Vihiga County Climate Change Action Plan, 2023-2027

1.1 Introduction & Background

1.1.1 Position and Size of Vihiga County Vihiga County borders Nandi County to the east, Kisumu County to the south, Siaya and Kakamega Counties to the west and North respectively within Lake Victoria Basin in Western Kenya. The County covers an area of 563.7 km2 and has five Sub Counties namely: Emuhaya, Hamisi, Luanda Sabatia and Vihiga. The position of the five sub counties and the neighboring counties is shown in figure 1 below. Figure 1: Position of Vihiga County, (Source GIS Department, 2022) 1

1.1.2 Socio-Economic Characteristics The main economic activities in Vihiga County are: small scale subsistence farming, cottage industries, tea farming, wholesale and retail trade, quarrying and artisanal mining. The overall poverty index for Vihiga County is 38.6 percent (KIHBS 2015-16) against the national index of 33.4 percent. Food poverty index is estimated at 30.2 percent while extreme poverty is estimated at 7.6 percent (Vihiga County CIDP, 2018-2022)

1.1.3 Agriculture The average farm size in the county is 0.4 ha for small scale and 3 ha for larger farms; 98.7 % of the arable land is under farming, mostly subsistence, while 1.3% is under housing. The main cash crop grown in the county is tea which is under 1,530ha. Food crops grown include maize, beans, bananas, sweet potatoes, and vegetables produced under rain-fed agriculture. The main livestock kept include Zebu Cattle and cross- breeds of dairy cattle. Aquaculture is taking root in the county with about 1200 fish ponds (Vihiga CIDP 2018-2022)

1.1.4 Water, Environment and Natural Resources Households’ access to piped water is 2.8% while 53.1% rely on protected springs. The area under forest cover is 12%. The average volume of solid waste generated annually is 30,000 tonnes and there exists a huge potential for reforestation, expanding water supply and sustainable waste management (Vihiga CIDP, 2017-2022)

1.1.5 Education and literacy Vihiga County has a literacy rate of 82.1 per cent which is slightly higher than the national literacy rate of 81.5 per cent. The number of primary schools in the county is 475, Early Childhood Development Centers (ECDC) are 852, Adult Learning Centers are 107 while Technical and Vocational Training Centers (TVTC) total up to 35 with1 university – Kaimosi Friends University. (Vihiga CIDP, 2018-2022).

1.2 Purpose and process of the County Climate Change Action Plan

1.2.1 Purpose of the County Climate Change Action Plan This Participatory Climate Change Action Plan is the framework for coordination of climate action in the County. Building on the Participatory Climate Risk Assessment, the action plan documents major climate risks, drivers of vulnerability and prioritizes response actions to address the identified risks. The County Climate Change Action Plan is also one of the 2 conditions for accessing the Climate Resilience Investment Grants from the National Treasury’s Financing Locally Led Climate Action, (FLLoCA) Program. Specific objectives of the Action Plan are: - I. To identify and prioritize climate change risks at community level through the PCRA Process II. To prioritize response measures to address the climate hazards, risks and impacts identified during the PCRA Process III. To guide the mainstreaming of climate action in various sectors in the county through identification of sector response strategies IV. To enable the County to Access the County Climate Resilience investment grants from the FLLoCA program and provide basis for budgeting for County Climate Change Fund V. To provide a basis for mobilization of resources from external sources for climate action

1.2.2 The Process of Developing County Climate Change Action Plan The climate change action plan started with the participatory climate risk assessment through which communities identified climate risks. These were then validated by various stakeholder forums and formed the basis for climate action planning. The Climate Change Action Planning process is as summarized in the table below: Table 1: The Climate Change Action planning process Step Activity Output Step 1: Constitution of the Task Force and Review of Key Theoretical understanding of Documents: the Climate Change Action A technical task force appointed by the Chief Officer Planning Responsible for Climate Change. The Task force drew Secondary data input into the membership from various sectors such as environment, action plan collected water, public participation, national government agencies and the civil society. The National Climate Change Action Plan, 2017-2022, Climate Change Act, 2016, The Vihiga County Climate Change Policy 2022-2027, the PCRA Report among other documents were reviewed Step 2: Collection of Public Input:Ward level engagements were Voices of the Communities, held in 25 wards to collect inputs of the communities in the the marginalized and action plan. Deliberate efforts were made to ensure inclusion technical officers working at of the PWDS, Women, Youth, Community Interest Groups, 3 Civil Society organizations and technical officers at ward the ward level integrated into level were involved. Fifteen members of the community the action plan were engaged in the Focused Group Sessions per ward. Step 3: Drafting the Action Plan: The taskforce held workshops to Draft 1 Climate Change develop the first draft the action plan based on the secondary Action Plan developed data reviewed and the data collected from ward level community discussions Step 4: Validation of the Action Plan: The Action Plan was Climate Change Action Plan validated by experts drawn from various sectors. Community Validated by sector experts representatives, PWDS, academia, youth, women and other and communities marginalized segments of society were mobilized for the task Step 5: Second Drafting Workshop: To incorporate the inputs of Draft 2 Climate Change the validation workshop into the draft action plan Action Plan Step 6: Feedback on the Action Plan: Sharing of the Action Plan Voices of the Civil society, with CSOs, Academia and other stakeholders for feedback. academia and other The Task force incorporated the feedback into the Action stakeholders incorporated Plan into the Action Plan Step 7: Presentation of the Action Plan to the Cabinet: The Action Cabinet Approved Action Plan was presented to the cabinet on 30th May 2023. Plan.

1.3 Underlying Climate Resilience Context

1.3.1 Impacts of Climate Hazards in the County This section outlines impacts of climate hazards across the County as prioritized in the Participatory Climate Risk Assessment (PCRA), which include; prolonged dry spells, erratic rainfall patterns, increased prevalence of crop pests and disease vectors, degradation of water catchment areas and landslides among other disaster risks. The spatial distribution of climate hazards across the sub counties is determined by the prevailing landscape formation and the human activities. There are minimal spatial variations of climate hazards across the County due to her small geographic size. 1) Emuhaya Sub County Emuhaya Sub County comprises three wards namely: Central Bunyore, North East Bunyore, and West Bunyore. The main climatic hazards prevailing in Emuhaya are: erratic rainfall with delays, intense hailstorms, increased crop pests and diseases. As a result of the climatic hazards, shortage of pasture, crop failure, low yields in the farms, reduced quantities of water in streams, boreholes and springs are frequently experienced. 4 Pests such as locusts and army worms have become more common. The prevalence of malaria is on the rise with 70% of the population being at risk, (Division of National Malaria Programme - DNMP 2021). Water borne diseases are also on the rise. Soil erosion in the sub county is rampant which has resulted in reduced agricultural productivity, destruction of infrastructure such asroads and buildings, increased cost of farming and siltation of rivers. Heavy rains have led to flooding in low lying riverine areas and growing of eucalyptus trees in water catchment areas have compounded the challenge of water shortage. Figure 6 below shows the spatial distribution of climatic hazards in Emuhaya Sub County. 2) Hamisi Sub County Hamisi Sub County has seven wards namely: Banja, Gisambai, Jepkoyai, Muhudu, Shamakhokho, Shiru and Tambua. The main climate change hazards in the sub county include: Erratic rainfall patterns which adversely affects agricultural productivity and cause post-harvest losses. Incidences of excess rainfalls lead to floods in the lower sides of the ward as witnessed in Mwisavatia and Saosi in Kisasi sub location. Dry seasons have also become prolonged which leads to stresses on water sources. Crop pests and diseases, which mainly include fall army worms and African fall armyworms invasion that occurs almost annually since 2013. The pests are usually tackled with traditional approaches such as concoctions of ashes with pepper or detergents while some farmers apply commercial pesticides. Inadequate early warning system and low levels of understanding of appropriate response mechanisms hinders response against the pests. Vectors causing human diseases such as mosquitoes are responsible for increased prevalence of malaria. Diseases associated with extreme temperatures such as pneumonia during cold seasons and respiratory diseases caused by dust during dry seasons; and crop failure such as reduced tea production have also been recorded. Landslides are also common in the area as a result of human activities interaction with land such as quarrying, artisanal mining, cultivation on slopes and hilly areas and climate change effects which are more pronounced in Tambua ward. Figure 2 (a and b) below shows some of the impacts of climate risks in Hamisi. 5 Figure 2: (a) A Gully erosion in Shamakhokho Ward (2022) and (b) Artisanal gold mining in Muhudu Ward (2022) Figure 3: A landslide in Tambua Ward (2021) 3) Luanda Sub county Luanda Sub County comprises of five wards namely: Emabungo, Luanda Township, Luanda South, Mwibona and Wemilabi. The main climatic risks in this Sub County are: Erratic rainfall patterns, increased number of consecutive dry days before and during rainy seasons, increased frequency and intensity of hailstorms (particularly in Wemilabi) and increased number of rainy days in the short rain season. Water has reduced in quantity and quality from theirsources due to climate risks such as prolonged dry spells and human activities such as growing of eucalyptus in water sources and unsustainable sand harvesting. Human activities like deforestation and charcoal burning have led to loss of biodiversity and destruction of habitats as seen around Ebusiekwe Hills in West Bunyore Ward. Destruction of 6 vegetation cover along river banks have led to increased riverbank erosion, flooding and siltation of the rivers. Delay in onset of long rains and prolonged dry season leads to delayed planting, water scarcity, reduced harvests, crop failure and insufficient pastures. Lightning was reported to be common in the sub county especially in Wemilabi ward. These climates related challenges are compounded by poor agricultural practices. Figure 4: (a) A failed Maize crop and (b) a fall army worm infested maize stalk in South Bunyore, Luanda Sub County (Picture May 2022)reduced quantities of water in springs, rivers and streams, 4) Sabatia Sub County Sabatia Sub County consists of six wards namely: Busali, Chavakali, North Maragoli, Izava/Lyaduywa, West Sabatia and Wodanga. The climate risks dominant in Sabatia Sub County are: delayed onset of long rains which affects agricultural calendar, rainfall received during long rain season has drastically reduced while the short season rainfall quantities have increased.This leads to destruction of infrastructure and flooding in farmlands. Wetlands have greatly diminished due to climatic stresses and human interference such as encroachment and growing of eucalyptus around catchment areas. Soil erosion is rampant around the quarries, sloppy areas, farms and mining sites which has led to pollution of water in rivers and springs. Emerging insect pests and diseases have increased leading to low crop productivity and prevalence of vector borne diseases. 5) Vihiga Sub County The Sub County comprises of four wards namely: Central Maragoli, Lugaga Wamuluma, Mungoma and South Maragoli. The Sub County’s main climate risks and hazards are erratic rainfall patterns and increased intensity of the rainfall especially during the short rains. The increased intensity of the rains coupled with human activities such as sand harvesting and 7 deforestation has increased soil erosion and consequently soil infertility and thus reduced crop productivity and formation of gullies. This increase in intensity of rainfall has also contributed to increased incidences of flooding and vector borne diseases such as malaria. Climate hazards are compounded by human activities such as deforestation and cultivation in fragile areas as witnessed in Maragoli Hills in Mungoma and South Maragoli Wards. There is observed increase in temperature extremes resulting to increase in crop pests which leads to low crop productivity. There are also incidences when temperatures fall too low thus increasing incidences of human diseases such as pneumonia. Figure 5: (a) Gulley erosion and (b) the Degraded Maragoli Hills Forest, South Maragoli Ward 2022 8

