty S t ra teg ic Ac t ion P lan 2016-2022 165 Key Expected Results of the Strategy 1. Awareness and Capacity of Stakeholders are improved In concert with the proposed capacity building, the main aim of the communication strategy is to improve the understanding and capacity through consistent and accurate messaging and information, as well as developing a national consciousness and responsive positive action in relation to biodiversity. The creation of awareness has been differentiated based on the specific NBSAP actions and will need to be tailor-made to suite each target group for the proposed action. 2. The mainstreaming of the NBSAP is supported As noted above, the communication strategy is aimed raising the national consciousness on the topic of biodiversity conservation. By doing so it engages all stakeholders and sensitises them to mainstream biodiversity conservation sensitivities into their organizations approaches, work plans, and budgets. It is hoped that this communication strategy will not only facilitate mainstreaming NBSAP into organizational work plans but also make biodiversity conservation a cultural way of governance. 3. Knowledge management and dissemination are facilitated The NBSAP activities will generate considerable knowledge, best practices and lessons. This information and knowledge on biodiversity conservation needs to be generated and shared widely using the range of tools and activities currently available in order to maximize the reach of the communication strategy. This will become a positive cycle of reinforcement, further enabling and stimulating interest in biodiversity conservation and further enabling effective mainstreaming of management efforts. 4.3 Resource Mobilization Investment in biodiversity and ecosystems is being increasingly recognized by Sri Lanka as an efficient and effective way of meeting sustainable development goals. The Haritha Lanka programme, Sri Lanka NEXT and REDD readiness initiatives provide necessary guidance. The NBSAP 2016-2022 will be the overarching strategy and action plan for Sri Lanka to achieve national biodiversity targets, based on the ambitious Aichi targets agreed by parties to the CBD in 2010. Realization of the targets depends on the allocation of resources. Therefore, the detailed costing of activities to achieve the NBSAP targets, availability of resources and the resource gaps need to be assessed as an immediate step for implementation of the NBSAP for Sri Lanka. 4.3.1 Road Map for Resource Mobilization for NBSAP Implementation Currently, a project by the GoSL with support from UNDP, has been commenced for this purpose — BIOFIN, the biodiversity finance initiative. A detailed resource mobilization plan for the NBSAP will be developed separately under that initiative. Principle behind Resource Mobilization Investment in biodiversity and ecosystem conservation is recognized as investment into sustainable development, as healthy ecosystems generate economic returns through ecosystem services. Therefore, as with investment in development projects, investment in NBSAP towards meeting its targets in timely manner, is essential for sustainable development in Sri Lanka. The resource mobilization plan will set the mechanism for financing the NBSAP in a coordinated manner. 166 Strategy for Resource Mobilization The responsibility for mobilizing the resources required for the NBSAP implementation lies jointly with the Ministry of Finance and the Ministry of Environment. To realize the NBSAP targets as planned, integration of biodiversity into development planning is essential. As in the past, core national funding will come from the Ministry of Mahaweli Development and Environment and the Ministry of Sustainable Development and Wildlife. Other national non-core funding will come from the other ministries and government agencies mandated for other areas with a bearing on biodiversity. Additional local funding will come from various foundations and NGOs. The main external funds will come from multilateral agencies and bilateral agencies, of which, GEF funding will be a significant component. In order to ensure that the NBSAP is adequately financed, all internal and external funders should be satisfied that they are addressing the priorities identified in the NBSAP and contributing to achieving the set of NBSAP targets. By way of mainstreaming biodiversity into development sectors, the BDS and the Finance Ministry will have to ensure that all new development projects include substantial allocations for investments in biodiversity. Approach to Resource Mobilization All actions proposed by the NBSAP will need to be costed with the engagement of BDS and other key stakeholders such as the Ministry of Sustainable Development and Wildlife, FD and DWC. There is a baseline of funding that will be received as budget allocation for the core biodiversity agencies (such as BDS, MoSDW, FD and DWC). The NBSAP will require that non-line agencies (such as MASL, MoI, DoA and ID) also receive allocations for biodiversity-related work. Similarly, the available external funding for biodiversity — including GEF allocations, other bilateral funding and multilateral funding for biodiversity — will need to be assessed. The contribution to biodiversity of local foundations, local and international NGOs, and the private sector will also have to be ascertained. Finally, the total financial gap between meeting the NBSAP’s requirements and the combined ‘business as usual’ scenario can be calculated. Budget estimate for implementing the NBSAP 2016-22 The table below provides summary budget estimates for implementing NBSAP for each target. Estimates at action level is presented in Annex 4. These budget estimates must be considered as indicative figures in current Sri Lankan rupees based on several assumptions stated below. They were arrived at as incremental costs for implementing the current NBSAP, mainly by government agencies, without including their recurrent expenditure into the calculations. These figures were finalized through consensus reached by the NBSAP preparatory team, with the use of best available information at the time of NBSAP finalization. Because the UNDP led Biofin project has already commenced — specifically to develop resource mobilization plan for the NBSAP — and will be completed in next 18 months, it is expected that this initiative will generate more precise estimates for each activity of the NBSAP. Therefore, it is recommended the budget estimates presented in this document to be used as indicative figures merely for planning purposes. Once more accurate figures are generated by the Biofin project, those estimates will supersede the estimates given in Table 18. Nat iona l B iod ivers i ty S t ra teg ic Ac t ion P lan 2016-2022 167 Table 18. Summary Budget Estimates for Implementing the NBASP 2016-22 No NBSAP 2016-22 Target Estimated budget (in Mn LKA) 1 Target 1. By 2022, a system established and ongoing for inventorising species (taxonomy conservation status), ecosystems (structure, function, composition and distribution), their services and values, to inform conservation planning and decision making 444.50 2 Target 2: By 2022, habitat loss, degradation and fragmentation are significantly reduced 1,804.00 3 Target 3: By 2022, the PA network is made representative of all critical ecosystems and species and managed effectively 123.00 4 Target 4: By 2022, the loss of species is significantly reduced 1,207.35 5 Target 5: By 2022, the valuation of biodiversity is mainstreamed 51.00 6 Target 6: By 2022, mechanisms are established to ensure sustainable use of biodiversity 126.50 7 Target 7: By 2022, traditional sustainable uses of biodiversity are promoted and established 29.00 8 Target 8: By 2022, sustainable agriculture practices are promoted and established. 50.00 9 Target 9: By 2022, genetic diversity of crop wild relatives, cultivated species and livestock is conserved. 176.00 10 Target 10: By 2022, a mechanism for equitable sharing of benefits arising from biodiversity is established and implemented 7.00 11 Target 11: By 2022, the capacity of ecosystems to deliver goods and services and provide protection from hazards is enhanced 300.00 12 Target 12: By 2022 Biosafety is assured 12.00 Total budget 4,330.35 Kumbukwila, Wilpattu © Sriyanie Miththapala 168 Possible Financing Mechanisms Once the financing gap is identified for different strategies in the NBSAP, financing mechanisms to bridge the gap will need to be identified. One way of meeting the financial gap is to design innovative financing mechanisms. Implementation of non-traditional and innovative financial mechanisms will be the key to successful achievement of the NBSAP targets. The following are some of the potential mechanisms that could be implemented in Sri Lanka. Bio-prospecting Bio-prospecting is ‘the exploration of biodiversity for commercially valuable genetic and biochemical resources’ (CBD, 2000b). However, its definition varies in scope among countries, with some defining bio-prospecting narrowly to include only the search for valuable genetic materials, whereas others encompass the development and application of such materials. For Sri Lanka to benefit, a legal framework for access and benefit sharing has to be in place, and enhanced negotiation skills developed. A National Policy on Access to Biological Resources, sustainable Use and Benefit Sharing has been formulated with ‘the goal of ensuring conservation and sustainable use of biological resources and the fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising from them’ (MoERE, 2013). A law/framework law has yet to be enacted, as opinions on whether such a law is needed are sharply divided. Article 15, section 7 of the CBD reads ‘Each Contracting Party shall take legislative, administrative or policy measures, as appropriate, and in accordance with Articles 16 and 19 and, where necessary, through the financial mechanism established by Articles 20 and 21 with the aim of sharing in a fair and equitable way the results of research and development and the benefits arising from the commercial and other utilization of genetic resources with the Contracting Party providing such resources. Such sharing shall be upon mutually agreed terms’ (CBD,1992). Sri Lanka has completed a policy on access and benefit sharing (MoERE, 2013). Currently, a Material Transfer Agreement for Research and Development has been finalized. It is currently proposed that provisions of the FFPO and FCO be strengthened to address the weaknesses in legislation in relation to access and benefit sharing. It is imperative that Sri Lanka has some regulations or legislation to prevent a priori bio-piracy or bio theft described in Box 20, where regulations were applied a posteriori, after the damage had been done. Sri Lanka will have also have to ratify the Nagoya Protocol, of the Convention on Biological Diversity, which deals with access to genetic resources and the fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising from their use. In addition capacity building related to the Nagoya Protocol, a clear understanding of the policy and regulations/provisions, once enacted is needed. Without such controls in place, Sri Lanka will continue to fall prey to bio-theft and bio-piracy. (See box below.) Nat iona l B iod ivers i ty S t ra teg ic Ac t ion P lan 2016-2022 169 Box 20. Bio-piracy and Bio-theft The negative side of bio-prospecting is that, without controls, it can lead to bio-theft and bio piracy. Bio-theft is the theft of biological materials from one country by another country. Bio-piracy also includes the theft of intellectual property rights and the traditional cultural knowledge that accompanies it (Gunawardena person. comm.). Bio-piracy has negative effects on biodiversity, such as the extinction of endemic species, depletion of biodiversity and privatization of the biological wealth of a country. Bio-piracy seeks complete control (patents or intellectual property) over these resources and knowledge (Etc Group, undated). Developing countries which are rich in biological resources are susceptible to bio-piracy and related problems. In Sri Lanka, the case of Salacia reticulata, long used in Sri Lanka by the Ayurveda system of medicine to control diabetes, is good example of bio-piracy. Before a total ban of exports in 2006, plants had been exported heavily, mainly to Japan. It is reported that 136 applications and patents are pending for this species (Gunawardena person. comm.). Two proteins from the venom of the saw-scaled viper (Echis carinatus) have also been patented as coagulants (Gunawardena person. comm.). The above examples clearly indicate why the enactment of a law for the fair and equitable sharing of benefits is urgently needed. Comorants and Pelicans, Padaviya Tank Sampath de Alwis Goonatilake © IUCN, Sri Lanka 170 Payments for Ecosystem Services (PES) Every ecosystem is not assessed nor valued. Therefore, there is no mechanism to identify the value of services that they provide to the society. Payments for Ecosystem Services (PES) aim to fill this gap by creating new marketplaces for ecosystem services, such as carbon sequestration, biodiversity conservation, watershed protection and landscape values. In the most commonly-accepted definition of PES, as given by Wunder (2005), ‘PES is a voluntary transaction whereby a well-defined ecosystem service (ES) is ‘bought’ by a minimum of one ES buyer from a minimum of one ES provider if and only if, the ES provider continually secures the ES provision’ (i.e. with an element of conditionality). Water and biodiversity-related services have greater demand and by PES, people try to maintain the most significant ecological systems without degrading them. # Project name Duration Implementing agency Reach Amount US$ 1 Mainstreaming agrobiodiversity conservation and Use in Sri-Lankan agro ecosystems for livelihoods and adaptation to climate change December 2012 December 2017 Plant Genetic Resource Centre of Department of Agriculture National agriculture policy, government agencies and local farmers 4,683,820 2 Mainstreaming biodiversity conservation and sustainable use for improved human nutrition and well-being November 2011 – October 2016 Plant Genetic Resource Centre of Department of Agriculture National food and nutrition policy, government agencies including the Department of Education, school children and general public 3,506,993 3 Implementation of the National Biosafety Framework in accordance with the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety Project is in PPG stage To be decided Expected to reach national policy as well as local farmers 5,000,000 4 National Biodiversity Planning to Support the Implementation of the CBD 2011-2020 Strategic Plan in Sri Lanka 2013 – 2016, Biodiversity Secretariat of the Ministry of Mahaweli Development and Environment Conservation policy 200,000 5 The pricing the biodiversity of the Island 2012 – 2016 Biodiversity Secretariat of the Ministry of Mahaweli Development and Environment National policy and practitioners of environmental valuation and planners 140,285 Ongoing projects Selected ongoing biodiversity-related projects are presented in Table 19. Table 19. Selected Ongoing Biodiversity-related Projects Nat iona l B iod ivers i ty S t ra teg ic Ac t ion P lan 2016-2022 171 Table 21. Contd. 6 Enhancing biodiversity conservation and sustenance of ecosystem services in environmentally sensitive areas 2015-2019 UNDP National policy and Local level planners of the Land Use Policy Planning Department 2,626,690 7 Ecosystem Conservation and Management Project (ESCAMP) 2016-2021 Department of Wildlife Conservation and the Forest Department Conservation oriented departments, local communities 40,000,000 Separating Chaff from Paddy — the Traditional Way Naalin Perera © IUCN, Sri Lanka Most grass-root communities — such as these two community members, representing the Massalawa Tank Village in Anuradhapura — directly depend on ecosystems services. They are most vulnerable to the impacts of climate change, degradation of ecosystems and loss of species, as these affect the ecosystem services upon which they depend. During monitoring and evaluation on the implementation of the NBSAP, it is critical that their needs are not ignored. Chapter 5 Coordination, Monitoring, Evaluating and Reporting Naalin Perera © IUCN, Sri Lanka 174 5.1 National Coordination and Reporting Format The national coordination of the implementation of the NBSAP will be carried out by the BDS of the Ministry of Mahaweli Development and Environment. The Biodiversity Experts Committee will serve as in a supervisory and advisory capacity to provide overall guidance and will meet every three months to review progress and offer guidance. (See section 5.3). In addition, it is proposed that a steering committee be set up comprising the identified line agencies, as well as representatives from the Ministry of Finance. The steering committee will be expected to meet twice a year to review work plans and find solutions to barriers that may arise during the implementation phase. It is proposed that the steering committee will also facilitate coordination among line agencies, where such coordinated actions are required to achieve a specific output. The implementation of the NBSAP will be subject to reporting requirements on the progress achieved, depending on the decision by the COP. During the period of implementation, regular national reports will be submitted. It is expected that the national report preparation will be carried out in connection with monitoring and evaluation conducted by the M&E sub- committee (See Section 5.3) as well as with independent data collection against the indicators identified in the NBSAP. Through this hierarchical mechanism (Figure 33), it is envisaged that many of concerns related to organizational inadequacies under section 1.5.8 of Chapter 1 will be addressed. Figure 33. Proposed Hierarchical Co-ordination 5.2 Biodiversity Clearing-House Mechanism When the Convention on Biological Diversity was established in 1992, it was understood that scientific knowledge and technological information would have a vital role to play in the implementation of the Convention. As the expertise in managing information and technology varies enormously from country to country, the Convention established a Clearing-House Mechanism to ensure that all parties have access to the information and technologies they need for their work on biodiversity. CBD COP4, in its decision IV/2 (CBD, 1998), requested all Parties to develop their national CHMs and to link these to the central CHM at the CBD Secretariat. At COP 10, the CHM strategy was aligned to the overall Strategic Plan for Biodiversity 2011-2020 (decision X/15) (CBD, 2010g). The aim was to contribute significantly to the implementation of the Convention on Biological Diversity and its Strategic National Biodiversity Experts Committee overall supervision and advisory guidance will meet every three months National NBSAP Steering Committee comprising the identified line agencies as well as representatives from the Ministry of Finance will meet every twice a year Biodiversity Secretariat O V E R A L L C O - O R D I N A T I O N M&E sub-committee comprising representatives from government ministries, NGOs, academic and research institutions and experts National Reports Nat iona l B iod ivers i ty S t ra teg ic Ac t ion P lan 2016-2022 175 Plan for Biodiversity 2011-2020, through effective information services and other appropriate means, in order to promote and facilitate scientific and technical cooperation, knowledge sharing and information exchange, and to establish a fully operational network of parties and partners. Sri Lanka has initiated a process to develop its own National Clearing House Mechanism with technical assistance from the South Asia Co-operative Environmental Programme (SACEP). Relevant data and information on Sri Lanka’s biological diversity have been collected from various sources. A suitable domain for the CHM website has been obtained and an interface for the CHM website created. Development of the national CHM website is in its final stage. In order to ensure the sustainability and updating of the CHM website, the Biodiversity Secretariat of the Ministry of Mahaweli Development and Environment (the national focal point for the CBD), has been equipped with the necessary IT equipment. A separate CHM cell will be established in the Biodiversity Secretariat and the staff will be trained for smooth functioning of the CHM cell, which will maintain an up-to-date national biodiversity CHM. 5.3 Supervision of and Advice for the Implementation of the NBSAP The Biodiversity Expert Group Committee will function in the role of overall supervision for the implementation of the NBSAP and provide technical and other advice. They will be expected to meet every three months, assess progress and proposals and provide overall guidance to implementation. 5.4 Monitoring and Evaluation For the NBSAP to make a real difference, progress needs to be tracked through robust, integrated and regular monitoring, and changes need to be implemented when evidence suggests current approaches are ineffective. For this purpose it is proposed that a monitoring and evaluation sub-committee (M&E) be established within the Biodiversity Secretariat (BDS) of the Ministry of Mahaweli Development and Environment. The sub-committee should comprise representatives from government ministries, NGOs, academic and research institutions and experts, as identified by the BDS. It is expected that the M&E sub-committee will ensure effective monitoring and evaluation by devising mechanisms for regular monitoring and periodic assessment of biodiversity related interventions at various levels. It is also expected that this sub-committee will co-ordinate with government and non government agencies to obtain progress status, outcomes and learning from their biodiversity related projects and programmes, annually. The sub-committee should meet at least twice a year to assess overall progress and draw lessons, and annually submit a report to the BDS. 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Wijesundara Eds., Colombo, Sri Lanka: Ministry of Environment. v+451 pp. Padaviya Tank Sampath de Alwis Goonatilake © IUCN, Sri Lanka Prehistoric Cave Art of a Gecko, Tharulengala Cave Annexes Naalin Perera © IUCN, Sri Lanka 196 Annex 1. List of Stakeholders Consulted during the Process of Preparing the NBSAP Name Institute 1. Mr. Vajira Narampanawa Ministry of Mahaweli Development and Environment 2. Mr. N. K. G. K. Nammawatte Ministry of Mahaweli Development and Environment 3. Mr. Gamini Gamage Ministry of Mahaweli Development and Environment 4. Mr. Ajith De Silva Ministry of Mahaweli Development and Environment 5. Mr. Waruna Sri Dhanapala Ministry of Mahaweli Development and Environment 6. Mr. A. H. L. D. Gamini Wijesinghe Ministry of Mahaweli Development and Environment 7. Mr. Krisantha Mahendra Ministry of Mahaweli Development and Environment 8. Ms. R. H. M. P. Abeykoon Ministry of Mahaweli Development and Environment 9. Prof. W. L. Sumathipala Ministry of Mahaweli Development and Environment 10. Mr. Leel Randeni Ministry of Mahaweli Development and Environment 11. Mr. R. S. S Ratnayake Ministry of Mahaweli Development and Environment 12. Ms. Hasula Wickramasinghe Ministry of Mahaweli Development and Environment 13. Ms. R. M. Nilmini Ranasinghe Ministry of Mahaweli Development and Environment 14. Mr. Ranjith Rajapaksha Ministry of Mahaweli Development and Environment 15. Ms. G. K. H. Madushani Ministry of Mahaweli Development and Environment 16. Ms. H. M. H. E. Herath Ministry of Mahaweli Development and Environment 17. Ms. P. A. S. I. Priyadarshani Ministry of Mahaweli Development and Environment 18. Ms. M. P. Ranaweera Ministry of Mahaweli Development and Environment 19. Mr. K. K. D. K. Gunaratna Ministry of Mahaweli Development and Environment 20. Eng. K. K. Kithsiri Ceylon Electricity Board 21. Mr W. A. N. S. Rajarathna CC&CRMD 22. Mr. K. Pirapaharan Central Environmental Authority 23. Ms. Priyangani Gunathilaka Central Environmental Authority 24. Dr. Rohan Wijekoon Department of Agriculture 25. Dr. W. M. A. D. B. Wickramasinghe Department of Agriculture 26. Mr. W. G. M. G. Dayawana Department of Agriculture 27. Dr. K. H. Sarananda Department of Agriculture 28. Dr. K. Hettiarachchi Department of Agriculture 197 29. Ms. Sudeepa Sugathadasa Department of Ayurweda 30. Ms. Kalyani Hewapathirana Department of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources 31. Dr. Manori Goonatilake Department of National Museums 32. Ms. K. P. Lankani Somarathna Department of National Museums 33. Mr. M. M. D. J. Senaratne Department of National Botanic Gardens 34. Ms. Nadeeka Gunawardena Department of National Botanic Gardens 35. Mr. U. L. Thaufeek Department for Wildlife Conservation 36. Dr. Athula Senarathne Institute of Policy Studies 37. Mr. Isuru Alawatte Forest Department 38. Ms. D. V. K.Wijeweera Mahaweli Authority of Sri Lanka 39. Mr. I. G. Madduma Banda Mahaweli Authority of Sri Lanka 40. Ms. Dinushi Mohandiram Marine Environment Protection Authority 41. Ms. J. M. M. W. Jayasinghe Ministry of Housing and Construction 42. Ms. L. U. N. Sumanasekera Ministry of Agriculture 43. Dr. Inoka Suraweera Ministry of Health 44. Mr. H. D. Ratnayake Ministry of Wildlife and Sustainable Development 45. Mr. Chandrasiri Bandara Ministry of Wildlife and Sustainable Development 46. Dr. V. Pahalawattaarachchi NARA 47. Mr. R. A. M. Jayathilaka NARA 48. Dr. D. D. G. L. Dahanayaka NARA 49. Mr. P. N.Chandraratne National Aquaculture Development Authority 50. Mr. R. M. N. P. K. Ranathunga National Aquaculture Development Authority 51. Mr. M. V. Dharmadasa National Aquaculture Development Authority 52. Ms. H. T. J. Seneviratne National Building Research Organisation 53. Ms. Thushani Senevirathne National Building Research Organisation 54. Ms. H. A. Anoma Priyadarshani National Zoological Gardens 55. Eng. S. K. L. S. Rupasinghe National Water Supply and Drainage Board 56. Dr. S. A. V. Moothy National Science Foundation 57. Ms. Sarani Meneripitiya National Science Foundation 58. Dr. A. Wijesekara Office of the Registrar of Pesticides 59. Dr. Gamini Samarasinghe Plant Genetic Resources Centre 60. Mr. A. S. U. Liyanage Plant Genetic Resource Centre 198 61. Ms. K. G. C. N. Jayarathna Plant Genetic Resource Centre 62. Mr. S. H. U. De Silva Road Development Authority 63. Ms. E. M. L. T. Ekanayaka Road Development Authority 64. Mr. S. Mayadunnage Road Development Authority 65. Ms. Chethika Gunasiri Sri Lanka Land Reclamation and Development Corporation 66. Commander Y.R. Serasinghe Sri Lanka Coast Guard Department 67. Mr. C. K. Muthumala State Timber Corporation 68. Ms. T. K.Weerakkody Urban Development Authority 69. Mr. D. Hettiarachchi Urban Development Authority 70. Mr. M. Kaduyoda BACC project 71. Ms. H. S. Wijethunga BACC project 72. Mr. J. Chandrasiri HHRI 73. Prof I. A. U. N. Gunatilleke University of Peradeniya / BEC 74. Prof. C. V. S. Gunatilleke University of Peradeniya 75. Prof. Siril Wijesundara National Institute of Fundamental Studies / BEC 76. Mr. Jagath Gunawardana National Biodiversity Experts Committee 77. Dr. Jine Dela National Biodiversity Experts Committee 78. Dr. Magdon Jayasuriya National Biodiversity Experts Committee 79. Dr. Nihal Atapattu National Biodiversity Experts Committee 80. Dr. T. Jeyasingam Eastern University / BEC 81. Dr. Nirmalie Pallewatta University of Colombo / BEC 82. Mr. Tilan Hasaranga University of Moratuwa 83. Prof. Buddhi Marambe University of Peradeniya / BEC 84. Dr. Venura Herath University of Peradeniya 85. Prof. D. K. N. G. Pushpakumara University of Peradeniya 86. Dr. Terrence Madhujith University of Peradeniya 87. Dr. Inoka Kudavidanage University of Sabaragamuwa 88. Dr. U. K. G. K. Padmalal Open University of Sri Lanka 89. Dr. D. I. Wijerathne FAO Annex 1. Contd. 