National Implementation Plan on Persistent Organic Pollutants

Republic of Lebanon Ministry of Environment 2017 REPUBLIC OF LEBANON MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT This document should be referenced as: MoE/UNEP/GEF (2017) - National Implementation Plan on Persistent Organic Pollutants. Lebanon Copyright © 2017 by the Ministry of Environment – United Nations Environment Programme This report may be reproduced in whole or in part without special permission, provided acknowledgement of the source is made and the reproduction is not sold. Disclaimer The contents of this document are the sole responsibility of its authors and do not necessarily reflect the opinion of the Ministry of Environment or the United Nations Environment Programme who will not accept any liability derived from its use. The authors and editors do not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this report, although they have executed best efforts to present the information accurately. Thus, the information contained in this report is provided for reference only. This report can be used for research, teaching and pri vate study purposes. Please give credit where it is due. National Implementation Plan on Persistent Organic Pollutants Reference project Review and Update of the National Implementation Plan for the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) in the Republic of Lebanon Executed by Ministry of Environment Funded by Global Environment Facility Implemented by United Nations Environment Programme Project Management Unit Lama Mghames, Project Manager Nathalie Karam, Project Assistant Project Focal Point Samar Malek, Acting Head of Service of Environmental Technology Recruited Consultants / Firms Earth Link and Advanced Resources Development (ELARD) s.a.l. (www.elard-group.com) Dr. Roland Weber, POPs Environmental Consulting Design and Printing Haber Printing sarl National Implementation Plan on Persistent Organic Pollutants 4 Tarek El Khatib Minister of Environment FOREWORD This is the second “National Implementation Plan for the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollut ants (POPs)” that has been published to date. This publication offers an opportunity to reaffirm Lebanon’s commitment towards sustainable development and management of Persistent Organic Pollutants, in words and in deeds, through the adoption by the Lebanese state of a series of objectives and actions set out in the National Implementation Plan, and the constant en deavors to implement them efficiently. Ever since the Government of Lebanon ratified the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants in 2001, the Ministry of Environment has deployed extensive efforts in promoting its implementation. Over the last years, Lebanon made considerable progress in shaping the legal, institutional and technical framework related to the chemicals management. However, it became clear to the Ministry of Environment that a new way of working and of addressing this sector should be sought. This 2017 National Implementation Plan is a rich snapshot to date of the developments that have taken place in Lebanon on the chemicals management (including POPs). This publication is a culmination of the efforts made by different Lebanese institutions in addressing one of the key environmental priorities in Lebanon. Therefore, it has aimed at providing a strategic basis for addressing the chemicals management (including POPs) in Lebanon. Through the official submission of this report, we now have the opportunity to pave a new path for better chem icals management and further compliance to Stockholm Convention. Yet, we count on our partners, within the public and private sectors, in orienting their decisions, actions, and research towards a better environmental sound management of chemicals especially POPs. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 5 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This report comes within the project “Review and Update of the National Implementation Plan for the Stock holm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) in the Republic of Lebanon”. The project team would like to express its gratitude to all public and private institutions for their fruitful cooper ation and assistance in documenting relevant information and in developing the action plan. We wish to extend our recognition to all the entities which provided data for all the sectoral assessments and provided inputs throughout the process. A great deal of gratitude goes to the project Steering Committee members namely Mrs. Samar Malek, Mrs. Olfat Hamdan and Mrs. Viviane Sassine (Ministry of Environment), Eng. Lama Haidar and Eng. Rima Chehny (Ministry of Agriculture), Eng. Chantal Akl (Ministry of Industry), Eng. Dahlia Mansour (Ministry of Public Health), Eng. Khadija Noureddine (Ministry of Energy and Water), Eng. Marwan Khaddaj (Ministry of Labor), Eng. Zah ra Ramadan (Ministry of Public Works and Transport), Mrs. Joelle Nacouzi and Mrs. Raghida Harb (Customs Authority), and Eng. Jihad Ghadieh, Eng. Fatima Harakeh and Eng. Wassim Nasr (Electricité du Liban). Our deep appreciation goes to the Thematic Task Team members who provided expert judgment to the project team namely Dr. Adla Jammoul, Mrs. Amal Koubeissy, Mrs. Samar Khalil, Dr. Salem Hayyar, Dr. Farouk Jaber and Dr. Aline Ghanem. We acknowledge all individuals from the following institutions who provided data and support: Ministry of In terior and Municipalities (Traffic, Trucks and Vehicles Management Authority and General Directorate of Civil Defense), Ministry of Economy and Trade, Climate Change Project (MoE / UNDP), Lebanon Environmental Pollution Abatement Project – LEPAP (MoE / UNDP), Environmental Resources Monitoring Project (MoE / UNDP), Association of Lebanese Industrialists (ALI), Association of Importers and Distributors of Supplies for Agricultural Production in Lebanon (ASPLANTE), Lebanese Standards Institution (LIBNOR), Association of Car Importers in Lebanon, World Health Organization (WHO) and Food and Agriculture Organization – Leba non (FAO). Finally, the Ministry of Environment would like to thank UNEP / GEF for funding the development of the second national implementation plan and its related assessments. 6 ABBREVIATIONS & ACRONYMS ACTS AFFF ALI AQMS AR-AFFF AUB BAT BEP BIA BMI CAS CBA CDR CDW CEPF CO2 CoM COP CRT DAS DDT DGO DGUP DSST EBML ECD EDL EEE EIA ELV Elv EPS Advanced Construction Technology Services Aqueous Film Forming Foams Association of Lebanese Industrialists Air Quality Monitoring System Alcohol Resistant - Aqueous Film Forming Foams American University of Beirut Best Available Technology Best Environmental Practice Beirut International Airport Body Mass Index Central Administrative for Statistics Cost Benefit Analysis Council for Development and Reconstruction Construction and Demolition Waste Critical Ecosystem Partnership Fund Carbon Dioxide Council of Ministers Conference of Parties Cathode Ray Tube Data Acquisition System Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane Directorate General of Oil Directorate General of Urban Planning Doctoral School for Science and Technology Establishment of the Water of Beirut and Mount Lebanon Electron Capture Detector Electricité Du Liban Electrical and Electronic Equipment Environmental Impact Assessment Emission Limit Value End of Life Vehicle Expanded Polystyrene National Implementation Plan on Persistent Organic Pollutants ABBREVIATIONS & ACRONYMS 7 ERML ESIA EU FAO FFFP FHS FP GC GCC GDP GEF GHS GoL HBB HBCD HCB HCBD HCF HCH HCW HCWT HFO HIP HS IBA IDAL IEE IP IPM IRI ISIC KCN Environmental Resources Monitoring in Lebanon Project Environmental and Social Impact Assessment European Union Food and Agriculture Organization Film-Forming Fluoro-Protein Foams Faculty of Health Sciences Fluoro-Protein Foams Gas Chromatography Gulf Cooperation Council Gross Domestic Products Global Environment Facility Global Harmonized System Government of Lebanon Hexabromobiphenyl Hexabromocyclododecane Hexachlorobenzene Hexachlorobutadiene Health Care Facility Hexachlorocyclohexane Health Care Waste Health Care Waste Treatment Heavy Fuel Oil High Impact Polystyrene Harmonized System Important Bird Area Investment Development Authority for Lebanon Initial Environmental Examination Implementation Package Integrated Pest Management Industrial Research Institute International Standard Industrial Classification Potassium Cyanide 8 KSA LAAS LAOC LARI LAU LCA LIBNOR LP LU MAB MASCO MEA MEAs MJ MoA MoC MoE MoEHE MoET MoEW MoI MoIM MoL MoPH MoPWT MoSA MSDS MSW MW NAOH NBSAP NCSR Kingdom of Saudi Arabia Lebanese Association for the Advancement of Science Laboratory of Analysis of Organic Compounds Lebanese Agricultural Research Institute Lebanese American University Lebanese Customs Authority Lebanese Standards Institution Lebanese Parliament Lebanese University Man and Biosphere Middle East Airlines Maintenance Department Middle East Airline Multilateral Environmental Agreements Megajoules Ministry of Agriculture Ministry of Culture Ministry of Environment Ministry of Education and Higher Education Ministry of Economy and Trade Ministry of Energy and Water Ministry of Industry Ministry of Interior and Municipalities Ministry of Labor Ministry of Public Health Ministry of Public Works and Transport Ministry of Social Affairs Material Safety Data Sheet Municipal Solid Waste Medical Waste Sodium Hydroxide National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan National Council for Scientific Research National Implementation Plan on Persistent Organic Pollutants 9 NDU NGOs NIP NIU O OCFTC OCPs ODS OEA OP PA PAH PBDE PCB PCDD PCDF PCE PCNs PCP PeCB PFOS PMU POPs POPRC PPE PRASE PUR PVC PVOH REACH SAICM SC Notre Dame University Non-Governmental Organizations National Implementation Plan National Implementation Unit Objective Office des Chemins de Fer et des Transports en Commun Organochlorine Pesticides Ozone Depleting Substances Order of Engineers and Architects Operational Policy Protected Areas Poly-aromatic Hydrocarbons Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers Polychlorinated Biphenyls Polychlorinated Dibenzodioxins Polychlorinated Dibenzofurans Perchloroethylene Polychlorinated Naphthalenes Pentachlorophenol Pentachlorobenzene Perfluorooctane sulfonic acid, its salts and perfluorooctanesulfonyl fluoride Project Management Unit Persistent Organic Pollutants POPs Review Committee Personal Protective Equipment Platform for Research and Analysis in Environmental Sciences Polyurethane Foam Polyvinyl Chloride Polyvinyl Alcohol Registration, Evaluation, Authorization and Restriction of Chemicals Strategic Approach to International Chemicals Management Stockholm Convention ABBREVIATIONS & ACRONYMS 10 SES SO SOER SPA SPAMI STPP TEQ TGAI TJ ToRs UAE UK UNDP UNEP UNESCO UNHCR UNIDO UNRWA UOB UPOPs USA USEK USJ WEEE WWTP XPS Sanitary Engineering Service Strategic Objective State and Trends of the Lebanese Environment Report Specially Protected Areas Specially Protected Areas of Mediterranean Importance Sodium Tripolyphosphate Toxic Equivalency Factor Technical Grade Active Ingredient Terajoule Terms of References United Arab Emirates United Kingdom United Nations Development Program United Nations Environment Program United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization United Nations Higher Commissioner for Refugees United Nations Industrial Development Organization United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees University of Balamand Unintentionally Released POPs United States of America Université Saint Esprit de Kaslik University Saint Joseph Waste of Electrical and Electronic Equipment Waste Water Treatment Plant Extruded Polystyrene National Implementation Plan on Persistent Organic Pollutants 11TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Country Commitment to Stockholm Convention 1.2 Objective and Structure of the NIP 1.3 Methodology 1.3.1 Review Process 1.3.2 National Priority Assessment 1.3.3 Formulation of the National Implementation Plan 2 COUNTRY BASELINE 2.1 Country Profile 2.1.1 Geographic Profile 2.1.2 Demographic Profile 2.1.3 Government and Political Profile 2.1.4 Economic Profile 2.1.5 Agriculture Sector 2.1.6 Industrial Sector 2.1.7 Transport Sector 2.2 Environmental Overview 2.2.1 Air 2.2.2 Water 2.2.3 Wastewater 2.2.4 Solid Waste 2.2.5 Biodiversity and Natural Heritage 2.2.6 Energy 2.2.7 Environmental Academic Profile 2.2.8 Environmental Career Opportunities 2.3 Implementation Status of Previous NIP 2.3.1 Updates from related Ministries 2.3.2 Identified Challenges 2.3.3 Important Addressed Actions 2.3.4 Lebanon Compliance to Stockholm Convention Requirements 2.4 Institutional, Policy and Regulatory Framework 2.4.1 Roles and Responsibilities of Ministries, Agencies and other Governmental Institutions involved in POPs Life Cycles (from Source to Disposal, Environmental Fate and Health Monitoring) 2.4.2 Relevant International Commitments and Obligations 2.4.3 Description of Existing Legislation and Regulations Addressing POPs 17 21 21 22 22 23 25 25 26 26 26 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 32 33 33 34 34 35 35 37 37 37 44 44 46 48 48 56 59 12 2.5 Assessment of POPs Issue in the Country 2.5.1 Assessment of POPs Pesticides including DDT (Annexes A and B) 2.5.2 Assessment of PCBs (Annex A) 2.5.3 Assessment of HBCD (Annex A) 2.5.4 Assessment of POP-PBDE (Annex A) 2.5.5 Assessment of PFOS, its salts and PFOSF (Annex B) 2.5.6 Assessment of Releases of Unintentional Produced Chemicals (Annex C) 2.5.7 Assessment of Stockpiles, Potentially Contaminated Sites, and Wastes 2.5.8 Summary of Requirements for Exemptions (and Future Use, and Releases of POPs) 2.5.9 Existing Programmes and Studies for Monitoring Releases and Environmental Levels Including Findings 2.5.10 Current Level of Information, Awareness, and Education among Target Groups; Exist ing Systems to Communicate such Information to the various Groups 2.5.11 Mechanism to Report under Article 15 on Measures taken to implement the Provisions of the Convention and for Information Exchange with other Parties to the Convention 2.5.12 Relevant Activities of Non-Governmental Stakeholders 2.5.13 Overview of Technical Infrastructure for POPs Assessment, Measurement, Analysis, Alternatives and Prevention Measures, Management, Research and Development – Linkage to International Programmes and Projects 2.5.14 Details of any Relevant System for the Assessment and Listing of new Chemicals and Details of any Relevant System for the Assessment and Regulation of Chemicals already in the Market 2.5.15 Assessment of Socio-Economic Impacts of POPs 3 STRATEGY AND ACTION PLAN ELEMENTS OF THE NATIONAL IMPLEMENTATION PLAN 3.1 Policy statement 3.2 Implementation Strategy 3.3 Action Plan and Prioritization 3.3.1 Strategic Objectives and Action Plan 3.3.2 Prioritization of Objectives 3.4 Timetable and Resource Requirements REFERENCES APPENDICES National Implementation Plan on Persistent Organic Pollutants 76 76 83 85 88 93 97 106 111 111 112 113 114 116 122 122 127 127 127 129 130 161 164 166 168 13LIST OF FIGURES LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1 - Main activities undertaken during the review process Figure 2 - Hierarchy of the Lebanese Government Figure 3 - Employment by sector (2010) Figure 4 - Major crops harvested in Lebanon (2010) Figure 5 - Vehicle percentage distribution per model year of production Figure 6 - Hierarchy of the ministry of environment Figure 7 - Procedure for wastes / products import restricted by ministry of environment Figure 8 - Hierarchy of plant directorate at the ministry of agriculture Figure 9 - Permit procedures for import of pesticides Figure 10 - Procedures required to import pesticides at ministry of agriculture Figure 11 - Procedures required to import pesticides for domestic use at ministry of public health Figure 12 - Procedures of industrial permits at ministry of industry Figure 13 - Procedures of pesticides import Figure 14 - Imported and exported pesticides in Lebanon between 2004 and 2014 Figure 15 - Surveyed areas and crops Figure 16 - Potential Contaminated Sites Figure 17 - Summary of HBCD assessment findings (2004-2014) Figure 18 - Summary of PBDE assessment findings (2004-2014) Figure 19 - Summary of PFOS assessment findings (2004-2014) Figure 20 - Distribution of uncontrolled dumpsites surveyed (October 2010-January 2011) Figure 21 - Map of potential hotspots Figure 22 - Decrease of income from increase in price of raw material for farmers (2012-2014) Figure 23 - NIP implementation framework 14 LIST OF TABLES Table 1 - GDP of Lebanon (2010) Table 2 - Agriculture areas and holdings Table 3 - National air quality monitoring network (2013) Table 4 - Summary of the environmental specialties within the academic sector in Lebanon Table 5 - Summary of updates on 2006 NIP implementation Table 6 - Stockholm Convention requirements and level of compliance of Lebanon Table 7 - Multilateral Environmental Agreements ratified by the Government of Lebanon Table 8 - Summary of POPs national related legal text Table 9 - Field Survey, distribution by crop and region Table 10 - Vehicle fleet manufactured before 2004 and registered between 2004 and 2014 Table 11 - Quantity of furniture imported from the United States (tonnes) Table 12 - Large fire incidents with PFOS firefighting foams (2006 - 2014) Table 13 - PCDD/PCDF emissions from each source group to different matrices Table 14 - Contribution of each category to PCDD/PCDF emissions - Source Group 1 Table 15 - Estimated UPOPs emissions - Source Group 1 Table 16 - Contribution of each category to PCDD/PCDF emissions - Source Group 2 Table 17 - Estimated UPOPs emissions - Source Group 2 Table 18 - Contribution of each category to PCDD/PCDF emissions - Source Group 3 Table 19 - Estimated UPOPs emissions - Source Group 3 Table 20 - Contribution of each category to PCDD/PCDF emissions - Source Group 4 Table 21 - Estimated UPOPs emissions - Source Group 4 Table 22 - Contribution of each category to PCDD/PCDF emissions - Source Group 5 Table 23 - Estimated UPOPs emissions - Source Group 5 Table 24 - Contribution of each category to PCDD/PCDF emissions - Source Group 6 Table 25 - Estimated UPOPs emissions - Source Group 6 Table 26 - Contribution of each category to PCDD/PCDF emissions - Source Group 7 Table 27 - Estimated UPOPs emissions - Source Group 7 Table 28 - Contribution of each category to PCDD/PCDF emissions - Source Group 8 Table 29 - Estimated UPOPs emissions - Source Group 8 Table 30 - Contribution of each category to PCDD/PCDF emissions - Source Group 9 Table 31 - Estimated UPOPs emissions - Source Group 9 Table 32 - Estimated PCDD/PCDF emission from askarel transformers Table 33 - Fire sites considered as hotspots Table 34 - Waste management and disposal per category Table 35 - Responders identified national laboratories Table 36 - Assessment of the analytical capacity of local laboratories Table 37 - Availability of POPs analyte tests according to matrices by laboratories Table 38 - Strengthening the legal framework (O1.1) Table 39 - Strengthening the institutional framework (O1.2) Table 40 - Improve control of import/ trade of IPOPs (O2.1) Table 41 - Enhance the knowledge and capacity of industrialists, distributors and retailers to manage POPs and consider their risks (O2.2) National Implementation Plan on Persistent Organic Pollutants 15LIST OF TABLES Table 42 - Identify and manage IPOPs stockpiles and wastes/ residues (current and future) in an environmen tally sound and integrated manner (O2.3) Table 43 - Identify, assess and remediate potential contaminated sites including water bodies (O2.4) Table 44 - Controlling and gradually reducing unintentionally released POPs (O3.1) Table 45 - Identify and manage UPOPs wastes/residues (current and future) in an environmentally sound and integrated manner (O3.2) Table 46 - Identify, assess and remediate potential contaminated sites (O3. 3) Table 47 - Encourage the use of alternatives to POPs pesticides while promoting best practices and reducing demand for potential smuggling of POPs pesticides (O4.1) Table 48 - Strengthen the capacity of public institutions in the management of POPs pesticides (O4.2) Table 49 - Identify and manage POPs pesticides stockpiles and wastes (current and future) in an environmen tally sound and integrated manner (O4.3) Table 50 - Identify, assess and remediate potential contaminated sites including water bodies (O4.4) Table 51 - Establish a cooperation framework between Government and Academia/Research centers thus POPs research supports policymaking (O5.1) Table 52 - Identify priority research areas related to POPs and other hazardous chemicals and coordinate with academia to ensure these areas are effectively covered (O5.2) Table 53 - Disseminate research on POPs nationally (O5.3) Table 54 - Prioritization criteria Table 55 - POPs pesticides prioritization Table 56 - UPOPs prioritization Table 57 - IPOPs prioritization Table 58 - Financial resources for NIP implementation 16 This page is intentionally left blank National Implementation Plan on Persistent Organic Pollutants 17EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Recognizing the importance of the management of Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), the Govern ment of Lebanon (GoL) signed the Stockholm Con vention on POPs on May 23, 2001 and became Party to it on January 3, 2003 through the Law 432 dated July 29, 2002. Parties to the Stockholm Convention are committed to design, establish and implement effective and effi cient legal frameworks to ensure the environmentally sound management of chemicals. Among others, the provisions of the Convention re quire each party to: a. Prohibit and/or eliminate the production and use, as well as the import and export, of the intentional ly produced POPs that are listed in Annex A to the Convention (Article 3); b. Restrict the production and use, as well as the import and export, of the intentionally produced POPs that are listed in Annex B to the Convention (Article 3); c. Reduce or eliminate releases from unintentionally produced POPs that are listed in Annex C to the Convention (Article 5); d. Ensure that stockpiles and wastes consisting of, containing or contaminated with POPs are han dled, collected, transported, stored and disposed in an environmentally sound manner and endeavor to develop appropriate strategies for identifying sites contaminated by POPs listed in Annexes A, B and C to the Convention (Article 6); e. Target additional POPs (Article 8); f. Develop implementation plans (Article 7), infor mation exchange (Article 9), public information, awareness and education (Article 10), research, development and monitoring (Article 11), techni cal assistance (Article 12), financial resources and mechanisms (Article 13), reporting (Article 15), ef fectiveness evaluation (Article 16) and non-com pliance (Article 17). To comply with its commitments toward the SC, in 2006, Lebanon completed its first National Implemen tation Plan (NIP). Since then, new POPs chemicals were included as part of the Convention and Parties are requested not only to include information on these new POPs but also to update existing information on the twelve (12) initial POPs. In that regard, the Lebanese Ministry of Environment did execute (May 2015 – April 2017), the Project “Re view and Update of the National Implementation Plan for the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organ ic Pollutants in the Republic of Lebanon” funded by GEF and implemented by UNEP. The goal of the NIP updating exercise is to protect human health and the environment from the risks posed by the unsound use, management and release of POPs. The purpose of this updated 2017 NIP is to reassess national priorities and update earlier action plans to reflect progress made in implementation and to account for newly listed POPs in the Convention. Major milestones during the development of this 2017 NIP included: 1. Three (3) Inventories covering: a. Unintentionally released POPs (Dioxins, Fu rans, PeCBs, HCB and PCBs) b. Industrial POPs (PFOS and related chemicals, POPs- PBDEs, HBCD and PCBs) c. POPs Pesticides 2. Assessment of regulatory and institutional frame work 3. Assessment of socio-economic impacts of POPs 4. Assessment of national laboratories infrastructure 5. Assessment of previous NIP implementation sta tus 6. Development of implementation action plan and prioritization of objectives The process was driven by a highly participatory ap proach whereby a steering committee was involved in every critical step and other stakeholders were also engaged through various meetings and participatory workshops. The development of this NIP has also taken into con EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 18 sideration the main challenges that were identified with stakeholders in the implementation of the 2006 NIP: Insufficient financial resources for the implemen tation of different projects and the application of certain actions; Need to enhance collaboration among concerned stakeholders including MoA, Customs, MoE, MoI and MoPH on executing certain actions; Low priority of certain actions in ministerial goals resulting in their abandonment; Need to increase awareness on decision-makers level on the importance of executing certain ac tions; In some cases, weak legislation prevented the ex ecution of certain actions; Lack of effective data management has affected the ability of ministries to implement certain ac tions; Lack of communication mechanisms with con cerned stakeholders such as industries, farmers, distributors and traders made it difficult to dissemi nate the necessary information and as result inter fered with the implementation of certain actions; Insufficient institutional knowledge and capacity also prevented some actions from being imple mented. The 2017 NIP includes (i) the measures that need to be adopted by the GoL through each of the respon sible parties and (ii) the necessary resources (hu man, financial and technical) required for its proper implementation in order to fulfill the provisions of the Stockholm Convention and to protect the Lebanese environment and population from exposure to POPs. The activities in the NIP are aimed at improving man agement of POPs while fully taking into consider ation the need to address hazardous chemicals and wastes at large. The NIP addresses different aspects of managing and monitoring POPs throughout their entire life cycle, thus enabling the fulfillment of all the specific requirements of the Stockholm Convention. The NIP action plan includes information on the stra tegic objectives, objectives, activities, responsible parties (lead implementer and supporting agencies), anticipated outcomes, timeframe for implementation, human and technical resources, financial resources and potential sources of funds. The Action Plan artic ulates six (6) main Strategic Objectives (SO): • Strategic Objective 1: Strengthening the legal and institutional framework for POPs chemi cals management in Lebanon • Strategic Objective 2: Managing the import and export, production, use, recycling and disposal of Industrial POPs • Strategic Objective 3: Controlling and gradual ly reducing unintentionally released POPs • Strategic Objective 4: Managing the import, trade, use, and disposal of POPs pesticides • Strategic Objective 5: Promoting research re lated to POPs chemicals • Strategic Objective 6: Monitoring, Evaluation and Reporting Based on specific six (6) prioritization criteria (i.e. fea sibility, financial, health and environment, socio-eco nomic impacts, efficiency and effectiveness, and ur gency), the steering committee, thematic task teams and other related stakeholders prioritized the objec tives included in the six (6) Strategic Objectives and reviewed their recommended activities. The results of the prioritization exercise showed that nearly all objectives were identified as medium to high priority. The highest considered priority for each POPs category is as below: POPs Pesticides- O4.1 “Encourage the use of alternatives to POPs pesticides while promoting best practices and reducing demand for potential smuggling of POPs pesticides”; UPOPs- O3.1 “Controlling and gradually reducing unintentionally released POPs”; IPOPs- O2.1 “Improve control of import / trade of IPOPs”. Noting that, during the mentioned-above prioritization exercise the Objective O3.1 included the following activities (1.1.10, 1.1.16, 1.1.13 and 2.2.3). But after National Implementation Plan on Persistent Organic Pollutants 19 the final review and compilation of the action plan, and in accordance to the feedback of steering com mittee members, these activities were integrated in the Objectives O1.1 and O2.2. In order to effectively implement the NIP, the GoL is to establish a National Implementation Unit (NIU) at the Ministry of Environment (MoE), through a fund ed technical assistance project, to provide oversight for implementation of the NIP as a near-term priority. The NIU is to be supervised by a Steering Commit tee including representatives from key ministries and their agencies involved with chemicals management (including POPs). The Steering Committee members are proposed to be representatives from the MoE, MoI, MoA, MoL, MoPH, Customs Authority, MoIM, MoET, MoEW, EDL, and MoPWT. Representatives from other stakeholders and donor agencies will be invited to attend specific meetings based on the prog ress of implementation and their roles. NIU will be staffed with a team dedicated specifically to implement the NIP. This will ensure that NIP imple mentation is not hindered for reasons of understaffing of certain ministries or lack of dedicated personnel to manage its implementation. This is a main lesson from the previous NIP implementation, which suffered from lack of sufficient resources. The NIU’s responsibilities will include among others the following tasks: • Resource mobilization to implement the NIP; • Preparation of Terms of References (ToRs) for the various activities; • Supervision of NIP activities and coordination with different stakeholders; • Support in integration of POPs relevant actions in ministerial plans and projects; • Acting as secretariat to the steering committee to ensure it is operational; • Compilation of databases relevant to assess ing and controlling POPs; • Upgrading POPs inventories and NIP on reg ular basis as prescribed by the Convention in cluding the POPs newly listed in 2015 (PCP, PCN, HCBD) and upcoming 2017; • Integrating POPs management activities with general hazardous chemical management ac tivities including synergies with SAICM emerg ing issues, mercury and ODS were appropri ate; • Promoting green and sustainable chemistry; • Evaluating progress of NIP implementation ev ery three (3) years; • Dissemination of information about POPs; • Leading implementation of the research com ponent of the NIP; • Arrangement for training of appropriate spe cialists (e.g., customs officer, border control of ficers, engineers, technicians) responsible for management of POPs; • Monitoring and evaluation of NIP implementa tion and reporting to the Secretariat as well as NIP updating as required. The NIP will be implemented through three (3) main Implementation Packages (IPs) as follows: • IP1: Technical assistance package including implementation of SO1 (Legal and Institution al Framework), SO5 (Research and Develop ment) and SO6 (Monitoring, Evaluation and Reporting); • IP2: IPOPs and UPOPs implementation pack age (SO2 and SO3); • IP3: POPs pesticides implementation package (SO4) EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 20 National Implementation Plan on Persistent Organic Pollutants NIP implementation shall be distributed into three 3-year plans addressing the identified short term actions, medium-term actions and long-term actions. This will allow a gradual approach to NIP implementation as follows: • First NIP Implementation Period: 2018-2020 (Short Term); • Second NIP Implementation Period: 2021 2023 (Medium Term); • Third NIP Implementation Period: 2024-2026 (Long Term) The overall estimated budget for the proposed NIP is USD 8,503,000 including the activities budget, oper ational budget, management budget and contingen cy. NIP implementation can be gradually rolled up starting with the short-term activities under IP1 for a budget of about USD 620,000. This will enable mobi lization of further resources to start implementing the other implementation packages. IP 1 S O 1 L eg al a nd In st itu tio na l S tr en gt he ni ng Le ad : M oE S up po rt : M oF /C us to m s, M oI , L IB N O R , M oA , M oE T F in an ci al R eq ui re m en ts : U S D 8 50 ,0 00 S O 5: R esearch and D evelopm ent Lead: N C S R S upport: M oE , M oA , M oI, M oP H , M oE H E , LA A S , A cadem ic institutions, private sector SO6: Monitoring, Evaluation and Reporting Steering Committee IP2: SO2 (IPOPs) and SO3 (UPOPs) Lead: MoE Support: MoI, MoF/Customs, ALI, Syndicates, MoPH, MoPWT, Civil defense, MoET, MoIM, MoEW/EDL, RPTA Financial Requirements: USD 4,330,000 IP3: SO4 – POPs Pesticides Lead: MoA Support: MoE, MoF/Customs Financial Requirements: USD 1,650,000 National Implementation Unit (NIU) at MoE INTRODUCTION 21 Recognizing the importance of the management of Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), the Govern ment of Lebanon (GoL) signed the Stockholm Con vention on POPs on May 23, 2001 and became Party to it on January 3, 2003 through the Law 432 dated July 29, 2002. Parties to the Stockholm Convention are committed to design, establish and implement effective and effi cient legal frameworks to ensure the environmentally sound management of chemicals. Among others, the provisions of the Convention re quire each party to: a. Prohibit and/or eliminate the production and use, as well as the import and export, of the intentional ly produced POPs that are listed in Annex A to the Convention (Article 3); b. Restrict the production and use, as well as the import and export, of the intentionally produced POPs that are listed in Annex B to the Convention (Article 3); c. Reduce or eliminate releases from unintentionally produced POPs that are listed in Annex C to the Convention (Article 5); d. Ensure that stockpiles and wastes consisting of, containing or contaminated with POPs are han dled, collected, transported, stored and disposed in an environmentally sound manner and endeav or to develop appropriate strategies for identifying sites contaminated by POPs listed in Annexes A, B and C to the Convention (Article 6); e. Target additional POPs (Article 8); f. Develop implementation plans (Article 7), infor mation exchange (Article 9), public information, awareness and education (Article 10), research, development and monitoring (Article 11), techni cal assistance (Article 12), financial resources and mechanisms (Article 13), reporting (Article 15), ef fectiveness evaluation (Article 16) and non-com pliance (Article 17). To comply with its commitments toward the SC, in 2006, Lebanon completed its first National Implemen tation Plan (NIP). With grant funding from the Global Environment Facility (GEF/UNEP), Lebanon was one of 12 countries participating in a pilot project for the “Development of National Implementation Plans for the Management of POPs”. According to the 2006 NIP, Lebanon’s top priorities in POPs management were (i) awareness raising, (ii) institutional and regulatory strengthening, (iii) Poly chlorinated Biphenyls (PCB) management, and (iv) management of emissions of dioxins and furans. Thus, between 2004 and 2006, the country prepared and issued the following: a. Preliminary Pesticides Inventory (2005) b. Preliminary PCB Inventory (2005) c. National Inventory on Persistent Organic Pollut ants: Dioxins & Furans Releases (2005) d. National Profile on Management of Chemicals in Lebanon (2005) e. Persistent Organic Pollutants Health and Environ ment Profile (2005) Throughout the past ten (10) years, the POPs Review Committee (POPRC) reviewed the chemicals and recommended the amendments of the SC annexes A, B, and C. Accordingly the SC COP adopted the following: 2009: Decisions SC-4/10 to SC-4/18 that amend ed Annexes A (elimination), B (restriction), and C (unintentional production) of the Stockholm Con vention to list the below nine (9) additional chemi cals as Persistent Organic Pollutants (new POPs): • Chlordecone, • Hexabromobiphenyl, • Pentachlorobenzene, • Lindane (gamma hexachlorocyclohexane), • Alpha Hexachlorocyclohexane (Alpha HCH), • Beta Hexachlorocyclohexane (Beta HCH), • Tetrabromodiphenyl ether and Pentabromodi phenyl ether (commercial pentabromodiphenyl ether), 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Country Commitment to Stockholm Convention 22 National Implementation Plan on Persistent Organic Pollutants • Hexabromodiphenyl ether and Heptabromodi phenyl ether (commercial octabromodiphenyl ether), • Perfluorooctane sulfonic acid, its salts and Per fluorooctane sulfonyl fluoride (PFOS). 2011: Decision SC-5/4 adopted Endosulfan as the tenth new listed POP 2013: Decision SC-6/13 adopted an amendment to Annex A to the Stockholm Convention to list Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) with specific exemptions 2015: Decisions SC-7/12, SC-7/13 and SC-7/14 amended the Annexes A and C listing Hexachlo robutadiene (HCBD), Pentachlorophenol and its salts and esters (PCP) and Polychlorinated Naph thalenes (PCN) respectively. Based on the above decisions, and among the nu merous implications for Parties of the listed new chemicals, there had been the need “To review and update the National Implementation Plan” (Article 7). At COP-5, the Global Environment Facility (GEF) announced that it would make available grants of up to USD 250,000 to each eligible country embarking upon NIP review and updating. Thus, Parties to the Stockholm Convention were requested not only to in clude information on new POPs but also to update existing information on the twelve (12) initial POPs. In that regard, the Lebanese Ministry of Environment did execute (May 2015 – April 2017), the Project “Re view and Update of the National Implementation Plan for the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organ ic Pollutants in the Republic of Lebanon” funded by GEF and implemented by UNEP. 1.2 Objective and Structure of the NIP The goal of the NIP updating exercise is to protect human health and the environment from the risks posed by the unsound use, management and release of POPs. Whereas, the purpose of this 2017 NIP is to reassess national priorities and update earlier action plans to reflect progress made in implementation and to ac count for newly listed POPs in the Convention. In order to achieve the above objectives, the Ministry of Environment prepared in 2016 the “National As sessment of POPs Impacts and Management – Pes ticides, Industrial and Unintentionally Released” cov ering the following: • Regulatory and Institutional Framework Assessment - 2016 • Assessment of POPs Pesticides - 2016 • Assessment of Industrial POPs and Unintentionally Released POPs - 2016 • Socio-Economic Impact Assessment of POPs 2016 Building on the findings of the above assessments and following the “Guidance for Developing, a Nation al Implementation Plan for the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic pollutants” (Draft 2014), the structure of the NIP is summarized as follows: Introduction Country Commitments to Stockholm Convention Objective and Structure of the NIP Methodology Country Baseline Country Profile Environmental Overview Implementation Status of previous NIP Institutional, Policy and Regulatory Framework Assessment of POPs Issue in the Country Strategy and Action Plan Policy Statement Implementation Strategy Action Plan and Prioritization Timetable and Resource requirements 1.3 Methodology This 2017 National Implementation Plan builds on the findings of the 2016 conducted assessments. Major milestones during the development of this 2017 NIP include: 1. Three (3) Inventories covering: a. Unintentionally released POPs (Dioxins, Fu rans, PeCBs, HCB and PCBs) 23INTRODUCTION b. Industrial POPs (PFOS and related chemicals, POPs- PBDEs, HBCD and PCBs) c. POPs Pesticides 2. Assessment of regulatory and institutional frame work 3. Assessment of socio-economic impacts of POPs 4. Assessment of national laboratories infrastructure 5. Assessment of previous NIP implementation sta tus 6. Development of implementation action plan and prioritization of objectives The process was driven by a highly participatory ap proach whereby a steering committee was involved in every critical step and other stakeholders were also engaged through various meetings and partici patory workshops. An overview on the stakeholders’ engagement and public consultation is shown in Ap pendix A. The development of the National Implementation Plan can be divided into three (3) main stages: (i) review process, (ii) assessment of the national pri orities, and (iii) formulation of the updated National Implementation Plan. 1.3.1 Review Process The review process was a critical phase during which the subject was well understood by all team mem bers, available information and guidance were re viewed, roles and responsibilities were well defined, and the work plan was developed. Figure 1 summa rizes the main activities undertaken during this stage. 24 National Implementation Plan on Persistent Organic Pollutants Existing POPs Inventories Review existing inventories, documents, and NIP Assess the current POPs situation in the country. Identify areas of concern Comparative review of the 2005 and 2016 POPs Pesticides inventories to identify main changes in the POPs Pesticides uses and trends in the country Comparative review of the 2005 PCDD/PCDF Inventory and the re lated section from the 2016 POPs Industrial Chemicals and UPOPs Inventory to identify main changes in sources of emissions in the country Comparative review of the PCBs Inventories of 2005 & 2011, relevant section from the 2016 POPs Industrial Chemi cals and UPOPs Inven tory and ongoing work in the sector to assess remaining needs Review of the 2016 POPs related studies to identify areas of con cern and areas of im provement (namely the legal, institutional, and socio-economic assess ments) Review of the 2006 Health & Environment Profile to identify areas of concern and areas of improvement Review of the 2006 NIP to assess achievements and limitations Review of the Nation al profile on chemicals management in Lebanon Review technical published guidelines and toolkits for review and update of the NIP Identify tools to be used for the NIP preparation Clear understanding for the requirements of the Stockholm Con vention Comparative review of the guidelines and toolkits used during the development of the 2006 NIP and the most recent guidance (2014 and 2015) to identify new areas of work Review of the Rot terdam and Basel Conventions guid ance (e.g. the Basel Convention Technical Guidelines for Envi ronmentally Sound Management (ESM) of POPs wastes) to assess POPs relat ed areas of work and needed compliance actions Review of guidance documents for the sound management and elimination of POPs in particular (e.g. publications of UNITAR, IOMC, FAO, WHO, etc.) to identify measures applicable to the Lebanese con text Review of the NIPs from other countries Learn from the experiences of other countries Review of NIPs pre pared by other coun tries, especially those addressing the COP6 amendments such as Belgium, Cameroon, Japan, Nigeria, and United Arab Emirates, to build on experienc es of countries with a similar POPs profile to Lebanon Review existing national plans and studies Integrate national plans and strategies Sustainable Consump tion and Production ac tion plan for the indus trial sector in Lebanon, 2015 National action plans for the implementation of the LBS Protocol and its regional plans in the framework of SAP MED to achieve good environmental status for pollution related ECAP ecologi cal objectives Country report on the Solid Waste Man agement in Lebanon, 2014 National water sector strategy, 2010 Lebanon national bio diversity strategy and action plan, 2016 National Bioenergy Strategy for Lebanon, 2012 State and Trends of Lebanese Environ ment, 2010 Project demonstrat ing and promoting best techniques and practices for reducing health care waste to avoid environmental releases of dioxins and mercury, 2013 Guidelines Review of Completed NIPs Environmental Plans & Studies Figure 1 - Main activities undertaken during the review process 25 In addition to the review process, a training workshop on the development of a national implementation plan for POPs management was organized by the Project Management Unit (PMU) at the Ministry of Environ ment (MoE). 1.3.2 National Priority Assessment The review process included the assessment of the status and trend of POPs existence and use in Leb anon as well as the areas of concern and improve ments for POPs sound management and elimination in line with the Stockholm Convention requirements. In this regard, the following activities were undertaken: • The 2006 NIP was assessed in order to identify achievements and limitations; • A questionnaire was developed for each of the main stakeholders responsible for the implemen tation of the NIP, primarily the Ministries of Envi ronment, Agriculture, Public Health and Industry. The ministries were asked to report on the imple mentation status of each of the actions stated in the previous NIP. Non-achieved actions were in vestigated to determine the obstacles faced, their validity in light of the updated POPs inventories and studies and the new UNEP Guidance for de veloping NIPs. Further information on the imple mentation status of the previous NIP can be found in section 2.3; • The findings of the 2016 national POPs invento ries were also reviewed in order to identify data gaps and deficiencies. Accordingly the main objectives for the NIP based on the identified areas of concern and improvement were developed along with a set of criteria to allow the prioritization of those main objectives. The areas of concern and improvement were identi fied for each concerned category (POPs Pesticides, POPs Industrial Chemicals and Unintentionally Re leased POPs). Those identified areas along with the main developed objectives and prioritization criteria were then shared and discussed with the appointed NIP Steering Com mittee during a workshop held at MoE (23 January 2017). Objectives and prioritization criteria were then amended based on the received feedbacks and com ments. Further information on the criteria developed can be found in section 3.3. 1.3.3 Formulation of the National Implementation Plan As part of the NIP’s development, the main objec tives were broken down into individual actions. The actions further addressed each group of POPs cat egory (POPs Pesticides, POPs Industrial Chemicals and Unintentionally Released POPs (UPOPs)). The actions were developed taking into consideration mainly the following: • Legal and institutional requirements for implemen tation of the convention; • Requirements for exemptions as well as mechanisms to ensure exemptions are updated as needed; • UPOPs considerations in accordance with Article 5 of the Stockholm Convention; • POPs stockpiles, products, and article in use and waste in accordance with Article 6 of the Stock holm Convention; • Control measures to reduce or eliminate releases from intentional production and use in accordance with Articles 3 and 4 of the Stockholm Convention; • New chemicals in accordance with Articles 15 and 16 of the Stockholm Convention; • Performance indicators to be used to determine the effectiveness of the actions taken; and • Availability of resources. The feedback and comments of the NIP Steering Committee and other stakeholders including the The matic Task Teams were integrated in the action plan during and following the “Strategy Development – POPs National Implementation Plan” workshop held on 6 March 2017. During the workshop, the participants reviewed, dis cussed and amended the suggested actions and pri oritized the objectives. Based on the action plan, a road map for the imple mentation of these actions was also developed. COUNTRY BASELINE 26 National Implementation Plan on Persistent Organic Pollutants Accordingly, the NIP report has been developed based on the findings of the review process, the pri oritization of objectives, and the development of the action plan. The Road Map details: • Required measures; • Responsible actors; • Detailed roles and responsibilities of key actors; • Needed resources; • Mechanisms of implementation; • Role and input required from international organizations including among others financial and technical requirements; and • Logical framework matrix. This section presents background information on Lebanon, particularly the physical, demographic, geographic, and economic status in the country, with emphasis on the industrial and agricultural sectors. 2.1.1 Geographic Profile Lebanon is located in the eastern Mediterranean re gion (between latitudes 33°03’-34°45’ and longitudes 35°05’-36°30’9) and has a total area of 10,452 km2 di vided among four (4) different physiographic regions. The first is the coastal plain in western part of the country, stretching from the northern tip to the south. Two (2) mountain chains, Mount Lebanon and Anti Mountain, run across the country parallel to the sea. In between these two (2) chains, is the fourth physio graphic region, the Bekaa valley. The climate differs across physiographic regions. The coastal area has a typical Mediterranean climate, rainy winters and arid conditions in the remaining months. The mountains are cooler and receive more rainfall than the coastal areas. The highest mountain peaks are covered with snow for the majority of the year. The total amount of precipitation varies greatly from year to year (MoE/UNDP, 2014). The average rainfall in the coastal area ranges between 700 and 1000 mm, an average of 1,600 mm in Mount Leba non, 200 - 800mm in the Bekaa valley, and a range of 600 mm to 1000 mm in the Anti-Mount Lebanon chain (FAO, 2011). 2.1.2 Demographic Profile Lebanon’s total population was estimated at 6,237,738 persons in July 2016 (World fact book, 2016). The capital Beirut is located centrally on the coast with an estimated population of about 400,000. Lebanon also hosts a high number of Syrian and Palestinian refugees. As of September 2016, around one (1) million Syrian refugees were registered with the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR). The refugees are dispersed throughout the different governorates of Lebanon in various types of settlements. About 450,000 Palestinian refugees are also registered with United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees (UNRWA), most of these refugees are residing in twelve (12) camps around the country. As of 2016, it was estimated that the population of fe males and males are equally divided within the coun try. The rate of unemployment as declared averaged to 22.1% for youth between the ages of 15 and 24. The rate of illiteracy in the same year was estimated to be 4.6% as of 2015 (World fact book, 2016). In 2016, the estimated crude death rate of the over 2 COUNTRY BASELINE 2.1 Country Profile 27 all Lebanese population was estimated at around 4.9 deaths per 1000 persons, with mortality rate being higher for men (8.0‰) than for women (7.1‰), while crude birth rate was around 14.4 live births per 1000 people (World fact book, 2016). Cancer related death rates between 2000 and 2012 ranged between 100 and 125 case per 100,000 individuals (WHO, 2014). 