1.3.2 County Climate Hazard Map Figure 6: Vihiga County Climate Risk Map, (GIS Directorate, 2023)

1.3.3 Summary of Differentiated Climate Exposure and Vulnerability of Vulnerable key groups and livelihoods in the County Kenya Meteorological Department Climate Projections indicate that Vihiga County shall receive enhanced rainfall for the short rain season and reduced rainfall for the long rains season. Consecutively dry days within and between rainy seasons are expected to increase by an average of 5 days suggesting a marginal increase in incidences of prolonged dry periods with likelihood of crop failure and water scarcity. The maximum number of running rainy days will average 5 days which indicates risks of floods, flash floods, destruction of infrastructure and crop losses. (County Climate Risk Profile, 2021) Increase in disease transmitting vectors such as mosquitoes affect children, the expectant mothers, the elderly and the terminally ill more than the rest of the population. Reduced quality of water, causes water-borne diseases that severely affects the above mentioned categories of people The elderly and Persons with Disabilities (PWD) are more vulnerable to reduced water in springs as their physical limitation hinders them from competing for the resource in the periods 9 of scarcity. It was also noted that destruction of infrastructure during periods of excess rainfall paused more challenges for PWDs. Reduced quantities of water in springs affects women more because culturally, women bear the responsibility of fetching water for their families and carrying out cleaning chores. As water in the springs and wells declines during periods of prolonged dry periods, women take more time on queues at water points. For cultural reasons, most women have no rights towards ownership of land resource which limits the extent to which they can make decisions regarding investment on land. Impacts of Climate change varies across sectors with some sectors affected more severely than others. The table below provides a summary of the impacts of climate hazard across sector 10 Table 2: The impacts of climate hazard across sectors Sector Impacts of Climate Change ● Prolonged dry spells which lead to reduction in agricultural productivity ● Erratic rainfall patterns result to disruption of farmers’ planting calendar Agriculture, Fisheries and hence reduction in agricultural productivity Livestock ● Floods results to soil erosion leading to crop failure ● Episodes of crop pests invasions have become more frequent and more severe ● Landslides pose risks to human life and property ● Heavy rainfall results into storm water which lead to massive land Disaster and Risk degradation (landslides and gullies) Reduction ● Prolonged dry spells result in drying up of water sources ● Incidences of lightning which leads to loss of lives and livelihood ● Hailstones result into destruction of crops ● Environmental degradation such as deforestation, poor cultivation practices, Environment growing of eucalyptus trees in catchment areas aggravates climate risks ● Heavy rainfall lead to landslides ● Prolonged dry spells reduces quantity of water Water ● Reduced quality of water as a result of pollution(e.g. from erosion) ● High rainfall intensity result in pollution of water sources leading to increased water-borne diseases such as cholera and typhoid Health ● Prolonged dry spells leads to water scarcity which results in increased water- borne diseases ● Heavy rainfall results to damage of infrastructure such as roads and bridges Public infrastructure which increases cost of maintenance.

1.4 Overview of Climate Change Actions in the County

1.4.1 Mainstreaming of National Climate Action Plan (NCCAP) in County Actions The County Government of Vihiga is implementing strategies to strengthen the capacities of the vulnerable groups as required by the National Climate Action Plan. This is through review and mainstreaming climate actions in its policies, strategies and plans. The Vihiga County CIDP 2023-2027 has mainstreamed climate actions as required by the NCCAP. By establishing a climate change fund anchored in the Vihiga County Climate Change Fund Act, 2019, the county has ensured a continuous, regular flow of climate finances for climate action as required by the NCCAP. Through establishing committees for climate change at ward level, encompassing the women, youth, PWD, the county has ensured that voices of the marginalized and vulnerable groups are integrated in climate action and decision making. 11

1.4.2 Mainstreaming of Climate Change in CIDP The Vihiga County Integrated Development Plan (CIDP) 2023- 2027 prioritizes enhancing capacity at community and county levels for effective identification, implementation, monitoring and reporting of climate action. The CIDP provides for community training programs, exchange programs, capacity building of staff and creating awareness. The CIDP calls for strengthening of Climate Information Services and Early Warning System for reduced climate induced disasters. In addition, the County has planned for enhanced climate change research, conferences and learning sessions. Mainstreaming of Climate Change across various sectors has been prioritized for enhanced climate action at county and ward levels. The Climate Change Research Centre proposed in the CIDP in partnership with the Kaimosi Friends University and the University Fund shall enable evidence based climate action. These shall be in line with the climate change impacts identified in the Participatory Climate Risk Assessment Process and the programs prioritized in this Action Plan.

1.4.3 Other key climate actions/strategies in the County The county is promoting climate smart agriculture through strategies such as irrigation, soil and water conservation. The County has the largest fish hatchery in the region with a capacity of 20,000 fingerlings per month to promote aquaculture among communities. In the water sector, the county is conserving water catchment and promoting use of solar energy in pumping water. The county is also promoting for roof water catchment in all the ECDs and TVETs. In the health sector, the county is making tremendous efforts to shift from electricity to green energy by installing solar panels in all sub-county health facilities. The effects of climate change are becoming more severe and therefore there is need to upscale climate actions in order to enable the County to address the emerging trends such as erratic rainfall, more prolonged dry spells among others. Various partners support climate action in Vihiga and they include: The World Bank, Equity Bank, the United Nations Environment Programmes (UNEP), Sustainable Organic Farming and Development Initiatives (SOFDI), Anglican Development Services Western, the Caritas Movement, the Ada Consortium, Christian Aid Kenya, Catholic Justice and Peace Department among others. 12 CHAPTER TWO: POLICY ENVIRONMENT

2.1 National Policy Context

2.1.1 National Perspective Kenya suffers from climate change impacts such as droughts, floods, increased prevalence of pests and diseases and erratic rainfall patterns. Drought has most recently been witnessed during the following years: 2010-2011, 2016-2017 and 2020-2023. The 2020- 2023 droughts have been the most severe and longest, exposing more than 4.2 million people to acute food insecurity. Severe floods are projected to leave about 5.4 million people in Kenya without adequate access to food and water between March and June 2023 while Erratic Rainfall Patterns adversely affect agricultural productivity given the high (98%) dependence on rain-fed agriculture. Through her Nationally Determined Contribution, Kenya, commits to abate GHG Emission by 32% by 2030 relative to Business as Usual Scenario with a financing ambition of USD 62B. Kenya’s priority actions in line with the Paris agreement to Strengthen capacities at all levels for accurate prediction and response to climate change disasters strengthen coping ability while incorporating an early warning system. In addition, Kenya seeks to upscale the uptake of technologies towards clean and affordable energy, food security, affordable housing, clean and safe water for all. This is to be attained through mobilization of Climate Finances through an ambition to raise USD 62B for adaptation and mitigation initiatives in her Nationally Determined Contributions.