199 90. Dr. Sahan Dissanayake Colby College/ PGIA 91. Dr. Danny Hunter Biodiversity International 92. Ms. Dhanushki Abhayaratne United Nations Development Programme 93. Ms. Shyara Bastiansz United Nations Development Programme 94. Mr. Amila Sumanapala Butterfly Conservation Society of Sri Lanka 95. Dr. Malik Fernando Ceylon Sub Aqua Club/NBEC 96. Ms. Kanchana Weerakoon Eco-V 97. Dr. Eric Wickramanayake Environmental Foundation Limited 98. Ms. Manori Gunawardena Environmental Foundation Limited 99. Mr. Dinal Samarasinghe Environmental Foundation Limited 100. Mr. Milindu Tissera Environmental Foundation Limited 101. Mr. Praveen Abhayaratne Federation of Environmental Organizations 102. Ms. Nishanthi Perera Field Ornithology Group 103. Mr. Lal Kumara Wakkumbura Green Movement of Sri Lanka 104. Mr. Nimal Hewanila Nirmanee Development Foundation 105. Mr. Prasanna Weerakkody Ocean Resources Conservation Organization 106. Mr. Ajith Tennakoon Sevalanka Foundation 107. Mr. N.M. Tharindu Gunathilaka Sarvodaya 108. Mr. W. P. Jayathilake Perera Small Fishers Federation 109. Mr. Douglas Thisera Small Fishers Federation 110. Mr. S. Tharapalaraliram Small Fishers Federation 111. Mr. Thushan Kapurusinghe Turtle Conservation Project 112. Ms. Anjali Watson Wilderness and Wildlife Conservation Trust 113. Dr. Andrew Kittle Wilderness and Wildlife Conservation Trust 114. Ms. Sujeewa Thilakarathne Wild Reach Trust 115. Prof. Lakdas Fernando Wildlife and Nature Protection Society 116. Ms. Shiranee Yasaratne Biodiversity Sri Lanka 117. Ms. Dimuthu Jayakodi Dilmah Conservation 118. Ms. Saheyli Weerasinghe Dilmah Conservation 119. Mr. Chalaka Fernando Holcim Lanka Ltd 200 120. Ms. Farzana Khan Holcim Lanka Ltd 121. Mr. Amila Prasad Silva Holcim Lanka Ltd 122. Mr. Salinda Kandapola Tokyo Cement 123. Mr. Jagath Karunadasa Agarapathana and Kotagala Plantations PLC 124. Mr. Janaka Gunawardena Kahawatte Plantations PLC 125. Mr. Sameera Abeyratne Kahawatte Plantations PLC 126. Mr. Jeewantha Senarathne Kahawatte Plantations PLC 127. Mr. Johann Rodrigo Kelani Valley Plantations PLC 128. Mr. K. Balamurali Kelani Valley Plantations PLC 129. Mr. Deepal Gunatilake Horana Plantations PLC 130. Mr. T. P. Wickramasinghe Horana Plantations PLC 131. Mr. D. M. P. H. Dissanayake Horana Plantations PLC 132. Mr. Theja Dharmaratne Talawakele Plantation PLC 133. Mr. Rohana Deshapriya Watawala Plantations PLC 134. Mr. Kingsly Hemachandra Watawala Plantations PLC 135. Mr. Kavintha Rajapaksha Watawala Plantations PLC 136. Mr. Isuru Siriwardhena Watawala Plantations PLC 137. Mr. Ranil Nanayakkara Aitken Spence 138. Mr. Anoma Alagiyawadu Jetwing Hotels 139. Mr. Palinda Perera Hotel Tree of Life 140. Ms. Dilini Wijayagurusinghe Duluxe Vacations 141. Mr. G. M. H. K. Gunathilake Jetwing Hotels 142. Ms. Sashika Kaluwahewa Jetwing Hotels 143. Ms. Irosha Weththasingha Commercial Bank 144. Ms. Sasika Kaluwahewa Commercial Bank 145. Mr. Hasrath Munasinghe Commercial Bank 146. Mr. Hemantha Seneviratne Hatton National Bank 147. Ms. Gayathrie Ganeshan Hatton National Bank 148. Mr. Kasun Balasuriya National Development Bank 149. Mr. Andy Ratnayake People’s Leasing Company 150. Mr. Nuwan Pathirana Sampath Bank Annex 1. Contd. 201 151. Mr. Prajesh Dayarathne Sampath Bank 152. Mr. Sandrine Gomes Seylan Bank 153. Ms. Stephani Fernando Walkers Tours 154. Mr. Yudesh Gunaratne Walkers Tours 155. Mr. Dhanushka De Silva Sri Lankan Airlines 156. Mr. Janaka Wijesekara Abans 157. Ms. Lakmini Senadeera Carbon Consultancy Company 158. Ms. Shermila Weragoda Carbon Consultancy Company 159. Mr. J. D. J. Abayasekara Ceylon Biscuit Limited 160. Mr. H. M. A. C. Gunarathna Ceylon Biscuit Limited 161. Ms. Dilshi Gunasekara Coca Cola Beverages 162. Mr. Chaturanga Deshapriya Control Union 163. Ms. Deshika Kariyakarawana Control Union 164. Ms. Nirantheri Kathireson Dialog 165. Mr. Darren Adamally Dailog 166. Ms. Thanusha Chandrasekara DIMO 167. Ms. Ruwanthi Jayasinghe DIMO 168. Mr. Vinod Malwatte FEO 169. Mr. Suresh Mathangaweera Forbes and Walkers Ltd 170. Mr. Daniel Schreiber GIZ 171. Mr. Prince Manamperi Wildlife Conservation Society 172. Mr. Hemantha Samarasinghe Harishchrandra Mills 173. Mr. Sampath Aruna Hidramani Group of Companies 174. Mr. Dilshan David Heritance Hotels 175. Mr. Lalith Herath Linea Aqua 176. Ms. Hiru Jayatunge MAS Intimates 177. Mr. Shahen Amaratunga MAS Capitol 178. Mr. Kaushala Liyanage Print Care 179. Ms. Zaneta Marcelline Virtusa 180. Mr. L. Mawiwla Ariyarathna 20 2 A nn ex 2 . M at ri x of S ta ke ho ld er s Li st ed in th e P la n (S ou rc es : V is io n or M is si on e xt ra ct ed d ire ct ly fr om e ac h or ga ni za tio n’ s w eb si te ) S ta ke ho ld er s V is io n/ m is si on o f t he in st itu te (a s ap pl ic ab le ) In flu en ce In te re st R es ou rc es P os iti on Im pa ct o n bi od iv er si ty lo ss M in is tr y of M ah aw el i D ev el op m en t an d E nv iro nm en t (M oM D E ) M is si on : ‘ to p ro vi de le ad er sh ip to m an ag e th e en vi ro nm en t a nd n at ur al r es ou rc es in or de r to e ns ur e na tio na l c om m itm en t f or su st ai na bl e be ne fit o f t he p re se nt a nd fu tu re ge ne ra tio ns ’. H ig h, m an da te d to fa ci lit at e im pl em en ta tio n of N B S A P H ig h, le ad ag en cy in im pl em en ta tio n of N B S A P M od er at e P ro m ot er P os iti ve B io di ve rs ity S ec re ta ria t, M in is tr y of M ah aw el i D ev el op m en t an d E nv iro nm en t (B D S ) M is si on is to ‘p ro vi de le ad er sh ip fo r th e na tio n in c on se rv at io n of c ou nt ry ’s bi od iv er si ty w ith ou t d ep le tin g na tu ra l st oc k an d th e en vi ro nm en t w hi le e ns ur in g th e na tio na l c om m itm en t t o su st ai na bl e de ve lo pm en t’. V er y hi gh , m an da te d w ith ov er se ei ng th e is la nd ’s b io di ve rs ity . 10 0% in te re st , m an da te d to p re ve nt bi od iv er si ty lo ss H as s ev er al on go in g pr oj ec ts a nd fu nd in g. P er so nn el ca pa ci ty is li ke ly in ad eq ua te . P ro m ot er P os iti ve D ep ar tm en t of W ild lif e C on se rv at io n (D W C ) M is si on is ‘w or ki ng w ith o th er s to e ns ur e co ns er va tio n an d w ild lif e he rit ag e th ro ug h pr of es si on al m an ag em en t’ V er y hi gh , m an da te d to m an ag e m an y pr ot ec te d ar ea s in th e is la nd a nd th e sp ec ie s w ith in . Im pl em en ts F F P O , C IT E S a nd R am sa r. 10 0% in te re st , m an da te d to p ro te ct bi od iv er si ty H as h ad se ve ra l m aj or pr oj ec ts th at fo cu ss ed on b et te rin g in fr as tr uc tu re . P er so nn el ca pa ci ty is li ke ly in ad eq ua te . P ro m ot er P os iti ve P ro m ot er W ea k P ro m ot er P ro m ot er / La te nt D ef en de r La te nt W ea k La te nt A pa th et ic 20 3 S ta ke ho ld er s V is io n/ m is si on o f t he in st itu te (a s ap pl ic ab le ) In flu en ce In te re st R es ou rc es P os iti on Im pa ct o n bi od iv er si ty lo ss F or es t D ep ar tm en t ( F D ) M is si on is to ‘c on se rv e an d de ve lo p th e F or es t R es ou rc es in S ri La nk a to e ns ur e th e pr os pe rit y of th e na tio n’ . V er y hi gh , m an da te d w ith ov er se ei ng th e is la nd ’s fo re st s. 10 0% in te re st , m an da te d to pr ot ec t f or es ts H as h ad se ve ra l m aj or pr oj ec ts th at fo cu ss ed on b et te rin g in fr as tr uc tu re . P er so nn el ca pa ci ty is li ke ly in ad eq ua te . P ro m ot er P os iti ve D ep ar tm en t of N at io na l Z oo lo gi ca l G ar de ns ( D N Z G ) P ol ic y to ‘e ns ur e co ns er va tio n of s pe ci es th ro ug h ex s itu c on se rv at io n of a ni m al s’ . H ig h, m an da te d to p ra ct ic e ex s itu co ns er va tio n of fa un a 10 0% m an da te d to p ra ct ic e ex s itu co ns er va tio n of fa un a P er so nn el ca pa ci ty is li ke ly in ad eq ua te . P ro m ot er P os iti ve D ep ar tm en t o f N at io na l B ot an ic G ar de ns ( D N B G ) M is si on is to ‘p ro vi de o pp or tu ni tie s fo r th e pu bl ic to s tu dy , s us ta in ab ly c on se rv e, a nd ad m ire p la nt r es ou rc es in n at ur al a nd m an m ad e en vi ro nm en ts ’. H ig h, m an da te d to p ra ct ic e ex s itu co ns er va tio n of flo ra 10 0% m an da te d to p ra ct ic e ex s itu co ns er va tio n of flo ra P er so nn el ca pa ci ty is li ke ly in ad eq ua te . P ro m ot er P os iti ve D ep ar tm en t of N at io na l M us eu m s (D N M ) V is io n is to p re se rv e th e cu ltu ra l a nd n at ur al he rit ag e in he rit ed fr om th e pa st , a nd it s pr es en ta tio n in a m or e fr ui tfu l f as hi on fo r fu tu re g en er at io ns in a m an ne r th at su cc es sf ul ly a dd re ss es th e ch al le ng es o f gl ob al is at io n’ H ig h, m an da te d in th e pr es er va tio n of na tu ra l h er ita ge . Is a s ou rc e of re fe re nc e. H ig h, m an da te d in th e pr es er va tio n of na tu ra l h er ita ge . P er so nn el ca pa ci ty is li ke ly in ad eq ua te . P ro m ot er P os iti ve 20 4 S ta ke ho ld er s V is io n/ m is si on o f t he in st itu te (a s ap pl ic ab le ) In flu en ce In te re st R es ou rc es P os iti on Im pa ct o n bi od iv er si ty lo ss M ar in e E nv iro nm en t P ro te ct io n A ut ho rit y (M E PA ) M is si on is to ‘b e an a ge nc y w ith r eq ui re d sk ill s, c om pe te nc e, o rg an iz at io na l s tr uc tu re an d in fr as tr uc tu re fr am ew or k to p re ve nt , co nt ro l a nd m an ag e m ar in e po llu tio n in S ri La nk an w at er s th ro ug h ef fe ct iv e en fo rc em en t o f r eg ul at io ns , i m pl em en ta tio n of c on ce rn ed In te rn at io na l c on ve nt io ns , co or di na tio n an d m ob ili za tio n of s ta ke ho ld er an d ot he r re so ur ce s, fo r su st ai na bl e m an ag em en t o f m ar in e en vi ro nm en t f or pr es en t a nd fu tu re g en er at io ns ’. H ig h, m an da te d to en ac t t he M ar in e E nv iro nm en t P ro te ct io n A ct , m an da te d to r ed uc e m ar in e po llu tio n H ig h, m an da te d to m an ag e th e m ar in e zo ne . H as s ev er al on go in g pr oj ec ts a nd fu nd in g. P er so nn el ca pa ci ty is li ke ly in ad eq ua te . P ro m ot er P os iti ve E nv iro nm en ta l N G O s D ire ct ly w or k w ith e nv iro nm en ta l i ss ue s at na tio na l, pr ov in ci al a nd lo ca l l ev el s. H ig h H ig h W ill v ar y P ro m ot er P os iti ve S ri La nk a C us to m s (S LC ) M is si on : ’ de di ca te d to e nf or ce r ev en ue a nd so ci al p ro te ct io n la w s of th e st at e w hi le fa ci lit at in g th e tr ad e w ith th e ob je ct iv e of co nt rib ut in g to th e na tio na l e ffo rt a nd in d ue re co gn iti on th er eo f’ H ig h. T he B io di ve rs ity U ni t is v er y ac tiv e an d ha s pr ev en te d m an y in st an ce s of sm ug gl in g H ig h H ig h P ro m ot er P os iti ve N at io na l R es ea rc h C ou nc il (N R C ) M is si on : ‘ to p ro m ot e, fu nd , f ac ili ta te a nd m on ito r fu nd am en ta l a nd a pp lie d re se ar ch an d en ha nc e hu m an r es ou rc e de ve lo pm en t fo r S ri La nk a to a ch ie ve s ci en ce a nd kn ow le dg e ba se d de ve lo pe d co un tr y st at us ’. H ig h, m an da te d to fu nd s ci en ce re se ar ch a nd im pr ov e sc ie nc e kn ow le dg e H ig h H ig h P ro m ot er P os iti ve A nn ex 2 . C on td . 20 5 S ta ke ho ld er s V is io n/ m is si on o f t he in st itu te (a s ap pl ic ab le ) In flu en ce In te re st R es ou rc es P os iti on Im pa ct o n bi od iv er si ty lo ss In te rn at io na l U ni on fo r C on se rv at io n of N at ur e (I U C N ) M is si on is ‘t o in flu en ce , e nc ou ra ge a nd as si st s oc ie tie s th ro ug ho ut th e w or ld to co ns er ve th e in te gr ity a nd d iv er si ty o f na tu re a nd to e ns ur e th at a ny u se o f n at ur al re so ur ce s is e qu ita bl e an d ec ol og ic al ly su st ai na bl e’ H ig h, IU C N is th e w or ld ’s o ld es t an d la rg es t g lo ba l en vi ro nm en ta l ne tw or k. T he co un tr y of fic e of IU C N in S ri La nk a ha s be en in vo lv ed in k ey n at io na l co ns er va tio n pr oj ec ts s in ce 1 98 8 H ig h, m an da te d to g en er at e co ns er va tio n re la te d kn ow le dg e, im pr ov e go ve rn an ce an d em po w er co m m un iti es M od er at e P ro m ot er P os iti ve P la nt G en et ic R es ou rc es C en tr e (P G R C ) Is ‘r es po ns ib le fo r pl an ni ng , i m pl em en tin g an d co o rd in at io n ac tiv iti es r el at ed to co ns er va tio n of p la nt g en et ic r es ou rc es . I t i s ac tiv el y en ga ge d in e xp lo ra tio n, c ol le ct io n, in tr od uc tio n, m ul tip lic at io n, e va lu at io n, co ns er va tio n, d oc um en ta tio n an d di st rib ut io n of th e ge ne tic d iv er si ty o f c ro ps an d th ei r re la te d sp ec ie s. It s fa ci lit ie s ar e al so u se d to c on du ct b io te ch no lo gy s tu di es , es pe ci al ly fo r co ns er va tio n, e va lu at io n an d en ha nc em en t o f g en et ic r es ou rc es . a ch ie ve an e qu ita bl e an d su st ai na bl e ag ric ul tu re de ve lo pm en t t hr ou gh d ev el op m en t a nd di ss em in at io n of im pr ov ed a gr ic ul tu re te ch no lo gy ’ H ig h, m an da te d to c on se rv e pl an t ge ne tic r es ou rc es , an d is a m aj or pl ay er in th e pr es er va tio n of ge rm pl as m H ig h, p la ys a m aj or r ol e in co ns er vi ng w ild va rie tie s of c ro p pl an ts H ig h P ro m ot er P os iti ve 20 6 S ta ke ho ld er s V is io n/ m is si on o f t he in st itu te (a s ap pl ic ab le ) In flu en ce In te re st R es ou rc es P os iti on Im pa ct o n bi od iv er si ty lo ss S us ta in ab le D ev el op m en t D iv is io n of M oM D & E ( S D D ) F un ct io ns a re to a ) de ve lo p st ra te gi c pl an s fo r pr ot ec tio n of th e en vi ro nm en t an d en vi ro nm en ta l q ua lit y im pr ov em en t an d un de rt ak in g pi lo t p ro gr am m es ; b ) di ss em in at e kn ow le dg e on s us ta in ab le de ve lo pm en t a m on g al l s ec to rs o f t he so ci et y; c ) co or di na te s ta ke ho ld er s to a ch ie ve S us ta in ab le D ev el op m en t ta rg et s; d ) en su re th e pr om ot io n of G re en E co no m y in n at io na l d ev el op m en t a ge nd as / pr og ra m m es ; e ) de ve lo p pr og ra m m es fo r en vi ro nm en ta l v al ua tio n an d G re en A cc ou nt in g f) fa ci lit at e pr om ot io n of c le an er pr od uc tio n co nc ep ts a nd p ro vi de in te r an d in tr a ag en cy c oo rd in at io n fo r in co rp or at io n of s ub s ec to ra l c le an er p ro du ct io n po lic ie s; g) im pl em en ta tio n of s us ta in ab le w at er m an ag em en t i ni tia tiv es ; h ) ac t a s th e fo ca l po in t o f i m pl em en ta tio n of th e N at io na l G re en R ep or tin g S ys te m o f S ri La nk a; i) pr ov id e a pl at fo rm to d ev el op p ol ic ie s an d st ra te gi c pl an s re la te d to s us ta in ab le de ve lo pm en t t o in te gr at e en vi ro nm en ta l co nc er ns in to n at io na l d ev el op m en t pr oc es se s to e ns ur e lo ng te rm s us ta in ab ili ty . H ig h, fo ca l p oi nt fo r na tio na l g re en re po rt in g sy st em H ig h H ig h P ro m ot er P os iti ve A nn ex 2 . C on td . 20 7 S ta ke ho ld er s V is io n/ m is si on o f t he in st itu te (a s ap pl ic ab le ) In flu en ce In te re st R es ou rc es P os iti on Im pa ct o n bi od iv er si ty lo ss S ri La nk a La nd R ec la m at io n & D ev el op m en t C or po ra tio n (S LL R & D C ) M is si on : ‘ to r ec la im a nd d ev el op e ve ry re cl am at io n an d de ve lo pm en t a re a de cl ar ed by o rd er u nd er s ec tio n 2 of th e am en dm en t to th e S LL R D C A ct N o. 1 5 of 1 96 8; to en su re fl oo d fr ee h ab ita t a nd im pr ov in g th e en vi ro nm en t b y re ha bi lit at in g cr ea tin g an d m ai nt ai ni ng p ol lu te d fr ee in la nd w at er bo di es ; t o un de rt ak e co ns ul ta nc y w or k on d ra in ag e de si gn , l an d fil lin g an d ot he r re la te d ar ea s an d es ta bl is hi ng a b en ch m ar k of h ig h st an da rd fo r th e in du st ry ; t o im pr ov e an d m ai nt ai n th e qu al ity o f o ur s er vi ce s an d ad d va lu e to o ur c us to m er s in p ar tic ul ar a nd to th e co m m un ity a t l ar ge ’. H ig h, a s is m an da te d to re cl ai m a nd d ev el op la nd H ig h, C ol om bo M et ro po lit an W et la nd S tr at eg y is d on e by th em . A sp ira tio ns a re ch an gi ng M od er at e P ro m ot er C an b e bo th po si tiv e or ne ga tiv e N G O s (r el at ed to e nv iro nm en ta l la w ) F oc us is e nv iro nm en ta l l aw a nd g ov er na nc e so h as a m aj or r ol e to p la y in e ns ur in g en fo rc em en t o f l aw s, a nd in a ss is tin g in dr aw in g up le gi sl at io n H ig h, s ee p re vi ou s co lu m n H ig h M od er at e P ro m ot er P os iti ve 20 8 S ta ke ho ld er s V is io n/ m is si on o f t he in st itu te (a s ap pl ic ab le ) In flu en ce In te re st R es ou rc es P os iti on Im pa ct o n bi od iv er si ty lo ss U ni te d N at io ns D ev el op m en t P ro gr am m e (U N D P ) ‘U N D P is th e U N ’s g lo ba l d ev el op m en t ne tw or k, a n or ga ni za tio n ad vo ca tin g fo r ch an ge a nd c on ne ct in g co un tr ie s to kn ow le dg e, e xp er ie nc e an d re so ur ce s to he lp p eo pl e bu ild a b et te r lif e’ H ig h, a s it is co m m itt ed to th e S us ta in ab le D ev el op m en t G oa ls (S D G s) o f w hi ch , S D G s 6, 1 3, 1 4 an d 15 h av e di re ct be ar in gs a nd 7 , an in di re ct b ea rin g on b io di ve rs ity co ns er va tio n. U N D P in S ri La nk a is c ur re nt ly in vo lv ed in tw o pr oj ec ts th at h av e a di re ct be ar in g on th e N B S A P. H ig h H ig h P ro m ot er P os iti ve C lim at e C ha ng e S ec re ta ria t ( C C S ) M is si on is ‘A n en vi ro nm en ta lly c on sc io us na tio n an d a pr os pe ro us S ri La nk a w ith a hi gh le ve l o f r es ili en ce to g lo ba l c lim at e ch an ge ’ M od er at e, in re la tio n to th e im pl em en ta tio n of th e N B S A P, b ut hi gh in r el at io n to th e to pi c of c lim at e ch an ge M od er at e H as s ev er al on go in g pr oj ec ts a nd fu nd in g. P er so nn el ca pa ci ty is li ke ly in ad eq ua te . W ea k P ro m ot er P os iti ve A nn ex 2 . C on td . 20 9 S ta ke ho ld er s V is io n/ m is si on o f t he in st itu te (a s ap pl ic ab le ) In flu en ce In te re st R es ou rc es P os iti on Im pa ct o n bi od iv er si ty lo ss C en tr al E nv iro nm en ta l A ut ho rit y (C E A ) M is si on to b e ‘th e fla gs hi p of th e na tio n, st ee rin g to w ar ds p ro te ct in g an d m an ag in g th e qu al ity o f t he e nv iro nm en t b y pr om ot in g pu bl ic p ar tic ip at io n, e nf or ce m en t, ad va nc ed te ch no lo gi ca l i nt er ve nt io ns a nd en vi ro nm en ta l e du ca tio n M od er at e, a lth ou gh m an da te d w ith ov er se ei ng th e en vi ro nm en t, be ca us e of lo w ca pa ci ty . M od er at e al th ou gh m an da te d to pr ot ec t t he en vi ro nm en t. H as s ev er al on go in g pr oj ec ts a nd fu nd in g. P er so nn el ca pa ci ty is li ke ly in ad eq ua te . W ea k P ro m ot er P os iti ve N at io na l S ci en ce F ou nd at io n (N S F ) M an da te : t o se rv e an d st re ng th en th e sc ie nc e an d te ch no lo gy s ec to rs in S ri La nk a, p er fo rm s its ta sk s in a cc or da nc e w ith th e fu nc tio ns s et o ut in th e en ab lin g S ci en ce a nd T ec hn ol og y D ev el op m en t A ct , N o 11 o f 1 99 4 an d its a ct iv iti es co nf or m to th e N at io na l S ci en ce & Te ch no lo gy P ol ic y. A cc or di ng ly , t he N at io na l S ci en ce F ou nd at io n fa ci lit at es re se ar ch , d ev el op m en t a nd in no va tio n to c re at e a kn ow le dg e ec on om y. I t a ls o fa ci lit at es c ap ac ity b ui ld in g, in fr as tr uc tu re de ve lo pm en t, te ch no lo gy tr an sf er , kn ow le dg e cr ea tio n an d sh ar in g in a ll fie ld s of s ci en ce a nd te ch no lo gy to im pr ov e th e qu al ity o f l ife o f t he p eo pl e. H ig h, m an da te d to st re ng th en s ci en ce an d te ch no lo gy M od er at e P ro vi de s gr an ts fo r re se ar ch . W ea k P ro m ot er P os iti ve B io di ve rs ity S ri La nk a (B D S L) O bj ec tiv es a re : t o ad d ec on om ic v al ue to bi od iv er si ty c on se rv at io n an d in te gr at e it in to th e co re b us in es s of c om pa ni es ; to p ro m ot e na tio na l c oo pe ra tio n an d th e ex ch an ge o f i de as a nd in fo rm at io n; a nd to st re ng th en a nd in cr ea se th e in vo lv em en t of th e pr iv at e se ct or in b io di ve rs ity co ns er va tio n. M od er at e as it w or ks w ith s el ec te d co m pa ni es to in cr ea se s pr iv at e se ct or p ar tic ip at io n in b io di ve rs ity co ns er va tio n H ig h Lo w to m od er at e W ea k P ro m ot er P os iti ve 21 0 S ta ke ho ld er s V is io n/ m is si on o f t he in st itu te (a s ap pl ic ab le ) In flu en ce In te re st R es ou rc es P os iti on Im pa ct o n bi od iv er si ty lo ss B io di ve rs ity E xp er ts C om m itt ee ( B E C ) A g ro up o f e xp er ts a pp oi nt ed b y th e M oM D & E to o bt ai n ad vi ce o n bi od iv er si ty co ns er va tio n M od er at e H ig h Lo w a s do es no t m ee t re gu la rly W ea k P ro m ot er P os iti ve N at io na l S pe ci es C on se rv at io n A dv is or y G ro up (N S C A G ) A pp oi nt ed b y th e M oM D & E to o bt ai n sp ec ie s sp ec ifi c ad vi ce M od er at e H ig h Lo w a s do es no t m ee t re gu la rly W ea k P ro m ot er P os iti ve La nd U se P ol ic y P la nn in g D ep ar tm en t (L U P P D ) M is si on : ‘ pr ep ar at io n of S ci en tifi c La nd U se P la ns a nd P ol ic ie s by r at io na l a llo ca tio n of la nd s am on g co m pe tin g de m an d fo r th e op tim um u til iz at io n of la nd r es ou rc es m ai nt ai ni ng s us ta in ab ili ty a nd e nv iro nm en ta l ba la nc e’ H ig h, a s is m an da te d to m ai nt ai n su st ai na bi lit y an d en vi ro nm en ta l ba la nc e M od er at e H ig h W ea k P ro m ot er C an b e ei th er ne ga tiv e or po si tiv e In st itu te o f P os t H ar ve st Te ch no lo gy o f N A R A ( IP H T of N A R A ) C on du ct s re se ar ch to a sc er ta in a nd im pr ov e po st h ar ve st te ch no lo gy a pp lic ab le to th e aq ua tic r es ou rc es . In di re ct ly h ig h, a s fo cu s is to r ed uc e po st h ar ve st w as te , w hi ch is o ne w ay of r ed uc in g ov er ex pl oi ta tio n of fis he rie s re so ur ce s In di re ct ly h ig h H ig h W ea k P ro m ot er P os iti ve D ep t. of E du ca tio n M is si on ‘t o de ve lo p co m pe te nt c iti ze ns ke ep in g w ith th e gl ob al tr en ds th ro ug h in no va tiv e an d m od er n ap pr oa ch es to ed uc at io n le ad in g to e ffi ci en cy , e qu ity an d hi gh q ua lit y pe rf or m an ce e ns ur in g st ak eh ol de r sa tis fa ct io n’ . H ig h, h as th e po w er to in cl ud e bi od iv er si ty co ns er va tio n rig ht th ro ug h pr im ar y an d se co nd ar y cu rr ic ul a M od er at e M od er at e W ea k P ro m ot er C an b e po si tiv e A nn ex 2 . C on td . 