2.1.3 Government and Political Profile Lebanon is a republic, with the official language being Arabic while French and English are the two locally used languages. The Head of the State is the President of the Repub lic, who is elected by the Parliament and supervises the functions of each of the individual authorities. With the consultation of the members of the Parliament, the President appoints the Prime Minister which in turn forms a Council of Ministers. The appointment of the cabinet of ministers is ratified by the Parliament. Administratively, Lebanon is divided into eight (8) Governorates, divided into twenty-five (25) Caza. The administrative center of each Caza is principal ly located in the most important town of the region. Each Governorate is headed by a Governor, who rep resents the national government administration and each Caza is headed by a “Qaimmacam”. The municipalities and the councils of elders make up the local government in Lebanon. The Mayor heads the municipality enjoying a vast authority over local affairs, while the “Moukhtar” heads the council of el ders and provides services related to civic personal certifications. The central government is supported by a number of public institutions that includes among others, the Council for Development and Reconstruction (CDR), Investment Development Authority for Lebanon (IDAL), Electricity of Lebanon (EDL), National Coun cil for Scientific Research (NCSR), Lebanese Stan dards Institutions (LIBNOR) and Industrial Research Institute (IRI). COUNTRY BASELINE Parliament Council of Ministers Governor / Mohafez Qaimmacam Mayor Moukhtar Higher Council of Justice Figure 2 - Hierarchy of the Lebanese Government PRESIDENT 28 National Implementation Plan on Persistent Organic Pollutants The Parliament Lebanon’s legislative body, represented by the Leb anese Parliament (128 seats), is organized into spe cialized committees. The committee for environment has twelve (12) permanent Members of Parliament. The committee meets at irregular intervals to discuss and review draft legislation and issues related to the environ ment, and to oversee the work of the executive body including public expenditure in green sectors. Dis cussion issues have included inter-alia the need to upscale the ministry of environment’s resources and to solve air pollution from the transport sector, solid waste disposal, forest fires, water bodies pollution, etc. (SOER, 2010). The Council of Ministers Lebanon’s executive body, headed by the Presidency of the Council of Ministers, enacts regulations in the form of decisions and decrees. The number of min isters in the ministerial cabinet is flexible as it differs from a cabinet to another; currently it is composed of 29 Minister in addition to the President of CoM. Lebanon has passed so far more than 750 texts related to environmental issues, including; circulars, ministeri al decisions, decrees, laws and international treaties. The Judiciary Authority Although Lebanon’s judiciary system is not special ized in environmental matters, it has in recent years acquired resources to investigate and arbitrate en vironmental issues effectively. The judiciary system, consisting of judges and prosecutors, helps stop or curtail environmental abuses and crimes around the country provided that such abuses and crimes are detected and reported. The judiciary system is critical for enforcing environmental laws and regulations and policies (SOER, 2010). Recognizing the importance of the protection of the environment, the Law 251 dated 15/04/2014 institutionalized “General Prosecutors for the Environment” and “Environmental Investigating Judges”. 2.1.4 Economic Profile The market service and trade sectors are the larg est contributors to GDP, at almost 60% of the total. The agricultural and industrial sectors make about 12% of the GDP; 5% from agriculture and 7% in dustry (Presidency of the Council of Ministers, 2010). Table 1 shows the composition of Lebanon’s 2010 GDP. Agriculture and Livestock Energy and Water Industry Construction Transportation and Communications Market Services Trade Government Total GDP 2,650 1,473 4,002 8,515 3,084 18,721 15,395 5,071 55,965 Sector Value (LBP Billion)* Table 1 - GDP of Lebanon (2010) * 1,507 Lebanese Pounds (LBP) are equivalent to 1 US Dollar Source: Presidency of the Council of Ministers, 2010 29COUNTRY BASELINE The Lebanese labor force is distributed across many sectors (Figure 3). The service sector employs more than any other, approximately 39% of the country’s workforce. This is followed by trade and manufactur ing, 27% and 12% respectively. The agriculture sec tor only employs 6% of the labor force. 2.1.5 Agriculture Sector According to the Agriculture fact book prepared in 2016 by IDAL, 65% of Lebanese territory is covered by agricultural areas (IDAL, 2016). Agriculture is dominant in the Bekaa valley (about 42%), in addition to the North and South Governor ates. The main agricultural products include citrus, potatoes, grapes, olives, apples, and tobacco. Fig ure 4 presents the major crops of Lebanon. Source: CAS, 2011 Services Agriculture Manufacturing Construction Trade Transport & Telecom Figure 3 - Employment by sector (2010) 39% 27% 9% 6% 7% 12% Mount Lebanon North Akkar Bekaa Baalbeck - Hermel South Nabatiyeh Total 31,178 27,636 28,120 12,516 21,569 22,111 26,382 169,512 25,588 24,065 35,352 41,649 57,625 25,621 26,095 230,995 0.7 0.8 1.3 3.3 2.7 1.2 1 1.4 Area Number of Holdings Size (ha) Average Area of holdings (ha) Table 2 - Agriculture areas and holdings Source: MoA, 2011 30 National Implementation Plan on Persistent Organic Pollutants Agriculture Import Lebanon is highly dependent on food imports. 80 85% of Lebanon’s food needs are imported, noting that the import accounted for about five (5) times the value of agricultural export (IDAL, 2016). Agriculture Export Exports of agricultural products have fluctuated over the last few years, due to varying factors and condi tions. The largest share of Lebanese agriculture exports is destined to the GCC countries with a share of 50% of total exports. KSA, Kuwait and UAE rank first, sec ond and third respectively within the export to GCC countries. The Arab countries (excluding GCC) rank second amongst country groups and occupy around 41% of total exports, with Egypt, Syria and Jordan as main destinations (IDAL, 2016). However and as per the published Agriculture fact book 2016 (IDAL, 2016), over the 2014-2015 periods, nearly all agriculture product exports declined sharply with a net decrease of 33% as a result of the closure of the Syrian - Jordanian land borders. Use of Pesticides In Lebanon, pesticides are widely used in agriculture. A FAO report listed “excessive use of pesticides” as one of the general challenges facing agriculture in Lebanon (FAO, 2013). A report by the Arab Forum for Environmental Development found that the rate of pesticide per hectare in Lebanon between the years of 1993 and 2002 was two (2) times higher than the rates in Egypt and Jordan (AFED, 2008). 2.1.6 Industrial Sector Between 1997 and 2009, the industrial sector’s con tribution to the Lebanese GDP decreased by 5% from 12.5% to 7.5%. Despite this decline, industrial exports as a percentage of total exports have increased from 37% to 57% between 2000 and 2007. This increase is mainly attributed to external demand shocks, and not to an increase in productivity (LCPS, 2014). Most of the industries in Lebanon are small scale and spread all over the country. The concentration of the Lebanese industry is in Mount Lebanon, the sea front suburbs of Beirut and the coastal area of northern Lebanon (EFL, 2013). According to MoI, around 75% of the industries were mostly established prior to the enactment of the De cree 8018/2002 “Permitting of establishments”. This issue has major consequences on the alignment of industrial enterprises with recent permitting systems Source: MOA, 2011 Figure 4 - Major crops harvested in Lebanon (2010) Fruit Trees Olives Cereals Pulses Vegetables Fodder Crops Industrial Crops 32% 23% 20% 4% 16% 4% 1% 31 including the environmental management require ments (EFL, 2013). Moreover, according to the MoI census of 2007, the majority of industries is located outside “industrial zones” and is mainly within residential areas includ ing towns and cities. As of January 1999, there are 71 industrial zones in Lebanon. Noting that the industrial zones have not been provid ed with adequate infrastructure for optimal operation and management of industrial processes including environment management requirements (EFL, 2013). The Decree 5243 dated 05/04/2001 “Classification of industries” classified the industrial establishments ac cording to their ISIC number (industrial activity) and classes. According to the above classification Decree and Decree 8018 dated 12/06/2002 on “Procedures and permitting requirements to establish/operate in dustrial establishments”, the Ministry of Industry, or ganized the industrial permitting procedures as fol lows: • For class I, II and III enterprises, a two-tier permit ting process is requested and includes an estab lishment permit and an operation permit; • For class IV and V enterprises, only one (1) permit is required for the establishment and operation of the industrial enterprise (EFL, 2013). 2.1.7 Transport Sector The transport sector includes land, marine and avia tion sub-sectors. Land Transport In Lebanon, there are no existing appropriate in frastructure for non-motorized vehicles (i.e. bicycle lanes, safe storage, and convenient and affordable bike rentals), thus the land transport sector only con sists of road-motorized vehicles (4-stroke engines and 2-stroke engines). In Lebanon, the import of second hand cars is very common. Therefore, a large share of vehicles manu factured between 1970 and 2004 potentially contain ing PBDE is still being imported and circulating on the roads. Based on the “National Greenhouse Gas Inventory Report and Mitigation Analysis for the Transport Sec tor in Lebanon-2015”, the 2012 vehicle fleet database shows 1.58 million registered vehicles and the age distribution of passenger cars (public and private) re flected the old nature of the fleet, with 71% older than 10 years (Figure 5) (MoE/UNDP/GEF, 2015). Figure 5 - Vehicle percentage distribution per model year of production Source: MoE/UNDP/GEF, 2015 2006-2012 15.5% 19.6% 15.3% 11.6% 12.6% 9.6% 15.7% 0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 2001-2005 1996-2000 1991-1995 1986-1990 1981-1985 <1980 COUNTRY BASELINE 32 32National Implementation Plan on Persistent Organic Pollutants Marine Transport In Lebanon, the official harbors are five (5); Beirut, Tripoli, Saida, Tyr and Jounieh. The port of Beirut is considered the biggest commercial port, hosting 78% of the incoming ships while the port of Tripoli (the sec ond largest) hosts around 16% of the incoming ships (MoE/UNDP/GEF, 2015). Aviation Middle East Airlines (MEA) is the national air carrier of Lebanon and Beirut International Airport (BIA) is the only operational commercial airport in the country. The other remaining airports in Lebanon such as the Riyak and Kleyaat airports are reserved for military services (MoE/UNDP/GEF, 2015). 2.2 Environmental Overview 2.2.1 Air The most significant sources of pollution, in Lebanon, from economic activities are the transport, energy and industry sectors. Whereas, other economic sec tors also affect air quality including agriculture, con struction and quarrying. Other sources of air pollution include open dumping and/or burning of municipal solid waste, burning of tires, fire and explosion acci dents in poorly regulated warehouses (SOER, 2010). Air quality monitoring in Lebanon has been relying so far on individual initiatives mostly conducted by re search groups and universities in Lebanon, driven by scientists’ research agenda rather than by a control and mitigation vision of the central environmental au thority. However in 2013, the MoE under the context of the “Environmental Resources Monitoring in Lebanon Project (ERML)” with the support of the United Na tions Environment Programme (UNEP) and United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) launched real time air quality monitoring in five (5) sites using online analyzers connected to a supervisory control and data acquisition system (DAS) located at MoE. The current network includes five (5) urban back ground air quality monitoring stations (AQMS) repre sented in the below Table 3. In addition to the existing background air monitoring stations, the MoE is currently installing ten (10) addi tional AQMS in different areas to monitor population exposure to industries, power plants, road traffic in addition to urban sources of pollution. All these sta tions comprise online analyzers for the monitoring of CO, NOx, O3, SO2, PM10, PM2.5, PM1, and meteoro logical parameters. Moreover, for the heavy indus trialized Chekka region, three (3) PM analyzers will be added in addition to the AQMS in Chekka-Selaata area (MoE, 2016). Additionally, the Ministry of Environment through the Circular 13/1 in 2013 emphasized on the compliance to the Minister of Environment’s Decision 191/1 dated 08/10/1997, requiring the cement industries to submit monthly reports on the air emissions re leased from their stacks namely the pollutants SO2, NOx, PM and CO, and a yearly report on the PCDD/ PCDF releases. Source: MoE, 2016 AQMS01 (Beirut- Pine Forest) AQMS02 (Beirut- Hadath) AQMS03 (Saida) AQMS04 (Baalbeck) AQMS05 (Zahleh) x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x Station Name CO NOx O3 SO2 PM10 PM2.5 Weather Station Table 3 - National air quality monitoring network (2013) 33COUNTRY BASELINE 2.2.2 Water The availability of water, in its various forms includ ing groundwater, rivers, storage dams and springs (estimated at 2,000 - 2,700 million m3 per year) sur passes the expected water demand for the Lebanese population (about 1,800 million m3 in 2035). Never theless, with the underdeveloped and polluted water infrastructure, Lebanon’s water resources are under stress and its government’s ability to meet those re quirements are restricted. Over 50 percent of irrigation water comes from un derground wells and boreholes while 80 percent of potable water comes from groundwater sources. In addition, due to economic development, population growth and urban expansion, private wells have in creased greatly in the last few years (MoEW, 2010). Aquifers are being over exploited and the data avail able from the MoEW supports the anecdotal evidence of wells drying up or increasing in salinity. Furthermore, the large majority of the country does not have access to potable tap water due to degraded and contaminated water networks. Instead, most of the population depends on purchased bottle water. 2.2.3 Wastewater According to the 2016 Industrial and UPOPs Invento ry Report, 301.4 Mm3 of wastewater was generated in 2014 with 12% treatment rate, resulting in 36.2 Mm3 of treated wastewater, and 265.2 Mm3 of open water dumping. Wastewater management is considered a national priority. On one hand, disparities in sewer network coverage are observed throughout the country with main cities such as Beirut, Tripoli and Saida bene fiting from the highest coverage due to population density in these areas. However, most of these cities’ networks are old and require immediate rehabilitation works, with the exception of the city of Beirut. On an other hand, wastewater treatment efficiency at the national level is still below acceptable levels with es timates indicating around 8% average treatment rate prior to discharge through sea outfalls (SOER, 2010) (MoE/EU/UNDP, 2014). Three (3) WWTPs were constructed in the northern part of the country. Tripoli treatment plant started operation in 2013 and consists of a secondary treat ment facility. The project is supposed to cover Tripoli coastal area, Al Qalamoun, some parts of Koura and Zgharta districts, the coastal areas of Beddawi, Deir Amar and El Minyeh (hence serving the equivalent of 1,000,000 inhabitants) (NAP, 2015). Tripoli treat ment plant is currently operational at 20% of design capacity owing to incomplete of network connection works. Two (2) other primary treatment facilities are con structed in Batroun and Chekka but still not yet opera tional. Sea outfalls are commonly identified along the coastal zone and consist of around 16 domestic sew age and 14 industrial outfalls. Most outfalls extend only a couple of meters or terminate near the coast line; thus not allowing effective dilution of wastewater (MoE/LEDO/ECODIT, 2001). Towns not connected to the sewer system still rely on septic tanks (27.3%) or on direct discharge into the environment. Greater Beirut area and its suburbs have the highest wastewater network connection coverage reaching around 79% (MoE/EU/UNDP, 2014). Beirut alone benefits from 96% network coverage (SOER, 2010). Two (2) WWTPs are constructed to serve the area namely Al Ghadir (pre-treatment facility currently operational at 50% of design capacity) and Al Jiyeh (bio-filtration facility) stations with a design capacity to serve 250,000 and 80,000 persons respectively. Sea outfalls are commonly identified along the coast al zone and consist of around 39 domestic sewage and 9 industrial outfalls. Unfortunately, wastewater generated in Mount Leba non is discharged directly into the sea through coast al outfalls without any form of pretreatment. Most outfalls are not properly designed to allow effective dilution (MoE/LEDO/ECODIT, 2001). Some inland towns are not yet connected to the sewer system and around 21% of households rely on septic tanks (MoE/ EU/UNDP, 2014). 34 34National Implementation Plan on Persistent Organic Pollutants Sewer network coverage in the southern part of the country is around 50% (MoE/EU/UNDP, 2014). Three (3) WWTPs were constructed in this zone, namely in the cities of Saida, Tyre and Nabatiyeh. Only Saida primary treatment and Nabatiyeh secondary treat ment facilities are currently operational with the for mer working only at 50% of design capacity. Discharges from industrial zone in Ghazieh (where tanneries, chemical companies and slaughterhouses are located) and Bourj el Chemali are discharged in the Mediterranean directly without prior treatment. Industrial wastewater is very diverse from phos phor-gypsum slurry discharged into the sea to olive mill wastewater. Therefore, in 2005, the project “Inte grated Waste Management for the Olive-Oil Pressing Industries in Lebanon, Syria & Jordan” was initiated at the MoE. This latter project identified 492 surveyed olive mills discharged into public sewers and streams during the olive pressing season. By signing the Bar celona Convention and its amendments including the Protocol for the Protection of the Mediterranean Sea against Pollution from Land-Based Sources (also known as the LBS Protocol), a sectorial plan for the reduction of pollution of the Mediterranean Sea from land-based sources was updated and developed by the MoE in 2015. 2.2.4 Solid Waste Lebanon has been going through a national solid waste management crisis, due primarily to popula tion growth, urbanization, dwindling land areas which have so far prevented the implementation of a com prehensive plan for solid waste management in Leb anon. While government- and donor-funded studies and master plans related to municipal SWM have started to show modest results, very little has been achieved in so far as managing industrial waste, in cluding hazardous waste, as well as other types of waste such as construction and demolition waste. Similarly to the wastewater management sector, the existing solid waste management infrastructure is not adequate to cope with unexpected increase in munic ipal waste volumes. Up until 2014, two (2) sanitary landfills and one (1) controlled dump were operational in Lebanon in ad dition, a total of 670 dumps sites were identified; of which 504 are Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) dumps and 166 are Construction and Demolition Waste (CDW) dumps (MoE/UNDP/2011). As of 2011, a mechanical biological treatment facility handles the waste of the city of Saida and takes in 200 tonnes per day of mixed municipal solid waste. According to the 2014 SWEEPNET report, 10 small scale waste sorting facilities currently operate in Leb anon each handling on average 10 tonnes per day. Multiple recycling facilities for paper/ cardboard, alu minum, glass and plastic currently operate through out the country. In addition, NGOs currently play a major role in the waste management sector in Lebanon. One (1) orga nization collects and treats infectious medical waste (sterilization through autoclaving) from healthcare facilities across the country. Two (2) organizations collect, process and dispose of EEE waste. One (1) organization collects waste lubricant oils to be used in high temperature cement kilns. While for the majority of the non-infectious hazardous waste is currently poorly nationally managed, only one (1) academic institute has been exporting its haz ardous waste generated on campus in accordance with Basel Convention requirements. 2.2.5 Biodiversity and Natural Heritage Lebanon has a very rich and unique biodiversity mainly due to its biogeography, geology, ecology and historic human settlements in the Mediterranean area. According to the Critical Ecosystem Partnership Fund (CEPF), the Mediterranean area is considered to be a true biodiversity “hotspot” and globally ranks third among hotspots in plant diversity and endemism after the Tropical Andes and Sundaland. One of the most remarkable features about Lebanon is the presence of biodiversity in a very limited area of land. Lebanon covers 0.007% of the world’s land surface area and hosts about 0.8% of the world’s re corded and catalogued species. Lebanon has a high 35COUNTRY BASELINE percentage (12%) of endemic terrestrial and marine plant species (SOER, 2010). Lebanon has been designating Protected Areas (PA) since the 1930’s. The current Protected Areas (PAs) in Lebanon are divided into three (3) categories: • Nature reserves established by law since 1992; • Nature sites under the protection of MoE and es tablished by MoE decisions or decrees based on MoE proposals on the basis of the law of protec tion of natural sites; • Protected forests established by MoA decisions. Moreover, some sites are recognized by interna tional entities and conventions; i.e. World Heritage Sites by UNESCO, Ramsar sites under the Ramsar Convention, Important Bird Areas (IBAs) by BirdLife International, and Specially Protected Areas of Med iterranean Importance (SPAMI) under the SPA and Biodiversity Protocol (NBSAP, 2016). On a global scale, UNESCO-MAB has identified three (3) sites in Lebanon as Biosphere Reserves: 1) Shouf Biosphere Reserve (2005); 2) Jabal Al Rihane Biosphere Reserve (2007); and 3) Jabal Moussa Biosphere Reserve (2008) Whereas, the valley of Qannoubine and the Arz El Rab cedar forests are listed as cultural landscapes by UNESCO World Heritage Convention (NBSAP, 2016). Four (4) Ramsar sites are recognized in Lebanon un der the Ramsar Convention on Wetlands of Interna tional Importance: 1) Ammiq Wetland; 2) Raas Al-Chaqaa; 3) Tyre Coast Nature Reserve; 4) Palm Islands Nature Reserve Moreover, in Lebanon there had been fifteen (15) sites listed as Important Bird Areas (IBAs) by Birdlife International. In addition, two (2) sites are listed as “Specially Pro tected Areas of Mediterranean Importance” (SPAMI) by the Specially Protected Areas (SPA) and Biodiver sity Protocol which are; (1) Tyre Coast Nature Reserve and (2) Palm Islands Nature Reserve (NBSAP, 2016). 2.2.6 Energy Lebanon is entirely dependent on imports of fuel for energy. Excluding limited hydropower, primary en ergy production was at 14,021 TJ in 2014, up from 9,499 TJ in 2004, which is equivalent to about 4.5 GJ/person. Primary energy sources include gasoline, gas oil, fuel oil and diesel oil, in addition to several other minor petroleum products such as aircraft oil, liquid gas and tar. Another source of power genera tion is biogas from landfills accounting to 280.28 MJ in 2014. Thermal power plants generate 85 percent of total electricity in the country of which five (5) plants are located on the coastal zone, while hydropower plants generate an additional four (4) percent. The remain ing eleven (11) percent come from imports through two (2) Turkish power ships currently supplement ing the country’s supply. Because Lebanon’s formal energy production currently does not meet demand, private backup generators produce an estimated 500MW, equivalent to 20 percent of the total produc tion (MoEW, 2010). Private generators (un-surveyed but in the thousands) are found in industries and other establishments, and may be located on balconies, in basements, empty lots, and curbsides (SOER, 2010). In an effort to expand energy access and fight climate change, the Government of Lebanon with an interna tional support, and with the private sector is working toward energy access, efficiency and sustainability, focusing on the following aims: Decreasing public and private financial burdens related to energy expenditure; Scaling up renewable energy use to 12 % of the national energy mix by 2020; Increasing energy efficiency by 5 %; Promoting small-scale renewable energy sources; and Enhancing the drive towards a green economy 2.2.7 Environmental Academic Profile Good environmental governance requires good en 36 National Implementation Plan on Persistent Organic Pollutants vironmental professionals; people who understand the environment in all its aspects, and appreciate the interconnectedness of environmental issues and sectors. Lebanese universities have seen a gradual increase in environmental diploma courses and de grees, and the number of environmental students is rising slowly but surely (SOER, 2010). Table 4 summarizes the environmental specialties within the academic sector in Lebanon. American University of Technology (AUT) Beirut Arab University (BAU) Holy Spirit University - Kaslik (USEK) Lebanese American University (LAU) Lebanese University (LU) American University of Beirut (AUB) Notre Dame University (NDU) BSc. Environmental Health BSc. Water resources and environmental Geosciences BSc. Environmental Sciences MSc. Environmental Sciences PHD Environmental Sciences MSc. Life and Earth Sciences (Oceanography and marine environment) MSc. Life and Earth Sciences (Geology) MSc. Environmental Biochemistry MSc. Environmental Chemistry MSc. Civil & Environmental Engineering BSc. Health and Environment MSc. Agriculture Engineering Option Environmental MSc. Environmental Expertise and Treatment MSc. Energetics MSc. Biodiversity : Management and Conservation of Natural resources MSc. Phyto-ecology : Resources, Security and Applications BSc. Landscape design and Eco-Management BE. Civil and Environmental Engineering BSc. Environmental Health MA. Environmental Policy Planning ME. Environment and Water MSc. Environmental Technology MSc. Environmental Health MSc. Ecosystem Management PHD. Environmental and Water Resources Engineering BSc. Environmental Sciences BSc. Environmental Biology BSc. Environmental Chemistry University Degree Table 4 - Summary of environmental specialties within academic sector in Lebanon 37COUNTRY BASELINE Saint Joseph University - Beirut (USJ) University of Balamand (UOB) American University of Science and Technology (AUST) BE. Water & Environmental Engineering BA. Geography and Land Use Management BSc. Life and Earth Sciences- Biochemistry MSc. Environmental Sciences and Management MSc. Industrial Technology MA. by research Geography and Land Use Management BSc. Environmental Sciences BSc. Environmental Health and Development MSc. Environmental Sciences ME. Environmental Engineering Specialized Certificate in Applied Toxicology MSc. Biotechnology- Forensic medicine University Degree Table 4 - Summary of the environmental specialties within the academic sector in Lebanon 2.2.8 Environmental Career Opportunities As new environmentally sustainable technologies and practices are introduced and adopted, new job opportunities across all the sectors are expected to appear. Already, now several green jobs exist in most of the sectors including renewable energies, energy efficient appliances, organic agriculture and integrat ed pest management, green construction as well as in a number of green waste management activities such as sorting, composting and recycling. In addition, the enactment of the following Decrees; 8213 dated 24/05/2012 “Strategic environmental as sessment”, 8633 dated 07/08/2012 “Fundamentals of environmental impact assessment” and 8471 dated 04/07/2012 “Environmental compliance for establish ments”, lead to the increase in the number of consul tancy firms providing environmental study services, and therefore creating new career opportunities in the environmental sector. 2.3 Implementation Status of Previous NIP In order to assess the progress to date in the imple mentation of the 2006 National Implementation Plan (NIP), two (2) components were analyzed; (i) previ ous assessments / inventories and (ii) updates from related Ministries. A questionnaire was developed for each of the main stakeholders responsible for the implementation of the 2006 NIP, primarily the Ministries of Environment, Agriculture, Public Health and Industry. The ministries were asked to advice on the implementation status of each of the actions stated in the previous NIP. Non achieved actions were investigated to determine the obstacles faced, their validity in light of the updated POPs inventories and studies and the new UNEP Guidance for developing NIPs. 2.3.1 Updates from related Ministries The MoI, MoE, MoA and MoPH were asked to fill a questionnaire containing a list of actions from the pre vious NIP in order to assess its implementation sta tus. For each action, the questionnaire included the following questions: Has the action been addressed, partially ad dressed, not addressed; If not, what were the technical or legal constraints that prevented its completion; What are the resources needed to insure the im plementation of the action. Overall, responses from questionnaires filled by the concerned ministries showed minimal activities and initiatives related to the implementation of the previous 38 National Implementation Plan on Persistent Organic Pollutants Update Decision 52/1 (29/07/1996) - Specifications and concentrations to limit air, water, and soil pollu tion. Introduce ambient standards for POPs releas es in different environmental media (Task 3) Update Decision 8/1 (30/01/2001) - Environmental limit values for emissions and discharges from clas sified establishments and wastewater treatment plants. Introduce standards for Dioxins/Furans at sources mentioned in the decision. Add new stan dards for sources under sources II in Annex C of Article 5 of the Convention (Task 4) Review and update mandates of key institutions (MoE, MoI, MoPH, MoA); where required, human resource with specified expertise levels is to be giv en positions at the ministry (Task 10) To enforce the ban, MoE should send a memo (bayan taarifih) to Lebanese Customs indicating which products and equipment may contain PCBs (products and chemical standards used by testing laboratories should be exempted) (Task 12) Conduct audits at existing plants in Lebanon and evaluate recommended solutions such as: the use of plastic-free and oil-free feed material, high fur nace temperatures above 850° C, effective gas collection, afterburners and rapid quench, activat ed carbon adsorption, and de-dusting fabric filters (Tasks 29,30,31,32) Target municipalities and the general public - Cov er 70% of Lebanese municipalities with even geo graphical distribution. Main focus; Solid waste man agement, Car maintenance (Task 70) Provide EDL technicians with awareness material on health and safety guidelines for PCB handling (Task 72) New employees with relevant background and expertise joined the MoE Not through a memo however the decisions of the Minister of Environment are applicable at the Customs Authority and there is a continu ous cooperation between both institutions in this regard which is more dependent on personal initiatives As application to the Decree 8471 dated 04/07/2012 “Environmental compliance for es tablishments” and its implementing decisions of the MoE, the existing industrial establishments are obliged to audit their industries and apply for the compliance certificate within the specified deadlines Awareness, information dissemination and training targeted mainly the management of the Municipal Solid Waste In 2011, and during the preparation of the “PCB Inventory Update and Project Prepara tion Study”, the EDL technicians were informed about the danger caused by PCB and were par tially trained on the safe handling of PCB, how ever this activity is being currently addressed by the project “PCB Management in the Power Sector” Decisions 52/1 and 8/1 are currently being updated taking into account the ELVs for PCDD/ PCDF Ministry of Environment Actions (2006 NIP) Partially Addressed Updates – MoE Table 5 - Summary of updates on 2006 NIP implementation 2006 NIP. Some activities related to the Ministry of En vironment have been fully implemented and many are currently being further developed. Also, POPs Pesti cides had been banned by the Ministry of Agriculture. Below, in Table 5, is a summary of information provid ed by each approached Ministry. 39COUNTRY BASELINE A monitoring program should be established by the inspection unit to validate the result of the self-mon itoring reports (Task 92) Identify the location and status (waste incinerat ed, quantity, APCs, etc.) of existing medical waste incinerators in Lebanon (based on MoPH study) (Task 28) Promote good waste management practices in hos pitals (e.g., waste minimization, segregation at the source by waste type, wastes recycling) (Task 28) Promote appropriate treatment of bottom ashes and residues from flue gas to reduce PCDD/PCDF releases into the environment during incineration (Task 28) Consider best available techniques in incinerators to reduce emissions; remove chlorinated products and heavy metals, ensure good combustion con ditions (turbulence, temperature, residence time) (Task 28) Ban incineration of PVC made materials and pro mote its replacement when possible by other non-chlorinated plastics (Task 28) Provide alternatives to incineration: sterilization (steam, advanced steam, dry heat), microwave treatment, alkaline hydrolysis, or biological treat ment, each followed by landfilling (Task 28) Monitoring template was prepared and approved The MoE identified the incinerators and is enforcing the treatment of the infectious waste by sterilization and currently there is no licensed medical waste incinerators The MoE is promoting sterilization over incineration for infectious waste. For the other types of MW, they are being stored and exported abroad to disposal facilities in accordance with Basel convention requirements. In addition the “Project demonstrating and promoting Best Techniques and practices for reducing health care waste to avoid environmental releases of Dioxins and mercury” accomplished the following activities: Establishing best practices in 2 model facilities Developing and implementing training programs on health care waste management MoE, is banning incineration of infectious waste and promoting its sterilization, whereas for the other type of MW they are being stored and exported to abroad disposal facilities in accordance with Basel Convention requirements Ministry of Environment Actions (2006 NIP) Partially Addressed Addressed Updates – MoE Table 5 - Summary of updates on 2006 NIP implementation 40 40National Implementation Plan on Persistent Organic Pollutants Label new stockpiles (Task 43) Provide training on reduction of POPs emissions (Tasks 28 and 71) Collect and assess soil samples from each po tentially contaminated power plant and substation (Task 54) Collect and assess water samples from each po tentially contaminated sites near power plant and substation using quality assurance and quality con trol measures (QA/QC) (Task 55) Make copies of all POPs-related material to be stored in MoE Library for unrestricted disclosure (Task 67) Require identified sources to perform self-monitor ing and send reports to MoE (Task 91) In 2011, a “PCB Inventory Update and Project Preparation Study”, updated the preliminary PCB inventory (2005) and identified PCB contaminated transformers and capacitors (in service and out of service) in EDL and PCB contaminated sites and minor PCB contaminated equipment in the private sector. In 2015, through “PCB Management in the power sector project” a national inventory is being carried out. The 2011 report was done as a preliminary inventory and preparatory phase for the current PCB Management in the Power Sector Project but most of the data was based on estimation and analysis of concessions, private sectors and EDL (transmission and distributions networks) PCDD/PCDF were addressed under the context of the project “Demonstrating and promoting Best Techniques and practices for reducing health care waste to avoid environmental releases of Dioxins and mercury” In 2011, 11 soil samples were taken from the Bauchrieh storage site and repair shop. 7 out of the 11 samples were PCB-contaminated above a level of 50 mg/kg, with the highest concentration of 376 mg/kg. The lowest concentration was 16 mg/kg. Even inside the workshop, the concentration in the upper floor was above 50 mg/kg. The average of the eleven samples was 105 mg/kg and the results clearly demonstrate that the entire site may be PCB contaminated In 2011, samples from the Bauchrieh well were tested. The well contains about 61 m3 contaminated oil. With a density of 0.9 it corresponds to about 55 tonnes oil. With an average content of 2,224 mg/kg the total content in terms of pure PCB is about 122 kg The previous NIP 2006 and all the 2005 inventories are available in the MoE library in addition to other SC related documents Periodic reports based on circular 13/1 dated 2013 i.e. cement industries are being submitted to the MoE. Periodic reports (every 3 months) based on circular 11/1 dated 24/03/2011 “Periodic reporting for dangerous and infectious healthcare waste treatment” are being submitted to the MoE. Ministry of Environment Actions (2006 NIP) Addressed Updates – MoE Table 5 - Summary of updates on 2006 NIP implementation 41COUNTRY BASELINE Develop or participate in regional and internation al training and/or capacity building programs (Task 93) Exchange information and technical expertise with pertinent regional and/or international technology centers (Task 94) Mobilize local funding (if any) for NIP implemen tation (or chemicals management in general) (Task 95) Promote good waste management practices in hos pitals (e.g., waste minimization, segregation at the source by waste type, wastes recycling) (Task 28) Provide alternatives to incineration: sterilization (steam, advanced steam, dry heat), microwave treatment, alkaline hydrolysis, or biological treat ment, each followed by landfilling (Task 28) The staff at the MoE, is participating whenever given the opportunity in all the regional and in ternational training and/or capacity building pro grams related to the different environment relat ed topics Through the participation of MoE representatives in regional and international trainings, and through the “Demonstrating and promoting Best Techniques and practices for reducing health care waste to avoid environmental releases of Dioxins and mercury” Project During the last 10 years, the MoE mobilized local funds and applied for international funds for the implementation of the following projects: Demonstrating and promoting Best Techniques and practices for reducing health care waste to avoid environmental releases of Dioxins and mercury PCB Inventory Update and Project Preparation Study EIA for the PCB Management in the Power Sector project PCB Management in the Power Sector project Decree 13389 dated 18/09/2004 “Determination of types of healthcare wastes and ways of their disposal” was followed by recommendations of good waste management practices Decree 13389 dated 18/09/2004 in part addresses alternative treatment of medical waste Ministry of Environment Ministry of Public Health Actions (2006 NIP) Actions (2006 NIP) Addressed Partially Addressed Updates – MoE Updates – MoPH Table 5 - Summary of updates on 2006 NIP implementation 42 Target industries: 100% of all unintentional diox in producing industries under categories II & III (Task 71) Enhance control of smuggling and illegal entry and exit of POPs pesticides and chemical (Task 7) Develop measurable indicators for each proposed action (such as the percentage coverage of aware ness programs) reflective of each task achieve ments and methodically evaluate each task upon completion (Task 76) Only minor work had been done on raising awareness among industries. CELEP 3 a project executed by UNIDO and funded by Japan for wood manufacturing and coating, paint manufacturing, metallic works in the Bekaa Decision 78/1 issued in 2006 requires shipments received at port to be completely emptied from shipping containers in order to be fully inspected by MoA. However, this is not always implemented Currently MoA, conducts inspections of licensed agriculture chemicals distributors. However, in the majority of cases those entities do not carry illegal pesticides at their retail outlets Decision 311/1 issued in 2010, requires pes ticide importers to declare the import of pes ticides. Once shipment arrives to port it is in spected by the Ministry of Agriculture, sampled, tested and cross-checked with legal restriction. Some of the weaknesses and gaps in the smuggling control mechanisms in the country were identified and attributed to the large bor der line between Syria and Lebanon allowing for a large amount of smuggling making it diffi cult to control and to the latest Syrian civil war that led to decrease in smuggling control. In addition to the need to improve the collabora tion among concerned stakeholders including MoA, MoE and Customs Authorities in con trolling smuggling activities In 2015, the MoI initiated the project “Program for the on-going development of industrial statistics” to enhance the data collection and management procedures Ministry of Industry Ministry of Agriculture Actions (2006 NIP) Actions (2006 NIP) Partially Addressed Partially Addressed Updates – MoI Updates – MoA Table 5 - Summary of updates on 2006 NIP implementation National Implementation Plan on Persistent Organic Pollutants 43COUNTRY BASELINE Enhance inspection of pesticides outlets and distri bution retailers with respect to product expiry dates, labeling requirements, hygiene and other standards (Task 8) Identify and involve all pesticides producers and distributors in data logging (Task 64) Target farmers: at least 1000 farmers (direct train ing) and a minimum of 50% of agricultural associ ations (by coverage of farmers number and geo graphical distribution), that are geographically well-distributed among cazas and agricultural areas (Task 69) Develop or participate in regional and interna tional training and/or capacity building programs (Task 93) Only the first sub-activity was addressed identify ing the weaknesses and gaps in the inspection of pesticides outlets and distribution retailers, sum marized as follows: Lack of staff and funds to conduct the neces sary volume of inspections Regulatory deficiencies and unclear legisla tion regarding the definition of the procedures for tackling the issue and prosecuting viola tors in addition to the deficiency in the imple menting legal texts for the existing laws Lack of practical knowledge on POPs pesti cides at the inspector level Lack of collaboration among concerned enti ties in tackling this issue In 2013, the MoA initiated collaboration with pesticides producers and distributers requesting information on the quantity of expired products, noting that the number of responders was not high Often trainings are offered to farmers for the management of crops in general where pesticides use is discussed. However, no trainings are provided specifically for pesticides, their use and impact on health and the environment The related team of the MoA participated in the following international training/capacity building programs: EU technical assistance information exchange instrument (TAIEX): The objective of the experts mission to Lebanon was to provide the Phytopharmacy Department staff with the necessary tools to better evaluate the scientific data in the registration files of the chemical and biological pesticides, based on which permits to introduce or ban a pesticide will be granted in Lebanon Crop life is annually visited by Ministries from across the MENA region including Lebanon Ministry of Agriculture Actions (2006 NIP) Partially Addressed Addressed Updates – MoA Table 5 - Summary of updates on 2006 NIP implementation 44 National Implementation Plan on Persistent Organic Pollutants 2.3.2 Identified Challenges Based on the responses of Ministries to the question naires, the following is a summary of the overarching challenges faced in the implementation of the previ ous 2006 NIP: Insufficient financial resources for the implemen tation of different projects and the application of certain actions; Need to enhance collaboration among concerned stakeholders including MoA, Customs, MoE, MoI and MoPH on executing certain actions; Low priority of certain actions in ministerial goals resulting in their abandonment; Need to increase awareness on decision-makers level on the importance of executing certain ac tions; In some cases, weak legislation prevented the ex ecution of certain actions; Lack of effective data management has affected the ability of ministries to implement certain ac tions; Lack of communication mechanisms with con cerned stakeholders such as industries, farmers, distributors and traders made it difficult to dissemi nate the necessary information and as result inter fered with the implementation of certain actions; Insufficient institutional knowledge and capacity also prevented some actions from being imple mented. 2.3.3 Important Addressed Actions Some actions did take place addressing directly and indirectly POPs related issues. A summary on those actions is as follows: Assessment and disposal of PCB contaminated equipment The previous NIP 2006 prioritized the management of PCBs in the country and accordingly the following was undertaken: In 2011, a “PCB Inventory Update and Project Preparation Study”, funded by the World Bank, was published. The aim of the assessment was to prepare a summary report that illustrates the cur rent PCB situation in the country to be submitted to the GEF for funding of Lebanon PCB project. The undertaken assessment during October-De cember 2010, included an update of the previ ous inventories of PCB-containing equipment and PCB-contaminated sites. On the basis of an assessment of different options for disposal of PCB-containing equipment and waste, proposed project components and safeguarding measures including schedules for project implementation, environmental management plan and monitoring and evaluation were proposed; The Government of Lebanon worked on develop ing a full board project for managing the PCBs in the power sector; the “PCB Management in Power Sector Project”; In 2014, a full Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) was conducted for the “PCB Management in Power Sector Project”. This ESIA highlighted on the importance of the project im plementation and reviewed all national legislation and regulation relevant for the management of PCB in Lebanon. In the ESIA, the environmental and social impacts of the project were analyzed and environmental management plans were pro posed including monitoring plans necessary to evaluate the environmental quality throughout the process; In 2015, the full board project “PCB Management in the Power Sector” was initiated, funded by GEF through the World Bank and executed by the Min istry of Environment. The project is also co-funded by the Government of Lebanon through the Minis try of Environment and Electricité du Liban. Proper management of medical waste The Government of Lebanon has made noteworthy strides to improve Healthcare Waste (HCW) manage ment in the country. Accordingly, the Council of Min isters enacted Decree 8006/2002 on the classifica tion of HCW and the proper disposal method of each type of waste. The Decree 8006/2002 was amended through Decree 13389 dated 30/09/2004. The Decree 13389/2004, classified medical waste into different categories and required that medical 45COUNTRY BASELINE waste be treated prior to disposal. The Decree im posed that the treatment of infectious medical waste should be through sterilization and not incineration. In 2011, MoE issued the Circular 11/1 dated 24/03/2011 “Periodic reporting for dangerous and infectious healthcare waste treatment”. The Circular 11/1 required from all the licensed medical institutes, which are implementing sterilization of dangerous and infectious healthcare wastes within their prem ises, to submit periodic reporting (every 3 months) to the ministry. The MoE has also implemented the project “Demon strating and promoting best techniques and practices for reducing health care waste to avoid environmen tal releases of Dioxins and mercury”, funded by GEF through UNDP. The overall goal of this project was to protect public health and the global environment from the impacts of dioxin and mercury releases. To achieve this, the project demonstrated best environ mental practices and best available technologies at healthcare facilities that have been selected to serve as models. The project focused primarily on activities such as promoting the use of non-burn waste treatment tech nologies, improved waste segregation practices and the use of appropriate alternatives to mercury-con taining devices. These activities were reflected in the following seven (7) project objectives: Establish model facilities and programs to exemplify best practices in healthcare waste management, Deploy and evaluate commercially available, non-incineration healthcare waste treatment technologies appropriate to the needs of each country, Introduce and evaluate the use of mercury-free devices in model facilities, Establish or enhance training programs to build capacity for the implementation of best practices and technologies both within and be yond the model facilities and programs, Review and update relevant policies, Disseminate project results and materials to stakeholders and hold conferences or work shops to encourage replication, Make project results on demonstrated best techniques and practices available for dissem ination and scaling-up regionally and globally. Environmental Assessment In 2012, the Decree 8633 dated 07/08/2012 “Funda mentals of environmental impact assessment”, was enacted requiring the industries among other sectors (commercial buildings, resorts …) to perform Envi ronmental Impact Assessment or Initial Environmen tal Examination in accordance to its annexes before the establishment and operation. In 2012, the Decree 8471 dated 04/07/2012 “Envi ronmental compliance for establishments”, was also enacted, setting the fundamentals of environmental compliance. It explained the environmental compli ance, invited and encouraged the establishments to acquire for the environmental compliance certificate, defined the procedures to obtain this certificate and its renewal. It also set the related violations and pen alties. The Decision 539/1 dated 17/11/2015 of the Minister of Environment “Determination of the dead lines of applications for the environmental compli ance certificates from the industrial establishments subject to Decree 8471/2012” specified the deadline for the applications of environmental compliance for the different industrial classes. In order to obtain an environmental compliance certificate, the establish ment is to conduct an Environmental Audit. Cooperation between related stakeholders (MoE, MoI, MoA and Customs Authorities) The Decision of the Minister of Environment 590/1 dated 21/12/2015 “Mechanism of action, from an en vironmental perspective, with license applications of industrial establishments” have shown a tight cooper ation between the MoE and MoI due to their mutual engagement in the licensing of the industrial estab lishments. This decision defined the following: The procedures for taking the decision from the environmental perspective in regards to li 46 National Implementation Plan on Persistent Organic Pollutants cense applications of industrial establishments within the MoE; The mechanism to be followed by the MoE rep resentative at the industrial permitting commit tee; The mechanism of coordination between the MoE representative at the industrial permitting committee and the department of urban pro tection at the service of urban environment at the ministry. The proven successful cooperation between the MoE and the Customs Authority is a key factor in the imple mentation of the Basel convention, and in the man agement of chemicals in the country. The main coop eration domain is in the application of the Decision of the Minister of Environment 71/1 dated 19/05/1997 “Organization of wastes import”. Another proven successful cooperation is between the MoA and the Customs Authority in the application of the decisions of the Minister of Agriculture banning the import of pesticides in the country. Banning of POPs Pesticides The MoA, banned the use and import of all the list ed POPs Pesticides in the Stockholm Convention through several Ministerial Decisions. 