2.1.2 National Legal and Policy Framework Article 42 of the Constitution of Kenya, 2010 provides for the right to a clean and healthy environment for every Kenyan, which includes the right to have the environment protected for the benefit of present and future generations through legislative and other measures. Further, the National Climate Change Act, 2016 provides for the development, management, implementation and regulation of mechanisms to enhance climate change resilience and low carbon development for the sustainable development of Kenya. To achieve these, the act establishes governance structures (Climate Change Steering Committee and the Directorate of Climate Change) and guides climate change action planning. A fund for climate change is established under section 25 of the Act. National Climate Change Action Planning is undertaken in a 5-year cycle. Part IV (Section19) of the Act requires county governments to mainstream climate change in performance of their functions 13 The main policies, plans and frameworks that influence and guide climate change actions in Kenya are described in Table 3 below: Table 3: Kenya's National Climate Change Legal and Policy Framework Climate Policy Framework Description Recognized climate change as a risk that could slow the country’s Kenya Vision 2030 (2008) and its development. Climate change actions identified in the Third Medium Medium Term Plans Term Plan (2018-2022) recognized climate change as a crosscutting thematic area and mainstreamed climate change actions in sector plans. This was the first national policy document on climate change. It aimed National Climate Change Response to advance the integration of climate change adaptation and mitigation Strategy (2010) into all government planning, budgeting and development objectives. Kenya’s National Climate Change Action Plan, 2013-2018 was a five- year plan that aimed to further Kenya’s development goals in a low National Climate Change Action carbon climate resilient manner. The plan set out adaptation, mitigation Plan (2013-2017) and enabling actions and calls for mainstreaming of climate action across various sectors. Kenya’s National Adaptation Plan 2015-2030 was submitted to the National Adaptation Plan (2015- UNFCCC in 2017. The NAP provides a climate hazard and vulnerability 2030) assessment and sets out priority adaptation actions in the 21 planning sectors in MTP II. This is a commitment under the Paris Agreement of the UNFCCC for mitigation and adaptation contributions. Kenya’s Nationally Determined Through her NDCs Kenya commits to abate her GreenHouse Gas Contribution (NDC) (2016) emissions by 30% by 2030 relative to the BAU scenario of 143 MtCO2eq. This is the first comprehensive legal framework for climate change governance for Kenya. The objective of the Act is to “Enhance climate Climate Change Act (No. 11 of change resilience and low carbon development for sustainable 2016) development of Kenya.” The Act establishes the National Climate Change Council (Section 5), Climate Change Directorate (Section 9), and Climate Change Fund (Section 25). The objectives of the Kenya Climate Smart Agriculture Strategy (KCSAS) are to adapt to climate change and build resilience of Kenya Climate Smart Agriculture agricultural systems while minimizing greenhouse gas emissions. The Strategy (2017-2026) actions will lead to enhanced food and nutritional security and improved livelihoods. The Climate Risk Management Framework for Kenya integrates disaster risk reduction, climate change adaptation, and sustainable development Climate Risk Management so that they are pursued as mutually supportive rather than stand-alone Framework (2017) goals. It promotes an integrated climate risk management approach as a central part of policy and planning at National and County levels. It aims to integrate climate change considerations into planning, National Climate Change budgeting, implementation and decision-making at the National and Framework Policy (2018) County levels and across all sectors. National Climate Finance Policy The National Climate Finance Policy promotes the establishment of (2018) legal, institutional and reporting frameworks to access and manage 14 climate finance. The goal of the policy is to further Kenya’s national development goals through enhanced mobilization of climate finance that contributes to low carbon climate resilient development goals. Environmental Management and The act provides for environmental protection through; environmental Coordination Act (EMCA 1999) impact assessment, environmental audit and monitoring Cap 387

2.2 County Level Legal and Policy Framework. In order to effectively plan, finance and implement climate change programs, the County Government of Vihiga has enacted legislative and planning instruments that include: The Vihiga County Climate Change Policy, 2019-2024 which provides the strategic direction for the county in matters of climate change. In addition, the County has enacted the Vihiga County Climate Change Fund Act, 2019 which is the principal legislative framework for planning, budgeting and implementation of climate action. The Vihiga County Climate Change Fund (CCCF) apportions 2 percent of county development budget for climate action in line with the Act. Climate change governance structures at the ward and county levels are also established. The Vihiga County Climate Change Steering Committee, chaired by H.E. the Governor, comprises of CECMs from climate change line departments and private sector provides strategic direction for climate action. The Vihiga County Climate Change Planning Committee is responsible for planning and coordination of climate change programs, projects and activities. For effective locally- led climate action, the Ward Climate Change Planning Committees are established and capacity built to provide a platform for public participation, consultation and involvement in climate change governance in their respective wards. The ward committees guarantee inclusion to the lowest levels of governance because of their membership which is drawn from every village and incorporates the most vulnerable groups such as women, youth, PWDs and the elderly among others. The Climate Change Directorate is also established to coordinate climate action in the County. Table 4: Summary of the County’s Climate Change Legal Framework County Framework Description The Plan mainstreams climate change by prioritizing strengthening County Integrated Development Plan of research. The CIDP also calls for enhanced awareness and 2023-2027. implementation of community prioritized climate change programs. 15 The Policy gives a broad strategic direction for Climate Change in Vihiga County Climate Change Policy Vihiga. The policy prioritizes locally led climate initiatives and 2022 - 2027 proposes establishment of Climate Change governance framework The Act provides for establishment of the County Climate Change Fund; Climate Change governance structures; Climate Change Vihiga County Climate Change Fund Act adaptation and mitigation plans; and up-scaling of climate 2019 (Amended in 2021) information services. This is in order to facilitate community- prioritized climate action. The Regulations operationalize the Vihiga County Climate Change Vihiga County Climate Change Fund Fund Act. It provides for financial management, communication and Regulations reporting pathways and provides a specific framework for execution of the CCCF. The Action Plan provides a framework for an integrated approach to Vihiga County Environment Action Plan planning and sustainable development for Vihiga county for conservation of the environment. 16 CHAPTER THREE: PRIORITY CLIMATE CHANGE ACTIONS

3.1 Identification of strategic climate action priorities in the PCRA The major climate risks and hazards identified by stakeholders across the five Sub-Counties in Vihiga include: erratic rainfall patterns, prolonged dry seasons, landslides, flash floods, environmental degradation, hailstones and emerging pests, diseases and noxious weeds. During community consultation forums and the County Level multi-stakeholder workshop, the climate hazards in the county prioritized at ward level were presented in the view of the current and projected climate outlook. The main climate change risks identified in the PCRA are:

3.1.1 Floods Floods occur in some parts of the County as a result of high rainfall intensity. This leads to destruction of property and infrastructure as well as proliferation of water related diseases such as typhoid and cholera. Floods lead to destruction of crops, scarcity of clean water due to pollution of water bodies and increased soil erosion resulting in gully formation. Floods also destroys vegetation causing reduction in the quality of pasture. Floods are common in low lying areas along rivers in Hamisi, Emuhaya, Sabatia and Luanda.

3.1.2 Prolonged Dry Spells The impacts of prolonged dry spells include drying up of water sources, reduced pasture for livestock and low crop production. The effects are felt in most of the wards across the county. Growing Eucalyptus trees in water catchment areas further compounds the impactsof prolonged dry spells.

3.1.3 Landslides and soil erosion Impacts of landslides and soil erosions include rocks fall and gully formation. These are more common in sloppy areas in the county. Some of the Wards in the County such as Tambua, Jepkoyai, Shamakhokho and Lugaga/Wamuluma are particularly more vulnerable to landslides, while communities bordering wetlands and river valleys are more exposed to erosion due to steep slopes and human activities. Those residing on steep slope areas such as Maragoli Hills are also exposed to topsoil erosion, rock falls and landslides, which occur as a result of anthropogenic activities such as sand and murram harvesting. 17

3.1.4 Increased prevalence of emerging insect, pest, diseases and noxious weeds Crop pests and other emerging crop diseases have become more frequent and more severe in the recent past. In particular Fall armyworms and African armyworms have been more common.