21 1 S ta ke ho ld er s V is io n/ m is si on o f t he in st itu te (a s ap pl ic ab le ) In flu en ce In te re st R es ou rc es P os iti on Im pa ct o n bi od iv er si ty lo ss D ep t. of A ni m al H ea lth a nd P ro du ct io n (D A P H ) M is si on : t o pr ov id e te ch ni ca l g ui da nc e an d su pp or t t o ac hi ev e su st ai na bl e de ve lo pm en t in th e liv es to ck s ec to r by m ai nt ai ni ng a he al th y po pu la tio n an d en ha nc ed pr od uc tiv ity , e ns ur in g fo od s af et y an d co nt rib ut in g to fo od s ec ur ity H ig h, it is r is k as se ss m en t a ge nc y fo r ex ot ic a ni m al s M od er at e M od er at e W ea k P ro m ot er C an b e po si tiv e B an da ra na ya ke M em or ia l A yu rv ed ic R es ea rc h In st itu te (B M A R I) M is si on : ‘ fo cu ss ed a nd w el l-p la nn ed re se ar ch a nd d ev el op m en t i n ev er y as pe ct of A yu rv ed a to e nh an ce a nd im pr ov e th e co nt rib ut io n of A yu rv ed ic m ed ic in e to th e he al th ca re o f m an ki nd ’. M od er at e, c ol le ct s in fo rm at io n th ro ug h et hn o bo ta ni ca l su rv ey s. C ol le ct s ge rm pl as m to im pr ov e ex is tin g liv e he rb ar iu m ; a ls o pr op ag at es a nd cu lti va te s m ed ic in al pl an ts . M od er at e M od er at e W ea k P ro m ot er U su al ly p os iti ve bu t c an b e ne ga tiv e if th er e is ov er ex pl oi ta tio n of c er ta in sp ec ie s. C oa st C on se rv at io n an d C oa st al R es ou rc es M an ag em en t D ep ar tm en t (C C & C R M D ) V is io n is ‘S ri La nk a to a ch ie ve p ro m in en ce as a c ou nt ry w ith th e su st ai na bl e m an ag em en t o f c oa st al r es ou rc es in th e A si an R eg io n’ H ig h, m an da te d to c on se rv e th e co as ta l z on e an d its re so ur ce s. M od er at e in re la tio n to th e co ns er va tio n of bi od iv er si ty in ot he r zo ne s H as s ev er al on go in g pr oj ec ts a nd fu nd in g. P er so nn el ca pa ci ty is li ke ly in ad eq ua te . P ro m ot er / La te nt P os iti ve N at io na l A qu at ic R es ou rc es R es ea rc h an d D ev el op m en t A ge nc y (N A R A ) V is io n is ‘t o be th e pr em ie r in st itu tio n fo r sc ie nt ifi c re se ar ch in c on se rv at io n, m an ag em en t a nd d ev el op m en t o f a qu at ic re so ur ce s in th e re gi on ’. H ig h, m an da te d to c ar ry o ut re se ar ch o n aq ua tic re so ur ce s. M od er at e in re la tio n to th e co ns er va tio n of bi od iv er si ty H as s ev er al on go in g pr oj ec ts a nd fu nd in g. P ro m ot er / La te nt P os iti ve 21 2 S ta ke ho ld er s V is io n/ m is si on o f t he in st itu te (a s ap pl ic ab le ) In flu en ce In te re st R es ou rc es P os iti on Im pa ct o n bi od iv er si ty lo ss M ah aw el i A ut ho rit y of S ri La nk a (M A S L) ‘T he M ah aw el i M as te r P la n in th e D ry Z on e of S ri La nk a ha s ea rm ar ke d 36 5, 00 0 ha o f l an d fo r de ve lo pm en t o f A gr ic ul tu re in 1 3 S ys te m s id en tifi ed u nd er th e M ah aw el i D ev el op m en t P ro gr am m e. It w as in te nd ed to c on st ru ct a s er ie s of re se rv oi rs a nd h yd ro e le ct ric ity p la nt s an d de ve lo p a la rg e ar ea o f l an d w ith ir rig at io n in o rd er to fa ci lit at e th e es ta bl is hm en t of n ew s et tle m en ts a nd d ev el op m en t o f ag ric ul tu re . T he im pl em en ta tio n of th e M ah aw el i D ev el op m en t P ro gr am m e is a m an da te o f t he M ah aw el i A ut ho rit y of S ri La nk a es ta bl is he d in 1 97 9 by a n A ct o f P ar lia m en t. T he M ah aw el i D ev el op m en t A ut ho rit y’ s cu rr en t t as k is to im pl em en t th e en vi sa ge d pr oj ec t p la n in th e ba la nc e ar ea s pr op os ed b y th e M as te r pl an a nd a ls o G az et te d ar ea s. T hi s in cl ud es r eh ab ili ta tin g an d m ai nt en an ce o f t he ir rig at io n ne tw or k, ad m in is tr at io n of th e la nd , e nh an ci ng th e pr od uc tio n of a gr ic ul tu re a nd th e po st se ttl em en t p ro ce ss . F ur th er , M A S L is re sp on si bl e fo r m an ag in g irr ig at io n w at er fo r 10 1, 52 6 ha o f I rr ig ab le la nd in th e dr y zo ne ’. H ig h, a s th ey h av e th e ab ili ty to ta ke ov er la nd fo r th e M ah aw el i M as te r P la n. M od er at e. H ow ev er , i n co m pe ns at in g th e na tu ra l ar ea s cl ea re d by d ev el op m en t, th ro ug h its pr oj ec ts s om e 15 0, 90 0 ha w er e de cl ar ed as n at io na l pa rk s un de r th e M ah aw el i P ro je ct H ig h P ro m ot er / La te nt B ot h po si tiv e an d ne ga tiv e A nn ex 2 . C on td . 21 3 S ta ke ho ld er s V is io n/ m is si on o f t he in st itu te (a s ap pl ic ab le ) In flu en ce In te re st R es ou rc es P os iti on Im pa ct o n bi od iv er si ty lo ss D ep t. of A rc ha eo lo gy (D oA rc h) M is si on : ‘ to fu nc tio n as S ri La nk a’ s ap ex in st itu tio n an d ch ie f r eg ul at or y bo dy fo r th e m an ag em en t o f i ts a rc ha eo lo gi ca l h er ita ge ’. M od er at e, no t m an da te d to c on se rv e bi od iv er si ty , b ut a s ar ea s co ns er ve d fo r ar ch ae ol og y be ne fit bi od iv er si ty M od er at e M od er at e P ro m ot er / La te nt P os iti ve S ch oo lc hi ld re n N ot a pp lic ab le Lo w H ig h, e nt hu si as tic bu t h av e to b e gu id ed p ro pe rly N on e, b ut en th us ia sm D ef en de r B ot h po si tiv e an d ne ga tiv e U ni ve rs iti es N ot a pp lic ab le Lo w , h av e lit tle di re ct in flu en ce o n ac tio ns . H ig h, p ro vi de bi od iv er si ty a nd ot he r ex pe rt s, en ga ge in re se ar ch w ho se re su lts c an s er ve as th e ba si s fo r co ns er va tio n ac tio ns . Li ttl e re so ur ce s in te rm s of fin an ci al in pu ts , b ut hi gh p er so nn el ca pa ci ty . D ef en de r P os iti ve In di vi du al e xp er ts N ot a pp lic ab le Lo w H ig h, d ep en di ng on th ei r fie ld o f ex pe rt is e, c an be v er y hi gh , a s th ey c on tr ib ut e to th e ge ne ra tio n of bo th th eo re tic al an d pr ac tic al kn ow le dg e Lo w D ef en de rs P os iti ve 21 4 S ta ke ho ld er s V is io n/ m is si on o f t he in st itu te (a s ap pl ic ab le ) In flu en ce In te re st R es ou rc es P os iti on Im pa ct o n bi od iv er si ty lo ss In di ge no us pe op le s an d lo ca l co m m un iti es (I P LC s) N ot a pp lic ab le Lo w C an b e hi gh , in di ge no us pe op le s an d lo ca l co m m un iti es c an m ak e si gn ifi ca nt co nt rib ut io ns to b io di ve rs ity co ns er va tio n as th ey a re th e pr im ar y us er s of na tu ra l r es ou rc es Lo w D ef en de r U su al ly p os iti ve N at io na l I ns tit ut e of F un da m en ta l S tu di es ( N IF S ) M is si on ‘t o in iti at e, p ro m ot e an d en ga ge in ad va nc ed r es ea rc h in fu nd am en ta l s tu di es fo r th e en ha nc em en t o f s ci en tifi c kn ow le dg e an d de ve lo pm en t o f h um an r es ou rc es co nt rib ut in g to n at io na l d ev el op m en t.’ Lo w , i s a re se ar ch or ga ni za tio n, n ot a po lic y m ak in g or de ci si on m ak in g on e H ig h M od er at e D ef en de r U su al ly p os iti ve R es ea rc h in st itu te s N ot a pp lic ab le Lo w C an b e hi gh . R ol e is to ge ne ra te kn ow le dg e w hi ch fe ed s in to de ci si on m ak in g G en er al ly lo w D ef en de r U su al ly p os iti ve N or th w es te rn P ro vi nc ia l E nv iro nm en ta l A ut ho rit y (N W P E A ) M is si on : ‘ to p av e th e w ay to c re at e a H ab ita bl e E nv iro nm en t f or th e pe op le o f th e N W P b y m ea ns o f N at ur al R es ou rc es C on se rv at io n an d E nv iro nm en ta l M an ag em en t’. H ig h, w ith in th e pr ov in ce Lo w in r el at io n to th e co ns er va tio n of b io di ve rs ity in ot he r pr ov in ce s Lo w La te nt U su al ly p os iti ve w ith in th e pr ov in ce A nn ex 2 . C on td . 21 5 S ta ke ho ld er s V is io n/ m is si on o f t he in st itu te (a s ap pl ic ab le ) In flu en ce In te re st R es ou rc es P os iti on Im pa ct o n bi od iv er si ty lo ss C iv il so ci et y N ot a pp lic ab le C an b e hi gh , i f al l i nfl ue nc e is ha rn es se d Lo w , m in im al fo r a ve ry la rg e pe rc en ta ge , te nd en cy is to b la m e th e cu st od ia ns o f bi od iv er si ty fo r its lo ss W ill v ar y La te nt B ot h po si tiv e an d ne ga tiv e M ed ia p er so nn el N ot a pp lic ab le H ig h Lo w fo r m os t. M in im al e xc ep t fo r sc ie nc e co rr es po nd en ts , te nd en cy is to h av e lit tle kn ow le dg e. P ow er fu l re so ur ce a t ha nd . La te nt B ot h po si tiv e an d ne ga tiv e R oa d D ev el op m en t A ut ho rit y (R D A ) M is si on : ‘ to p ro vi de a n ad eq ua te a nd ef fic ie nt n et w or k of n at io na l h ig hw ay s, to e ns ur e m ob ili ty a nd a cc es si bi lit y at a n ac ce pt ab le le ve l o f s af et y an d co m fo rt , i n an e nv iro nm en t f rie nd ly m an ne r fo r th e m ov em en t o f p eo pl e an d go od s fo r th e so ci o ec on om ic d ev el op m en t o f t he n at io n’ . V er y hi gh , m an da te d to c ut th ro ug h ha bi ta ts an d m ak e ro ad s. Lo w a lth ou gh m an da te d to b e en vi ro nm en ta lly fr ie nd ly , s ev er al re ce nt p ro je ct s ha ve ig no re d en vi ro nm en ta l co nc er ns . H ig h La te nt S o fa r ne ga tiv e 21 6 S ta ke ho ld er s V is io n/ m is si on o f t he in st itu te (a s ap pl ic ab le ) In flu en ce In te re st R es ou rc es P os iti on Im pa ct o n bi od iv er si ty lo ss S ri La nk a To ur is m D ev el op m en t A ut ho rit y (S LT D A ) M is si on is ‘t o in sp ire , b ui ld a nd d el iv er ‘S ri La nk a To ur is m ’ t o be a k ey d riv er o f S ri La nk a’ s ec on om ic g ro w th . O ur g oa l i s to de lig ht o ur c us to m er s w ith p as si on a nd ex ce lle nc e, th us e nr ic hi ng in co m es o f o ur st ak eh ol de rs a nd b en efi tin g ou r co m m un ity .’ V er y hi gh , t he re w er e 1 ,5 27 ,1 53 fo re ig n to ur is ts in 20 14 ; o f t he se , 45 4, 05 3 vi si te d na tio na l p ar ks . R ev en ue e ar ni ng s w er e 83 1. 5 m ill io n ru pe es ( S LT D A , 20 14 ). V er y lo w , t he re is n o m en tio n of th e en vi ro nm en t in th ei r m is si on . S om e la rg e ho te ls a re co nc er ne d ab ou t bi od iv er si ty lo ss . M an y of th e la rg e ho te l co m pa ni es ha ve la rg e fin an ci al re so ur ce s. La te nt S om e po si tiv e, la rg el y ne ga tiv e In di vi du al h ot el s N ot a pp lic ab le S ee a bo ve M ix ed . T he re is a m ov e no w in th e la rg er h ot el ch ai ns to e ng ag e in s us ta in ab le pr ac tic es a nd en vi ro nm en ta l m an ag em en t bu t t hi s is la rg el y la ck in g in m id le ve l a nd g ue st ho us e le ve l ac co m m od at io n S ee a bo ve La te nt S om e po si tiv e, la rg el y ne ga tiv e To ur o pe ra to rs N ot a pp lic ab le C an b e hi gh , a s th ey c an in flu en ce th e se le ct io n of ho te ls o r si te s de pe nd in g on a ‘g re en ’ r at in g Lo w Lo w La te nt La rg el y ne ga tiv e — c an b e he av y as m uc h of S ri La nk a’ s to ur is m in vo lv es n at ur al ha bi ta t A nn ex 2 . C on td . 21 7 S ta ke ho ld er s V is io n/ m is si on o f t he in st itu te (a s ap pl ic ab le ) In flu en ce In te re st R es ou rc es P os iti on Im pa ct o n bi od iv er si ty lo ss To ur g ui de s N ot a pp lic ab le C an in flu en ce to ur is ts th ey ar e gu id in g to su st ai na bl e pr ac tic es Lo w Lo w La te nt La rg el y ne ga tiv e, a s ab ov e P riv at e S ec to r N ot a pp lic ab le V er y hi gh . I m pa ct th ro ug h pr oj ec ts ca n be w id e ra ng in g an d in vo lv e m an y pe op le Lo w . I nv ol ve m en t is th ro ug h C S R pr og ra m m es . H ow ev er , m uc h of ‘e nv iro nm en t’ re la te d w or k is on e of f e ffo rt s, so m et im es , m er e ‘g re en w as hi ng ’, bu t n ow th er e is a n ee d fo r tr ip le P ( pe op le , pl an et a nd p ro fit s — s us ta in ab ili ty re po rt in g) La rg e fin an ci al re so ur ce s, a re so ur ce n ot su ffi ci en tly ta pp ed in to La te nt La rg el y ne ga tiv e M in is tr y of F in an ce ( M oF ) M is si on : ‘ de si gn , p ro po se , e xe cu te a nd ev al ua te , w ith e ffi ci en cy a nd tr an sp ar en cy , ec on om ic a nd fi sc al p ol ic ie s of th e co un tr y to w ar d pr om ot in g in ve st m en t a nd e co no m ic de ve lo pm en t t o en su re q ua lit y liv in g fo r th e pe op le .’ H ig h, c on tr ol th e m on ey a llo ca te d to b io di ve rs ity co ns er va tio n N ot h ig h en ou gh , fo r ex am pl e, va lu at io n of bi od iv er si ty h as no t y et b ee n m ai ns tr ea m ed in to n at io na l ac co un tin g H ig h La te nt M os tly n eg at iv e 21 8 S ta ke ho ld er s V is io n/ m is si on o f t he in st itu te (a s ap pl ic ab le ) In flu en ce In te re st R es ou rc es P os iti on Im pa ct o n bi od iv er si ty lo ss M in is tr y of H ea lth (M oH ) V is io n: ‘a h ea lth ie r na tio n th at c on tr ib ut es to it s ec on om ic , s oc ia l, m en ta l a nd s pi rit ua l de ve lo pm en t’ H ig h, a s so m e po lic ie s su ch a s so m e de ng ue pr ev en tio n m et ho ds da m ag e bi od iv er si ty Lo w H ig h La te nt C an b e ne ga tiv e B oa rd o f In ve st m en t ( B oI ) M is si on ‘c on tr ib ut e br oa dl y to th e na tio na l ec on om y by a ttr ac tin g su st ai na bl e in ve st m en ts w hi ch w ou ld e na bl e th e op tim um u til iz at io n of h um an r es ou rc e ta le nt s, th ro ug h vi go ro us p ro m ot io n an d ex ce lle nt in ve st or fa ci lit at io n w hi ls t pr es er vi ng h ar m on y w ith th e na tu ra l en vi ro nm en t’. V er y hi gh , m an da te d to pr es er ve h ar m on y w ith th e na tu ra l en vi ro nm en t. Lo w H ig h La te nt N eg at iv e M in is tr y of In di ge no us M ed ic in e V is io n: b ui ld in g up a h ea lth y an d pr os pe ro us n at io n w hi ch c an c on tr ib ut e to th e de ve lo pm en t o f t he c ou nt ry , t hr ou gh in di ge no us m ed ic al s ys te m s H ig h Lo w H ig h La te nt P os iti ve M in is tr y of F is he rie s an d A qu at ic R es ou rc es D ev el op m en t (M oF A R D ) M is si on : ‘ m an ag in g th e ut ili za tio n of F is he rie s an d A qu at ic R es ou rc es fo r th e be ne fit o f t he p re se nt a nd fu tu re ge ne ra tio ns .’ H ig h Lo w H ig h La te nt N eg at iv e A nn ex 2 . C on td . 21 9 S ta ke ho ld er s V is io n/ m is si on o f t he in st itu te (a s ap pl ic ab le ) In flu en ce In te re st R es ou rc es P os iti on Im pa ct o n bi od iv er si ty lo ss D ep t. of A gr ar ia n D ev el op m en t (D A D ) M is si on is th e ‘fo rm ul at io n an d tim el y im pl em en ta tio n of in st itu tio na l, fa ci lit at or , le ga l a nd m an ag em en t s er vi ce s fo r op tim um pr od uc tiv ity o f a ll ag ric ul tu re la nd s as w el l as s us ta in ab le d ev el op m en t o f f ar m in g co m m un ity o f S ri La nk a’ . H ig h, a s th er e is th e ab ili ty to in flu en ce fa rm er s to ch an ge a gr ic ul tu ra l pr ac tic es to a m or e su st ai na bl e ap pr oa ch , b ut fo cu s ca n be o n pr od uc tiv ity a t th e co st o f t he en vi ro nm en t. Lo w H ig h La te nt La rg el y ne ga tiv e D ep t. of F is he rie s an d A qu at ic R es ou rc es (D FA R ) M is si on : ‘ m an ag em en t o f fi sh er ie s an d aq ua tic r es ou rc es b y ad op tin g ne w te ch no lo gi es in c om pl ia nc e w ith th e na tio na l an d in te rn at io na l l aw s an d tr ea tie s fo r th e pr od uc tiv e co nt rib ut io n to th e S ri La nk an ec on om y th ro ug h su st ai na bl e de ve lo pm en t of th e fis hi ng in du st ry ’. H ig h Lo w H ig h La te nt N eg at iv e D ep t. of L eg al D ra ug ht sm an T he m ai n fu nc tio n of th e Le ga l D ra fts m an ’s D ep ar tm en t i s th e dr af tin g of p rin ci pa l le gi sl at io n as w el l a s am en dm en ts o f ex is tin g le gi sl at io n an d dr af tin g an d re vi si on of s ub si di ar y le gi sl at io n in o rd er to fa ci lit at e th e su cc es sf ul im pl em en ta tio n of th e G ov er nm en t. M ix ed , a s al l r eq ui re d am en dm en ts a nd ne w le gi sl at io n w ill h av e to b e ca rr ie d ou t b y th is de pa rt m en t, bu t i t al so d ra fts o th er le gi sl at io n w hi ch ca n be in co m pa tib le w ith b io di ve rs ity co ns er va tio n Lo w M od er at e La te nt B ot h p os iti ve an d ne ga tiv e 22 0 S ta ke ho ld er s V is io n/ m is si on o f t he in st itu te (a s ap pl ic ab le ) In flu en ce In te re st R es ou rc es P os iti on Im pa ct o n bi od iv er si ty lo ss D ep ar tm en t o f A gr ic ul tu re ( D oA ) M is si on : ‘ fo rm ul at io n an d tim el y im pl em en ta tio n of in st itu tio na l, fa ci lit at or , le ga l a nd m an ag em en t s er vi ce s fo r op tim um pr od uc tiv ity o f a ll ag ric ul tu re la nd s as w el l as s us ta in ab le d ev el op m en t o f f ar m in g co m m un ity o f S ri La nk a. ’ V er y hi gh a s th er e is o ne th ird o f th e la nd u nd er cu lti va tio n (S ur ve y D ep t. 20 07 ). Lo w , a lth ou gh th e w or d su st ai na bl e is u se d, th er e ar e pe rv er se su bs id ie s in fo r pe st ic id es a nd fe rt ili ze rs . H as s ev er al on go in g pr oj ec ts a nd fu nd in g. La te nt M os tly n eg at iv e al th ou gh th e P G R C a nd N P Q S a re in st itu te s of th e D oA . D ep ar tm en t of A yu rv ed a (D oA yu r) M is si on : ‘ fo rm ul at io n of p ol ic ie s re qu ire d fo r th e co ns er va tio n of th e pe op le ’s h ea lth an d m ai nt ai ni ng g oo d he al th c on di tio ns th ro ug h th e ex te ns io n of A yu rv ed a sy st em is la nd w id e, m ai nt ai n se rv ic es fo r pr ev en tio n of d is ea se s, h ea lth c ar e re ha bi lit at io n an d de ve lo pm en t o n an e xe m pl ar y le ve l, id en tif y an d im pl em en t s tr at eg ie s ne ce ss ar y fo r th e pr op ag at io n of A yu rv ed ic M ed ic al S ys te m gl ob al ly ’. M od er at e. C er ta in sp ec ie s ca n be ov er ex pl oi te d an d co lle ct io n m et ho ds m ay b e da m ag in g. M od er at e P er so nn el ca pa ci ty a nd re so ur ce s in ad eq ua te La te nt P os iti ve S ri La nk a P ol ic e D ep ar tm en t (S LP D ) M is si on : ‘ S ri La nk a P ol ic e is c om m itt ed a nd co nfi de nt to u ph ol d an d en fo rc e th e la w o f th e la nd , t o pr es er ve p ub lic o rd er , p re ve nt cr im e an d te rr or is m w ith p re ju di ce to n on e – eq ui ty to a ll’ . H ig h Lo w . N o di re ct in vo lv em en t, ex ce pt th ro ug h th e E nv iro nm en t po lic e La te nt N eu tr al N G O s re la te d to c om m un ity an d ec on om ic de ve lo pm en t N ot a pp lic ab le H ig h M os tly lo w , lit tle d ire ct in vo lv em en t al th ou gh th ey w or k at n at io na l, pr ov in ci al a nd lo ca l l ev el s Va rie s La te nt B ot h po si tiv e an d ne ga tiv e A nn ex 2 . C on td . 22 1 S ta ke ho ld er s V is io n/ m is si on o f t he in st itu te (a s ap pl ic ab le ) In flu en ce In te re st R es ou rc es P os iti on Im pa ct o n bi od iv er si ty lo ss N G O s re la te d to p ol ic y an d ad vo ca cy N ot a pp lic ab le H ig h M os tly lo w , lit tle d ire ct in vo lv em en t al th ou gh th ey w or k at n at io na l le ve l Va rie s La te nt B ot h po si tiv e an d ne ga tiv e C ey lo n E le ct ric ity B oa rd ( C E B ) To d ev el op a nd m ai nt ai n an e ffi ci en t, co or di na te d an d ec on om ic al s ys te m of e le ct ric ity s up pl y to th e w ho le o f S ri La nk a, w hi le a dh er in g to o ur c or e va lu es : qu al ity ; s er vi ce to th e na tio n; e ffi ci en cy an d ef fe ct iv en es s; c om m itm en t; sa fe ty ; pr of es si on al is m ; a nd s us ta in ab ili ty H ig h as w ith th e im pa ct s of c lim at e ch an ge , t he re is m or e de pe nd en ce on c oa l p ow er . A ls o la rg e ar ea s of n at ur al h ab ita ts ar e cl ea re d fo r es ta bl is hm en t o f po w er s ta tio ns . Lo w a lth ou gh th e en vi ro nm en ta l po lic y is to ‘a ct iv el y pu rs ue a po lic y of in co rp or at in g an d in te gr at in g en vi ro nm en ta l co ns id er at io ns in to . . . a ct iv iti es ’. H ig h La te nt La rg el y ne ga tiv e C oa st G ua rd ( C G ) M is si on is to ‘e ns ur e th e se cu rit y, s af et y an d se re ni ty o f t he m ar iti m e en vi ro nm en t w hi ls t en fo rc in g th e la w a t s ea . T he C oa st G ua rd is fu rt he r co m m itt ed to w ar ds th e su st ai na bl e m an ag em en t a nd d ev el op m en t o f m ar in e re so ur ce s’ H ig h M od er at e H ig h La te nt C an b e po si tiv e or n eg at iv e D is as te r M an ag em en t C en tr e (D M C ) M is si on : ‘ to c re at e a cu ltu re o f s af et y am on g co m m un iti es a nd th e na tio n at la rg e th ro ug h sy st em at ic m an ag em en t o f n at ur al , te ch no lo gi ca l a nd m an m ad e di sa st er r is ks ’. H ig h Lo w H ig h La te nt P os iti ve 22 2 S ta ke ho ld er s V is io n/ m is si on o f t he in st itu te (a s ap pl ic ab le ) In flu en ce In te re st R es ou rc es P os iti on Im pa ct o n bi od iv er si ty lo ss G eo lo gi ca l S ur ve y an d M in er al s B oa rd ( G S M B ) M is si on : ‘ to p ro vi de g eo sc ie nt ifi c in fo rm at io n, a dv ic e an d se rv ic es to th e po lic y m ak er s an d th e co m m un ity a nd to pr om ot e an d m an ag e th e m in er al r es ou rc es of th e co un tr y fo r ec on om ic d ev el op m en t w hi le e ns ur in g en vi ro nm en ta l s us ta in ab ili ty . It re gu la te s ex pl or at io n, e xt ra ct io n, v al ue ad di tio n, tr an sp or ta tio n an d tr ad in g of m in er al s. ’ H ig h, a s th er e is a po ss ib ili ty to m ak e ex tr ac tiv e pr ac tic es su st ai na bl e Lo w H ig h La te nt N eg at iv e Ir rig at io n D ep ar tm en t ( ID ) V is io n: ‘t o en ha nc e th e de ve lo pm en t a nd m an ag em en t o f l an d an d w at er r es ou rc es to w ar ds th e so ci o ec on om ic d ev el op m en t of S ri La nk a. Ir rig at io n D ep ar tm en t w ill p la n ou t, de si gn , c on tr ol a nd m an ag e la nd a nd w at er r es ou rc es to d er iv e op tim um b en efi ts fo r Ir rig at ed a gr ic ul tu re , h yd ro p ow er a nd flo od c on tr ol b y ha rm on iz in g th e m od er n te ch no lo gi es a nd h um an r es ou rc es .’ H ig h as a lm os t 9 0% of th e co un tr y’ s w at er r es ou rc es ar e ap pl ie d in th e irr ig at io n se ct or . Lo w . S om et im es th is s up pl y is pr ov id ed a t th e co st o f t he en vi ro nm en t. H ig h La te nt La rg el y ne ga tiv e In st itu te o f P ol ic y S tu di es ( IP S ) M is si on ‘t o co nt rib ut e to th e ec on om ic de ve lo pm en t o f a d em oc ra tic S ri La nk a an d en ha nc e th e qu al ity o f l ife o f i ts p eo pl e by in fo rm in g po lic y m ak er s an d co nt rib ut in g to th e pu bl ic d eb at e th ro ug h tim el y, in de pe nd en t, an d hi gh q ua lit y re se ar ch ba se d an al ys is o f m ed iu m a nd lo ng t er m na tio na l p ol ic y is su es .’ H ig h as c an s up po rt th e de ve lo pm en t of p ol ic ie s re co m m en de d in th e ac tio ns . Lo w , n o m en tio n of th e en vi ro nm en t i n th ei r m an da te . H ig h La te nt P os iti ve A nn ex 2 . C on td . 22 3 S ta ke ho ld er s V is io n/ m is si on o f t he in st itu te (a s ap pl ic ab le ) In flu en ce In te re st R es ou rc es P os iti on Im pa ct o n bi od iv er si ty lo ss P ro vi nc ia l c ou nc ils (P C ) T he P ro vi nc ia l C ou nc il lis t, w hi ch in cl ud es en vi ro nm en ta l p ro te ct io n, c om pr is es fu lly de vo lv ed s ub je ct s. P C s ca n pa ss s ta tu te s on th es e su bj ec ts w ith ou t a ny fu rt he r re qu ire m en ts . V er y hi gh w ith in th e pr ov in ce . U su al ly v er y lo w . Lo w , de pe nd en t o n th e C en tr al G ov er nm en t fo r fin an ce s La te nt U su al ly n eg at iv e Lo ca l a ut ho rit ie s R un b y el ec te d no t a pp oi nt ed o ffi ci al s. E nv iro nm en t i s a de vo lv ed s ub je ct H ig h, a s th e el ec te d lo ca l a ut ho rit y ca n ha ve e ith er a po si tiv e or n eg at iv e im pa ct . In va ria bl y lo w U su al ly lim ite d, a s fin an ci al co nt ro l i s w ith th e ce nt ra l go ve rn m en t. La te nt C an b e ei th er po si tiv e or ne ga tiv e D ep t. of M et eo ro lo gy (D oM ) M is si on : ‘ to p ro vi de s er vi ce s pe rt ai ni ng to M et eo ro lo gy , A er on au tic al M et eo ro lo gy , O ce an M et eo ro lo gy , H yd ro M et eo ro lo gy , A gr ic ul tu ra l M et eo ro lo gy , C lim at ol og y an d A st ro no m y to g ov er nm en t a ge nc ie s, p riv at e se ct or a nd th e ge ne ra l p ub lic in k ee pi ng w ith n at io na l i nt er es t a nd in te rn at io na l st an da rd s’ H ig h, th ei r fo re ca st s fe ed k no w le dg e ab ou t d am ag e to bi od iv er si ty fr om ex tr em e w ea th er ev en ts Lo w M od er at e La te nt C an b e ei th er po si tiv e or ne ga tiv e N at io na l A qu ac ul tu re D ev el op m en t A ut ho rit y (N A Q D A ) M is si on : ‘ to c on tr ib ut e to th e im pr ov em en t of th e so ci o ec on om ic c on di tio ns o f r ur al so ci et ie s th ro ug h al le vi at io n of p ov er ty by in cr ea si ng fr es hw at er a nd b ra ck is h w at er fi sh p ro du ct io n an d in tr od uc in g ne w te ch no lo gi es fo r ut ili za tio n of a qu at ic re so ur ce s fo r sm al l, m ed iu m a nd la rg e sc al e en te rp ris e de ve lo pm en t.’ H ig h, a s th ei r po lic ie s (s uc h as pr om ot in g th e aq ua cu ltu re o f so m e in va si ve al ie n sp ec ie s) c an be d am ag in g to bi od iv er si ty . Lo w , t he m is si on do es n ot in cl ud e an y m en tio n of s us ta in ab le pr ac tic es M od er at e La te nt La rg el y ne ga tiv e 22 4 S ta ke ho ld er s V is io n/ m is si on o f t he in st itu te (a s ap pl ic ab le ) In flu en ce In te re st R es ou rc es P os iti on Im pa ct o n bi od iv er si ty lo ss N at io na l G em & J ew el le ry A ut ho rit y (N G & JA ) M is si on : ‘ to e ffe ct iv el y ut ili ze le ar ni ng , re so ur ce s an d “s ta te o f t he a rt te ch no lo gy ” to ge th er w ith th e tr ad iti on al ly in he rit ed ex ce lle nt c ra fts m an sh ip fa ci lit at in g op tim al v al ue a dd iti on th ro ug h re gu la tio n, de ve lo pm en t a nd p ro m ot io n of S ri La nk an G em st on e an d Je w el le ry in du st ry ac co m pl is hi ng u nm at ch ed s ta ke ho ld er de lig ht , d el iv er in g a co ns pi cu ou s re tu rn to th e na tio n’ . H ig h, p ro ce ss of g em m in in g se ve re ly d eg ra de s ec os ys te m s Lo w , n o re fe re nc e to s us ta in ab ili ty in th e m an da te H ig h La te nt N eg at iv e N at io na l I ns tit ut e of E du ca tio n (N IE ) M is si on : ‘ to p ro vi de s ta te o f t he a rt ed uc at io n to s tu de nt s in th e sc ho ol s ys te m of S ri La nk a by w ay o f i nn ov at iv e cu rr ic ul um an d co m pe te nt te ac he rs w ho a re e du ca te d an d tr ai ne d ap pr op ria te ly th ro ug h re se ar ch an d m od er n te ch no lo gi es fo r th e pu rp os e of en ric hi ng th e sy st em s of le ar ni ng in s ch oo ls to e na bl e th e st ud en ts r ea liz e th ei r go al s of ed uc at io n fo r lif e’ . H ig h, a bi lit y to in cl ud e in th e cu rr ic ul um di ffe re nt a sp ec ts of b io di ve rs ity co ns er va tio n an d in cu lc at e a s en se of r es po ns ib ili ty in fu tu re g en er at io ns Lo w , t ec hn ic al ly so un d in pu ts in to th e cu rr ic ul um on th e su bj ec t of b io di ve rs ity co ns er va tio n is la ck in g, a lth ou gh it is in cl ud ed in th e sy lla bu s at va rio us le ve ls . H ig h La te nt La rg el y ne ut ra l U ni ve rs ity G ra nt s C om m is si on (U G C ) M is si on : ’ to g ui de , e st ab lis h an d de ve lo p th ro ug h go od g ov er na nc e an d m an ag em en t a su st ai na bl e, w id el y ac cl ai m ed a nd ac ce ss ib le h ig he r ed uc at io n sy st em de di ca te d to q ua lit y te ac hi ng le ar ni ng , h ig h im pa ct r es ea rc h, in no va tiv e en te rp ris e, co ns tr uc tiv e co m m un ity e ng ag em en t, pe ac e an d ha rm on y an d st ra te gi c in te rn at io na l c oo pe ra tio n in li ne w ith n at io na l de ve lo pm en t’. H ig h, a s it pr ov id es gr an ts , s om e of w hi ch c on tr ib ut es to b io di ve rs ity co ns er va tio n Lo w Lo w La te nt La rg el y ne ut ra l A nn ex 2 . C on td . 