2.3.4 Lebanon Compliance to Stockholm Convention Requirements The level of compliance with the Stockholm Conven tion requirements is compiled in Table 6 below with emphasize to the initial POPs and the new listed pes ticides in the convention. Article 3- Measures to reduce or eliminate releases from in tentional production and use Article 4- Register of exemp tions Article 5- Measures to reduce or eliminate releases from un intentional production Article 6- Measures to reduce or eliminate releases from stockpiles and wastes Article 7- Implementation plans Article 8- Listing of chemicals in Annexes A, B and C Refer to section 2.5.8 Refer to section 2.5.6 Refer to section 2.5.7 Lebanon approved and submitted its first NIP on 17 May 2006 to the Conference of the Parties of the Stockholm Convention Up to now Lebanon has not sub mitted a proposal on the listing of new chemicals in Annexes A, B and C to the COP For POPs pesticides refer to section 2.5.1 For PCBs refer to section 2.5.2. For DDT refer to section 2.5.1 The full national inventory of PCB equipment is currently be ing conducted. The preliminary inventory had been conducted in 2011. Convention Article Level of compliance Comments Table 6 - Stockholm Convention requirements and level of compliance of Lebanon 47COUNTRY BASELINE Article 9- Information exchange Article 10- Public information, awareness and education Article 11- Research, develop ment and monitoring Article 12- Technical assistance Article 13- Financial resources and mechanisms Article 15- Reporting Article 16- Effectiveness evalu ation Article 17- Non-compliance Article 19- Conference of the Parties Article 21- Amendments to the Convention Article 22- Adoption and amendment of annexes Article 24- Signature Article 25- Ratification, accep tance, approval or accession Article 26- Entry into force Refer to section 2.5.10 Refer to section 2.5.10 Refer to section 2.5.9 Lebanon is a recipient develop ing country Party. Since the first NIP, Lebanon has received tech nical assistance from internation al funds tackling the health care waste, PCBs in power sector, ca pacity building, etc. Lebanon has no unpaid pledges Refer to section 2.5.11 Refer to section 2.3.3 As the procedures and institutional mechanisms for determining non compliance are not yet approved and developed, the countries compliance cannot yet be verified by the Conference of Parties/ Compliance Committee Lebanon is a party to the Stock holm Convention and participat ing in all Stockholm Convention COPs Lebanon has accepted all the Stockholm Convention amend ments Lebanon has accepted all the amendments of the Stockholm Convention Annexes Lebanon signed the Stockholm Convention on 23 May 2001 Lebanon ratified the Stockholm Convention on 3 January 2003 The Stockholm entered into force for Lebanon on 17 May 2004 Technical assistance should be promoted in the future to ensure the sound management of POPs. Convention Article Level of compliance Comments Table 6 - Stockholm Convention requirements and level of compliance of Lebanon 48 National Implementation Plan on Persistent Organic Pollutants 2.4 Institutional, Policy and Regulatory Framework 2.4.1 Roles and Responsibilities of Ministries, Agen cies and other Governmental Institutions involved in POPs Life Cycles (from Source to Disposal, Environ mental Fate and Health Monitoring) 2.4.1.1 Ministry of Environment The Ministry of Environment (MoE) is the main gov ernmental body concerned with environmental issues in the country. It was established in 1993 (under Law 216/1993 that was amended by Law 690/2005), to meet Lebanon’s environmental challenges, and ar ticulate environmental policy principles and strategy objectives. The mandate of the MoE requires close coordina tion with many other relevant ministries, public and private sector groups (environmental inspection and enforcement, climate change adaptation, sustain able management of natural resources, continuous monitoring of air quality, promotion of hazardous and non-hazardous waste management, etc…). The Decree 2275/2009 set the hierarchy of the MoE and divided it into seven (7) services. Each service is di vided into departments, which are also divided into divisions. The following figure represents the hierar chy of the ministry. Minister of Environemnt Directorate General of Environment Service of Registrar Dep. of Administrative Affairs & Archives Dep. of Legal Affairs Dep. of Public Relations & External Affairs Dep. of Personnel, Financial Affairs and Procurement Dep. of Awareness & Guidance Division of Personnel Division of Financial Affairs Division of Procurement Dep. of Private Sector Dep. of Environmental Media Dep. of Urban Environmental Protection Dep. of Urban Environmental Pollution Control Dep. of Natural Resources Protection Dep. of Ecosystems Dep. of Air Quality Dep. of Integrated Environmental Systems Dep. of Chemical Safety Dep. of Environmental Policy Dep. of Environmental Monitoring & Statistics Dep. of Information Technology Systems Service of Environmental Guidance Service of Urban Environment Service of Natural Resources Service of Environmental Technology Service of Planning and Programming Service of Regional Departments and Environmental Police Figure 6 - Hierarchy of the ministry of environment 49COUNTRY BASELINE The chemicals management including POPs falls un der the mandate of the Service of Environmental Technology – Department of Chemical Safety as per Decree 2275/2009. The main responsibilities of the Department of Chemical Safety (Decree 2275/2009 - Article 23) can be summarized as follows: Preparation of draft strategies, plans, programmes, implementation projects, activities and studies for sustainable and integrated management of chem icals and hazardous wastes and follow up on its good implementation Classification of all types of chemicals and their usages and all types of hazardous wastes Identification of the binding environmental con ditions through decisions to be issued from the Minister of Environment in accordance with a pro posal from the Director General of the Environ ment and after the consultation of the Council of State, for: • The integrated management of chemicals during all its stages; from extraction to disposal • The import/export of chemicals • The integrated management of hazardous wastes during all its stages; from generation to disposal • The import/export of hazardous wastes • The approval of Customs declaration, and the methods of destruction of expired or damaged products Establishment of the limit values for hazardous solid and liquid waste discharges in water and/or soil through a decision to be issued from the Min ister of Environment in accordance with a propos al from the Director General of the Environment and after the consultation of the Council of State. After the amendments of the convention which result ed in the addition of new industrial chemicals (new POPs), and in order to comply with the provisions of the convention, a cooperation between the Depart ment of Chemical Safety and the Department of Pro tection of Urban Environment is very essential. Due to the fact that among its duties, the Department of Protection of Urban Environment at the Service of Urban Environment is reviewing the environmen tal conditions for the industrial establishments in the process of getting their permit from MoI, thus recom mend their approval or rejection. The main duties of the Department of Protection of Urban Environment (Decree 2275/2009 - Article 17) can be summarized as follows: Preparation of draft strategies, plans, programmes, implementation projects, activities and studies for making the urban environment more harmonized with the natural resources by preventing all sourc es of pollution in the urban environment and follow up on its good implementation Identification of the binding environmental con ditions through decisions to be issued from the Minister of Environment in accordance with a pro posal from the Director General of the Environ ment and after the consultation of the Council of State, for: • The prevention from all sources of pollution in the urban environment • The master plan and area classifications in the urban environment in a cooperation with Direc torate General of Urban Planning • The classification of industrial areas for classi fied establishments (industrial and non-indus trial) in a cooperation with the MoPWT • The operation and construction permits appli cations of the classified establishments (indus trial and non-industrial) • The permit application for big projects, annex ation and sorting projects, development proj ects including gardens, recreational areas, public swimming pools, and cemeteries situat ed on public land Identification of the mechanism for giving environ mental permits for wastewater disposal and trade though the issuance of decree(s) from the CoM via a proposal from both the Minister of Environ 50 National Implementation Plan on Persistent Organic Pollutants ment and the Minister of Finance The definition of classified establishments (in dustrial and non-industrial) which its operation requires an environmental license related to the discharge of wastewater. In addition, two (2) main procedures were established at the MoE by ministerial decisions for the chemicals management. The procedures can be summarized as follows: 1) Decision 71/1 dated 19/05/1997 “Organiza tion of wastes import”; Procedure for wastes/products restricted: MoE restricted the import of several wastes based on the Basel Convention and listed them in this decision. Each imported good has an HS code for identification and checking at Customs. If the product is listed under Decision 71/1, then the LCA will transfer the Customs declaration to the MoE for clearance and approval or rejec tion. At the MoE, the Department of Chemical Safety is in charge of assessing the imported goods and deciding upon it. 2) Decision 590/1 dated 21/12/2015 “Mecha nism of action, from an environmental perspec tive, which license applications of industrial es tablishments”; Procedure for industrial permits: MoE has the power to approve or reject the licensing of in dustrial establishments from the environmental perspectives. Figure 7 - Procedure for wastes / products import restricted by ministry of environment Importer MoE Imported materials at Customs Department of Chemical Safety / MoE Approval Rejection Import Re-export/ Destruction Request for clearance HS codes identification Check for Environmental Conditions and Specifications Clearance 51COUNTRY BASELINE 2.4.1.2 Ministry of Agriculture The Ministry of Agriculture is responsible for the man agement of pesticides in the country ranging from giv ing import permit, registration, distribution, to disposal and handling of empty containers. The management of pesticides falls within the respon sibilities of the Service of Plant Protection at the MoA. The Service of Plant Protection is composed of the Plant Protection Department and the Phyto-Phar macy Department. The Plant Protection Department licenses the import ers of pesticides. Only licensed importers are allowed to apply for the registration of pesticides at MoA. The licensed importer submits an application for reg istration to the Phyto-Pharmacy Department. Regis trations are for three (3) years or for a duration that does not exceed the validity of the certificate of regis tration for either the formulated product or the Techni cal Grade Active Ingredient (TGAI), whichever is less. After expiration, an application must be submitted for renewal. The registration requirements at the MoA had been set in the Ministerial Decision 310/1 dated 24/06/2010. Permit Procedure Approval of registrations for existing active ingredient pesticide products is made by a committee within the Plant Protection Service - Plant Pharmacy Depart ments including the Director of the Phyto-Pharmacy laboratories division (FAO, 2013). Approval of registrations for new active ingredients is not solely the responsibility of the Phyto Pharmacy Department, thus it is approved or denied by a deci sion from the pesticides committee (FAO, 2013). The pesticides committee was first proposed by De cision 131/1 dated 06/11/1991. The composition and responsibilities were refined in subsequent years in cluding Decision of 554/1 dated 19/12/2008. Nowa days, the committee consists of representatives of the same oversight; Figure 8 - Hierarchy of plant directorate at the ministry of agriculture Plant Directorate Service of Plant Protection Plant Protection Department Control Division Phyto Pharmacy Department Phyto Pharmacy Laboratories Division 52 Once pesticides reach the LCA, the importer submits an import request at the MoA. The Phyto-Pharmacy Department then checks for the pesticide registry (if the pesticide is not registered at MoA, the request will be denied). If the pesticide is registered, the department checks if the importer has an import permit thus keeping re quest in process or otherwise it stops. Whereas at Customs, the inspectors check if the importer has an import permit allowing the importation. Sampling is done by inspectors at the quarantine and sent to one of Ministry of Agriculture’s laboratories which is usually Phyto – Pharmacy laboratory in Kfarshima to identify the active ingredient and its percentage com position. Laboratory results are then compared with the infor mation submitted by the importer; if the test results show a difference of 10% for pesticides whose active ingredients constitute 10%, or 5% for pesticides with 10-20% active ingredients, or 3% for pesticides with over 20% active ingredients, compared to the sub mitted information by the importer, the request is re jected. This procedure is summarized in the following chart. Directorate of Plant Resources Plant Protection Service, Phyto-Pharmacy Department, Plant Protection Department, MoPH sanitary engineering service, Lebanese Agricultural Research Institute (LARI), (1) representative of the faculty of agriculture from one of the universities, and (6) members from the private sector (that have one unified vote) The Director General of Ministry of Agriculture chairs this committee (FAO, 2013) . National Implementation Plan on Persistent Organic Pollutants Figure 9 - Permit procedures for import of pesticides Licensed Importers Request for Pesticides Registration Dep. of Phyto-Pharmacy Checks for requirement conditions All information available Committee of Pesticides Rejects Approval Certificates Missing Information Ask importer to complete Documents 53COUNTRY BASELINE Pesticides arrival to Port LCA Check for permit Figure 10 - Procedures required to import pesticides at ministry of agriculture No Yes Kfarshima Lab Stop Sampling Check for active ingredient % Comparison with importers submitted information Rejection Approval 2.4.1.3 Ministry of Public Health The Ministry of Public Health and particularly the Sanitary Engineering Service (SES) at the Ministry of Public Health (MoPH) has the responsibility for re viewing, updating and enforcing the registration and use of public health pesticides, biocides and home owner pesticide products. An importer of these pesticides/biocides products must be registered within the MoPH. Once regis tered, an importer may submit a request for a product registration (Figure 11). The Sanitary Engineering Service makes all deci sions related to the acceptance, denial, cancellation and investigation. There are no dossier requirements for active ingredi ent purity checks, methodology or certificates of anal yses. The MoPH has no laboratory for verification, but random sampling can occur under the request of SES. Dossier data routinely submitted to the MoA for registration are not required from the MoPH. These data could include but are categorically missing: Human exposure and toxicological studies Ecological effects and toxicity to non-target organ isms Environmental exposure studies Environmental fate It is worth mentioning also, that the import quantities of the pesticides/biocides products are neither re quired nor available at the MoPH. There is no expiration date for MoPH registered pes ticides (FAO, 2013). In addition to the above mentioned, and according to the Decree 8377/1961, the MoPH sets specifications and technical conditions in the design of public sew ers, drinking water networks, waste collection and disposal systems, and participates in the classifica tion of industrial establishments. Moreover, the MoPH plays a very important role in the management of HCW. 54 National Implementation Plan on Persistent Organic Pollutants 2.4.1.4 Ministry of Finance / Lebanese Customs Authority (LCA) LCA is responsible for controlling goods imported/ exported to/from Lebanon in accordance to the Cus toms Law or any other law or agreement which Leb anon is a party of. The Article 144 of the Customs Law 4461 dated 15/12/2000 stated the following: 1- Customs may destroy goods proved to be, ac cording to analysis and inspection, inconsis tent with applicable laws and regulations. 2- A special committee designated by the director general shall destroy the goods at the expense of the owner provided he is notified to attend the destruction process. Should the owner of the goods fail to appear, destruction shall be carried out in his absence and the committee shall write down a record of such destruction. 3- If such destruction is proved to be harmful to the environment, it shall be permitted, under the conditions set by the director general of Customs, to require the re-export rather than the destruction of goods. 2.4.1.5 Ministry of Energy and Water / Electricité du Liban (EDL) The power sector itself is largely owned and admin istered by an autonomous state owned national elec trical utility, Electricité du Liban (EDL) under the juris diction of the Ministry of Energy and Water (MoEW). This also includes other small distribution conces sions and hydroelectric generation administered by MoEW. The main responsibility of the MoEW / EDL in regards to Persistent Organic Pollutants is the management of transformers and capacitors containing PCBs. Noting that cooperation between MoE and EDL insti tutions had been established to manage PCB in the Power Sector in an environmentally sound manner and that a Memorandum of Understanding had been signed under this context on March 15, 2016. 2.4.1.6 Ministry of Industry The Law 642 dated 02/06/1997, gave this ministry the power to control the industrial sector and permitting the establishments and operation of industries in cluding those located within industrial areas in accor Visa given to importer by MoPH Chemical product at Customs Code identification by Custom control Checks for conditions and specifications File sent to SES Random sampling Approval and registration Rejection Figure 11 - Procedures required to import pesticides for domestic use at ministry of public health 55COUNTRY BASELINE dance to the provisions of this law. The Article 5 of this law stated that Industrial Per mitting Committees will be established at the MoI to study: Permit applications submitted to the ministry, and Requests for permitting renewal The committees propose the approval of licensing, renewal, or withdrawal of the license in accordance to the principles of this law and its applicable legal texts. Within 2 months from the date of submitting the application, the committee has to respond. In case of no reply during that period, the request becomes a li cense as long as the applicant is abiding by the public health and environmental requirements. Each committee shall include representatives from the MoI, MoPH, MoE and MoPWT/DGUP. The rep resentative joins the committee when the requested permit includes activities related to the duties and au thorities of his ministry. 2.4.1.7 Ministry of Economy and Trade The Decree 841 dated 06/12/2008 stated that the Consumer Protection Directorate has the mandate of implementation of several activities including: Development of a strategic plan and annual work plans in coordination with the Directorate General for Economy and Trade Finalization of the necessary procedures for the implementation of some provisions of the con sumer protection law Identification of activity centers covered by the consumer protection law, including assessment and classification Development of the guidelines for the controller including the definition and types of control, rights, duties, and powers of the controller and his work ing tools and other internal and monitoring related matters Follow up on consumer protection and monitoring, evaluation and reporting all the emerged situations Establishment permitting request Operation permitting request Renewal of Permit Request Industrial Permitting Committee Industrial Permitting Committee Industrial Permitting Department Industrial Permitting Department Industrial Permitting Department Rejection Rejection Rejection Approval Approval Approval Industrial Permitting Committee Figure 12 - Procedures of industrial permits at ministry of industry 56 National Implementation Plan on Persistent Organic Pollutants Development of the control procedures and other measures to achieve their goals On the other hand, under the context of the consum er protection rights, the ministry is responsible of re ceiving complaints from a product consumer victim, investigating and taking the required and necessary applicable measures. 2.4.1.8 Ministry of Labor The Decree 8352 dated 30/12/1961 and its amend ments, gave the MoL and particularly the division of statistics the duty to collect the occupational, social and statistical information from private institutions, the different entities related to the MoL, MoSA and the municipalities. The Department of Labor Inspection and Safety con trols the following: Reception of the inspection reports from the labor inspectors in the central and regional departments Collection of statistics from the inspection reports of labor to provide them to the statistics depart ment Authorization of the use of machinery in factories and establishments in accordance with the appli cable regulations Study of the causes of occupational diseases and prevention methods 2.4.2 Relevant International Commitments and Obli gations Lebanon is involved in a number of international or ganizations through regional and international agree ments and conventions as listed in the below Table 7. 2012 2008 2004 2001 1999 1994 Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora Amendments to Barcelona Conven tion Rotterdam Convention on the Prior Informed Consent Procedure for Cer tain Hazardous Chemicals and Pesti cides in International Trade Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants Convention on Wetlands of Internation al Importance especially as Waterfowl Habitat-Ramsar United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification-Paris Law 233, 22/10/2012 Law 34, 16/10/2008 Law 728, 15/05/2006 Law 432, 08/08/2002 Law 23, 01/03/1999 Law 469, 21/12/1995 Adhesion Adhesion Adhesion Signature: 22/05/2001 Accession Adhesion Ratification Year Conventions Name of Convention, Treaty & Protocol Adhesion, Signature, Accession, Ratification Law / Decree, date (publication in the official gazette) Table 7 - Multilateral Environmental Agreements ratified by the Government of Lebanon 57COUNTRY BASELINE 1992 2006 1992 1989 1976 1986 1986 1985 1982 1973 1972 1969 1969 1963 1954 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change-Rio de Janeiro Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety Convention on Biological Diversity-Rio de Janeiro Basel Convention on the Control of Trans-boundary Movements of Haz ardous Wastes and their Disposal Barcelona - Convention for the Pro tection of the Mediterranean Sea against Pollution Convention on Early Notification of a Nu clear Accident-Vienna Convention on Assistance in Case of a Nuclear Accident-Vienna Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer Convention of the Sea (Mont –Diego Bay)-Jamaica International Convention for the Preven tion of Pollution from Ships-London UNESCO Convention on the Protection of Cultural & Natural Heritage International Convention relating to In tervention on the High Seas in cases of Oil Pollution Casualties-Brussels International Convention on Civil Liability for Oil Pollution Damage-Brussels Convention on Civil Liability for Nuclear Damage-Vienna International Convention for the Preven tion of Pollution of the Sea by Oil-London Law 359, 11/08/1994 Law 31, 16/10/2008 Law 360, 11/08/1994 Law 387, 21/12/1994 Decree Law 126, 30/06/1977 Law 566, 24/07/1996 Law 575, 24/07/1996 Law 253, 30/03/1993 Law 295, 22/02/1994 Law 13, 28/05/1983 Law 19, 30/10/1990 Decree 9226, 12/10/1974 Law 28, 12/10/1973 Law 565, 01/08/1996 Law 68, 16/11/1966 Ratification Adhesion Ratification Ratification Signature: 16/2/1976 Accession Ratification Ratification Adhesion Adhesion Adhesion Adhesion Ratification Ratification Adhesion Adhesion Year Conventions Protocols Name of Convention, Treaty & Protocol Adhesion, Signature, Accession, Ratification Law / Decree, date (publication in the official gazette) Table 7 - Multilateral Environmental Agreements ratified by the Government of Lebanon 58 National Implementation Plan on Persistent Organic Pollutants 2005 2004 1971 2002 1963 1992 1990 1987 1982 1980 1976 1976 1999 Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change aiming to fight Global Warming Agreement on the Conservation of Cetaceans in the Black Sea, Mediterranean Sea and contigu ous Atlantic-ACCOBAMS London-Moscow-Washington - Treaty on the Pro hibition of the Emplacement of Nuclear Weapons and other Weapons of Mass Destruction on the Seabed and the Ocean floor and in the Subsoil Agreement on the Conservation of African-Eur asian Migratory Water Birds (AEWA) Treaty Banning Nuclear Weapons Tests in the Atmosphere, in Outer Space and in Underwater Copenhagen - Amendment to the Montreal Proto col on Substances that deplete the Ozone Layer London - Amendment to the Montreal Protocol on Substances that deplete the Ozone Layer Montreal Protocol on Substances that deplete the Ozone Layer Geneva - Protocol Concerning Mediterranean Specially Protected Areas Athens - Protocol for the Protection of the Medi terranean Sea against Pollution from Land-based Sources Barcelona - Protocol Concerning Co-operation in Combating Pollution of the Mediterranean Sea by Oil and Other Harmful Substances in Cases of Emergency Barcelona - Protocol for the Prevention and Elim ination of Pollution of the Mediterranean Sea by Dumping from Ships and Aircraft Beijing Amendment of Montreal Protocol Law 738, 15/05/2006 Law 571, 05/02/2004 Decree 9133, 07/10/1974 Law 412, 13/06/2002 Law 59, 30/12/1964 Law 120, 03/11/1999 Law 253, 31/03/1993 Law 253, 31/03/1993 Law 292, 22/02/1994 Law 292, 22/02/1994 Decree Law 126, 30/06/1977 Decree Law 126, 30/06/1977 Law 758, 11/11/2006 Adhesion Adhesion Ratification Adhesion Ratification Adhesion Adhesion Adhesion Adhesion Adhesion Signature: 16/02/1976 Accession Signature: 16/02/1976 Accession Adhesion Year Protocols Agreements Treaties Name of Convention, Treaty & Protocol Adhesion, Signature, Accession, Ratification Law / Decree, date (publication in the official gazette) Table 7 - Multilateral Environmental Agreements ratified by the Government of Lebanon Source: SOER, 2010 59COUNTRY BASELINE As a part of its broader commitments for chemicals sound management; Lebanon ratified the Stockholm Convention through the Law 432 dated 08/08/2002, and since then there had been no record of specific exemp tions, thus committed to the full prevention of all the chemicals listed in Annex A and Annex B of the Convention. The Lebanese Parliament passed Law 387 in 04/11/1994, and ratified the Basel Convention in order to reduce the generation of hazardous wastes and other wastes minimization, aligned with the growing international concern about the need for strict controls on the movement of haz ardous and other wastes. In 15/05/2006, the Lebanese Parliament passed the Law 728, and ratified the Rotterdam Conven tion on the Prior Informed Consent Procedure for Certain Hazardous Chemicals and Pesticides in International Trade. 2.4.3 Description of Existing Legislation and Regula tions Addressing POPs On the national level, and over a period of time, Leb anon has developed several legal texts (Laws, De crees, Decisions, Circulars) addressing the environ ment and the management of chemicals (including POPs). All the reviewed, analysed and assessed national relevant legal texts to the management of chemicals (including POPs) are listed below (by chronological order of years). The following listed titles were trans lated from the original texts (Arabic to English), there fore inaccuracy might occur. It is worth mentioning that, the below briefs form each legal text, are tack ling only the articles / parts related or co/related to the chemicals management (including POPs). 2.4.3.1 Laws Law 6 dated 08/01/1968 “Organization of the trade of fertilizers, agricultural medicines and feeds” This law covered organizational matters of all works related to the production, manufacturing, importation, distribution and usage of fertilizers, agricultural med icines and feeds. This law set the penalties of viola tions. Law 11 dated 24/04/1978 “Organization of the import and the occupations of selling, filling, packaging, pre paring, manufacturing and spraying pesticides and rodenticides for domestic use” This law determined the general conditions for the permit of professionals as per their carried activities, its monitoring and penalties. Law 64 dated 12/08/1988 “Environmental preserva tion against pollution from harmful wastes and haz ardous materials” Noting that, Article 14 of this law had been cancelled by the Law 216/1993. However, Law 216/1993 had been canceled (excluding its first article) by Article 11 of the Law 690/2005. This law defined the harmful wastes as being the resi dues and byproducts resulting or released from every transformation or usage of materials containing any hazardous materials listed in its Annex 1. It enforced the following: Punishments for crimes related to breaching the terms of the various stages of management of harmful wastes; Penalties for all those responsible or aware peo ple about the crime and refrain from reporting it to concerned authorities; Penalties ranged from payment of fines to death penalty. Law 387 dated 04/11/1994 “Ratification of Basel Convention on the control of trans-boundary move ments of hazardous wastes and their disposal” This law adopted all the obligations and provisions of the Basel Convention which include among others: The definition of hazardous wastes; The restriction of trans-boundary movements of hazardous wastes except where it is perceived to be in accordance with the principles of environ mentally sound management and with a proof of acceptance of the importing country; The only legitimate trans-boundary shipments of hazardous waste are exports from countries with 60 National Implementation Plan on Persistent Organic Pollutants out facilities, or expertise to dispose safely of cer tain wastes, to countries which have both facilities and expertise. Law 642 dated 02/06/1997 “Establishment of the Ministry of Industry” This law gave the Ministry of Industry the authority to organize the industrial sector in Lebanon. Law 444 dated 29/07/2002 “Protection of the envi ronment” This is the framework law of the environment, it is considered as the basic legal instrument for environ mental protection and management. It defined the fol lowing eleven (11) environmental principles inspired from Agenda 21 principles: Precaution (cleaner production techniques); Prevention - Best Available Technologies / Best Environmental Practices (BAT/BEP); Polluter-Pays-Principle (polluters pay for pollution prevention and control); Biodiversity conservation (in all economic activi ties); Prevention of natural resources degradation; Public participation (free access to information and disclosure); Cooperation between central government, local authorities, and citizens; Recognition of local mores and customs in rural areas; Environmental monitoring (pollution sources and pollution abatement systems); Economic incentives to encourage compliance and pollution control Legislation Analysis; Environmental Impact Assessments. Law 432 dated 29/07/2002 “Ratification of Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants” This law adopted among others the following: Eliminate dangerous POPs, starting with the 12 initial; Support the transition to safer alternatives; Target additional POPs for action; Clean-up old stockpiles and equipment containing POPs; Work together for a POPs-free future. Law 659 dated 04/02/2005 “Consumer protection” This law settled the general rules and guidelines to protect consumer rights including the health and safety of products and services. Law 728 dated 15/05/2006 “Ratification of Rotterdam Convention on the prior informed consent procedure for certain hazardous chemicals and pesticides in in ternational trade” This law is highly beneficial for Lebanon, as follows: Prevent the entry of hazardous chemicals into the country; Regulate imports of pesticides and chemicals list ed in Annex III of the Convention; Benefit from information exchange. 2.4.3.2 Decrees Decree 8735 dated 23/08/1974 “Maintaining public hygiene” This decree, among others, prevented the discharge of sewage and wastewater from industries within wa terways and beaches and enforced industrial estab lishments to treat their wastewater before discharge. Decree 5100 dated 12/04/1982 “Identification of technical requirements for the career of importing and selling pesticides and rodenticides for domestic use” This decree determined the required technical and special conditions for the career of importing, sell ing, filling, packaging, preparing, manufacturing and spraying pesticides and rodenticides for domestic use. It is a practical decree for the Law 11/1978 men tioned above. Decree 4917 dated 24/03/1994 “Amendment of clas sifications of dangerous, harmful and disturbing es tablishments” This decree listed in its Annex the dangerous, harm ful and disturbing establishments according to the in dustrial type and class. It cancelled the Annex of the Decree 1120/1936 and both Decrees 2009/1959 and 7558/1961. Decree 13528 dated 19/11/1998 “Regulatory texts for trade of pesticides” 61COUNTRY BASELINE This decree cancelled the Decree 5039 dated 26/03/1982. This decree set the general legal rules applied for oc cupations related to import, sell, package, prepare, produce and use of pesticides. It also set the pen alties and punishments related to those occupations and their practices. Decree 1039 dated 02/08/1999 “Giving an obligatory status for specifications on drinking water” This decree gave the obligatory status for national standards and specifications related to drinking water and bottled drinking water, and specified the accept able testing results generated by the adopted labo ratories. Decree 5243 dated 05/04/2001 “Classification of in dustries” This decree classified the industrial establishments according to their ISIC number and classes. Decree 8018 dated 12/06/2002 “Definition of princi ples, procedures and conditions for construction and operation permits of industrial establishments” This decree determined the principles, procedures and conditions for the following: Construction of industrial establishments; Operation of industrial establishments; Permit renewal; Permit amendment; Special conditions; Permit cancellation and closure of industrial es tablishments. Decree 9765 dated 11/03/2003 “Monitoring, mea sures and penalties related to industrial establish ments” This decree specified the following: Fundamentals of monitoring industrial establish ments; Measures and penalties for violations taking into consideration the provisions of Decree 8018/2002. Decree 11802 dated 03/01/2004 “Regulating the oc cupational prevention, safety and health in all enter prises subject to the Code of Labor” The main objective of this decree was to increase the safety conditions of workers while using chemical products. Decree 13389 dated 18/09/2004 “Determination of types of healthcare wastes and ways of their dispos al” This decree: Defined the types of healthcare wastes; Required proper waste segregation and waste minimization; Set guidelines for the collection, storage, treat ment and disposal of the different types of wastes; Required an EIA study for licensing HCWT facili ties; Gave healthcare facilities 120 days for complying with the decree. Decree 8471 dated 04/07/2012 “Environmental com pliance for establishments” The objective of this decree was to set the fundamen tals of environmental compliance. It explained the environmental compliance, invited and encouraged the establishments to acquire for the environmental compliance certificate and defined the procedures to obtain this certificate and its renewal. It also set the related violations and penalties. Decree 8633 dated 07/08/2012 - “Fundamentals of environmental impact assessment” This EIA decree and its annexes included all the re quirements for screening, preparation of the environ mental assessment and supervision of the environ mental assessment process including consultation and disclosure. 2.4.3.3 Ministerial Decisions In addition to the listed above laws and decrees aiming for the protection of the environment and the chemicals management, each of the concerned min istries issued several Decisions to serve the same purpose. These are summarized below: Decisions – Ministry of Environment Decision 52/1 dated 29/07/1996 “Definition of stan dards and maximum allowable limits for the reduction 62 of air, water and soil pollution” This decision defined the standards and limits for the reduction of air, water and soil pollution. Decision 71/1 dated 19/05/1997 “Organization of wastes import” This decision regulated the import of wastes to Leba non. It presented two separate wastes lists: “allowed wastes” and “banned wastes”. Decision 8/1 dated 30/01/2001 “Specifications and standards for air emissions and liquid effluents gen erated from classified institutions and for wastewater treatment plants” It defined the general limit values for emissions of air pollutants and liquid effluents generated from certain industries such as glass, batteries, electroplating, and aluminum manufacturing. Circular 11/1 dated 24/03/2011 “Periodic reporting for dangerous and infectious healthcare waste treat ment” Through this circular and in compliance with the Decree 13389/2004, the ministry of environment re quired from all the licensed medical institutes, which are implementing sterilization of dangerous and in fectious healthcare wastes within their premises, to present periodic reporting (every 3 months) to the ministry of environment. The circular issued the re quested report template required to be used. Decision 539/1 dated 17/11/2015 “Determination of the deadlines of applications for the environmental compliance certificates from the industrial establish ments subject to Decree 8471/2012” This decision determined the deadlines for industrial establishments to apply for an environmental compli ance certificate as per below: The deadline for Class 1 industries is 31/12/2018 The deadline for Class 2 industries is 31/12/2019 The deadline for Class 3 industries is 31/12/2020 It informed about the consultancy firms allowed to do the environmental audit, and set penalties related to non-environmental compliance. Decision 590/1 dated 21/12/2015 “Mechanism of ac tion, from an environmental perspective, with license applications of industrial establishments” This decision defined the following: The procedures for taking the decision from the environmental perspective in regards to license applications of industrial establishments within the MoE; The mechanism to be followed by the MoE repre sentative at the industrial permitting committee; The mechanism of coordination between the MoE representative at the industrial permitting commit tee and the department of urban protection at the service of urban environment at the ministry. In addition, the Minister of Environment, throughout the years, took several decisions related to the envi ronmental conditions for construction and operation permits of industrial facilities, among which: Decision 75/1 dated 05/09/2000 “Environmental conditions for construction and operation permits of tanneries” Decision 61/1 dated 10/09/2001 “Environmental conditions for construction and operation permits of plastic factories” Decision 16/1 dated 04/03/2002 “Environmental conditions for construction and operation permits of rubber factories” Decision 106/1 dated 08/07/2010 “Environmen tal conditions for construction and operation per mits of clothes factories” Decisions – Ministry of Agriculture The Minister of Agriculture published several deci sions related to the pesticides management in Leba non including POPs pesticides. These decisions are: Decision 92/1 dated 20/05/1998 “Standards of pes ticides labels and the information required on them” This decision banned the import, retail and trade of pesticides unless its label includes the standards and information in accordance to its annex. Decision 94/1 dated 20/05/1998 “Banning the import of some pesticides” This decision banned the import of many pesticides, among which are POPs pesticides namely; Aldrin, Chlordane, Chlordecone, DDT, Dieldrin, Endrin, HCH National Implementation Plan on Persistent Organic Pollutants 63COUNTRY BASELINE containing less than 99% of gamma isomer, Hepta chlor, Mirex, Toxaphene). Decision 262/1 dated 26/09/2001 “Banning the reg istration of some pesticides” This decision banned giving new import registrations for many pesticides, among which are POPs pesti cides namely; Lindane. Decision 554/1 dated 19/12/2008 “Internal regula tion of pesticides committee” This decision specified the organization and mandate of the pesticides committee. Decision 570/1 dated 24/12/2008 “Banning the im port of some pesticides” This decision banned the import of many pesticides, among which are POPs pesticides namely; Hexa chlorobenzene and Pentachlorophenol and its salts and esters. Decision 79/1 dated 13/02/2010 “Registration can cellation and banning of import of some pesticides” This decision banned the import of many pesticides, among which are POPs pesticides namely; Endosul fan. Decision 310/1 dated 24/06/2010 “Organization of registration of imported and nationally produced pes ticides and their usages” This decision specified the needed procedures, infor mation and documents to apply for pesticides regis tration and to process its cancellation. Decision 868/1 dated 14/12/2010 “Allowing selling and using some pesticides” This decision allowed selling and using some banned pesticides (subject to Decision 79/1 dated 13/2/2010) until its expiry date, among which are POPs pesti cides namely; Endosulfan. Decision 311/1 dated 26/01/2011 “Organization of import of pesticides” This decision specified the procedures and needed documents and testing to import a pesticide. Decisions – Ministry of Public Health The Minister of Public Health took decisions linked to the management of chemicals in the country: Decision 2287/1 dated 24/12/2014 “Management of medical wastes” This decision was taken in compliance with the above mentioned Decree 13389/2004. Decision 2824/1 dated 29/12/2014 “Establishment of a committee for healthcare wastes treatment” This decision established a committee at the Ministry of Public Health responsible to develop a full study on the medical wastes status at all private and public hospitals. The following Table 8 summarizes all of the above listed POPs management national related legal texts and highlights on the main provisions, principles and rules tackling directly or indirectly POPs. 64 National Implementation Plan on Persistent Organic Pollutants Ta bl e 8 S um m ar y of P O P s na tio na l r el at ed le ga l t ex t La w Le ga l Te xt D at e Ti tle Is su in g In st itu tio n Le ga l t ex t r el at ed to c he m ic al m an ag em en t ( in cl ud in g P O P s) R em ar ks 08 /0 1/ 19 68 12 /0 8/ 19 88 24 /0 4/ 19 78 O rg an iz at io n of th e tr ad e of fe rt ili ze rs , a gr i cu ltu ra l m ed ic in es a nd fe e d s E nv iro nm en ta l pr es er va tio n ag ai ns t p ol lu tio n fr om ha rm fu l w as te s an d ha za rd ou s m at e ri al s O rg an iz at io n of t he im po rt an d th e oc cu pa tio ns of se lli ng , fil lin g, pa ck ag in g, pr ep ar in g, m an uf ac tu rin g an d sp ra yi ng p es tic id es a nd ro de nt ic id es fo r d om es tic u se It co ve re d or ga ni za tio na l m at te rs o f al l w or ks re la te d to t he p ro du ct io n, m an uf ac tu rin g, i m po rt at io n, d is tr ib ut io n an d us ag e of f er til iz er s, ag ric ul tu ra l m ed ic in es a nd fe ed s. T hi s la w s et th e pe na lti es o f vi ol at io ns It de fin ed th e ha rm fu l w as te s as b ei ng th e re s id ue s an d by p ro du ct s re su lti ng o r re le as ed fr om e ve ry tr an sf or m at io n or u sa ge o f m at er i al s co nt ai ni ng a ny h az ar do us m at er ia ls li st ed in it s A nn ex 1 . I t a ls o re gu la te d th e fo llo w in g: C on tr ol a nd m in im iz at io n of P O P s fr om H C W ; C on tr ol o f al l ty pe s of h az ar do us w as te s in cl ud in g P O P s w as te s; C on tr ol o f pr od uc tio n, t ra ns po rt , tr ad e of ha rm fu l an d ha za rd ou s w as te s; It ai m ed to c on tr ol th e pr od uc tio n an d tr ad e of pe st ic id es a nd r od en tic id es f or d om es tic u se (in cl ud in g P O P s) La w 8 9 da te d 7/ 9/ 19 91 ( G ov er nm en t B ud ge t an d an ne xe d bu dg et s of y ea r 19 91 ), s pe ci fic al ly in it s A rt ic le 3 0, s ta t ed th at a ll pe na lti es s et in L aw s da te d be fo re 1 98 3, a re t o be m ul tip lie d by 10 0 tim es . H ow ev er , de sp ite o f th is in cr ea se , th e se t pe na lti es o f vi ol at io ns in t he t ra de of fe rt ili ze rs , ag ric ul tu ra l m ed ic in es an d fe ed s re m ai n to o lo w A rt ic le 2 o f t hi s la w re fe rr ed to th e lis ts in it s A nn ex 1 in cl ud in g th e cl as si fic a tio n of h az ar do us w as te s. It s ta te d th at th e ha rm fu l w as te s w ill b e de fin ed i n pr ac tic al de cr ee s an d co ns eq ue nt ly th e lis t (A nn ex 1 ) co ul d be a m en de d by a d ec re e up on th e re qu es t a nd p ro po sa l of t he M in is te r of P ub lic H ea lth an d th e M in is te r of P ub lic A ffa irs . N ot in g th at in 1 98 8, t he M oE w as n ot y et es ta bl is he d th er ef or e th e la w d id n ot gi ve it a ny p ow er in t hi s re ga rd s. It ga ve t he p ow er t o M oP H t o co nt ro l, m on ito r an d lic en se pe st ic id es an d ro de nt ic id es fo r do m es tic u se LP LPLP 6 6411 65COUNTRY BASELINE 04 /1 1/ 19 94 R at ifi ca tio n of t he B as el C on ve nt io n on t he c on tr ol of tr an s bo un da ry m ov em en ts o f h az ar do us w as te s an d th ei r d is po sa l It ad op te d th e B as el c on ve nt io n’ s te xt a s it is ; D efi ni tio n of h az ar do us w as te s; R es tr ic tio n of t ra ns b ou nd ar y m ov em en ts of h az ar do us w as te s ex ce pt w he re i t is pe rc ei ve d to b e in a cc or da nc e w ith t he pr in ci pl es o f en vi ro nm en ta lly s ou nd m an ag em en t a nd w ith a p ro of o f a cc ep ta nc e of th e im po rt in g co un tr y; R es tr ic tio n of t he a llo w an ce o f ex po rt o f ha za rd ou s w as te f ro m c ou nt rie s w ith ou t fa ci lit ie s, o r ex pe rt is e to d is po se s af el y of ce rt ai n w as te s, t o co un tr ie s w hi ch h av e bo th f ac ili tie s an d ex pe rt is e LP 38 7 La w S et th e ru le s of di sp os al of ha za rd ou s w a s te s ; S et t he p en al tie s of v io la tio ns l ea di ng t o en vi ro nm en ta l po llu tio n T he a bo ve m en tio ne d de cr ee s ha ve no t be en i ss ue d ye t. S ev er al a ut ho rit ie s w er e gi ve n to o th er m in is tr ie s by t he p ro vi si on o f th is l aw bu t, si nc e th e es ta bl is hm en t of th e M oE i t be ca m e un de r th e m an da te of t he M oE f or e xa m pl e th e A rt ic le 9 st at ed t ha t th e m an ag em en t of p ro te ct ed a re as f al ls u nd er t he m an da te of t he M oA w hi le c ur re nt ly i t’s u nd er th e m an da te o f th e S er vi ce o f N at ur al R es ou rc es a t t he M oE a s pe r th e La w 69 0 da te d 26 /0 8/ 20 05 “ E st ab lis hm en t of th e M in is tr y of E nv iro nm en t an d Id en tifi ca tio n of i ts m an da te s” ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... .. Le ga l Te xt D at e Ti tle Is su in g In st itu tio n Le ga l t ex t r el at ed to c he m ic al m an ag em en t ( in cl ud in g P O P s) R em ar ks 66 National Implementation Plan on Persistent Organic Pollutants Ta bl e 8 S um m ar y of P O P s na tio na l r el at ed le ga l t ex t 02 /0 6/ 19 97 29 /0 7/ 20 02 E st ab lis hm en t o f t he M in is tr y of In du st ry P ro te ct io n of th e en vi ro n m en t It ga ve th e M O I, th e au th or ity to o rg an iz e th e in du st ria l s ec to r i nc lu di ng th e in du st rie s de al in g w ith P O P s or r el ea si ng P O P s un in te nt io na lly ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... .. T hi s is t he n at io na l f ra m ew or k la w o f en vi ro n m en t. It m ai nl y ta ck le d th e fo llo w in g: D efi ni tio n of e nv iro nm en ta l p rin ci pl es P ro ce du re s of e nv iro nm en ta l p la nn in g N at io na l c ou nc il fo r th e en vi ro nm en t R es ou rc e m ob ili za tio n fo r en vi ro nm en ta l p ro te ct io n P ro ce du re s of m on ito rin g of e nv iro nm en ta l po llu tio n O rg an iz at io n of e nv iro nm en ta l in fo rm at io n an d pa rt ic ip at io n in th e pr ot ec tio n of th e en vi ro nm en t E nv iro nm en ta l I m pa ct A ss es sm en ts P ro te ct io n of al l en vi ro nm en ta l m at ric es fr om a ll ty pe s of p ol lu tio n su ch a s ha rm fu l an d ha za rd ou s ch em ic al s R es po ns ib ili tie s an d pe na lti es A rt ic le 4 s ta te d th e 11 p rin ci pl es fo r th e pr ot ec tio n of t he e nv iro nm en t in cl ud in g th e pr in ci pl e of pr ev en tio n en co ur ag in g th e us e of B es t A va ila bl e P ra ct ic es (B A T /B E P ). A rt ic le 2 5 st at ed t ha t an y bu rn in g ac tiv ity o f fu el s ha ll be s ub je ct t o en vi ro n m en ta l lim its v al ue s in a cc or da nc e to th e na tio na l st an da rd s. H ow ev er th is ar tic le d id n ot m en tio n th e op en b ur ni ng of s ol id w as te s. A rt ic le 2 8 st at ed t ha t, am on g ot he rs , a pr ac tic al d ec re e sh ou ld b e en do rs ed to sp ec ify th e en vi ro nm en ta l na tio na l st an da rd s, th e pr oc ed ur es to co nt ro l its im pl em en ta tio n, t he p rin ci pl es o f as se ss in g th e en vi ro nm en ta l st at us a nd pr ot ec tin g it. E sp ec ia lly fo r is su es r el at ed to a ir po llu tio n an d bu rn in g ac tiv iti es . C ha pt er s 2 an d 3 of t hi s la w t ac kl ed th e pr ot ec tio n of th e co as ta l a nd m ar in e en vi ro nm en t an d th e pr ot ec tio n of t he w at er m at ric es a ga in st p ol lu tio n. In p ar tic ul ar , A rt ic le 3 5 se t th e m ea su re s to pr ot ec t th e pu bl ic w at er a nd i ts u sa ge , an d A rt ic le 3 6 st at ed t ha t th e M in is te r of E nv iro nm en t is t o pr op os e a de cr ee fo r na tio na l st an da rd s of w at er . LP LP 64 2 44 4 Le ga l Te xt D at e Ti tle Is su in g In st itu tio n Le ga l t ex t r el at ed to c he m ic al m an ag em en t ( in cl ud in g P O P s) R em ar ks La w 67COUNTRY BASELINE 29 /0 7/ 20 02 R at ifi ca tio n of S to ck ho lm C on ve nt io n on P er si st en t O rg an ic P ol lu ta nt s It ad op te d th e S to ck ho lm C on ve nt io n’ s te xt a nd an ne xe s as th ey a re ; E lim in at io n of li st ed P O P s; S up po rt th e tr an si tio n to s af er a lte rn at iv es ; Ta rg et a dd iti on al P O P s fo r ac tio n; C le an u p ol d st oc kp ile s an d eq ui pm en t c on ta in in g P O P s; S ol id ar ity fo r a P O P s fr ee fu tu re ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... LP 43 2 Ta bl e 2. 