3.2 Priority County Climate Change Actions Identification of climate hazards was followed by sector-wise identification and prioritization of the response actions for the identified climate risks. This section presents the prioritized sector specific climate actions and strategies for addressing climate risks and their climate impacts in the four priority sectors namely; water, agriculture, environment and disaster management. The Priority actions per ward have been are in Annex 2 of this Action Plan. Table 5: the Sector-wise prioritized climate change actions: a. Sector-wise priority response for prolonged dry spell Disaster Risk Water Agriculture Environment Reduction ● Adopt ● Adopt and ● Undertake ● Build capacity appropriate technologies implement agro-ecology environmental conservation and for disaster for water harvesting and principles, protection activities. management storage. ● Adopt and ● Build/strengthen ● Adopt & ● Rehabilitate, implement Climate Smart county and community capacity implement indigenous protect and conserve water Agriculture. in forest management knowledge in disaster sources. coping mechanisms ● Diversify ● Establish tree nurseries ● Build capacity for livelihoods. ● Strengthen ● Promote agroforestry coping with prolonged dry early warning systems. ● Strengthen spells at all levels. ● Mobilize resources for extension services. ● Establish/Impr environmental conservation. ● Carry out a ove climate feasibility study to information systems. establish groundwater ● Strengthen the potential in the county. existing local weather ● Take stock of all stations for improved water resources in the information County. dissemination. b. Sector-wise priority response for flash floods Disaster Risk Water Agriculture Environment Reduction ● Promote rain ● Promote ● Plant trees and cover ● Strengthen water harvesting and conservation agriculture crops institutional capacity storage. through terracing, planting for effective disaster ● Rehabilitate extend cover crops and mulching. response ● Construct/rehabili existing drainage systems tate storm water drainage ● Create ● Develop and channels in urban areas. awareness to minimize implement Environmental Management plans 18 disaster risks in the ● Promote ● Rehabilitate, protect community cultivation of cover crops and conserve wetlands and rivers and their riparian zones ● Build capacity ● Protect riparian for communities’ zones. ● Rehabilitate degraded response to disaster landscapes sites ● Construct earth risks dams and on-farm ponds ● Strengthen early warning systems. c. Sector-wise priority response for Emerging pests, diseases and noxious weeds Disaster Risk Water Agriculture Environment Reduction ● Develop/impleme ● Strengthen crop ● Promote environment- ● Establish an nt relevant policies, laws, pest and disease friendly pesticides agricultural emergency regulations & standards to surveillance. kitty ● Promote growing of prevent water pollution ● Promote pest disease resistant trees and crops ● Strengthen from on farm chemicals resistant crop varieties and extension services. ● Undertake research on ● Increase public livestock breeds best practices to control, pests ● Adopt &apply access to sanitation ● Strengthen diseases and weeds indigenous knowledge services agricultural extension in disaster risk ● Control of pests and ● Improve public services. reduction &response diseases for sustainable access to potable water. ● Facilitate environmental management insurance cover for crops ● Regulate, monitor and and livestock. control use of agrochemicals d. Sector-wise priority response for Environmental degradation(deforestation, soil erosion, gully erosion , water catchment destruction, sand harvesting and Landslides among others) Disaster Risk Water Agriculture Environment Reduction ● Adopt & promote ● Provide seedlings ● Rehabilitate, protect & ● Strengthen the appropriate water to communities to conserve water catchment areas existing disaster harvesting & storage encourage agroforestry response units. ● Promote uptake of technologies (on farm &on farm woodlots green energy ● Promote ponds) ● Promote research and strengthen ● Create awareness on ● Rehabilitate, afforestation, agroforestry early warning systems environmental conservation protect & conserve water and reforestation ● Diversify catchment areas ● Adopt best practices in ● Enhance soil livelihoods cultivation near riparian zones ● Adopt & erosion control through implement climate proof construction of gabions ● Reclaim& rehabilitate water infrastructure terracing, grass striping degraded sites(mines, sand and cover cropping with harvesting sites, quarries, ● Rehabilitate focus on nature based gullies and landslide sites). existing water solution ● Develop and infrastructure implement County Eucalyptus ● Promote clean Management Policy energy in water supply 19 e. Sector-wise priority response for Hailstones Disaster Risk Water Agriculture Environment Reduction ● Promote the ● Undertake tree ● Strengthen adoption of crop insurance planting activities to increase early warning system policy. tree cover on hailstones. ● Promote ● Promote Agricultural enterprise insurance policy. and livelihood diversification ● Adopt best agricultural practices & technologies (use of agriculture shade nets) ● Adopt & promote climate smart agriculture f. Sector-wise priority response for Intense rainfall/ erratic rainfall Disaster Risk Water Agriculture Environment Reduction Strengthen climate ● Adopt ● Promote climate ● promote tree planting information systems. appropriate water smart agriculture activities harvesting & storage ● Adopt & ● Undertake ● Establish soil and technologies apply indigenous appropriate soil water conservation structures. knowledge ● Rehabilitate, conservation measures protect & conserve wetlands & rivers riparian zones g. Sector-wise priority response for Lightening Disaster Risk Water Agriculture Environment Reduction ● Install lightening ● Install lightening ● Strengthen arresters on farms arresters on buildings mapping of lightning prone areas, ● Create awareness & sensitization on coping lightening disasters ● Install lightening arresters in strategic places ● Adopt & apply indigenous knowledge 20 CHAPTER FOUR: DELIVERY MECHANISM FOR THE CCAP

4.1 Enabling Factors

4.1.1 Enabling Policy and Regulations A range of cross cutting enabling actions are required to implement the adaptation and mitigation actions to enhance resilience against climate change. The Vihiga County Climate Change Fund Act, 2019 (amended 2021), the Vihiga County Climate Change Policy, 2021 and the Vihiga County Climate Change Fund Regulations, 2022 establish an institutional framework for climate change. The governance framework comprises the Climate Change Steering Committee which shall provide strategic direction during implementation. The County Climate Change Planning Committee and Directorate of Climate Change shall provide technical coordination. The Ward Climate Change Planning Committees shall facilitate community participation in implementation of the action plan. The County Climate Change Fund shall provide enabling financing for the action plan.

4.1.2 Mainstreaming in CCAP in the CIDP This Action Plan is mainstreamed in the County Integrated Development Plan, 2023-2027 through: capacity building of local communities for effective implementation, promotion of partnerships for research and implementation of community-led climate action with focus on disaster risk reduction, environmental conservation, water resources conservation; and climate smart agriculture. Furthermore, it promotes the use of clean energy, ecosystem restoration, and implementation of green growth and circular economy strategies which shall be achieved through implementation of this action plan.

4.1.3 Multi-stakeholder participation processes This CCAP was developed through a multi-stakeholder participatory process. The Identification of climate risks and the response strategies involved multi-stakeholder consultative processes. The Process involved participation of communities at ward level, women, youth, PWDs among others. In addition, the process involved engagement of practitioners in technical, professional and academic spheres in the relevant sectors. The stakeholder engagement processes shall continue in the implementation of the action plan as guided by the Vihiga County Climate Change Fund Act, 2019(Amended 2021) which calls 21 for community consultation forums in identification and implementation of climate change projects.

4.1.4 Finance: County Climate Change Fund The Vihiga County Climate Change Fund is established under the CCCF Act, 2019(Amended 2021). The Act apportions 2% of the county budget into the Fund for implementation of community prioritized climate action. The Act proposes that monies in the Act shall be used to support administrative functions of the ward committees, research, awareness on climate change and implementation of community prioritized climate change resilience projects at ward and county levels. The County Government Vihiga, through this Climate Change Action Plan, sets its climate- financing target at KES. 1.171 Billion. The County Government through the County Climate Change Fund shall contribute 2% of the County’s total annual budget as stipulated in the Vihiga County Climate Change Fund Act, 2019 (Amended 2021). This amounts to a total of KES. 400 Million for the 5 years of the action plan, which is an equivalent of 34.2% of the total action plan budget. The County also expects to receive a total sum of KES. 400 million or 34.2% of the total action plan budget from FLLoCA, in three financial years ending in 2026 that shall further support implementation of this Action Plan. The remaining climate financing gap of 31.6% (KES. 371 million),shall be realized through mainstreaming of climate actions across National and County Government Departments and Agencies, Civil Society Organizations (CSOs), Faith Based Organization (FBOs), Private Sector and other resource mobilization strategies.