22 5 S ta ke ho ld er s V is io n/ m is si on o f t he in st itu te (a s ap pl ic ab le ) In flu en ce In te re st R es ou rc es P os iti on Im pa ct o n bi od iv er si ty lo ss N at io na l W at er S up pl y & D ra in ag e B oa rd (N W S D B ) M is si on is ‘t o se rv e th e na tio n by p ro vi di ng su st ai na bl e w at er a nd s an ita tio n so lu tio ns en su rin g to ta l w at er s at is fa ct io n’ H ig h, m an da te d to pr ov id e su st ai na bl e so lu tio ns . Lo w , n o m en tio n of p ol lu tio n in th e N W S D B la w a nd am en dm en t H ig h La te nt C an b e n eg at iv e D ep ar tm en t o f N at io na l P la nn in g (D N P ) M is si on is to ‘s tim ul at e so ci o ec on om ic de ve lo pm en t b y gu id in g th e pu bl ic s ec to r fo r ap pr op ria te p ol ic ie s, p ro gr am m es a nd st ra te gi es a nd p ro vi de e na bl in g en vi ro nm en t fo r th e pr iv at e se ct or in co rp or at in g ad eq ua te sa fe gu ar d to e ns ur e eq ui ty a nd im pr ov e liv in g st an da rd s’ . H ig h, d ev el op s po lic ie s in r el at io n to m on ey a llo ca te d to b io di ve rs ity co ns er va tio n N ot h ig h en ou gh , fo r ex am pl e, th er e is n o po lic y re qu iri ng va lu at io n of bi od iv er si ty H ig h La te nt M os tly n eg at iv e N at io na l P la nt Q ua ra nt in e S er vi ce ( N P Q S ) of D oA V is io n: to ‘f ac ili ta te th e in te rn at io na l m ov em en t o f h ea lth y pl an ts a nd p la nt pr od uc ts fo r th e de ve lo pm en t o f n at io na l ag ric ul tu re a nd r el at ed in du st rie s. ’ H ig h, c on tr ol s th e m ov em en t o f p la nt s in to th e co un tr y an d ca n pr ev en t t he en tr y of in va si ve al ie n sp ec ie s Lo w , c ap ac ity an d kn ow le dg e re la te d to in va si ve sp ec ie s ne ed s im pr ov em en t f or be tte r vi gi la nc e H ig h La te nt C an b e po si tiv e or n eg at iv e P os tg ra du at e In st itu te o f A gr ic ul tu re ( P G IA ) M is si on ‘t o be a n at io na l a nd r eg io na l c en tr e fo r po st gr ad ua te e du ca tio n, r es ea rc h an d ou tr ea ch b y pr ov id in g a th eo re tic al ly s ou nd an d pr ac tic al ly o rie nt ed tr ai ni ng to p ro du ce co m pe te nt , i nn ov at iv e an d de di ca te d pe rs on s to fo st er n at io na l d ev el op m en t o f ag ric ul tu re a nd a lli ed fi el ds ’. H ig h, o ne th ird o f th e la nd a re a of S ri La nk a is c ul tiv at ed . T he P G IA p ro du ce s re se ar ch a nd tr ai ni ng fo r th e pe rs on s w ho , i n tu rn , i nfl ue nc e fa rm er s. Lo w , t he m an da te do es n ot m en tio n su st ai na bi lit y. H ig h La te nt N eu tr al , c an b e po si tiv e as it of fe rs tr ai ni ng co ur se s on na tu ra l r es ou rc e m an ag em en t an d en vi ro nm en ta l ec on om ic s 22 6 S ta ke ho ld er s V is io n/ m is si on o f t he in st itu te (a s ap pl ic ab le ) In flu en ce In te re st R es ou rc es P os iti on Im pa ct o n bi od iv er si ty lo ss In st itu te o f P os t H ar ve st Te ch no lo gy (I P H T ) M is si on : ‘ to e nh an ce c om pe tit iv en es s of th e ag rib us in es s se ct or th ro ug h de ve lo pm en t, di ss em in at io n an d co m m er ci al iz at io n of im pr ov ed a nd a pp ro pr ia te p os t ha rv es t te ch no lo gi es a m on g th e re le va nt a nd in te re st p ar tie s. ’ In di re ct ly h ig h, a s fo cu s is to r ed uc e po st h ar ve st w as te , w hi ch is o ne w ay o f re du ci ng o ve r us e of a gr oc he m ic al s an d re du ce h ab ita t de st ru ct io n Lo w H ig h La te nt C an b e po si tiv e R el ig io us in st itu tio ns N ot a pp lic ab le H ig h, th es e in st itu tio ns w ie ld a lo t o f i nfl ue nc e am on g th ei r fo llo w er s Lo w , t he re is a ge ne ra l l ac k of aw ar en es s ab ou t th e sc al e of th e is su es r el at ed to bi od iv er si ty lo ss Lo w La te nt C an b e po si tiv e or n eg at iv e — bu t a ll re lig io us in st itu tio ns sh ou ld p ro m ot e en vi ro nm en ta l co ns er va tio n D ep t. of E xp or t A gr ic ul tu re (D oE A ) M is si on : ‘ P la nn in g an d Im pl em en ta tio n of an a pp ro pr ia te R es ea rc h an d D ev el op m en t P ro gr am m e w ith th e pr im e ob je ct iv e of ea rn in g m or e fo re ig n ex ch an ge th ro ug h en ha nc em en t o f q ua lit y an d qu an tit y of E xp or t A gr ic ul tu ra l C ro p P ro du ct io n fo r su st ai na bl e de ve lo pm en t o f e co no m ic a nd so ci al s ta nd ar ds o f a ll th e st ak eh ol de rs of th e E xp or t A gr ic ul tu ra l C ro p (E A C ) se ct or w hi le e ns ur in g th e sa fe gu ar ds to en vi ro nm en t’ H ig h, a s m an da te d to s af eg ua rd th e en vi ro nm en t, an d w ill b e im po rt an t f or th e es ta bl is hm en t of c on se rv at io n of ge rm pl as m o f c ro ps an d liv es to ck Lo w M od er at e La te nt C an b e po si tiv e or n eg at iv e A nn ex 2 . C on td . 22 7 S ta ke ho ld er s V is io n/ m is si on o f t he in st itu te (a s ap pl ic ab le ) In flu en ce In te re st R es ou rc es P os iti on Im pa ct o n bi od iv er si ty lo ss R ic e R es ea rc h an d D ev el op m en t In st itu te ( R R D I) M is si on : ‘ to b e th e na tio na l c en tr e fo r th e de ve lo pm en t a nd p rim ar y di ss em in at io n of te ch no lo gi es to im pr ov e th e pr od uc tiv ity an d pr ofi ta bi lit y of r ic e fa rm in g an d qu al ity of r ic e’ . H ig h, a s ab ou t 50 % o f t he to ta l la nd c ul tiv at ed — is u nd er p ad dy cu lti va tio n. Lo w , a s th er e is n o m en tio n of s us ta in ab le pr ac tic es in th ei r m is si on Lo w La te nt La rg el y ne ga tiv e C oc on ut R es ea rc h In st itu te (C R I) M is si on : t o ‘g en er at e kn ow le dg e an d te ch no lo gy th ro ug h ex ce lle nc e in r es ea rc h to w ar ds in cr ea si ng p ro du ct iv ity a nd pr ofi ta bi lit y of c oc on ut ’. H ig h, a s 6% o f t he la nd a re a is u nd er co co nu t c ul tiv at io n Lo w H ig h La te nt N eg at iv e Te a R es ea rc h In st itu te ( T R I) M is si on : ‘ to g en er at e an d tr an sf er s ci en tifi c kn ow le dg e an d te ch no lo gi es a pp ro pr ia te fo r th e st ak eh ol de rs to im pr ov e pr od uc tiv ity a nd qu al ity o f S ri La nk an te a in a m os t p ro fit ab le m an ne r. H ig h, a s th ei r re se ar ch co nt rib ut es to th e pr od uc tio n of te a w hi ch e xt en ds ov er ~ 3 .4 % o f th e la nd a re a, an d te a ex po rt s ar e th e se co nd hi gh es t f or ei gn ex ch an ge e ar ne r, bu t h as im pa ct on d ow ns tr ea m ha bi ta ts a nd ec os ys te m s as w el l. S om e la rg e te a gr ow in g co m pa ni es a re n ow tu rn in g to m or e en vi ro nm en ta lly fr ie nd ly p ra ct ic es Lo w M od er at e La te nt La rg el y ne ga tiv e 22 8 S ta ke ho ld er s V is io n/ m is si on o f t he in st itu te (a s ap pl ic ab le ) In flu en ce In te re st R es ou rc es P os iti on Im pa ct o n bi od iv er si ty lo ss N at io na l P hy si ca l P la nn in g D ep ar tm en t (N P P D ) M is si on : ‘ to fo rm ul at e na tio na l p hy si ca l po lic ie s, p la ns a nd s tr at eg ie s an d to en su re a nd m on ito r th e im pl em en ta tio n of su ch n at io na l p ol ic ie s an d pl an s th ro ug h re gi on al a nd lo ca l p la ns w ith th e ob je ct iv e of p ro m ot in g an d re gu la tin g in te gr at ed pl an ni ng o f e co no m ic , s oc ia l, ph ys ic al a nd en vi ro nm en ta l a sp ec ts o f l an d an d te rr ito ria l w at er s of S ri La nk a’ . H ig h Lo w M od er at e La te nt C an b e po si tiv e or n eg at iv e N at io na l B ui ld in g R es ea rc h O rg an iz at io n (N B R O ) M is si on : ‘ to p ro m ot e an d su st ai n re se ar ch an d de ve lo pm en t a nd p ro vi de te ch ni ca l se rv ic es fo r di sa st er r is k re du ct io n an d sa fe r bu ilt e nv iro nm en t’. H ig h, a s th ei r in pu ts ca n re du ce d am ag e fr om n at ur al ha za rd s to b ui ld in fr as tr uc tu re , w hi ch in tu rn c an d am ag e na tu ra l h ab ita ts Lo w M od er at e La te nt C an b e po si tiv e or n eg at iv e In du st ria l D ev el op m en t B oa rd ( ID B ) M is si on : ‘ to p ro vi de th e st ra te gi c, te ch no lo gi ca l a nd c om m er ci al fo un da tio n ne ed ed to e nc ou ra ge , p ro m ot e an d de ve lo p al l i nd us tr ie s al l o ve r S ri La nk a. H ig h, h as th e ab ili ty to in flu en ce su st ai na bl e us e of na tu ra l r es ou rc es an d su st ai na bl e pr ac tic es Lo w — n o m en tio n of su st ai na bi lit y in its m is si on M od er at e La te nt U su al ly n eg at iv e bu t c an b e po si tiv e if su st ai na bi lit y is pr io rit is ed . A nn ex 2 . C on td . 22 9 S ta ke ho ld er s V is io n/ m is si on o f t he in st itu te (a s ap pl ic ab le ) In flu en ce In te re st R es ou rc es P os iti on Im pa ct o n bi od iv er si ty lo ss S ri La nk a P or ts A ut ho rit y (S LP A ) V is io n: ‘e nv is io ni ng th e fu tu re o f S ri La nk an P or ts , S ri La nk a P or ts A ut ho rit y is s hi fti ng it s or ig in al th ou gh t o f co nt ai ne r hu b to g lo ba l l og is tic h ub , e xp ec tin g th e bo om in in te rn at io na l t ra de th at o pe ns u p a ra ng e of o pp or tu ni tie s an d ch al le ng es . T he P or ts A ut ho rit y ex pe ct s to s tr en gt he n co m pl ex lo gi st ic a pp ro ac he s w ith ‘o ne to uc h’ in fo rm at io n flo w o f a ll ac tiv iti es w hi le su st ai ni ng th e be st p ra ct ic es a t n at io na l an d in te rn at io na l l ev el s in o rd er to im pr ov e ov er al l e co no m ic c on di tio ns in S ri La nk a’ . H ig h, a s co as ta l ar ea s ar e de ve lo pe d fo r po rt s. Lo w H ig h La te nt N eg at iv e — th er e is c oa st al ha bi ta t l os s w he n po rt s ar e de ve lo pe d. A gr oc he m ic al m ar ke tin g ag en ci es N ot a pp lic ab le H ig h, a s th e be tte r th ei r m ar ke tin g is , t he m or e ag ro ch em ic al s ar e so ld a nd u se d Lo w , m os t o f t he ag ro ch em ic al s th at a re m ar ke te d ar e da m ag in g to b io di ve rs ity co ns er va tio n H ig h La te nt N eg at iv e — th e im pa ct s of ag ro ch em ic al po llu tio n af fe ct s so il an d w at er a nd th e or ga ni sm s th at liv e it th em , no t o nl y in th e lo ca tio n of u se b ut in do w ns tr ea m ar ea s as w el l. 23 0 S ta ke ho ld er s V is io n/ m is si on o f t he in st itu te (a s ap pl ic ab le ) In flu en ce In te re st R es ou rc es P os iti on Im pa ct o n bi od iv er si ty lo ss S hi pp in g co m pa ni es P ur po se is to tr an sp or t g oo ds fr om o ne co un tr y to a no th er H ig h, a s 1, 65 0 m ill io n U S D w er e sp en t i n D ec 20 15 to im po rt va rio us m at er ia ls fr om p et ro le um to m ac hi ne ry (h ttp :// w w w . tr ad in ge co no m ic s. co m /s ri la nk a/ im po rt s) Lo w H ig h La te nt N eg at iv e — bi lg e w at er m ay co nt ai n IA S , di sc ha rg ed en gi ne o il po llu te s th e m ar in e en vi ro nm en t, an d sh ip s ha ve a di re ct im pa ct on m ar in e m am m al s, th ro ug h co lli si on s. A qu ar ia o w ne rs P ur po se is to c ol le ct , b re ed a nd s el l or na m en ta l fi sh H ig h, a s th er e is ov er ex pl oi ta tio n of s pe ci es , h ab ita t de st ru ct io n in th e pr oc es s of co lle ct io n, a nd th e sp re ad o f i nv as iv e sp ec ie s th ro ug h un in te nt io na l re le as e Lo w M od er at e La te nt N eg at iv e A nn ex 2 . C on td . 23 1 S ta ke ho ld er s V is io n/ m is si on o f t he in st itu te (a s ap pl ic ab le ) In flu en ce In te re st R es ou rc es P os iti on Im pa ct o n bi od iv er si ty lo ss F is h ex po rt er s P ur po se is to e xp or t n at iv e fis h C an b e hi gh , i f t he y bu y in to th e N B S A P, th en u ns us ta in ab le co lle ct io n of na tiv e fis h an d ha bi ta t d es tr uc tio n w hi le c ol le ct io n (f or e xa m pl e, dy na m iti ng c or al re ef s fo r co lle ct io n) w ill r ed uc e. Lo w H ig h La te nt N eg at iv e — th er e is ov er ex pl oi ta tio n an d ha bi ta t de st ru ct io n C en tr al C ul tu ra l F un d (C C F ) V is io n: ‘P re se rv in g th e an ci en t g ra nd eu r of S ri La nk a fo r th e fu tu re g en er at io n’ H ig h, a s th ey c an be d ire ct ly in vo lv ed in th e pr es er va tio n of e vo lu tio na ril y im po rt an t s ite s Lo w M od er at e La te nt U su al ly p os iti ve D ep ar tm en t o f D iv in ag um a D ev el op m en t (f or m er ly S am ur dh i A ut ho rit y) M is si on : ‘ to c on tr ib ut e to w ar ds a s ta bl e na tio na l d ev el op m en t w ith th e le as t p os si bl e po ve rt y th ro ug h de ve lo pm en t b as ed o n pu bl ic p ar tic ip at io n’ . H ig h, a s a ra ng e of po ve rt y al le vi at io n pr oj ec ts a re im pl em en te d Lo w , a s th er e is li ttl e ef fo rt to in cl ud e su st ai na bl e pr ac tic es th at ar e su pp or tiv e of b io di ve rs ity co ns er va tio n H ig h La te nt C an b e po si tiv e or n eg at iv e 23 2 S ta ke ho ld er s V is io n/ m is si on o f t he in st itu te (a s ap pl ic ab le ) In flu en ce In te re st R es ou rc es P os iti on Im pa ct o n bi od iv er si ty lo ss C om m un iti es (n ea r fo re st s, ar ou nd la go on s et c. ) N ot a pp lic ab le H ig h, a s th ey u se th e re so ur ce s of th e ec os ys te m s ar ou nd th em Lo w N on e La te nt U su al ly n eg at iv e as th er e is ov er ex pl oi ta tio n an d so m et im es ha bi ta t de st ru ct io n an d de gr ad at io n P ub lic S er vi ce C om m is si on (P S C ) M is si on : ‘ To e st ab lis h an d pr om ot e an ef fic ie nt , d is ci pl in ed a nd c on te nt ed p ub lic se rv ic e to s er ve th e pu bl ic w ith fa irn es s, tr an sp ar en cy a nd c on si st en cy M od er at e, b ec au se th ey in di re ct ly in flu en ce c ad re o f pr om ot or s Lo w Lo w W ea k La te nt N ei th er p os iti ve no r ne ga tiv e Ti m be r C or po ra tio n (T C ) M is si on : ‘ to p ro du ce ti m be r an d tim be r ba se d pr od uc ts fo r ou r cu st om er s th ro ug h th e go od w ill , u pd at ed k no w le dg e an d sk ill s ga in ed o ve r tim e, w ith in th e ac ce pt ab le qu al ity a nd le ga l f ra m e w or k an d by co nt rib ut in g to n at io na l a nd e nv iro nm en ta l de m an ds o f S ri La nk a’ . M an da te is to ha rv es t, bu t c an be s up po rt iv e in d ev el op m en t pr oj ec ts w he re tim be r fr om th e cl ea re d ar ea s is pr ov id ed fo r ot he r pr oj ec ts . Lo w M od er at e W ea k La te nt La rg el y N eg at iv e A nn ex 2 . C on td . 23 3 S ta ke ho ld er s V is io n/ m is si on o f t he in st itu te (a s ap pl ic ab le ) In flu en ce In te re st R es ou rc es P os iti on Im pa ct o n bi od iv er si ty lo ss R ub be r R es ea rc h In st itu te M is si on ‘t o re vi ta liz e th e ru bb er s ec to r by d ev el op in g ec on om ic al ly a nd en vi ro nm en ta lly s us ta in ab le in no va tio ns a nd tr an sf er rin g th e la te st te ch no lo gi es to th e st ak eh ol de rs th ro ug h tr ai ni ng a nd a dv is or y se rv ic es ’. M od er at e, a lth ou gh th er e is a c ur re nt ef fo rt to u se en vi ro nm en ta lly fr ie nd ly e ne rg y so ur ce s in pr od uc tio n, w hi ch is an in di re ct b en efi t to b io di ve rs ity co ns er va tio n Lo w M od er at e W ea k La te nt U su al ly n eg at iv e as th e fo cu s is on o ne s pe ci es S ri La nk a In st itu te o f N an ot ec hn ol og y (S LI N T E C ) M is si on in cl ud es ‘C ol la bo ra te w ith r es ea rc h in st itu te s an d un iv er si tie s to d ev el op S ri La nk a’ s te ch no lo gy a nd r es ea rc h ca pa bi lit y to a w or ld c la ss s ta nd ar d an d co nt rib ut e to w ar ds s et tin g up a k no w le dg e ba se d ec on om y’ . M od er at e as th ei r ro le w ill be r es tr ic te d to as se ss in g ne w te ch no lo gi es Lo w H ig h W ea k La te nt N eu tr al F is h co lle ct or s P ur po se is to c ol le ct n at iv e fis h Lo w Lo w , c ol le ct fi sh an d de pl et e po pu la tio ns a nd al so d am ag e m ar in e an d fr es hw at er ec os ys te m s w hi le th ey d o so H ig h A pa th et ic N eg at iv e F is he rm en U se fi sh er ie s re so ur ce s as a s ou rc e of liv el ih oo d Lo w Lo w , c an o ve r ex pl oi t r es ou rc es an d da m ag e ec os ys te m s th ro ug h us ag e of ill eg al g ea r Lo w A pa th et ic N eg at iv e 23 4 S ta ke ho ld er s V is io n/ m is si on o f t he in st itu te (a s ap pl ic ab le ) In flu en ce In te re st R es ou rc es P os iti on Im pa ct o n bi od iv er si ty lo ss N at io na l E ng in ee rin g R es ea rc h an d D ev el op m en t C en tr e (N E R D ) M is si on : ‘ to e ng ag e in r es ea rc h an d de ve lo pm en t a ct iv iti es th at w ou ld h av e a di re ct b ea rin g on th e in du st ria l d ev el op m en t of S ri La nk a an d on th e im pr ov em en t o f t he liv in g st an da rd s of th e pe op le , a nd th er eb y de ve lo p te ch no lo gi es th at w ou ld h el p in th e su st ai na bl e ut ili za tio n of h er h um an a nd m at er ia l r es ou rc es to w ar ds th e ec on om ic de ve lo pm en t o f t he c ou nt ry .’ Lo w , b ut re se ar ch r el at ed to s us ta in ab le m at er ia l i nd ire ct ly co nt rib ut es to bi od iv er si ty co ns er va tio n Lo w Lo w A pa th et ic C an b e ne ga tiv e C om m un ity b as ed or ga ni za tio ns (C B O ) D ep en ds o n th ei r fo cu s U su al ly lo w C an b e lo w Lo w A pa th et ic C an b e ei th er ne ga tiv e or po si tiv e F ar m er a nd fi sh er or ga ni za tio ns To e nh an ce th e w el fa re o f m em be rs hi p Lo w U su al ly lo w Lo w A pa th et ic N eg at iv e— a s th e fo rm er re ly h ea vi ly o n ag ro ch em ic al s an d th e la tte r ov er ex pl oi ts fis he rie s re so ur ce s H os pi ta ls F oc us is to c at er to th e si ck a nd im pr ov e th ei r he al th Lo w Lo w H ig h A pa th et ic C an b e ne ga tiv e — th ro ug h di sp os al o f ha za rd ou s an d ot he r w as te A nn ex 2 . C on td . 23 5 Crab Fisherman, Puttalam Lagoon Naalin Perera © IUCN, Sri Lanka 23 6 S te p C om m un ic at io n ac tiv ity D on e/ di ss em in at ed h ow Ta rg et g ro up Ti m e fr am e In di ca to r R em ar ks 1 B ra nd in g an d sl og an ( in a ll th re e la ng ua ge s fo r th e N B S A P d ev el op ed H ire a p ro fe ss io na l a dv er tis in g ag en cy . A ll st ak eh ol de rs . B ra nd a nd s lo ga n de ve lo pe d. To b e do ne a s so on as th e N B S A P is ac ce pt ed , t o cr ea te a re co gn is ab le id en tit y. 2 D ev el op in g a br oc hu re a bo ut th e N B S A P a lo ng th e lin es o f t he br oc hu re p ro du ce d fo r th e A ic hi ta rg et s (C B D , u nd at ed b ) an d tr an sl at e in to b ot h ve rn ac ul ar la ng ua ge s • S ta rt a n em ai l c am pa ig n to di ss em in at e th is a s w id el y as po ss ib le b y us in g to ol s su ch a s M ai lc hi m p; • P ub lis h br oc hu re c on te nt a s a bl og or in o th er s ha re ab le o nl in e fo rm s; • P re ss a nd T V r el ea se s, p re ss ar tic le s, d is cu ss io ns o n T V ; • U pl oa d on to th e M in is tr y w eb si te (p re ss r el ea se w ith th e br oc hu re ); • P rin te d an d di st rib ut ed a t M in is tr y m ee tin gs , t o ke y pr iv at e se ct or in di vi du al s, N G O s, IN G O s, B IN G O s, d on or a ge nc ie s, sc ho ol , k ey m ed ia p er so nn el a nd un iv er si tie s. A ll st ak eh ol de rs • B ro ch ur e pr in te d an d di ss em in at ed /d is se m in at ed el ec tr on ic al ly / up lo ad ed o n so ci al m ed ia ; • N um be r of h its o n so ci al m ed ia ; • N um be r of m ed ia ev en ts . To b e do ne a s so on as th e br an d an d sl og an a re c om pl et ed in o rd er to p ub lic is e th e ta rg et s of th e N B S A P. 3 S ta rt in g a ha sh ta g ba se d on th e sl og an S ha re th e br oc hu re w ith th e ha sh ta g on d iff er en t s oc ia l m ed ia p la tfo rm s. A ll so ci al m ed ia us er s. • H as ht ag c om m en ce d; • N um be r of h its o n so ci al m ed ia . T he id ea is to h oo k th e so ci al m ed ia us er s an d ge t t he m pr im ed fo r ac tio n th at w ill fo llo w . a) P re pa ra to ry s te ps n ee de d as s oo n as th e N B S A P is a pp ro ve d. C om m un ic at io n A ct io n /I nd ic at or C ap ac ity B ui ld in g /In di ca to r A nn ex 3 . T he N B SA P C om m un ic at io n an d C ap ac ity B ui ld in g St ra te gy fo r t he A ct io n Pl an : a p re lim in ar y pr op os al 23 7 S te p C om m un ic at io n ac tiv ity D on e/ di ss em in at ed h ow Ta rg et g ro up Ti m e fr am e In di ca to r R em ar ks 4 U si ng th e br oc hu re a nd th e ha sh ta g, s ta rt a c am pa ig n to id en tif y bi od iv er si ty a m ba ss ad or s an d ch am pi on s H ire a p ro fe ss io na l m ar ke tin g ag en cy to p ub lic is e an d ru n th is c am pa ig n. S ch oo l c hi ld re n an d la rg e pr iv at e se ct or co m pa ni es . • 10 a m ba ss ad or s id en tifi ed a nd tr ai ne d; • 5 ch am pi on s id en tifi ed an d br ou gh t i n as pa rt ne rs . S om e fo rm o f in ce nt iv e w ill h av e to be p ro vi de d — i. e. , w ha t i s th e be ne fit in be in g a ch am pi on o r am ba ss ad or ? 5 P ro vi di ng c ha m pi on s an d am ba ss ad or s op po rt un iti es to ex pe rie nc e na tu re fi rs t h an d. E xp er ts ta ke th em o n fie ld tr ip s, p ro vi di ng th em w ith a r ar e ex pe rie nc e. C ha m pi on s an d A m ba ss ad or s. • N um be r of fi el d tr ip s. W ill b en efi t t he m in te rm s of e xp er ie nc e, ga in k ud os , w hi ch th ey w ill s ha re v ia so ci al m ed ia a nd al so m ak e th em be tte r in fo rm ed , a nd po te nt ia lly m or e co m m itt ed to is su es . 6 D ev el op in g a sh or t i nf or m at io n br ie f ab ou t t he N B S A P, in cl ud in g ta rg et s an d ac tio ns . • Ta rg et ed d is se m in at io n of p rin t ve rs io ns ; • B y em ai l. A ll go ve rn m en t ag en ci es a nd au th or iti es , un iv er si tie s, p riv at e se ct or g ro up s id en tifi ed in th e ac tio n pl an . • N um be r of e m ai ls se nt ; • N um be r of p rin ts di st rib ut ed . A ga in , t hi s is to p rim e th es e gr ou ps a bo ut w ha t n ee ds to b e do ne , h ig hl ig ht in g th ei r ro le s as w el l. 7 D ev el op in g a pi th y 30 s ec on ds to a m in ut e vi de os a bo ut b io di ve rs ity lo ss (o ne d riv er p er v id eo ), in a ll th re e la ng ua ge s • U pl oa d on Y ou Tu be ; • V im eo ; • Te le ca st o n na tio na l t el ev is io n ch an ne ls a t a s tr at eg ic ti m e (i. e. , ju st b ef or e th e ne w s) . A ll st ak eh ol de rs . • N um be r of v ie w s on Yo uT ub e; • N um be r of te le ca st s. T he id ea is to p re se nt th e pr ob le m a nd le ad th em to w ar ds ‘W ha t ca n yo u do to s to p bi od iv er si ty lo ss ’ a nd th en s ay ‘C om in g so on ’. 23 8 S te p C om m un ic at io n ac tiv ity D on e/ di ss em in at ed h ow Ta rg et g ro up Ti m e fr am e In di ca to r R em ar ks 8 A da pt in g th e E ur op ea n U ni on ‘5 2 tip s fo r bi od iv er si ty ’ ( R oy al In st itu te o f N at ur al S ci en ce s of B el gi um , 2 00 9) to s ui t S ri La nk a an d its p ro bl em s of bi od iv er si ty lo ss a nd tu rn it in to ‘1 2 tip s fo r bi od iv er si ty ’. R el ea se o ne tip p er m on th . P re pa re n ew li st a nd re pe at e ac h ye ar . • U pl oa d ea ch ti p w ith th e ha sh ta g de ve lo pe d in s te p 3; • Te le ca st o n na tio na l T V /p re ss re le as e on th e pr oc es s; • B y em ai l; • S ch oo l p ro gr am m es ; • F or m s on th e M in is tr y’ s w eb si te . • S oc ia l m ed ia us er s; • S ch oo lc hi ld re n; • Yo ut h am ba ss ad or s. • S oc ia l m ed ia an al yt ic s; • M in is tr y w eb si te . T hi s is w he re y ou en ga ge th e ge ne ra l pu bl ic in to a ct io n. If th e tip c on ce rn s th e re du ct io n of p ol lu tio n, th en a n an sw er is el ic ite d on w ha t th ey d id to r ed uc e po llu tio n. ( Te ll us w ha t y ou d id ) 9 A cc um ul at in g th es e ac tio ns o n th e M in is tr y w eb si te , m uc h th e sa m e as E ar th da y. or g ha s do ne w ith a b ill io n ac ts o f G re en 1 • T he r es po ns e pe r m on th to b e ag gr eg at ed o n th e w eb si te ; • F or m s on th e M in is tr y’ s w eb si te . G en er al p ub lic . • S oc ia l m ed ia an al yt ic s; • M in is tr y w eb si te . T he a gg re ga te d fig ur e of a ct io ns ca n be a dd ed li ke tic ki ng c lo ck o n to th e w eb si te . 10 U se th e po w er o f l is tic le s to r ai se aw ar en es s on v ar io us to pi cs ‘T op th re at en ed fi sh ’ ‘ Te n th in gs y ou c an do to r ed uc e po llu tio n’ ‘T en th in gs y ou sh ou ld k no w a bo ut IA S ’ e tc . • U pl oa d ea ch ti p w ith th e ha sh ta g de ve lo pe d in s te p 3; • Te le ca st o n na tio na l T V /p re ss re le as e on th e pr oc es s; • B y em ai l; • S ch oo l p ro gr am m es ; • F or m s on th e M in is tr y’ s w eb si te ; • Ti e in to a ct io ns fr om T ar ge ts 2 , 3 an d 4 in A nn ex 3 b ); • S up pl y lis tic le s to w id el y ac ce ss ed w eb si te s an d on lin e ne w s se rv ic es . • G en er al p ub lic ; • Yo ut h am ba ss ad or s. • N um be r of v ie w s on Yo uT ub e; • N um be r of te le ca st s; • S oc ia l m ed ia an al yt ic s; • M in is tr y w eb si te . T he a gg re ga te d fig ur e of a ct io ns ca n be a dd ed li ke tic ki ng c lo ck o n to th e w eb si te . 11 U se tr ad iti on al m et ho ds o f co m m un ic at io n to c om m un ic at e th is to lo ca l c om m un iti es • P re pa re a b al la d or s tr ee t d ra m a re ga rd in g th e tw el ve N B S A P ta rg et s. • C om m un iti es • N um be r of pe rf or m an ce s in di ffe re nt lo ca tio ns . A nn ex 3 . C on td . 