4 – S um m ar y of P O P s na tio na l r el at ed le ga l t ex ts La w A rt ic le 4 0 st at ed th at th e M oE is to p ro po se a d ec re e de fin in g th e fo llo w in g: Li st of ha rm fu l an d ha za rd ou s w as te s c on ta in in g ha rm fu l m at er ia ls to p ub lic h ea lth a nd s af et y in o rd er to b an it s im po rt , e nt ry , t ra de , s to ck , us ag e, r et ai l, or t ra ns po rt t hr ou gh an d in t he L eb an es e te rr ito rie s Li st of w as te s al lo w ed fo r im po rt, tra de , s to ck , u sa ge , r et ai l, or tr an sp or t th ro ug h an d in th e Le ba ne se te rr ito rie s Te rm s an d co nd iti on s fo r im po rt o f w as te g en er at in g pr od uc ts a nd m a te ria ls , i ts e nt ry , t ra de , s to ck , u sa ge , re ta il or tr an sp or t t hr ou gh a nd in th e Le ba ne se t er rit or ie s A rt ic le 4 4 st at ed t ha t th e im po rt, t ra de , pr od uc tio n, m ar ke tin g, tr an sp or t, us ag e, di st rib ut io n of h az ar do us c he m ic al s is su bj ec t t o pr io r cl ea ra nc e an d un de r th e m on ito rin g of M oE , th is c le ar an ce i s to be p ro vi de d th ro ug h a de cr ee p ro po se d by t he M in is te r of E nv iro nm en t Le ga l Te xt D at e Ti tle Is su in g In st itu tio n Le ga l t ex t r el at ed to c he m ic al m an ag em en t ( in cl ud in g P O P s) R em ar ks 68 National Implementation Plan on Persistent Organic Pollutants Le ga l Te xt D at e Ti tle Is su in g In st itu tio n Le ga l t ex t r el at ed to c he m ic al m an ag em en t ( in cl ud in g P O P s) R em ar ks 04 /0 2/ 20 05 23 /0 8/ 19 74 15 /0 5/ 20 06 C on su m er p ro te ct io n M ai nt ai ni ng p ub lic hy gi en e R at ifi ca tio n of R ot te rd am C on ve nt io n on t he p rio r in fo rm ed co ns en t P ro ce du re fo r ce rt ai n ha z ar do us ch em ic al s an d pe st ic id es in in te rn at io na l tr a d e It se ttl ed t he g en er al r ul es a nd g ui de lin es t o pr ot ec t co ns um er r ig ht s in cl ud in g th e he al th an d sa fe ty o f pr od uc ts a nd s er vi ce s. In A rt ic le s 60 a nd 6 1, it s ta te d th at th e N at io n al C ou nc il fo r C on su m er P ro te ct io n (in cl ud in g th e D ire ct or G en er al o f th e E nv iro nm en t as a m em be r in t hi s co un ci l), i s re sp on si bl e fo r th e aw ar en es s of c on su m er s on s us ta in ab le u se o f pr od uc ts a nd e nc ou ra ge t he s er vi ce s th at p ro te ct t he e nv iro nm en t In r eg ar ds to th e pr ot ec tio n of th e en vi ro nm en t, th is D ec re e en fo rc ed th e fo llo w in g: B an d is po sa l o f d em ol iti on a nd s ol id w as te s in p ub lic a re as a nd r oa ds ; B an w as te w at er d is ch ar ge in r iv er s or in th e se a or i ts l ea ka ge i n th e so il; A llo w t he d is po sa l of c ar s an d tr uc ks , its pa rt s, a nd b od ie s in w al le d pl ot d ep en di ng on a p er m it fr om t he G ov er no r; V io la tio ns a nd p en al tie s It ad op te d th e R ot te rd am C on ve nt io n’ s te xt a nd an ne xe s as th ey a re ; P re ve nt t he e nt ry o f ha za rd ou s ch em ic al s in to th e co un tr y; R eg ul at e im po rt s of p es tic id es a nd c he m i ca ls l is te d in A nn ex I II of t he C on ve nt io n; B en efi t f ro m in fo rm at io n ex ch an ge E ve n th ou gh th is la w a dd re ss ed th e en vi ro nm en t in a n in di re ct w ay , m or e em ph as is i s ne ed ed o n ty pe s of p ro du ct s an d se rv ic es t o be m or e en vi ro nm en ta l fr ie nd ly a nd P O P s fr ee T hi s de cr ee a lth ou gh it t ac kl ed t he e n vi ro nm en t in di re ct ly , its m ai n pu rp os e w as to w ar ds th e pu bl ic h yg ie ne a nd th e vi su al i m pa ct s LP C oMLP 65 9 87 35 72 8 La w D ec re e ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... Ta bl e 8 S um m ar y of P O P s na tio na l r el at ed le ga l t ex t 69COUNTRY BASELINE Le ga l Te xt D at e Ti tle Is su in g In st itu tio n Le ga l t ex t r el at ed to c he m ic al m an ag em en t ( in cl ud in g P O P s) R em ar ks 12 /0 4/ 19 82 24 /0 3/ 19 94 02 /0 8/ 19 99 05 /0 4/ 20 01 19 /1 1/ 19 98 Id en tifi ca tio n of te ch ni ca l re qu ire m en ts f or t he ca re er o f im po rt in g an d se lli ng p es tic id es a nd r o de nt ic id es fo r do m es tic u se A m en dm en t of cl as si fic at io ns of da ng er ou s, ha rm fu l an d di st ur bi ng e st a b lis h m e n ts G iv in g an o bl ig at or y st a tu s fo r sp ec ifi ca tio ns o n dr in ki ng w at er C la ss ifi ca tio n of in du s tr ie s R eg ul at or y te xt s fo r t ra de of p es tic id es It se ts u p th e ru le s an d re gu la tio ns a nd t ec h ni ca l re qu ire m en ts f or o cc up at io ns r el at ed t o pe st ic id es a nd r od en tic id es f or d om es tic u se ; im po rt in g, s el lin g, fi lli ng , pa ck ag in g, p re pa rin g, m an uf ac tu rin g an d sp ra yi ng It cl as si fie d th e da ng er ou s, h ar m fu l a nd d is tu rb in g in du st ria l e st ab lis hm en ts a nd th ei r c la ss es It ga ve t he o bl ig at or y st at us f or n at io na l st an da rd s an d sp ec ifi ca tio ns re la te d to dr in ki ng w at er a nd b ot tle d dr in ki ng w at er , a nd s pe ci fie d th e ac ce pt ab le te st in g re su lts g en er at ed b y th e ad op te d la bo ra to rie s It cl as si fie d th e in du st ria l es ta bl is hm en ts a c co rd in g to t he ir IS IC n um be r an d th ei r cl as se s It se t t he g en er al le ga l r ul es a pp lie d fo r o cc up a tio ns r el at ed t o im po rt , se ll, p ac ka ge , pr ep ar e, pr od uc e an d us e of p es tic id es . It al so s et t he pe na lti es a nd p un is hm en ts r el at ed to th os e oc cu pa tio ns a nd t he ir pr ac tic es C oM C oM C oM C oM C oM 51 00 49 17 10 39 52 43 13 52 8 D ec re e It ga ve t he p ow er t o M oP H t o co nt ro l, m on ito r an d lic en se t he i m po rt , tr ad e, fil lin g, pa ck ag in g, pr ep ar at io n, m an u fa ct ur in g an d sp ra yi ng o f p es tic id es a nd ro de nt ic id es f or d om es tic u se s T he l is ts c on ta in s om e in du st rie s th at m ay i nc lu de P O P s ch em ic al s in t he ir pr od uc tio n pr oc es s or m ay re le as e P O P s an d U P O P s, na m el y; as ph al t m el tin g in du st rie s, ce m en t in du st rie s, to ys i nd us tr ie s, t ob ac co i nd us tr ie s, s il ve r p la tin g in du st rie s, le at he r i nd us tr ie s, ca rp et i nd us tr ie s, c he m ic al i nd us tr ie s, ru bb er i nd us tr ie s, a nd o th er s T he se n at io na l s ta nd ar ds to ok in to c on si de ra tio n th e fo llo w in g P O P s: A ld rin , D ie ld rin , Li nd an e, T ox ap he ne , w ith ou t ta ki ng i nt o co ns id er at io n th e pr es en ce of P F O S i n w at er ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 70 National Implementation Plan on Persistent Organic Pollutants Le ga l Te xt D at e Ti tle Is su in g In st itu tio n Le ga l t ex t r el at ed to c he m ic al m an ag em en t ( in cl ud in g P O P s) R em ar ks M on ito rin g, m ea su re s an d pe na lti es r el at ed t o in du st ria l es ta bl is hm en ts D et er m in at io n of ty pe s of he al th ca re w as te s an d w ay s of t he ir di sp os al It sp ec ifi ed th e fo llo w in g: F un da m en ta ls o f m on ito rin g in du st ria l es ta b lis h m e n ts ; M ea su re s an d pe na lti es fo r v io la tio ns ta ki ng in to c on si de ra tio n th e pr ov is io ns o f D ec re e 80 18 /2 00 2 T he m ai n pr ov is io ns o f t hi s de cr ee c on ce rn th e fo llo w in g: D efi ni tio n of H C F, H C W a nd t he ir ca te go ri e s; Tr ea tm en t o f H C W ; C la ss ifi ca tio n of H C W in it s an ne xe s A rt ic le 4 g av e th e au th or ity o f m on i to rin g th e in du st ria l es ta bl is hm en ts t o th e M on ito rin g D ep ar tm en t at t he M oI , m un ic ip al iti es w ith in th ei r te rr ito rie s, an d co nc er ne d bo di es i n th e M oE a nd M oP H a s pe r th e en fo rc ed l eg al t ex ts A rt ic le 9 ob lig ed th e H C F to tr ea t th ei r ha za rd ou s an d in fe ct io us w as te s th ro ug h st er ili za tio n th er ef or e it m in i m iz es t he ir bu rn in g an d op en d um pi ng co ns eq ue nt ly d ec re as in g th e re le as e of D io xi ns a nd F ur an s 12 /0 6/ 20 02 11 /0 3/ 20 03 18 /0 9/ 20 04 D efi ni tio n of pr in ci pl es , pr oc ed ur es an d co nd i tio ns fo r co ns tr uc tio n an d op er at io n pe rm its o f in du st ria l es ta bl is hm en ts It de te rm in ed th e pr in ci pl es , p ro ce du re s an d co nd iti on s of th e be lo w : C on st ru ct io n of in du st ria l e st ab lis hm en ts ; O pe ra tio n of in du st ria l e st ab lis hm en ts ; P er m it re ne w al ; P er m it am en dm en t; S pe ci al c on di tio ns ; P er m it ca nc el la tio n an d cl os ur e of in du st ria l es ta bl is hm en ts C oM C oM C oM 80 18 97 65 13 38 9 D ec re e ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... R eg ul at in g th e oc cu pa tio na l pr ev en tio n, sa fe ty a nd h ea lth i n al l en te rp ris es su bj ec t to th e C od e of La bo r It m ai nl y ta ck le d th e fo llo w in g: P re ve nt io n an d sa fe ty a t w or k; H ea lth y co nd iti on s at w or k; S af et y m ea su re s fo r ch em ic al us ag e at w o rk ; P re ve nt io n m ea su re s fo r ga so lin e us ag e A rt ic le 1 2 st at ed th at th e M in is te r o f L ab or is to is su e a de ci si on to s pe ci fy th e re qu ire d m ea su re s to b e ad op te d w he n w or ke rs a re ex po se d to a ny h az ar do us v ap ou r A rt ic le 2 5 se t up g en er al c on di tio ns t o de al w ith s om e ty pe s of w as te s H ow ev er , e ve n th ou gh th is D ec re e ta ck le d th e en vi ro nm en t in di re ct ly , its m ai n pu rp os e w as t ow ar ds t he h ea lth a nd sa fe ty o f w or ke rs 03 /0 1/ 20 04 C oM 11 80 2 Ta bl e 8 S um m ar y of P O P s na tio na l r el at ed le ga l t ex t 71COUNTRY BASELINE Le ga l Te xt D at e Ti tle Is su in g In st itu tio n Le ga l t ex t r el at ed to c he m ic al m an ag em en t ( in cl ud in g P O P s) R em ar ks 04 /0 7/ 20 12 29 /0 7/ 19 96 07 /0 8/ 20 12 E nv iro nm en ta l co m pl ia nc e fo r es ta bl is h m e n ts D efi ni tio n of s ta nd ar ds an d m ax im um al lo w ab le l im its f or t he r e du ct io n of ai r, w at er an d so il po llu tio n F un da m en ta ls o f en vi ro nm en ta l i m pa ct as se ss m en t T he m ai n pr ov is io ns o f t hi s de cr ee c on ce rn th e fo llo w in g: D efi ni tio n of e st ab lis hm en ts , en vi ro nm en ta l au di ts ; E xp la na tio n of e nv iro nm en ta l c om pl ia nc e; P ro ce du re s an d re qu ire m en ts f or t he a pp li ca tio n of e nv iro nm en ta l co m pl ia nc e ce rt ifi ca te ; V io la tio ns a nd P en al tie s It lis te d an d de fin ed a m on g ot he rs th e fo llo w in g: S ta nd ar ds o f D rin ki ng W at er ; S ta nd ar ds o f w as te w at er ; E LV s fo r ai r po llu tio n at w or k; E LV s fo r no is e po llu tio n; E LV s fo r ai r po llu tio n re su lti ng f ro m w as te b u rn in g ; E LV s fo r ai r po llu tio n in c em en t i nd us tr ie s It ta ck le d am on g ot he rs th e fo llo w in g: C la ss ifi ca tio n of p ro je ct s re qu iri ng E IA , an d IE E ; P ro ce du re s, r ul es a nd r eg ul at io ns f or t he pr ep ar at io n an d re vi ew of E IA an d IE E ; P ro ce du re s to m on ito r th e pr oj ec ts ; V io la tio ns a nd p en al tie s C oM M oE C oM 84 71 52 /1 86 33 D ec re e M in is te ri al D ec is io ns A ll th e pr e ex is tin g in du st rie s us in g ch em ic al s (in cl ud in g P O P s) a re s ub je ct to e nv iro nm en ta l a ud it in o rd er to a pp ly fo r th e en vi ro nm en ta l c om pl ia nc e ce rt if ic at e, t he re fo re t he M oE w ill b e ab le t o co nt ro l t he e st ab lis hm en ts a nd t o m on ito r an d au di t th e us ag e an d re le as e of P O P s in t he e st ab lis he d in du st rie s It di d no t t ac kl e th e lim its o f P O P s em is si on s, re si du es a nd g en er at io n in a ll th e m at ric es . N ot in g th at it s et t he li m its o f D io xi ns in w or ki ng p la ce s A ll th e pr oj ec ts (in cl ud in g in du st rie s) us in g ch em ic al s (in cl ud in g P O P s) a re su bj ec t to E IA , IE E o r E nv iro nm en ta l A ud it, t he re fo re t he M oE w ill b e ab le t o co nt ro l th e up co m in g es ta bl is hm en ts an d to m on ito r an d au di t t he u sa ge a nd re le as e of P O P s in t he e st ab lis he d in du st ri es 72 Le ga l Te xt D at e Ti tle Is su in g In st itu tio n Le ga l t ex t r el at ed to c he m ic al m an ag em en t ( in cl ud in g P O P s) R em ar ks 19 /0 5/ 19 97 10 /0 9/ 20 01 04 /0 3/ 20 02 30 /0 1/ 20 01 05 /0 9/ 20 00 O rg an iz at io n of w as te s im p o rt E nv iro nm en ta l c on di tio ns fo r co ns tr uc tio n an d op er at io n pe rm its o f pl as tic fa ct or ie s E nv iro nm en ta l c on di tio ns fo r co ns tr uc tio n an d op er at io n pe rm its o f ru bb er fa ct or ie s S pe ci fic at io ns an d st an da rd s fo r ai r em is si on s an d liq ui d ef flu en ts ge ne ra te d fro m cl as si fie d in st itu tio ns an d fo r w as te w at er tre at m en t pl an ts E nv iro nm en ta l c on di tio ns fo r co ns tr uc tio n an d op er at io n pe rm its o f t an ne r ie s B as ed o n th e B as el C on ve nt io n, t hi s D ec is io n se ttl ed th e in st itu tio na l, or ga ni za tio na l, an d re gu la to ry f ra m ew or k fo r im po rt o f w as te s. I t al so d efi ne d th e fo llo w in g: R eq ui re m en ts fo r i m po rt o f w as te s (A nn ex 1 ); B an o f t he im po rt o f w as te s (A nn ex 2 ) It se ttl ed t he e nv iro nm en ta l c on di tio ns r el at ed to t he f ol lo w in g: P la st ic p ro du ct io n pr oc es se s; W as te s re su lti ng fr om p la st ic p ro du ct io n; G en er al e nv iro nm en ta l c on di tio ns r eq ui re d fo r pl as tic p ro du ct io n It se ttl ed t he e nv iro nm en ta l c on di tio ns r el at ed to t he f ol lo w in g: R ub be r pr od uc tio n pr oc es se s; W as te s re su lti ng fr om r ub be r pr od uc tio n; G en er al e nv iro nm en ta l c on di tio ns r eq ui re d fo r ru bb er p ro du ct io n A m en dm en ts o f t he E LV s ad op te d by D ec is io n 52 /1 d at ed 2 9/ 07 /1 99 6 It se ttl ed t he e nv iro nm en ta l c on di tio ns r el at ed to t he f ol lo w in g: P ro ce ss es o f t an ne rie s; P ol lu tio n re su lti ng fr om ta nn er ie s; G en er al e nv iro nm en ta l c on di tio ns r eq ui re d fo r ta nn er ie s M oE M oE M oE M oE M oE 71 /1 61 /1 16 /1 8/ 1 75 /1 T he an ne xe s of th is de ci si on w er e ba se d on t he B as el c on ve nt io n. S in ce 19 97 , t ho se a nn ex es w er e no t u pd at ed , an d th us n ot r el at ed t o th e up da te d H S co de s A lth ou gh th is de ci si on ta ck le d th e w as te s ge ne ra te d fr om th e in du st ria l pr oc es se s in g en er al , i t d id n ot m en tio n / re gu la te t he u sa ge o r th e re le as e of P O P s ch em ic al s A lth ou gh th is de ci si on ta ck le d th e w as te s ge ne ra te d fr om th e in du st ria l pr oc es se s in g en er al , i t d id n ot m en tio n / re gu la te t he u sa ge o r th e re le as e of P O P s ch em ic al s A lth ou gh th is de ci si on ta ck le d th e w as te s ge ne ra te d fr om th e in du st ria l pr oc es se s in g en er al , i t d id n ot m en tio n / re gu la te t he u sa ge o r th e re le as e of P O P s ch em ic al s T hi s de ci si on d id n ot m en tio n an y E LV fo r D io xi ns a nd F ur an s re su lti ng f ro m M S W b ur ni ng , or in r es id ue s, in s oi l o r w at er M in is te ri al D ec is io ns Ta bl e 8 S um m ar y of P O P s na tio na l r el at ed le ga l t ex t National Implementation Plan on Persistent Organic Pollutants 73COUNTRY BASELINE Le ga l Te xt D at e Ti tle Is su in g In st itu tio n Le ga l t ex t r el at ed to c he m ic al m an ag em en t ( in cl ud in g P O P s) R em ar ks 08 /0 7/ 20 10 24 /0 3/ 20 11 E nv iro nm en ta l co nd i tio ns fo r co ns tr uc tio n an d op er at io n pe rm its of te xt ile in du st rie s C irc ul ar : P er io di c re po rt in g fo r da ng er ou s an d in fe ct io us he al th ca re w as te tr ea tm en t It se ttl ed t he e nv iro nm en ta l co nd iti on s re la te d to t he f ol lo w in g: Te xt ile p ro du ct io n pr oc es se s W as te s re su lti ng fr om te xt ile p ro du ct io n G en er al e nv iro nm en ta l co nd iti on s re qu ire d fo r te xt ile p ro du ct io n T hi s C irc ul ar e st ab lis he d th e re po rt in g m ec ha ni sm r eq ui re d fr om t he l ic en se d m ed ic al i ns ti tu te s, w hi ch a re i m pl em en tin g st er ili za tio n of da ng er ou s an d in fe ct io us h ea lth ca re w as te s w ith in t he ir pr em is es , to t he m in is tr y M oE M oE 10 6/ 1 11 /1 A lth ou gh th is de ci si on ta ck le d th e w as te s ge ne ra te d fr om t he t ex til e in du st ria l pr oc es s, i t di d no t m en tio n th e us ag e or th e re le as e of P O P s ch em ic al s T hr ou gh m on ito rin g th e st er ili za tio n sy st em o f he al th ca re w as te s, t he in ci n er at io n of t he d an ge ro us a nd in fe ct io us w as te de cr ea se d 21 /1 2/ 20 15 M ec ha ni sm of ac tio n, fr om an en vi ro nm en ta l pe rs pe ct iv e, w ith l i ce ns e ap pl ic at io ns o f i n du st ria l es ta bl is hm en ts It de fin ed th e fo llo w in g: T he p ro ce du re s fo r ta ki ng th e de ci si on fr om an e nv iro nm en ta l p er sp ec tiv e in r eg ar ds t o lic en se a pp lic at io ns o f in du st ria l es ta bl is h m en ts w ith in t he M oE ; T he m ec ha ni sm t o be f ol lo w ed b y th e M oE re pr es en ta tiv e at t he i nd us tr ia l pe rm itt in g co m m itt ee ; T he m ec ha ni sm of co or di na tio n be tw ee n th e M oE re pr es en ta tiv e at th e in du st ria l pe rm itt in g co m m itt ee a nd t he d ep ar tm en t of u rb an p ro te ct io n at t he s er vi ce o f ur ba n en vi ro nm en t at t he M oE M oE 59 0/ 1 T hi s de ci si on i s to o rg an is e an d un ify th e m ec ha ni sm r el at ed to li ce ns e ap pl i ca tio ns f or i nd us tr ie s at t he M in is tr y of E nv ir on m en t M in is te ri al D ec is io ns 17 /1 1/ 20 15 D et er m in at io n of th e de ad lin es o f ap pl ic at io ns fo r th e en vi ro nm en ta l co m pl ia nc e ce rt ifi ca te s fr om t he in du st ria l e st ab lis hm en ts s ub je ct t o D e cr ee 84 71 /2 01 2 It de te rm in ed th e de ad lin es fo r in du st ria l e st ab lis hm en ts t o ap pl y fo r en vi ro nm en ta l co m pl i an ce c er tifi ca te , in fo rm ed a bo ut t he c on su lta n cy fi rm s al lo w ed to d o th e en vi ro nm en ta l a ud it, an d se t pe na lti es r el at ed t o no n en vi ro nm en ta l co m pl ia nc e M oE 53 9/ 1 T he M oE w ill b e ab le t o co nt ro l, m on i to r an d au di t th e us ag e an d re le as e of P O P s in t he e st ab lis he d in du st rie s an d fo rc e th e in du st rie s to tr ea t t he ir w as te s an d ch em ic al s in an en vi ro nm en ta lly so un d m an ne r 74 Le ga l Te xt D at e Ti tle Is su in g In st itu tio n Le ga l t ex t r el at ed to c he m ic al m an ag em en t ( in cl ud in g P O P s) R em ar ks 20 /0 5/ 19 98 20 /0 5/ 19 98 26 /0 9/ 20 01 19 /1 2/ 20 08 24 /1 2/ 20 08 13 /0 2/ 20 10 B an ni ng th e im po rt of so m e pe st ic id es S ta nd ar ds of pe st ic id es la be ls an d th e in fo rm a tio n re qu ire d on t he m B an ni ng t he r eg is tr at io n of s om e pe st ic id es In te rn al re gu la tio n fo r pe st ic id es co m m itt ee B an ni ng th e im po rt of so m e pe st ic id es R eg is tr at io n ca nc el la tio n an d ba nn in g th e im po rt of s om e pe st ic id es It ba nn ed th e im po rt of A ld rin , C hl or da ne , C hl or de co ne , D D T, D ie ld rin , E nd rin , H C H co nt ai ni ng l es s th an 9 9% o f ga m m a is om er , H ep ta ch lo r, M ire x, To xa ph en e It ba nn ed t he i m po rt , re ta il an d tr ad e of p es ti ci de u nl es s its la be l i nc lu de s th e st an da rd s an d in fo rm at io n in a cc or da nc e to it s an ne x It ba nn ed g iv in g ne w i m po rt r eg is tr at io ns f or L in d a n e It or ga ni ze d an d se t th e m an da te o f th e pe s tic id es c om m itt ee t ha t de al w ith a ll pe st ic id es (in cl ud in g P O P s) It ba nn ed th e im po rt o f H ex ac hl or ob en ze ne a nd P en ta ch lo ro ph en ol a nd it s sa lts a nd e st er s It ba nn ed t he r eg is tr at io n an d im po rt o f E nd o su lfa n M oA M oA M oA M oA M oA M oA 94 /1 92 /1 26 2/ 1 55 4/ 1 57 0/ 1 79 /1 M in is te ri al D ec is io ns ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 24 /0 6/ 20 10 O rg an iz at io n of r eg is tr a tio n of i m po rt ed a nd n a tio na lly pr od uc ed pe st i ci de s an d its u sa ge s C on tr ol o f p es tic id es r eg is tr at io n M oA 31 0/ 1 Ta bl e 8 S um m ar y of P O P s na tio na l r el at ed le ga l t ex t National Implementation Plan on Persistent Organic Pollutants 75COUNTRY BASELINE Le ga l Te xt D at e Ti tle Is su in g In st itu tio n Le ga l t ex t r el at ed to c he m ic al m an ag em en t ( in cl ud in g P O P s) R em ar ks 14 /1 2/ 20 10 26 /0 1/ 20 11 24 /1 2/ 20 14 29 /1 2/ 20 14 A llo w in g th e se lli ng a nd us in g so m e pe st ic id es O rg an iz at io n of im po rt o f pe st ic id es M an ag em en t of m ed ic al w as te s E st ab lis hm en t of a c om m itt ee fo r he al th ca re w as te s tr ea tm en t It al lo w ed s el lin g an d us in g ex is tin g E nd os ul fa n in t he c ou nt ry t ill it s ex pi ry d at e C on tr ol o f im po rt o f p es tic id es It is to c om pl y w ith D ec re e 13 38 9/ 20 04 It es ta bl is he d a co m m itt ee to s tu dy th e H C W s ta tu s in a ll th e ho sp ita ls in th e co un tr y M oA M oA M oP H M oP H 86 8/ 1 31 1/ 1 22 87 /1 28 24 /1 T he c on st an t co or di na tio n be tw ee n th e M oP H a nd t he M oE in t hi s re ga rd s ca n be o f a g re at v al ue M in is te ri al D ec is io ns ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 76 National Implementation Plan on Persistent Organic Pollutants In addition to the above mentioned legal texts, the ministry of environment suggested and presented several draft legal texts such as the integrated solid waste management law to the parliament and others but till this date there is no feedback related to these draft laws from the Parliament. 2.5 Assessment of Pops Issue in the Country The full 2016 assessment reports (POPs pesticides, IPOPs and UPOPs, socioeconomic and regulatory and institutional framework) had been published and disclosed on the Ministry of Environment’s website (http://www.moe.gov.lb/The-Ministry/Reports.aspx). 2.5.1 Assessment of POPs Pesticides including DDT (Annexes A and B) The Lebanese governments over the course of the years issued a series of decisions regulating and banning the import and use of many POPs pesti cides; they can be summarized as follows: Decision 94/1 dated 20/05/1998: banned the im port of many pesticides, among which are POPs pesticides namely; Aldrin, Ahlordane, Chlorde cone, DDT, Dieldrin, Endrin, HCH containing less than 99% of gamma isomer, Heptachlor, Mirex, Toxaphene. Decision 262/1 dated 26/09/2001: banned giv ing new import registrations for many pesticides, among which are POPs pesticides namely; Lin dane. Decision 570/1 dated 24/12/2008: banned the import of many pesticides, among which are POPs pesticides namely; Hexachlorobenzene and Pen tachlorophenol and its salts and esters. Decision 79/1 dated 13/02/2010: banned the im port of many pesticides, among which are POPs pesticides namely; Endosulfan. Decision 868/1 dated 14/12/2010: allowed sell ing and using some banned pesticides (subject to Decision 79/1 dated 13/2/2010) until its expiry date, among which are POPs pesticides namely; Endosulfan. 2.5.1.1 Objective and Methodology A Sectoral Assessment on POPs Pesticides in Lebanon was conducted in 2016 (January November 2016) covering the update of the Preliminary Pesticides Inventory (2005). The general goal of this qualitative assessment was to understand the current status of the POPs Pesticides in Lebanon, identifying areas potentially contaminated with POPs and devel oping guidelines to manage POPs containing material, contaminated sites, and restrict their future uses. The identification of potentially contaminated sites was based on questionnaires, interviews and avail able data; no sampling or laboratory analysis was en visaged as part of this assessment. The methodology of this 2016 assessment was based on a tailored field survey at farmers, distributors and suppliers level, complemented by further meetings and data collection with other national related stake holders involved in the pesticides market chain and the pesticides import procedures. 2.5.1.2 Inventory Status of Pesticides Import Since Lebanon is not a pesticide producing country, it relies on direct imports through importers from the private sector. However, few pesticides dedicated to agriculture use are formulated and packaged in Leb anon by a single registered company. The Customs Authority is responsible for law enforce ment to control smuggling as well as to control the imported or exported goods to the country via official ports (maritime, airway or terrestrial). The Customs Authority does not allow the retrieval of pesticides shipments through these ports without the previous approval of the MoA, represented by its officers at these ports (import/export and quarantine services). The pesticides import approval procedures are shown in Figure 13 below. 77COUNTRY BASELINE Imported and exported quantities of pesticides were provided by the Customs Authority from 2004 until 2014. In the national tariff, pesticides are found under Section 6 “Products of the chemical or allied indus tries”, Chapter 29 “Hydrocarbons and their haloge nated, sulphonated, nitrated or nitrosated derivatives” and Chapter 38 “Miscellaneous chemical products”. Chapter 29 includes a list of chemicals from which nine (9) POPs pesticides were identified. The query for data per active ingredient for pesticides showed that POPs were not imported between 2004 and 2014, except for Lindane and Hexachlorocyclohex ane (HS Code: 29.03.81), as one (1) tonne was im ported in 2009 and then 250 kilograms in 2014. Under Chapter 38, all pesticides are grouped under one tariff code (HS 38.08) and its sub categories. From the Tariff and HS codes classification under Chapter 38, no information on POPs pesticides can be retrieved. These chemicals are classified based on their packaging characteristics, Methylbromide, and Bromochloro Methane content – which none is indicative of POPs. Nonetheless, an analysis of the pesticides (compo nents under Chapter 38) import and export trend has been conducted for indicative purposes. Figure 14 below presents the total yearly quantities of imported and exported pesticides in tonnes between 2004 and 2014. A considerable increase in imported quantities can be noticed starting 2012 while exported quanti ties can be characterized as rather stable. Lebanon imports pesticides from 68 different coun tries located all over the world and exports to 55 dif ferent countries, mainly Middle Eastern and African ones. Figure 13 - Procedures of pesticide import Registered Importers Pesticides Committee (MoA-Suppliers-Academia) Decision issued from the relevant ministry: MoA or MoPH Products include a certificate from an accredited laboratory Products allowed into the country Products approved Products allowed into the country Products not approved Products not allowed into the country Products do not include a certificate from an accredited laboratory Products are sent to MoA laboratory for testing Imported pesticides arrive to lebanon and go through Customs Services End of process File a request to import a certain pesticide Request Approved Request Not Approved 78 Field Survey This task included communication with three (3) groups of stakeholders: Direct communication with: a. Farmers (individual farmers, representa tives of farmers groups, associations and cooperatives), b. Suppliers and distributors dealing with pes ticides, c. Industries packaging pesticides and input providers including regional distributing agents, and d. Association of pesticides importers and dis tributors (ASPLANTE) Data collection from relevant public institutions (e.g. MoA regional and central offices, MoE, MoPH, Customs, water establishments) and international bodies (e.g. FAO, WHO); and Discussions with representatives of academic and research institutions, including laborato ries (e.g. LARI, IRI). For this field survey, four (4) main areas within the country were selected and agreed upon: (i) Akkar coastal plain and mountain areas, (ii) Northern Mount Lebanon (Jbeil - Keserwan coastal area), (iii) Central Bekaa area, and (iv) Saida and Tyre coastal plain. These four (4) areas were chosen based on the fol lowing criteria: Major agriculture area (importance); Diversity of crops (degree of diversity in crop ping pattern); Diversity of agriculture systems (irrigated, non-irrigated, open field, greenhouses, field crops and perennial crops); Diversity in geographical and bioclimatic areas (coastal plain, foot hills, and inland plateau); Diversity of farm size, farmer profile and back ground; Presence of major pesticide suppliers and of small distributors; Geographical representation / coverage of the country; and Cultural aspects reflected in the agricultural practices of the farmers. Crops were selected based on their economic impor tance in the selected four (4) regions and in a way to cover the diversity of agriculture patterns and produc tion systems in Lebanon. This is further displayed in the below Table 9 and Figure 15. Figure 14 - Imported and exported pesticides in Lebanon between 2004 and 2014 Q ua nt ity in T on ne s 40.000 35.000 30.000 25.000 20.000 15.000 10.000 5.000 Import 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 12940 12 423 9.582 13.712 14.316 15.337 15.568 14.763 15.729 29.574 36.912 3.274 2.678 2.994 3.193 1.871 957 689 432 1.918 3.774 2.776Export National Implementation Plan on Persistent Organic Pollutants 79COUNTRY BASELINE Apple (and pear) Banana Citrus Cut flowers Grapevine Peach Olive Potato Strawberry Tomato Other vegetables x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x Akkar Central Bekaa South Northern Mount Lebanon Region C ro p Table 9 - Field Survey, distribution by crop and region Figure 15 - Surveyed areas and crops 80 National Implementation Plan on Persistent Organic Pollutants A statistical descriptive analysis was conducted for the field survey carried on the farmers and compa nies. The analysis focused on answering questions contributing to the objectives of this inventory: Presence of POPs in Lebanon, where (region), and their usage (on which crops); Awareness of farmers regarding POPs and us age of pesticides; Compliance of service providers with MoA regula tions regarding POPs and pesticides in general; Awareness of suppliers and distributors to POPs and MoA regulations; Disposal, storage and stockpiles status; Usage of pesticides empty containers by farm ers; Agriculture practices (including irrigation); Willingness of farmers and service providers to recycle obsolete POPs and recycle pesticide containers; and Presence (or absence) of potential contaminat ed sites. In addition to the analysis of the data collected through field surveys and interviews with key stake holders; a number of publications related to POPs and pesticides in general, in Lebanon were reviewed. 2.5.1.3 Summary of Findings The major findings of the inventory can be resumed as follows: POPs might be still smuggled into Lebanon across the Syrian border and eventually by airways in provenance from Turkey and China. Endosulfan and DDT might had been smuggled during the surveyed period. Other banned pes ticides by MoA are also being smuggled (i.e. Chloropyrifos, Paraquat). However, this claim cannot be proven until further investigation is being carried especially through sampling and laboratory testing. Akkar seems to be the region where most banned pesticides and POPs pesticides might be utilized, and to a much lesser extent in the Central Bekaa. Although this survey did not cover all Lebanon, it is assumed from the re sults and trends that POPs pesticides might also have been used in other regions like Dan niyeh and Baalbeck-Hermel which are also close to the northern borders where smuggling activity of goods is common. No companies promoting POPs pesticides or banned pesticides were identified, but based on interviews and shared information, these seem to be sold by small local distributing agents, which are not registered at MoA or do not necessarily comply with MoA and MoPH regulations. Many local agents and companies refused to engage in interviews during the sur vey. Some farmers in Akkar could be smugglers themselves, as suspected during the survey near to bordering areas (Wadi Khaled). Most farmers are aware of POPs as illegal pesti cides; however they lack awareness of their negative impacts on health and the environ ment. Many smuggled products (not specifi cally POPs) are imported in containers without any labeling. Most farmers are not aware of the active ingre dients of the pesticides they utilize. It is clear that farmers are highly dependent on the ag riculture engineers and to a lesser extent on pesticide suppliers in defining the pesticides to be used to control pests and diseases, or to spray pesticides following a calendar. The ma jority of farmers in Akkar and to a lesser extent in the Bekaa and other regions were not able to link active ingredients to a target pest or dis ease on a defined crop. A clear difference is observed between pesti cide suppliers and distributors. Suppliers are aware of POPs and of the latest MoA and MoPH decrees and regulations; their warehouses and pesticide stocks are complying in general with regulations. On the other hand, distributors are 81COUNTRY BASELINE not necessarily abiding by laws and regula tions. Moreover, distributors are more likely to procure their products from different sources, and consequently they could be dealing with POPs or other smuggled pesticides. It was evi dent that farmers relying directly on distributors are those who have the least awareness about POPs and safe use of pesticides. Only one (1) farmer confirmed utilizing Endo sulfan three (3) years ago. It is believed that there could be few more that unknowingly used POPs pesticides (since they are not all famil iar with active ingredients) or did not provide genuine responses. It is assumed that 1-5% of farmers may have used POPs in the past 10 years, and this percentage will be diminishing due to the depletion of stocks worldwide. POPs pesticides were not reported to be im ported into the country between 2004 and 2014, except for Lindane and Hexachlorocyclo hexane (HS code: 29.03.81), as one (1) tonne were imported in 2009 and 250 kilograms in 2014. There are no stockpiles for POPs or pesticides empty containers, as most of them are burned in the field or thrown with municipal solid waste. However, in Akkar, where 5% of empty containers are thrown in rivers; some piles may exist temporarily at the end of the dry season (summer) before being washed out by the riv er flow in winter. It is worth monitoring streams like Estouane, Aarqa and Bared in Akkar, and Litani in Central Bekaa. These streams and their surrounding fields could be potential con taminated sites (Figure 16). There is no exhaustive water, soil, or crop anal ysis about all POPs pesticides in Lebanon. Re search focuses on one (1) region or one (1) POP, due to the limited technical, financial and human resources at the academic and research institutions. Although the reviewed and assessed list of publications showed cer tain complementarities in investigation topics, mainstreaming efforts is deficient. One (1) barrier identified in the assessment of POPs pesticides is the classification of import ed pesticide products based on end-use rather than on their chemical compositions. The registry system at MoA allows the minis try to assess the existing and new registered chemicals, as well as those that are banned, coupled with the requested quantities for im port in the license. Yet, there is no mechanism or system implemented by any institution for the assessment and listing of new chemicals already in the market. Regarding testing and sampling carried stud ies and researches during the inventory period (2004-2014): Industrial Research Institute (IRI) labo ratories in Haddath tested the presence of some POPs pesticides (Aldrin, Chlor dane, DDT, Dieldrin, Endrin, Heptachlor, Toxaphene, Lindane, and Endosulfan) in water samples nonetheless; the results of these tests (date, location, concen trations) were not shared due to client confidentiality. Lebanese Agriculture Research Institute (LARI) has one (1) equipped laboratory in Fanar that does the analysis of pes ticides residues in food, soil and water. POPs are analyzed in samples from dif ferent locations in the country. Based on shared data, since 2011, no POPs were found in tested fruits, cereals, and vege tables. No data was provided regarding food samples, and no data was provided for the time period before 2011. Howev er, the institute recorded the presence of POPs previous to 2011, as confirmed by the interviewed concerned responsible. However, these results were not shared at the time of finalizing this report. Ministry of Agriculture’s Phyto–Phar 82 macy laboratory in Kfarshima was ap proached to collect available data on POPs detection in samples analysis. The laboratory personnel mentioned that as part of a project in 2009, 30 strawberry samples collected from all over the country (Akkar, Beirut, Barbir, Chweifet, Nabatiyeh, Saida, Tyr, etc.) were analyzed for Endosulfan residues but none were detected. Moreover, the laboratory personnel also mentioned that since 2011, no POPs residues were found in fruits, vegetables, or cereals. Water Establishment of Beirut and Mount Lebanon provided results of wa ter analysis conducted at their own lab oratory for pesticides, including POPs between 2012 and 2015. The analyzed water is from samples collected at the sources that are under the direct con trol of the Water Establishment in Beirut and Mount Lebanon (Madif, Safa, Afqa, Nahr Ibrahim, Jeita, Qachqouch, Fouar Antelias, Barouk, Raayan, Daychouni yeh, Mechref, Naameh, Mamboukh, Qattin Azar Laban, Assal and Shabrouh dam). The results showed the presence of Aldrin, Chlordane, DDT, Dieldrin, En drin, Heptachlor, Hexachlorobenzene, Toxaphene, Pentachlorobenzane, En dosulfan, and Pentachlorophenol. The concentrations found were all under the thresholds that are admitted for potable water, as cited by the establishment’s representative. National Implementation Plan on Persistent Organic Pollutants Figure 16 - Potential contaminated sites 83COUNTRY BASELINE 2.5.2 Assessment of PCBs (Annex A) Lebanon has no PCB production facility. Only the use of PCBs in the power sector was investigated during this assessment; the uses of PCB in hydraulic fluids in mining and military as well as in open applications were not assessed at this stage due to lack of data. 2.5.2.1 2005 - Preliminary PCB Inventory Recognizing the importance of the power sector as a potential stock / user of PCB oil and PCB-containing equipment, a preliminary PCB inventory, funded by GEF /UNEP, was carried out in 2005 that focused on closed applications in the power sector - i.e., trans formers containing dielectric fluid/oil. Such transform ers are found in power plants (thermal and hydroelec tric), substations, and distribution stations. The 2005 Preliminary PCB Inventory (MoE/UNEP, 2005) determined that Lebanon’s electricity company Electricité du Liban (EDL) owns and operates seven (7) thermal power plants, 56 substations and more than 16,000 distribution transformer stations. EDL owns and operates three (3) filtration units for improv ing the oil’s dielectric properties. The filtering process may be causing some degree of cross contamination between PCB-containing and non-PCB-containing transformers. Findings of the 2005 inventory can be summarized as follows: • There are no incineration kilns or dedicated landfills for chemical waste in Lebanon; • PCB contaminated equipment are disposed of haphazardly or dismantled and sold as scrap. PCB containing oil was dumped recklessly or sold as fuel; • Ten (10) out-of-service transformers were lo cated in Zouk Power Plant and seventeen (17) in-service transformers in Jieh Power Plant containing about 42 tonnes of PCB oil; com mercial names include “Askarel”, “Sibanol” and “Pyralene”. While test results from other power plants came out negative, PCB oil or PCB con taminated oil may have been present in other power plants and would require more exten sive testing; • The concentration of PCB oil in old and new transmission transformers were below detec tion limits for 17 transformers. It appears that Lebanon’s substations use and have been using for many years PCB-free oil. PCB oil or PCB contaminated oil may nevertheless be present in substations subject to more exten sive testing; • EDL’s 16,000 distribution transformers (not including 1,600 out-of-service transformers stored in Bauchrieh storage site) may con tain significant quantities of PCB oil. Old and damaged transformers are gradually being re placed with new PCB-free oil but many PCB transformers were still in use and will remain so, for many years to come; • Contaminated Sites: There are at least seven (7) sites in Lebanon potentially contaminated with PCB oil: two (2) power plants (Deir Aamar and Baalbeck), four (4) substations (Bsalim, Jamhour, Hazmieh and Deir Nbouh) and the EDL repair shop in Bauchrieh. These power plants and substations sustained serious dam ages and/or were totally destroyed by Israeli air strikes. The repair shop remains the most critical PCB hotspot; about 1,600 transformers are stored on-site destined for repair or final disposal. The disposal of burnt oil (that may or may not contain PCB) poses grave environ mental concerns. 2.5.2.2 2011 - PCB Inventory Update and Project Preparation Study In 2011, a “PCB Inventory Update and Project Preparation Study”, funded by the World Bank, was published. The aim of the assessment was to prepare a summary report that illustrates the current PCB sit uation in the country to be submitted to the GEF for funding of the Lebanon PCB project. The undertaken assessment during October-December 2010, includ ed an update of the previous inventories of PCB-con taining equipment and PCB-contaminated sites. On the basis of an assessment of different options for disposal of PCB-containing equipment and waste, project components and safeguarding measures 84 National Implementation Plan on Persistent Organic Pollutants including schedules for project implementation, en vironmental management plan and monitoring and evaluation were proposed. The main findings and considerations of the 2011 inventory are summarized below: • For the management of high-content PCB equipment (Askarel transformers and PCB ca pacitors), a survey of equipment in thermal and hydropower plants, transmission network, and major industries was conducted. Askarel trans formers were identified in Jieh power plant, Zouk power plant and Bauchrieh storage site, as well as PCB capacitors identified in 9 of 58 substations. 49 tonnes of PCB from out-of-ser vice equipment and 147 tonnes of PCB oil from in-service equipment were found. The in-ser vice Askarel transformers in Jieh power plant represent the major part of identified PCBs and have the highest risk of PCB-contamination of the environment if damaged; • All out-of-service equipment should be export ed for destruction abroad and an implementa tion of management plan should be executed as soon as possible for in-service equipment; • Inventory of PCB-contaminated transformers in transmission network, distribution network and storage was conducted using PCB test kits and GC/ECD laboratory analyses. The in ventory identified a widespread PCB contam ination of transformers in all parts of the net work, 20-30% of transformers from <1986 are contaminated. The total number of potentially contaminated transformers is 22,100 of which about 19,000 are in the distribution network. It was expected that a national inventory will cov er in total 15,600 transformers to be tested and labeled on site; excluding new transformers in the distribution network; • An estimated 2,800 contaminated transform ers in EDL network with a total oil content of 1,000-1,600 tonnes exist. The inventory rec ommended the establishment of a safe interim storage and decontamination facility for con taminated transformers and oil. It was expect ed that 730 transformers need to be drained/ retro-filled, 395 tonnes contaminated oil will need to be disposed of and 280 transformers to be decommissioned; • For the management of PCB containing trans formers and capacitors in other sectors, 23 in dustries were visited. From 200 transformers inspected; no Askarel transformers were iden tified. About 5 tonnes of PCB capacitors were identified in two (2) companies. Total number of potential holders of PCB-containing equipment was estimated at 400-600. The inventory rec ommended the development of a legal frame work and management guidelines for holders of equipment; • Contaminated Sites: For Bauchrieh storage site; samples of oil, sludge and water in the on-site well and samples of drinking water in nearby wells were taken. An estimation of 55 tonnes of contaminated oil from the Bauchrieh well was found. Extensive contamination was also found under Askarel transformers in Zouk power plant. It was recommended that the site and repair shop is remediated by removing the contaminated soil and concrete and by clean ing equipment. As for the well, it was recom mended to empty it and investigate effective remediation measures; • Open Applications: The presence of old fluores cent light fixtures with PCBs was confirmed in one of the visited companies. However, further identification was not done during the 2011 in ventory (as it was not one of the objectives of the inventory update). A preliminary assessment of PCBs in sealants and paints has been conduct ed. The former uses of PCBs in paints have been confirmed. The former use of PCB in sealants seems less compared to industrial countries. The investigated to what extent PCB has been used in building materials in Lebanon and to what ex tent PCB contaminated building materials are present in the buildings today need further inves tigation including sources of contamination of the in-door climate and the environment in Lebanon. 85COUNTRY BASELINE 2.5.2.3 PCB Management in the Power Sector Proj ect During the study period, and since PCB was set a pri ority of 2006 NIP and as a consequence of the 2011 PCB Inventory Update, the Government of Lebanon worked on developing a full board project for manag ing the PCBs in the power sector; the “PCB Manage ment in Power Sector Project”. During the preparatory phase of the mentioned– above project “PCB Management in the Power Sec tor” and since it is classified as a Category “A” project under the World Bank’s Operational Policy (OP) 4.01 dated January 1999. The pipeline project required a full Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) that was conducted in 2014. The latter high lighted on the importance of the project implementa tion and reviewed all national legislation and regula tion relevant for the management of PCB in Lebanon. In the ESIA, the environmental and social impacts of the project were analyzed and environmental man agement plans were proposed including monitoring plans necessary to evaluate the environmental quali ty throughout the process. After the approval and disclosure of the prepared ESIA by both the Ministry of Environment and the World Bank, the full board project was initiated in May 2015, funded by GEF through the World Bank and executed by the Ministry of Environment. The project is also co-funded by the Government of Lebanon through the Ministry of Environment and Electricité du Liban. Although it is not during the study period of this current assessment (2004-2014), below is a brief overview of the project; • The main objective of the project is to dispose of high risk PCBs in the power sector in an environ mentally sound manner. • The project aims mainly to execute the following: A full national inventory of PCB contaminat ed equipment in the power sector (around 26,702 transformers); Disposal of identified PCB equipment and waste; Establishment of an environmental storage facility for PCB contaminated equipment; Investigation and site assessment of Bauchrieh storage site (including the well); Strengthening the legal framework for im proved PCB management; Training and capacity building of related stakeholders on sustainable management of PCB equipment and storage sites; Information dissemination and outreach awareness programs; Technical assistance of national laborato ries (accreditation) for the analysis of PCB in dielectric oil, waste products, soil or any other media. 2.5.3 Assessment of HBCD (Annex A) Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) is currently not produced in Lebanon as per information retrieved during the 2016 assessment covering the period of 2004-2014. According to the “Guidance for the inventory, identifi cation and substitution of Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) – draft 2015”, three (3) categories were iden tified as potential sources of HBCD and have been in vestigated in Lebanon: Category 1: EPS/XPS/PUR Category 2: Textile Category 3: Paints It is to be noted that High Impact Polystyrene (HIP) was not investigated as part of this inventory since it is classified as a minor use by the 2015 UNEP HBCD inventory guidance. 2.5.3.1 Inventory Category 1 - EPS/XPS/PUR HBCD in EPS/XPS/PUR construction insulation foams is dependent on the flammability standards of a country; which are non-existent in Lebanon. In order to investigate the presence of flame retardant EPS/XPS, producers and retailers in Lebanon were identified and contacted. Additionally, five (5) of the biggest contractors in the country were approached. Eight (8) EPS/XPS producers and retailers were 86 National Implementation Plan on Persistent Organic Pollutants identified and contacted: • Three (3); do not produce or deal with flame retardant EPS/XPS; • One (1); deals with flame retardant XPS but did not provide any further information; • One (1); flame retardant EPS/XPS could be provided on demand but did not disclose any information about chemical properties and ac tual uses or provision in the country; • One (1); produces flame retardant EPS/XPS on demand. The polystyrene is purchased from Turkey and arrives already infused with flame retardants. The company imported 44 tonnes in 2013. The product is imported under the HS code 39.03.11.00 from “Eastchem Kim. End. Iml. Tic. San. A.S.”, a subsidiary of “Ravago”. According to the company’s website, reduced pentane is used as the expansion and flame retardant agent; • One (1); uses an alternative to HBCD by blow ing the XPS with CO2 to give it flame retardant properties since HBCD is very expensive and decreases the lifetime of the used machinery; • One (1); imports flame retardant EPS insulation. Raw material is imported from China, Germa ny, and the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The flame retardant EPS is imported from Germany, the exact name(s) of the imported products was not provided by the interviewee but the supplier’s name and quantities were provided. The Ger man supplier is “BASF” which produces three (3) different EPS foams: Neopor®, Styropor®, and Peripor®. In November 2014, “BASF” an nounced the phasing out of HBCD in its EPS products which will be manufactured with Poly FR instead of HBCD. It was thus concluded that EPS quantities imported between 2004 and 2014 contained HBCD. The distributor imports a total of 300 tonnes of flame retardants chemi cals annually resulting in a total import of 3,300 tonnes of HBCD between 2004 and 2014. The HS code for expandable foams is not subdivided based on the content of the foams and therefore could not be used for the purpose of calculating HBCD re leases from this category. The Order of Engineers and Architects (OEA) were contacted (Beirut and Tripoli branches) to ask about flammability standards in insulation material. The OEA confirmed that such standards are overseen by specialized companies and only submitted for ap proval to the Syndicate. One (1) of the fire safety consulting companies ap proved by the OEA was contacted and the following information was provided; The CoM issued Decree 7964 in April 2012, to provide the general principles for fire safety design under American and French Codes to be applied for buildings. Additionally, LIBNOR standard NL147 required each facility type to follow certain fire codes and flammability standards as per French and American standards known as “Règlement Français de Sécurité Incendie des Etablissements Recev ant du Public”, and standards of the “National Fire Protection Association”. Although both fire codes contain sections explicitly on the use of insulation and the flammability re quirements; neither sets out requirement or restrictions on the type of chemical to be used as the flame retardant agent. Out of the five (5) main contracting companies con tacted, only one (1) replied explaining that they use different insulation materials: Rock wool. The main in sulation uses are not only for temperature and sound insulation but for flammability as well. An elastomeric sealant called “SpecSeal®” is used for flame retar dancy. SpecSeal is a non-halogenated (thus HBCD free) latex-based sealant designed to provide passive smoke and fire protection in construction joints. The product is produced in the United States and com 87COUNTRY BASELINE posed of a mixture of acrylic polymer, alumina trihy drate, sulfuric acid compound with graphite, and cal cium carbonate. In addition, suppliers of pre-fabricated cabins and houses were contacted to inquire about their use of EPS/XPS. Five (5) manufacturers of prefabricat ed structures were contacted and asked about their used materials: • One (1) appeared to be a dealer and his suppli er was one of the already contacted EPS/XPS producers; • Three (3) were found to use Polyurethane Foams (PUR) for insulation; two (2) of which have flame retardant characteristics. No fur ther information was disclosed; • One (1) does not provide flame retardant prod ucts. Whereas for the other uses of EPS/XPS/PUR includ ing (i) packaging, (ii) furniture and nursing pillows, and (iii) disposable cups and dishes, relevant pro ducers and retailers in Lebanon were approached and the responses confirmed that their products, whether locally produced or imported are not flame retardant; Category 2 - Textile No flame retardant textile was found to be avail able in the country based on a limited response of approached companies. Further assessment of this sector is necessary. Category 3 - Paints For the purpose of this inventory, the paints section was not tackled as it presents a minor use under HBCD. Paints were investigated as part of the PFOS section. 2.5.3.2 Stockpiles, Waste and Contaminated Sites The main stockpiles of concern for HBCD are stock piles of EPS/ XPS at construction sites, in addition to potentially Construction and Demolition Waste (CDW) dumps, and dumps and landfills in general for textiles from vehicles and others. 