4.1.5 County Government Structures The County Executive Committee shall guide implementation of the action plan where cabinet endorsement is required for high-level decision-making. The County government has appointed a CECM and a Chief Officer responsible for climate change affairs who provides executive leadership in climate action implementation. The implementation shall further draw support from other county government departments such as accounting, auditing, procurement, communication, transport and logistics. The county assembly shall provide oversight during the process of implementation, while the County Environment Committee shall provide guidance on all matters of environment concerns. 22 The County Climate Change Directorate is the lead technical agency at the county level in the implementation of this Action Plan. It is also the secretariat for all the climate change planning committees; prepares and submits operational and statutory reports to the relevant authorities.

4.1.6 Governance - Climate Change Planning Committees Guided by the legal frameworks enacted, the County Government has established climate change coordination committees at county and ward level. The County Climate Change Steering Committee is chaired by the Governor and is mainly composed of County Executive Committee Members. The Steering Committee is mandated to provide strategic direction during implementation of this Action Plan. The County Climate Change Planning Committee is a technical committee mandated in supervising implementation of climate action at county level. On the other hand, Ward Climate Change Committees are established to provide an interface between the county governments and communities during planning and execution of climate change adaptation initiatives. These committees are popularly elected among community members and they comprise of representatives of: women, youth, people with disabilities, faith based organization in the wards, the elder/men, and community based organizations, In addition to the above, the County Environment Committee (CEC) which is established by EMCA CAP 387, shall provide guidance on all matters of environmental concerns during the implementation of this action plan. The table below summarizes actions required for effective implementation of this Action Plan: Table 6: Enabling Actions for implementation of the Action Plan Enabling Actions Coordinating Institution Process Indicator ● County department of Operationalization of the County Climate Change Environment, Natural Resources and Climate CCCF operationalized, Fund with a special purpose account, including Change and the oversight management and oversight of the Fund; annual management in place. budgeting and reporting; ● County treasury ● Climate Change unit Enhance the capacity of the climate finance management to mobilization, tracking and reporting ● County treasury County Climate of financial flows. resource mobilization ● All other relevant The Vihiga County Climate Change Fund act 2019 strategy implemented county departments provides for mobilization of resources from 23 international sources, National Government, Grants Capacity building of and Donations. One way is through 2% of the county treasury staff in county’s budget to finance Climate change tracking and reporting programs and budget Capacity building of the local community, private sector and civil society to develop bankable ● Climate Change unit Project proposals projects. The Vihiga County Climate Change Fund ● All other relevant submitted with act 2019 provides for capacity building of the ward county departments elaborate feasibility climate change planning committees to develop ● Ward based Climate studies. project proposals from the project priorities identified for funding. Change committees

4.1.7 Climate Information Services & Climate Data Access The County Department of Meteorological Services is responsible for generating climate/weather information. Timely dissemination of climate information is required for enhanced resilience of citizens against climate shocks. The County Government shall partner with the KMD in generation and dissemination of climate data such as: historical data, weather Forecasts, early warnings and advisories. The partnership with the Kaimosi University and University Fund on establishment of a Climate Change Center shall enable collation and dissemination of data to communities. 4.1. 8 Resilience Planning Tools Climate Information Service Plan(CISP) presents a communication strategy for sharing Climate information and knowledge in the County. The main objective of the CISP is to provide location and sector specific climate information for services at devolved level, to harness and integrate existing climate information services and provide a platform for early warning systems based on climate information. Participatory Climate Change Risk Assessment (PCRA) shall continually be undertaken to enable communities to identify the climate change hazards, their impacts and propose practical solutions for evidence-based County Climate Change Action Planning and implementation of climate action. Based on the findings of the PCRA the County Government shall strengthen climate change governance through enhancing the capacity of the directorate of climate change, mainstreaming climate change across all sectors.

4.1.9 Monitoring, Reporting and Verification (MRV) Effective implementation of this Action Plan 2023-2027 is highly dependent on feedback generated through Monitoring, Reporting and Verification. The Climate Change Directorate is 24 primarily responsible for monitoring, evaluation and reporting on climate action implementation at county level. Monitoring implementation at county level shall include developing and implementation of an M&E plan for the five-year planning period, followed by yearly and monthly plans. For Ward Level monitoring, the directorate shall support the ward committees in identification of indicators relating to prioritized actions, developing a monitoring plan and undertaking actual monitoring of projects during implementation. In addition, the directorate shall be responsible for monitoring and programs as may be determined by any partners who give financial support towards implementation of this action plan. The directorate shall keep data in its repository to ensure that reported actions are verifiable at all times. The GIS systems shall provide an ideal platform for verification of projects. The Governor’s delivery unit shall also support the Climate Change Directorate in monitoring and evaluation. The county department of Planning shall also support the integration of climate change reports into county planning reports.

4.1.10 Institutional Roles and Responsibilities Successful implementation of this Action Plan shall be enabled by collaboration and coordination among various institutions at county and ward level. Table below demonstrates various institutions and roles expected to play in the implementation; Table 7: Institutions and roles expected to play in the implementation Institution Role County Climate Change Steering Provide Strategic direction in implementation of climate Committee action County Climate Change Fund Oversee implementation of climate change programs and budgets Planning Committee County Climate Change Is the secretariat to all Committees and Coordinates the implementation Directorate of Climate Change programs Ward Climate Change Planning Facilitates community participation in climate action Committee County Assembly Provides oversight and approves budgets for climate action County Treasury Disbursement of funds for implementation of climate action County Environment Committee Provides guidance on all matters of environmental concern 25

4.2 Implementation and Coordination Mechanisms

4.2.1 Directorate of Climate Change The Directorate of Climate Change shall be the principal implementation and coordination entity for this Climate Change Action Plan in line with the Vihiga Climate Change Fund Act 2019 and the Vihiga County Climate Change Policy. The directorate shall coordinate the community consultation forums for project identification, guide ward committees in proposal writing, mobilize country climate change committees in evaluation and decision making with regards to ward proposals. During implementation, the directorate shall coordinate technical support to ensure that projects are implemented within the set timelines and budget while ensuring quality for optimal value for money. The directorate shall document and keep records of all activities implemented towards achievement of this action plan.

4.2.2 County Climate Change Planning Committee In line with the Climate Act, the County Climate Change Planning Committee shall ensure need based allocation of the monies available in the fund with regard to the projects received from the Ward Planning Committees. The Committee shall also provide linkages between the county executive committee and the county assembly with regard to the Climate Change Fund. The Planning committee is responsible for evaluation of project proposals from ward committees to ensure that the projects to be implemented are socially, environmentally and economically viable.