23 9 S tr at eg ic o bj ec tiv e 1: T o en su re th e lo ng t er m c on se rv at io n of b io di ve rs ity Ta rg et 1 : B y 20 22 , a s ys te m e st ab lis he d an d on go in g fo r in ve nt or is in g sp ec ie s (t ax on om y co ns er va tio n st at us ), ec os ys te m s (s tr uc tu re , f un ct io n, c om po si tio n an d di st ri bu tio n) , t he ir se rv ic es a nd v al ue s, to in fo rm c on se rv at io n pl an ni ng a nd d ec is io n m ak in g. N o A ct io n Ta rg et G ro up s C om m un ic at io n ac tio n To ol /a ct iv ity C ap ac ity bu ild in g To ol / ac tiv ity In di ca to r Ti m e fr am e R em ar ks 1 E st ab lis h a na tio na l l is t o f sp ec ie s an d ec os ys te m ty pe s w ith an nu al up da tin g B D S , B E C , D W C , F D , IE O s, N A R A , D N B G , D N M , C C & C R M D , N G O ’s , in di vi du al ex pe rt s, un iv er si tie s P ub lic is e ne w li st of e co sy st em s id en tifi ed in th e N B S A P to a ll st ak eh ol de rs ; D is se m in at e in fo rm at io n of sp ec ie s as it be co m es a va ila bl e to al l s ta ke ho ld er s. In fo rm at io n br ie fs pr ep ar ed a nd d is se m i na te d by e m ai l a nd re gu la r m ai l. A s ne ed ed , t ra in of fic er s in u se of in co rp or at in g ph ot os a nd G P S re fe re nc e in to G IS . G eo re fe re nc ed ph ot og ra ph s se nt in co rp or at ed in to di st rib ut io n m ap s. N um be r of in fo rm at io n br ie fs di ss em i n at ed . U nl es s th e ne w c at eg or ie s ar e ac ce pt ed , th er e w on ’t be in te re st in r es ea rc h re la te d to th es e N um be r pf ph ot og ra ph s re ce iv ed ; N um be r of fic er s tr ai ne d in th e tr an sf er o f in fo rm at io n fr om s m ar t ph on es to G IS . U se a va ila bl e to ol s su ch a s G P S em be dd ed in s m ar t ph on es to e nl is t th e he lp o f t he ge ne ra l p ub lic to tr an sf er p ho to gr ap hs of s pe ci es to a ce nt ra l s ite w he re ge or ef er en ce s ca n be a dd ed e as ily to im pr ov e di st rib ut io n m ap s. b) T he d et ai le d co m m un ic at io n an d ca pa ci ty b ui ld in g pl an It is e xp ec te d th at c ap ac ity b ui ld in g w ill ta ke th e fo rm o f s ho rt t er m c ou rs es , o ve r a pr e de te rm in ed p er io d (s ay th re e m on th s) , r at he r th an on e of f t ra in in g w or ks ho ps , w he re p ar tic ip an ts r ar el y re ta in w ha t t he y ha ve le ar ne d. It is a ls o ex pe ct ed th at s uc h tr ai ni ng w or ks ho ps w ill in cl ud e ne w te ch no lo gi es a nd to ol s cu rr en tly a va ila bl e, s uc h as s m ar t p ho ne s in th e us e of g eo re fe re nc in g an d so ci al m ed ia g ro up s fo r ex ch an ge o f i nf or m at io n. 24 0 Ta rg et 1 : C on td . N o A ct io n Ta rg et G ro up s C om m un ic at io n ac tio n To ol /a ct iv ity C ap ac ity bu ild in g To ol / ac tiv ity In di ca to r Ti m e fr am e R em ar ks A ct io n 1 C on td . G en er al pu bl ic P ub lic is e th e ne w li st of e co sy st em s. P ut u p on M in is tr y w eb si te In tr od uc e w ith ha sh ta g pr od uc ed in ac tio n 3 A nn ex 3 a ) In tr od uc in g ec os ys te m s as ‘E co sy st em of th e m on th ’ b lo g. N on e ne ed ed N um be r of hi ts o n th e w eb si te S oc ia l m ed ia an al yt ic s. 2 E st ab lis h a na tio na l bi od iv er si ty da ta ba se to do cu m en t bi od iv er si ty in al l d es ig na te d ar ea s un de r F D a nd D W C B D S , D W C , F D , D N M , N B E G , N A R A , un iv er si tie s N G O s an d ot he r gr ou ps w or ki ng o n th is , i nd iv id ua l ex pe rt s N on e ne ed ed . — Tr ai ni ng c ou rs e to s tr en gt he n ca pa ci ty on c on te nt m an ag em en t, m ai nt en an ce o f da ta ba se s an d pr ot oc ol s fo r da ta sh ar in g. W or ks ho ps . N um be r of pe rs on s tr ai ne d. To b e ca rr ie d ou t a fte r im pl em en ta tio n ac tio ns s uc h as W or ks ho p to in tr od uc e th e ne ed fo r su ch a da ta ba se ; W or ks ho p to d et ai l da ta ba se , da ta ba se m an ag e m en t sy st em , v al ue s, m et a da ta e tc . (p ro to co ls ). 3 P op ul at e th e da ta ba se w ith e xi st in g da ta s et s an d up da te co nt in uo us ly B D S , D N M , F D , D N B G , D W C , in di vi du al ex pe rt s, IE O s, N A R A , C C & C R M D , N G O s, un iv er si tie s N on e ne ed ed . — Tr ai ni ng c ou rs e to s tr en gt he n ca pa ci ty o n pr ot oc ol s fo r da ta sh ar in g. W or ks ho ps . N um be r of pe rs on s tr ai ne d. T he re n ee ds to be a d ed ic at ed co nt en t m an ag er fo r th e da ta ba se . A nn ex 3 . C on td . 24 1 4 D ev el op a re se ar ch ag en da to ad dr es s id en tifi ed in fo rm at io n ga ps o n si te s, ta xa a nd va lu at io n of ec os ys te m se rv ic es a nd sh ar e th is in fo rm at io n w ith r el ev an t st ak eh ol de rs B D S N S F, N R C , U G C , D W C , F D , un iv er si tie s, N G O ’s , in di vi du al ex pe rt s, D N P R es ea rc h ag en da up lo ad ed o n B D S , N S F, a nd N R C w eb si te s. N ew s ite m s re ga rd in g re se ar ch ag en da o n w eb si te s R es ea rc h ag en da sh ar ed v ia e m ai l t o re le va nt d ep ar tm en ts in u ni ve rs iti es , in di vi du al re se ar ch er s. W eb si te ; E m ai l. C ap ac ity de ve lo pe d fo r ga p an al ys is . W or ks ho ps . N um be r of w or ks ho ps . Th is is a k ey in pu t a s w ith ou t so un d sc ie nc e, de ci si on m ak in g is h am pe re d. C om m un ic a t io n an d ca pa ci ty ac tio ns to b e de ve lo pe d af te r im pl em en ta tio n su ch a s ta rg et ed w or ks ho ps w ith re le va nt re se ar ch er s to id en tif y si te a nd va lu at io n ga ps N um be r of w or ks ho ps ; A ge nd a up lo ad ed o n w eb si te s; N um be r of em ai ls s en t. 5 E st ab lis h a n at io na l bo ta ni ca l a nd zo ol og ic al su rv ey pr og ra m m e to c on du ct ba se lin e su rv ey s fo r su bs eq ue nt m on ito rin g of si te s id en tifi ed in a ct io n 4 B D S , N R C , N S F, D N B G , D N M , D N Z G , un iv er si tie s, in di vi du al sc ie nt is ts P ub lic is e ne ed fo r su rv ey s to e lic it re sp on se s fr om re se ar ch er s. S ta rt a n em ai l ca m pa ig n to e lic it re sp on se b y us in g to ol s su ch a s M ai lc hi m p. U pl oa d ap pl ic at io ns an d in fo rm at io n on N S F a nd B D S w eb si te s. D ev el op m en t o f ap ps ( ex te rn al ly ) an d tr ai ni ng o f of fic er s to u se th e A pp a nd in co rp or at e th e in fo rm at io n re ce iv ed in to da ta ba se s. A pp s fo r di ffe re nt sp ec ie s. N um be r of em ai ls s en t; N um be r of do w nl oa ds o n w eb si te s. It is n ec es sa ry to g et th e w id es t p os si bl e gr ou p of sc ie nt is ts in vo lv ed in co nd uc tin g th es e su rv ey s. N um be r of ph ot og ra ph s re ce iv ed ; N um be r of fic er s tr ai ne d in th e tr an sf er o f in fo rm at io n fr om s m ar t ph on es to G IS . U si ng a pp s fo r di ffe re nt s pe ci es (s ay h ig he r pl an ts , ve rt eb ra te s) th at in cl ud e lo ca tio na l da ta , d at e an d tim e se nt , t o en lis t t he he lp o f t he g en er al pu bl ic to s en d in th ei r co nt rib ut io ns to w ar ds th e ba se lin e su rv ey s. 24 2 Ta rg et 1 : C on td . N o A ct io n Ta rg et G ro up s C om m un ic at io n ac tio n To ol /a ct iv ity C ap ac ity bu ild in g To ol / ac tiv ity In di ca to r Ti m e fr am e R em ar ks 6 P ro vi de se ed g ra nt s fo r co nt ra ct re se ar ch o n id en tifi ed si te s, ta xa a nd ec os ys te m se rv ic es , w he re in fo rm at io n is no t p re se nt ly av ai la bl e B D S , N S F, N R C , U G C , N A R A , D N B G , D N M , C C & C R M D , un iv er si tie s, pr iv at e se ct or F ly er a bo ut g ra nt av ai la bi lit y pu bl ic is ed to a la rg er a ud ie nc e E m ai l o f fl ye r to w id e ra ng e of p er so n; U se h as ht ag to up lo ad fl ye r on s oc ia l m ed ia ; F ly er o n w eb si te s of ta rg et g ro up s. N on e ne ed ed . — N um be r of em ai ls s en t; S oc ia l m ed ia an al yt ic s; F ly er u p lo ad ed o n w eb si te s. 7 P ro vi de tr ai n in g fo r lo ca l ex pe rt s on le ss er k no w n ta xa B D S , N S F, un iv er si tie s, D N B G , D N M T R D , D N Z G , N A R A , D W C , F D , N G O s, IP LC s D at ab as e of ta xo no m ic e xp er ts de ve lo pe d. D at ab as e de ve lo pm en t. C ap ac ity o n le ss er k no w n ta xa d ev el op ed ; Tr ai ni ng w or ks ho ps w ith fo r e ig n ex pe rt s; Tr ai ne r of tr ai ne rs w or ks ho ps ( fo r lo ca l l ev el d is se m in at io n) ; Lo ca l l ev el ta xo no m ic tr ai ni ng w or ks ho ps . Tr ai ni ng w or ks ho ps in tr od uc in g in no va tiv e m et ho ds s uc h as u se o f s m ar t ph on es a nd s oc ia l m ed ia g ro up s to ex pe di te r es ea rc h. N um be r of tr ai n i ng w or k sh op s; N um be r of tr ai n i ng o f tr ai ne r w or k sh op s; N um be r of lo ca l l ev el w or k s ho ps an d ge og ra ph ic sp re ad o f su ch w or k sh op s. D at a b as e de ve l o pe d an d pu bl ic is ed . A nn ex 3 . C on td . 24 3 8 P ro vi de fin an ci al su pp or t f or lo ca l e xp er ts to co m m un ic at e th ei r fin di ng s re la te d to bi od iv er si ty o f S ri La nk a bo th na tio na lly a nd gl ob al ly N S F, N R C , U G C , un iv er si tie s, B D S , D N M , D N B G , D N Z G , N A R A F ly er a bo ut g ra nt av ai la bi lit y an d cr ite ria fo r se le ct io n pu bl ic is ed to a la rg er au di en ce . E m ai l o f fl ye r to w id e ra ng e of p er so n; U se h as ht ag to up lo ad fl ye r on s oc ia l m ed ia ; F ly er o n w eb si te s of ta rg et g ro up s. N on e ne ed ed . — N um be r of em ai ls s en t; S oc ia l m ed ia an al yt ic s; F ly er u p lo ad ed . 9 D ev el op a nd im pl em en t a co m m un ic a tio n st ra te gy to d is se m in at e th e in fo rm at io n co lle ct ed to r el ev an t st ak eh ol de rs B D S , D N B G , D N Z G . F D , D W C , D N M , un iv er si tie s. D oE , in di vi du al ex pe rt s. N ot r el ev an t n ow . T hi s is a se pa ra te ac tiv ity b ut B D S m us t th in k la te ra lly an d em pl oy ne w to ol s an d te ch ni qu es an d m ak e us e of th e la rg e am ou nt o f us er s of s oc ia l m ed ia . 24 4 Ta rg et 2 : B y 20 22 , h ab ita t l os s, d eg ra da tio n an d fr ag m en ta tio n ar e si gn ifi ca nt ly r ed uc ed N o A ct io n Ta rg et G ro up s C om m un ic at io n ac tio n To ol /a ct iv ity C ap ac ity bu ild in g To ol / ac tiv ity In di ca to r Ti m e fr am e R em ar ks 1 C on du ct S tra te gi c E nv iro nm en t A ss es sm en ts fo r al l n in e pr ov in ce s an d id en tif y th e be st po ss ib le p at hw ay to a ch ie ve n a t io na l de ve lo pm en t g oa ls w ith th e le as t a m ou nt of h ab ita t l os s an d fra gm en ta tio n C E A , N P P D , U D A , C E B , ID , M A S L, R D A , G S M B , D oA , S LT D A , N G & JA , C C & C R M D , N W S & D B , N A Q D A , N A R A , S LL R & D C , D FA R In iti al ly e du ca te th e pr ov in ci al g ov er no r an d go ve rn m en ts , th en e ng ag e th em . P ro vi de a ll of fi c ia ls w ith th e in fo rm at io n br ie f p ro du ce d in A nn ex 3 a ) a c t io n 5. In iti al o ne o n on e m ee tin gs Th en w or k sh op s. C ap ac ity fo r co nd uc tin g S E A s st re ng th en ed a t pr ov in ci al le ve l th ro ug h tra in in g w or k s ho ps a t lo ca l l ev el . W or k s ho ps . N um be r o f m ee tin gs ; N um be r o f b rie fs di ss em i n at ed . E co sy st em s va lu at io n re su lts ar e cr iti ca l i n th es e di sc us si on s an d w or ks ho ps N um be r o f tra in in g w or k sh op s he ld . 2 D ev el op a n at io na l ec os ys te m (t er re st ria l, co as ta l a nd m ar in e) co ns er va tio n pl an to id en tif y th e be st po ss ib le s tra te gi es fo r a ffo re st at io n, en ha nc em en t, re st or at io n an d es ta bl is hi ng co nn ec tiv ity , w ith re fe re nc e al so to ec os ys te m b as ed cl im at e ch an ge ad ap ta tio n B D S , N S C A G , B E C FD , D W C , S LL R & D C , N A R A , M E PA , C C & C R M D , C E A , N B G , N ZG , N G O ’s , IP LC s, M A S L, un iv er si tie s, pr iv at e se ct or C G , P C E ac h de pa rtm en t/ or ga ni za tio n in iti al ly su bm its a li st o f po ss ib le a ct io ns u nd er ea ch th em e. Fo cu s gr ou p di sc us si on s w ith C B O s to e lic it re sp on se s. A ct io ns c ol la te d an d ci rc ul at ed M ak e ke y el em en ts of th e pl an a s an in fo rm at io n br ie f av ai la bl e to th e ge ne ra l p ub lic th ro ug h m et ho ds d es cr ib ed in A nn ex 3 a ) Li st s; Fo cu s gr ou p di sc us si on s; W or ks ho ps ; S ee A nn ex 3 a) fo r t oo ls C ap ac ity o f ta rg et g ro up s st re ng th en ed in re la tio n to ec ol og ic al re st or at io n an d co nn ec tiv ity . W or ks ho p N um be r o f l is ts ; N um be r o f f oc us gr ou p di sc us si on s; S oc ia l m ed ia an al yt ic s; N um be r o f w or ks ho ps . W or ks ho p( s) to d is cu ss a nd co ns ol id at e ac tio n; an d fo rm ul at e pl an . Th e pl an m us t be p ra ct ic al ly m an ag ea bl e. O fte n m an ag e m en t p la ns ar e to o am bi tio us . Th e m an ag em en t pl an m us t h av e ec os ys te m be ne fit s in te rm s of va lu at io n N um be r o f w or ks ho ps . A nn ex 3 . C on td . 24 5 3 Im pl em en t t he n a tio na l e co sy st em co ns er va tio n pl an by in te gr at in g it w ith pr ov in ci al a nd lo ca l de ve lo pm en t p la ns a s w el l a s en su rin g pr iv at e se ct or p ar tic i p at io n. B D S , F D , D W C , P C , U D A , l oc al ch am be rs o f co m m er ce , ID B , C E A , N W E A , N A R A , C B O ’s N G O ’s , IP LC ’s , N B G , N ZG , M E PA , C C & C R M D , S LT D A , M A S L, S LL R & D C , p ri va te s ec to r It is a ss um ed th at be ca us e pr ov in ci al go v e rn m en ts a re en ga ge d in 2 .1 an d 2. 2 th at im pl em en ta tio n is a gi ve n. H ow ev er , m ul ti st ak eh ol de r pl at fo rm s fo r m an ag em en t w ill ha ve to b e es ta bl is he d, a nd im pl e m en te d. Fa ce to fa ce m ee tin gs w ith th e pr iv at e se c to r a nd ti e up w ith A nn ex 3 a ) A ct io n 4 to e lic it pr iv at e se ct or co op er a t io n. Le ve ra ge th ro ug h bi o d iv er si ty ch am pi on s; Fa ce to fa ce m ee tin gs w ith in fo r m at io n br ie f i n ha nd ; M ul ti st ak e ho ld er m an ag e m en t pl at fo rm s se t up . N on e ne ed ed . — N um be r o f b io di ve r s ity c ha m pi on s en ga ge d in im pl em en ta tio n; N um be r o f p i lo t pr o j ec ts ; N um be r o f j oi nt m an ag e m en t si te s; N um be r o f M S P s es ta bl is he d. Th is w ill be d iffi cu lt to a ch ie ve a nd w ill be d e p en de nt on e st ab lis h m en t an d m ai nt en an ce of h or iz on ta l lin ka ge s be tw ee n de pa rtm en ts , pr ov in ci al go ve rn m en ts a nd th e pr i v at e se ct or . 4 D ev el op a nd im pl em en t a n at io na l pr o g ra m m e th at re du ce s re lia nc e on ag ro ch em ic al u sa ge D oA , M A S L, ID , D A D , S LP D , l oc al go ve rn m en t, fa rm er or ga ni za tio ns , ag ro ch em ic al co m pa ni es , IP LC s, C B O s, N G O s, M oH , r es ea rc h in st itu te s re la te d to a gr ic ul tu re an d fa rm in g Th is w ill ne ed a se pa ra te co m m un ic at io n an d ca pa ci ty b ui ld in g st ra te gy o f i ts o w n. Th is s ho ul d in cl ud e gu id el in es fo r re du ci ng u se (w id el y pu bl ic iz ed ); an in fo rm at io n bo ok le t on th e da m ag es to hu m an a nd e co sy st em w el l-b ei ng fr om ex ce ss iv e us e. To ol s sh ou ld in cl ud e A tie in to A nn ex 3 a ) ac tio n 7 an d th e m et ho ds us ed th er eo f. Th e st ra te gy sh ou ld in cl ud e tra in in g w or ks ho ps to re du ce re lia nc e on ag ro ch em ic al s. Th is w ill ne ed a st ro ng p ub lic co m m itm en t a nd en ga ge m en t a nd th es e sh ou ld b e el ic ite d. 5 D ev el op a nd im pl em en t a na tio na l s tra te gy th at re du ce s th e re le as e of p ol lu ta nt s an d so lid w as te in to w et la nd s (a s de fin ed b y R A M S A R ) C E A ; B O I; lo ca l au th or iti es ; S LL R & D C , N W P E A N W S & D B , M E PA , D W LC , C C & C R M D , I D , M A S L, S am e as a bo ve w ith ad ju st m en ts to s ui t t he to pi c. S am e as ab ov e. S am e as a bo ve . 24 6 Ta rg et 2 : C on td . N o A ct io n Ta rg et G ro up s C om m un ic at io n ac tio n To ol /a ct iv ity C ap ac ity bu ild in g To ol / ac tiv ity In di ca to r Ti m e fr am e R em ar ks 6 D ev el op a nd im pl em en t o f a s et o f gu id el in es to re du ce th e im pa ct o f t ou ris m on n at ur al h ab ita ts S LT D A , F D , D W C , C E A , C C & C R M D , pr ov in ci al au th or iti es , ho te ls , t ou r op er at or s, to ur g ui de s, M E PA , l oc al co m m un iti es (N G O s, C B O s) , pr ad es hi ya sa bh a (T o be c ar rie d ou t a fte r ca pa ci ty b ui ld in g. ) Ta rg et ed d is tri bu tio n of gu id el in es , t hr ou gh th e S LT D A to a ll re gi st er ed ho te ls , t ou r o pe ra to rs , to ur g ui de s; D ev el op ed g ui de lin es pu bl ic iz ed . G ui de lin es di ss em i n at ed vi a m et ho ds de sc rib ed in A nn ex 3 ac tio n 2; Ti e w ith ch am pi on s de sc rib ed in A nn ex 3 a ) ac tio n 4 ; V id eo c lip o n th e gu id el in es de ve lo pe d an d pl ay ed on in bo un d fli gh ts o f na tio na l ca rr ie rs . Tr ai ni ng w or ks ho p to in tro du ce th e pr ob le m a nd to d ev el op gu id el in es (in cl ud e pr es s) ; Tr ai ni ng w or ks ho ps o n th e gu id el in es fo r h ot el ie rs (w ith a c le ar fo cu s on s m al l an d m ed iu m en te rp ris es as w el l), to ur gu id es a nd to ur op er at or s Tr ai ni ng w or ks ho p fo r ho te lie rs , t ou r op er at or s an d to ur g ui de s. N um be r o f w or ks ho ps h el d; N um be r of tr ai ni ng w or ks ho ps h el d. It is c rit ic al th at th e S LT D A , t ou r op er at or s an d to ur g ui de s fe el ow ne rs hi p of th es e gu id el in es . Th er e w ill ne ed to be a w or ks ho p to de ve lo p gu id el in es . S am e in di ca to rs as A nn ex 3 ac tio n 2; N um be r o f ch am pi on s as so ci at ed w ith im pl e m en tin g gu id el in es ; N um be r o f to ur is ts e xp os ed to in fl ig ht m ov ie on g ui de lin es . 7 C on du ct a n at io na l le ve l a w ar en es s ca m pa ig n on a lie n in va si ve s pe ci es a nd th ei r i m pa ct s on n at ur al ha bi ta ts B D S , D W C , FD , D A D , D oA , s hi pp in g co m pa ni es , D N B G , D N ZG , im po rte rs , S LC , M E PA , N A R A , N A Q D A , C C & C R M D , un iv er si tie s, m ed ia , r es ea rc h in st itu te s, D A P H , N P Q S , D oH Th is w ill ne ed a se pa ra te co m m un ic at io n st ra te gy o f i ts o w n. — Th is w ill ne ed a se pa ra te p la n of ca pa ci ty b ui ld in g. — — Th is c om m un ic a tio n pl an s ho ul d in cl ud e C le ar in fo rm at io n on w ha t a n in va si ve s pe ci es is , as th er e is ra m pa nt m is us e of th e w or d. A n in tro du ct io n to th e pr io rit y sp ec ie s of IA S o f f au na a nd flo ra in S ri La nk a A nn ex 3 . C on td . 24 7 8 S tre ng th en re gu la to ry m ec ha ni sm s to p re ve nt en try o f a lie n in va si ve sp ec ie s B D S , N P Q S , A P & H D , D FA R . S LC , M FA R , D W C , N A Q D A , O nc e le ga l in st ru m en ts a re fin al is ed th es e to o sh ou ld b e pu bl ic is ed us in g st an da rd m et ho ds d es cr ib ed in A nn ex 3 a ). C ap ac ity o f ta rg et g ro up s in cr ea se d ab ou t re gu la to ry m ec ha ni sm s to pr ev en t e nt ry o f IA S . W or ks ho ps . N um be r o f w or ks ho ps . 9 E st ab lis h ea rly w ar ni ng sy st em fo r a lie n in va si ve s pe ci es B D S , D W C , FD ,M E PA , N B G , N A R A ; N ZG , l oc al go ve rn m en t, in di vi du al ex pe rts , fi sh co lle ct or s, fis he rm en , C oa st G ua rd , m ed ia S am e as a bo ve . C ap ac ity o f ta rg et g ro up s in cr ea se d in re la tio n to th e de ve lo pe d ea rly w ar ni ng s ys te m fo r I A S . W or ks ho ps . N um be r o f w or ks ho ps . 10 E st ab lis h m ec ha ni sm fo r u pd at in g na tio na l IA S li st s ev er y fo ur ye ar s B D S , D W C , FD , N B G , N ZG , N A R A , M E PA , N A Q D A un iv er si tie s, N G O s, C B O s, D O A , D FA R U pd at ed li st s pu bl ic is ed a nd di ss em in at ed b y m ea ns v ia m et ho ds de sc rib ed in A nn ex 3 a) a ct io n 2. S ee A nn ex 3 a) a ct io n 2. M ec ha ni sm ne ed s to b e id en tifi ed to id en tif y ca pa ci ty ne ed s. — S ee A nn ex 3 a ) ac tio n 2. 11 D ev el op a nd im pl e m en t s pe ci es s pe ci fic m an ag em en t p la ns fo r id en tifi ed a lie n in va si ve sp e c ie s B D S , D O A , N A Q D A , C E A , Fi sh er ie s D , M A S L, M E PA , S LP A , D W C , FD , M E PA , C C & C R M D , N B G , N G O s’ , C B O s, fa rm er & fi sh er or ga ni za tio ns , C C & C R M D C E A , U D A , S LT D A O nc e pl an s ar e de ve lo pe d th ey s ho ul d be p ub lic iz ed . K ey e le m en ts of p la ns di ss em i n at ed vi a m et ho ds de sc rib ed in A nn ex 3 a ) ac tio n 2. C ap ac ity o f ta rg et g ro up s to im pl em en t th e de ve lo pe d m an ag em en t pl an w ill be ne ed ed ; W or ks ho ps to tr ai n ta rg et gr ou ps in s uc h m an ag em en t; B ro ch ur e/ b oo kl et pe r s pe ci es de ve lo pe d ex pl ai ni ng s te ps fo r m an ag em en t. W or ks ho ps ; B ro ch ur e / bo ok le t. N um be r of tr ai ni ng w or ks ho ps o n m an ag em en t o f IA S ; N um be r o f br oc hu re s/ bo ok s di ss em in at ed . W or ks ho ps to fo rm ul at e sp e c ie s sp ec ifi c m an ag em en t p la ns fo r i de nt i fi ed IA S w ill be n ee de d. K ey e le m en ts of p la n di ss em in at ed , se e A nn ex 3 a ). 24 8 Ta rg et 2 : C on td . N o A ct io n Ta rg et G ro up s C om m un ic at io n ac tio n To ol /a ct iv ity C ap ac ity bu ild in g To ol / ac tiv ity In di ca to r Ti m e fr am e R em ar ks 12 S tre ng th en th e im pl em en ta tio n of sp ec ia l m an ag em en t ar ea s, c on se rv at io n ar ea s an d af fe ct ed ar ea s as d efi ne d by th e C C & C R M D A ct C C & C R M D , C E A , U D A , S LT D A ; C B O , M oF A R D , M E PA ;D W C ; FD ; u ni ve rs iti es , D FA R , M E PA , D W C , F D , C B O s, N G O s, N A R A , r es ea rc h in st itu te s, lo ca l au th or iti es , fi sh ex po rte rs N on e ne ed ed . — C ap ac ity bu ild in g fo r C C & C R M D s ta ff to s tre ng th en m an ag em en t, as w el l a s ot he r lin e ag en ci es an d lo ca l go ve rn m en t. W or ks ho ps . N um be r o f w or ks ho ps h el d. W or ks ho ps w ill be n ee de d to el ic it is su es o f co nc er n re la te d to o n th e gr ou nd m an ag em en t, an d fo r f or m ul at in g so lu tio ns fo r t he se pr ob le m s. 13 C ar ry o ut a n at io na l as se ss m en t o f t he im pa ct o f c lim at e ch an ge o n id en tifi ed vu ln er ab le s pe ci es an d ec os ys te m s an d de ve lo p po te nt ia l m iti ga tio n an d ad ap ta tio n st ra te gi es an d en su re th at th is as se ss m en t f ee ds in to th e cl im at e ch an ge na tio na l a da pt at io n pl an ni ng fo r S ri La nk a. B D S , C C S , M et D ep t, FD , D W C , N A R A , C C & C R M D D FA R , D M C , C B O s, N G O s, ci vi l s oc ie ty , un iv er si tie s Fl ye r e m ai le d an d up lo ad ed o n so ci al m ed ia S ee A nn ex 3 a ) ac tio n 3 an d 5 to in vi te re se ar ch er s U ni ve rs iti es , re se ar ch er s in vi te d to c ar ry o ut ta rg et ed re se ar ch ; R ep or t p re pa re d sy nt he si zi ng re su lts ) R ep or t s ha re d w ith C C S o f t he M in is try to fe ed in to c lim at e ch an ge a da pt at io n pl an ni ng . Fl ye rs S yn th es is re po rt. C ap ac ity b ui ld in g m ay b e ne ed ed de pe nd in g on th e ga ps id en tifi ed . — N um be r o f fl ye rs se nt ; N um be rs o f re se ar ch er s en ga ge d in re se ar ch in g to to pi c. Th er e w ill be a ne ed to s ha re cu rr en t k no w le dg e on th e su bj ec t o f cl im at e ch an ge in S ri La nk a, vu ln er ab le s pe ci es an d ec os ys te m an d to id en tif y ga ps in k no w le dg e. Th er e w ill al so b e a ne ed to fl es h ou t a da pt at io n st ra te gi es . A nn ex 3 . C on td . 24 9 14 C ar ry o ut a n as se ss m en t o f s pe ci es th at a re u nd er go in g ra ng e ex pa ns io n du e to c lim at e ch an ge a nd ex am in e th ei r i m pa ct s on e co sy st em s an d de ve lo p an d im pl em en t m iti ga tio n m ea su re s B D S , C C S , un iv er si tie s, N B G , F D , D W C , N A R A , M E PA , C C & C R M D C an b e co m bi ne d w ith th e ab ov e. 15 P re pa re a nd im pl em en t w et la nd c on se rv at io n m an ag em en t p la ns fo r w et la nd s th at a re id en tifi ed a s cr iti ca l sy st em s ly in g ou ts id e th e PA n et w or k B D S , C E A , S LL R D C , U D A C C & C R M D , M E PA , F D , D W C , F D , D W C , N A R A , C C & C R M D , M E PA C B O ’s , N G O ’s , l oc al au th or iti es , R D A O nc e pl an is de ve lo pe d ke y el em en ts o f p la n di ss em in at ed to ge ne ra l p ub lic . Fo cu s gr ou p m ee tin gs w ith C B O s to e lic it th ei r co m m en ts K ey e le m en ts of p la n di ss em in at ed vi a m et ho ds de sc rib ed in A nn ex 3 a ) ac tio ns 2 , 7 an d 9. C ap ac ity fo r im pl em en tin g m an ag em en t pl an s m us t b e im pr ov ed a cr os s al l t ar ge t g ro up s. C ro ss s ec to ra l tra in in g at di ffe re nt le ve ls — W or ks ho p( s) H an db oo k( s) N um be r o f f oc us gr ou p m ee tin gs ; S oc ia l m ed ia an al yt ic s. Th er e w ill be a ne ed fo r t he id en tifi ca tio n of ke y is su es a nd th e fo rm ul at io n of ad ap tiv e, m ul ti se ct or p la n. N um be r of tr ai ni ng w or ks ho ps h el d; N um be r o f ha nd bo ok s di ss em in at ed . 