2.5.3.3 Summary of HBCD Releases The figure below (Figure 17) provides a summary of HBCD releases assessed by sector. EPS/XPS/PUR All EPS/XPS producers and retailers were contacted: 63% do not use HBCD, 25% did not disclose conclusive information, 12% imported a total of 3,300 tonnes of HBCD between 2004 and 2014. Local fire codes do not set out requirement or restrictions on the type of chemical to be used as the flame retardant agent. Five main contracting companies were contacted to inquire about insulation ma terial, only one replied and does not use HBCD. Five suppliers of pre-fabricated cabins and houses were contacted, no conclu sive information about use of HBCD was drawn. Foams and nursing pillows producers and retailers contacted; none produce flame retardant pillows, those who produce flame retardant foams did not provide information about used chemicals. Based on interviewees, no flame retardant textile was found to be available in the country. For the purpose of this inventory, the paints section was not tackled as it presents a minor use under HBCD. Paints were investigated as part of the PFOS section. TEXTILE PAINTS Figure 17 - Summary of HBCD assessment findings (2004-2014) 88 National Implementation Plan on Persistent Organic Pollutants 2.5.4 Assessment of POP-PBDE (Annex A) Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers (PBDE) is currently not produced in Lebanon. During the 2016 IPOPs as sessment, six (6) categories were identified as poten tial sources of listed PBDEs (POP-PBDEs: tetraBDE, pentaBDE, hexaBDE and heptaBDE) and have been investigated in Lebanon: Category 1: Electrical and Electronic Equipment (EEE) and related waste (WEEE) Category 2: Transport Category 3: Furniture Category 4: Foam, Mattresses and Pillows Category 5: Textile Category 6: Rubber All products are either locally manufactured or import ed, with the exception of transport vehicles which are only imported. It is also to be noted that, textile and rubber in raw forms are not produced in the country, but rather imported and further processed in Lebanon to produce secondary products. 2.5.4.1 Inventory Category 1 - Electrical and Electronic Equipment (EEE) and related wastes (WEEE) In order to investigate the presence of POP-PBDEs in EEE in Lebanon, local manufacturers of EEE were iden tified. It appeared that Lebanon has only one (1) EEE manufacturer which does not produce flame retardant items and does not produce CRT monitors in general. Four (4) major EEE suppliers and retailers were sur veyed to investigate imported products. None of the suppliers mentioned dealing with flame retardant items and none provided quantities of imported CRT monitors. Accordingly, imported quantities of CRT monitors were calculated from the import database provided by the Customs Authority. Between 2004 and 2006 (inclusive), CRT monitors were imported under the HS Codes 85.28.21 and 85.28.22 as per the “Cus toms Tariffs according to the Harmonized Systems – 2002”; then from 2007 and on, CRT monitors were imported under the HS Code 85.28.59 (CRT moni tors) as per both the “Customs Tariffs according to the Harmonized Systems – 2007” and “Customs Tariffs according to the Harmonized Systems – 2012”. CRT monitors are imported from 81 countries all over the world. It is important to note that under the HS Codes 85.28.21 and 85.28.22 various electronic equipment were imported, including CRT monitors. The Cus toms Authority provided detailed description of im ported items which allowed filtering what could be a CRT monitor. A total of 2,622 tonnes of CRT monitors were imported to Lebanon between 2004 and 2014. Thus, calculations showed that the estimated amount of OctaBDE in CRT monitors imported to Lebanon between 2004 and 2014 is 1.34 tonnes in approxi mately 790 tonnes of CRT plastic casings. In terms of recycling, the initial assessment was con ducted through literature search and consultations with the relevant stakeholders, including the EEE re cycling organizations in Lebanon. The following infor mation was obtained: • Very few recycling / collection facilities are available in Lebanon; • The most established facility is “Beeatouna”; • There are smaller scale facilities such as “Bal dati” and “ZeroWasteAct” in Lebanon, which act as transitory elements or collectors / re sellers of EEE waste. The EEE waste is then usually sent to “L’Ecoute Association” whose primary role is to dismantle the EEEs and re sell them as recyclables. Category 2 – Transport Vehicles Manufactured before 2004 In Lebanon, the import of second hand cars is very common. Therefore, a large share of vehicles manu factured between 1970 and 2004 potentially contain ing PBDE is still being imported and circulating on the roads. The number of registered vehicles in Lebanon from 2004 until 2014, classified by year of manufacture, starting 1975 until 2004, was provided by the Traf fic, Trucks and Vehicles Management Authority at the Ministry of Interior and Municipalities (MoIM). 89COUNTRY BASELINE A total of 590,563 vehicles, manufactured before 2004, were registered in Lebanon between 2004 and 2014. Table 10 below provides the breakdown of this number per vehicle type and per year. The collected data and the calculations carried on during the 2016 assessment, showed that there are in Lebanon between 2004 and 2014 a total of 1,438,887 vehicles manufactured before 2004: • 1,204,809 passengers cars; • 168,650 trucks and buses; and • 65,428 motorcycles. According to the IPOPs assessment conducted in 2016, and as per the calculations, 10.5 tonnes of c-PentaBDE are estimated in cars in use during the study period. Old Train Stations Site visits to old train stations in Tripoli and Heri (34°18’47” N, 35°43’31” E) were conducted in order to identify any textile, padding, or transport seating that will most probably contain PBDE given the age of the trains. The trains appeared not to contain any textile, padding, or transport seating. Old Public Buses Fleet In order to determine the potential existence of PBDE in public old buses, a meeting was held with the Railway and Public Transportation Authority to collect relevant information for old buses. No information was found on the PBDE content of furniture and padding in these bus es. On that basis, further investigation of PBDE exis tence in the remaining buses is recommended. Once buses are decommissioned, they are cut in half to ensure they are not reused, and they are sold at auction to metal scrapyards. The buses are sold with all the furniture left inside of them. The scrap yard that won the bidding for the buses auctioned was sur veyed and informed that buses they have received were crushed as is and exported to Turkey for recy cling under the HS code 81.01.97 in 2006. End of Life Vehicles (Elvs) In terms of End of Life Vehicles (Elvs), two (2) spe cialized car scrapping facilities were identified and surveyed to detect the used processing technologies. Crushed vehicles are exported to Turkey for further processing under the HS code 87.03.32.90 (Motors cars and other vehicle: Other). According to the op erator of one of the facilities, after metals are recov ered, plastics, polyurethane and textile are disposed of at the Naameh Landfill. Based on information shared by both scraping facili ties, the majority of cars arriving to the facilities dates back to the 80s and earlier. A large number of vehi cles arriving are made in the United States of Ameri ca. No database of crushed vehicles is available. Private cars Public cars/taxis Private trucks and buses Public trucks and buses Motorcycles 31,944 1,137 5,234 656 3,102 24,595 780 4,374 447 3,075 23,146 401 4,833 479 4,244 27,114 296 6,173 404 6,263 41,528 343 6,418 445 7,972 54,001 489 9,115 436 10,368 44,292 492 9,014 286 11,659 26,966 313 5,567 240 13,373 8,637 95 3,080 92 6,147 62,242 2,020 8,231 559 13,033 64,937 1,901 8,853 646 18,076 409,402 8,267 70,892 4,690 97,312 Year of registration in Lebanon Vehicles type Total TOTAL Table 10 - Vehicle fleet manufactured before 2004 and registered between 2004 and 2014 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 590,563 90 National Implementation Plan on Persistent Organic Pollutants Category 3 - Furniture The use of PBDE in PUR foam in furniture depends on the flammability standards of a country; which are non-existent in Lebanon for furniture. In order to in vestigate the presence of flame retardant furniture, the main producers and retailers in Lebanon were identified and surveyed. Out of the seven (7) establishments that were sur veyed, four (4) responded and confirmed that they do not have or produce flame retardant furniture. Due to flammability standards for furniture in the United States of America (USA) and the United Kingdom (UK), in particular, furniture in North America and UK is often flame retarded. Furniture is imported from 68 different countries in cluding the USA and the UK. Since POP-PBDE pro duction stopped in 1997 in the EU, imported furniture from the UK were not considered in the assessment. Old furniture and mattresses imported from the U.S countries may contain POP-PBDEs. Given that the Customs data, does not include the year of manufacture, all furniture quantities imported from the US between 2004 and 2014 can possibly contain PBDE. Additionally, it is important to note that, within the USA, flammability standards differ between states and therefore it was not possible to determine the quantity of PBDE in products without knowing the state where it was manufactured. Swivel seats with adjustable height (HS Code: 94.01.30) Camping seats that can turn into beds (HS Code: 94.01.40) Padded seats (HS Code: 94.01.61) Padded seats (HS Code: 94.01.71) Other seats (HS Code: 94.01.80) Other seats (HS Code: 94.01.80.10) Other seats (HS Code: 94.01.80.90) Rubber or plastic foams whether covered or not (HS Code: 94.04.21) Rubber foams seats (HS Code: 94.04.29) Sleeping bags (HS Code: 94.04.30) Yearly Total 11.63 0 25.20 1.46 18.11 9.65 8.46 0.95 5.36 0.25 81.07 9.91 0 15.20 3.65 7.42 3.39 4.03 0.29 2.31 0.01 46.21 11.84 0 7.79 1.46 16.94 4.25 12.68 0.15 2.05 0.03 57.19 14.50 0 9.89 1.53 13.99 4.41 9.58 0.27 1.78 0 55.95 17.74 0 6.50 3.85 25.93 9.85 16.08 1.38 1.66 0 82.99 19.56 0 8.78 1.26 38.45 3.76 34.69 0 3.29 0.06 109.85 21.65 0.03 18.65 5.47 42.37 4.89 37.48 0 4.46 0.12 135.12 24.19 0 13.91 2.30 37.70 6.97 30.73 0 1.30 0.01 117.11 12.74 0.3 28.64 23.98 51.73 10.48 41.26 0.09 4.26 0 173.48 21.39 0.04 21.92 20.58 46.25 5.95 40.31 0 8.67 0.01 165.12 11.13 2.40 29.51 0.29 106.11 5.49 100.62 1.01 5.92 0.41 262.89 Imported Furniture Item Total within study period Table 11 - Quantity of furniture imported from the United States (tonnes) 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 1,287 91COUNTRY BASELINE Category 4 - Foam, Mattresses and Pillows Nine (9) foam, mattresses and pillows producers were identified in the country; out of which two (2) did not provide any information. Out of the seven (7) respondents: • Three (3) mentioned that they produce flame retardant products upon demand but did not disclose any information other than following EU standards; • Two (2) do not produce any flame retardant material; • One (1) used to produce flame retardant prod ucts but did not disclose any further informa tion; • One (1) explained that they produce flame retardant foams on demand for hotels. The chemical used to provide the flame retardancy properties is called Fyrol® PCF; whose chemi cal name is Tris (2-chloroisopropyl) phosphate (CAS number: 13674-84-5). Fyrol® PCF is an additive flame retardant extensively used in rigid and flexible polyurethane foams. Fyrol® PCF is not a brominated chemical. This pro ducer also mentioned that, other Lebanese manufacturers use non-flammable glue made in Turkey and which contains formaldehyde; this product is used given that its European counterpart is four (4) times more expensive. In addition to the above, main end-users of foams, mattresses, and pillows were assessed, which are hospitals and hotels, none mentioned that they have any flame retardant furniture. Based on the collected information, there is no clear indication about the use of PBDE in the production of flame retardant foams, mattresses, and pillows in the country. Category 5 - Textile Primary textile production is absent in the country. Fourteen (14) establishments were found to process fabric (for clothing, uniforms, upholstery, etc.). Nine (9) of the surveyed establishments, sell workwear and uniforms, out of which six (6) claimed not to dis tribute flame retardant goods, whereas three (3) con firmed importing flame retardant uniforms. No information was provided on the quantity imported, the flame retardant agent(s) used nor on the producer that supplies them with the uniforms. However, one (1) stated that he imports fabric from the UK, the second from Western Europe, and the third from China. One (1) of the surveyed retailers supplied the Fire fighting Departments until 2006 and has been supply ing the army for the past 4 years. He does not import POPs containing material, he deals with KEVLAR, NOMEX and PBI which are the latest products man ufactured by 3M and Dupont using atomized bases non-containing POPs. Category 6 - Rubber There are no rubber manufacturers in Lebanon; only rubber retailers. A total of eight (8) retailers were con tacted and all confirmed not to deal with flame retar dant rubber. 2.5.4.2 Stockpiles, Waste and Contaminated Sites The EEE 2010 study by “Beeatouna”, an NGO pro cessing electronic waste, showed that disposal be havior in Lebanon for electronics is as follows: 65% home storage; 7% reselling; 9% municipal waste; and 19% donation. As per the above mentioned study, after EEE waste is dismantled and sorted, all materials including poly mers are shipped to other countries such as France and Belgium for full recycling in accordance with in ternational standards and regulations. In the transport sector, private vehicles are sent to dis posal at one (1) of two (2) facilities: one (1) that com presses it and exports it with polymers inside, and the other that shreds it for metal recovery in which case polymers becomes a by-product (automotive shred der residues) of the steel recovery process and is dis posed of in the Naameh landfill. According to the Railway and Public Transport Au thority (MoIM), out of the three (3) types of buses manufactured before 2004 that were purchased by the transit authority in the past, only Elba (Lebanon) 92 National Implementation Plan on Persistent Organic Pollutants remain in stock. Three (3) buses are located at the Mar Mikhael Central Station, Beirut and nine (9) bus es are located at the Sahet el Abed storage site at the Corniche El Nahr, Beirut. The main stockpiles for Elv vehicles (buses) are the ones in Mar Mikhael and Sahet el Aabed. Based on the information retrieved form the 2016 assessment, the main hotspots of PBDE are MSW dumps and landfills including the Bsalim landfill for bulky waste, since around 9% of EEE waste, waste from shredded and exported cars (including furni ture), used furniture, and possibly flame retardant uniforms and clothing are disposed of with MSW (in open dumps and landfills) and eventually in bulky waste landfills such as Bsalim. 2.5.4.3 Summary of PBDE Releases Figure 18 below provides a summary of PBDE inven tory assessed by sector. ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRON IC EQUIPMENT (EEE) TRANSPORT FURNITURE FOAMS, MAT TRESSES, AND PILLOWS TEXTILE RUBBER The sole EEE manufacturer in the country does not use PBDE. Based on available data on CRT imports, it was calculated that they include 1.34 tonnes of PBDE. The EEE recycling sector in Lebanon is still primary and undeveloped. For vehicles manufactured before 2004, only cars were able to be assessed for PBDE content and it was calculated that they include about 10 tonnes of PBDE. Old trains do not include PBDE given that their paddings and textiles have been removed. Old public buses and Elvs are crushed and exported to Turkey along with their paddings and textiles. Furniture and paddings are sometimes removed from Elvs and dumped with mu nicipal solid waste. 57% of local manufacturers responded that they do not use PBDE. Assessing USA imported furniture showed that about 1,287 tonnes of furniture were imported during the study period - their PBDE content could not be calculat ed due to absence of flamability standards information. 78% of producers responded, 43% of which did not provide information about chemicals used for flame retardancy while the remaining do not use PBDE in their production processes. Primary textile production is absent in the country. 64% of textile processors responded, no conclusive information about their use of PBDE was drawn. There are no rubber manufacturers in Lebanon; only rubber retailers. A total of 8 retailers were contacted and all confirmed not to deal with flame retar dant rubber. Figure 18 - Summary of PBDE assessment findings (2004-2014) 93COUNTRY BASELINE 2.5.5 Assessment of PFOS, its salts and PFOSF (An nex B) Perfluorooctance Sulfonic Acid (PFOS) and related substances are currently not produced in Lebanon. The following three (3) categories were identified as potential sources of PFOS and related substances and have been investigated in Lebanon as part of the 2016 assessment (carried out from January - Novem ber 2016); Category 1: Surface Treatment Category 2: Paper Production Category 3: Performance Chemicals All products are both locally manufactured and im ported, with the exception of firefighting foams and aviation hydraulic fluids which are only imported. It is also to be noted that textile in raw form is not pro duced in the country, but rather imported and further processed in Lebanon to produce secondary prod ucts. Once these products reach their end-of-life, they are either disposed of with municipal solid waste (open dumping or landfilling) or exported for recycling (e.g., used aviation hydraulic fluids). 2.5.5.1 Inventory Category 1 - Surface Treatments Textile and Upholstery Primary textile production is absent in the country. Fourteen (14) establishments were found to pro cess fabric (for clothing, uniforms, upholstery, etc.). Nine (9) establishments provided information and mentioned that their textiles are not treated with any PFOS-containing material; their raw material and products are EU-standardized for the international market. The remaining five (5) were however non-re sponsive; thus quantification of PFOS related to tex tile industries was not possible. Synthetic Carpets A total of eight (8) synthetic carpet manufacturers and retailers were identified in Lebanon. Five (5) of them were responsive stating that they do not produce any type of stain repellent carpets or use commercial stain repellents. The remaining three (3) were how ever non-responsive; thus quantification of PFOS re lated to synthetic carpets was not possible in this first assessment. There are no identified facilities for the recycling of synthetic carpets in Lebanon. Apparel and Leather Eleven (11) leather manufacturers and processors were identified in Lebanon. According to interview ees, the tanneries’ products are mainly exported to EU countries and thus strict production measures are applied for the use of the impregnation chemicals. Results of the survey showed that the relevant POPs chemicals are not currently being used by leather tan neries. Category 2 - Paper Production Paper and Packaging A total of ten (10) paper mills and food packaging manufacturers were contacted. Out of the seven (7) that responded, four (4) stated that they do not use chemicals during the production cycle. One (1) explained that he sublets his products to secondary retailers such as printing houses which might add a coated layer for protection based on demand and manufacturers have no information about the type of chemicals used in these coatings. Two (2) industries which use chemicals stated that they follow strict EU standards, thus were PFOS-free: • One (1) listed the used chemicals: Defoamer (HS code: 34.02.13) Retention agent (HS code: 39.06.90.90) Flocculent (HS code: 39.06.90.90) Alum (HS code: 28.33.22.10) Cationic starch (HS code: 35.05.10.50) ASA (HS code: 38.09.92.00) PVOH (HS code: 39.05.30.00) • One (1) stated that the following chemicals are not added to any of their paper and packaging products: Diethanolamine salts of mono- and bis (1H, 1H, 2H, 2H perfluoroalkyl) phos phates where the alkyl group is even-num bered in the range C8-C18 and the salts have a fluorine content of 52.4% to 54.4% 94 National Implementation Plan on Persistent Organic Pollutants as determined on a solids basis; Pentanoic acid, 4,4-bis [(gamma-ome ga-perfluoro-C8-20-alkyl)thio] derivatives, compounds with diethanolamine (CAS Reg. No. 71608-61-2); and Perfluoroalkyl substituted phosphate es ter acids, ammonium salts formed by the reaction of 2, 2-bis [(omega-perfluo ro-C4-20-alkylthio) methyl] – 1,3-propane diol, polyphosphoric acid and ammonium hydroxide. Additionally, a random selection of restaurants and cafes, which use paper in their food packaging, were surveyed. They all confirmed that their products, whether locally produced or imported, follow EU REACH standards for food safety and packaging and thus contain no PFOS. Category 3 - Performance Chemicals Firefighting Foams In Lebanon, there is no production of firefighting foams; however, nine (9) main retailers and filling establishments were identified and surveyed. All of them confirmed that firefighting foams are imported into Lebanon following strict European standards and regulations. Three (3) suppliers confirmed distributing AFFF foams in fire extinguishers primarily for the use in gas stations. Based on the available data and calculations (noting that UNEP guidance documents state that on aver age 0.5 to 1.5 % of the total weight of fluorinated fire fighting foams is made of PFOS), an estimated 56 to 167 kg of PFOS were released between 2004 and 2014 and are divided as follows: • 5.5 to 16.5 kg of PFOS released during the study period based on the imported quantities provided by one supplier; • 0.11 to 0.34 kg of PFOS released in 2001 from the activities of the Middle East Airlines (MEA) at Beirut International Airport; and • 50 to 150 kg of PFOS released between 2006 and 2014 from the activities of Beirut Fire De partment. The national airline company, Middle East Airlines (MEA) uses clean agents firefighting systems like FM-200 and CO2 fire suppression systems. However, they have used 14 liters of AFFF Foams in 2001 to extinguish a fire in fuel tanks (AFFF 3% under the brand name SFFECO-FX100 manufactured in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia).The AFFF foams used by MEA have a density of 1.6 kg/L before expansion, so the 14 liters correspond to 22.4 kg. The Beirut Fire Department have used between 2012 and 2015, A- and A/B types of firefighting foams supplied by Solberg and Bio-Ex respectively. Nonetheless, they were supplied with Fluoro-Protein foams (FP), Aqueous Film-Forming foams (AFFF), Film-Forming Fluoro-Protein foams (FFFP), and Al cohol-Resistant Aqueous Film-Forming foams (AR AFFF); which all contains PFOS or related substanc es. The recorded quantities used between 2006 and 2014 (no records were available for 2004 and 2005) along with the locations of fire incidents are present ed in Table 12. This first inventory does not include the PFOS con taining firefighting foams used from 1970s to 2003 which is the time of major PFOS used. 95COUNTRY BASELINE 2006 2011 2012 2014 2007 TOTAL 2010 * National Center for Scientific Research (2005), Land Use Map of Lebanon 1/50000, Remote Sensing Center AFFF AFFF AFFF AFFF AFFF - FFFP AFFF AFFF AFFF AFFF AR-AFFF 500 L 2,000 L 370 L 375 L 1,500 L 6,240 L 120 L 300 L 300 L 550 L 225 L Ashrafieh Koraytem Zokak Belat Talet Khayat Jnah Zokak Belat Beirut Port Zarif Karantina Biel Residential Commercial/ Residential Commercial/ Residential Commercial/ Residential Commercial/ Residential Industrial Recreational/Commercial Commercial/ Residential Residential Industrial 1,500 m2 700 m2 350 m2 300 m2 2,000 m2 5,960 m2 100 m2 150 m2 60 m2 400 m2 400 m2 Year Type of PFOS Containing Firefighting Foam Used Quantity Used Location Land Use Type* Estimated Surface Area Burnt Table 12 - Large fire incidents with PFOS firefighting foams (2006 - 2014) As shown in Table 12, a total of 6,240 liters of PFOS containing firefighting foams were used in fire inci dents in Greater Beirut between 2004 and 2014, over a total surface area of 5,960 m2. The Lebanese Army has old equipment for firefight ing including flame retardant outfits; these equipment and outfits might contain PFOS. However, no re sponses were provided. Noting that, the use in mil itary has been found a major release and contami nation source in other countries (Hu XS et al, 2016). The Civil Defense Department and the Fire Depart ments of Tripoli and Beirut were surveyed to provide information on the types of foams used in their train ings and drills, in addition to accidental fires’ locations and year of occurrence. The Tripoli Fire Department further contacted and followed-up with, but no infor mation was received until the day of this publication. As for the Civil Defense, the flame retardant they use is Para-Amid and they purchase foams and PPE ac cording to the following standards: • UL 162: Standard for foam equipment and liq uid concentrates; • NFPA 18: Standard on wetting agents; • NFPA 1971: Standard on protective ensembles for structural firefighting and proximity firefight ing; and • EN 469: Protective clothing for firemen. The Civil Defense foams and equipment contain nei ther PFOS nor their related substances. Concerning firefighting training sites, none of the re spondents used PFOS-based foams and according to the Civil Defense Department in Beirut, very little foam is used in Lebanon for training purposes in gen eral. Most training relies on the use of powder-based firefighting equipment as being more affordable. Thus, it was stated that the used powders are envi ronmental friendly and not harmful to humans. 96 Metal-Plating The ten (10) main metal plating industries in Lebanon were surveyed to determine their use of PFOS: • One (1) explained that the use of PFOS in met al plating is outdated in the field. All big pro ducers in the country now use the “silver strike” method where the main ingredients used are sodium and potassium cyanide; which are mainly imported from the Czech Republic. Small illegal metal platers might still be using PFOS. However, in the author’s opinion, this statement is most likely inaccurate since even the German chromium platers are continuing using PFOS and the EU has further registered the use of PFOS; • One (1) listed the chemicals used in its process: Nickel Chloride (NiCl2), Nickel Sulfate (NiSO4), Pure Silver, Potassium Cyanide (KCN), Tin Chloride (SNCl2), diluted Sulfuric Acid (H2SO4), Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH), Sodium Carbonate (Na2CO3), and Sodium Tripolyphosphate (STPP). A gap that could be mentioned here, is the lack of information on the nature of the alternative chemicals used. Additionally, only 50% of metal-platers respond ed, all of which were decorative silver metal-platers. Chromium platers who did not respond may be still using PFOS. Historically, decorative silver platers may have used PFOS. Therefore, the landfills and open dumps where plating sludge is disposed of are expected to be contaminated with PFOS, Heavy Met als and Cyanides. Paints, Coatings and Varnishes In Lebanon, a total of twelve (12) paint and varnish es factories were surveyed: all ten (10) responders stated that they do not use any chemicals containing PFOS in their production. In addition, the MSDS of an additional two (2) paint and varnishes factories previ ously audited were reviewed and no PFOS contain ing material were detected. Compounders (Aviation Hydraulic Fluids) A survey of MASCO (Middle East Airlines mainte nance department) was conducted to retrieve the quantities of Skydrol (Commercial name of the hy draulic fluid) used. Based on the received data, the following two (2) types of hydraulic oils were used during the study period (2004-2014): • HYJET IV-A PLUS: a synthetic base stocks and additives composed of the following com pounds (not fluorinated): 2,6-Di-Tert-Butyl-P-Cresol, Aliphatic Epoxide, Calcium Sulfonate, Triphenyl Phospohate, and Tributyl Phosphate. • Radcolube RHP5606 Hydraulic Fluid: a petro leum base hydraulic fluid composed of the fol lowing compounds (not fluorinated): Distillated (petroleum), Hydrogenated light Naphtenic, Hydrogenated Polyalphaolefin, Acrylic Polymer, Thiophenolic derivative, Alkylated Amine, 1H-Benzotriazole-1-methana mine,N,N-bs(2-ethylhexyl)-armethyl, and Red dye. Based on the above, both used hydraulic fluids do not contain PFOS. Plastic and Rubber Products During the assessment, eight (8) rubber manufactur ers were contacted for indicative purposes, and all confirmed not to have used any PFOS containing chemicals in their production. 2.5.5.2 Stockpiles, Waste and Contaminated Sites No PFOS stockpiles were identified as part of the assessment. All wastes generated from the rel evant categories are disposed of with municipal waste in landfills of MSW and bulky waste where carpets and furniture are expected to go; open dumps (MSW and CDW) and controlled dumps throughout the country. Potential contaminated sites, in addition to landfills and dumps, are all firefighting prac tice areas in the country and fire incidents sites 97 (industries, warehouse, etc.) in which PFOS containing firefighting foams were used or as sumed to be used. 2.5.5.3 Summary of PFOS Releases Figure 19 below provides a summary of PFOS re leases assessed by sector. The following groups and their related sub-catego ries have been investigated in Lebanon, as potential sources of PCDD / PCDF release: Source Group 1: Waste Incineration Source Group 2: Metal Production Source Group 3: Heat and Power Generation Source Group 4: Production of Mineral Products Source Group 5: Transport Source Group 6: Open Burning Processes Source Group 7: Chemicals and Consumer Goods Source Group 8: Miscellaneous Source Group 9: Disposal Source Group 10: Hot Spots / Contaminated sites 2.5.6.1 Summary of PCDD/PCDF Emission Sources Table 13 below shows the PCDD/PCDF emissions to air, land, water, residues and products from each source group and their share of the total PCDD/ PCDF emissions released during the study period (2004-2014). TEXTILE SYNTHETIC CARPETS PAPER PRODUCTION FIREFIGHTING FOAMS METAL PLATING PAINTS COMPOUNDERS (Aviation Hydraulic Fluids) PLASTIC AND RUBBER PRODUCTS LEATHER Primary textile production is absent in the country. 63% of synthetic carpet manufacturers responded and do not use PFOS. There are no facilities for the recycling of synthetic carpets in Lebanon. 70% of producers responded, all do not use PFOS with the exception of 1 that sublets products to printing house & has no information about chemicals they use. Selected restaurants and cafes use food packaging PFOS-free. An estimated 56 to 167 kg of PFOS were released between 2004 and 2014 . Out of the 50% respondent, none used PFOS. Out of the 84% respondents, none used PFOS. Private users do not use PFOS. Public users (army) did not respond. 8 rubber manufacturers were contacted for indicative purposes, and all confirmed not to have used any PFOS containing chemicals in their production. Relevant POPs chemicals are not currently being used by leather tanneries. Figure 19 - Summary of PFOS assessment findings (2004-2014) 2.5.6 Assessment of Releases of Unintentional Pro duced Chemicals (Annex C) 98 National Implementation Plan on Persistent Organic Pollutants Source Group 9 – Disposal; is responsible for the majority (61%) of the total PCDD/PCDF release during the study period, their release to residues ac counted for the highest release level and the remain ing is divided between release to product and water. Source group 6 - Open Burning Processes; is the second source contributing around 410.5 g TEQ to the total release of PCDD/PCDF (26%) noting that more than 97% of PCDD/PCDF from this source group is released to air. Source Group 10 - Identification of Potential Hot Spots; namely the PCB containing equipment are responsible for 5.4% of the PCDD/PCDF emissions during the study period . Source Group 7 - Production of Chemicals and Consumer Goods; released around 44.4 g TEQ PCDD/PCDF to product contributing to 3% of the total release during the study period. Source Group 4 - Production of Mineral Products; is responsible for 2% of the total estimated release of PCDD/PCDF during the study period. Source Group 1 - Waste Incineration and Source Group 2 - Ferrous and Non-Ferrous Metal Produc tion; are each responsible for approximately 1% to the total PCDD/PCDF release during the study pe riod. 2.5.6.2 Source Group 1 - Waste Incineration In this assessment, two (2) source categories were found to exist in Lebanon; Medical Waste Incinera tion and Animal Carcasses Burning. Based on the detailed assessment of the mentioned above two (2) categories, the findings came as below: Medical Waste Incineration accounted on average to 99.86% of the release to air and 100% of the release to residues. Table 14 below shows the contribution of each category to the total PCDD/PCDF emissions from Source Group 1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Waste Incineration Ferrous and Non-Ferrous Metal Production Heat and Power Generation Production of Mineral Products Transportation Open Burning Processes Production of Chemicals and Consumer Goods Miscellaneous Disposal Identification of Potential Hot-Spots 14.5 11.9 3.7 36.4 2.2 400.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 22.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 10.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 44.4 0.0 35.5 86 0.1 10.3 0.0 0.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 917.7 0.0 1 1 0 2 0 26 3 0 61 5.4 Group 1-10 Source Groups Total Grand Total 1597 Air 469.2 Water 22.6 Annual Releases (g TEQ/a) Land 10.1 Product 165.9 Residue 929.3 % 100 Table 13 - PCDD/PCDF emissions from each source group to different matrices 99COUNTRY BASELINE Medical Waste Incineration Animal Carcasses Burning Iron and Steel Production Copper Production Aluminum Production Lead Production Brass and Bronze Production Metal Shredders Medical Waste Incineration Animal Carcasses Burning 99.86 % 0.14 % 1.13 % 0.05 % 65.06 % 31.65 % 0.07 % 2.05 % 14.452 0.02 0.082 Categories Categories Categories Share - Source Group 1 Share - Source Group 2 PCDD / PCDF (g TEQ) Air Residues Table 14 - Contribution of each category to PCDD/PCDF emissions - Source Group 1 Table 16 - Contribution of each category to PCDD/PCDF emissions - Source Group 2 Table 15 - Estimated UPOPs emissions - Source Group 1 Whereas, Table 15 provides the estimated UPOPs emissions to the related different matrices during the study period. Whereas, Table 17 provides the estimated UPOPs emissions to the related different matrices during the study period. In this assessment, six (6) source categories were found to exist in Lebanon: 1- Iron and Steel Production; 2- Copper Production; 3- Aluminum Production; 4- Lead Production; 5- Brass and Bronze Production; and 6- Metal Shredders Table 16 below shows the contribution of each cate gory to the total PCDD/PCDF emissions from Source Group 2. 2.5.6.3 Source Group 2 - Ferrous and Non-Fer rous Metal Production 100 Fossil fuel power plants Biogas /landfill gas fired boilers, motors/turbines and flaring Household heating and cooking with biomass Household heating and cooking with fossil fuels Iron and Steel Production Copper Production Aluminum Production Lead Production Brass and Bronze Production Metal Shredders 46.86 % 0.74 % 21.86 % 30.54 % 0.04182 0.00598 4.828 7.047 0.00225 0.0175 36.3 24.140 88.093 1.931 0.1762 0.20886 0.00598 9.656 0.013 0.4380 0.00003 Categories Categories Share - Source Group 3 PCDD / PCDF (g TEQ) Air Air AirResidues Water HCB (g TEQ) Dioxin-like PCB (g TEQ) Table 18 - Contribution of each category to PCDD/PCDF emissions - Source Group 3 Table 17 - Estimated UPOPs emissions - Source Group 2 Whereas, Table 19 provides the estimated UPOPs emissions to the related different matrices during the study period. In this assessment, four (4) source categories were found to exist in Lebanon; 1- Fossil fuel power plants; 2- Biogas combustion; 3- Household heating and cooking with biomass; and 4- Household heating and cooking with fossil fuels. In Source Group 3 during the study period; fossil fuel power plants accounted for the largest share of PCDD/PCDF emissions to air. Heating and cooking with biomass is the only category to release emis sions in residues. Table 18 shows the contribution of each category to the total PCDD/PCDF emissions from Source Group 3. National Implementation Plan on Persistent Organic Pollutants 2.5.6.4 Source Group 3 - Power Generation and Heating 101COUNTRY BASELINE Fossil fuel power plants Biogas /landfill gas fired boilers, motors/turbines and flaring Household heating and cooking with biomass Household heating and cooking with fossil fuels 1.752 0.027616 0.817 1.142 0.051641 0.051641 0.000097 0.099951 0.000050 Categories PCDD / PCDF (g TEQ) Air Air AirResidues Residues ResiduesWater HCB (g TEQ) Dioxin-like PCB (g TEQ) Table 19 - Estimated UPOPs emissions - Source Group 3 2.5.6.5 Source Group 4 - Mineral Production In this assessment, seven (7) source categories were found to exist in Lebanon: 1- Cement Production; 2- Lime Production; 3- Brick Production; 4- Glass Production; 5- Ceramic Production; 6- Asphalt Mixing; and 7- Oil Shale Processing. Cement production accounts for the largest share of the total PCDD/PCDF emissions to air in Source Group 4 during the study period; this is predominantly due to significantly larger production quantities than other mineral production. Brick production is the only category to release emissions in the products. As phalt mixing and Brick production are the only two categories that release PCDD/PCDF emissions into residues with Asphalt accounting for over 99% of emissions. Table 20 shows the contribution of each category to the total PCDD/PCDF emissions from Source Group 4. Cement Production Lime Production Brick Production Glass Production Ceramic Production Asphalt Mixing Oil Shale Processing 91.91 % 0.77 % 0.00 % 4.62 % 0.03 % 2.68 % 0.00 % Categories Share - Source Group 4 Table 20 - Contribution of each category to PCDD/PCDF emissions - Source Group 4 Whereas, Table 21 provides the estimated UPOPs emissions to the related different matrices during the study period. Cement Production Lime Production Brick Production Glass Production Ceramic Production Asphalt Mixing 34.315 0.288 0.0001685 1.724 0.00966 0.104 0.2695680 0.0000084 0.0000168 0.895 0.00084 0.0000008 0.0000505 0.1684800 0.0000084 Categories PCDD / PCDF (g TEQ) HCB (g TEQ) Dioxin-like PCB (g TEQ) Air Air AirResidues Residues ResiduesProducts Products Products Products 102 Table 21 - Estimated UPOPs emissions - Source Group 4 2.5.6.6 Source Group 5 - Transport Four (4) source categories are included in this group: 1- 4-stroke engines (gasoline fueled engines with spark ignition); 2- 2-stroke engines (gasoline fueled engines with spark ignition); 3- Diesel engines (diesel fueled engines with compression ignition); and 4- Heavy oil fired engines (HFO) HFO accounts for the largest share 43.8% of the to tal PCDD/PCDF emissions to air in Source Group 5 during the study period followed by Diesel engines 35.72%. Table 22 shows the contribution of each category to the total PCDD/PCDF emissions from Source Group 5 in each of year 2004 and 2012. Due to lack of in formation about the vehicles fleet (4-stroke engines and 2-stroke engines) from years 2005-2014 (except 2012). 4-stroke engines 2-stroke engines Diesel engines Heavy oil fired engines 2004 24.25 % 59.14 % 4.65 % 11.96 % 2012 17.32 % 61.68 % 12.1 % 8.9 % Categories Share - Source Group 5 Table 22 - Contribution of each category to PCDD/PCDF emissions - Source Group 5 Whereas, Table 23 provides the estimated UPOPs emissions to the related different matrices during the study period. National Implementation Plan on Persistent Organic Pollutants 103 2.5.6.8 Source Group 7 - Production of Chemicals and Consumer Goods Two (2) source categories are included in this group: 1- Pulp and Paper Mills; and 2- Leather Production Table 26 shows the contribution of each category to the total PCDD/PCDF emissions from Source Group 7. COUNTRY BASELINE 4-stroke engines 2-stroke engines Diesel engines Heavy oil fired engines 0.985 0.3 0.429 0.526 36.82 144.65 Categories PCDD / PCDF (g TEQ) HCB (g TEQ) Dioxin-like PCB (g TEQ) Air Air Air Table 23 - Estimated UPOPs emissions - Source Group 5 Biomass Burning Waste Burning Accidental Fires 0.09 % 95.26 % 4.65 % Categories Share - Source Group 6 Table 24 - Contribution of each category to PCDD/PCDF emissions - Source Group 6 Whereas, Table 25 provides the estimated UPOPs emissions to the related different matrices during the study period. Biomass Burning Waste Burning 0.304 400.087 0.03008 20.004 0.01426 0.079 10.002 Categories PCDD / PCDF (g TEQ) Air Air LandLand Dioxin-like PCB (g TEQ) Table 25 - Estimated UPOPs emissions - Source Group 6 2.5.6.7 Source Group 6 - Open Burning Processes Three (3) source categories are included in this group: 1- Biomass Burning; 2- Waste Burning; and 3- Accidental Fires. Both waste burning and biomass burning source categories exist in Lebanon. Waste Burning accounts for over 95% of both air and land PCDD/PCDF emis sions. Table 24 shows the contribution of each category to the total PCDD/PCDF emissions from Source Group 6. 104 National Implementation Plan on Persistent Organic Pollutants Pulp and Paper Mills Leather Production Smoke Houses Dry Cleaning Tobacco Smoking 5.61 % 94.39 % 39.37 % 57.03 % 3.6 % Categories Categories Share - Source Group 7 Share - Source Group 8 Table 26 - Contribution of each category to PCDD/PCDF emissions - Source Group 7 Table 28 - Contribution of each category to PCDD/PCDF emissions - Source Group 8 Whereas, Table 27 provides the estimated UPOPs emissions to the related different matrices during the study period. Whereas, Table 29 provides the estimated UPOPs emissions to the related different matrices during the study period. Pulp and Paper Mills Leather Production 2.483 41.957 Categories PCDD / PCDF (g TEQ) Products Table 27 - Estimated UPOPs emissions - Source Group 7 2.5.6.9 Source Group 8 - Miscellaneous In this assessment, three (3) source categories were found to exist in Lebanon: 1- Smoke Houses; 2- Dry Cleaning; and 3- Tobacco Smoking. PCDD/PCDF emissions to air from Source Group 8 are due to tobacco smoking and smoke houses but are considered negligible in comparison to emissions in residues. Dry Cleaning accounts for 61% of emissions to resi dues, smoke houses account for 37% and Tobacco smoking for 2%. Table 28 shows the contribution of each category to the total PCDD/PCDF emissions from Source Group 8. Smoke Houses Dry Cleaning Tobacco Smoking Air 0.017 0.00622 Residues 0.104 0.197 0.00622 Categories PCDD / PCDF (g TEQ) Table 29 - Estimated UPOPs emissions - Source Group 8 105COUNTRY BASELINE Landfills and dumping sewage treatment Open water dumping Composting 91.42 % 3.57 % 1.37 % 3.64 % Categories Share - Source Group 9 Table 30 - Contribution of each category to PCDD/PCDF emissions - Source Group 9 Whereas, Table 31 provides the estimated UPOPs emissions to the related different matrices during the study period. 2.5.6.10 Source Group 9 - Disposal In this assessment, four (4) source categories were identified: 1- Landfills and waste dumps; 2- Sewage and sewage treatment; 3- Open water dumping; and 4- Composting. PCDD/PCDF emissions released to water are ac counted from; 59%: Open water dumping; 39%: Landfills and Waste dumps; and 2%: Wastewater Treatment PCDD/PCDF emissions released to residues are ac counted from; 96%: Landfills and Waste dumps; and 4%: Wastewater Treatment PCDD/PCDF emissions released to products are ac counted 100% from composting. Table 30 shows the contribution of each category to the total PCDD/PCDF emissions from Source Group 9. 2.5.6.11 Source Group 10 - Identification of Hot Spots PCB based-filled Transformers and Capacitors The quantity of Askarel transformers was used in com bination with PCB leakage rates to estimate the quantity of PCDD/PCDF and dioxin-like PCB released annual ly from the inventoried PCB equipment. Given that no PCB has been imported or exported during the study period, data from the 2011 inventory was generalized to all years. The estimated PCDD/PCDF emission from Askarel transformers is shown in the table below. The askarel transformers were associated to the PCB type of “High chlorinated, e.g., Clophen A60, Aroclor 1260”. Landfills and dumping Sewage treatment Open water dumping Composting Water 8.832 0.398 13.402 Products 35.478 Residues 883.248 34.443 Categories PCDD / PCDF (g TEQ) Table 31- Estimated UPOPs emissions - Source Group 9 106 National Implementation Plan on Persistent Organic Pollutants 2004-2014 1,500,000 8657 Year Emission Factors in Potential Release Route (µg TEQ/t) Product Product Annual release (g TEQ/a) Production (t/a) Table 32 - Estimated PCDD/PCDF emission from askarel transformers The total PCDD/PCDF emissions from askarel trans formers during the study period was estimated to be 86 g TEQ to products. 2.5.7 Assessment of Stockpiles, Potentially Contami nated Sites, and Wastes For the various categories and forms of POPs, the 2016 inventory assessed and determined the stock piles, wastes and potentially contaminated sites. 2.5.7.1 POPs Pesticides including DDT There are no stockpiles for POPs or pesticides empty containers, as most of them are burned in the field or thrown with municipal solid waste. However, in Akkar, where 5% of empty containers are thrown in rivers; some piles may exist temporarily at the end of the dry season (summer) before being washed out by the river flow in winter. It is worth monitoring streams like Es touane, Aarqa and Bared in Akkar, and Litani in Cen tral Bekaa. These streams and their surrounding fields could be potential contaminated sites (Figure 16). Fur thermore all sites where historically POPs pesticides have been stored or disposed are potentially POPs pesticides contaminated sites. 2.5.7.2 PCBs During the 2011 PCB Inventory Update and Project Preparation Study samples of oil, sludge and water were taken from the on-site well in EDL Bauchrieh storage site, and also samples of drinking water were taken from nearby wells. An estimation of 55 tonnes of contaminated oil from the Bauchrieh well was found. Extensive contamination was also found under Askarel transformers in Zouk power plant. It was recommended that the site and repair shop is remediated by remov ing the contaminated soil and concrete and by clean ing equipment. As for the well, it was recommended to empty it and investigate effective remediation mea sures. A range of other sites where PCBs have been stored or disposed likely exist. 2.5.7.3 HBCD The main stockpiles of concern for HBCD are stockpiles of EPS/ XPS at construction sites and CDW dumps, in addition to dumps and landfills in general for textiles from vehicles and others. 2.5.7.4 PBDE The main PBDE containing stockpile is the end-of-life vehicles (buses) in Mar Mikhael, Beirut and Sahet el Aabed, Beirut. PBDE was identified in MSW dumps and landfills, including the Bsalim landfill of bulky waste, in the form of flame retardant EEE waste, de commissioned cars, used furniture and possibly flame retardant uniforms. Potentially contaminated sites might have resulted from informal WEEE recycling with open burning including open burning of WEEE plastic and cables. 2.5.7.5 PFOS As for PFOS, no stockpiles were identified, generated wastes were either landfilled or disposed of in open dumps throughout the country, and potential contami nated sites were mainly areas of fire accidents, as well as areas of firefighting incidents, where PFOS foams were used. Between 2006 and 2014, ten (10) fire incidents were considered potential contaminated sites for PFOS (in addition to potential PCDD/PCDF contaminated sites), where 6,240L of firefighting foam was used as shown in Table 33. Since the major use of PFOS was from 1970s to 2002 the environmental and in particular groundwater con tamination is at considerably more sites but was not included in the first inventory. 107COUNTRY BASELINE 2006 2011 2014 2012 2007 2010 AFFF AFFF AFFF AFFF AFFF AR-AFFF AFFF AFFF AFFF – FFFP AFFF 500 L 300 L 2,000 L 300 L 375 L 225 L 370 L 550 L 1,500 L 120 L Ashrafieh Beirut Port Koraytem Zarif Talet Khayat Biel Zokak Belat Karantina Jnah Zokak Belat Residential Industrial Commercial/ Residential Commercial/ Residential Commercial/ Residential Recreational/ Commercial Commercial/ Residential Commercial/ Residential Industrial Residential 1,500 m2 150 m2 700 m2 60 m2 300 m2 400 m2 350 m2 400 m2 2,000 m2 100 m2 Year TOTAL Type of PFOS containing Firefighting Foam Used Quantity Used 6,240 L Location Land use Type Estimated Surface Area Burnt 5,960 m2 Table 33 - Fire sites considered as hotspots 2.5.7.6 Unintentional Produced POPs In 2011, the MoE and UNDP had published the “Mas ter Plan for the Closure and Rehabilitation of Uncon trolled Dumps in Lebanon”. As part of the preparation of that Master Plan, existing uncontrolled dumps were surveyed. A total of 670 dumps sites were identified; of which 504 are Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) dumps and 166 are Construction and Demolition Waste (CDW) dumps. These are presented in Figure 20 below. This report identified the most critical sites to be closed and rehabilitated, but due to shortage in funds, the only closed and rehabilitated site was the Saida dumpsite. This report is currently being updated and a new inven tory of uncontrolled dump sites is being prepared by the MoE and UNDP as well. These sites are all considered as potentially contami nated with UPOPs given that the below Table 34 shows that most generated waste are openly dumped in the country and also based on the fact that open burning of waste is a common practice in Lebanon. In addition to open dump sites, the landfills of Naameh, Bsalim, Zahle, and the controlled dumpsite of Tripoli are considered as potential contaminated sites. 