4.2.3 Office of the Chief Officer responsible for Climate Change Affairs The Chief Officer shall coordinate technical support for the Director of climate change in procurement, accounting and logistical facilitation for effective implementation of this action plan. In addition, the Chief Officer shall ensure the deployment of sufficient qualified personnel required for effective implementation of this action plan. 26 4.3: Implementation Matrix Table 8: Implementation and Monitoring Matrix Expected Key Performance Timeframe 2023- Source INDICATIVE BUDGET Hazards, Impacts Priority Responsible 2028 (in Years) (KES. Millions) Output/Outco Indicator Target of and Objectives Actions Institutions me (KPI) Funds 1 2 3 4 5 TOTAL 2023/4 2024/5 2025/6 2026/7 2027/8 Hazard 1: Build capacity 2 2 3 3 10 2 2 2 2 2 ●Enhanced ● No. of farmers ● Directorate of CC ● 1000 ● C Prolonged dry for improved 0 0 0 0 capacity in capacity built Farmers GV spells food and fodder ● Dept. of A & L 0 0 0 0 food capacity production ● F production ● Research build Impact: LoCCA Organizations ●Enhanced ● Reduced ● D capacity in ● Academic agricultural ept of fodder institutions productivity, Agric production ● National Govt. ● shortage of pasture, Expand 5000 more 1 1 1 1 1 500 60 120 120 100 100 ● Emergence of pests ●Increased ● No. of households ● Dept. of Water ● C reticulation and households 0 0 0 0 0 and diseases, piped water accessing portable GV storage of water ● Directorate of CC accessing 0 0 0 0 0 connectivity water ● water conflicts incorporating ● WRUAs potable 0 0 0 0 0 ● F clean energy water LoCC ● encroachment of ● CSOs A water sources ● MDAs Strategic objectives: Capacity build 25 rural 1 1 1 1 1 5 1 1 1 1 1 ●Enhanced ● Number of ● Dept. of Water ● C communities to water capacity to community user GV 1. Increase water sustainably ● Directorate of managemen manage water committees supply and manage their CC t ● F resources and established/capacit storage water resources committees LLOC scheme y build ● WRUAs 2. Strengthen established/ A capacity to ● CSOs capacity build 27 Expected Key Performance Timeframe 2023- Source INDICATIVE BUDGET Hazards, Impacts Priority Responsible 2028 (in Years) (KES. Millions) Output/Outco Indicator Target of and Objectives Actions Institutions me (KPI) Funds 1 2 3 4 5 TOTAL 2023/4 2024/5 2025/6 2026/7 2027/8 manage water Establish 500 farmers 1 1 1 1 1 80 16 16 16 16 16 ●Irrigation ● No of farmers ● Dept of Envnt. ● C resource irrigation access 0 0 0 0 0 schemes accessing GV 3.Strengthen the schemes ● Dept. of A & L irrigation 0 0 0 0 0 established irrigation services community’s services ● F ● NEMA capacity to LoCC sustainably ● NIB A manage their ● Development ● D water resources Partners evpt. ● WARMA Partner s ● Local Communities Promote 1000 2 2 2 2 2 50 10 10 10 10 10 ●Adopted ● No. of climate ● Dept. of A & L ● C adoption of Farmers 0 0 0 0 0 climate smart smart agriculture GV- climate smart ● Research 0 0 0 0 0 agriculture technologies CCF agriculture Organizations technologies adopted technologies(e. ● F ● CBOs, g Sustainable LoCC Soil Fertility ● FBOs A Management, ● NGOs Agroecology etc) Conduct 5 studies(1- 1 1 1 1 1 10 2 2 2 2 2 ●Feasibility ● No of feasibility ● Directorate of CC ● C Feasibility per sub studies studies conducted GV- study on ground ● Dept. of Water county or conducted CCF and surface ● National Govt zone) water potential ● F Agencies in the county LoCC ● CSOs A 28 Expected Key Performance Timeframe 2023- Source INDICATIVE BUDGET Hazards, Impacts Priority Responsible 2028 (in Years) (KES. Millions) Output/Outco Indicator Target of and Objectives Actions Institutions me (KPI) Funds 1 2 3 4 5 TOTAL 2023/4 2024/5 2025/6 2026/7 2027/8 Hazard 2: Establish and 1 EWS 1 15 10 2 1 1 1 ●Early warning ● Frequency of ● KMD, ● C Erratic Rainfall Early Warning system systems & dissemination GV Patterns System and ● Dept. of A & L, established dissemination Strengthen ● No. of early and ● F of climate ● Directorate of CC dissemination warning system operationali LoCC ●Impact: information ● Directorate of of strengthened zed A Disruption of strengthened Communication weather/disaster ● D planting calendar forecasts ● Media Houses evpt. ●Reduction in Partner agricultural s production ●Shortage of Adopt ●Alternative ● No. of alternative ● Directorate of CC Number of 1 1 1 1 1 ● C 50 10 10 10 10 10 pastures alternative farmers 0 0 0 0 0 livelihood livelihoods GV livelihoods such ● Dept. of A & L embracing 0 0 0 0 0 adopted adopted as apiculture alternative ● F ●Objective: ● Farmers ● No. of farmers livelihoods LoCC To Strengthen adopting ● Cooperatives A (e.g resilience of alternative ● Development apiculture,) ● D agriculture sector livelihoods Partners against erratic evpt. rainfall ● CSOs Partner s Build capacity Farmers 50 15 15 10 5 5 ●capacity to ● No. Farmers ● Farmers ● C to promote crop promote crop capacity built GV diversification ● Dept. of A & L diversification and value ● F and value ● Directorate of CC addition LoCC addition built A/ ● D ept. of A&L 29 Expected Key Performance Timeframe 2023- Source INDICATIVE BUDGET Hazards, Impacts Priority Responsible 2028 (in Years) (KES. Millions) Output/Outco Indicator Target of and Objectives Actions Institutions me (KPI) Funds 1 2 3 4 5 TOTAL 2023/4 2024/5 2025/6 2026/7 2027/8 Hazard 3:(Hazard, Undertake 300 acres 6 6 6 6 6 40 8 8 8 8 8 ●Degraded ● No of Acres of ● Director of CC. ● Impact and afforestation Degraded 0 0 0 0 0 forest land degraded forest Objectives ) programmes forest restored land restored Environmental Degradation Objective: To Rehabilitate 10 sites 0 2 3 3 2 36 0 7 11 11 7 reduce restore ●Degraded ● No of degraded ● DCC ● Degraded rehabilitate degraded landscapes sites restored areas(eg ● Dept of d(2 sites environment restored gulleys, Infrastructure per sub stabilize slopes county) etc) Protection and 5- 1 1 1 1 1 50 10 10 10 10 10 ●Water ● No of water ● Dept of Envnt. ● C conservation of catchment catchment catchment areas GV water ● Directorate of CC areas areas protected conserved/protecte catchment areas protected ● F and cons d ● NEMA LoCC served ● Local A Communities ● D ● Dept. of Water evpt. ● Dept. of Envnt. Partner s Rehabilitate, 16 riparian 2 4 4 3 3 50 10 10 10 10 10 ●Riparian zones ● No of riparian ● Dept of Envnt. ● C protect & areas/wetla rehabilitated/ zones GV conserve ● Directorate of CC nds protected/ rehabilitate/protect riparian zones protected ● F conserved ed/conserved. ● KFS LoCC ● CSOs A 30 Expected Key Performance Timeframe 2023- Source INDICATIVE BUDGET Hazards, Impacts Priority Responsible 2028 (in Years) (KES. Millions) Output/Outco Indicator Target of and Objectives Actions Institutions me (KPI) Funds 1 2 3 4 5 TOTAL 2023/4 2024/5 2025/6 2026/7 2027/8 ● CBOs ● D evpt. ● Development Partner Partners s Hazard 4: Construct/rehab 10 Urban 2 2 2 2 2 30 6 6 6 6 6 ●storm water ● No. of drainages ● Dept. of T & I, ● C Floods ilitate storm drainage drainages constructed/rehabil GV water drainages ● KeRRA infrastructu constructed/reh itated re, on farm ● F ●Impacts abilitated ● KURA drainages LoCC Soil erosion, gullies ● Directorate of CC etc. across A ●Destruction of ● Dept of the county ● D crops Environment evpt. ●Destruction of ● Dept. of Lands Partner properties and s infrastructure construct on 20 demo 0 5 5 5 5 20 4 4 6 3 3 ●Waterborne ●on farm storm ● No. of on farm ● Dept. of A & L ● C farm storm sites diseases water drainage storm water GV/ water drainage ● CSOs established constructed drainage ●Water pollution & storage ● F constructed ● Directorate of CC ●on farm storm LoCC Objective water storages ● No. of on farm ● Dept. of T & I, A Reduce the adverse constructed storm water ● KeRRA ● D impacts of floods storages ● KURA evpt. on livelihoods and constructed Partner infrastructure s 31 Expected Key Performance Timeframe 2023- Source INDICATIVE BUDGET Hazards, Impacts Priority Responsible 2028 (in Years) (KES. Millions) Output/Outco Indicator Target of and Objectives Actions Institutions me (KPI) Funds 1 2 3 4 5 TOTAL 2023/4 2024/5 2025/6 2026/7 2027/8 Promote 2 2 2 2 2 60 12 12 12 12 12 ●rain water ● No of public ● Directorate of ● 10 ● C adoption of rain harvesting institutions water Directorate public GV water technique adopting rain of CC institutions harvesting ● F adopted water harvesting supported to techniques ● CSOs LoCC techniques harvest rain A ● Min. of Education water and ● No of households store rain ● D adopting rain ● Min. of Health water evpt. water harvesting Partner techniques s Develop & County 2 2 2 2 2 20 5 5 5 5 0 ●Soil erosion ● No of soil control ● Dept. of A & L ● C implement soil wide control programmes GV erosion control ● Dept of Envnt. programmes developed programmes ● F developed ● Directorate of CC ● No. of control LoCC ●Soil erosion programmes A control implemented ● D programmes evpt. implemented Partner s Build capacity 100 2 2 2 2 10 2 2 2 2 2 ●smart ● No. of smart ● Dept. of A & L ● C in adoption of Farmers agricultural agricultural GV smart ● Directorate of CC capacity practices practices adopted agricultural built on ● F adopted ● KMD practices climate LoCC smart A agriculture ● D evpt. Partner s 32 Expected Key Performance Timeframe 2023- Source INDICATIVE BUDGET Hazards, Impacts Priority Responsible 2028 (in Years) (KES. Millions) Output/Outco Indicator Target of and Objectives Actions Institutions me (KPI) Funds 1 2 3 4 5 TOTAL 2023/4 2024/5 2025/6 2026/7 2027/8 Hazard 4: Pilot a crop Crop 0 2 1 1 1 20 0 5 5 5 5 ●Crop insurance ● No. of insurance ● Dept. of A & L ● C Hailstones insurance farmers policies policies adopted ommuni policy against ● Directorate of CC (Hamisi, adopted ty Impact: hailstones ● Dept of Public Luanda, Agricultural losses Emuhaya) ● C Service GV Objective ● Insurance Firms ● F Strengthen ● Financial LoCC resilience of Institutions A agriculture sector against hailstorms ● D evpt. Partner s Hazard 5: Rehabilitate & 5 areas 1 1 1 1 1 50 10 10 10 10 10 ●fragile sites ● No of fragile sites ● Dept. of T & I ● C Landslides protect fragile particularly rehabilitated rehabilitated/stabil GV sites ● Directorate of CC exposed to ized landslides ● F ●Impacts: ● Dept. of Lands rehabilitate LoCC Destruction of ● Community d/stabilized A property & infrastructure ● CSOs ● D ● KeRRA evpt. ●loss of lives Partner ● KURA s Objective: To reduce the Sensitize 50 1 1 1 1 1 5 1 1 1 1 1 effects of landslides ●Communities ● No. of ● Dept. of A & L ● C communities on Sensitizatio 0 0 0 0 0 sensitized on sensitization CCF protection of ● Directorate of n forums(in protection of forums fragile sites Public wards and ● F fragile sites ● No. of community Participation radio) LLoC members A sensitized 33 Expected Key Performance Timeframe 2023- Source INDICATIVE BUDGET Hazards, Impacts Priority Responsible 2028 (in Years) (KES. Millions) Output/Outco Indicator Target of and Objectives Actions Institutions me (KPI) Funds 1 2 3 4 5 TOTAL 2023/4 2024/5 2025/6 2026/7 2027/8 ● County Commissioner ● Dept of Envnt. ● NEMA ● Directorate of CC Hazard 6: Promote the 1000 2 2 2 2 2 10 3 2 2 2 1 ●Integrated pest ● No. of pest ● Dept. of A & L ● C Prevalence of Pests adoption of farmers 0 0 0 0 0 management management CCF and Diseases integrated pest ● Directorate of CC across the 0 0 0 0 0 strategies strategies adopted management county ● F adopted for ● Devpt. Partners Impacts: strategies ● No. of farmers capacity LLoC enhanced ● CSOs adopting build on A ●Reduced agricultural integrated pest ● Farmers Intergrated agricultural productivity ● D management. pest productivity epartm managemen ental ●Increased cost of t Budget production s ●Crop failure ●Loss of livelihood Objective: To reduce the effects of pests and diseases in agricultural production TOTAL 1171 197 260 260 232 222 34 APPENDICES