16 P re pa re R ed L is t o f ec os ys te m s of S ri La nk a an d up da te ev er y fiv e ye ar s B D S , N S C A G , B E C , I U C N O nc e ap pl ie d di ss em in at e th e fin di ng s to a la rg er au di en ce in a s or t o f ‘S ta te o f S ri La nk a’ in fo rm at io n br ie f. M ec ha ni sm s di ss em in at ed vi a m et ho ds de sc rib ed in A nn ex 3 a ) ac tio ns 2 , 7 an d 9. C ap ac ity fo r ec os ys te m re d lis t d ev el op ed am on g pr om ot er s an d ta rg et g ro up s. Tr ai ni ng w or ks ho p w ith a m em be r fro m th e IE O s C om m is si on of E co sy st em M an ag em en t (C E M ) w ho fir st in tro du ce d th e re d lis t o f ec os ys te m s as a tra in er . S ub se qu en t w or ks ho ps to pr oc ee d w ith th e ec os ys te m re d lis tin g pr oc es s. S ee A nn ex 3 a) 2 , 5 , 7 a nd 9 fo r m et ho ds o f as se ss m en t. N um be r o f w or ks ho ps h el d. 25 0 Ta rg et 3 : B y 20 22 , t he P A n et w or k is m ad e re pr es en ta tiv e of a ll cr iti ca l e co sy st em s an d sp ec ie s an d m an ag ed e ff ec tiv el y. N o A ct io n Ta rg et G ro up s C om m un ic at io n ac tio n To ol /a ct iv ity C ap ac ity bu ild in g To ol / ac tiv ity In di ca to r Ti m e fr am e R em ar ks 1 U pd at e th e pr ot ec te d ar ea ga p an al ys is b as ed o n th e re co m m en da tio ns o f th e pr ov in ci al S E A s an d de ve lo p an d im pl em en t a st ra te gy to p ro te ct th e cr iti ca l h ab ita ts o ut si de th e PA n et w or k w ith r ef er en ce al so to e co sy st em b as ed cl im at e ch an ge a da pt at io n D W C , F D , C E A , N A R A C C & C R M D , B D S , M A S L, ID , un iv er si tie s, in di vi du al ex pe rt s Id en tifi ed n ew pr ot ec te d ar ea s an d re as on s fo r pr ot ec tio n de ta ile d in a s er ie s of in fo rm at io n br ie fs . In fo rm at io n br ie fs di ss em in at ed vi a m et ho ds de sc rib ed in A nn ex 3 a ). N on e ne ed ed , as g ap a na ly si s ca pa ci ty w ou ld ha ve b ee n de ve lo pe d un de r Ta rg et 1 , a ct io n 4. — S ee A nn ex 3 a) fo r m et ho ds o f as se ss m en t. 2 C on du ct a s ta tu s as se ss m en t o f t he P A ne tw or k an d id en tif y si te s th at n ee d to b e up gr ad ed o r do w ng ra de d ba se d on th ei r cu rr en t s ta tu s D W C , F D , C E A , N A R A C C & C R M D , B D S , un iv er si tie s, in di vi du al ex pe rt s Id en tifi ed u pg ra de d or d ow ng ra de d pr ot ec te d ar ea s an d re as on s fo r ac tio n de ta ile d in a s er ie s of in fo rm at io n br ie fs . In fo rm at io n br ie fs di ss em in at ed vi a m et ho ds de sc rib ed in A nn ex 3 a ). N on e ne ed ed . — A nn ex 3 a ) fo r m et ho ds o f as se ss m en t. 3 C ar ry o ut a n as se ss m en t of th e co as ta l a nd m ar in e se ct or a nd id en tif y an d de si gn at e th e ar ea s th at ne ed to b e pr ot ec te d an d fu rt he r up s ca lin g ex is tin g an d ne w m ar in e PA s to in te rn at io na lly r ec og ni ze m ar in e PA s su ch a s E co lo gi ca lly o r B io lo gi ca lly S ig ni fic an t M ar in e A re as (E B S A s) D W C , F D , C E A , N A R A C C & C R M D , B D S , un iv er si tie s, in di vi du al ex pe rt s Id en tifi ed n ew pr ot ec te d ar ea s an d re as on s fo r pr ot ec tio n de ta ile d in a s er ie s of in fo rm at io n br ie fs . In fo rm at io n br ie fs di ss em in at ed vi a m et ho ds de sc rib ed in A nn ex 3 a ) ac tio ns 2 , 3 , 5 an d 9. C on ce pt o f E B S A s in tr od uc ed to ta rg et g ro up s. In fo rm at io n br ie f. S ee A nn ex 3 a) a ct io ns 2 , 3, 5 a nd 9 fo r m et ho ds o f as se ss m en t. N um be r of in fo rm at io n br ie fs di ss em in at ed . A nn ex 3 . C on td . 25 1 4 E st ab lis h a m ar in e di vi si on in th e D ep ar tm en t o f W ild lif e C on se rv at io n an d im pl em en t e ffe ct iv e m an ag em en t o f M PA s an d m ar in e sp ec ie s D W C a nd C oa st G ua rd , B D S , N A R A , C C & C R M D T he d iv is io n an d its fu nc tio ns pu bl ic iz ed . T hr ou gh m ed ia . C ap ac ity w ill h av e to b e de ve lo pe d fo r th e m ar in e se ct or . S ho rt t er m tr ai ni ng c ou rs e ov er se as fo r th e st af f o f t he m ar in e de pa rt m en t. N um be r of ar tic le s on th e to pi c. 5 P re pa re a da pt iv e m an ag em en t p la ns fo r al l a re as d ec la re d as pr ot ec te d un de r ac tio n 2 an d 3 an d en su re th at th es e pl an s ar e im pl em en te d ef fe ct iv el y. F D , D W C , C E A , C C & C R M D , B D S , un iv er si tie s, in di vi du al ex pe rt s, pr iv at e se ct or K ey e le m en ts o f t he pl an d is se m in at ed to g en er al p ub lic in a n in fo rm at io n br ie fs / v id eo c lip . In fo rm at io n br ie fs / vi de o cl ip di ss em in at ed vi a m et ho ds de sc rib ed in A nn ex 3 a ) 2, 3, 5 a nd 9 . C ap ac ity m us t be d ev el op ed fo r ef fe ct iv e m an ag em en t. G et d ow n a pr ot ec te d ar ea m an ag em en t ex pe rt a nd co nd uc t a s er ie s of tr ai ni ng w or ks ho ps th at w ill h ig hl ig ht re cu rr en t pr ob le m s of m an ag em en t a nd pr ov id e so lu tio ns to o ve rc om e th em . S ee A nn ex 3 a) a ct io ns 2 , 3, 5 a nd 9 fo r m et ho ds o f as se ss m en t. A ct io n 2 & 3 w ill b e w or th le ss un le ss th er e is ef fe ct iv e m an ag em en t. N um be r of tr ai ni ng w or ks ho ps he ld . 6 P ro te ct s ite s th at h ar bo ur ke y ev ol ut io na ry li nk s su ch as f os si ls , s ub f os si ls o r liv in g or ga ni sm s B D S , D ep t o f A rc h, C C F, D W C , F D , C C & C R M D , C E A Li st o f p ro te ct ed si te s an d th e re as on fo r pr ot ec tio n co m m un ic at ed am on g pr om ot er s. A n e br oc hu re de ve lo pe d an d ci rc ul at ed am on g ta rg et gr ou p. N on e ne ed ed . — E b ro ch ur e ci rc ul at ed . 7 P ro m ot e co m m un ity b as ed co ns er va tio n us in g su i ge ne ris to ol s fo r co m m un ity ow ne d la nd B D S , I E O s, C B O s, N G O s, IP LC s U se et hn ob io lo go ci al an d cu ltu ra l kn ow le dg e to de ve lo p th e to ol s. F oc us g ro up di sc us si on s. N on e ne ed ed . — N um be r of fo cu s gr ou p di sc us si on s. 25 2 Ta rg et 4 : B y 20 22 , t he lo ss o f s pe ci es is s ig ni fic an tly r ed uc ed . N o A ct io n Ta rg et G ro up s C om m un ic at io n ac tio n To ol /a ct iv ity C ap ac ity bu ild in g To ol / ac tiv ity In di ca to r Ti m e fr am e R em ar ks 1 U pd at e th e na tio na l R ed L is t ev er y fiv e ye ar s an d en su re th e re vi si on o f t he gl ob al R ed L is t ac co rd in gl y B D S , N S C A G , B E C , I U C N , D W C , F D , N B G , N Z G , N A R A , un iv er si tie s, N G O s, in di vi du al ex pe rts , D N M K ey fi nd in gs o f th e R ed L is t a nd an al ys es s ha re d (T op te n lis t e tc .) S ee A nn ex 3 a ) ac tio ns 3, 5 a nd 9 fo r m et ho ds o f di ss em in at io n. N on e ne ed ed , it is a ss um ed th e R ed L is tin g ca pa ci ty is ad eq ua te . — S ee A nn ex 3 a) a ct io ns 3 , 5 an d 9 fo r m et ho ds o f as se ss m en t. A w ar en es s ab ou t t he r ed lis t m us t b e in cr ea se d. 2 E st ab lis h an in te ra ct iv e w eb p or ta l o n th re at en ed sp ec ie s to c re at e aw ar en es s on th re at en ed s pe ci es of S ri La nk a an d en su re th at th is po rt al is c on tin ua lly up da te d. B D S , F D , D W C , C E A , N B G , N Z G , N A R A D N M ‘G et to k no w th re at en ed s pe ci es ’ es ta bl is he d on p or ta l A b lo g or fa ct s he et de ve lo pe d ev er y fo rtn ig ht on a th re at en ed s pe ci es an d sh ar ed a s sh ow n in A nn ex 3 a ) a ct io ns 3 , 5 an d 9; T he s am e ef fe ct ed w ith a s ho rt vi de o cl ip di ss em in at ed th e sa m e w ay . C ap ac ity o f se le ct ed s ta ff fo r co nt en t m an ag em en t an d m ai nt en an ce of w eb p or ta l ne ed s to b e in cr ea se d. Tr ai ni ng pr og ra m m es S ee A nn ex 3 a) a ct io ns 2 , 3, 5 a nd 9 fo r m et ho ds o f as se ss m en t. A w ar en es s ab ou t t he r ed lis t m us t b e in cr ea se d. N um be r of tr ai ni ng pr og ra m m es . 3 Id en tif y re se ar ch ne ed s w ith r es pe ct to p rio rit iz ed th re at en ed sp ec ie s an d de ve lo p a fu nd in g m ec ha ni sm to fa ci lit at e su ch re se ar ch B D S , N S F, N R C , N S C A G , B E C , p riv at e se ct or , un iv er si tie s, U G C , N G O s P rio rit iz ed n ee ds sh ar ed a nd di ss em in at ed A c am pa ig n on th e lin es o f ‘ ad op t a sp ec ie s’ to e nl is t t he fin an ci al s up po rt fr om th e pr iv at e se ct or de ve lo pe d an d ru n by a m ar ke tin g co m pa ny , w ith s up po rt fr om bi od iv er si ty e xp er ts . A n in fo rm at io n lis t o f pr io rit y th re at en ed sp ec ie s an d ne ed s fo r re se ar ch d ev el op ed a nd pu bl ic iz ed v ia m et ho ds de sc rib ed in A nn ex 3 a) a ct io ns 3 , 5 a nd 9 w ith a s pe ci fic fo cu s on un iv er si tie s; In fo rm at io n br ie f u pl oa de d on to p or ta l l is te d in A nn ex 3 a) a ct io n 2. N on e ne ed ed . — In fo r m at io n lis t o f p rio rit y th re at en ed sp ec ie s de ve l o pe d; S ee A nn ex 3 a) a ct io ns 3 , 5 an d 9 fo r m et ho ds o f as se ss m en t. T hi s w ill n ee d a w or ks ho p to p rio rit iz e sp ec ie s. C on tin ge nt o n pa rt fu nd in g fr om th e N S F . A nn ex 3 . C on td . 25 3 4 D ev el op a nd im pl em en t re co ve ry p la ns fo r pr io rit iz ed th re at en ed s pe ci es B D S , N S C A G , B E C , D N B G , D N Z G , D W C , F D , N A R A , C E A , un iv er si tie s, N G O s, pr iv at e se ct or , R ec ov er y pl an s sh ar ed a nd di ss em in at ed . Ke y el em en ts o f t he re co ve ry p la n pu bl ic iz ed vi a m et ho ds d es cr ib ed in A nn ex 3 a ) ac tio ns 3 , 5 an d 9; K ey e le m en ts u pl oa de d on to p or ta l l is te d in A nn ex 3 a) a ct io n 2. N on e ne ed ed . — S ee A nn ex 3 a) a ct io ns 3 , 5 an d 9 fo r m et ho ds o f as se ss m en t. Im pl em en ta tio n of r ec ov er y pl an s w ill b e cr iti ca l. 5 E st ab lis h an e x si tu b re ed in g an d re se ar ch fa ci lit y fo r br ee di ng / pr op ag at io n of th re at en ed sp ec ie s un de r th e D ep ar tm en t o f N at io na l Z oo lo gi ca l G ar de ns a nd N at io na l B ot an ic G ar de ns N Z G , N B G , N A R A , N A Q D A , B D S , un iv er si tie s, pr iv at e se ct or , D W C , F D , D o f In di ge no us M ed ic in e, aq ua ria , N G O s, in di vi du al ex pe rt s N on e ne ed ed . — It is im pe ra tiv e th at th e ca pa ci ty in de pa rtm en ts m an da te d w ith e x si tu co ns er va tio n is im pr ov ed b y im pr ov in g te ch ni ca l kn ow le dg e on c ap tiv e br ee di ng , m ol ec ul ar ge ne tic te ch ni qu es fo r i m pr ov in g cr op s. S ho rt t er m te ch ni ca l tr ai ni ng ab ro ad fo r st af f, on a ro ta tio na l ba si s. N um be r of st af f t ra in ed . 6 R eg ul ar iz e tu rt le ha tc he rie s w ith ap pr op ria te gu id el in es fo r sc ie nt ifi c m an ag em en t an d a m on ito rin g sy st em e st ab lis he d D W C , C C & C R M D , N A R A , B D S , N A Q D A , un iv er si tie s, in di vi du al ex pe rt s, N G O s, pr iv at e se ct or G ui de lin es p ub lic iz ed to e lic it pu bl ic s up po rt in im pl em en ta tio n an d m on ito rin g. G ui de lin es p ub lic iz ed v ia m et ho ds d es cr ib ed in A nn ex 3 a ) ac tio ns 3 , 5 an d 9; S ys te m e st ab lis he d on p or ta l ( fo rm ) fo r co m pl ai nt s ab ou t in fr ac tio ns . C ap ac ity bu ild in g of tu rt le ha tc he rie s ow ne rs c ar rie d ou t t o ex pl ai n gu id el in es . Tr ai ni ng w or ks ho p to e xp la in gu id el in es . S ee A nn ex 3 a) a ct io ns 3 , 5 an d 9 fo r m et ho ds o f as se ss m en t. T he re is no p oi nt le ga lis in g tu rt le ha tc he rie s an d de ve lo pi ng gu id el in es un le ss th ey a re fo llo w ed . T he re ha s to b e a m ec ha ni sm fo r m on ito rin g th e ef fic ac y of th e gu id el in es . W or ks ho p he ld . 25 4 Ta rg et 4 : C on td . N o A ct io n Ta rg et G ro up s C om m un ic at io n ac tio n To ol /a ct iv ity C ap ac ity bu ild in g To ol / ac tiv ity In di ca to r Ti m e fr am e R em ar ks 7 E st ab lis h an im al ca re s he lte rs u nd er th e D ep ar tm en t of W ild lif e C on se rv at io n fo r re ha bi lit at io n of c on fis ca te d, in ju re d an d di sp la ce d an im al s in e ac h w ild lif e re gi on a nd d ev el op gu id el in es fo r re in tr od uc tio n of r eh ab ili ta te d sp ec ie s ba ck to th e w ild D W C , B D S , N G O ’s , C C & C R M D , D FA R , D ep t. of C us to m s, C oa st g ua rd , F D , N A R A , N Z G N ot re le va nt e xc ep t to e st ab lis h a m ec ha ni sm w he re by th e ge ne ra l p ub lic ca n re po rt fin di ng a n in ju re d or d is pl ac ed an im al a nd b e as su re d of a re ad y re sp on se . T hi s ca n be de ve lo pe d on ce th e m od al iti es o f t he c ar e sh el te rs a re w or ke d ou t. — C ap ac ity h as to be d ev el op ed in th e D W C fo r re in tr od uc tio n an d re ha bi lit at io n. Tr ai ni ng pr ov id ed fo r re le va nt s ta ff on a ni m al c ar e W or ks ho p to tr ai n th e re le va nt D W C st af f a bo ut th e de ve lo pe d gu id el in es . O ve rs ea s tra in in g fo r se le ct ed of fic ia ls to le ar n ab ou t re in tro du ct io n an d re ha bi lit at io n fro m s ui ta bl e ov er se as ag en ci es ; Tr ai ne d of fic er s to tra in th ei r co lle ag ue s an d st af f ab ou t m et ho ds le ar ne d ov er se as . Tr ai ni ng w or ks ho p of de ve lo pe d gu id el in es . N um be r of o ffi ce rs tr ai ne d ov er se as . N um be r of ot he r of fic er s tr ai ne d by th e tr ai ne d of fic er s. N um be r tr ai ni ng w or ks ho ps he ld r e gu id el in es . 8 D ev el op a nd im pl em en t s pe ci es le ve l m an ag em en t pl an s fo r m iti ga tio n of c on fli ct s ca us ed by th re at en ed sp ec ie s D W C , F D , B D S , un iv er si tie s, in di vi du al ex pe rt s, N G O s K ey e le m en ts o f m an ag em en t p la ns hi gh lig ht ed in a n e br oc hu re . B ro ch ur e d is se m in at ed to k ey p ro m ot er s an d ta rg et g ro up s vi a m et ho ds de s cr ib ed in A nn ex 3 a ) ac tio n 2 O nc e ke y el em en ts o f th e pl an s ar e kn ow n, g ap s in ca pa ci ty c an b e id en tifi ed a nd ta rg et tr ai ni ng pr ov id ed . Tr ai ni ng w or ks ho p( s) , ho pe fu lly , us in g in no va tiv e m et ho ds . N um be r of w or ks ho ps he ld . Id en tifi ca tio n of s pe ci es , de ve lo pm en t an d im pl em en ta tio n of m an ag em en t pl an s w ill b e ne ce ss ar y. A nn ex 3 . C on td . 25 5 9 E st ab lis h ex s itu co ns er va tio n fa ci lit ie s su ch a s bo ta ni c ga rd en s, zo os , a qu ar ia , w et la nd p ar ks , ar bo re ta , m ed ic in al ga rd en s, u rb an pa rk s, n at ur al hi st or y m us eu m s, pl an t h er ba ria e tc ., or u pg ra de a nd im pr ov e ex is tin g fa ci lit ie s in e ac h bi oc lim at ic z on es fo r re cr ea tio n, co ns er va tio n, ed uc at io n an d re se ar ch N B G , N Z G , P G R C , M us eu m , U D A , S LL R D C M A S L, D oA Y ur , B D S , F D , D W C , N A R A , C E A , N IF S , pr iv at e se ct or , N G O s, m un ic ip al co un ci ls , ho sp ita ls un iv er si tie s O nc e fa ci lit ie s ar e es ta bl is he d, th ei r pu rp os e, lo ca tio n an d de sc rip tio n pu bl ic iz ed . O nc e fa ci lit ie s ar e es ta bl is he d, s ho rt vi de o cl ip s hi gh lig ht in g th ei r pu rp os e an d w ha t t he y ha ve o n di sp la y de ve lo pe d an d up lo ad ed o n so ci al m ed ia /p la ye d as c lip s on na tio na l T V. C ap ac ity am on g or ga ni za tio ns m an da te d in e x si tu co ns er va tio n im pr ov ed in co ns er va tio n ed uc at io n. S ho rt t er m te ch ni ca l tr ai ni ng ab ro ad fo r st af f, on a ro ta tio na l ba si s. S oc ia l m ed ia an al yt ic s; N um be r of tim es c lip s ar e ai re d on T V. N um be r of st af f t ra in ed . 10 Id en tif y ga ps in e nf or ce m en t of tr ac ki ng , m on ito rin g an d pr os ec ut in g ill eg al tr ad e of s ch ed ul ed sp ec ie s an d up da te c ur re nt le gi sl at io n an d re gu la tio ns to ad dr es s id en tifi ed ga ps , a s w el l a s al ig nm en t w ith in te rn at io na l co nv en tio ns s uc h as C IT E S B D S , D W C , D ep t. of C us to m s F D , C C D , D FA R , C oa st g ua rd , C C & C R M D , N A R A , IE O s, N G O s, in di vi du al ex pe rt s, D O A O nc e le gi sl at io n is fo rm ul at ed , ke y el em en ts di ss em in at ed to a w id e au di en ce . M ed ia a rti cl es ; S oc ia l m ed ia . O nc e ga ps a re id en tifi ed , g ap s in c ap ac ity ca n be th en id en tifi ed a nd ta rg et tr ai ni ng pr ov id ed . Tr ai ni ng w or ks ho p( s) . N um be r of m ed ia ar tic le s; S oc ia l m ed ia an al yt ic s. N um be r of w or ks ho ps he ld . 25 6 S tr at eg ic o bj ec tiv e 2: T o pr om ot e su st ai na bl e us e of b io lo gi ca l r es ou rc es Ta rg et 5 : B y 20 22 , t he v al ua tio n of b io di ve rs ity a nd it s su st ai na bl e us e is m ai ns tr ea m ed . N o A ct io n Ta rg et G ro up s C om m un ic at io n ac tio n To ol /a ct iv ity C ap ac ity bu ild in g To ol / ac tiv ity In di ca to r Ti m e fr am e R em ar ks 1 C on du ct pr og ra m m es to ca pt ur e an d cr ea te aw ar en es s on v al ue of B io di ve rs ity a nd E co sy st em S er vi ce s (B E S ) B D S , I E O s, IP S , m ed ia , un iv er si tie s, D W C , F D , N G O s, N IE S ha rin g of B E S in fo rm at io n to a la rg er a ud ie nc e. S ho rt v id eo c lip on th e M E A fr am ew or k pr ep ar ed a nd di ss em in at ed . In fo rm at io n br ie f pr ep ar ed a nd di ss em in at ed b y m ea n of m et ho ds de sc rib ed in A nn ex 3 a ) ac tio ns 2, 5 , 6 a nd 9 . C ap ac ity b ui ld in g to in tr od uc e B E S to a ll ta rg et g ro up s (p ro m ot er s/ la te nt s/ d ef en de rs ap at he tic s) . (W ith in fo rm at io n ta ilo re d fo r ea ch gr ou p) . W or ks ho ps ; pr es en ta tio ns ; vi de o cl ip s. A ss es se d by m ea ns o f m et ho ds de sc rib ed in A nn ex 3 a) a ct io ns . T he re is a cr iti ca l n ee d to in cr ea se aw ar en es s, ac ro ss th e bo ar d, a cr os s al l t ar ge t gr ou ps , a bo ut th is to pi c. N um be r of w or ks ho ps ; O th er s as a bo ve . 2 U nd er ta ke T E E B ty pe v al ua tio n st ud ie s to d et er m in e th e va lu e of k ey ec os ys te m s an d th ei r se rv ic es in S ri La nk a P G IA , un iv er si tie s, B D S , I E O s, IP S M ee tin gs w ith pr iv at e se ct or U se o f i nf or m at io n br ie f o r vi de o cl ip to g et p riv at e se ct or to s po ns or on e ec os ys te m fo r va lu at io n. [T ie in w ith A nn ex 3 a ) ac tio n 4. ] In iti al c ap ac ity bu ild in g fo r tr ai ni ng o n T E E B ( tr ai ni ng w or ks ho p( s) . W or ks ho p( s) . N um be r of m ee tin gs he ld ; N um be r of sp on so rs hi ps . Th e id ea w ill b e to pe rs ua de pr iv at e se ct or to fu nd a s it w ill b en efi t th em in te rm s of su st ai na bi lit y re po rti ng . W or ks ho p( s) h el d. 3 In te gr at e bi od iv er si ty an d ec os ys te m se rv ic e va lu es in to ed uc at io na l c ur ric ul a fo r m ea ni ng fu l en ga ge m en t B D S , N IE , U G C , un iv er si tie s C re at in g aw ar en es s ab ou t B E S a m on g se co nd ar y an d te rt ia ry s tu de nt s. P re se nt at io ns / S ch oo l/u ni ve rs ity pr og ra m m es . Ta rg et ed c ap ac ity bu ild in g fo r N IE an d U G C o n B E S . W or ks ho p( s) . N um be r of pr es en ta tio ns / S ch oo l/u ni ve rs ity pr og ra m m es m ad e. W ill e xt en d be yo nd th e pe rio d an d th e N IE a nd U G C w ill ne ed s up po rt in d ev el op in g cu rr ic ul a. W or ks ho p( s) h el d B E S in co rp or at ed in to c ur ric ul a. A nn ex 3 . C on td . 25 7 4 C ap tu re a nd s ha re bi od iv er si ty a nd ec os ys te m s er vi ce va lu es e m be dd ed in re lig io n an d cu ltu re B D S , re lig io us in st itu tio ns , M in is tr ie s re la te d to di ffe re nt re lig io ns H an db oo k/ m an ua l o n B E S v al ue s pr ep ar ed in bo th v er na cu la r la ng ua ge s; D is se m in at ed . H an db oo k /m an ua l T hr ou gh co m m un ic at io n to ol s in p re vi ou s co lu m n. — N um be r of b oo ks di ss em i n at ed . 5 Li nk e xi st in g da ta ba se s an d de ve lo p an d m ai nt ai n a se ar ch ab le da ta ba se /w eb p or ta l fo r ec os ys te m s, ec os ys te m s er vi ce s, th ei r va lu es B D S , un iv er si tie s, IP S , I E O s, D W C , F D E xi st en ce of d at ab as e in fo rm ed to a ll us er s. P ub lis h an e br oc hu re a s a bl og o r in o th er sh ar ea bl e fo rm an d di ss em in at e th is a s w id el y as po ss ib le b y us in g to ol s su ch a s M ai lc hi m p; U pl oa d on to th e M in is tr y w eb si te E ns ur e di st rib ut io n to k ey p riv at e se ct or in di vi du al s, N G O s, IN G O s, B IN G O s, d on or ag en ci es , a nd un iv er si tie s. N on e ne ed ed . It is e xp ec te d th at th e ca pa ci ty de ve lo pe d in Ta rg et 1 , A ct io n 2 w ou ld s uf fic e. — N um be r of h its o n so ci al m ed ia ; N um be r of v is ito rs to po rt al . W ill e xt en d be yo nd th e pe rio d. 6 In te gr at e bi od iv er si ty an d ec os ys te m s se rv ic e va lu es to na tio na l a cc ou nt s D C S , S D D , N P D , I P S , U oS JP , P G IA , I E O s, B D S O ne o n on e m ee tin gs a t hi gh es t p ol iti ca l le ve l t o co nv in ce de ci si on m ak er s th at th is is es se nt ia l. W or ks ho p to in tr od uc e th e ne ed fo r su ch in te gr at io n to ta rg et g ro up s. D ev el op a s ho rt vi de o cl ip o f ec os ys te m v al ue s an d pl ay it a t t he w or ks ho p; D ev el op a nd pr in t a p ith y br oc hu re s ho w in g th e m on et ar y va lu e of v ar io us ec os ys te m s an d ha nd o ut a t m ee tin gs a nd w or ks ho ps . C ap ac ity to b e bu ilt th ro ug h co m m un ic at io n ac tio ns . — V id eo c lip de ve lo pe d; N um be r of br oc hu re s di ss em i na te d; W or ks ho p he ld . T hi s w ill n ot be a n ea sy ta sk . 25 8 Ta rg et 5 : C on td . N o A ct io n Ta rg et G ro up s C om m un ic at io n ac tio n To ol /a ct iv ity C ap ac ity bu ild in g To ol / ac tiv ity In di ca to r Ti m e fr am e R em ar ks 7 D ev el op g ui de lin es to in co rp or at e B io di ve rs ity a nd E co sy st em S er vi ce s va lu es in to r eg io na l/ na tio na l/ lo ca l l ev el pl an ni ng a nd p la n im pl em en ta tio n N P D , S P D , B D S , U N D P, IE O s, D W C , F D , B D S L O nc e gu id el in es de ve lo pe d, di ss em in at ed to na tio na l, re gi on al an d lo ca l l ev el pl an ne rs . P rin t/e b ro ch ur e ab ou t t he gu id el in es di ss em in at ed v ia m ai l, em ai l a nd so ci al m ed ia . Tr ai ni ng w or ks ho ps o n th e ho w to in co rp or at e B E S in to p la nn in g (e ss en tia lly th e gu id el in es ) co nd uc te d at a ll le ve ls . Tr ai ni ng w or ks ho ps . N um be r of br oc hu re s di ss em in at ed ; S oc ia l m ed ia an al yt ic s. T he re w ill ne ed to b e a w or ks ho p to d ev el op gu id el in es an d m od al iti es . N at io na l w or ks ho p he ld ; R eg io na l w or ks ho p he ld ( fo r pr ov in ce le ve l o ffi ce rs ); Lo ca l w or ks ho ps he ld , a t p ro vi nc e le ve l. Ta rg et 6 : B y 20 22 , m ec ha ni sm s ar e es ta bl is he d to e ns ur e su st ai na bl e us e of b io di ve rs ity N o A ct io n Ta rg et G ro up s C om m un ic at io n ac tio n To ol /a ct iv ity C ap ac ity b ui ld in g To ol / ac tiv ity In di ca to r Ti m e fr am e R em ar ks 1 D ev el op in no va tiv e fin an ci ng m ec ha ni sm s to ge ne ra te s us ta in ab le se lf fin an ci ng fo r bi od iv er si ty a nd ec os ys te m s er vi ce s co ns er va tio n B D S , F D , D W C , C C & C R M D , pr iv at e se ct or , C B O , un iv er si tie s, IP S C al l f or p ro po sa ls to d ev el op m ec ha ni sm s. P os te d on M in is tr y w eb si te C al l f or p ro po sa l em ai le d th ro ug h M ai lc hi m p an d sh ar ed v ia o th er so ci al m ed ia . N on e ne ed ed . — N um be r of p ro po sa ls su bm itt ed . A nn ex 3 . C on td . 25 9 2 In tr od uc e ap pr op ria te ec on om ic in st ru m en ts fo r bi od iv er si ty a nd ec os ys te m s co ns er va tio n B D S , F D , D W C , M oF , C C & C R M D , un iv er si tie s, IP S C ap ac iti es de ve lo pe d un de r Ta rg et 5 a ct io ns 1, 2 , 3 a nd 7 w ill co nt rib ut e to th is ac tio n. 3 Id en tif y an d re m ov e pe rv er se in ce nt iv es th at d am ag e bi od iv er si ty a nd ec os ys te m s er vi ce s B D S ,F D , D W C , M oF , C C & C R M D IP S , un iv er si tie s, M ec ha ni sm s es ta bl is he d an d co m m un ic at ed w id el y. D ev el op a s ho rt br oc hu re in a ll th re e la ng ua ge s in tr od uc in g th e su bj ec t a nd di ss em in at ed v ia th e w eb si te a nd vi a so ci al m ed ia . C on du ct a w or ks ho p fo r ta rg et g ro up s to in tr od uc e th e to pi c of p er ve rs e in ce nt iv es a nd da m ag e to bi od iv er si ty . W or ks ho p he ld . M ec ha ni sm s po st ed on M in is tr y w eb si te ; N um be r of h its fo r br oc hu re . W or ks ho ps w ill b e ne ed ed to id en tif y a lo ng li st o f pe rv er se in ce nt iv es , sh or t l is t th em , a nd th en d ev el op a m ec ha ni sm to r em ov e th em . W or k s ho p co nd uc te d. 4 P ro m ot e be st pr ac tic es to m in im iz e th e de st ru ct iv e ha rv es tin g m et ho ds us ed fo r bi ol og ic al re so ur ce s fr om te rr es tr ia l, aq ua tic an d m ar in e sy st em s D F A R , C G , D W C , C C & C R M D , S LP D C om m un ic at io n m at er ia ls de ve lo pe d fo r pr io rit iz ed de st ru ct iv e ha rv es tin g m et ho ds D ev el op a sh or t v id eo c lip of p rio rit iz ed de st ru ct iv e ha rv es tin g m et ho ds a nd p la y it at p ro gr am m es ; D ev el op a nd p rin t in b ot h ve rn ac ul ar la ng ua ge s a br oc hu re of p rio rit iz ed de st ru ct iv e ha rv es tin g m et ho ds a nd g iv e ta rg et g ro up s to di ss em in at e. C om m un ity tr ai ni ng . C om m un ity fo cu s gr ou p di sc us si on a nd co m m un ity tr ai ni ng w or ks ho ps a t w hi ch th e to ol s de ve lo pe d un de r co m m un ic at io n w ill b e us ed . V id eo d e v el op ed ; N um be r of b ro ch ur es di ss em i n at ed . N um be r of co m m un ity fo cu s gr ou p di sc us si on an d tr ai ni ng pr og ra m m es . 