108 Medical Waste Incineration Animal Carcasses Burning Iron and Steel Production Copper Production Aluminum Production Lead Production Brass and Bronze Production Shredders Household Heating and Cooking Biomass Waste Burning and Accidental Fires Pulp and Paper Leather Production Smoke Houses Dry Cleaning Composting Sewage Treatment Biomass Burning Incineration residues are disposed of in landfills and open dumps Residues are disposed of in landfills and open dumps Residues in the form of oxides are reused in production, slag is open dumped and wastewater is treated Residues in the form of oxides are reused in production, slag is open dumped and wastewater is discharged into sewage networks Scrap is sold to other producers, residues in the form of oxides are reused in production, slag is open dumped and wastewa ter is discharged into sewage networks with the exception of one facility Residues in the form of oxides are reused in production, slag is open dumped and wastewater is discharged into sewage networks Residues in the form of oxides are reused in production, slag is open dumped and wastewater is discharged into sewage networks By-products of process are landfilled or open dumped Ash is generated from the process and is assumed to be open dumped or landfilled, or spread on land in rural areas Ash is generated from the process and is assumed to stay at the site where it is burned Burned waste and materials are disposed of in landfills or lo cated in open dumps Small share is recirculated or sold as scrap and the remainder is landfilled; wastewater is discharged into sewage networks Scrap waste are either exported or disposed of in landfills; wastewater is discharged into sewage networks Residues in the form of ash are landfilled Residues are open dumped or landfilled Product is applied to agricultural lands or disposed of in open dumps or landfills Sludge is applied to agricultural lands or disposed of in open dumps or landfills Category Waste management practices Table 34 - Waste management and disposal per category National Implementation Plan on Persistent Organic Pollutants 109 Figure 20 - Distribution of uncontrolled dumpsites surveyed (October 2010-January 2011) Various fire accidents that occurred in Lebanon were expected to have released POPs, due to the nature of their facilities, and are therefore considered poten tially contaminated sites. These include; a) Bourj Hammoud-Tires Burning (tire burning oc curred multiple times during the study period for the purpose of reclaiming steel wires); b) Ain El Remmaneh-Chemicals Storage Fire In cident (approximately 1,000 tonnes of chlorine based products caught fire during the incident); c) Jnah-UNHCR Warehouse (3,753 tents, 36,642 blankets, 3,753 mattresses, 2,730 plastic sheets and 62 rolls of plastic caught fire); d) Warehouse of Transmed (PUR insulated struc ture that can contain flame retardants and deter gents which may contain chlorinated compounds as well as consumer product packaging that may contain PFOS); e) Safra-Carpet Factory (carpets may contain flame retardant and stain resistant additives, thus POPs); f) Dbayeh-Carpet Plus Show Room (carpets may COUNTRY BASELINE 110 contain flame retardant and stain resistant addi tives, thus POPs); g) Mazraat Yashou-General Packaging Industry (potential presence of PBDE in disposable cups and dishes); h) Energy Sector Fire Incidents (key energy-relat ed infrastructure were damaged during the 2006 war including the Jieh power plant fuel storage tanks, the kerosene fuel storage tanks of the Bei rut Rafic Hariri International Airport, transmission and distribution networks, and petrol stations); i) Petrol Station Fire Incidents (several petrol sta tions were directly hit during the July 2006 war); j) Industrial Fire Incidents; According to the 2006, Lebanon Rapid Environ mental Assessment for greening Recovery Re construction and Reform, thirty one (31) industri al facilities in South Lebanon, Bekaa and Beirut Suburbs were reported to have been completely or partially destroyed. A total of seven (7) might have potentially contributed to PCDD/PCDF emis sions, these being: • Al Arz Textile Factory (Bekaa), • Ghabris Detergent Factory (South), • Saffieddine Plasti-med (South), • Maliban Glass Factory (Bekaa), • Fine Tissue Factory (South), and • Lebanon Co. for Carton Mince & Industry (Mount Lebanon), • Dalal Steel (Bekaa) Figure 21 presents the locations of the hotspots out lined in this section, with the exception of petrol sta tions that caught fire during the July 2006 war, due to the unavailability of their specific locations, and dumpsites that are shown in Figure 20. Figure 21 - Map of potential hotspots National Implementation Plan on Persistent Organic Pollutants 111 2.5.8 Summary of Requirements for Exemptions (and Future Use, and Releases of POPs) To enable Parties to the Convention to take mea sures to reduce or eliminate releases of POPs from intentional production and use, for which alternatives do not exist yet or are not readily available, the Con vention allows Parties to register specific exemptions for a specific period of time. Annexes A and B to the Convention describe specific exemptions, as well as acceptable purposes, that are available with respect to the relevant POPs. Parties need to register in order to benefit from the Convention’s provisions on specif ic exemptions listed in Annexes A or B. Based on findings from the sectoral assessment for POPs usage and releases conducted in 2016 (Pesti cides, IPOPs and UPOPs), Lebanon did not request at this stage any exemptions for the listed Annex A substances. No production or use has been identified to currently exist. For Annex B substances, Lebanon has not registered for any exemptions for the use of PFOS. During the 2016 IPOPs inventory, specifically for PFOS, a main gap was defined in the metal plating sector as; • Potential inaccurate statement from nation al manufacturer stating that big producers in the country now use the “silver strike” method where the main ingredients used are sodium and potassium cyanide; which are mainly im ported from the Czech Republic; • Statement from big manufacturers that small illegal metal platers might still be using PFOS; • Lack of cooperation from some industries in providing information on production quantities and processes as well as alternative chemicals used in production processes; • Only 50% of metal-platers responded, all of which were decorative silver metal-platers. Given the above, and due the common presence of the chroming industry in Lebanon, there may be a need to register for acceptable uses in the future. 2.5.9 Existing Programmes and Studies for Moni toring Releases and Environmental Levels Including Findings Currently there is no established national program for monitoring of releases and environmental levels of POPs. The monitoring of POPs releases and envi ronmental levels is mainly taking place at academic and research levels. POPs Pesticides Several universities were visited to shed the light on any research regarding POPs or other pesticides. Most of the publications focused on water streams, and to a lesser extent on soil analysis. Some pub lications addressed bioaccumulations. POPs were found once in two locations: DDT and HCB in Akkar, in the watersheds of Nahr El Kabir shared with Syria, and DDT in Saida as mentioned in the 2006 Nation al Implementation Plan (NIP), nonetheless monitor ing the presence of POPs or a systematic sampling were never conducted. Actual works in research and academic institutions are not directly targeting POPs impact on the environment or conducting systemat ic sampling or monitoring of these pollutants into the soil, surface or underground water. Industrial Research Institute (IRI) laboratories in Haddath tested the presence of some active ingredi ents (Aldrin, Chlordane, DDT, Dieldrin, Endrin, Hepta chlor, Toxaphene, Lindane, and Endosulfan) in water samples nonetheless; the results of these tests (date, location, concentrations) were not shared, due to cli ent confidentiality. The Lebanese Agriculture Research Institute (LARI) has one equipped laboratory in Fanar that does the analysis of pesticides residues in food, soil and wa ter. POPs are analyzed in samples from different lo cations in the country. Based on shared data, since 2011, no POPs were found in tested fruits, cereals, and vegetables. No data was provided regarding food samples, and no data was provided for the time pe riod before 2011. However, the institute recorded the presence of POPs before 2011, as confirmed by the interviewed concerned responsible. However, these COUNTRY BASELINE 112 National Implementation Plan on Persistent Organic Pollutants results were not shared at the time of finalizing this report. The Ministry of Agriculture’s Phyto – Pharmacy labo ratory in Kfarshima was approached to collect avail able data on POPs detection in samples analysis. The laboratory personnel mentioned that as part of a project in 2009, 30 strawberry samples collected from all over the country (Akkar, Beirut, Barbir, Chweifet, Nabatiyeh, Saida, Tyr, etc.) were analyzed for Endo sulfan residues but none were detected. Moreover, the laboratory personnel also mentioned that since 2011, no POPs residues were found in fruits, vegeta bles, or cereals. IPOPs and UPOPs During the study period, there had been identification of some POPs related researches and studies, as per below: • The Lebanese American University (LAU) is conducting a study on POPs and heavy metals levels in breast milk collected from Lebanese lactating mothers, but results were not avail able at the time of this publication; • University of Saint-Joseph (USJ) is carrying out an epidemiological study on a population of students and employees in their Beirut cam pus. The aim of the study is to determine, for the first time, the serum levels of 6 indicator PCBs (28, 52, 101, 138, 153, 180) and of se lected OCPs (DDT, DDE, HCB and β-HCH) in a sample of students and employees. Further more, possible difference in POPs levels by gender, age, body mass index (BMI) and diet can be evaluated. • In 2015, Merhaby et al, published an article en titled “Organic pollution in surficial sediments of Tripoli harbour, Lebanon”; Tripoli harbour is among the most important ports on the Med iterranean Sea eastern basin. The persistent organic pollutants (POPs) were monitored (28 PCBs, 16 PAHs and 18 Me-PAHs) in 15 sta tions of Tripoli harbour basins, which are influ enced by anthropogenic activities. Total PAHs concentrations ranged from 243 to 2965 µg kg-1 dw, total Me-PAH concentrations ranged from 54 to 1638 µg kg-1 dw, while total PCB levels ranged from 18 to 302 µg kg-1 dw. PCBs pro files were dominated by four and six-chlorinat ed congeners while the PAHs were dominated by four and five rings. For identifying pollution emission sources of PAHs, different ratios were used. The results show that the pollution origin was predominated by pyrogenic process related to the deposition of coal dust and the combustion of biomass and coal. Based on Sediments Quality Guidelines the biological adverse effects on aquatic ecosystems were expected rarely to occasionally for PAHs and PCBs contamination. 2.5.10 Current Level of Information, Awareness, and Education among Target Groups; Existing Systems to Communicate such Information to the Various Groups Although governmental stakeholders such as the MoE, MoA and MoI are generally informed on the presence and emissions of POPs, there is a need for further training in order to reach a competent level of knowledge on the subject. Currently, there is no existing system to communicate such information to various target groups. As well as, there is no national exchange system between ministries and institutions. Activities mostly depend on staff individual initiatives from ministries to communicate with each other. According to findings from the sectoral assessment of POPs releases and uses (2016), target groups in cluding industrialists, farmers, concerned importers and traders have limited knowledge and awareness of POPs chemicals, their releases and impacts; • Regarding POPs Pesticides: it is to be noted that upon the issuance of ban decision for pes ticides (including POPs) from the Ministry of Agriculture, the latter is disseminated through official notifications to all concerned authorities and MoA regional offices. Also, the importers, suppliers and distributors are aware of the up dated list of POPs and banned decisions and get regular updates from the MoA. 113COUNTRY BASELINE • Regarding IPOPs / UPOPs: due to the fact that some manufacturers do export their products, their knowledge on the list of POPs is broader. In terms of education, Lebanon has a large number of universities relative to its size. Nevertheless, a number of universities provide programs in the en vironmental sector (water, air, science, health, engi neering, chemistry, biodiversity, management, tech nology) and in the agricultural sector. The existing national specialties within the academic sector in Lebanon had been listed under section 2.2.7 of this report. At the level of schools, topics on POPs chemicals are not yet integrated within the offered disciplines of the Lebanese curriculum. However, as mentioned earlier under section 2.5.9, POPs chemicals are known at the level of experts in scientific institutions, laboratories and research cen ters. Public awareness on POPs and other hazardous chemicals does not still have its own national cam paign in Lebanon. A campaign targeting different groups is highly needed to raise the level of knowl edge especially at groups that are directly related to POPs; farmers, customs, industries, electric stations, waste recyclers, firefighters, and municipalities. Noting that media is an important component that can be exploited for the education and awareness on POPs related issues especially now with the addition of the newly listed POPs. 2.5.11 Mechanism to Report under Article 15 on Measures taken to implement the Provisions of the Convention and for Information Exchange with other Parties to the Convention The Ministry of Environment, being the national leading agency for the implementation of Stockholm Convention on POPs in Lebanon, has implement ed measures under the Article 15 of the Stockholm Convention on reporting mechanism as follow: infor mation collection from related ministries and stake holders, follow up on the 2006 NIP implementation and outputs, following reporting regime for meeting among parties and as required by the Convention’s Secretariat. To ensure Stockholm Convention’s regulations, Leb anon has deployed different solutions such as estab lishing an implementing unit for the PCBs manage ment in the power sector. At this stage of the new requirements for POPs man agement and control as well as reporting regime, and in order to secure optimal implementation, Leb anon shall establish a national implementing unit at the Ministry of Environment to provide oversight for implementation of the 2017 NIP as a near-term pri ority. The unit should be supervised by a steering committee made of representatives of key ministries and their agencies involved with POPs management for instance (MoE, MoI, MoPH, MoA, MoIM, MoET, MoEW, MoPWT, MoL, Customs Authority and EDL), with a broadened constituency, inclusive of stake holders, as needed to implement specific actions. In addition, throughout the years, Lebanon has devel oped multiple reports tackling measures taken to im plement the Convention, effectiveness of such mea sures, statistical data on production, import / export of the listed chemicals, revision of the strategies aimed in reducing UPOPs releases and progress reports on elimination of PCBs. The main reports include the following: a. Preliminary Pesticides Inventory (2005) b. Preliminary PCB Inventory (2005) c. National Inventory on Persistent Organic Pollut ants: Dioxins & Furans Releases (2005) d. National Profile on Management of Chemicals in Lebanon (2005) e. Persistent Organic Pollutants Health and Environ ment Profile (2005) f. National Implementation Plans for the Manage ment of Persistent Organic Pollutants (2006) g. PCB Inventory Update and Project Preparation Study (2011) In addition, during the exercise of updating and devel oping the current 2017 National Implementation Plan (NIP), the following reports had been prepared: 114 National Implementation Plan on Persistent Organic Pollutants 1) Regulatory and Institutional Framework Assess ment - 2016 2) Assessment of POPs Pesticides - 2016 3) Assessment of Industrial POPs and Unintentional ly Released POPs - 2016 4) Socio-Economic Impact Assessment of POPs 2016 2.5.12 Relevant Activities of Non-Governmental Stakeholders Non-governmental activities addressing POPs issues are mostly uncoordinated and independently operat ed; however, they have played a significant role in control of POPs emissions and POPs waste. As per the 2006 NIP, several associations represent ing the interests of various industrial sectors in gen eral and within the field of chemicals do exist. These organizations’ major objective is to bring together the industries belonging to their sector or region and pro mote material output and export, with limited or no concerns in relation to health, safety and the envi ronment. Some institutions and groups that involve chemical management in their activities or support such initiatives are further described in the subse quent paragraphs. Association of Importer and Distributors of Supplies for Agriculture Production in Lebanon (ASPLANTE) The Association of Importer and Distributors of Sup plies for Agriculture Production in Lebanon (ASPLAN TE) is a private organization embedding represen tatives of pesticide suppliers and distributors. The association is represented as well within the pesticide committee at the MoA. The Association does practice technical activities re lated to agrochemicals licensing and development of regulatory issues concerning the importation, reg istration, use, labeling and awareness of pesticides manipulation and disposal. Based on an interview with ASPLANTE representa tive during the 2016 POPs Pesticides Assessment, the following messages were carried out: • The association is involved in awareness rais ing and capacity building for farmers through extension programs (e.g. the safe use of pesti cides), • The association is following up on all the pro cedures of registry of pesticides at MoA as well as the defined regulations for registering, im porting, formulating, packaging, labeling and marketing pesticides in Lebanon, • ASPLANTE is also involved in reviewing, commenting, or even opposing ministerial le gal texts regarding the elaboration of lists of banned pesticides in Lebanon, • The interviewed representative confirmed that Decision 310/1 dated 24/06/2010 which pro vides the regulations for pesticide imports is not fair in terms of procedure requirements from importers from reference countries (i.e. Western Europe, North America, Japan) com pared to those who import from other countries (i.e. China, India, Turkey, Eastern Europe…) or formulate pesticides locally. For instance, those who import from the reference countries should provide a certificate from an accredited laboratory to prove that breakdown products, impurities, synergists and solvents as well as the active ingredient are within the rate that is accepted by the FAO code of conduct. Where as, those who import from other countries or that is formulated locally, they should provide samples from their shipment to be analyzed in the MoA laboratory in Kfarshima, • Based on above, there is a concern that the list of smuggled pesticides might increase, and that importers will be inclined to import their pesticides from non-reference countries, to avoid passing through accredited laboratories, reduce costs and increase the competiveness of their products on the market. This will de crease the transparency of imports, and opens the door to the use of products that are not necessarily under the regulations of FAO code of conduct. 115COUNTRY BASELINE Federation of Chamber of Commerce, Industry and Agriculture of Lebanon The federation has its juridical personality as well as financial and administrative autonomy. The Federa tion coordinates between the different chambers of commerce and industry in Lebanon and has the fol lowing main activities: • Holds economic conferences, local and inter national exhibition, • Represents the chambers in common interests with official authorities, economic talks with Arab, foreign and international delegations, • Cooperates with official authorities in order to organize, develop and promote the national economy, collect and coordinate economic and commercial information and statistics, issue newsletters and prepare studies and research es in this purpose, • Exchanges opinions, information and reports with international and foreign organizations and institutions interested by economic and commercial matters, while giving opinion to competent authorities before approving the es tablishment of new chambers and giving new permits to establish mixed chambers between Lebanese and foreigners. The regional chambers have the following activities: • Approval of bills and the issuance of the neces sary certificates of the authenticity of exports’ prices as well as certificates that prove the commercial or industrial or agricultural nature of a product, • Approves the authenticity of signatures of trad ers, industrialists and agriculture producers registered in the Chamber and issues certifi cates of origin for exports since the chamber has been entrusted by the government with the task of attesting invoices and issuing certif icates of origin and submitting of commercial documents relating to the export of goods from Lebanon, • Provides solution to problems and hindrances impeding commerce, industry and agriculture, and work on solving them as well as helping within its capacity. Association of Lebanese Industrialists (ALI) The Association of Lebanese Industrialists is a Leb anese economic organization grouping industrialists from all Lebanese regions in a concerted and bal anced effort at promoting and developing industry in Lebanon. The association seeks to create and main tain an atmosphere which is favorable to industrial growth and development. The association lobbies for certain policies, negoti ates with labor unions, fosters cooperation between industrialists and organizes seminars and activities to help modernize industrial firms. The association has a wide range of activities on the national and international level: • Vocational training development • Technical education program • Sales promotion of Lebanese manufactured products in the local markets • Rehabilitation of infrastructures, transport, etc... • Participation in meetings and discussions re lated to industrial activities The association has 17 specialized committees that play a significant role in policy formulation, among those committees is the “Sustainable Development, Energy and Environment Committee”. Industrial Syndicates Lebanon has a wide range of business associations that are mainly concerned with promoting their busi ness interests and maintaining good working rela tions with policy makers. With regards to POPs relat ed sectors, the linked syndicates are as follows: 1- Syndicate of hotels; 2- Syndicate of hospitals; 3- Syndicate of textile manufacturers; 4- Syndicate of leather producers and tanneries; 5- Syndicate of electrical equipment manufacturers; 6- Syndicate of dry cleaners; 116 National Implementation Plan on Persistent Organic Pollutants 7- Syndicate of aluminium and glass manufacturers; 8- Syndicate of paper industries; 9- Syndicate of paints manufacturers In addition, to the non-governmental stakeholders that have been listed and elaborated in the 2006 NIP, there are some non-governmental initiatives (among others) addressing POPs in an indirect manner and include the following: Arcenciel: Organization current collecting and treating infectious medical waste through au toclave techniques therefore providing an al ternative to medical waste incineration causing the release of POPs; L’ecoute and Beeatouna: NGOs currently col lecting, processing and exporting EEE waste including polymers and as a result diverting waste that potentially contain PBDE; NGOs and international / national organiza tions (such S.O.I.L.S) are promoting sustain able farming practices and providing trainings to farmers, thus reducing the usage of pesti cides; NGOs are promoting and implementing the 3 Rs concept (Reduce, Reuse and Recycle) on the municipal solid waste, therefore reducing the waste quantities to be landfilled or dumped; Several private organizations include Souk Ak kar (fruits and vegetables wholesale market), Safadi Foundation, and Qobayyat cooperative. All institutes organize awareness campaigns for local farmers to educate them on the safe use of pesticides and inform them on new pes ticides and banned ones. 2.5.13 Overview of Technical Infrastructure for POPs Assessment, Measurement, Analysis, Alterna tives and Prevention Measures, Management, Re search and Development – Linkage to International Programmes and Projects The national laboratories whether private, public, semi-public, academic or research centers were identified to the extent possible during an assess ment conducted on the capacity of local laboratories to test for POPs. Following is a list of the responders identified national laboratories: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Private Private Private Private – Research Lab Private – Research Lab Private, Academic Private Academic – Research Lab Academic Research Lab Academic American University of Beirut (AUB) Apave Liban/ Apave Sudeurope - LEM Chateauneuf Marseille Lebanese American University University of Balamand American University of Beirut (AUB) American University of Beirut (AUB) Lebanese University (LU) Lebanese University (LU) American University of Beirut (AUB) Environmental Health De partment Apave Environmental and Water Quality Laboratory Chemistry Research Lab Environment Core Lab Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences Doctoral School for Sci ence and Technology Laboratory of Analysis of Organic Compounds Kamal A. Shair Central Re search Sciences Lab ACTS FHS LAU UOB DSST LAOC Nb. Ownership Institution Laboratory Abbreviation Table 35 - Responders identified national laboratories Advanced Construction Technology Services 117COUNTRY BASELINE For the sake of the assessment, a questionnaire was developed in order to identify the following: • General information: to know more about the na ture of the laboratory, the contact person, contact ing details, the responsible and a general descrip tion of the laboratory • Analytical Information: to identify the Analyte (in cluding POPs) • Analyzed Environmental Matrices: to identify each analyte in what matrices can be or is being tested • Available Analytical Techniques: to identify the availability of analytical techniques at each Lab • Analytical Methodologies: to connect each analyte to the testing matrices and analytical techniques availability, and to the availability of accreditation • Experience and needs: to identify the laborato ries that have experiences in POPs testing and sampling and to assess their needs in this regards whether technical, accreditation, equipment’s …. Based on the assessment, all listed POPs can be test ed at one of the laboratories available in the country with the exception of PCP, HCBD, and PCNs. Howev er, some tests are not available for all relevant matri ces. While some academic institutions have received accreditation for testing certain parameters, public and semi-public laboratories are not accredited. Ta ble 36 provides a national summary of the parame ters assessed, matrices and analytical techniques. Whereas, Table 37 shows the availability of POPs analyte testing according to matrices at each of the surveyed laboratories. 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 Academic Semi Public Public / Research Lab Public Public – Service Lab Public – Service and Research Lab Public – Service and Research Lab Public Public – Service Lab Notre Dame University (NDU) Industrial Research Institute National Center for Scientific Research Beirut and Mount Lebanon Water Estab lishment Lebanese Agriculture Research Institute (LARI) Lebanese Agriculture Research Institute (LARI) Lebanese Agriculture Research Institute (LARI) Lebanese University (LU) Ministry of Agriculture (MOA) Environmental Engineering Lab. Wet Chemistry and Physi cal Chemistry Laboratories National Centre for Marine Sciences Beirut and Mount Lebanon Water Establishment Antibiotic and pesticide res idue laboratory Mycotoxins Laboratory Soil and Water Lab Platform for Research and Analysis in Environmental Sciences Phyto pharmacy Laboratory NDU IRI CNRS EBML APRL PRASE Kfarshima lab Nb. Ownership Institution Laboratory Abbreviation Table 35 - Responders identified national laboratories 118 National Implementation Plan on Persistent Organic Pollutants Chlordecone Aldrin Alpha-HCH Beta-HCH Chlordane DDT Lindane Endrin Dieldrin PeCB Endosulfan Heptachlor HCB Mirex Toxaphene HBB Hexa BDE and Hepta BDE PFOs, its salt and PFOS-F HBCD Tetra BDE and Penta BDE PCDF PCDD PCBs Toxic gases YES YES YES YES YES YES YES YES YES YES YES YES YES YES YES YES YES YES YES YES YES YES YES NO HRGC-HRMS and GC-ELCD GC-ELCD HRGC-HRMS and HPLC-MS HRGC-HRMS and HPLC-MS HRGC-HRMS and GC-ELCD GC-ELCD and ELISA HRGC-HRMS and GC-ELCD HRGC-HRMS and GC-ELCD HRGC-HRMS and GC-ELCD HRGC-HRMS ELISA ELISA HRGC-HRMS and GC-ELCD HRGC-HRMS and GC-ELCD HRGC-HRMS and GC-ELCD HPLC-MS HRGC-HRMS and Colorimet ric methods (UV-VIS/ fluores cent spectroscopy) HPLC-MS HPLC-MS HPLC-MS HRGC-HRMS and GC-ELCD HRGC-HRMS and GC-ELCD HRGC-HRMS and GC-ELCD N/A Analyte Testing Matrices Analytical Techniques Table 36 - Assessment of the analytical capacity of local laboratories N/A Air, Compost, Fish, Hazardous wastes, Industrial wastes, Leachate, Municipal solid wastes, Municipal wastewater, Sediments, Sludge, Soils, Water N/A N/A N/A N/A Air, Compost, Fish, Hazardous wastes, Industrial wastes, Leachate, Municipal solid wastes, Municipal wastewater, Sediments, Sludge, Soils, Water Air, Compost, Fish, Hazardous wastes, Industrial wastes, Leachate, Municipal solid wastes, Municipal wastewater, Sediments, Sludge, Soils, Water Air, Compost, Fish, Hazardous wastes, Industrial wastes, Leachate, Municipal solid wastes, Municipal wastewater, Sediments, Sludge, Soils, Water Air, Compost, Fish, Hazardous wastes, Industrial wastes, Leachate, Municipal solid wastes, Municipal wastewater, Sediments, Sludge, Soils, Water Air, Compost, Fish, Hazardous wastes, Industrial wastes, Leachate, Municipal solid wastes, Municipal wastewater, Sediments, Sludge, Soils, Water Fish, Sediments and Water 119COUNTRY BASELINE Drugs/ Phar maceuticals Fumes Solvents PAHs Petrochemicals Alcohols/ Glycols Heavy metals Food additives Natural toxins PCP HCBD PCNs YES NO YES YES YES YES YES YES YES NO NO NO HRGC-HRMS and GC-ELCD and HPLC-MS N/A HRGC-HRMS, GC-ELCD and HPLC-MS HRGC-HRMS, GC-ELCD, HPLC-MS, and Colorimetric methods HRGC-HRMS, GC-ELCD HRGC-HRMS, GC-ELCD Flame AAS HRGC-HRMS, GC-ELCD, and colorimetric methods HPLC-MS N/A N/A N/A Analyte Testing Matrices Analytical Techniques Table 36 - Assessment of the analytical capacity of local laboratories N/A N/A Air, Compost, Fish, Hazardous wastes, Industrial wastes, Leachate, Municipal solid wastes, Municipal wastewater, Sediments, Sludge, Soils, Water Air, Compost, Fish, Hazardous wastes, Industrial wastes, Leachate, Municipal solid wastes, Municipal wastewater, Sediments, Sludge, Soils, Water Air, Hazardous wastes, Industrial wastes, Leachate, Municipal solid wastes, Municipal wastewater, Sedi ments, Sludge, Soils, Water Air, Compost, Fish, Hazardous wastes, Industrial wastes, Leachate, Municipal solid wastes, Municipal wastewater, Sediments, Sludge, Soils, Water N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 120 National Implementation Plan on Persistent Organic Pollutants P O P s A na ly te La bs A C TS E nv co re La b (A U B ) FH S (A U B ) P O P s P es tic id es C hl or de co ne A ld ri n A lp ha –H C H B et a– H C H C hl or da ne D D T Li nd an e E nd ri n D ie ld ri n P eC B E nd os ul fa n H ep ta ch lo r H C B M ir ex To xa ph en e √ co m po st , fi sh , h az ar do us w as te , i nd us tr ia l w as te w at er , l ea ch at e, m un ic ip al s ol id w as te , m un ic ip al w as te w at er , s ed im en ts , s lu dg e, s oi ls , w at er x x x x √ in du st ria l w as te w at er , m un ic ip al w as te w at er , s ed im en ts , s oi ls , w at er √ w at er x x x x x x x x x x x √ in du st ria l w as te w at er , m un ic ip al w as te w at er , se di m en ts , s oi ls , w at er √ in du st ria l w as te w at er , m un ic ip al w as te w at er , se di m en ts , s oi ls , w at er √ w at er Ta bl e 37 A va ila bi lit y of P O P s an al yt e te st s ac co rd in g to m at ri ce s by la bo ra to ri es A pa ve (F ra nc e) E B M L IR I LA R I (A P R L) x x √ x x x x x √ fis h, s oi ls , w at er , f oo d √ fis h, s oi ls , w at er , f oo d √ fis h, s oi ls , w at er , f oo d √ fis h, s oi ls , w at er , f oo d √ w at er √ w at er √ w at er x x √ ai r, co m po st , fi sh , h az ar do us w as te , i nd us tr ia l w as te w at er , l ea ch at e, m un ic ip al s ol id w as te , m un ic ip al w as te w at er , s ed im en t, sl ud ge , s oi ls , w at er √ w at er x √ w at er x w at er √ x x x LU (D S S T) U O B LU (L A O C ) M oA (K fa rs hi m a) LU (P R A S E ) x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x √ fis h, s oi ls , w at er , f oo d √ fis h, s oi ls , w at er , f oo d √ fis h, s oi ls , w at er , f oo d √ fis h, s oi ls , w at er , f oo d √ co m po st , s ed im en ts , s oi ls , w at er x x x x xx √ w at er , F oo d √ w at er , fo od √ w at er , F oo dx x x x xx √ ai r √ √ ai r, P in e, ho ne y √ ho ne y √ ai r, P in e √ ai r, P in e, h on ey 121COUNTRY BASELINE P O P s A na ly te La bs A C TS E nv co re L ab (A U B ) E B M L IR I LU (D S S T) LU (L A O C ) LU (P R A S E ) M oA (K fa rs hi m a) U O B LA R I (A P R L) A pa ve (F ra nc e) FH S (A U B ) In du st ri al c he m ic al s U ni nt en tio na l P O P S √ co m po st , fi sh , h az ar do us w as te , i nd us tr ia l w as te w at er , l ea ch at e, m un ic i pa l s ol id w as te , m un ic ip al w as te w at er , se di m en ts , s lu dg e, s oi ls , w at er √c om po st , fis h, h az ar d ou s w as te , in du st ria l w as te w at er , le ac ha te , m un ic ip al so lid w as te , m un ic ip al w as te w a te r, se di m en ts , sl ud ge , so ils , w at er √ co m po st , fi sh , h az ar do us w as te , i nd us tr ia l w as te w at er , l ea ch at e, m un ic ip al s ol id w as te , m un ic ip al w as te w at er , s ed im en ts , s lu dg e, so ils , w at er x x √ x x x x x x xxx x x x x x x x x xxx x x x x x x x x xx x x x x x x x x xx x x x x x x x x xx x x x x x x x x x √ √ w at er , f oo d √ x √ se di m en ts , s lu dg e, s oi l, fo od p ro du ct s, fa tty tis su es √ x x x x x x x x x x x √ se di m en ts , w at er , fi sh x x H B B H ex a an d H ep ta B D E P FO S a nd P FO S F H B C D Te tr aB D E a nd p en ta B D E P C D F P C D D P C B √ in du st ria l w as te w at er , m un ic ip al w as te w at er , so ils , w at er √ w at er √ ai r, co m po st , fi sh , h az ar do us w as te , i nd us tr ia l w as te w at er , l ea ch at e, m un ic ip al s ol id w as te , m un ic ip al w as te w at er , s ed im en t, sl ud ge , s oi ls , w at er √ w at er 122 National Implementation Plan on Persistent Organic Pollutants 2.5.14 Details of any Relevant System for the As sessment and Listing of new Chemicals and Details of any Relevant System for the Assessment and Reg ulation of Chemicals already in the Market No well-defined procedure is available for the assess ment and listing of new chemicals. Lebanon lacks a comprehensive chemicals management regulation to adequately control the listing and regulation of new chemicals. The MoE is currently in the process of developing a chemicals management decree that is aimed to address this issue. As mentioned previously under section 2.4.1, the chemicals management including POPs falls under the mandate of the Ministry of Environment - Ser vice of Environmental Technology – Department of Chemical Safety as per Decree 2275/2009. This department is currently working on developing the necessary assessment and decrees for the manage ment of hazardous waste. In addition, through the submitted EIAs, EAs, and IEEs, the MoE is able to assess the chemicals usage among industries. Regarding the pesticides, and as mentioned in sec tion 2.4.1, the approval of registrations for new active ingredients is not solely the responsibility of the Phyto Pharmacy Department at MoA, thus it is approved or denied by a decision from the pesticides committee. 2.5.15 Assessment of Socio-Economic Impacts of POPs Within the NIP update and development, a 2016 so cio-economic impact assessment has been prepared enabling the government to analyze, monitor and manage the social consequences of actions on POPs in Lebanon. 2.5.15.1 Economic Implications and Social Risks Pesticides Despite the low contribution that agriculture has on the overall Lebanese GDP, it still plays a significant role in the livelihood of a sizeable segment of the pop ulation. A Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) study surveyed over 800 households throughout the country in November 2014. The survey found that the usual primary income of 18.4% of the respondents is from agriculture-related activities and 37% declared that their first source of income (for respondents who had more than one source of income) is from agricul ture related activities. Therefore, any drastic changes in the economy of ag riculture, particularly raw materials in this case, would have significant socioeconomic impacts on the coun try. The 2016 Pesticides Assessment did not find any widespread use of POPs pesticides in Lebanon but the interviewees did state that they suspect some il legal use of Endosulfan. However, the accuracy and exact extent of its consumption is unknown. This assessment assumed that the usage of POPs pes ticides, mainly Endosulfan, was restricted to illegal usage by certain farmers. The local price of smuggled endosulfan was stated by a Lebanese supplier at US 15$ per kg which could produce 600 liters. It has been consistently used by farmers before its ban due to its cheap price, and wide range of usability. Many farmers are unaware and do not have access to the information on pesticides and their character istics. They often rely on the sellers and agricultural engineers for guidance. Other common pesticides that are used and do kill a wide range of pests are Floramite and Demise. Three barrels of Floramite mix sells for about US$ 66 and 3 barrels of Demise mix sells for US$ 80. This is 340% and 433% more than Endosulfan’s price respective ly. The alternative pesticides may also have negative environmental and public health impacts. Therefore, it is important to study any alternatives to get a better understanding of potential impacts associated with it. It is also important to note that pests and rodents build resistance to pesticides over time; therefore, other pesticides could be more effective than Endosulfan. 123COUNTRY BASELINE Farmers who rely on Endosulfan may incur substan tially larger costs if they change pesticides. This will probably affect their income since they cannot influ ence the market price of their products. The FAO sur vey found that more than half of their respondents reported their income decrease in the last 24 months (2012 till 2014). Figure 22 shows the percentage of respondents that stated increase in raw material pric es as the main factor that contributed to the decrease of their income. Depending on how widespread Endosulfan usage is, the total cost of switching pesticides could be signifi cant. The transition between two pesticides could be prob lematic for the farmer if managed incorrectly. One of the possible outcomes is a decrease of agricultural production. For the farmer, this would be less reve nue leading to less profit. If this happens to a high number of farmers then this could potentially shock the food market. This would increase costs for con sumers and also increase food import costs. Another alternative option for farmers is to minimize pesticides altogether. Integrated Pest Management and organic farming are farming methods that do not rely on pesticides or chemicals that are harmful. Such a switch would eliminate the health and environmen tal impacts caused by pesticides. The FAO has al ready started training farmers under the Regional In tegrated Pest Management Programme in the Near East in Lebanon and organic products can be found in supermarkets. However, disseminating such agri culture methods will require the proper institutional arrangements and financial resources. There has been some evidence of a demand increase for organic products in Lebanon, however, the ma jority of organic consumers are affluent people. The Figure 22 - Decrease of income from increase in price of raw material for farmers (2012-2014) 60 50 40 P er ce nt ag e Akkar BekaaBeirut and Mount Lebanon South Tripoli 30 20 10 0 Source: FAO, 2015 124 National Implementation Plan on Persistent Organic Pollutants lack of certification and support from the government are major obstacles for the organic market (CIHEAM, 2003). With the proper support mechanisms, organic production could increase, leading to cheaper prices due to economies of scale and resulting in a higher demand from other segments of the Lebanese pop ulation. PCBs The MoE has recently (starting 2015) been provid ed with funds from the GEF through World Bank for PCB management in the power sector. Part of these funds will be used towards the disposal of PCB equip ment and waste. The project is currently carrying out a national inventory to identify the PCB equipment in Lebanon. This will be followed by the development of a 10-12 year action plan that will ultimately phase out and replace all the identified PCB equipment. The replacement of all the identified PCB equipment will be expecting to cause a financial burden on the Leb anese government. It is to be noted that since the onset of the unfortunate Syrian crisis in 2011, Lebanon has been hosting dis placed Syrians reaching a total of around 1.5 million in 2015. Thus, this crisis have caused a significant impact on the Lebanese power sector. This impact has major implications on the EDL network among which are the transformers. The increase of popula tion, have led to an overload on power demand, thus damaging the distribution transformers. In case the damaged transformers are assessed to be PCB contaminated equipment, then the number of out-of-service PCB equipment would be increasing in Lebanon, enabling the need for further funding for a proposal environmental storage and disposal. Furthermore, the probability of the occurrence of PCB contaminated sites could be considered high in Leb anon, thus their identification, assessment and reme diation would be costly. HBCD The 2016 IPOPs assessment concluded that the amount of HBCD in circulation is low, since it is not a common component in the construction sector. Thus, the economic impact of phasing it out is not expect ed to be very high. However, significant costs are ex pected if the prevalence of HBCD in existing buildings needs to be determined and eradicated. PBDE One of the main sources of PBDEs in Lebanon is the vehicles that are manufactured before 2004. Al though it is legally not permitted to import cars older than 8 years according to the Law 150/1992, there is no regulation that prohibits the use of old cars that are already in the country. There are currently over one (1) million cars that were manufactured in Lebanon before 2004. In par ticular, cars and buses from the United States that might contain PBDEs and other halogenated flame retardants due to specific flammability standards. It is estimated that about 50% of the cars and trucks manufactured in the USA are treated with PBDEs and contain ca.160 grams of PBDE and American manu factured buses before 2004 contain 1,000 grams of PBDE. Cars imported from other regions are consid ered to have low/no use of PBDEs. Additionally, also DecaBDE (suggested for listing at COP8 04/2017) and HBCD are detected in cars. An important issue to keep in mind is that any do nation that Lebanon receives, such as used trucks, cars, ambulances are not subject to the regulation of prohibiting old cars from entering the country. This is an issue that needs to be further addressed. In order to reduce the prevalence of PBDE associ ated with these old vehicles, they need to be taken out of circulation. People driving old cars will likely need incentives, such as a tax break or soft loan on a new car, in order to give up their vehicles. Otherwise, they would not give up their private mode of trans port, considering the public transportation system in the country is not properly developed. Any change in the number of cars in circulation will have an impact on taxes and maintenance fees associated with these cars. This is an issue that needs to be taken into con sideration when formulating policy to reduce the over all numbers of old cars. 125COUNTRY BASELINE Banks currently offer a lower interest rate for new cars than used ones and this has resulted in more new cars being sold in the market (Blom, 2016). A few decades ago, there was a significant difference between the prices of new and old cars, this is not the case today. New cars, as cheap as US$10,000, can be found in the market and the access to loans means consumers can buy the car by paying a few hundred dollars a month for a few years. Between 2009 and 2013, “KIA” car sales increased by about 135% and “Hyundai” sales have increased by about 185%. This increase is due to the number of inexpen sive cars both these companies produce. During this time, the market share of German and Japanese car brands have decreased (Blom, 2014). There are very little number of cars manufactured be fore 2004 being sold on car selling websites. So it is safe to assume that any consumer that wants to upgrade its car will probably not purchase a car man ufactured prior to 2004. The annual income for poor households in Lebanon is between US$ 4000 and US$ 8,400 (Oxfam, 2016). The households that own cars and fall in this income bracket will face the biggest financial burden if they are to upgrade their cars. The monthly payments and down payment would take a significant portion of their annual income. Once the cars are removed from circulation then there will be a need to dispose them. Disposing old cars needs to follow the best management practic es to minimize the emissions linked with this activity. Given the high number of old cars that are in circula tion, proper disposal will require significant financial resources. However, it could be an economic oppor tunity for actors involved in the sector. Another issue that should be taken into consideration is the electronic equipment. Most stores sell new equipment that likely does not contain any PBDE; however, many people have old equipment stored in their homes that may contain PBDE. These equip ment need to be disposed properly to reduce the sources of PBDE indoors. Currently, the technical know how to manage electronic waste is very limited in Lebanon. There are currently no rules or regula tions for electronic waste management in Lebanon. The first step is to develop such a legal framework to regulate this sector. Once this has been established, then the government should consider creating incen tives to attract firms that are specialized in this area and devise a plan to dispose all the old equipment in Lebanon in a proper manner and to avoid further con tamination of the existing landfills. There is already a legal basis for such incentives, as one of the main principles of Law 444 dated 29/07/2002, is to offer economic incentives to encourage pollution control. PFOS Between 2006 and 2014, ten (10) fire incidents were put out with PFOS containing firefighting foam and many more between 1970s and 2005. These areas were different residential, commercial, and industrial areas throughout Lebanon. Any contaminated site lo cated near groundwater sources may pose a serious threat to the overall water supply. This would be par ticularly harmful for Lebanon since groundwater is a major source of potable water and a large percentage of precipitation in Lebanon infiltrates into the aquifers (MoEW/UNDP, 2016). Drought and misuse of water resources have put a lot of pressure on Lebanese water resources and any contamination would ex acerbate this problem. Groundwater resources near any potential hotspot need to be identified in order to assess the risk on the groundwater resource. The costs linked with assessing groundwater resourc es and remedying contaminated sites are very costly. For instance, the assessment cost for a groundwater site that was polluted with 42 m3 of PFOS/PFAS fire fighting foam was 10,000 Euros. The cost for reme diation of this site was estimated to be 10,000,000 Euros (Valentin, 2015). During the 2016 IPOPs assessment, concerning fire fighting training sites, none of the respondents used PFOS-based foams and according to the Civil De fense Department in Beirut, very little foam is used in Lebanon for training purposes now. Most training 126 National Implementation Plan on Persistent Organic Pollutants relies on the use of powder-based firefighting equip ment as being more affordable. Based on the above, the ban of usage of PFOS based firefighting equip ment, might have a significant economic impact on the government (namely fire departments, civil de fence and Lebanese army). UPOPs Inadequate waste management practices are the main sources of UPOPs emissions in Lebanon. An improvement in practices would reduce UPOPs emis sions. This would require the government to develop and implement a national solid waste management plan that defines the roles and responsibilities of the different government levels and agencies. The gov ernment would incur a lot of costs implementing such plan; however, this would create a lot of business and employment opportunities. Reducing the amount of wastes disposed in a landfill, and decreasing the amount of wastes being disposed inadequately, would generate more raw materials for the recycling industry. Until a comprehensive solid waste plan is implement ed throughout the country, there will likely be more open waste burning and some attention is to be given to the more vulnerable segments of the population. For instance, burning wastes near schools will be particularly harmful for young children because they are more vulnerable to POPs exposure. Hospitals are also areas that house a portion of the population that is more susceptible to POPs exposure because of their medical condition and the presence of pregnant women, old people and children. Other sources of UPOPs emissions need a more comprehensive review. The Stockholm Convention has developed a series of Best Available Techniques (BAT) and Best Environmental Practices (BEP) guide lines for the various source categories. A review of the processes in Lebanon needs to be reviewed and compared to the BAT/BEP guidelines. These guide lines cover all source categories such as motor vehi cles, thermal processes in the metallurgical industry, waste incinerators, and metal shredders. The main objective of the review is to identify which areas fall short of BAT/BEP practices. Once the results of the review are complete, the full economic cost to adopt these practices by the private sector could be deter mined. Site Remediation and Disposal Costs The contaminated hotspots in Lebanon need to be properly localized, where POP levels would be mea sured and identified. And since the infrastructure to properly quantify POPs and identify their location is not developed in Lebanon, its establishment will have an additional cost. Nevertheless, the greatest portion of the costs will be the remediation of these sites. 2.5.15.2 Population at Risk The identified segments of the population that are more prone to exposure include (i) stakeholders that directly interact with POPs in their professional set tings, (ii) segments of the general public that are with in the areas of contaminated sites and (iii) segments of the population that are more prone to the food in take exposure pathway. The socioeconomic assess ment also identified populations that are likely living in dwellings with poorer indoor air quality. The focus was done on residents of houses that have poor ven tilation or little natural light as these are likely located in denser urban areas with poor circulation and there fore worse indoor air quality. The external health cost estimated for the endocrine effects of POPs are high for the general population. For the United States it was estimated that due to PBDE exposure about 11 million IQ points were lost costing US$ 266 billion (Attina TM et al, 2016). 