ANNEX 1: WARD CLIMATE CHANGE ACTION PLANS (2023 – 2028) Timeframe Source of in Years Ward Hazard Impact Priority Actions Targeted Group/s Targeted Area Responsible Funds 1 2 3 4 5 Lugaga/ Unpredictable Wardwide ●Low crop yields ● Conservation(riparia ● Farmers living in ● CGV ● Dept. of A & L Wamuluma rainfall patterns n areas along Idzava environmentally ●Flooding ● FLLoCA ● Directorate of CC rivar)Promotion of degraded areas. ●High cost of production Climate Smart ● Development Agriculture Partners ●Increase in spread of diseases ● Enhance water resources Shift in rainfall conservation ● Low crop yields, post- ● Business ● Wardwide ● CGV ● Dept. of A & L harvest losses, outbreak ● Enhance water patterns community ● Madira ● FLLoCA ● Directorate of CC of diseases, soil erosion storage and around areas reticulation prone to flooding ● Development ● Establishment of and soil erosion. Partners Agricultural emergency kitty Prolonged dry Wardwide ● Low crop productivity. ● School going ● CGV ● Dept. of A & L seasons ● Environmental children around ● Drying up of water ● FLLoCA ● Directorate of CC ● Restoration of the areas prone to sources degraded landscape land slides and ● Development ● Outbreak of crop pests flooding. Partners and diseases ● People living with disabilities 35 Timeframe Source of in Years Ward Hazard Impact Priority Actions Targeted Group/s Targeted Area Responsible Funds 1 2 3 4 5 Central Emergence of Central ● Death of animals. ● Promotion of ● Children ● CGV ● Dept. of A & L Maragoli pests and Maragoli Climate Smart diseases. ● Low crop production ● Elderly ● FLLoCA ● Directorate of CC Agriculture ● low livestock ● Farmers ● Development ● Soil and land production, Partners management ● women, ● Increase in incidences practices. of diseases ● Integrated pest management ● Rehabilitation degraded areas Environmental Central ● Soil erosion ● Rain water ● Children ● Dept. of Envnt. degradation Maragoli Harvesting for ● Poor crop harvest ● Elderly ● Dept. of A & L irrigation ● Flooding ● Farmers ● Increased water ● Water pollution, supply ● Women, ● Destruction of ● Climate smart infrastructure agriculture/Altrnativ e livelihoods ● Investment in renewable energy Intense rainfall Ward wide ● Low crop yields ● Surface run off ● Children (flooding and control through soil erosion) ● Soil erosion ● Elderly construction of ● Flooding ● Farmers 36 Timeframe Source of in Years Ward Hazard Impact Priority Actions Targeted Group/s Targeted Area Responsible Funds 1 2 3 4 5 dam/Improved ● Spread of diseases ● Women, drainages ● Destruction of infrastructure South Maragoli Environmental Ward wide ● Extinction of ● Reforestation of ● Children ● CGV ● Directorate of CC degradation indigenous tree species Maragoli Hills ● Elderly ● FLLoCA Forest ● Reduction in soil ● Farmers ● Development fertility ● Rain water Partners harvesting for ● Women. ● Reduced rainfall irrigation ● CFA ● Climate smart agriculture/Alternati ve livelihoods(apicultur e( ● Investment in renewable energy Unpredictable Ward wide ● Reduced agricultural ● Adoption of Climate ● Children ● CGV ● Dept. of A & L rainfall pattern productivity Smart Agriculture ● Elderly ● FLLoCA ● Directorate of CC ● Increased post-harvest ● Farmers ● Development losses Partners ● Women. 37 Timeframe Source of in Years Ward Hazard Impact Priority Actions Targeted Group/s Targeted Area Responsible Funds 1 2 3 4 5 Food insecurity Ward wide ● Reduced agricultural ● Adoption of Climate ● Farmers ● CGV ● Dept. of A & L productivity Smart Agriculture ● FLLoCA ● Directorate of CC ● Land fragmentation ● Development Partners Mungoma Change in Ward wide ● Post-harvest losses, ● Irrigation ● Children ● CGV ● Directorate of CC rainfall Patterns Outbreak of waterborne ● Climate Smart ● Elderly ● FLLoCA diseases Agriculture ● Farmers ● Development ● Enhance water Partners ● Women conservation, storage and supply Pests and Ward wide ● Post-harvest losses, ● Integrated crop pest ● Children, ● CGV ● Directorate of CC Diseases Increased cost of and disease control Elderly, Farmers, ● FLLoCA agricultural production, Women. ● Strengthen early ● Development warning and Partners extension services Landslides Ward wide ● Distraction of property ● Control sand ● Children ● CGV ● Directorate of CC and infrastructure, harvesting through ● Elderly ● FLLoCA alternative ● Displacement of people livelihoods ● Farmers ● Development ● Soil infertility Partners ● Construction of ● Women gabions 38 Timeframe Source of in Years Ward Hazard Impact Priority Actions Targeted Group/s Targeted Area Responsible Funds 1 2 3 4 5 ● Awareness creation ● Afforestation and re-afforestation ● ● ● Izava/Lyaduyw Environmental Izava/Lyaduyw ● Water pollution ● Enhance ● Elderly, Farmers, ● CGV ● Dept. of A & L a degradation a conservation of Children, PWDs ● Loss of lives ● FLLoCA ● Directorate of CC Izava river and its ● Soil erosion tributaries ● Development Partners ● construction of gabions ● improve urban drainages ● water resources conservation Pests and Izava/Lyaduyw ● Low livestock ● Climate Smart ● Community ● CGV ● Dept. of A & L Diseases a productivity Agriculture ● FLLoCA ● Directorate of CC ● Low crop production ● Awareness and ● Development strengthen extension Partners services ● Creation, Integrated pest management 39 Timeframe Source of in Years Ward Hazard Impact Priority Actions Targeted Group/s Targeted Area Responsible Funds 1 2 3 4 5 ● Soil and land management practices Unpredictable/I Ward wide ● Soil erosion ● Improve water ● Elderly, ● CGV ● Directorate of CC ntense rainfall supply Children, PWDs, ● Soil infertility, ● FLLoCA Farmers ● Adoption of Climate ● Post-harvest losses ● Development Smart Agriculture Partners Wodanga Ward Pests and Ward wide ● Reduced crop yield, ● Climate Smart ● Elderly ● CGV ● Directorate of CC Diseases Agriculture, ● Post-harvest losses, ● Children, ● FLLoCA ● Promotion of water ● Outbreak of diseases ● PWDs, ● Development supply including, Partners surface water and ● Farmers Soil erosion rain water harvesting ● Reduced crop yields techniques ● reduced soil fertility, Awareness Creation, ● Increased rock exposure● Integrated pest management, ● Low crop productivity ● Soil and land Prolonged dry spells management ● Drying up of water practices, sources, conflicts over resources, extinction of indigenous species 40 Timeframe Source of in Years Ward Hazard Impact Priority Actions Targeted Group/s Targeted Area Responsible Funds 1 2 3 4 5 North Maragoli Prolonged dry Ward wide ● Low crop productivity ● Promotion of climate● Farmers, ● CGV ● Directorate of CC spells, smart agriculture, ● Drying up of water ● Women, ● FLLoCA sources ● Increase access to ● School going ● Development water, ● Extinction of children, Partners indigenous species, ● Conservation of ● Business catchment areas ● Drying up of vegetation community and pasture ● Promotion of soil and land management Invasive pests ● Low crop yields, services and diseases, ● Low livestock productivity, ● Reduced immunity