26 0 Ta rg et 6 : C on td . N o A ct io n Ta rg et G ro up s C om m un ic at io n ac tio n To ol /a ct iv ity C ap ac ity b ui ld in g To ol / ac tiv ity In di ca to r Ti m e fr am e R em ar ks 5 A ss es s th e pr es en t le ve ls o f h ar ve st in g of fr es hw at er a nd m ar in e fin fis h/ s he ll fis h an d de ve lo p an d im pl em en t re co ve ry p la ns fo r fin fis h/ s he ll fis h sp ec ie s st oc ks th at ar e de pl et ed d ue to ov er ex pl oi ta tio n N A R A , N A Q D A , D FA R , M oF A R D C om m un ic at io n m at er ia ls de ve lo pe d fo r pr io rit iz ed ov er ex pl oi te d sp ec ie s. R ec ov er y pl an s pu bl ic iz ed . D ev el op a s ho rt vi de o cl ip o f pr io rit iz ed o ve re x pl oi te d sp ec ie s an d te le vi se na tio na lly a nd up lo ad o n so ci al m ed ia ; P re pa re a v id eo of o ne r ec ov er y pr oj ec t a nd te le vi se ( lik e th e B an du la b ar b st or y) a nd u pl oa d on s oc ia l m ed ia . C om m un ity tr ai ni ng C om m un ity fo cu s gr ou p di sc us si on a nd co m m un ity tr ai ni ng w or ks ho ps a t w hi ch th e to ol s de ve lo pe d un de r co m m un ic at io n w ill b e us ed . V id eo d ev el op ed a nd te le vi se d, u pl oa de d on s oc ia l m ed ia ; R ec ov er y pr oj ec t do cu m en ta ry te le vi se d, u pl oa de d on s oc ia l m ed ia ; S oc ia l m ed ia an al yt ic s. O ve re xp lo ite d sp ec ie s w ill ha ve to b e pr io rit iz ed . N um be r of co m m un ity fo cu s gr ou p di sc us si on an d tr ai ni ng pr og ra m m es . Ta rg et 7 . B y 20 22 , t ra di tio na l s us ta in ab le u se s of b io di ve rs ity is p ro m ot ed a nd e st ab lis he d N o A ct io n Ta rg et G ro up s C om m un ic at io n ac tio n To ol /a ct iv ity C ap ac ity b ui ld in g To ol / ac tiv ity In di ca to r Ti m e fr am e R em ar ks 1 P ro m ot e an d m ob ili se c ul tu ra l pr ac tic es a nd tr ad iti on al w is do m re la te d to b io di ve rs ity B D S , N S F, IP LC s, un iv er si tie s, C B O s, IP LC s, D oA , N A R A P rio rit is ed tr ad iti on al pr ac tic es di ss em in at ed w id el y. D ev el op s ho rt v id eo cl ip s of s el ec te d tr ad iti on al p ra ct ic es an d te le vi se n at io na lly an d up lo ad o n so ci al m ed ia . . C om m un ity tr ai ni ng S tr ee t d ra m as /b al la ds de ve lo pe d on p rio rit is ed tr ad iti on al pr ac tic es . N um be r of ti m es th e cl ip is a ire d; S oc ia l m ed ia an al yt ic s. N um be r of st re et d ra m a pe rf or m an ce a nd lo ca tio ns . A nn ex 3 . C on td . 26 1 2 E st ab lis h a se ar ch ab le d at ab as e on tr ad iti on al kn ow le dg e, b el ie fs an d pr ac tic es o f bi od iv er si ty B D S , N A R A , IE O s, IP LC s, D FA R , C B O s, un iv er si tie s, M oH , M in is tr y of in di ge no us m ed ic in e, N A R A E xi st en ce of d at ab as e in fo rm ed to a ll us er s. P ub lis h an e b ro ch ur e ab ou t t he d at ab as e as a b lo g or in o th er sh ar ea bl e fo rm a nd di ss em in at e th is a s w id el y as p os si bl e by us in g to ol s su ch a s M ai lc hi m p; U pl oa d on to th e M in is tr y w eb si te ; E ns ur e di st rib ut io n to k ey p riv at e se ct or in di vi du al s, N G O s, IN G O s, B IN G O s, do no r ag en ci es , a nd un iv er si tie s. S am e ca pa ci ty ne ed s as T ar ge t 1 A ct io n 2 fo r a di ffe re nt ta rg et gr ou p. W or ks ho p. N um be r of h its on s oc ia l m ed ia ; N um be r of vi si to rs to da ta ba se . S am e in di ca to rs as T ar ge t 1 A ct io n 2. 3 P ro m ot e bi o pr os pe ct in g of bo th a ni m al a nd pl an t g en et ic re so ur ce s th ro ug h th e ap pl ic at io n of tr ad iti on al k no w le dg e B D S , un iv er si tie s, P G R C , IE O s, N G O s, IP LC s P ilo t p ro je ct fo r su st ai na bl e bi op ro sp ec tin g fo llo w ed th ro ug h w ith a do cu m en ta ry , w hi ch s ho ul d in cl ud e le ss on s le ar ne d. P re pa re a v id eo o f t he pi lo t p ro je ct te le vi se an d up lo ad o n so ci al m ed ia . C ap ac ity n ee ds to b e de ve lo pe d fo r de ve lo pi ng po lic y an d le ga l m ec ha ni sm s ne ce ss ar y fo r th is ac tio n. C om m un ity tr ai ni ng . G et d ow n an e xp er t o n th e to pi c an d ha ve ta rg et ed ca pa ci ty bu ild in g fo r se le ct ed ta rg et s gr ou ps . S tr ee t d ra m as /b al la ds de ve lo pe d on P ilo t p ro je ct fo r su st ai na bl e bi op ro sp ec tin g. N um be r of ti m es do cu m en ta ry is ai re d; S oc ia l m ed ia an al yt ic s. C ap ac ity b ui ld in g w or ks ho p he ld ; N um be r of st re et d ra m a pe rf or m an ce a nd lo ca tio ns . 4 D ev el op p ol ic y to ol s fo r re pa tr ia tio n of tr ad iti on al k no w le dg e an d ar te fa ct s w hi ch a re r el at ed to b io di ve rs ity a nd m ai ns tr ea m in g su as iv e be ha vi ou r re la te d to b io di ve rs ity co ns er va tio n B D S N on e ne ed ed . S am e as a bo ve . 26 2 Ta rg et 7 . B y 20 22 , t ra di tio na l s us ta in ab le u se s of b io di ve rs ity is p ro m ot ed a nd e st ab lis he d N o A ct io n Ta rg et G ro up s C om m un ic at io n ac tio n To ol /a ct iv ity C ap ac ity b ui ld in g To ol / ac tiv ity In di ca to r Ti m e fr am e R em ar ks 5 In tr od uc e an ou tg ro w in g sy st em fo r m ed ic in al p la nt s w ith th e in vo lv em en t of p riv at e se ct or M oH , D oA yu r, pr iv at e se ct or , IE O s, C B O s, N G O s, IP LC s B ro ch ur e ab ou t i de nt ifi ed ou tg ro w in g sp ec ie s, h ow to g ro w th em , m ec ha ni sm fo r bu y ba ck d et ai le d w ith in . P ilo t p ro je ct fo r ou tg ro w in g sy st em fo llo w ed th ro ug h a do cu m en ta ry , w hi ch s ho ul d in cl ud e le ss on s le ar ne d. B ro ch ur e P re pa re a v id eo o f t he pi lo t p ro je ct te le vi se an d up lo ad o n so ci al m ed ia . Tr ai ni ng n ee de d fo r pa rt ic ip an ts o f pi lo t p ro je ct s on ho w to c ul tiv at e. Tr ai ni ng pr og ra m m es . N um be r of br oc hu re s di ss em in at ed ; R ec ov er y pr oj ec t do cu m en ta ry te le vi se d, up lo ad ed o n so ci al m ed ia ; S oc ia l m ed ia an al yt ic s. T hi s w ill o nl y w or k if th er e is a n ef fe ct iv e pl an fo r bu y ba ck . N um be r of tr ai ni ng pr og ra m m es . 6 Id en tif y ga ps in F is he ry M an ag em en t A re as ( F M A ) an d im pl em en t pr og ra m s to a dd re ss th e id en tifi ed g ap s D FA R , M FA R , B D S , un iv er si tie s, N A R A , N G O ’s O nc e ne w F M A s ar e id en tifi ed , pu bl ic iz ed . M ed ia a rt ic le s; B lo gs . N on e ne ed ed . — N um be r of m ed ia ar tic le s; N um be r of b lo gs . A nn ex 3 . C on td . 26 3 S tr at eg ic O bj ec tiv e 3: T o co ns er ve a gr ob io di ve rs ity Ta rg et 8 : B y 20 22 , s us ta in ab le a gr ic ul tu re p ra ct ic es a re p ro m ot ed a nd e st ab lis he d N o A ct io n Ta rg et G ro up s C om m un ic at io n ac tio n To ol /a ct iv ity C ap ac ity b ui ld in g To ol / ac tiv ity In di ca to r Ti m e fr am e R em ar ks 1. Im pr ov e co nv er si on ef fic ie nc y of r aw m at er ia l t o fin al pr od uc ts D FA R , T C , F D , I P H T, D oA yu r, IP H T of N A R A , R P R D C , N E R D un iv er si tie s, B M A R I M et ho ds to im pr ov e co nv er si on ef fic ie nc y di ss em in at ed A s er ie s of b ro ch ur es o n pr ev en tin g p os t-h ar ve st lo ss a nd o th er c on ve rs io n ef fic ie nc y im pr ov e m en ts in a ll th re e la ng ua ge s pr ep ar ed a nd p ub lis he d; D is se m in at ed a t t ra in in g pr og ra m m es ; U pl oa de d on w eb si te in a do w n l oa da bl e fo rm . Tr ai ni ng pr og ra m m es in th e to pi c. Tr ai ni ng pr og ra m m es . N um be r of br oc hu re s di ss em in at ed ; N um be r of do w nl oa ds fr om w eb si te s. T hi s is a n ar ea s w hi ch ne ed s co ns id er ab le im pr ov em en t. P os t ha rv es t an d ot he r lo ss is c on si de ra bl e. N um be r of tr ai ni ng pr og ra m m es . 2. P ro m ot io n an d m ai ns tr ea m in g of u nd er ut ili ze d, le ss er k no w n or ne gl ec te d fo od cr op s, li ve st oc k an d fo od fi sh es w hi ch p ro vi de nu tr iti on B D S , D oA , C B O s, N G O s, IP LC s, m ed ia , P G R C , D FA R Id en tifi ed s pe ci es pu bl ic iz ed . B oo kl et s pr ep ar ed a nd pu bl is he d ab ou t e ac h sp ec ie s: th ei r n ut rit iv e va lu e; w he re to g et se ed lin gs ; h ow to g ro w et c. in a ll th re e la ng ua ge s; M ed ia a rti cl es /s ho rt do cu m en ta rie s/ v id eo cl ip s ab ou t e ac h sp ec ie s pu bl is he d/ te le vi se d/ up lo ad ed , i n al l t hr ee la ng ua ge s. C om m un ity ca pa ci ty o n ho w to c ul tiv at e th es e cr op s in cr ea se d. F oc us g ro up m ee tin gs a nd co m m un ity tr ai ni ng pr og ra m m es N um be r of bo ok le ts d is se m i na te d; N um be r of ne w sp ap er ar tic le s/ do cu m en ta ry / vi de os u pl oa de d; N um be r of v ie w s of u pl oa de d vi de os . A w or ks ho p w ill be n ee de d to id en tif y sp ec ie s of u nd er ut ili ze d fr ui ts a nd ve ge ta bl es . N um be r of fo cu s gr ou p m ee tin gs an d tr ai ni ng pr og ra m m es he ld . 26 4 Ta rg et 8 : C on td . 3. Id en tif y an d co ns er ve u se fu l B E S s uc h as na tu ra l e ne m ie s, po lli na to rs an d so il m ic ro or ga ni sm s fo r su st ai na bl e ag ric ul tu ra l pr od uc tiv ity D oA , B D S , F D , N G O s, C B O s, IP LC s, un iv er si tie s R ai si ng g en er al aw ar en es s ab ou t su st ai na bl e ag ric ul tu re a nd it s be ne fit s. A s er ie s of s ho rt bl og s on a s in gl e as pe ct o f su st ai na bl e ag ric ul tu re : m in im iz in g us e of sy nt he tic fe rti liz er ; w at er c on se rv at io n; s oi l co ns er va tio n et c. ; B lo gs c on ve rte d to br oc hu re s/ a nd p ub lis he d in a ll th re e la ng ua ge s; M ed ia a rti cl es / v id eo s on th e ab ov e; A n in te ra ct iv e m ap o f S ri La nk a sh ow in g cu rr en t si te s of s us ta in ab le ag ric ul tu re w ith lo ca tio ns of p ilo t p ro je ct s an d ot he r si te s ad de d co nt in ua lly pu bl is he d on b ot h th e B D S a nd D ep t. of A gr ic ul tu re w eb si te s. C om m un ic at io n to ol s w ill r ai se aw ar en es s an d ca pa ci ty . — N um be r of b lo gs pu bl is he d; N um be r of br oc hu re s di ss em in at ed . N um be r of m ed ia ar tic le s/ v id eo s. 4. P ro m ot e us ef ul el em en ts o f tr ad iti on al kn ow le dg e/ pr ac tic es of u ni qu e ag ro ec os ys te m s (r el at ed to sy st em s su ch a s K an dy an h om e ga rd en s, c as ca de sy st em s, c he na , ow ita a nd m av ee la nd s) to a dd re ss cu rr en t i ss ue s B D S , D oA , un iv er si tie s, IE O s, N G O s, C B O s, IP LC s S am e as a bo ve S am e as a bo ve , t ai lo re d to s ui t t he to pi c. C om m un ic at io n to ol s w ill r ai se aw ar en es s an d ca pa ci ty . — S am e as a bo ve . 26 5 5 E st ab lis h an d m ai nt ai n a se ar ch ab le da ta ba se li nk ed w ith g lo ba l da ta ba se s on nu tr iti on al q ua lit y of fo od B D S , D oA , un iv er si tie s N G O s S ea rc ha bl e da ta ba se es ta bl is he d E xi st en ce of d at ab as e in fo rm ed to a ll us er s. P ub lis h an e b ro ch ur e as a b lo g or in o th er sh ar ea bl e fo rm a nd di ss em in at e th is a s w id el y as p os si bl e by us in g to ol s su ch a s M ai lc hi m p; U pl oa d on to th e M in is tr y w eb si te ; E ns ur e di st rib ut io n to k ey pr iv at e se ct or in di vi du al s, N G O s, IN G O s, B IN G O s, do no r ag en ci es , a nd un iv er si tie s. C ap ac ity fo r de ve lo pi ng a nd m ai nt ai ni ng a da ta ba se a s pe r Ta rg et 1 , a ct io n 2. S ee T ar ge t 1 , ac tio n 2. N um be r of h its on s oc ia l m ed ia ; N um be r of vi si to rs to p or ta l. S ee T ar ge t 1 , ac tio n 2. 6 E st ab lis h a da ta ba se o n tr ad iti on al kn ow le dg e D oA yu r, D oA S am e as a bo ve S am e as a bo ve S am e as a bo ve S am e as ab ov e S am e as a bo ve Ta rg et 9 : B y 20 22 , g en et ic d iv er si ty o f c ro p w ild r el at iv es , c ul tiv at ed s pe ci es a nd li ve st oc k ar e co ns er ve d. N o A ct io n Ta rg et G ro up s C om m un ic at io n ac tio n To ol /a ct iv ity C ap ac ity b ui ld in g To ol / ac tiv ity In di ca to r Ti m e fr am e R em ar ks 1 E st ab lis h an d st re ng th en g en et ic re so ur ce c en tr es su ch a s fie ld g en e ba nk s, s ee d ba nk s et c. , f or b ot h sh or t an d lo ng t er m co ns er va tio n of ge ne tic d iv er si ty o f cr op s, p ou ltr y an d liv es to ck B D S , P G R C D A P H , C R I, R ic e R I, D oE A , D oA yu r, D oA N G O s, C B O s N on e ne ed ed . — C ap ac ity fo r su ch ex pa ns io n w ill al so h av e to b e de ve lo pe d as ne ed ed . 26 6 Ta rg et 9 : C on td . 2 P ro m ot e co ns er va tio n of ne gl ec te d, le ss er kn ow n an d un de r us ed fo od c ro ps , liv es to ck a nd th ei r w ild r el at iv es s uc h as v eg et ab le s, se ed s, fr ui ts , p ou ltr y, liv es to ck a nd fo od fis h B D S , B 4F N , B A C C , P G R C , D oA , N G O s, F D , D W C R ai si ng g en er al aw ar en es s ab ou t ne gl ec te d, le ss er kn ow n an d un de r us ed fo od c ro ps , liv es to ck a nd th ei r w ild r el at iv es . B oo kl et s pr ep ar ed an d pu bl is he d ab ou t e ac h sp ec ie s: th ei r nu tr iti ve v al ue ; w he re to g et se ed lin gs ; h ow to g ro w e tc . i n al l th re e la ng ua ge s; M ed ia a rt ic le s/ sh or t d oc um en ta rie s/ v id eo c lip s ab ou t e ac h sp ec ie s pu bl is he d/ te le vi se d/ up lo ad ed , i n al l th re e la ng ua ge s. C ap ac ity fo r cu lti va tio n of s uc h cr op s, r ea rin g of s uc h an im al s w ill h av e to b e in cr ea se d. T r ai ni ng pr og ra m m es . N um be r of bo ok le ts di ss em i n at ed ; N um be r of ne w sp ap er ar tic le s/ do cu m en ta ry / vi de os u pl oa de d; N um be r of v ie w s of u pl oa de d vi de os . N um be r of tr ai ni ng pr og ra m m es . 3 C ar ry o ut m ol ec ul ar ge ne tic s re se ar ch to id en tif y an d us e be ne fic ia l g en es o f w ild r el at iv es a nd tr ad iti on al v ar ie tie s w ith a im o f i m pr ov in g cu lti va te d cr op va rie tie s an d an im al va rie tie s R R D I, D oA , re se ar ch in st itu te s, P G R C , B D S C al l f or p ro po sa ls to c ar ry o ut s uc h re se ar ch p os te d on M in is tr y w eb si te . C ap ac ity fo r m ol ec ul ar g en et ic s re se ar ch c ar rie d ou t a s ne ed ed . T hi s w ill h av e to b e sh or t te rm tr ai ni ng ov er se as . N um be r of re se ar ch p ro je ct s fu nd ed . N um be r of s ta ff tr ai ne d. A nn ex 3 . C on td . 26 7 4 Im pl em en t o n fa rm co ns er va tio n fo r tr ad iti on al c ro p va rie tie s an d la nd ra ce s an d en co ur ag e pr om ot io n of fa rm er ba se d cr op v ar ie tie s an d liv es to ck D oA , B D S , N G O s, C B O s, IP LC s D ev el op co m m un ic at io n m at er ia ls ab ou t i n fa rm co ns er va tio n. B oo kl et s pr ep ar ed an d pu bl is he d ab ou t e ac h sp ec ie s: w ha t pr ac tic es a nd h ow to c on se rv e on fa rm ; M ed ia a rt ic le s/ sh or t d oc um en ta rie s/ v id eo c lip s ab ou t e ac h sp ec ie s pu bl is he d/ te le vi se d/ up lo ad ed , i n al l th re e la ng ua ge s. C ap ac ity o f fa rm er s to pr ac tis e on f ar m co ns er va tio n w ill h av e to b e in cr ea se d. F oc us g ro up di sc us si on s, tr ai ni ng pr og ra m m es . N um be r of bo ok le ts di ss em i n at ed ; N um be r of ne w sp ap er ar tic le s/ do cu m en ta ry / vi de os u pl oa de d; N um be r of v ie w s of u pl oa de d vi de os . N um be r of fo cu s gr ou p di sc us si on s, tr ai ni ng pr og ra m m es . 5 C re at e ne w pr ot ec te d ar ea s or sp ec ia l m an ag em en t zo ne s w ith in e xi st in g pr ot ec te d ar ea s fo r in s itu c on se rv at io n of c ro p w ild r el at iv es D W C , F D , B D S , P G R C , un iv er si tie s, D oA N G O s, C B O s, IP LC s N ew z on es de m ar ca te d an d ob je ct iv es , ex pe ct at io ns of s uc h zo ne s di ss em in at ed to th e cu st od ia ns o f in s itu a re as . In fo rm at io n br ie fs . C ap ac ity o f D W C , F D to c on se rv e cr op w ild r el at iv es in s itu in cr ea se d. Tr ai ni ng pr og ra m m es . N um be r of in fo rm at io n br ie fs di ss em in at ed . N um be r of tr ai ni ng pr og ra m m es . 26 8 S tr at eg ic o bj ec tiv e 4: T o pr om ot e eq ui ta bl e sh ar in g of b en efi ts fr om b io di ve rs ity Ta rg et 1 0: B y 20 22 , a m ec ha ni sm fo r eq ui ta bl e sh ar in g of b en efi ts a ri si ng fr om b io di ve rs ity is e st ab lis he d. N o A ct io n Ta rg et G ro up s C om m un ic at io n ac tio n To ol /a ct iv ity C ap ac ity b ui ld in g To ol / ac tiv ity In di ca to r Ti m e fr am e R em ar ks 1 E na ct m en t of n ec es sa ry le gi sl at io n or a m en d ex is tin g le gi sl at io n fo r th e sm oo th im pl em en ta tio n of th e N ag oy a pr ot oc ol B D S , M oM D & E , D W C , F D , IE O s, N G O s IP LC P ub lic iz e le gi sl at io n on ce en ac te d or am en de d. M ed ia a rt ic le s/ pr es s re le as es / bl og s ab ou t w ha t th e le gi sl at io n en ta ils . S tr en gt he ni ng c ap ac ity ab ou t a cc es s an d be ne fit s ha rin g of ge ne tic r es ou rc es w ill be n ee de d in o rd er to e na ct o r am en d le gi sl at io n. Tr ai ni ng pr og ra m m e on th e to pi c by a n ex pe rt fr om th e C B D . N um be r of m ed ia ar tic le s /b lo gs . C ap ac ity re la te d to th is to pi c ne ed s m uc h st re ng th en in g. Tr ai ni ng pr og ra m m e co nd uc te d. 2. D ev el op r eg ul at io ns , pr oc ed ur es , gu id el in es a nd be ne fit s ha rin g m ec ha ni sm s fo r bi ol og ic al r es ou rc es B D S , M oM D & E , IE O s, N G O s , I P LC s S am e as a bo ve fo r re gu la tio ns , pr oc ed ur es a nd m ec ha ni sm . S am e as a bo ve . S am e as a bo ve fo r re gu la tio ns , pr oc ed ur es , g ui de lin es an d be ne fit s ha rin g m ec ha ni sm s. Tr ai ni ng pr og ra m m e on th e re le va nt to pi cs b y an ex pe rt fr om th e C B D . S am e as a bo ve . S am e as th e ab ov e. 3. D ev el op a nd im pl em en t b io pr os pe ct in g pr og ra m m es a nd es ta bl is h re le va nt m ec ha ni sm B D S , M oM D & E , M oF , I P LC s P S C S am e as a bo ve fo r pr og ra m m es es ta bl is h an d m ec ha ni sm . S am e as a bo ve . S am e as a bo ve fo r de ve lo pi ng bi o pr os pe ct in g pr og ra m m es . S am e as ab ov e. S am e as a bo ve . S am e as a bo ve . 4 P re pa re g ui de lin es , ha nd bo ok fo r al l st ak eh ol de r gr ou ps fo r us e o f g en et ic re so ur ce s th at in cl ud es e co no m ic , so ci al , c ul tu ra l, le ga l a nd e th ic al co ns id er at io ns B D S , M oM D & E , IE O s, N G O s G ui de lin es an d ha nd bo ok pu bl is he d in a ll th re e la ng ua ge s an d pu bl ic is ed . A va ila bi lit y of h an db oo k pu bl ic iz ed th ro ug h m ed ia , em ai l a nd s oc ia l m ed ia . N on e ne ed ed . — N um be r of m ed ia ar tic le s/ p re ss re le as es a bo ut th e gu id el in es an d ha nd bo ok ; S oc ia l m ed ia an al yt ic s. A nn ex 3 . C on td . 26 9 5 E st ab lis h a m ec ha ni sm to en su re b en efi t sh ar in g at th e gr as s ro ot s le ve l an d pi lo tin g th e bi oc ul tu ra l p ro to co ls in fi el d le ve l B D S , M oM D & E , C B O s, IP LC s A w ar en es s cr ea te d ab ou t th e m ec ha ni sm . In fo rm at io n ab ou t th e m ec ha ni sm pu bl ic is ed th ro ug h m ed ia , em ai l a nd s oc ia l m ed ia . N on e ne ed ed . — N um be r of m ed ia ar tic le s/ p re ss re le as es a bo ut th e m ec ha ni sm ; S oc ia l m ed ia an al yt ic s. S tr at eg ic o bj ec tiv e 5: T o im pr ov e hu m an w el l-b ei ng th ro ug h an e co sy st em a pp ro ac h Ta rg et 1 1: B y 20 22 , t he c ap ac ity o f e co sy st em s to d el iv er g oo ds a nd s er vi ce s an d pr ov id e pr ot ec tio n fr om h az ar ds is e nh an ce d N o A ct io n Ta rg et G ro up s C om m un ic at io n ac tio n To ol /a ct iv ity C ap ac ity b ui ld in g To ol / ac tiv ity In di ca to r Ti m e fr am e R em ar ks 1 In iti at e re se ar ch an d m on ito rin g pr og ra m m es o n th e im pa ct s of cl im at e ch an ge , in fr as tr uc tu re de ve lo pm en t, an d na tu ra l h az ar ds o n bi od iv er si ty B D S , C C S N S F, D ep t o f M et eo ro lo gy , N B R O , un iv er si tie s, IE O s, N G O ’s , FD , D W C , C C D N W S & D B C E A , I D , D M C C al l f or p ro po sa l fo r re se ar ch a nd pr og ra m m es . P os te d on M in is tr y w eb si te ; C al l f or p ro po sa ls em ai le d th ro ug h M ai lc hi m p an d sh ar ed vi a ot he r so ci al m ed ia . C ap ac ity r el at ed to c lim at e ch an ge an d ha za rd s ha ve in cr ea se d co ns id er ab ly af te r th e In di an O ce an ts un am i o f 2 00 4. T he re is n o ne ed to fu rt he r in cr ea se c ap ac ity . R es ea rc h m us t, ho w ev er , b e in iti at ed . N um be r of pr op os al s su bm itt ed . 27 0 Ta rg et 1 1: C on td . N o A ct io n Ta rg et G ro up s C om m un ic at io n ac tio n To ol /a ct iv ity C ap ac ity b ui ld in g To ol / ac tiv ity In di ca to r Ti m e fr am e R em ar ks 2 D ev el op o r en ric h ho m e ga rd en ca rb on s to ck s an d bo th u rb an an d ru ra l g re en sp ac es to im pr ov e ec os ys te m se rv ic es p ro vi de d by th em a nd re si lie nc e to cl im at e ch an ge B D S , C C S , S am ur di , D oA , U D A , M oM & W D , IE O s, N G O s C B O s F D , C re at e aw ar en es s ab ou t ho m e ga rd en en ric hm en t t o en ha nc e ca rb on st oc ks . H an db oo ks p re pa re d an d pu bl is he d ab ou t ho w to in cr ea se re si lie nc e to c lim at e ch an ge b y en ric hi ng ho m e ga rd en s in a ll th re e la ng ua ge s; M ed ia a rt ic le s/ sh or t do cu m en ta rie s/ v id eo cl ip s ab ou t t he s ub je ct pu bl is he d/ te le vi se d/ up lo ad ed , i n al l t hr ee la ng ua ge s. T r ad iti on al m et ho ds o f co m m un ic at io n (s tr ee t dr am as , b al la ds ) us ed fo r co m m un iti es a s w el l a s th e ab ov e. C ap ac ity r el at ed to h om e ga rd en en ric hm en t i nc re as ed . F oc us g ro up di sc us si on s, tr ai ni ng pr og ra m m es . N um be r of bo ok le ts di ss em i n at ed ; N um be r of ne w sp ap er ar tic le s/ do cu m en ta ry / vi de os u pl oa de d; N um be r of v ie w s of u pl oa de d vi de os . N um be r of tr ad iti on al co m m un ic at io n m et ho ds u se d an d lo ca tio ns . N um be r of fo cu s gr ou p di sc us si on s, tr ai ni ng pr og ra m m es . A nn ex 3 . C on td . 27 1 3. Im pl em en t m an gr ov e an d riv er b an k re st or at io n an d fo re st co ns er va tio n pr oj ec ts fo r w at er sh ed s C C & C R M D , F D , M A S L, B D S , D W LC , D F D oA , F D , C B O s, N G O s, IE O s, S LT D A , pr iv at e se ct or , C re at e aw ar en es s ab ou t ec ol og ic al ly so un d re st or at io n. H an db oo ks p re pa re d an d pu bl is he d ab ou t m an gr ov e an d riv er ba nk r es to ra tio n, fo re st c on se rv at io n in w at er sh ed s, g iv in g ex pl ic it in fo rm at io n on w he re r es to ra tio n sh ou ld a nd s ho ul d no t be c ar rie d ou t; ho w it sh ou ld b e ca rr ie d ou t a nd h ow it s ho ul d be m on ito re d. T o be pu bl is he d in a ll th re e la ng ua ge s. In cr ea se c ap ac ity o f ec ol og ic al r es to ra tio n. Ti es in w ith T ar ge t 2 A ct io n 2. Tr ai ni ng w or ks ho ps , fie ld v is its an d tr ai ni ng . S am e as a bo ve . T hi s is v er y ne ce ss ar y. A lo t o f w el l m ea ni ng pr oj ec ts ca rr y ou t un pl an ne d re st or at io n in th e w ro ng pl ac e us in g th e w ro ng sp ec ie s an d in co rr ec t m et ho ds . N um be r of fi el d vi si ts ; N um be r of tr ai ni ng pr og ra m m es ; N um be r of pa rt ic ip an ts fo r bo th . 4 Id en tif y an d pr om ot e sp ec ie s w ith e nh an ce d re si lie nc e to e xt re m e co nd iti on s in ag ric ul tu re a nd re fo re st at io n D oA , F D , un iv er si tie s, C B O s, N G O s, C R I, T R I, R R I, R ic e R I O nc e re si lie nt sp ec ie s ar e id en tifi ed , t he y ar e pu bl ic iz ed . B oo kl et s pr ep ar ed an d pu bl is he d ab ou t ea ch s pe ci es : w he re to o bt ai n se ed s/ se ed lin gs ; a nd h ow to gr ow th em ; M ed ia a rt ic le s/ sh or t do cu m en ta rie s/ v id eo cl ip s ab ou t e ac h sp ec ie s pu bl is he d/ te le vi se d/ u pl oa de d, in a ll th re e la ng ua ge s. T r ai ni ng p ro gr am m es on h ow to c ul tiv at e su ch s pe ci es . Tr ai ni ng pr og ra m m es . N um be r of bo ok le ts di ss em i n at ed ; N um be r of ne w sp ap er ar tic le s/ do cu m en ta ry / vi de os u pl oa de d; N um be r of v ie w s of u pl oa de d vi de os . N um be r of tr ai ni ng pr og ra m m es he ld . 27 2 Ta rg et 1 1: C on td . N o A ct io n Ta rg et G ro up s C om m un ic at io n ac tio n To ol /a ct iv ity C ap ac ity b ui ld in g To ol / ac tiv ity In di ca to r Ti m e fr am e R em ar ks 5 M ai ns tr ea m E bA an d E co D R R fo r al l d ev el op m en t pl an ni ng a nd ed uc at io n sy st em C C S , D M C , C oa st G ua rd , M E PA , N A R A , C C & C R M D C on ce pt o f E bA an d E co D R R di ss em in at ed w id el y. B lo gs /m ed ia a rt ic le s/ vi de os in tr od uc in g E bA a nd E co D R R a nd de ta ili ng b en efi ts . C ap ac ity o f t ar ge t gr ou ps o n E bA a nd E co D R R in cr ea se d ac ro ss ta rg et g ro up s. Tr ai ni ng w or ks ho p( s) . N um be r of pe rs on s tr ai ne d; N um be r of ne w sp ap er ar tic le s/ do cu m en ta ry / vi de os u pl oa de d; N um be r of v ie w s of u pl oa de d vi de os . N um be r of tr ai ni ng w or ks ho ps . Ta rg et 1 2: T o en su re b io sa fe ty N o A ct io n Ta rg et G ro up s C om m un ic at io n ac tio n To ol /a ct iv ity C ap ac ity b ui ld in g To ol / ac tiv ity In di ca to r Ti m e fr am e R em ar ks 1. S tr en gt he n th e po lic y on b io sa fe ty B D S , N S F, M oM D & E , un iv er si tie s P ub lic is e po lic y on ce d ev el op ed . M ed ia a rt ic le s/ pr es s re le as es / bl og s ab ou t w ha t th e po lic y en ta ils . C ap ac ity r el at ed to bi os af et y st re ng th en ed am on g re le va nt ta rg et gr ou ps . C ap ac ity bu ild in g w or ks ho p. N um be r of m ed ia a rt ic le s / bl og s. W or ks ho p he ld . 2. D ev el op a nd im pl em en t a N at io na l B io sa fe ty M as te r P la n an d fo rm ul at e bi os af et y le gi sl at io n B D S , M oM D & E , un iv er si tie s, C E A , in di vi du al ex pe rt s, N G O s P ub lic is e gi st of m as te r pl an an d le gi sl at io n on ce d ev el op ed / en ac te d. M ed ia a rt ic le s/ pr es s re le as es / bl og s ab ou t w ha t t he p la n/ le gi sl at io n en ta ils . C ap ac ity n ee ds w ou ld ha ve b ee n m et u nd er ac tio n 1. N um be r of m ed ia a rt ic le s / bl og s. A nn ex 3 . C on td . 