127STRATEGY AND ACTION PLAN ELEMENTS OF THE NATIONAL IMPLEMENTATION PLAN The Government of Lebanon (GoL) is determined to safeguard its environment, population and future generations from exposure to hazardous chemicals including Persistent Organic Pollutants. Mindful that Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) possess toxic properties, resist degradation, bio-ac cumulate, and move in the environment through air, water and migratory species across international boundaries. Conscious of the need for actions and activities to protect human health and the environment through effective and tangible measures reducing and/or eliminating emissions and discharges of persistent organic pollutants. The Ministry of Environment formally endorses the second National Implementation Plan (NIP) and com mits itself to undertake the activities set forth in this plan, in coordination with relevant stakeholders, and meet its obligations under the Stockholm Convention within its existing national conditions and capabilities. This NIP had been developed through mobilizing the participation of relevant and essential stakeholders to ensure the reduction and elimination of the usage and release of POPs. Such approach will guarantee the effective implementation of the objectives and ac tivities on the management of POPs. 3.2 Implementation Strategy The NIP includes (i) the measures that need to be adopted by the GoL through each of the responsi ble parties and (ii) the necessary resources (human, financial and technical) required for its proper imple mentation in order to fulfill the provisions of the Stock holm Convention and protect the Lebanese environ ment and population from exposure to POPs. The activities in the NIP are aimed at improving man agement of POPs while fully taking into consider ation the need to address hazardous chemicals and wastes at large. The NIP addresses different aspects of managing and monitoring POPs throughout their entire life cycle, thus enabling the fulfillment of all the specific requirements of the Stockholm Convention. The GoL is to establish a National Implementation Unit (NIU) at the Ministry of Environment (MoE) through a funded technical assistance project, to provide over sight for implementation of the NIP as a near-term priority. The NIU is to be supervised by a Steering Committee including representatives from key minis tries and their agencies involved with chemicals man agement (including POPs). The Steering Committee members are proposed to be representatives from the MoE, MoI, MoA, MoL, MoPH, Customs Authority, MoIM, MoET, MoEW/EDL, and MoPWT. Representa tives from other stakeholders and donor agencies will be invited to attend specific meetings based on the progress of implementation and their roles. NIU will be staffed with a team dedicated specifically to implement the NIP. This will ensure that NIP imple mentation is not hindered for reasons of understaffing of certain ministries or lack of dedicated personnel to manage its implementation. This is a main lesson from the previous NIP implementation, which suffered from lack of sufficient resources. The NIU’s responsibilities will include among others the following tasks: • Resource mobilization to implement the NIP; • Preparation of Terms of References (ToRs) for the various activities; • Supervision of NIP activities and coordination with different stakeholders; • Support in integration of POPs relevant actions in ministerial plans and projects; • Acting as secretariat to the steering committee to ensure it is operational; • Compilation of databases relevant to assess ing and controlling POPs; • Upgrading POPs inventories and NIP on reg ular basis as prescribed by the Convention in 3 STRATEGY AND ACTION PLAN ELEMENTS OF THE NATIONAL IMPLEMENTATION PLAN 3.1 Policy Statement 128 National Implementation Plan on Persistent Organic Pollutants cluding the POPs newly listed in 2015 (PCP, PCN, HCBD) and upcoming 2017; • Evaluating progress of NIP implementation ev ery three years; • Dissemination of information about POPs; • Leading implementation of the research com ponent of the NIP; • Integrating POPs management activities with general hazardous chemical management ac tivities including synergies with SAICM emerg ing issues, mercury and ODS were appropri ate; • Promoting green and sustainable chemistry; • Arrangement for training of appropriate spe cialists (e.g., customs officer, border control of ficers, engineers, technicians) responsible for management of POPs; • Monitoring and Evaluation of NIP implementa tion and reporting to the Secretariat as well as NIP updating as required. Implementation Framework The NIP will be implemented in three (3) main Imple mentation Packages (IPs) (Figure 23) as follows: • IP1: Technical assistance package including implementation of SO1 (Legal and Institution al Framework), SO5 (Research and Develop ment) and SO6 (Monitoring, Evaluation and Reporting); • IP2: IPOPs and UPOPs implementation pack age (SO2 and SO3); • IP3: POPs pesticides implementation package (SO4) Figure 23 - NIP implementation framework IP 1 S O 1 L eg al a nd In st itu tio na l S tr en gt he ni ng Le ad : M oE S up po rt : M oF /C us to m s, M oI , L IB N O R , M oA , M oE T F in an ci al R eq ui re m en ts : U S D 8 50 ,0 00 S O 5: R esearch and D evelopm ent Lead: N C S R S upport: M oE , M oA , M oI, M oP H , M oE H E , LA A S , A cadem ic institutions, private sector SO6: Monitoring, Evaluation and Reporting Steering Committee IP2: SO2 (IPOPs) and SO3 (UPOPs) Lead: MoE Support: MoI, MoF/Customs, ALI, Syndicates, MoPH, MoPWT, Civil defense, MoET, MoIM, MoEW/EDL, RPTA Financial Requirements: USD 4,330,000 IP3: SO4 – POPs Pesticides Lead: MoA Support: MoE, MoF/Customs Financial Requirements: USD 1,650,000 National Implementation Unit (NIU) at MoE 129STRATEGY AND ACTION PLAN ELEMENTS OF THE NATIONAL IMPLEMENTATION PLAN 3.3 Action Plan and Prioritization The action plan has been developed in a highly partici patory manner. Key stakeholders that have direct role in the implementation of the plan were involved in its preparation via the steering committee, and wid er stakeholders have reviewed and validated the action plan in a participatory workshop held on 6 March 2017. Following the workshop, the draft action plan was circulated to all stakeholders for review; consequently, the received comments were integrated in the final action plan. The action plan includes information on the strategic objectives, objectives, activities, responsible parties (lead implementer and supporting agencies), antici pated outcomes, timeframe for implementation, hu man and technical resources, financial resources and potential sources of funds. A description of each attri bute of this action plan is provided below: Attribute Description Strategic Objective Objective Activity Lead Implementer Supporting Agencies Outcomes Timeframe Potential Sources of Funds Human and Technical Resources Financial Resources High-level objective that supports achievement of the overall goal of the NIP, which is protection of the Lebanese environment and its population from ex posure to POPs contaminants as well as compliance with the convention’s requirements Desired state that in conjunction with other objectives, shall lead to the achievement of the strategic objective Specific task, which in conjunction with other activities, shall lead to the achievement of the objective Lead entity responsible for the implementation of a specific activity Ministry, public administration, NGO or private institution that has a role in the implementation of a specific task, under the supervision of the lead im plementer Provide information on the expected achievements from the implementation of each activity and can be used as a qualitative indicator to monitor imple mentation of the NIP Define the timeframe in which the activity should be initiated, which could be short-term (within 3 years), medium-term (between 3 and 6 years) or long term (after 6 years) Determine whether a certain activity can be funded through internal funds (public budget) or requires external sources of funding such as through bi-lat eral or multi-lateral funding mechanisms The necessary expertise and staff to execute a certain activity Estimated financial resources to implement each activity 130 National Implementation Plan on Persistent Organic Pollutants This strategic objective will be achieved through the implementation of two (2) objectives: (1) Strengthening the legal framework; and (2) Strengthening the institutional framework O1.1: Strengthening the legal framework Effective management of POPs is only possible in the presence of a strong legal framework. Because POPs are only one aspect of chemicals management and waste management, whereby both areas are cur rently poorly legislated in Lebanon, it is of primary im portance that overarching regulatory frameworks for chemicals management and waste management be established, while taking into consideration specific requirements for the management of POPs. The Lebanese Framework Law for the Protection of the Environment (Law 444/2002) does establish the framework for chemicals management; howev er, the necessary implementation decrees have not yet been prepared. The same applies for a decree related to the management of hazardous wastes, which is currently under preparation by the Ministry of Environment. Both legal instruments need to care fully integrate requirements related to the control of POPs through the import, production, distribution and trade of chemicals as well as management of result ing wastes, which could contain POPs. Such frame work legislation would also address issues related to end-of-life vehicles, EEE and other special types of wastes, which could contain POPs. Another important element of this framework is to establish effective ambient quality standards and emission limit value (ELV) standards by replacing de cisions 52/1/1996 and 8/1/2001 with a decree stipu lating those standards. This decree should also inte grate limits related to POPs. The EU Environmental Quality Standards and the Water Framework Direc tive could provide guidance in developing effective Lebanese standards. Several actions aiming at updating existing legal texts or developing new texts have also been proposed to strengthen the legal framework for POPs manage ment in Lebanon. This includes, among others, the development of environmental guidelines for sectors where POPs are likely to be present, which would be effective to build the capacity of stakeholders in the management of POPs. O1.2: Strengthening the institutional framework In order to achieve an effective management of chem icals in general, and POPs in specific, it is instrumen tal to have a strong institutional framework that would be characterized by the following: • Operational coordination mechanism among key stakeholders involved in the management of chemicals in Lebanon; • Clear mechanism for the management of data re garding chemicals in Lebanon, such as a unified database for chemicals management, including POPs, that can be used by different ministries for various purposes; existing databases at both MoI and MoE could be a starting point for such a mechanism. A good guidance to establish such mechanism could be the IOMC Toolbox (IOMC Internet-based Toolbox for Decision Making in Chemicals Management aimed at countries who wish to address specific national issues regarding chemicals management); • Competent staff in the different ministries and au thorities whom are well-trained about all aspects related to POPs management to be able to effec tively control and monitor their entry in the country, production, release and disposal; • Reliable capabilities in the analysis and identifica tion of POPs in various products and matrices. 3.3.1 Strategic Objectives and Action Plan 3.3.1.1 Strategic Objective 1: Strengthening the Legal and Institutional Framework for POPs Chemicals Management in Lebanon 131STRATEGY AND ACTION PLAN ELEMENTS OF THE NATIONAL IMPLEMENTATION PLAN A ct iv ity ID A ct iv iti es S up po rt in g A ge nc ie s O ut co m e Fi na nc ia l R es ou rc es (U S D ) Ti m ef ra m e (S T/ M T/ LT ) P ot en tia l S ou rc es o f Fu nd s Is su e M in is te ria l D ec is io ns t ha t lis t an d ba n P O P s in p ro du ct s w hi ch c ha ra ct er is tic s ha ve b ee n de em ed t o co nt ai n or po te nt ia lly c on ta in P O P s as c on si de rin g lo w P O P s lim its p er t he d efi ne d by B a se l/ S to ck ho lm C on ve nt io n U pd at e La w 6 59 d at ed 4 /2 /2 00 5 “C on su m er P ro te ct io n” to in te gr at e gr ee n an d su st ai na bl e ch em ic al s an d al te rn a tiv es in cl ud in g P O P s fr ee p ro du ct s an d go od s Is su e a de cr ee re pl ac in g M in is te r of E nv iro nm en t D ec is io n 52 /1 da te d 29 /7 /1 99 6 “D efi ni tio n of s ta nd ar ds a nd m ax im um a llo w an ce l im its f or t he r e du ct io n of a ir, w at er a nd s oi l po llu tio n” an d M in is te r of E nv iro nm en t D ec is io n 8/ 1 da te d 30 /1 /2 00 1 “S pe ci fic at io ns an d S ta nd ar ds f or a ir em is si on s, l iq ui d ef flu en ts g en er at ed f ro m c la ss ifi ed i n st itu tio ns a nd fo r w as te w at er tr ea tm en t pl an ts ” to i nt eg ra te P O P s lim its i n m a tr ic es w he re ap pr op ria te an d as se ss em is si on li m it va lu es ( E LV s) fo r U P O P s re su lti ng f ro m m aj or i de nt ifi ed s ou rc es U pd at e M in is te r of E nv iro nm en t D ec i si on 7 1/ 1 da te d 19 /5 /1 99 7 “O rg an iz a tio n of w as te s im po rt ” in o rd er t o in te gr at e P O P s co nt ai ni ng w as te ( ne w a nd ol d P O P s) i nt o th e lis t o f w as te a nd li nk th em w ith th e re la te d up da te d H S c od es (a ct iv ity 2 .1 .2 ) C us to m s M oE M oI , M oA , M oE W , M oP H , M oL , M oI M , A LI , L IB N O R , pr iv at e se ct or , sy nd ic at es a nd la bo ra to rie s C us to m s P ro du ct s th at co nt ai n P O P s ar e ba nn ed f ro m en try in to Le ba no n R ed uc ed ex po su re of po pu la tio n to P O P s an d P O P s lik e co nt ai ni ng pr od uc ts an d go od s N ew st an da rd s an d E LV s in cl ud in g P O P s in re le va nt m at ric es an d so ur ce s ar e es ta bl is he d Li st o f w as te s in cl ud in g ne w a nd o ld P O P s co n ta in in g w as te s is u pd at ed In te rn al a t M oE In te rn al at M oE T an d M oE E xt er na l as si s ta nc e fro m te ch ni ca l ex pe rts w ith ex pe rie nc e in de ve lo pm en t of am bi en t st an da rd s in di ffe re nt m ed ia an d E LV s In te rn al at M oE an d C us to m s 50 ,0 00 S T M T S T S T B i-l at er al o r m ul ti la te ra l do no rs M oE M oE T M oE M oE 1. 1. 1 1. 1. 2 1. 1. 3 1. 1. 4 Ta bl e 38 S tr en gt he ni ng th e le ga l f ra m ew or k (O 1. 1) Le ad Im pl e m en te r O1.1: Strengthening the Legal Framework O bj ec tiv e (O ) H um an a nd Te ch ni ca l R es ou rc es 132 National Implementation Plan on Persistent Organic Pollutants A ct iv ity ID A ct iv iti es S up po rt in g A ge nc ie s O ut co m e Fi na nc ia l R es ou rc es (U S D ) Ti m ef ra m e (S T/ M T/ LT ) P ot en tia l S ou rc es o f Fu nd s Is su e D ec re e de fin in g th e fo llo w in g (L aw 44 4 /2 00 2 A rt ic le 40 ): Li st o f h ar m fu l a nd h az ar do us w as te co nt ai ni ng p ro du ct t ha t m ay h ar m pu bl ic he al th an d sa fe ty in or de r to r eg ul at e its i m po rt , tr ad e, s to ck , de al , or t ra ns po rt o n th e Le ba ne se te rr ito ry Li st o f w as te th at c an b e a su bj ec t t o im po rt , tr ad e, s to ck , de al , or t ra ns po rt o n th e Le ba ne se t er rit or y D ev el op t er m s an d co nd iti on s fo r th e im po rt o f w as te g en er at in g m a te ria ls a nd p ro du ct s, it s en tr y, tr ad e, st oc k, u sa ge d ea ls o r tr an sp or t on th e Le ba ne se t er rit or y Is su e D ec re e m an ag in g th e pr io r cl ea r an ce a nd th e m on ito rin g by M oE fo r im po rt , t ra de , p ro du ct io n, m ar ke tin g, tr an s po rt , us ag e, d is tr ib ut io n of h az ar do us ch em ic al s ( La w 4 44 /2 00 2 A rt ic le 4 4) Is su e D ec re e to s pe ci fy t he s ta nd ar ds fo r w at er q ua lit y (s ur fa ce w at er , g ro un d w at er a nd d rin ki ng w at er ) an d th e ne c es sa ry d ec re es t o im pl em en t p re ve n tio n, p ro te ct io n an d m iti ga tio n m ea su re s (L aw 4 44 /2 00 2 A rt ic le 3 6) M oI , C us to m s, M oA , M oP H , A LI M oI , C us to m s, M oA M oA , M oI , M oI M , LI B N O R C om pr eh en si ve re st ric tio ns f or t he i m po rt an d m an ag em en t of h az ar d ou s w as te s in L eb an on in cl ud in g P O P s co nt ai n in g w as te s ar e in cl ud ed in th e na tio na l l eg is la tio n P ro ce du re fo r M oE p rio r cl ea ra nc e fo r th e im po rt, tra de , pr od uc tio n, m ar ke tin g, t ra ns po rt, u sa ge , di st rib ut io n of h az ar do us ch em ic al s is p ut in p la ce an d en fo rc ed W at er q ua lit y st an da rd s in l in e w ith i nt er na tio na l no rm s in cl ud in g P O P s, as a pp lic ab le , a re u p to da te H az ar do us w as te m an ag em en t ex pe rt an d P O P s e xp e rt In te rn al a t M oE E xt er na l te ch ni ca l ex pe rt 25 ,0 00 In cl ud ed in 1 .1 .3 S T S T S T B i-l at er al o r m ul ti la te ra l do no rs B i-l at er al o r m ul ti la te ra l do no rs M oE M oE M oE 1. 1. 5 1. 1. 6 1. 1. 7 Ta bl e 38 S tr en gt he ni ng th e le ga l f ra m ew or k (O 1. 1) Le ad Im pl e m en te r O1.1: Strengthening the Legal Framework O bj ec tiv e (O ) H um an a nd Te ch ni ca l R es ou rc es 133STRATEGY AND ACTION PLAN ELEMENTS OF THE NATIONAL IMPLEMENTATION PLAN A ct iv ity ID A ct iv iti es S up po rt in g A ge nc ie s O ut co m e Fi na nc ia l R es ou rc es (U S D ) Ti m ef ra m e (S T/ M T/ LT ) P ot en tia l S ou rc es o f Fu nd s D ev el op th e ne ce ss ar y D ec re es to se t de fin iti on s, pa ck ag in g, tr an sp or t, st or ag e an d di sp os al re qu ire m en ts (e w as te , en d of li fe v eh ic le s, e tc .) a nd to i m pl em en t th e dr af t la w f or t he i nt e gr at ed m an ag em en t of s ol id w as te a s pe r D ec re e 80 03 / 2 01 2 (I S W M L tr an sf er fr om C O M to P ar lia m en t) o nc e ad op te d D ev el op a pp ro pr ia te le gi sl at io n to c ov er : U P O P s lim its in ch em ic al s an d p ro d u c ts M an ag em en t of U P O P s in t he r el e va nt c he m ic al s an d in du st rie s (p es tic id es , pi gm en ts , so lv en ts , ge ne r al ch em ic al s pr od uc tio n, le at he r, w as te o il re fin er ie s, … ) M ea su re s to lim it U P O P s re le as es an d im pr ov e m an ag em en t of U P O P s co nt ai ni ng w as te s (m et al pr od uc tio n, w as te i nc in er at io n, a nd ot he rs … ) S et e xe m pt io ns fo r lo w P O P s co n te nt in a cc or da nc e w ith li m its s et b y B as el C on ve nt io n gu id el in es R eq ui re m en ts fo r P O P s co nt ai n in g w as te d is po sa l/d es tr uc tio n an d m an ag em en t in a n en vi ro nm en ta lly so un d m an ne r E nv iro nm en ta l co nd iti on s fo r es ta bl is hm en t/ lic en se s an d/ or in ve st m en t of in du st rie s th at ge ne ra te s P O P s or P O P s co nt ai ni ng w as te ta ki ng in to a cc ou nt th e en vi ro nm en ta lly s ou nd d is po sa l o f t he se w as te s M an ag em en t of P B D E s an d P F O S co nt ai ni ng w as te M oI M M oA , M oI P ro ce du re s fo r m an ag e m en t o f e w as te , s pe ci al w as te s, en d of li fe ve hi cl es w as te p ot en tia lly co nt ai ni ng P O P s ar e pu t in p la ce C om pr eh en si ve H az ar d ou s w as te an d ch em i ca ls m an ag em en t le gi s la tio n co ns id er in g P O P s H az ar do us w as te m an ag em en t ex pe rt P O P s an d in du st ri al e xp er ts 25 ,0 00 25 ,0 00 S T M T B i-l at er al o r m ul ti la te ra l do no rs B i-l at er al o r m ul ti la te ra l do no rs M oE M oE 1. 1. 8 1. 1. 9 Le ad Im pl e m en te r O1.1: Strengthening the Legal Framework O bj ec tiv e (O ) H um an a nd Te ch ni ca l R es ou rc es 134 National Implementation Plan on Persistent Organic Pollutants A ct iv ity ID A ct iv iti es S up po rt in g A ge nc ie s O ut co m e Fi na nc ia l R es ou rc es (U S D ) Ti m ef ra m e (S T/ M T/ LT ) P ot en tia l S ou rc es o f Fu nd s Is su e re gu la tio n re qu iri ng r el ev an t in du st rie s th at h av e th e po te nt ia l to r e le as e P O P s, to s ub m it an a nn ua l r ep or t on r el ev an t i nd us tr ia l a ct iv iti es in cl ud in g pr od uc tio n qu an tit ie s, in du st ria l pr o ce ss es , ch em ic al in pu ts , w as te ge n er at io n an d di sc ha rg e ra te s to w ar ds a P R T R o r si m ila r sy st em A ss es s in te rn at io na l fla m m ab ili ty re g ul at io ns a nd d ev el op n at io na l fla m m a bi lit y st an da rd s fo r di ffe re nt pr od uc ts (t ex til e, s yn th et ic c ar pe ts , p ai nt s, fo am s, m at tr es se s, pi llo w s, fu rn itu re , ru bb er , fir efi gh tin g P P E , e tc .) . S ta nd ar ds s ho ul d in cl ud e no n fla m e re ta rd an t a pp ro ac he s an d lis t of a ut ho riz ed c he m ic al s to b e us ed a s fla m e re ta rd an ts D ev el op s ta nd ar ds fo r fir efi gh tin g fo am s th at in cl ud e a lis t o f p er m itt ed c he m ic al s to b e us ed D ev el op e nv iro nm en ta l co nd iti on s co v er in g m an uf ac tu rin g pr oc es se s, B AT / B E P, an d m iti ga tio n m ea su re s ta ki ng in to ac co un t he al th an d en vi ro nm en t fo r th e fo llo w in g in du st rie s. T ho se c on di tio ns ar e al so to id en tif y pe rm itt ed ch em ic al s to b e us ed ( P O P s al te rn a tiv es ), m ea su re s to re du ce re le as es a nd ac ce pt ab le t re at m en t/d is po sa l m et ho ds in cl ud in g ev al ua tio n of th e E U IP P C p ro ce ss a nd B AT /B E P d oc um en ts : M oI M , M oI LI B N O R , M oP H , A LI , M oI , S yn di ca te s LI B N O R , M oP H , A LI , C iv il D ef en se , Fi re D ep ar t m en ts M oI , LI B N O R , M oP H , S yn di ca te s, A LI C om pr eh en si ve da ta ba se s of i nd us tri al p ro ce ss es in th e co un try a re es ta bl is he d Fl am m ab ili ty st an da rd s ar e ad op te d an d is su ed in of fic ia l ga ze tte . Li st of a ut ho riz ed c he m ic al s to b e us ed a s fla m e re ta rd an ts is is su ed an d ap pr ov ed Fi re fig ht in g fo am st an da rd s ar e ad op te d an d is su ed in o ffi ci al g az et te E nv iro nm en ta l C on di tio ns ar e re ad ily av ai l ab le fo r in du st rie s M oE a nd M oI s ta ff N at io na l co m m it te e of e xp er ts N at io na l co m m it te e of e xp er ts B AT ex pe rt an d P O P s ex pe rt 75 ,0 00 S T S T S T S T B i-l at er al a nd m ul ti la te ra l do no rs M oE M oE M oE M oE 1. 1. 10 1. 1. 11 1. 1. 12 1. 1. 13 Ta bl e 38 S tr en gt he ni ng th e le ga l f ra m ew or k (O 1. 1) Le ad Im pl e m en te r O1.1: Strengthening the Legal Framework O bj ec tiv e (O ) H um an a nd Te ch ni ca l R es ou rc es 135STRATEGY AND ACTION PLAN ELEMENTS OF THE NATIONAL IMPLEMENTATION PLAN A ct iv ity ID A ct iv iti es S up po rt in g A ge nc ie s O ut co m e Fi na nc ia l R es ou rc es (U S D ) Ti m ef ra m e (S T/ M T/ LT ) P ot en tia l S ou rc es o f Fu nd s T ex til e S yn th et ic c ar pe ts Le at he r pr od uc tio n M et al p la tin g F er ro us a nd n on f er ro us m et al P ai nt s an d va rn is h m an uf ac tu rin g P ap er /P ul p P la st ic R ub be r F ur ni tu re M at tr es se s an d fo am M in er al s pr od uc tio n E P S /X P S /P U R D ev el op w as te m an ag em en t co nd iti on s co ve rin g re cy cl in g ac tiv iti es t o m in im iz e th e am ou nt o f P O P s th at r e en te r th e m ar ke t w ith in th e es ta bl is hm en t of a m or e ci rc ul ar e co no m y an d su st ai na bl e co ns um pt io n an d pr od uc tio n (S C P ) D ev el op g ui de lin es o n sc ra pp in g en d of li fe v eh ic le s in cl ud in g a se ct io n on id en tif yi ng P O P s an d ot he r ha za rd ou s ch em ic al s di sp os al r eq ui re m en t. To b e fo llo w ed b y tr ai ni ng fo r sc ra pp in g es ta b lis hm en ts a nd e xp or te rs o n im pl em en ta tio n of g ui de lin es E nf or ce A rti cl e 4 of La w 44 4/ 20 02 th ro ug h im pl em en ta tio n D ec re es fo r cl ea ne r pr od uc tio n te ch ni qu es , be st av ai la bl e te ch no lo gi es , P ol lu te r P ay s P rin ci pl e an d P re ve nt io n of n at ur al r e so ur ce s de gr ad at io n in o rd er t o en su re th at c os ts o f m an ag in g in du st ria l P O P s ar e co ve re d by t he i nd us try g en er at in g th em a nd th e in du st rie s re ce iv e gu id an ce on h ow to re du ce th e ge ne ra tio n of P O P s M oI , S yn di ca te s, A LI M oI , M oI M , M oP W T M oI R ed uc tio n in P O P s re en te rin g th e m ar ke t th ro ug h re cy cl ed g oo ds is a ch ie ve d an d lin ke d to S C P ac tiv iti es Im pr ov ed di sp os al of en d of l ife v eh ic le s in cl ud in g po ly m er f ra ct io n R ed uc tio n in in du st ria l U P O P s em is si on s is a ch ie ve d P O P s ex pe rt P O P s ex pe rt C P an d B AT ex p e rt s 10 ,0 00 10 ,0 00 10 0, 00 0 M T S T LT B i-l at er al a nd m ul ti la te ra l do no rs B i-l at er al a nd m ul ti la te ra l do no rs B i-l at er al a nd m ul ti la te ra l do no rs M oE M oE M oE 1. 1. 14 1. 1. 15 1. 1. 16 Le ad Im pl e m en te r O1.1: Strengthening the Legal Framework O bj ec tiv e (O ) H um an a nd Te ch ni ca l R es ou rc es 136 National Implementation Plan on Persistent Organic Pollutants A ct iv ity ID A ct iv iti es S up po rt in g A ge nc ie s O ut co m e Fi na nc ia l R es ou rc es (U S D ) Ti m ef ra m e (S T/ M T/ LT ) P ot en tia l S ou rc es o f Fu nd s E st ab lis h a ne w o r ad op t an e xi st in g in st itu tio na l m ec ha ni sm to en ha nc e co op er at io n an d bi la te ra l co or di na tio n am on g m in is tr ie s re la te d to c he m ic al s m a n a g e m e n t D ev el op a u ni fie d da ta ba se f or c he m ic al s m an ag em en t in in du st rie s (p ilo t pr oj ec t) to in cl ud e a lis t o f a ll op er at io n al in du st rie s, th ei r lic en si ng , pr ev io us as se ss m en ts , au di ts an d in sp ec tio ns co nd uc te d an d hi st or ic al in fo rm at io n on th ei r pr od uc tio n ra te s, p ro ce ss es a nd em is si on s. T he M oE a nd M oI d at ab as es c an b e us ed a s a st ar tin g po in t to de ve lo p a un ifi ed d at ab as e. T he l is t of in du st ria l an d cl as si fie d es ta bl is hm en ts sh ou ld b e m os t im po rt an tly d ev el op ed fo r th e fo llo w in g ca te go rie s: P ul p an d pa pe r in du st rie s Te xt ile p ro du ct io n S yn th et ic c ar pe ts p ro du ce rs a nd r e ta ile rs M et al p la te rs Le at he r re fin in g in du st rie s P la st ic s m an uf ac tu re rs C he m ic al m an uf ac tu re rs a nd re ta ile rs P ai nt , co at in g an d va rn is h pr od uc er s an d re ta ile rs P la st ic a nd r ub be r pr od uc er s an d re ta ile rs F ur ni tu re , m at tr es se s, p ill ow s an d fo am pr od uc er s an d re ta ile rs E P S /X P S /P U R pr od uc er s an d re ta ile rs M oI , M oA , M oF /C us to m s, M oP H , M oE T M oI , A LI , O M S A R E ffe ct iv e co or di na tio n m ec ha ni sm is pu t in p la ce E le ct ro ni c da ta ba se w ith se cu re d ac ce ss fo r M oE an d M oI p er so nn el to a ll in fo rm at io n ga th er ed o n in du st ria l a ct iv iti es in th e co un try is o pe ra tio na l In st itu tio na l e xp er t IT an d da ta ba se m an ag em en t ex pe rt, I nd us tri al e x pe rt an d S ur ve yo rs 10 ,0 00 45 0, 00 0 S T M T B i-l at er al o r m ul ti la te ra l do no rs B i-l at er al o r m ul ti la te ra l do no rs M oE M oE 1. 2. 1 1. 2. 2 Ta bl e 39 S tr en gt he ni ng th e in st itu tio na l f ra m ew or k (O 1. 2) Le ad Im pl e m en te r O1.2: Strengthening the Institutional Framework O bj ec tiv e (O ) H um an a nd Te ch ni ca l R es ou rc es 137STRATEGY AND ACTION PLAN ELEMENTS OF THE NATIONAL IMPLEMENTATION PLAN A ct iv ity ID A ct iv iti es S up po rt in g A ge nc ie s O ut co m e Fi na nc ia l R es ou rc es (U S D ) Ti m ef ra m e (S T/ M T/ LT ) P ot en tia l S ou rc es o f Fu nd s D ev el op u ni fie d fo rm f or e nv iro nm en ta l da ta r eq ui re m en ts f ro m in du st rie s (p ilo t pr oj ec t) a nd in te gr at e it in to n at io na l p ro ce ss es ( su ch a s E IA , A ud its , In du st ria l C er tifi ca te , I nd us tr ia l L ic en se s, E nv iro n m en ta l C om pl ia nc e C er tifi ca te , et c. ) A ss es s lo ca l a na ly tic al c ap ac ity a nd p ri or ity o f p ol lu ta nt s to b e m ea su re d ba se d on t he ir re le va nc e in t he c ou nt ry a nd bu ild c ap ac iti es o f p ub lic a nd s em i-p ub lic la bo ra to rie s to t es t fo r P O P s pa ra m et er s an d S A IC M e m er gi ng i ss ue s an d FA O /W H O p rio rit ie s an d re ce iv e in te r na tio na l a cc re di ta tio n fo r qu al ity c on tr ol / as su ra nc e fo r re la te d an al ys is S tr en gt he n th e ca pa ci tie s of c us to m s in sp ec tio n pe rs on ne l to im pr ov e th e co nt ro l an d m on ito rin g of t he i m po rt o f ba nn ed a nd m is la be le d go od s (in cl ud in g im pl em en ta tio n of a ct iv ity 1 .1 .1 ) P ro vi de t ra in in g fo r M oE a nd M oI i n sp ec tio n pe rs on ne l in i de nt ify in g in du s tr ia l p ra ct ic es t ha t ha ve t he p ot en tia l t o co nt ai n an d re le as e P O P s C he m ic al s (P C D D /P C D F, P B D E , H B C D , P F O S / P FA S a nd P C B ) an d S A IC M e m er gi ng ch em ic al is su es a nd p re pa re fa ct s he et s pe r i nd us tr ia l s ec to r s ho w in g th e pr od uc t cy cl e in cl ud in g re cy cl in g an d di sp os al M oI , A LI C N R S , M oI , M oA , M oE W C us to m s M oI U ni fie d da ta re qu ire m en ts fo rm th at c on so li da te s Le ba no n’ s in te rn a tio na l co m m itm en ts a nd en su re s co ns is te nt d at a co lle ct io n fro m in du st ria l es ta bl is hm en ts ba se d on th ei r c at eg or ie s is d e ve lo pe d La bo ra to rie s ha ve in pl ac e ca pa ci tie s ab le to te st fo r P O P s, S A IC M e m er gi ng c he m ic al pa ra m et er s an d ot he r id en tifi ed pr io rit ie s th us re ce iv ed ac cr ed ita tio n C us to m s pe rs on ne l ha s en ha nc ed co m pe te nc es i n id en tif yi ng g oo ds w ith p ot en tia l to c on ta in P O P s an d ar e co ns is te nt ly r ep or tin g su ch i n fo rm at io n Th e pr es en ce o f P O P s an d (w he re a pp ro pr ia te ) S A IC M pr io rit y ch em ic al s in lo ca lly m ad e pr od uc ts is re du ce d an d/ or el im in at ed In te rn al a t M oE E xp er t i n an al yt ic al m et ho ds Te ch ni ca l su pp or t fro m P O P s ex pe rt P O P s ex pe rt To b e de fin ed af te r th e as se ss m en t 10 ,0 00 50 ,0 00 S T M T S T S T C N R S B i-l at er al d on or s B i-l at er al o r m ul ti la te ra l do no rs B i-l at er al a nd m ul ti la te ra l do no rs M oE M oE M oE M oE 1. 2. 3 1. 2. 4 1. 2. 5 1. 2. 6 Le ad Im pl e m en te r O1.2: Strengthening the Institutional Framework O bj ec tiv e (O ) H um an a nd Te ch ni ca l R es ou rc es 138 National Implementation Plan on Persistent Organic Pollutants A ct iv ity ID A ct iv iti es S up po rt in g A ge nc ie s O ut co m e Fi na nc ia l R es ou rc es (U S D ) Ti m ef ra m e (S T/ M T/ LT ) P ot en tia l S ou rc es o f Fu nd s P ro vi de tr ai ni ng fo r M oE in sp ec tio n pe rs on ne l in i de nt ify in g in du st ria l pr ac tic es a nd w as te s/ re si du es th at h av e th e po te nt ia l to co nt ai n P O P s C he m ic al s (P B D E , H B C D , P F O S /P FA S a nd P C B ) M oE I ns pe ct io n pe rs on ne l i s ac tiv el y as se ss in g an d re po rti ng th e po te n tia l p re se nc e of P O P s P O P s ex pe rt 10 ,0 00 S T B i-l at er al a nd m ul ti la te ra l do no rs M oE 1. 2. 7 Ta bl e 39 S tr en gt he ni ng th e in st itu tio na l f ra m ew or k (O 1. 2) Le ad Im pl e m en te r O1.2: Strengthening the Institutional Framework O bj ec tiv e (O ) H um an a nd Te ch ni ca l R es ou rc es 139STRATEGY AND ACTION PLAN ELEMENTS OF THE NATIONAL IMPLEMENTATION PLAN This strategic objective targets the management of IPOPs and can be achieved through four (4) objec tives; (1) Improve control of import/trade of IPOPs; (2) Enhance knowledge and capacity of industrialists, distributors and retailers to manage POPs and consider their risks; (3) Identify and manage IPOPs stockpiles and wastes/ residues (current and future) in an environmental ly sound and integrated manner; and (4) Identify, assess and remediate potential contami nated sites including water bodies. O2.1: Improve control of import/ trade of IPOPs Improving the control of the import of IPOPs requires; (1) Elaborating on certain HS codes to better identify products potentially containing POPs; (2) Cooperate with the Customs Authority on the Global Harmonized System implementation for Lebanon; (3) Providing training and equipment for customs inspection personnel to identify imported goods and chemicals that have the potential to contain POPs; and (4) Disseminating information among relevant product importers on the presence of POPs chemicals in certain products. It also requires taking into consideration Basel Con vention definitions of low content POPs in order to effectively channel resources and maximize benefits of outcomes. O2.2: Enhance the knowledge and capacity of in dustrialists, distributors and retailers to manage POPs and consider their risks Activities in this section can be divided into two (2) types: activities for the management of POPs chem icals and activities for the control. To support this objective, it is recommended to issue regulation (in cluded in O1.1) requiring all industries that have the potential to release POPs to submit an annual report on all industrial activities including production quan tities, industrial processes, chemical inputs, waste generation and discharge rates. This is necessary for the continuous monitoring and logging of POPs emissions. This of course, should be done under an overarching framework of chemicals/emissions man agement and reporting, including POPs similarly to Pollutant Release and Transfer Register (PRTR), which the MoE is currently working on implementing. As part of the regulation for better management of POPs information, it is recommended to update the list of industries at MoI to clearly distinguish between retailers, distributors, raw material manufacturers and secondary processors in order to easily pinpoint po tential emitters. This action is recommended due to barriers faced, during the 2016 assessments phase, in identifying the manufacturers with the potential to release POPs. One of the main gaps identified during the inventory is the lack of awareness among industrialies, govern ment stakeholders and consumers on the importance of managing, producing and using POPs free prod ucts. Increasing awareness is important in order to get the population, government and the private sec tors active in the management and reduction of POPs releases. Such an awareness campaign should be conducted in the larger framework of hazardous chemicals as part of sustainable consumption and production principles and implementation. A broader approach such as education on green and sustain able chemistry is recommended and should be pro moted. O2.3: Identify and manage IPOPs stockpiles and wastes / residues (current and future) in an envi ronmentally sound and integrated manner For the identification and management of IPOPs stockpiles, recommended activities are mainly fo cused on assessing stockpiles such as end-of-life ve hicles, firefighting equipment, and EEE wastes. 3.3.1.2 Strategic Objective 2: Managing the im port and export, production, use, recycling and disposal of Industrial POPs 140 National Implementation Plan on Persistent Organic Pollutants During the 2016 assessments, those sectors were not adequately assessed given the limited access to information and lack of resources. Therefore, further elaboration should be done on the identification of the relevant appropriate management approach. In addition, actions for the identification of feasible options for the collection, recycling, treatment and disposal of these wastes were included. Whereas regarding PCBs, it was found important to develop a preliminary inventory of PCBs in open ap plications and to dispose the remaining identified PCB-containing equipment in the power sector. Fur ther training sessions with owners of PCB-containing equipment on the sound management of in-service and out-of-service equipment are also recommended. O2.4: Identify, assess and remediate potential contaminated sites including water bodies For potential contaminated sites, actions are based on finding from the 2016 inventory and mainly involve conducting surveys and sampling of sites near the existing industries, the previous industrial sites and fire incidents locations in order to assess the need for remediation and implement remediation plans. Activities can be organized as follows: Build the capacities on the identification and man agement of POPs contaminated sites; Prioritize the POPs contaminated sites based on risk assessment analysis; Identify the appropriate and most cost-effective methods to secure and remediate the contaminat ed sites with the highest risk ranking; Restrict access, if needed, the POPs contaminat ed sites awaiting for remediation; Raise awareness on the potential risks generated by POPs contaminated sites; Secure and perform remediation and appropriate monitoring of the POPs contaminated sites. 141STRATEGY AND ACTION PLAN ELEMENTS OF THE NATIONAL IMPLEMENTATION PLAN A ct iv ity ID A ct iv iti es S up po rt in g A ge nc ie s O ut co m e Fi na nc ia l R es ou rc es (U S D ) Ti m ef ra m e (S T/ M T/ LT ) P ot en tia l S ou rc es o f Fu nd s C oo pe ra te w ith t he C us to m s A ut ho rit y on t he G lo ba l H ar m on iz ed S ys te m i m pl em en ta tio n fo r Le ba no n G en er at e su b se ct io ns f or n at io na l H S co de s to d is tin gu is h pr od uc ts b as ed o n ch em ic al c on st itu en ts ( as se ss t he u se of C A S n um be rs a t c us to m s le ve l). T hi s sh ou ld b e do ne f or t he f ol lo w in g: Le at he r, te xt ile , sy nt he tic ca rp et , pa in t pr od uc ts t ha t ha ve r ec ei ve d ap pl ic at io ns f or fi re r es is ta nc e, w a te r re pe lle nc y an d st ai n re si st an ce E xp an da bl e fo am s ba se d on th e ex is te nc e of a fl am e re ta rd an t ag en t U se d E E E t o be d is tin gu is he d fr om re fu rb is he d an d ne w E E E S cr ap c ar s to b e di st in gu is he d fr om ne w ca rs P ro vi de t ra in in g fo r cu st om s in sp ec tio n pe rs on ne l on ne w bu re au cr at ic pr o ce du re s to b e re qu ire d in a d ec is io n is su ed b y M oE a nd o n id en tif yi ng i m po rt ed g oo ds a nd c he m ic al s th at h av e th e po te nt ia l t o co nt ai n P O P s C he m ic al s (P B D E , H B C D , P F O S /P FA S a nd P C B ) (r ef . ac tiv iti es 1 .1 .1 , 1. 2. 5 an d 2. 1. 2) P ro vi de tr ai ni ng an d gu id el in es fo r th e co ns um er s af et y in sp ec tio n un it at th e M oE T on i de nt ify in g di st rib ut or s of P O P s co nt ai ni ng p ro du ct s an d ra w m a te ria ls a nd d ev el op a r ep or tin g m ec ha ni sm to th e M oE fo r s us pe ct ed v io la tio ns C us to m s C us to m s C us to m s M oE T G H S s uc ce ss fu lly im pl e m en te d H S c od es o r C A S n um be r ap pr oa ch f or d is tin gu is hi ng p ro du ct s ba se d on c he m ic al c on st itu en ts ar e im pl em en te d al lo w in g to e nh an ce c on tro l o f en try o f P O P s co nt ai n in g pr od uc ts C us to m s pe rs on ne l be co m e co m pe te nt in id en tif yi ng g oo ds w ith p ot en tia l t o co nt ai n P O P s an d co ns is te nt ly re po rti ng su ch i nf or m at io n M oE T co ns um er s af et y in sp ec tio n un it kn ow l ed ge ab le in id en tif yi ng P O P s co nt ai ni ng pr od uc t an d co ns is te nt ly r e po rti ng vi ol at io ns In te rn al In te rn al M oE s ta ff M oE s ta ff S T S T S T M T M oE M oE M oE M oE 2. 1. 1 2. 1. 2 2. 1. 3 2. 1. 4 Ta bl e 40 Im pr ov e co nt ro l o f i m po rt / t ra de o f I P O P s (O 2. 1) Le ad Im pl e m en te r O2.1: Improve control of import/ trade of IPOPs O bj ec tiv e (O ) H um an a nd Te ch ni ca l R es ou rc es 142 National Implementation Plan on Persistent Organic Pollutants A ct iv ity ID A ct iv iti es S up po rt in g A ge nc ie s O ut co m e Fi na nc ia l R es ou rc es (U S D ) Ti m ef ra m e (S T/ M T/ LT ) P ot en tia l S ou rc es o f Fu nd s Id en tif y an d se cu re s ca nn in g eq ui pm en t (s uc h as W D X R F m ac hi ne s or e qu iv a le nt ) an d pr ov id e tr ai ni ng f or p er so nn el on e qu ip m en t us ag e to t es t m at er ia ls fo r th e pr es en ce o f he av y m et al s an d ch em ic al s su ch a s br om in at ed a nd fl u or in at ed P O P s an d S A IC M em er gi ng ch em ic al s In fo rm at io n di ss em in at io n am on g re le va nt p ro du ct im po rt er s on t he p re se nc e of P O P s ch em ic al s in c er ta in p ro du ct s, th e im pa ct o f su ch p ro du ct o n he al th an d en vi ro nm en t an d in fo rm at io n on w ha t pr od uc ts c an b e im po rt ed a s an al te rn at iv e E st ab lis h re st ric tio ns f or t he i m po rt o f do na te d ut ili ty ve hi cl es m an uf ac tu re d be fo re 20 04 C us to m s C us to m s, M oP H , M oI , M oA C us to m s S cr ee ni ng to ol s m ad e av ai la bl e at M oE an d C u st o m s P ro du ct im po rte rs ar e m or e kn ow le dg ea bl e an d aw ar e ab ou t th e ch em ic al co ns tit ue nt of pr od uc ts a nd t he ir ris ks D on at ed u til ity v eh ic le s ar e as se ss ed f or P B D E M oE a nd C us to m s st af f P O P s ex pe rt M oE s ta ff 10 0, 00 0 fo r 4 m ac hi ne s 30 ,0 00 M T S T S T B i-l at er al d on or s B i-l at er al d on or s M oE M oE M oE 2. 1. 5 2. 1. 6 2. 1. 7 Ta bl e 40 Im pr ov e co nt ro l o f i m po rt / t ra de o f I P O P s (O 2. 1) Le ad Im pl e m en te r O2.1: Improve control of import/ trade of IPOPs O bj ec tiv e (O ) H um an a nd Te ch ni ca l R es ou rc es 143STRATEGY AND ACTION PLAN ELEMENTS OF THE NATIONAL IMPLEMENTATION PLAN A ct iv ity ID A ct iv iti es S up po rt in g A ge nc ie s O ut co m e Fi na nc ia l R es ou rc es (U S D ) Ti m ef ra m e (S T/ M T/ LT ) P ot en tia l S ou rc es o f Fu nd s Ta bl e 41 E nh an ce th e kn ow le dg e an d ca pa ci ty o f i nd us tr ia lis ts , d is tr ib ut or s an d re ta ile rs to m an ag e P O P s an d co ns id er th ei r ri sk s (O 2. 2) Le ad Im pl e m en te r H um an a nd Te ch ni ca l R es ou rc es U pd at e th e lis t of i nd us tr ie s in c ol la b or at io n w ith M oI t o cl ea rly d is tin gu is h be tw ee n re ta ile rs , di st rib ut or s, r aw m a te ria l m an uf ac tu re rs a nd s ec on da ry p ro ce ss or s C on du ct t ra in in g se ss io ns a nd a w ar e ne ss ra is in g ac tiv iti es fo r in du st rie s (t ex til e, p ai nt s, r ub be r, fu rn itu re , l ea th er , pa pe r an d pa ck ag in g) o n ch oo si ng a p pr op ria te c he m ic al s fo r m an uf ac tu rin g in cl ud in g th os e th at a re f re e of P O P s ch em ic al s (f ol lo w in g ac tiv ity 1 .1 .1 3) R ai se a w ar en es s an d pr ov id e tr ai ni ng fo r en vi ro nm en ta l au di tin g an d as se ss m en t co ns ul ta nc ie s on h ow t o id en tif y th e us e of P O P s ch em ic al s an d w ha t ar e ap pr op ria te c he m ic al s to b e us ed a s an a lte rn at iv e R ai se a w ar en es s am on g co ns um er s on th e pr es en ce o f h az ar do us c he m ic al s in pr od uc ts in cl ud in g P O P s R ai se aw ar en es s am on g go ve rn m en t st ak eh ol de rs o n th e im po rt an ce o f t ac k lin g th e us e of P O P s co nt ai ni ng c he m ic al s in i nd us tr ie s an d ho w t o su pp or t in du st ry in m ov in g to w ar ds a P O P s fr ee pr od uc tio n M oI , S yn di ca te s, A LI M oI , S yn di ca te s, A LI M oP H , M oE T M oI , M oP H , M oA , M oI M , M o F C om pr eh en si ve lis t of in du st rie s th at cl ea rly se gr eg at es es ta bl is h m en ts f ro m t he d iff er en t pa rts o f th e va lu e ch ai n is co m pi le d P ro du ce rs ar e m or e kn ow le dg ea bl e an d aw ar e of th e ch em ic al in pu ts a nd a va ila bl e al te rn at iv es (a lte rn at iv e as se ss m en t an d gr ee n/ su st ai na bl e ch em is try ) E A su bm itt ed t o M oE t o co nt ai n in fo rm at io n on th e us e of P O P s an d al te rn at iv es re co m m en d e d R ed uc ed de m an d fo r pr od uc ts co nt ai ni ng P O P s is ac hi ev ed In cr ea se i n P O P s re la t ed pr oj ec ts an d in iti a tiv es is ac hi ev ed E xp er t P O P s e xp er t P O P s ex pe rt P O P s ex pe rt an d co m m un ic at io ns e xp e rt P O P s ex pe rt an d co m m un ic at io ns e xp e rt 10 ,0 00 25 ,0 00 10 ,0 00 50 ,0 00 in cl ud ed in 2 .2 .4 S T S T S T M T M T B i-l at er al a nd m ul ti la te ra l do no rs B i-l at er al a nd m ul ti la te ra l do no rs B i-l at er al a nd m ul ti la te ra l do no rs B i-l at er al a nd m ul ti la te ra l do no rs B i-l at er al a nd m ul ti la te ra l do no rs M oE M oE M oE M oE M oE 2. 2. 1 2. 2. 2 2. 2. 3 2. 2. 4 2. 2. 5 O2.2: Enhance the knowledge and capacity of industrialists, distributors and retailers to manage POPs and consider their risks O bj ec tiv e (O ) 144 National Implementation Plan on Persistent Organic Pollutants A ct iv ity ID A ct iv iti es S up po rt in g A ge nc ie s O ut co m e Fi na nc ia l R es ou rc es (U S D ) Ti m ef ra m e (S T/ M T/ LT ) P ot en tia l S ou rc es o f Fu nd s Ta bl e 41 E nh an ce th e kn ow le dg e an d ca pa ci ty o f i nd us tr ia lis ts , d is tr ib ut or s an d re ta ile rs to m an ag e P O P s an d co ns id er th ei r ri sk s (O 2. 2) Le ad Im pl e m en te r H um an a nd Te ch ni ca l R es ou rc es S ur ve y an d sa m pl e co nc er ne d in du s tr ie s fo r th e: (1 ) pr es en ce of P F O S /P FA S (p ai nt s, pa pe r, le at he r, sy nt he tic ca rp et , m et al p la tin g, r ub be r an d te xt ile i n du st rie s) i n ou tp ut p ro du ct s an d in m an uf ac tu rin g si te , (2 ) pr es en ce o f H B C D ( E P S /X P S /P U R an d Te xt ile , e sp ec ia lly fo r in du st rie s th at u se r ec yc le d m at er ia ls ); a nd (3 ) pr es en ce o f P B D E ( fu rn itu re m an u fa ct ur er s, f oa m m at tr es se s, t ex til es an d ru bb er , es pe ci al ly im po rt an t fo r in du st rie s th at u se r ec yc le d m at er i al s) M oI B et te r un de rs ta nd in g of t he e xt en t of u se o f P FO S /P FA S , H B C D , an d P B D E co nt ai ni ng p ro d u ct s P O P s ex pe rt an d L a b o ra to ri e s 30 0, 00 0 M T B i-l at er al a nd m ul ti la te ra l do no rs M oE 2. 2. 6 O2.2: Enhance the knowledge and capacity of industrialists, distributors and retailers to man age POPs and consider their risks O bj ec tiv e (O ) D ev el op in d ep th p re lim in ar y in ve nt or y of P C B s in o pe n ap pl ic at io ns D is po sa l of re m ai ni ng id en tifi ed P C B co nt ai ni ng e qu ip m en t in p ow er s ec to r M oI , M oP W T, M oE H E , M oC M oE W , E D L, in du st rie s In ve nt or y of P C B s in op en ap pl ic at io ns P C B s co nt ai ni ng e qu ip m en t ex po rt ed an d pr op er ly di sp os ed Te ch ni ca l P C B c on su lta nt Te ch ni ca l P C B c on su lta nt 25 0, 00 0 2, 00 0, 00 0 M T M T B i-l at er al a nd m ul ti la te ra l do no rs B i-l at er al a nd m ul ti la te ra l do no rs M oE M oE 2. 3. 5 145STRATEGY AND ACTION PLAN ELEMENTS OF THE NATIONAL IMPLEMENTATION PLAN A ct iv ity ID A ct iv iti es S up po rt in g A ge nc ie s O ut co m e Fi na nc ia l R es ou rc es (U S D ) Ti m ef ra m e (S T/ M T/ LT ) P ot en tia l S ou rc es o f Fu nd s Ta bl e 42 Id en tif y an d m an ag e IP O P s st oc kp ile s an d w as te s/ r es id ue s (c ur re nt a nd fu tu re ) i n an e nv ir on m en ta lly s ou nd a nd in te gr at ed m an ne r (O 2. 3) Le ad Im pl e m en te r H um an a nd Te ch ni ca l R es ou rc es A ss es s st oc kp ile s of fi re fig ht in g eq ui p m en t a nd fo am s an d th ei r P O P s co nt en t at t he C iv il de fe ns e, F ire d ep ar tm en t an d na tio na l a rm y or a ny o th er id en tifi ed in st itu tio ns D ev el op N at io na l E E E In ve nt or y th at (1 ) as se ss t he t yp es a nd q ua nt iti es o f E E E (E le ct ric al an d E le ct ro ni c E qu ip m en t) w as te ge ne ra te d, re co ve re d an d di s po se d of , ( 2) a ss es s th e re st ric te d fla m e re ta rd an ts p re se nt i n E E E p la st ic a nd re la te d re cy cl in g an d (3 ) id en tif y fe as i bl e op tio ns f or t he c ol le ct io n, r ec yc lin g, tr ea tm en t a nd d is po sa l o f E E E w as te (t o en co m pa ss a ll ot he r ha za rd ou s ch em ic al s in cl ud in g P O P s in t he ir lif e cy cl e (S A IC M ) an d to r ec ov er r es ou rc es ) A ss es s th e pr es en ce o f P O P s an d ot he r po llu ta nt s in e nd o f l ife v eh ic le s th ro ug h te st in g an d sa m pl in g ex is tin g de co m m is si on ed s to ck s Fi re d ep ar t m en t, ci vi l de fe ns e, n a tio na l a rm y M oI , i m po rte rs an d sy nd ic at es M oP W T C om pr eh en si ve in ve nt o ry o f ex is tin g fir efi gh tin g eq ui pm en t st oc kp ile s is ca rr ie d ou t N at io na l E E E in ve n to ry i s ca rr ie d ou t an d ef fe ct iv e m an ag em en t sc he m e of E E E w as te s is de ve lo pe d B et te r un de rs ta nd in g of pr es en ce o f P B D E M oE s ta ff E xt er na l su rv ey or s, E E E e xp er t La bo ra to ry a na ly si s 15 0, 00 0 50 ,0 00 S T M T LT B i-l at er al a nd m ul ti la te ra l do no rs B i-l at er al a nd m ul ti la te ra l do no rs M oE M oE M oE 2. 3. 1 2. 3. 2 2. 3. 3 2. 3. 4 O2.3: Identify and manage IPOPs stockpiles and wastes/ residues (current and future) in an environmentally sound and integrated manner O bj ec tiv e (O ) 146 National Implementation Plan on Persistent Organic Pollutants A ct iv ity ID A ct iv iti es S up po rt in g A ge nc ie s O ut co m e Fi na nc ia l R es ou rc es (U S D ) Ti m ef ra m e (S T/ M T/ LT ) P ot en tia l S ou rc es o f Fu nd s Ta bl e 42 Id en tif y an d m an ag e IP O P s st oc kp ile s an d w as te s/ r es id ue s (c ur re nt a nd fu tu re ) i n an e nv ir on m en ta lly s ou nd a nd in te gr at ed m an ne r (O 2. 3) Le ad Im pl e m en te r H um an a nd Te ch ni ca l R es ou rc es C ar ry in g ou t fu rt he r tr ai ni ng se ss io ns w ith P C B e qu ip m en t ow ne rs o n so un d m an ag em en t of i n se rv ic e an d ou t of se rv ic e P C B e qu ip m en t R ai se a w ar en es s an d pr ov id e tr ai ni ng fo r w as te m an ag em en t co m pa ni es o n th e id en tifi ca tio n of w as te th at ha ve th e po te nt ia l to c on ta in P O P s an d ot h er h az ar do us c he m ic al s an d th e pr op er ha nd lin g of t he se m at er ia ls M oE W , E D L M oI M Tr ai ni ng se ss io ns fo r ow ne rs o f P C B s eq ui p m en t ar e ca rr ie d ou t W as te m an ag em en t fa ci lit ie s ef fe ct iv el y se gr eg at in g ha za rd ou s ch em ic al s fr om w as te st re a m Te ch ni ca l P C B c on su lta nt W as te m an ag e m en t ex pe rt 50 ,0 00 25 ,0 00 S T S T B i-l at er al a nd m ul ti la te ra l do no rs B i-l at er al a nd m ul ti la te ra l do no rs M oE M oE 2. 3. 6 2. 3. 7 O bj ec tiv e (O ) O2.3: Identify and manage IPOPs stockpiles and wastes/ residues (current and future) in an envi ronmentally sound and integrated manner 147STRATEGY AND ACTION PLAN ELEMENTS OF THE NATIONAL IMPLEMENTATION PLAN A ct iv ity ID A ct iv iti es S up po rt in g A ge nc ie s O ut co m e Fi na nc ia l R es ou rc es (U S D ) Ti m ef ra m e (S T/ M T/ LT ) P ot en tia l S ou rc es o f Fu nd s Ta bl e 43 Id en tif y, a ss es s an d re m ed ia te p ot en tia l c on ta m in at ed s ite s in cl ud in g w at er b od ie s (O 2. 4) Le ad Im pl e m en te r H um an a nd Te ch ni ca l R es ou rc es C on du ct n at io na l su rv ey o n po te nt ia lly P O P s co nt am in at ed s ite s an d sa m pl in g, ta ki ng in to c on si de ra tio n al l t he e xi st in g in du st rie s an d fir e in ci de nt s lo ca tio ns fo r th e fo llo w in g ty pe s of in du st rie s: M et al In du st rie s P C B u se , s to ra ge a nd d is po sa l P ul p an d pa pe r in du st rie s Te xt ile p ro du ct io n S yn th et ic c ar pe ts p ro du ce rs M et al p la te rs Le at he r pr od uc tio n an d re fin in g in d u st ri e s W oo d tr ea tm en t s ite s P la st ic s an d ru bb er m an uf ac tu re rs C he m ic al m an uf ac tu re rs a nd r et ai l e rs P ai nt , co at in g an d va rn is h pr od uc er s an d re ta ile rs F ire fig ht in g fo am u se F ur ni tu re , m at tr es se s, p ill ow s, a nd fo am pr od uc er s E P S /X P S /P U R p ro du ce rs In ci ne ra to rs M oI , C iv il D e fe ns e, F ire d e pa rt m en ts Id en tifi ca tio n of co n ta m in at ed si te s of P O P s an d ot he r po l lu ta nt s re la te d to th e re sp ec tiv e in du st rie s is ca rr ie d ou t S ur ve yo rs La bo ra to rie s 25 0, 00 0 LT B i-l at er al a nd m ul ti la te ra l do no rs M oE 2 .4 .1 O bj ec tiv e (O ) O2.4: Identify, assess and remediate potential contaminated sites including water bodies 148 Strategic Objective 3 aims at controlling and gradu ally reducing unintentionally released POPs through the implementation of three (3) main objectives: (1) Controlling and gradually reducing unintentionally released POPs, (2) Identify and manage UPOPs wastes/residues (current and future) in an environmentally sound and integrated manner, and (3) Identify, assess and remediate potential contam inated sites. O3.1: Controlling and gradually reducing uninten tionally released POPs The control and reduction of unintentionally released POPs cover many sectors, thus actions had been de veloped to; • Require the enforcement of existing regulation for the proper treatment of waste, • Set environmental conditions and ELVs, • Develop databases for different sectors, • Support relevant industries in adopting BEP/BAT, and • Conduct surveys, assessments and sampling of sectors that needed further investigation based on the 2016 POPs inventory results. One of the main recommended actions is to require all industries that have the potential to release or use POPs to submit an annual report on all industri al activities including production quantities, industrial processes, chemical inputs, waste generation and discharge rates (refer to possible PRTR mentioned under O2.2). This is crucial for the close monitoring of POPs emissions and it is to be accompanied by a database to easily store and retrieve information. While most actions are aimed to address general POPs issues, some are aimed to address specific management deficiencies such as the need for an im proved database for transport sector including infor mation on current vehicles on the road, their country of origin and of manufacturing and ensure differenti ation between trucks, buses and mini-buses. This is necessary for the calculation of POPs emissions from vehicles. O3.2: Identify and manage UPOPs wastes/resi dues (current and future) in an environmentally sound and integrated manner Three priority activities had been identified for this objective: • Establish a comprehensive national inventory of all types of fire events including those in vehicles, houses, industrial buildings, warehouses, show rooms, forest fires, grassland fires, and agricultur al fires. The Database should include information on the size of the fire, the chemical used / foam type to extinguish it and the type and amount of materials burned; • Assess the presence of POPs in sediments at river outlets especially near industries and in the ports and develop inventory of sediment dredging operations including the quantity of material re moved and their disposal location and determine need for remediation; and • Map out vulnerable segments of the population that are susceptible to open burning of waste (ex. schools, hospitals, etc.) to determine priority ar eas of intervention. O3.3: Identify, assess and remediate potential contaminated sites Actions under this objective involve the development of a database for contaminated sites from concerned industries such as ferrous and mineral production to determine need for remediation. In addition, actions recommend the sampling of water bodies and soil near contaminated sites and contamination sources for the presence of PCDD/PCDF and other uninten tional POPs and determine need for remediation. 