27 3 3. E st ab lis h ris k as se ss m en t pr oc ed ur es fo r ne w te ch no lo gi es B D S , M oH , N S F, S LI N T E C , C E A , un iv er si tie s, in di vi du al ex pe rt s H an db oo k de ve lo pe d. H an db oo k on ris k as se ss m en t an d ris k m an ag em en t. S tr en gt he n ca pa ci ty fo r ris k as se ss m en t a nd ris k m an ag em en t f or ne w te ch no lo gi es . Tr ai ni ng w or ks ho p. N um be r of ha nd bo ok s di ss em i n at ed . Tr ai ni ng w or ks ho p he ld . 4. S tr en gt he n ca pa ci ty fo r ris k as se ss m en t a nd r is k m an ag em en t B D S , C E A , M oM D & E , un iv er si tie s, in di vi du al ex pe rt s A s ab ov e. A s ab ov e. A s ab ov e. A s ab ov e. A s ab ov e. A s ab ov e. 5. D ev el op a nd im pl em en t l eg al in st ru m en ts to pr ot ec t n at iv e bi od iv er si ty a nd in di ge no us c ro ps fr om c on ta m in at io n of G M O s B D S , D oA , M oM D & E , Le ga l D ra ug ht sm an , un iv er si tie s, in di vi du al ex pe rts , N G O s, IP LC s, C B O s P ub lic is e la w s on ce d ev el op ed . M ed ia a rt ic le s/ pr es s re le as es / bl og s ab ou t w ha t th e la w s en ta il. N on e ne ed ed . — N um be r of m ed ia a rt ic le s / bl og s. 6. E nh an ce S ri La nk a’ s sc ie nt ifi c ca pa ci ty o n bi os af et y B D S , D oA , un iv er si tie s, re se ar ch In st itu te s N on e ne ed ed . — S ci en tifi c ca pa ci ty st re ng th en ed b y a tr ai ni ng w or ks ho p by an e xp er t b ro ug ht do w n fr om th e C B D . Tr ai ni ng w or ks ho p/ or s ta gg er ed tr ai ni ng ov er se as . N um be r of s ta ff tr ai ne d. 27 4 A nn ex 4 . B ud ge t E st im at es fo r Im pl em en tin g th e N B A S P 2 01 6 22 N o. A ct io n E st im at ed B ud ge t (L K R ) R em ar ks Ta rg et 1 . B y 20 22 , a s ys te m e st ab lis he d an d on go in g fo r in ve nt or is in g sp ec ie s (t ax on om y co ns er va tio n st at us ), ec os ys te m s (s tr uc tu re , f un ct io n, co m po si tio n an d di st ri bu tio n) , t he ir s er vi ce s an d va lu es , t o in fo rm c on se rv at io n pl an ni ng a nd d ec is io n m ak in g 1. E st ab lis h a na tio na l l is t o f s pe ci es a nd e co sy st em ty pe s w ith a nn ua l u pd at in g 2 ,0 00 ,0 00 .0 0 H ol d E xp er t m ee tin gs , h ire a n E co lo gi st , G IS e xp er t, fie ld su rv ey s, p ur ch as e so ftw ar e an d ha rd w ar e, h ol d bi an nu al m ee tin gs to u pd at e th e lis t 2. E st ab lis h a na tio na l b io di ve rs ity d at ab as e to d oc um en t bi od iv er si ty in a ll na tu ra l a re as 2, 00 0, 00 0. 00 P ur ch as e so ftw ar e, h ar dw ar e, h ire a d at a ba se e xp er t a nd G IS ex pe rt a nd p os si bl y ho st in g in th e w eb 3. P op ul at e th e da ta ba se w ith e xi st in g da ta s et s an d up da te co nt in uo us ly 5, 00 0, 00 0. 00 H ire a te m po ra ry s ta ff to c ol la te a nd e nt er d at a in to th e da ta ba se 4. D ev el op a r es ea rc h ag en da to a dd re ss id en tifi ed in fo rm at io n ga ps o n si te s, ta xa a nd v al ua tio n of e co sy st em se rv ic es a nd s ha re th is in fo rm at io n w ith r el ev an t st ak eh ol de rs 50 0, 00 0. 00 H ol d a se rie s of m ee tin gs 5. E st ab lis h a n at io na l b ot an ic al a nd z oo lo gi ca l s ur ve y pr og ra m m e to c on du ct b as el in e su rv ey s fo r su bs eq ue nt m on ito rin g of s ite s id en tifi ed in a ct io n 4 25 0, 00 0, 00 0. 00 C ov er th e co st b io di ve rs ity s ur ve ys th ro ug ho ut S ri La nk a 6. P ro vi de s ee d gr an ts fo r co nt ra ct r es ea rc h on id en tifi ed si te s, ta xa a nd e co sy st em s er vi ce s, w he re in fo rm at io n is no t p re se nt ly a va ila bl e 50 ,0 00 ,0 00 .0 0 P ro vi de a bo ut 1 5 gr an ts a t 0 .5 m ill io n fo r 7 ye ar s 7. P ro vi de tr ai ni ng fo r lo ca l e xp er ts o n le ss er k no w n ta xa 10 0, 00 0, 00 0. 00 C ov er th e co st o f f or ei gn e xp er ts , h ol d w or ks ho ps , p ro vi de sc ho la rs hi ps fo r po st g ra du at e tr ai ni ng 8. P ro vi de fi na nc ia l s up po rt fo r lo ca l e xp er ts to c om m un ic at e th ei r fin di ng s re la te d to b io di ve rs ity o f S ri La nk a bo th na tio na lly a nd g lo ba lly 25 ,0 00 ,0 00 .0 0 P ro vi di ng 1 0 1 5 tr av el g ra nt s pe r ye ar 9. D ev el op a nd im pl em en t a c om m un ic at io n st ra te gy to d is se m in at e th e in fo rm at io n co lle ct ed to r el ev an t st ak eh ol de rs 10 ,0 00 ,0 00 .0 0 H ire a c om m un ic at io n ex pe rt a nd p ro du ce c om m un ic at io n m at er ia l 27 5 Ta rg et 2 : B y 20 22 , h ab ita t l os s, d eg ra da tio n an d fr ag m en ta tio n ar e si gn ifi ca nt ly r ed uc ed . N o. A ct io n E st im at ed B ud ge t (L K R ) R em ar ks C on du ct S tr at eg ic E nv iro nm en t A ss es sm en ts fo r al l ni ne p ro vi nc es a nd id en tif y th e be st p os si bl e pa th w ay to ac hi ev e na tio na l d ev el op m en t g oa ls w ith th e le as t a m ou nt of h ab ita t l os s an d fr ag m en ta tio n 10 0, 00 0, 00 0. 00 10 m ill io n pe r pr ov in ce D ev el op a n at io na l e co sy st em ( te rr es tr ia l, co as ta l a nd m ar in e) c on se rv at io n pl an to id en tif y th e be st p os si bl e st ra te gi es fo r af fo re st at io n, e nh an ce m en t, re st or at io n an d es ta bl is hi ng c on ne ct iv ity 10 ,0 00 ,0 00 .0 0 H iri ng b io di ve rs ity a nd G IS e xp er ts , c on su lta tio n w or ks ho ps , lim ite d fie ld s ur ve ys Im pl em en t t he n at io na l e co sy st em c on se rv at io n pl an b y in te gr at in g it w ith p ro vi nc ia l a nd lo ca l d ev el op m en t p la ns as w el l a s en su rin g pr iv at e se ct or p ar tic ip at io n. 1, 00 0, 00 0, 00 0. 00 C ar ry o ut r ef or es ta tio n/ r es to ra tio n, e st ab lis h nu rs er ie s, re st or at io n of c oa st al h ab ita ts D ev el op a nd im pl em en t a n at io na l p ro gr am m e th at re du ce s re lia nc e on a gr oc he m ic al u sa ge 10 0, 00 0, 00 0. 00 H iri ng c om m un ic at io n ex pe rt , h ol d w or ks ho ps , p ro du ce co m m un ic at io n m at er ia l, pr om ot e or ga ni c fa rm in g pi lo t p ro je ct s de m on st ra tio n pr oj ec ts D ev el op a nd im pl em en t a n at io na l s tr at eg y th at r ed uc es th e re le as e of p ol lu ta nt s an d so lid w as te in to w et la nd s (a s de fin ed b y R am sa r) 75 ,0 00 ,0 00 .0 0 B as el in e st ud ie s fo r de ve lo pi ng s tr at eg ie s, m ee tin gs , w or ks ho ps , hi rin g ex pe rt s D ev el op a nd im pl em en t o f a s et o f g ui de lin es to r ed uc e th e im pa ct o f t ou ris m o n na tu ra l h ab ita ts 5, 00 0, 00 0. 00 H ol d m ee tin gs , d at a ga th er in g, h iri ng e xp er ts C on du ct a n at io na l l ev el a w ar en es s ca m pa ig n on in va si ve al ie n sp ec ie s an d th ei r im pa ct s on n at ur al h ab ita ts 7, 00 0, 00 0. 00 P re pa re c om m un ic at io n m at er ia l, up da tin g ex is tin g m at er ia l, ho ld in g m ee tin gs S tr en gt he n re gu la to ry m ec ha ni sm s to p re ve nt e nt ry o f in va si ve a lie n sp ec ie s 7, 00 0, 00 0. 00 Tr ai ni ng fo r ris k as se ss m en t, pr od uc in g m at er ia l, w or ks ho ps E st ab lis h ea rly w ar ni ng s ys te m fo r in va si ve a lie n sp ec ie s 2, 00 0, 00 0. 00 P re pa re m at er ia l, aw ar en es s, m ee tin gs E st ab lis h m ec ha ni sm fo r up da tin g N at io na l I A S li st s ev er y fo ur y ea rs 8, 00 0, 00 0. 00 M ee tin gs , d at a co lle ct io n, c ol la tio n of p ub lis he d in fo rm at io n da ta en tr y D ev el op a nd im pl em en t s pe ci es s pe ci fic m an ag em en t pl an s fo r id en tifi ed in va si ve a lie n sp ec ie s 70 ,0 00 ,0 00 .0 0 Id en tif y pr io rit y sp ec ie s, d ev el op m an ag em en t p la ns a nd im pl em en t p rio rit y ac tio ns fo r at le as t 5 s pe ci es 27 6 Ta rg et 2 : C on td . N o. A ct io n E st im at ed B ud ge t (L K R ) R em ar ks S tr en gt he n th e im pl em en ta tio n of s pe ci al m an ag em en t ar ea s, c on se rv at io n ar ea s an d af fe ct ed a re as a s de fin ed by th e C C & C R M A ct 30 0, 00 0, 00 0. 00 Im pl em en t f or a t l ea st 3 s ite s C ar ry o ut a n at io na l a ss es sm en t o f t he im pa ct o f c lim at e ch an ge o n id en tifi ed v ul ne ra bl e sp ec ie s an d ec os ys te m s an d de ve lo p po te nt ia l m iti ga tio n an d ad ap ta tio n st ra te gi es an d en su re th at th is a ss es sm en t f ee ds in to th e na tio na l ad ap ta tio n pl an fo r S ri La nk a. 50 ,0 00 ,0 00 .0 0 D at a co lle ct io n, m ee tin gs , fi el d su rv ey s C ar ry o ut a n as se ss m en t o f s pe ci es th at a re u nd er go in g ra ng e ex pa ns io n du e to c lim at e ch an ge a nd e xa m in e th ei r im pa ct s on e co sy st em s an d de ve lo p an d im pl em en t m iti ga tio n m ea su re s 50 ,0 00 ,0 00 .0 0 C on du ct fi el d su rv ey s, h ol d m ee tin gs e tc . P re pa re a nd im pl em en t w et la nd c on se rv at io n m an ag em en t pl an s fo r w et la nd s th at a re id en tifi ed a s cr iti ca l s ys te m s ly in g ou ts id e th e PA n et w or k 15 ,0 00 ,0 00 .0 0 P re pa re m an ag em en t p la ns fo r at le as t 1 5 cr iti ca l s ite s P re pa ra tio n of th e R ed L is t o f E co sy st em s fo r S ri La nk a an d up da te d ev er y fiv e ye ar s 5, 00 0, 00 0. 00 H iri ng G IS e xp er ts a nd o th er e xp er ts , d at a co lle ct io n Ta rg et 3 : B y 20 22 , t he P A n et w or k is m ad e re pr es en ta tiv e of a ll cr iti ca l e co sy st em s an d sp ec ie s an d m an ag ed e ff ec tiv el y. N o. A ct io n E st im at ed B ud ge t (L K A ) R em ar ks U pd at e th e pr ot ec te d ar ea g ap a na ly si s ba se d on th e re co m m en da tio ns o f t he p ro vi nc ia l S E A s an d de ve lo p an d im pl em en t a s tr at eg y to p ro te ct th e cr iti ca l h ab ita ts o ut si de th e PA n et w or k 3, 00 0, 00 0. 00 H iri ng c on su lta nt s, h ol di ng w or ks ho ps , m ee tin gs , m ap pr ep ar at io n C on du ct a s ta tu s as se ss m en t o f t he P A n et w or k an d id en tif y si te s th at n ee d to b e up gr ad ed o r do w ng ra de d ba se d on th ei r cu rr en t s ta tu s 5, 00 0, 00 0. 00 H iri ng e xp er t, da ta c ol le ct or s A nn ex 4 . C on td . 27 7 C ar ry o ut a n as se ss m en t o f t he c oa st al a nd m ar in e se ct or an d id en tif y an d de si gn at e th e ar ea s th at n ee d to b e pr ot ec te d 10 ,0 00 ,0 00 .0 0 H iri ng e xp er ts , d at a co lle ct io n E st ab lis h a m ar in e di vi si on in th e D ep ar tm en t o f W ild lif e C on se rv at io n an d im pl em en t e ffe ct iv e m an ag em en t o f M PA s an d m ar in e sp ec ie s 10 ,0 00 ,0 00 .0 0 P ur ch as in g eq ui pm en t, tr ai ni ng p eo pl e P re pa re a da pt iv e m an ag em en t p la ns fo r al l a re as d ec la re d as p ro te ct ed u nd er a ct io n 2 an d 3 an d en su re th at th es e pl an s ar e im pl em en te d ef fe ct iv el y 75 ,0 00 ,0 00 .0 0 P re pa re p la ns , c ap ac ity b ui ld in g fo r m an ag em en t p la n pr ep ar at io n, p ro vi di ng te ch ni ca l s up po rt P ro te ct s ite s th at h ar bo ur k ey e vo lu tio na ry li nk s su ch a s fo ss ils o r su b fo ss ils 10 ,0 00 ,0 00 .0 0 Id en tifi ca tio n, b ou nd ar y de m ar ca tio n, d ec la ra tio n P ro m ot e co m m un ity b as ed c on se rv at io n us in g su i-g en er is to ol s fo r co m m un ity o w ne d la nd 10 ,0 00 ,0 00 .0 0 To e st ab lis h 10 s ite s Ta rg et 4 : B y 20 22 , t he lo ss o f s pe ci es is s ig ni fic an tly r ed uc ed . N o. A ct io n E st im at ed B ud ge t (L K R ) R em ar ks U pd at e th e na tio na l r ed li st e ve ry fi ve y ea rs a nd e ns ur e th at th e da ta is s ha re d in a n ap pr op ria te fo rm at w ith th e IU C N G lo ba l R ed L is t U ni t 20 ,0 00 ,0 00 .0 0 H ol di ng w or ks ho ps , p ub lic at io n co st , d at a en tr y, G IS w or k E st ab lis h an in te ra ct iv e w eb p or ta l o n th re at en ed s pe ci es to c re at e aw ar en es s on th re at en ed s pe ci es o f S ri La nk a an d en su re th at th is p or ta l i s co nt in ua lly u pd at ed 10 ,0 00 ,0 00 .0 0 H iri ng w eb d es ig ne r, da ta e nt ry , c ol la tio n of d at a Id en tif y re se ar ch n ee ds w ith r es pe ct to p rio rit iz ed th re at en ed s pe ci es a nd d ev el op a fu nd in g m ec ha ni sm to fa ci lit at e su ch r es ea rc h 35 00 0, 00 0. 00 A t l ea st p ro vi de 1 0 gr an ts p er y ea r w ith a m ax im um o f 0 .5 m il D ev el op a nd im pl em en t r ec ov er y pl an s fo r pr io rit iz ed th re at en ed s pe ci es 10 0, 00 0, 00 0. 00 A t l ea st p re pa re 2 5 pl an s E st ab lis h an e x si tu b re ed in g an d re se ar ch fa ci lit y fo r br ee di ng / p ro pa ga tio n of th re at en ed s pe ci es u nd er th e D ep ar tm en t o f N at io na l Z oo lo gi ca l G ar de ns a nd N at io na l B ot an ic G ar de ns 30 0, 00 0, 00 0. 00 B ui ld 3 b re ed in g fa ci lit ie s ea ch ( w et , d ry , a nd m on ta ne ) fo r pl an ts an d an im al s 27 8 Ta rg et 4 : C on td . N o. A ct io n E st im at ed B ud ge t (L K R ) R em ar ks R eg ul ar iz e tu rt le h at ch er ie s w ith a pp ro pr ia te g ui de lin es fo r sc ie nt ifi c m an ag em en t a nd a m on ito rin g sy st em es ta bl is he d 35 0, 00 0. 00 M ee tin gs a nd m on ito rin g co st E st ab lis h an im al c ar e sh el te rs u nd er th e D ep ar tm en t o f W ild lif e C on se rv at io n fo r re ha bi lit at io n of c on fis ca te d, in ju re d an d di sp la ce d an im al s in e ac h w ild lif e re gi on an d de ve lo p gu id el in es fo r re in tr od uc tio n of r eh ab ili ta te d sp ec ie s ba ck to th e w ild 70 ,0 00 ,0 00 .0 0 Tr ai ni ng o f v et er in ar y as si st an ts , E st ab lis h se ve n ce nt er s D ev el op a nd im pl em en t s pe ci es le ve l m an ag em en t p la ns fo r m iti ga tio n of c on fli ct s ca us ed b y th re at en ed s pe ci es 70 ,0 00 ,0 00 .0 0 D ev el op fo r th re at en ed s pe ci es o th er th an e le ph an ts E st ab lis h ex s itu c on se rv at io n fa ci lit ie s su ch a s bo ta ni c ga rd en s, z oo s, a qu ar ia , w et la nd p ar ks , a rb or et a, m ed ic in al ga rd en s, u rb an p ar ks , n at ur al h is to ry m us eu m s, p la nt he rb ar ia e tc ., or u pg ra de & im pr ov e ex is tin g fa ci lit ie s in e ac h bi oc lim at ic z on es fo r re cr ea tio n, c on se rv at io n, ed uc at io n an d re se ar ch 60 0, 00 0, 00 0. 00 10 0 m ill io n LK R p er b io cl im at ic z on e fo r th e se ve n ye ar p er io d Id en tif y ga ps in e nf or ce m en t o f t ra ck in g, m on ito rin g an d pr os ec ut in g ill eg al tr ad e of s ch ed ul ed s pe ci es a nd u pd at e cu rr en t l eg is la tio n an d re gu la tio ns to a dd re ss id en tifi ed ga ps a s w el l a s al ig nm en t w ith in te rn at io na l c on ve nt io ns su ch a s C IT E S 2, 00 0, 00 0. 00 R es ea rc h, le ga l c on su lta tio n, c oo rd in at io n, tr ai ni ng A nn ex 4 . C on td . 27 9 Ta rg et 5 : B y 20 22 , t he v al ua tio n of b io di ve rs ity is m ai ns tr ea m ed . N o. A ct io n E st im at ed B ud ge t (L K R ) R em ar ks C on du ct p ro gr am m es to c ap tu re a nd c re at e aw ar en es s on va lu e of B io di ve rs ity a nd E co sy st em S er vi ce s (B E S ) 4, 00 0, 00 0. 00 C on du ct m ee tin gs , w or ks ho ps , p rin tin g m at er ia l U nd er ta ke T E E B ty pe v al ua tio n st ud ie s to d et er m in e th e va lu e of k ey e co sy st em s an d th ei r se rv ic es in S ri La nk a 20 ,0 00 ,0 00 .0 0 C on du ct s tu di es fo r at le as t 5 e co sy st em s In te gr at e bi od iv er si ty a nd e co sy st em s er vi ce v al ue s in to ed uc at io na l c ur ric ul a fo r m ea ni ng fu l e ng ag em en t 1, 00 0, 00 0. 00 H ol di ng w or ks ho ps a nd m ee tin gs C ap tu re a nd s ha re b io di ve rs ity a nd e co sy st em s er vi ce va lu es e m be dd ed in r el ig io n an d cu ltu re 1, 00 0, 00 0. 00 H ol di ng w or ks ho ps a nd m ee tin gs Li nk e xi st in g da ta ba se s an d de ve lo p an d m ai nt ai n a se ar ch ab le d at ab as e/ w eb p or ta l fo r ec os ys te m s, ec os ys te m s er vi ce s, th ei r va lu es 10 ,0 00 ,0 00 .0 0 H iri ng a n ex pe rt to d es ig n da ta ba se , e nt er in g da ta In te gr at e bi od iv er si ty a nd e co sy st em s se rv ic e va lu es to na tio na l a cc ou nt s 10 ,0 00 ,0 00 .0 0 H iri ng e xp er ts , d at a co lle ct io n D ev el op g ui de lin es to in co rp or at e B io di ve rs ity a nd E co sy st em S er vi ce s va lu es in to r eg io na l/n at io na l/ lo ca l le ve l p la nn in g a nd p la n im pl em en ta tio n 5, 00 0, 00 0. 00 H ol di ng w or ks ho ps , d ev el op in g gu id el in e Ta rg et 6 : B y 20 22 , m ec ha ni sm s ar e es ta bl is he d to e ns ur e su st ai na bl e us e of b io di ve rs ity . N o. A ct io n E st im at ed B ud ge t (L K A ) R em ar ks D ev el op in no va tiv e fin an ci ng m ec ha ni sm s to g en er at e su st ai na bl e se lf fin an ci ng fo r bi od iv er si ty a nd e co sy st em se rv ic es c on se rv at io n 7, 50 0, 00 0. 00 P re pa re a t l ea st 3 m ec ha ni sm s In tr od uc e a pp ro pr ia te e co no m ic in st ru m en ts fo r bi od iv er si ty a nd e co sy st em s co ns er va tio n 15 ,0 00 ,0 00 .0 0 2 pi lo t p ro je ct s Id en tif y an d re m ov e pe rv er se in ce nt iv es th at d am ag e bi od iv er si ty a nd e co sy st em s er vi ce s 2, 00 0, 00 0. 00 H ire a n ex pe rt fo r th e st ud y 28 0 Ta rg et 6 : C on td . N o. A ct io n E st im at ed B ud ge t (L K R ) R em ar ks P ro m ot e be st p ra ct ic es to m in im iz e th e de st ru ct iv e ha rv es tin g m et ho ds u se d fo r bi ol og ic al r es ou rc es fr om te rr es tr ia l, aq ua tic a nd m ar in e sy st em s 2, 00 0, 00 0. 00 H ire a n ex pe rt fo r th e st ud y A ss es s th e pr es en t l ev el s of h ar ve st in g of fr es hw at er an d m ar in e fin fis h/ s he ll fis h an d de ve lo p an d im pl em en t re co ve ry p la ns fo r fin fis h/ s he ll fis h sp ec ie s st oc ks th at a re de pl et ed d ue to o ve re xp lo ita tio n 10 0, 00 0, 00 0. 00 P re pa re a t l ea st 1 0 re co ve ry p la ns Ta rg et 7 : B y 20 22 , t ra di tio na l s us ta in ab le u se s of b io di ve rs ity a re p ro m ot ed a nd e st ab lis he d. N o. A ct io n E st im at ed B ud ge t (L K R ) R em ar ks P ro m ot e an d m ob ili se c ul tu ra l p ra ct ic es a nd tr ad iti on al w is do m r el at ed to b io di ve rs ity 2, 00 0, 00 0. 00 C on du ct a n aw ar en es s ca m pa ig n E st ab lis h a se ar ch ab le d at ab as e on tr ad iti on al k no w le dg e, be lie fs a nd p ra ct ic es o f b io di ve rs ity 10 ,0 00 ,0 00 .0 0 H iri ng a n ex pe rt to d es ig n da ta ba se , e nt er in g da ta P ro m ot e bi o pr os pe ct in g of b ot h an im al a nd p la nt g en et ic re so ur ce s th ro ug h th e ap pl ic at io n of tr ad iti on al k no w le dg e 10 ,0 00 ,0 00 .0 0 A t l ea st c ar ry o ut 1 0 pi lo t p ro je ct s P ro m ot e po lic y to ol s fo r m ai ns tr ea m in g su as iv e be ha vi ou r re la te d to b io di ve rs ity c on se rv at io n 1, 00 0, 00 0. 00 H ire a n ex pe rt fo r th e st ud y In tr od uc e an o ut gr ow in g sy st em fo r m ed ic in al p la nt s w ith th e in vo lv em en t o f p riv at e se ct or 1, 00 0, 00 0. 00 H ire a n ex pe rt Id en tif y ga ps in F is he ry M an ag em en t A re as ( F M A ) an d im pl em en t pr og ra m s to a dd re ss th e id en tifi ed g ap s 5, 00 0, 00 0. 00 H ire a n ex pe rt Ta rg et 8 : B y 20 22 , s us ta in ab le a gr ic ul tu re p ra ct ic es a re p ro m ot ed a nd e st ab lis he d. N o. A ct io n E st im at ed B ud ge t (L K R ) R em ar ks Im pr ov e co nv er si on e ffi ci en cy o f r aw m at er ia l t o fin al pr od uc t 10 ,0 00 ,0 00 .0 0 M ee tin gs , a w ar en es s, a t l ea st 5 p ilo t p ro je ct s P ro m ot e an d m ai ns tr ea m u nd er ut ili ze d, le ss er k no w n or ne gl ec te d fo od c ro ps , l iv es to ck a nd fo od fi sh es w hi ch pr ov id e nu tr iti on 7, 00 0, 00 0. 00 R es ea rc h an d aw ar en es s at le as t 1 0 sp ec ie s A nn ex 4 . C on td . 28 1 Id en tif y an d co ns er ve u se fu l B E S s uc h as n at ur al e ne m ie s, po lli na to rs a nd s oi l m ic ro or ga ni sm s fo r su st ai na bl e ag ric ul tu ra l p ro du ct iv ity 7, 00 0, 00 0. 00 C on du ct m ee tin gs , p ilo t p ro je ct s P ro m ot e us ef ul e le m en ts o f t ra di tio na l k no w le dg e/ pr ac tic es o f u ni qu e ag ro ec os ys te m s (r el at ed to s uc h as K an dy an h om e ga rd en s, c as ca de s ys te m s, c he na , o w ita an d m av ee la nd s) to a dd re ss c ur re nt is su es 6, 00 0, 00 0. 00 C on du ct in g w or ks ho ps , m ee tin gs a nd p re pa ra tio n of a w ar en es s m at er ia l E st ab lis h an d m ai nt ai n a se ar ch ab le d at ab as e lin ke d w ith gl ob al d at ab as es o n nu tr iti on al q ua lit y of fo od 10 ,0 00 ,0 00 .0 0 H iri ng a n ex pe rt to d es ig n da ta ba se , e nt er in g da ta E st ab lis h a da ta ba se o n tr ad iti on al k no w le dg e 10 ,0 00 ,0 00 .0 0 H iri ng a n ex pe rt to d es ig n da ta ba se , e nt er in g da ta Ta rg et 9 : B y 20 22 , g en et ic d iv er si ty o f c ro p w ild r el at iv es , c ul tiv at ed s pe ci es a nd li ve st oc k is c on se rv ed . N o. A ct io n E st im at ed B ud ge t (L K R ) R em ar ks E st ab lis h an d st re ng th en g en et ic r es ou rc e ce nt re s su ch a s fie ld g en e ba nk s, s ee d ba nk s et c. , f or b ot h sh or t a nd lo ng te rm c on se rv at io n of g en et ic d iv er si ty o f c ro ps , p ou ltr y an d liv es to ck 70 ,0 00 ,0 00 .0 0 10 m ill io n LK R p er y ea r P ro m ot e co ns er va tio n of n eg le ct ed , l es se r kn ow n an d un de r us ed fo od c ro ps , l iv es to ck a nd th ei r w ild r el at iv es su ch a s ve ge ta bl es , s ee ds , f ru its , p ou ltr y, li ve st oc k a nd fo od fi sh 70 ,0 00 ,0 00 .0 0 10 m ill io n LK R p er y ea r C ar ry o ut m ol ec ul ar g en et ic s re se ar ch to id en tif y an d us e be ne fic ia l g en es o f w ild r el at iv es a nd tr ad iti on al v ar ie tie s w ith a im o f i m pr ov in g cu lti va te d cr op v ar ie tie s an d an im al va rie tie s 20 ,0 00 ,0 00 .0 0 A t l ea st 5 s pe ci es Im pl em en t o n fa rm c on se rv at io n fo r tr ad iti on al c ro p va rie tie s an d la nd r ac es a nd e nc ou ra ge p ro m ot io n of fa rm er b as ed c ro p va rie tie s an d liv es to ck 14 ,0 00 ,0 00 .0 0 2 m ill io n LK R p er y ea r C re at e ne w p ro te ct ed a re as o r sp ec ia l m an ag em en t z on es w ith in e xi st in g pr ot ec te d ar ea s fo r in s itu c on se rv at io n of cr op w ild r el at iv es 2, 00 0, 00 0. 00 S ur ve y, b ou nd ar y de m ar ca tio n, d ec la ra tio n 28 2 Ta rg et 1 0: B y 20 22 , a m ec ha ni sm fo r eq ui ta bl e sh ar in g of b en efi ts a ri si ng fr om b io di ve rs ity is e st ab lis he d an d im pl em en te d N o. A ct io n E st im at ed B ud ge t (L K R ) R em ar ks E na ct n ec es sa ry le gi sl at io n or a m en d ex is tin g le gi sl at io n fo r th e sm oo th im pl em en ta tio n of th e N ag oy a pr ot oc ol 50 0, 00 0. 00 H ire a n ex pe rt D ev el op r eg ul at io ns , p ro ce du re s, g ui de lin es a nd b en efi t sh ar in g m ec ha ni sm s fo r bi ol og ic al r es ou rc es 50 0, 00 0. 00 H ire a n ex pe rt D ev el op a nd im pl em en t b io p ro sp ec tin g pr og ra m m es a nd es ta bl is h re le va nt m ec ha ni sm 2, 00 0, 00 0. 00 H ire a n ex pe rt P re pa re g ui de lin es , h an db oo k fo r al l s ta ke ho ld er g ro up s fo r us e o f g en et ic r es ou rc es th at in cl ud es e co no m ic , so ci al , c ul tu ra l, le ga l a nd e th ic al c on si de ra tio ns 1, 00 0, 00 0. 00 H ire a n ex pe rt E st ab lis h a m ec ha ni sm to e ns ur e be ne fit s ha rin g at th e gr as s ro ot s le ve l 3, 00 0, 00 0. 00 3 pi lo t s tu di es c ov er in g di ffe re nt s ys te m s Ta rg et 1 1: B y 20 22 , t he c ap ac ity o f e co sy st em s to d el iv er g oo ds a nd s er vi ce s an d pr ov id e pr ot ec tio n fr om h az ar ds is e nh an ce d N o. A ct io n E st im at ed B ud ge t (L K R ) R em ar ks In iti at e re se ar ch a nd m on ito rin g pr og ra m m es o n th e im pa ct s of c lim at e ch an ge , i nf ra st ru ct ur e de ve lo pm en t a nd na tu ra l h az ar ds o n bi od iv er si ty 5, 00 0, 00 0. 00 H ire a n ex pe rt D ev el op m en t o r en ric h ho m e ga rd en c ar bo n st oc ks a nd bo th u rb an a nd r ur al g re en s pa ce s to im pr ov e ec os ys te m se rv ic es p ro vi de d by th em 14 0, 00 0, 00 0. 00 20 m ill io n pe r ye ar Im pl em en t m an gr ov e an d riv er b an k re st or at io n an d fo re st co ns er va tio n pr oj ec ts fo r w at er sh ed s 14 0, 00 0, 00 0. 00 20 m ill io n pe r ye ar Id en tif y an d pr om ot e sp ec ie s w ith e nh an ce d re si lie nc e to ex tr em e co nd iti on s in a gr ic ul tu re a nd r ef or es ta tio n (a t l ea st 1 0 sp ec ie s id en tifi ed ) 10 ,0 00 ,0 00 .0 0 H ire a n ex pe rt M ai ns tr ea m E bA a nd E co D R R in a ll de ve lo pm en t p la nn in g an d th e ed uc at io n sy st em 5, 00 0, 00 0. 00 A nn ex 4 . C on td . 28 3 Ta rg et 1 2: B y 20 22 B io sa fe ty is a ss ur ed N o. A ct io n E st im at ed B ud ge t (L K R ) R em ar ks S tr en gt he n th e po lic y on b io sa fe ty 1, 00 0, 00 0. 00 D ev el op a nd im pl em en t a N at io na l B io sa fe ty M as te r P la n an d fo rm ul at e bi os af et y le gi sl at io n 2, 00 0, 00 0. 00 H ire a n ex pe rt , w or ks ho ps E st ab lis h ris k as se ss m en t p ro ce du re s fo r ne w te ch no lo gi es 2, 00 0, 00 0. 00 H ire a n ex pe rt , w or ks ho ps S tr en gt he n ca pa ci ty fo r ris k as se ss m en t a nd r is k m an ag em en t 3, 00 0, 00 0. 00 Tr ai ni ng w or ks ho ps D ev el op a nd im pl em en t l eg al in st ru m en ts to p ro te ct n at iv e bi od iv er si ty a nd in di ge no us c ro ps fr om c on ta m in at io n of G M O s 2, 00 0, 00 0. 00 E nh an ce S ri La nk a’ s sc ie nt ifi c ca pa ci ty o n bi os af et y 2, 00 0, 00 0. 00 To ta l B ud ge t 4, 33 0, 35 0, 00 0. 00 Nat iona l B iod ivers i ty S t ra tegy and Ac t ion P lan 2016-2022 284