3.3.1.3 Strategic Objective 3: Controlling and grad ually reducing unintentionally released POPs National Implementation Plan on Persistent Organic Pollutants 149 A ct iv ity ID A ct iv iti es S up po rt in g A ge nc ie s O ut co m e Fi na nc ia l R es ou rc es (U S D ) Ti m ef ra m e (S T/ M T/ LT ) P ot en tia l S ou rc es o f Fu nd s Ta bl e 44 C on tr ol lin g an d gr ad ua lly r ed uc in g un in te nt io na lly r el ea se d P O P s (O 3. 1) Le ad Im pl e m en te r H um an a nd Te ch ni ca l R es ou rc es D ev el op a d at ab as e fo r tr an sp or t s ec to r in cl ud in g in fo rm at io n on c ur re nt v eh ic le s on t he r oa d, t he ir co un tr y of o rig in a nd of m an uf ac tu rin g. E ns ur e di ffe re nt ia tio n be tw ee n tr uc ks , bu se s an d m in i-b us es C on du ct in d ep th a ss es sm en t o f l ea th er an d te xt ile a nd o th er m an uf ac tu rin g se c to r t o id en tif y th e us e of U P O P s co nt ai n in g ch em ic al s (e .g . P C P, C hl or an il an d ot he r h az ar do us c he m ic al s) a nd s up po rt co nc er ne d in du st ria ls in s hi fti ng to w ar ds P O P s fr ee a nd lo w P O P s al te rn at iv es C on du ct su rv ey of th e na tio na l co n su m pt io n of b io m as s fo r do m es tic h ea t in g an d co ok in g M oE , C us to m s M oI , A LI , S yn di ca te s M oA , M oE W C om pr eh en si ve da ta ba se f or t ra ns po rt s ec to r th at is c om pi le d in to an a nn ua l re po rt i s de ve lo pe d Id en tifi ca tio n of al l le at he r an d te xt ile m an uf ac tu re rs us in g P C P an d ot he r ha z ar do us ch em ic al s an d pr om ot in g th e us e of a lt e rn a ti ve s N at io na l co ns um pt io n of b io m as s fo r d om es tic he at in g an d co ok in g is kn ow n D at ab as e ex pe rt C he m ic al en gi ne er s/ In du st ria l en g in e e rs S ur ve yo rs 30 ,0 00 25 ,0 00 10 0, 00 0 M T M T M T B i-l at er al a nd m ul ti la te ra l do no rs B i-l at er al a nd m ul ti la te ra l do no rs B i-l at er al a nd m ul ti la te ra l do no rs M oP W T M oE M oE 3. 1. 1 3. 1. 2 3. 1. 3 O bj ec tiv e (O ) O3.1: Controlling and gradually reducing unintentionally released POPs STRATEGY AND ACTION PLAN ELEMENTS OF THE NATIONAL IMPLEMENTATION PLAN 150 A ct iv ity ID A ct iv iti es S up po rt in g A ge nc ie s O ut co m e Fi na nc ia l R es ou rc es (U S D ) Ti m ef ra m e (S T/ M T/ LT ) P ot en tia l S ou rc es o f Fu nd s Ta bl e 45 Id en tif y an d m an ag e U P O P s w as te s/ re si du es (c ur re nt a nd fu tu re ) i n an e nv ir on m en ta lly s ou nd a nd in te gr at ed m an ne r (O 3. 2) Le ad Im pl e m en te r H um an a nd Te ch ni ca l R es ou rc es E st ab lis h a co m pr eh en si ve n at io na l in ve nt or y of a ll ty pe s of fi re e ve nt s in cl ud in g th os e in v eh ic le s, h ou se s, in du st ria l bu ild in gs , w ar eh ou se s, sh ow ro om s, fo re st fi re s, g ra ss la nd fi re s, a nd a gr ic ul tu ra l fi re s. T he D at ab as e sh ou ld in cl ud e in fo rm at io n on t he s iz e of t he fi re , th e ch em ic al u se d to e xt in gu is h it an d th e ty pe a nd a m ou nt o f m at er ia ls b ur ne d A ss es s th e pr es en ce o f P O P s in s ed i m en ts a t riv er o ut le ts e sp ec ia lly n ea r in du st rie s an d in t he p or ts a nd d ev el op in ve nt or y of s ed im en t dr ed gi ng o pe ra tio ns i nc lu di ng t he q ua nt ity o f m at er ia l re m ov ed a nd th ei r di sp os al lo ca tio n an d de te rm in e ne ed f or r em ed ia tio n M ap ou t vu ln er ab le se gm en ts of th e po pu la tio n th at a re s us ce pt ib le t o op en bu rn in g of w as te (e x. s ch oo ls , h os pi ta ls , et c. ) to d et er m in e pr io rit y ar ea s of in te r ve nt io n M oE , A FD C , C iv il D ef en se , Fi re de pa rt m e n ts M oP W T, M oI M , M oE W , N C R S M oP H , M oS A , M oE H E C om pr eh en si ve da ta ba se th at is co m pi le d in to a n an nu al r ep or t E xt en t o f s ed im en ts c on ta m in at io n w ith P O P s at r iv er o ut le ts is de te r m in ed P rio rit y ar ea s fo r in te r ve nt io n ar e id en tifi ed S ur ve yo rs S ur ve yo rs G IS e xp er t 25 ,0 00 20 0, 00 0 50 ,0 00 S T M T S T B i-l at er al a nd m ul ti la te ra l do no rs B i-l at er al a nd m ul ti la te ra l do no rs B i-l at er al a nd m ul ti la te ra l do no rs M oI M M oE M oE 3. 2. 1 3. 2. 2 3. 2. 3 O bj ec tiv e (O ) O3.2: Identify and manage UPOPs wastes/residues (current and future) in an environmentally sound and integrated manner National Implementation Plan on Persistent Organic Pollutants 151 A ct iv ity ID A ct iv iti es S up po rt in g A ge nc ie s O ut co m e Fi na nc ia l R es ou rc es (U S D ) Ti m ef ra m e (S T/ M T/ LT ) P ot en tia l S ou rc es o f Fu nd s Ta bl e 46 Id en tif y, a ss es s an d re m ed ia te p ot en tia l c on ta m in at ed s ite s (O 3. 3 ) Le ad Im pl e m en te r H um an a nd Te ch ni ca l R es ou rc es D ev el op a n e pl at fo rm fo r th e ex ch an ge of da ta an d in fo rm at io n on U P O P s co nt am in at ed si te s, th ei r pr es en ce in th e co un tr y, t he ir ge og ra ph ic al d is tr ib u tio n, a nd t he ir m an ag em en t. D at ab as e sh ou ld in cl ud e co nt am in at ed s ite s fr om th e in du st rie s lis te d be lo w t o de te rm in e ne ed fo r re m ed ia tio n. P ot en tia l c on ta m in at ed s ite s to in cl ud e pr ev io us p ro du c tio n si te s an d w as te d is po sa l l oc at io ns . F er ro us a nd N on F er ro us in du st rie s C er am ic , B ric k, G la ss , A sp ha lt M ix in g P ul p an d pa pe r, Le at he r, te xt ile C on du ct s am pl in g an d te st in g of : (1 ) s oi l n ea r la nd e m itt in g P C D D /P C D F ge ne ra tin g in du st rie s an d m un ic ip al co m po st a pp lic at io n si te s, a nd (2 ) w at er bo di es ne ar co nt am in at ed si te s an d co nt am in at io n so ur ce s fo r th e pr es en ce o f P C D D /P C D F a nd ot he r un in te nt io na l P O P s, a nd d e te rm in e ne ed f or r em ed ia tio n M oI , A LI , M oP H , M oA , S yn di ca te s, M oI M M oA , M oI D at ab as e fo r na tio na l U P O P s w as te g en er a tio n an d m an ag em en t pr ac tic es es ta bl is he d an d co nt am in at ed s ite s ar e id en tifi ed a lo ng w ith th ei r ne ed f or r em ed ia tio n C on ta m in at ed s ite s ar e id en tifi ed a nd n ee d fo r re m ed ia tio n is de te r m in e d IT ex pe rt, w as te m an ag em en t ex pe rt, s ur ve yo rs a nd re m ed ia tio n ex pe rt S ur ve yo rs an d re m ed ia tio n ex pe rt 30 0, 00 0 30 0, 00 0 M T LT B i-l at er al a nd m ul ti la te ra l do no rs B i-l at er al a nd m ul ti la te ra l do no rs M oE M oE 3. 3. 1 3. 3. 2 O bj ec tiv e (O ) O3.3: Identify, assess and remediate potential contaminated sites STRATEGY AND ACTION PLAN ELEMENTS OF THE NATIONAL IMPLEMENTATION PLAN 152 This strategic objective aims at ensuring the country remains free of POPs pesticides. This is achieved through four (4) main objectives: (1) Encourage the use of alternatives to POPs pesti cides while promoting best practices and reducing demand for potential smuggling of POPs pesti cides; (2) Strengthen the capacity of public institutions in the management of POPs pesticides; (3) Identify and manage POPs pesticides stockpiles and wastes (current and future) in an environmen tally sound and integrated manner; and (4) Identify, assess and remediate potential contami nated sites including water bodies. O4.1: Encourage the use of alternatives to POPs pesticides while promoting best practices and re ducing demand for potential smuggling of POPs pesticides Activities in this section are mainly focused on con ducting assessments including sampling and test ing, identification of alternatives and promoting bet ter agricultural practices. This should be done under the framework of hazardous pesticides and not only POPs pesticides, as per FAO initiatives. In order to improve the control of POPs pesticides, an action is proposed for the enhancement of the in spection of pesticide outlets and distribution retailers with respect to labeling requirements, expiry dates and related standards. This should also be accompanied by a detailed as sessment including sampling and testing on crops, and products to establish the extent of use of POPs pesticides in Lebanon. These recommendations are based on observations made during the 2016 POPs Pesticides assessment. Cost-benefit analysis for alternatives to POPs pesti cides (and possibly highly hazardous pesticides) is important to justify incentives for such alternatives to make them more affordable to farmers. This action is important to ensure that recommendations for alter natives are economically viable for farmers and can effectively be supplied. In order to encourage farmers and suppliers to choose alternatives, a recommendation was made to develop and implement a nation-wide awareness program (with focus on Akkar and Bekaa) on the im pacts of pesticides and their alternatives (including POPs pesticides); targeting the entire supply chain from distributors to users. O4.2: Strengthen the capacity of public institu tions in the management of POPs pesticides Actions mainly cover strengthening the capacity of MoA personnel in different departments to maintain and ensure the necessary competence in managing pesticides (including POPs pesticides). One action is for increasing the capacity of all the regional staff of the MoA as well as custom officers regarding POPs pesticides, which will allow for better management of POPs containing goods and an in crease in awareness among farmers on the impacts of POPs. While raising awareness and providing training, build ing the capacities of the laboratories to be both ac credited and able to analyze wider range of POPs pesticides is crucial. In parallel to assessing and analyzing stockpiles, it is recommended to strength capacity of MoA to be able to implement the FAO’s Pesticides Stockpiles Man agement System (PSMS) database; this recommen dation is based on findings of the 2016 POPs assess ment and feedback from MoA representatives stating the lack of a database as a major monitoring gap. O4.3: Identify and manage POPs pesticides stock piles and wastes (current and future) in an envi ronmentally sound and integrated manner This objective includes actions for conducting sur veys, assessments and for developing guidelines and necessary infrastructure to manage POPs Pesticides stockpiles. 3.3.1.4 Strategic Objective 4: Managing the im port, trade, use, and disposal of POPs pesticides National Implementation Plan on Persistent Organic Pollutants 153 Accordingly, there is the need to update the national survey for stockpiles of Pesticides (including POPs Pesticides) in Lebanon as a prerequisite database for planning an appropriate environmentally sound de struction of those identified stockpiles at the customs facilities and elsewhere. This activity is a response for a need to ensure a proper disposal of the pilling up stockpiles of pesticides nationally. Actions also include an assessment of the feasibility of establishing a collection system of obsolete and illegal pesticides (including POPs) and the assess ment of modes of implementation. This will also re quire an infrastructural improvement that should be assessed. It is recommended also to assess the viability of treat ment/disposal options of used empty containers in Lebanon. Last but not least, and in order to ensure the proper disposal of POPs pesticide wastes, it is recommended to develop and disseminate environ mental guidelines for the safe disposal of pesticides (including POPs) wastes and management of stock piles, preferably in the framework of highly hazardous pesticides to add further value to the initiative. O4.4: Identify, assess and remediate potential contaminated sites including water bodies The actions under this objective include conducting a nationwide survey focusing on potential hotspots to assess the existence and level of contamination with POPs pesticides including sampling and analysis of soil and groundwater at hotspot areas. If contamina tion is identified based on the assessment, remedia tion of these sites would be then required. Technical guidelines for the remediation of POPs pesticides identified contaminated areas are recommended to be developed. STRATEGY AND ACTION PLAN ELEMENTS OF THE NATIONAL IMPLEMENTATION PLAN 154 A ct iv ity ID A ct iv iti es S up po rt in g A ge nc ie s O ut co m e Fi na nc ia l R es ou rc es (U S D ) Ti m ef ra m e (S T/ M T/ LT ) P ot en tia l S ou rc es o f Fu nd s Ta bl e 47 E nc ou ra ge t he u se o f al te rn at iv es t o P O P s pe st ic id es w hi le p ro m ot in g be st p ra ct ic es a nd r ed uc in g de m an d fo r po te nt ia l s m ug gl in g of P O P s pe st ic id es ( O 4. 1) Le ad Im pl e m en te r H um an a nd Te ch ni ca l R es ou rc es E nh an ce in sp ec tio n of p es tic id es o ut le ts an d di st rib ut io n re ta ile rs w ith r es pe ct t o la be lin g re qu ire m en ts , ex pi ry d at es a nd re la te d st an da rd s C on du ct d et ai le d as se ss m en ts i nc lu d in g sa m pl in g an d te st in g in c ro ps a nd pr od uc ts , to e st ab lis h th e ex te nt o f us e of P O P s pe st ic id es th at a re n ot o ffi ci al ly us ed i n Le ba no n E st ab lis h a m ec ha ni sm t o en co ur ag e th e us e of a lte rn at iv es i n th e co un tr y ba se d on t he r es ul ts o f th e C B A D ev el op a nd i m pl em en t a na tio n w id e aw ar en es s pr og ra m ( w ith f oc us o n A k ka r an d B ek aa ) on th e im pa ct s of P O P s pe st ic id es a nd o th er h ig hl y ha za rd ou s pe st ic id es a nd t he a lte rn at iv es t o pe s tic id es av ai la bl e (t ar ge tin g th e en tir e su pp ly c ha in f ro m d is tr ib ut or s to u se rs (f ar m er s) ) P ro m ot e an d en ha nc e th e go od a gr ic ul tu ra l pr ac tic es s uc h as o rg an ic f ar m in g an d In te gr at ed P es t M an ag em en t ( IP M ) C on du ct c os t be ne fit a na ly si s fo r al te r na tiv es t o P O P s pe st ic id es a nd h ig hl y ha za rd ou s pe st ic id es M oE T, M oI M M oE M oE , M oF M oE M oE B et te r co nt ro l of th e pe st ic id es m ar ke t is a c h ie v e d U nd er st an di ng of th e po te nt ia l us e of P O P s P es tic id es i s im pr ov ed M ec ha ni sm s to e nc ou r ag e us e of a lte rn at iv es to P O P s pe st ic id es is es ta bl is he d A w ar en es s on t he i m pa ct s of P O P s pe st i ci de s an d o th er h ig hl y ha za rd ou s pe st ic id es to he al th i s in cr ea se d G oo d ag ric ul tu ra l pr ac tic es a re p ro m ot ed C B A is av ai la bl e to lo bb y w ith p ol ic y m ak er s on t he a do pt io n of m ec ha ni sm s to e nc ou r ag e th e us e of al te r na tiv es t o P O P s pe st i ci d e s In te rn al R es ea rc he rs an d la b o ra to ri e s E co no m is ts , Fi sc al ex pe rts , fin an ci al e xp e rt s C om m un ic at io n ex pe rts In te rn al A gr ic ul tu re ec on o m is ts 20 0, 00 0 10 0, 00 0 10 0, 00 0 10 0, 00 0 S T S T S T M T S T S T B i-l at er al a nd m ul ti la te ra l do no rs B i-l at er al a nd m ul ti la te ra l do no rs B i-l at er al a nd m ul ti la te ra l do no rs B i-l at er al a nd m ul ti la te ra l do no rs M oA M oA M oA M oA M oA M oA 4. 1. 1 4. 1. 2 4. 1. 4 4. 1. 6 4. 1. 5 4. 1. 3 O bj ec tiv e (O ) O4.1: Encourage the use of alternatives to POPs pesticides while promoting best practices and reducing demand for potential smuggling of POPs pesticides National Implementation Plan on Persistent Organic Pollutants 155 A ct iv ity ID A ct iv iti es S up po rt in g A ge nc ie s O ut co m e Fi na nc ia l R es ou rc es (U S D ) Ti m ef ra m e (S T/ M T/ LT ) P ot en tia l S ou rc es o f Fu nd s Ta bl e 48 S tr en gt he n th e ca pa ci ty o f p ub lic in st itu tio ns in th e m an ag em en t o f P O P s pe st ic id es (O 4. 2) Le ad Im pl e m en te r H um an a nd Te ch ni ca l R es ou rc es B ui ld th e ca pa ci ty o f a ll th e re gi on al s ta ff of th e M oA a s w el l a s cu st om o ffi ce rs re ga rd in g P O P s pe st ic id es B ui ld t he c ap ac ity o f LA R I to b e ab le t o an al yz e P O P s P es tic id es B ui ld t he c ap ac ity o f P hy to p ha rm ac y La bo ra to ry (K fa rs hi m a la bo ra to ry ) to ob ta in a n ac cr ed ita tio n (1 70 25 S ta n da rd s an d re fe re nc e fo r qu an tit at iv e te st in g as a n ex am pl e) S tre ng th en t he c ap ac ity o f M oA t o be ab le t o im pl em en t th e FA O ’s P es tic id es S to ck pi le s M an ag em en t S ys te m (P S M S ) da ta ba se M oE , C us to m s S ta ff is w el l in fo rm ed on t he c on tr ol o f P O P s pe st ic id es La bo ra to rie s ar e av ai l ab le fo r ac cu ra te an d re lia bl e te st in g P O P s p e st ic id e s La bo ra to rie s ar e ac cr ed ite d P S M S d at ab as e is i m pl em en te d P O P s ex pe rt, c om m un ic at io n ex pe rt R es ea rc he rs , te ch ni ci an s R es ea rc he rs , te ch ni ci an s Te ch ni ci an s, re se ar ch er s an d in sp ec to rs 50 ,0 00 To b e de te rm in ed fo llo w in g ne ed s a ss e ss m e n t 40 0, 00 0 ov er 4 y ea rs S T S T S T S T B i-l at er al a nd m ul ti la te ra l do no rs B i-l at er al a nd m ul ti la te ra l do no rs B i-l at er al a nd m ul ti la te ra l do no rs FA O M oA M oA , LA R I M oA M oA 4. 2. 1 4. 2. 2 4. 2. 4 4. 2. 3 O bj ec tiv e (O ) O4.2: Strengthen the capacity of public institutions in the management of POPs pesticides STRATEGY AND ACTION PLAN ELEMENTS OF THE NATIONAL IMPLEMENTATION PLAN 156 National Implementation Plan on Persistent Organic Pollutants A ct iv ity ID A ct iv iti es S up po rt in g A ge nc ie s O ut co m e Fi na nc ia l R es ou rc es (U S D ) Ti m ef ra m e (S T/ M T/ LT ) P ot en tia l S ou rc es o f Fu nd s Ta bl e 49 Id en tif y an d m an ag e P O P s pe st ic id es s to ck pi le s an d w as te s (c ur re nt a nd fu tu re ) i n an e nv ir on m en ta lly s ou nd a nd in te gr at ed m an ne r (O 4. 3) Le ad Im pl e m en te r H um an a nd Te ch ni ca l R es ou rc es U pd at e th e na tio na l su rv ey f or s to ck pi le s of p es tic id es ( in cl ud in g P O P s P es tic id es ) i n Le ba no n an d de st ru ct io n in a n en vi ro nm en ta lly s ou nd m an ne r A ss es sm en t of t he e xi st in g pe st ic id es st oc kp ile s (in cl ud in g P O P s P es tic id es ) pr es en t at th e cu st om s fa ci lit ie s an d de st ru ct io n in a n en vi ro nm en ta lly s ou nd m an ne r A ss es s th e fe as ib ili ty o f es ta bl is hi ng a co lle ct io n sy st em o f ob so le te , co un te r fig ht an d ill eg al pe st ic id es (in cl ud in g P O P s) , in cl ud in g of e m pt y co nt ai ne rs , an d as se ss m od es o f im pl em en ta tio n E st ab lis h in fr as tr uc tu re s fo r st or ag e of ob so le te , co un te r fig ht a nd i lle ga l pe s tic id es b as ed o n th e ou tc om es o f 4. 3. 3 D ev el op a nd d is se m in at e na tio na l en vi ro nm en ta l gu id el in es fo r th e sa fe di sp os al o f pe st ic id es i nc lu di ng P O P s pe st ic id es w as te s an d m an ag em en t of st oc kp ile s A ss es s th e vi ab ili ty o f t re at m en t/d is po s al o pt io ns o f u se d co nt ai ne rs in L eb an on (e .g . de cr ee t ac kl in g rin si ng a nd p un c tu rin g of e m pt y co nt ai ne rs w ith s om e in ce nt iv es s uc h as g iv in g m on ey b ac k fo r re tu rn ed e m pt y co nt ai ne rs a nd p en al tie s) M oE C us to m s, M oA M oE , M oI M C us to m s, M oE M oA M oE P es tic id es s to ck pi le s ar e id en tifi ed S to ck pi le s ar e id en tifi ed a nd e lim in at ed S af e co lle ct in g sy s te m i s se t an d op er at io na l A s pe ci al iz ed c ol le ct in g un it an d ce nt er fo r a be tte r di sp os al of p es tic id es c re at ed G ui de lin es a re d ev el op ed a nd p ub lis he d fo r e ve ry s ta ke ho ld er to u se V ia bi lit y of tr ea tm en t/ di sp os al o pt io ns a re es ta bl is he d S ci en tifi c ex pe rt is e an d se rv ic e pr ov id er fo r th e tr ea tm en t S ci en tifi c ex pe rt is e an d se rv ic e pr ov id er fo r th e tr ea tm en t P riv at e se rv ic e pr ov id er P riv at e se rv ic e pr ov id er , M oA s ta ff C on su lta nt s fo r gu id el in es , c om m un ic at io n ex pe rt W as te m an ag e m en t e xp er t, ec on om is ts , l eg al ex pe rt 20 0, 00 0 (e xc lu di ng de st ru ct io n) 25 ,0 00 (e xc lu di ng de st ru ct io n) 10 0, 00 0 To b e de te r m in ed fo llo w in g 4. 3. 3 50 ,0 00 50 ,0 00 M T S T S T M T M T S T B i-l at er al a nd m ul ti la te ra l do no rs B i-l at er al a nd m ul ti la te ra l do no rs B i-l at er al a nd m ul ti la te ra l do no rs P riv at e se ct or , fin an ci ng in st i tu tio ns P riv at e se ct or , fin an ci ng in st i tu tio ns B i-l at er al a nd m ul ti la te ra l do no rs M oA M oE M oA M oA M oE M oA 4. 3. 1 4. 3. 2 4. 3. 3 4. 3. 4 4. 3. 6 4. 3. 5 O bj ec tiv e (O ) O4.3: Identify and manage POPs pesticides stockpiles and wastes (current and future) in an environmentally sound and integrated manner 157STRATEGY AND ACTION PLAN ELEMENTS OF THE NATIONAL IMPLEMENTATION PLAN A ct iv ity ID A ct iv iti es S up po rt in g A ge nc ie s O ut co m e Fi na nc ia l R es ou rc es (U S D ) Ti m ef ra m e (S T/ M T/ LT ) P ot en tia l S ou rc es o f Fu nd s Ta bl e 50 Id en tif y, a ss es s an d re m ed ia te p ot en tia l c on ta m in at ed s ite s in cl ud in g w at er b od ie s (O 4. 4) Le ad Im pl e m en te r H um an a nd Te ch ni ca l R es ou rc es C on du ct a n at io nw id e su rv ey f oc us in g on p ot en tia l h ot sp ot s to a ss es s th e le ve l of c on ta m in at io n w ith P O P s pe st ic id es ; th is s ha ll in cl ud e fo rm er s to ra ge a nd us e si te s an d m ai n riv er b as in s w ith fo cu s on E st ou an e, A ar qa a nd B ar ed in A kk ar a nd L ita ni in C en tr al B ek aa a s w el l a s sa m pl in g an d an al ys is o f s oi l a nd gr ou nd w at er a t ho ts po t ar ea s D ev el op n at io na l gu id el in es f or t he r e m ed ia tio n of c on ta m in at ed s ite s D ev el op a nd i m pl em en t a re m ed ia tio n pr og ra m in c as e of id en tifi ca tio n of c on ta m in at ed s ite s M oA M oA M oA A re as co nt am in at ed w ith P O P s pe st ic id es ar e id en tifi ed an d ne ed f or r em ed ia tio n is de te rm in ed G ui de lin es a re p ub lis he d fo r ev er y st ak eh ol de r to us e C on ta m in at ed si te s ar e re m ed ia te d R es ea rc he rs a nd la bo ra to rie s R em ed ia tio n ex pe rt R em ed ia tio n ex pe rt 25 0, 00 0 ex cl ud in g re m ed ia tio n 25 ,0 00 To b e de te r m in ed b as ed on o ut co m es of 4 .4 .1 S T M T M T B i-l at er al a nd m ul ti la te ra l do no rs B i-l at er al a nd m ul ti la te ra l do no rs B i-l at er al a nd m ul ti la te ra l do no rs M oE M oE M oE 4. 4. 1 4. 4. 2 4. 4. 3 O bj ec tiv e (O ) O4.4: Identify, assess and remediate potential contaminated sites including water bodies 158 O5.1: Establish a cooperation framework between Government and academia/research centers thus POPs research supports policymaking This involves establishing a cooperation framework between Government and academia/research cen ters thus POPs research supports policy making and establish funding mechanism for research. This ac tion is necessary to ensure optimal allocation of re sources and the development of science-based leg islative decisions. O5.2: Identify priority research areas related to POPs and other hazardous chemicals and coor dinate with academia to ensure these areas are effectively covered Given the limited financial and human resources allocated to POPs, an important step in managing research is to identify priority research areas such as health costs of endocrine disruptors, impacts on biodiversity and reproduction, POPs levels in food, human body and the environment and coordination of research at a national level to promote coordinat ed research in the field. Also stimulate research on green and sustainable chemistry and alternative as sessment. O5.3: Disseminate research on POPs nationally Action under this objective involves the organization of a bi-annual conference on waste management or health and environment, including sessions on POPs management in Lebanon and making available the ex isting research at the national and the regional level. 3.3.1.5 Strategic Objective 5: Promoting research related to POPs chemicals National Implementation Plan on Persistent Organic Pollutants 159 A ct iv ity ID A ct iv iti es S up po rt in g A ge nc ie s O ut co m e Fi na nc ia l R es ou rc es (U S D ) Ti m ef ra m e (S T/ M T/ LT ) P ot en tia l S ou rc es o f Fu nd s Ta bl e 51 E st ab lis h a co op er at io n fr am ew or k be tw ee n G ov er nm en t a nd A ca de m ia /R es ea rc h ce nt er s th us P O P s re se ar ch s up po rt s po lic ym ak in g (O 5. 1) Le ad Im pl e m en te r H um an a nd Te ch ni ca l R es ou rc es E st ab lis h a co op er at io n fr am ew or k be tw ee n G ov er nm en t an d ac ad em ia / re se ar ch c en te rs t hu s P O P s an d al te r na tiv es re se ar ch s up po rt s po lic y m ak in g an d es ta bl is h fu nd in g m ec ha ni sm fo r re se ar ch M oE , M oP H , LA A S , M oA , M oI , M oE H E , M oF R es ea rc h su pp or ts po lic y m ak in g re la t ed to P O P s m an ag e m en t an d ph as e ou t N C S R 5. 5. 1 O bj ec tiv e (O ) O5.1: Establish a cooperation framework between Govern ment and Academia/Research centers thus POPs research supports policy making STRATEGY AND ACTION PLAN ELEMENTS OF THE NATIONAL IMPLEMENTATION PLAN 160 A ct iv ity ID A ct iv ity ID A ct iv iti es A ct iv iti es S up po rt in g A ge nc ie s S up po rt in g A ge nc ie s O ut co m e O ut co m e Fi na nc ia l R es ou rc es (U S D ) Fi na nc ia l R es ou rc es (U S D ) Ti m ef ra m e (S T/ M T/ LT ) Ti m ef ra m e (S T/ M T/ LT ) P ot en tia l S ou rc es o f Fu nd s P ot en tia l S ou rc es o f Fu nd s Ta bl e 52 I de nt ify p ri or ity r es ea rc h ar ea s re la te d to P O P s an d ot he r ha za rd ou s ch em ic al s an d co or di na te w ith a ca de m ia t o en su re t he se a re as a re ef fe ct iv el y co ve re d (O 5. 2) Ta bl e 53 D is se m in at e re se ar ch o n P O P s na tio na lly (O 5. 3) Le ad Im pl e m en te r Le ad Im pl e m en te r H um an a nd Te ch ni ca l R es ou rc es H um an a nd Te ch ni ca l R es ou rc es Id en tif y pr io rit y re se ar ch a re as s uc h as he al th c os ts o f P O P s an d ot he r en do cr in e di sr up to rs , i m pa ct s on b io di ve rs ity an d re pr od uc tio n, P O P s le ve ls i n fo od , hu m an b od y an d th e en vi ro nm en t an d co or di na tio n re se ar ch a t a n at io na l l ev el O rg an iz e a bi a nn ua l co nf er en ce on ch em ic al s an d w as te m an ag em en t (in cl ud in g P O P s) i n Le ba no n an d m ak e av ai la bl e th e ex is tin g re se ar ch a t th e na tio na l an d th e re gi on al l ev el a s w el l as p ee r re vi ew ed p ub lic at io ns M oE , M oP H , LA A S , M oA , M oI , M oE H E , M oF , C u st o m s M oE , M oP H , LA A S , M oA , M oI , M oE H E , M oF , C u st o m s N at io na l R es ea rc h P ro gr am fo r P O P s m an ag em en t is es ta bl is he d an d im pl e m e n te d A bi an nu al ch em i ca ls a nd w as te m an ag em en t co nf er en ce (in cl ud in g P O P s) is or ga ni ze d N C S R N C S R 5. 2. 1 5. 3. 1 O bj ec tiv e (O ) O bj ec tiv e (O ) O5.2: Identify priority research areas related to POPs and other hazardous chemicals and coordinate with academia to ensure these areas are effectively covered O5.3: Disseminate research on POPs nationally National Implementation Plan on Persistent Organic Pollutants 161 Pursuant to the requirements under Article 15 of Stockholm Convention, the aim of this strategic ob jective is to report to the COP and Secretariat on: 1) Measures that were undertaken to implement the provisions of the SC and their effectiveness in meeting the obligations of this convention; 2) Data or data estimates on the quantities of pro duction, import and export, as well as countries of origin, and destination, of the Annex A and Annex B chemicals. Thus, in order to meet the obligations of the Conven tion, reporting on the activities related to POPs man agement at the national level is to be done, mainly including; Develop and submit national reports to the Con ference of the Parties, in accordance with Article 15 of the Convention, and reply to other require ments of the Convention Secretariat; Develop reports and updates on the elimination and reduction of POPs use and releases; Develop a report on the progress of PCB eliminat ing status; Update the National Implementation Plan for the newly listed POPs in 2015 (PCP, PCNs, HCBD) and upcoming POPs in 2017; Develop periodic reports to the Government on the implementation status of the NIP; Develop a report on the adjustments/updates needed by the NIP taking into account the new requirements of the Convention and particularities of practical implementation. This SO6 will be carried out by the NIU in close coor dination and cooperation with all related stakeholders specifically with the appointed SC focal point at the Ministry of Environment. 3.3.2 Prioritization of Objectives After the development of the action plan, a workshop was organized on 6 March 2017 by the MoE for the Steering Committee, Thematic Task Teams and other related stakeholders to review the recommended ac tions and prioritize the objectives listed in the action plan. The purpose of the prioritization is to allow the development of an effective plan for implementation of the NIP and the use of resources. 3.3.2.1 Prioritization Criteria A scoring scheme had been developed for each sub-criterion. The total score reached after the evalu ation ranged between 0 and 24 points; the final prior itization is translated as follows: 1. High Priority are issues that have received a score between 18-24 points 2. Medium Priority are issues that have received a score between 11-17 points 3. Low Priority are issues that have received a score below 10 points 3.3.1.6 Strategic Objective 6: Monitoring, Evalua tion and Reporting STRATEGY AND ACTION PLAN ELEMENTS OF THE NATIONAL IMPLEMENTATION PLAN 162 Feasibility Health and Environment Efficiency & Effectiveness Urgency Socio-eco nomic Impacts Financial Availability of national/in ternal human resources and expertise to achieve the objective Expected public health benefits Duration to implement the objective’s actions Objective is a prerequisite or supports the achieve ment of other objectives Ability to generate so cio-economic benefits Financial requirements to achieve the objective Constraints may hinder the achievement of the objective (including legal constraints) Inaction leads to serious impact on the environ ment How rapidly can the tar gets of the objective be felt? Inaction might lead to non-compliance to inter national obligations Likelihood to negatively affect the vulnerable or small businesses Availability of financial resources (how easy is it to mobilize financing) Yes: 0 Partially: 1 No: 2 High Impact: 2 Medium Impact: 1 Low Impact: 0 Immediate: 2 Medium-term (within 5 years): 1 Long-term (more than 5 years): 0 Yes: 2 Partial: 1 No: 0 High: 0 Medium: 1 Low: 2 High: 2 Medium: 1 Low: 0 Yes: 2 Partially: 1 No: 0 High: 2 Medium: 1 Low: 0 Long (more than 5 years): 0 Medium (2 to 5 years): 1 Short (less than 2 years) : 2 Yes: 2 Partial: 1 No: 0 High: 2 Medium: 1 Low: 0 High (more than USD 2,000,000): 0 Medium (between USD 500,000 and USD 2,000,000): 1 Low (less than USD 500,000): 2 Prioritization Criteria Sub-Criteria and Scoring Table 54 - Prioritization Criteria The rationale behind the scoring mechanism was to provide a rating scale for each sub-criteria that will translate into a priority ranking. For example, for “Availability of national/internal hu man resources and expertise to achieve the objec tive”; if the answer is “Yes”, then it is ranked as “2” and will translate positively on the priority of a certain objective given the availability of the necessary tech nical resources. On the other hand, for “Likelihood to negatively affect the vulnerable or small businesses”; if the answer is “Yes”, then it is ranked as “0” so that it would nega tively impact the priority of a certain objective since it may have unintended consequences 3.3.2.2 Prioritization Results The results of the prioritization exercise showed that nearly all the objectives were identified as medium to high priority. The highest considered priority for each National Implementation Plan on Persistent Organic Pollutants 163 SO1: Strengthening the le gal and institutional frame work for POPs chemicals management SO5: Promoting research related to POPs chemicals SO4: Managing the import, trade, use, and disposal of POPs pesticides O1.1: Strengthening the legal framework O1.2: Strengthening the institutional framework O5.1: Establish a cooperation framework between Government and academia/ Research centers thus POPs research supports policy making O5.2: Identify priority research areas related to POPs and other hazardous chemicals and coordi nate with academia to ensure these areas are effec tively covered O5.3: Disseminate research on POPs nationally O4.1 Encourage the use of alternatives to POPs pesticides while promoting best practices and re ducing demand for potential smuggling of POPs pesticides O4.2: Strengthen the capacity of public institutions in the management of POPs pesticides O4.3: Identify and manage POPs pesticides stock piles and wastes (current and future) in an environ mentally sound and integrated manner O4.4: Identify, assess and remediate potential con taminated sites including water bodies 17 17 17 17 17 19 18 15 15 Medium Medium Medium Medium Medium High High Medium Medium Strategic Objective Objective Priority Table 55 - POPs pesticides prioritization POPs category is as below: POPs Pesticides – O4.1 “Encourage the use of alternatives to POPs Pesticides while promoting best practices and reducing demand for potential smuggling of POPs Pesticides”; UPOPs – O3.1 “Controlling and gradually reduc ing unintentionally released POPs”; IPOPs – O2.1 “Improve control of import/trade of IPOPs”; Noting that, during the mentioned-above prioritization exercise, the Objective O3.1 included the following activities (1.1.10, 1.1.16, 1.1.13 and 2.2.3). But after the final review and compilation of the action plan, and in accordance to the feedback of steering com mittee members, these activities were integrated in the objectives O1.1 and O2.2. Tables 55, 56 and 57 below show the results of the prioritization exercise carried on by all the relevant stakeholders. The complete prioritization result pro vided during the workshop by all stakeholders is available in Appendix B. STRATEGY AND ACTION PLAN ELEMENTS OF THE NATIONAL IMPLEMENTATION PLAN 164 SO1: Strengthening the le gal and institutional frame work for POPs chemicals management SO2: Managing the import and export, production, use, recycling and disposal of Industrial POPs O1.1: Strengthening the legal framework O1.2: Strengthening the institutional framework O2.1: Improve control of import/ trade of IPOPs O2.2: Enhance the knowledge and capacity of in dustrialists, distributors and retailers to manage POPs and consider their risks O2.3: Identify and manage IPOPs stockpiles and wastes/ residues (current and future) in an environ mentally sound and integrated manner O2.4: Identify, assess and remediate potential con taminated sites including water bodies 14 12 17 13 10 10 Medium Medium Medium Medium Low Low Strategic Objective Objective Priority Table 57 - IPOPs prioritization 3.4 Timetable And Resource Requirements NIP implementation shall be distributed into three 3-year plans addressing the identified short-term ac tions, medium-term actions and long-term actions. This will allow a gradual approach to NIP implemen tation as follows: • First NIP Implementation Period: 2018-2020 (Short Term); • Second NIP Implementation Period: 2021-2023 (Medium Term); • Third NIP Implementation Period: 2024-2026 (Long Term) Table 58 summarizes the resourcing for the NIP for each of the three proposed periods, considering the following financial resources requirements: 1. Activities budget: this is based on the esti mated budget for each activity in the action plan; these budgets are largely based on pro fessional judgment based on similar work con National Implementation Plan on Persistent Organic Pollutants SO1: Strengthening the le gal and institutional frame work for POPs chemicals management SO3: Controlling and grad ually reducing unintention ally released POPs O1.1: Strengthening the legal framework O1.2: Strengthening the institutional framework O3.1: Controlling and gradually reducing uninten tionally released POPs O3.2: Identify and manage UPOPs wastes/ res idues (current and future) in an environmentally sound and integrated manner O3.3: Identify, assess and remediate potential con taminated sites 15 15 16 15 11 Medium Medium Medium Medium Medium Strategic Objective Objective Priority Table 56 - UPOPs prioritization 165 Implementation Period 2018-2020 (ST) 2021-2023 (MT) 2024-2026 (LT) Implementation Package IP1 IP2 IP3 Sub-Total 1 TOTAL (USD) IP1 IP2 IP3 Sub-Total 2 IP1 IP2 IP3 Sub-Total (3) Activity Budget (USD) 265,000 225,000 1,275,000 1,765,000 6,830,000 485,000 3,505,000 375,000 4,365,000 100,000 600,000 700,000 Operational Budget (USD) 300,000 300,000 900,000 300,000 300,000 300,000 300,000 Management and Contingency Budget (USD) 56,500 22,500 127,500 206,500 773,000 78,500 350,500 37,500 466,500 40,000 60,000 100,000 Total (USD) 621,500 247,500 1,402,500 2,271,500 8,503,000 863,500 3,855,500 412,500 5,131,500 440,000 660,000 1,100,000 Table 58 - Financial resources for NIP implementation ducted in Lebanon and abroad; these budgets were discussed and validated with stakehold ers; some values were actually provided by stakeholders based on previous assessments conducted (e.g. Activity 4.2.4), 2. Operational budget: this is the estimated budget for the NIU based on salaries of staff (for instance Project Manager, Project Assis tant) and estimation of running costs for the unit; NIU costs are based on similar project support units established in Lebanon in the past; this budget is allocated to Implementa tion Package 1 (technical assistance), 3. Management budget and contingency: this is an agency fee assuming NIP implemen tation will be managed by an international agency; a 10% margin has been added to the budget to account for management fees and budget contingency. Whereas regarding the milestones and performance indicators of each activity, these latters had been elaborated in the action plan (section 3.3.1). NIP implementation can be gradually rolled up start ing with the short-term activities under IP1 for a bud get of about USD 620,000. This will enable mobili zation of further resources to start implementing the other implementation packages. Note 1: budgets do not include remediation or destruction costs, except for PCBs under IP2 (MT); these costs will depend on the confirmation of contaminated sites and the need for the remediation, as well as number of equipment / products requiring destruction. Note 2: this is the estimated budget for activities where ex ternal financial assistance may be required; several other activities shall be conducted by government personnel di rectly and using government resources. STRATEGY AND ACTION PLAN ELEMENTS OF THE NATIONAL IMPLEMENTATION PLAN 166 REFERENCES AFED, 2008 Attina TM et al, 2016 EFL, 2013 FAO, 2011 FAO, 2013 FAO, 2013 Hu XS et al., 2016 IDAL, 2016 LCPS, 2014 MoA, 2011 MoE/LEDO/ECODIT, 2001 MoE/ UNDP, 2011 MoE/EU/UNDP, 2014 MoE/UNDP/GEF, 2015 MoE, 2016 MoEW, 2010 Merhaby et al. 2015 NAP, 2015 NBSAP, 2016 Arab Environment: Future Challenges Attina TM, Hauser R et al. (2016) Exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals in the USA: a population-based disease burden and cost analysis. The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology, 4 (12), 996-1003. Policy paper and action plan for industrial waste management in Lebanon Lebanon: Country Pasture/Forage Profiles Assessment of Inspection Capacity throughout the Pesticide Life cycle Lebanon: Plan of Action for Resilient Livelihood Hu XC, Andrews DQ, Lindstrom A et al. - Detection of Poly- and Perfluoroalkyl Substances (PFASs) in U.S. Drinking Water Linked to Industrial Sites, Military Fire Training Areas, and Wastewater Treat ment Plants. Environ Sci Technol Lett. 3(10), 344-350 Agriculture fact book (http://investinlebanon.gov.lb/Content/up loads/SideBlock/161102121250239~Agriculture%20factsheet%20 2016.pdf) Lebanon’s Industrial Policy Must Focus on Developing Highly So phisticated Exports Agricultural Census State and Trends of the Lebanese Environment Master Plan for the Closure and Rehabilitation of Uncontrolled Dumps in Lebanon Lebanon Environmental Assessment of the Syrian Conflict & Prior ity Interventions National Greenhouse Gas Inventory Report And Mitigation Analysis for the Transport Sector in Lebanon. Beirut, Lebanon Air quality monitoring system in Lebanon (February) National Water Sector Strategy Dima Merhaby, Sopheak Net, Jala Halwani, Baghdad Ouddane Organic Pollution in Surficial Sediments of Tripoli Harbour – Leba non, Marine Pollution Bulletin National Action Plans For The Implementation Of The LBS Protocol And Its Regional Plans In The Framework Of SAP MED To Achieve Good Environmental Status For Pollution Related ECAP Ecological Objectives Lebanon National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan National Implementation Plan on Persistent Organic Pollutants 167 Presidency of the Council of Ministers, 2010 SOER, 2010 SWEEPNET, 2014 WHO, 2014 World fact book, 2016 Economic Accounts of 2010 State and Trends of the Lebanese Environment, MoE Country Report on The Solid Waste Management In Lebanon Non-communicable Diseases (NCD) Country Profiles Central Intelligence Agency, The world fact book (https://www.cia. gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/le.html) REFERENCES 168 National Implementation Plan on Persistent Organic Pollutants APPENDICES APPENDIX A - Record of Stakeholder and Public Consultation Summary of consultation meetings Ref 01 02 04 06 08 03 05 07 09 Date 28/07/2015 25/11/2015 02/06/2016 05/10/2016 23/01/2017 26-28/01/216 02/06/2016 30/11/2016 06/03/2017 Type Inception workshop Steering committee meeting Round table discussion Round table discussion Steering committee meeting Training workshop Round table discussion Training workshop Round table discussion Objective Initiation of the project activities with the identified stakeholders Updating the Steering Com mittee on the project progress and discussion of the Workplan, Budget, Procurement Plan … POPs Pesticides Assessment Report POPs Industrial Chemicals and POPs Unintentionally Released Chemicals Assessment Report NIP development work plan, ac tions priorities, and multi-criteria assessment methodology Updating inventory of initial and new POPs Regulatory and Institutional Framework Assessment Report Roadmap to National Imple mentation Plan on POPs for SC Strategy Development – POPs National Implementation Plan Involved Parties Stakeholders Steering Committee Steering Committee Thematic Task Teams Stakeholders Steering Committee Thematic Task Teams Stakeholders Steering Committee Steering Committee Thematic Task Teams Stakeholders Steering Committee Thematic Task Teams Stakeholders Steering Committee Thematic Task Teams Stakeholders Steering Committee Thematic Task Teams Stakeholders 169APPENDICES First Steering Committee Meeting POPs Pesticides Assessment Report List of Participants List of Participants Nb. Nb. Steering Committee Other Stakeholders Thematic Task Teams Nb. Nb. Ref 02 Ref 04 1 1 11 9 3 3 13 5 5 15 7 7 17 19 21 23 25 27 9 11 13 15 2 2 12 10 4 4 14 6 6 16 8 8 18 20 22 24 26 10 12 14 16 Name Name Name Name Chantal Akl Dahlia Mansour Adel Issa Amal Koubeissy Fatima Haraki Lama Haidar Boulos Souaid Joelle Nacouzi Raghida Harb Desiree Azzi Maya Abi Zeid Daou Samar Malek Julien Barhoum Marie Louize Hayek Monia Hamdan Nohal Al Homsi Rana Kobrosi Zbeidy Sabine Azoury Olfat Hamdan Rima Chehny Samar Malek Wassim Nasr Dahlia Mansour Joelle Nacouzi Adel Yaacoub Salem Hayyar Jihad Ghadieh Olfat Hamdan Darine Issa Lama Haidar Rima Chehny Josephine Alam Marwan Khaddaj Viviane Sassine Lama Mghames Marwa Mokdad Nathalie Karam Pamela Teeny Ricardo Khoury Raghida Harb Safaa Ibrahim Viviane Sassine Zahra Ramadan Ministry/ Institution Ministry/ Institution Ministry/ Institution Ministry/ Institution 25 November 2015 2 June 2016 MoI MoPH ASPLANTE MoA EDL MoA EBML LCA LCA USEK MoE MoE LU FAO MoE WHO ELARD LU - FS1 MoE MoA MoE EDL MoPH LCA MoE LU EDL MoE LU MoA MoA LU MoL MoE MoE MoE MoE LU ELARD LCA MoEW/GDO MoE MoPWT/DGUP Steering Committee Meeting Round Table Discussion 170 National Implementation Plan on Persistent Organic Pollutants Regulatory and Institutional Framework Assessment Report List of Participants Nb. Steering Committee Other Stakeholders Thematic Task Teams Nb. Ref 05 1 11 9 3 13 5 7 2 12 10 4 14 6 8 Name Name Joelle Nacouzi Lama Mghames Amal Koubeissy Lama Haidar Maya Abi Zeid Daou Raghida Harb Samar Malek Khadija Nour Eddine Monia Hamdan Salem Hayyar Olfat Hamdan Nathalie Karam Rima Chehny Viviane Sassine Ministry/ Institution Ministry/ Institution 2 June 2016 LCA MoE MoA MoA MoE LCA MoE MoEW MoE LU MoE MoE MoA MoE Round Table Discussion POPs Industrial Chemicals and POPs Unintentionally Released Chemi cals Assessment Report List of Participants Nb. Steering Committee Nb. Ref 06 1 3 5 2 4 6 Name Name Fatima Al Harake Raghida Harb Joelle Nacouzi Jihad Ghadieh Samar Malek Olfat Hamdan Ministry/ Institution Ministry/ Institution 5 October 2016 EDL LCA LCA EDL MoE MoE Round Table Discussion Steering Committee Other Stakeholders 7 12 9 14 11 16 8 13 10 15 17 Aline Ghanem Ali Sabra Farouk Jaber Amal Soufi Samar Khalil Aurore Assaker Amal Koubeissy Ali Yaacoub Salem Hayyar Assyl El Sabeh Bassel Monzer Lebanese University MoE Lebanese University / CNRS CLEA Urban community of Fayhaa AUB Lebanese University Kfarshima Lab / MoA Lebanese Cleaner Production Center /IRI Lebanese University Geoflint MoE 171APPENDICES Nb. Nb. Name NameMinistry/ Institution Ministry/ Institution Other Stakeholders 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 38 36 40 42 44 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 39 37 41 43 45 Bilal Khoury Dominique Salameh Georges Hassoun Lama Bashour Layla Khalaf Keirouz Maroun Msallem Maya Abi Zaid Daou Nabil Salhani Nathalie Karam Panagiotis Manolopoulos Nour Masri Ricardo Khoury Sleiman Iskandar Wassim Nasr Captain Saiid El Hage Fadia Zarzour Hala Mounajjed Lama Mghames Marc Aoun Marwan Rizkallah Monia Hamdan Nataly El Haddad Nohal Al Homsi Rana Tabcharani Robert Dib Stephanie Audi Wassim Toros Omar Ghayed University of Balamand Chair/ Chemistry Dep. USJ Lebanese University - Health ECOCENTRA NDU MoIM MoE MoIM MoE POLYECO SA UNDP / MoE ELARD Regie / RLTT EDL MEA OCFTC MoE MoE ELARD LEPAP/ MoE MoE NDU WHO ALI UNRWA NDU ELARD Regie National Assessment of POPs Impacts and Management172 Workplan, Priorities, and Multi-Criteria Assessment Methodology Strategy Development – POPs National Implementation Plan List of Participants List of Participants Nb. Nb. Nb. Nb. Ref 08 Ref 09 Name Name Name Name Ministry/ Institution Ministry/ Institution Ministry/ Institution Ministry/ Institution 23 January 2017 6 March 2017 Steering Committee Meeting Round Table Discussion Steering Committee Steering Committee Other Stakeholders Thematic Task Teams Consultants 1 1 18 13 9 3 3 20 15 11 5 5 22 17 9 26 11 28 13 7 7 24 2 2 19 14 10 4 4 21 16 12 6 6 23 10 27 12 29 8 8 25 Chantal Akl Chantal Akl Ahmad Damaj Adla Jammoul Desiree Azzi Joelle Nacouzi Fatima El Harake Ali Kataya Farouk jaber Marc Aoun Olfat Hamdan Khadija Noureddine Desiree Dayeh Salem Hayyar Olfat Hamdan Lama Bashour Viviane Sassine Lea Kai Ricardo Khoury Samar Malek Raghida Harb Jeff Gerges Dahlia Mansour Dahlia Mansour Ali Haris Amal Koubeissy Lama Bashour Lama Haydar Joelle Nacouzi Desiree Azzi Samar Khalil Nathalie Antoun Rima Chehny Lama Haidar Hassan Hoteit Samar Malek Lana Fawaz Zahraa Ramadan Marc Aoun Viviane Sassine Rima Chehny Karim Jaroudi MoI MoI MoE MoA ELARD LCA EDL LCA UL ELARD ELARD MoE MoEW MoA UL MoE ELARD MoE MoE MoE LCA MoE MoPH MoPH MoE MoA ELARD MoA LCA ELARD AUB ELARD MoA MoA MoE MoE LCA MoPWT ELARD MoE MoA MoE 173 Nb. Nb. Name NameMinistry/ Institution Ministry/ Institution Other Stakeholders 30 32 34 38 42 44 40 36 31 33 35 39 43 45 41 37 Marie Chemaly Marwan Rizkallah Mirna Abou Chakra Nathalie Antoun Ricardo Mansour Tharwat Mokalled Pauline Eid Najib Abi Chdid Marwa Mokdad Maya Abi Zaid Daou Monia Hamdan Nohal Al Homsi Rola Darwish Wafaa Halloum Ricardo Khoury Najwa Khansa MoE MoE LCA ELARD MoE MoE MoA MoE MoE MoE MoE LCA LIBNOR LU ELARD WHO APPENDICES National Assessment of POPs Impacts and Management174 P es tic id es P rio rit iz at io n A P P E N D IX B O bj ec tiv es P ri or iti za tio n S tr at eg ic O bj ec tiv e O bj ec tiv e P ri or ity A B C D E F G H I J K L 2 0 1 0 2 2 2 1 1 2 2 2 2 0 1 0 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 0 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 0 1 0 2 2 2 1 1 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 1 1 2 2 2 1 1 1 0 2 0 2 2 2 2 0 2 1 0 0 0 2 2 2 2 1 1 2 2 S O 1: S tr en gt he ni ng th e le ga l an d in st i tu tio na l fr am ew or k fo r P O P s ch em ic al s m a n a g e m e n t S O 5: P ro m ot in g re se ar ch re la te d to P O P s ch em ic al s S O 4: M an ag in g th e im po rt , tr ad e, us e, an d di sp os al o f P O P s p es ti ci d es O 1. 1: S tr en gt he ni ng th e le ga l fr a m e w o rk O 5. 1: E st ab lis h a co op er at io n fra m e w or k be tw ee n G ov er nm en t a nd a ca de m ia / r es ea rc h ce nt er s th us P O P s re se ar ch s up po rts p ol ic y m ak in g O 4. 1 E nc ou ra ge t he u se o f al te r na tiv es t o P O P s pe st ic id es w hi le pr om ot in g be st p ra ct ic es a nd r e du ci ng d em an d fo r p ot en tia l s m ug gl in g of P O P s pe st ic id es O 1. 2: S tr en gt he ni ng th e in st itu tio n al fr am ew or k O 4. 2: S tr en gt he n th e ca pa ci ty o f pu bl ic i ns tit ut io ns i n th e m an ag e m en t of P O P s pe st ic id es O 4. 3: I de nt ify a nd m an ag e P O P s pe st ic id es s to ck pi le s an d w as te s (c ur re nt an d fu tu re ) in an en vi ro nm en ta lly s ou nd a nd i nt eg ra te d m a n n e r O 4. 4: I de nt ify , as se ss a nd r em e di at e po te nt ia l co nt am in at ed s ite s in cl ud in g w at er b od ie s 17 171917 18 15 15 175 U P O P s P rio rit iz at io n 2 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 0 1 2 2 2 0 1 0 2 2 2 2 0 1 2 2 2 0 1 0 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 2 2 0 1 0 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 0 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 1 0 2 0 2 2 2 0 0 0 0 2 S O 1: S tr en gt he ni ng th e le ga l an d in st itu tio na l fr am ew or k fo r P O P s ch em ic al s m an ag em en t S O 3: C on tr ol lin g an d gr ad ua lly re du ci ng un in te nt io na lly re le as ed P O P s S O 5: P ro m ot in g re se ar ch re la te d to P O P s ch em ic al s O 1. 1: S tr en gt he ni ng th e le ga l fr a m e w o rk O 3. 1: C on tr ol lin g an d gr ad ua lly re du ci ng un in te nt io na lly re le as ed P O P s O 5. 2: Id en tif y pr io rit y re se ar ch ar ea s re la te d to P O P s an d ot he r ha za rd ou s ch em ic al s an d co or di na te w ith ac ad em ia to en su re th es e ar ea s ar e ef fe ct iv el y co ve re d O 5. 3: D is se m in at e re se ar ch o n P O P s na tio na lly O 1. 2: S tr en gt he ni ng th e in st itu tio n al fr am ew or k O 3. 2: Id en tif y U P O P s w as te s/ r es id ue s (c ur re nt a nd fu tu re ) i n an e n vi ro nm en ta lly s ou nd a nd i nt eg ra t ed m an ne r O 3. 3: Id en tif y, a ss es s an d re m ed i at e po te nt ia l c on ta m in at ed s ite s 15 1617 17 15 15 11 APPENDICES S tr at eg ic O bj ec tiv e O bj ec tiv e P ri or ity A B C D E F G H I J K L S tr at eg ic O bj ec tiv e O bj ec tiv e P ri or ity A B C D E F G H I J K L National Assessment of POPs Impacts and Management176 IP O P s P rio rit iz at io n A P P E N D IX B O bj ec tiv es P ri or iti za tio n 1 1 2 1 1 2 0 0 1 1 2 2 1 1 2 1 2 2 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 0 1 1 1 2 0 0 1 1 2 2 1 1 2 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 2 0 0 1 1 2 0 0 0 0 2 2 2 0 0 1 1 2 S O 1: S tr en gt he ni ng th e le ga l an d in st itu tio na l fr am ew or k fo r P O P s ch em ic al s m an ag em en t S O 2: M an ag in g th e im po rt an d ex po rt , pr od uc tio n, us e, re cy cl in g an d di sp os al of In du st ri al P O P s O 1. 1: S tr en gt he ni ng th e le ga l fr a m e w o rk O 2. 1: I m pr ov e co nt ro l of i m po rt / tr ad e of I P O P s O 1. 2: S tr en gt he ni ng th e in st itu tio n al fr am ew or k O 2. 2: E nh an ce th e kn ow le dg e an d ca pa ci ty o f in du st ria lis ts , di st rib u to rs a nd r et ai le rs to m an ag e P O P s an d co ns id er th ei r ris ks O 2. 3: I de nt ify a nd m an ag e IP O P s st oc kp ile s an d w as te s/ re si du es (c ur re nt an d fu tu re ) in an en vi ro nm en ta lly s ou nd a nd i nt eg ra te d m a n n e r O 2. 4: I de nt ify , as se ss a nd r em e di at e po te nt ia l co nt am in at ed s ite s in cl ud in g w at er b od ie s 14 1712 13 10 10 S tr at eg ic O bj ec tiv e O bj ec tiv e P ri or ity A B C D E F G H I J K L