Environmental ● Food insecurity, degradation ● drying up of water sources, ● Extinction of indigenous tree species Chavakali Increased crop Ward wide ● Low crop productivity ● Promotion of access ● PWDs ● CGV ● Directorate of CC pest and to water, diseases ● High cost of production. ● Farmers, ● FLLoCA ● Dept. of A & L 41 Timeframe Source of in Years Ward Hazard Impact Priority Actions Targeted Group/s Targeted Area Responsible Funds 1 2 3 4 5 Environmental ● Soil infertility, ● Conservation of ● School going ● Development ● Dept. of Envnt. degradation catchment areas children, Partners ● Soil erosion, ● Promotion of soil ● Business ● High cost of production, and land community ● Water pollution management practices. Prolong dry ● Reduced crop yields, ● Rain water spells harvesting ● Outbreak of crop pest and diseases, ● Extinction of indigenous species, ● Drying up of vegetation Busali Unpredictable Ward wide ● Low food production ● Promotion of access ● Community ● CGV ● Directorate of CC rainfall patterns to water, ● Ølow incomes ● FLLoCA ● Dept. of A & L ● Conservation of ● ØInadequate water ● Development ● Dept. of Envnt. catchment areas supply Partners spread of diseases ● Promotion of soil and land management Environmental ● Low productivity of practices. ● ● degradation food Rain water harvesting ● spread of diseases ● accidents and deaths 42 Timeframe Source of in Years Ward Hazard Impact Priority Actions Targeted Group/s Targeted Area Responsible Funds 1 2 3 4 5 Increased pest ● low crop productivity ● ● and diseases ● reduced immunity West Sabatia Change in Ward wide ● Low crop proclivity, ● Water harvesting, ● Farmers ● CGV ● Directorate of CC rainfall patterns conservation, storage ● Increased prevalence of ● Community ● FLLoCA ● Dept. of A & L and distribution communicable diseases, ● Dept. of Health ● Irrigation, ● Destruction of infrastructure, ● Agroforestry, ● water pollution, ● ● waterborne diseases flooding Ward wide ● Low crop productivity, ● Soil and water ● Children ● CGV ● Directorate of CC conservation ● Displacement of people, ● Community ● FLLoCA ● Dept. of A & L structures ● Destruction of property Extreme Ward wide ● Emergence of pests and ● Afforestation ● Expectant ● CGV ● Dept. of temperatures diseases mothers Agricultrure ● FLLoCA ● PWD ● ● ● ● 43 Timeframe Source of in Years Ward Hazard Impact Priority Actions Targeted Group/s Targeted Area Responsible Funds 1 2 3 4 5 Hamisi Changing Ward Wide ● Food insecurity ● increased ● Children ● CGV ● Dept. of Envnt. rainfall pattern conservation of ● Increased cost of ● Resource poor ● FLLoCA ● Dept. of A & L water resources agriculture productivity farmers around ● water reticulation steep slopes ● severe water shortage during dry seasons ● Planting of short seasoned crops ● Planting of drought tolerant crops- cassava, sweet potatoes ● Wa,r harvesting Landslides Ward Wide ● Displacement of people ● Digging trenches ● Children ● CGV ● Dept. of Envnt. ● Destruction of property ● Construct terraces ● Resource poor ● FLLoCA ● Dept. of A & L and infrastructure farmers around ● Early warning and steep slopes ● Soil infertility Community advisories to relocate to safer areas ● Environmental conservation Environmental Ward Wide ● Planting of eucalyptus in● Digging trenches ● Ward wide ● CGV ● Dept. of Envnt. degradation wetlands leading to ● Planting cover crops ● FLLoCA ● Dept. of A & L drying up of water sources 44 Timeframe Source of in Years Ward Hazard Impact Priority Actions Targeted Group/s Targeted Area Responsible Funds 1 2 3 4 5 ● Sinking of land masses and land dereliction ● Increased the cost of agricultural productivity Tambua Prolonged dry ● Loss of pasture ● enhance climate ● Elderly person ● Gamalenga, ● CGV ● Directorate of CC season smart agriculture ● Drying of water Sources ● School going ● Gimarakwa, ● FLLoCA ● conservation of children ● Drying of Crops ● Kiptemes, water and Rain water ● PWD ● Emergence of Pests and harvesting ● Mwembe diseases ● drilling of boreholes Landslides ● Destruction of property ● Geological research ● Elderly persons ● Mwembe, ● CGV ● Research institutes on fault lines School going ● Death /loss of life ● viyalo, ● FLLoCA ● Dept. of Envnt. children ● Planting of trees ● Destruction of PWD ● ikonza & infrastructure and ● Buying off of lands Suguta, homesteads near affected areas ● Gamarakwa, and residents moving on other ● Kiptemes areas ● Hydrological research on water pathways/aquifers ● Provision of alternative sources 45 Timeframe Source of in Years Ward Hazard Impact Priority Actions Targeted Group/s Targeted Area Responsible Funds 1 2 3 4 5 of livelihoods e beekeeping, fish farming and fruit farming Environmental Tambua ● Mudslides ● Sensitization and ● Elderly persons ● CGV ● Dept. of Envnt. degradation awareness creation ● Soil Erosion ● School going ● FLLoCA ● Community on environmental children ● Reduced water levels conservation ● PWD ● Planting of indigenous trees ● Enforcement of policies against sand harvesting ● Planting water friendly trees along river banks ● Provision of alternative source of livelihood Gisambai Unreliable Gisambai ● Food insecurity ● Roof water ● Elderly persons ● CGV ● Dept. of Envnt rainfall catchment School going ● Destruction of ● FLLoCA children infrastructure ● Enhance water PWD storage and Elderly persons distribution 46 Timeframe Source of in Years Ward Hazard Impact Priority Actions Targeted Group/s Targeted Area Responsible Funds 1 2 3 4 5 ● Loss of lives and property Environmental Ward wide ● Loss of lives and ● Slope stabilization ● School going ● CGV ● Dept. of Envnt. degradation property measures children (Landslides, ● FLLoCA soil erosion) ● digging of trenches ● PWD to reduce soil ● women erosion Crop pests and Gisambai ● Low agricultural ● Early warning ● Farmers ● CGV ● Dept. of A & L diseases productivity ● Enhanced extension ● FLLoCA services ● Intercropping and crop rotation Banja Environmental Ward wide ● Soil infertility, ● Afforestation ● Elderly persons ● CGV ● Dept of Envnt degradation ● Destruction of ● Building of gabions, ● Community ● FLLoCA ● Directorate of CC infrastructure Afforestation ● Awareness and capacity building Prolonged dry Ward wide ● Reduced Pastures and ● Enhanced water ● School going ● CGV ● Dept. of Envnt. spell water for livestock storage and children ● FLLoCA ● Directorate of CC reticulation 47 Timeframe Source of in Years Ward Hazard Impact Priority Actions Targeted Group/s Targeted Area Responsible Funds 1 2 3 4 5 ● Provision of ● Community irrigation schemes, establishment of green houses Unreliable Ward wide ● Food insecurity ● Water harvesting/ ● PWD, ● CGV/FLLoCA ● Dept. of A & L rainfall storage and ● Business ● Directorate of reticulation community, Climate Change ● Elderly persons, ● School going children Muhudu Unpredictable Ward wide ● low crop productivity ● Water resources ● Elderly persons ● CGV/FLLoCA ● Dept. of A & L rainfall/Intense conservation and ● Soil erosion ● Directorate of CC supply ● Outbreak of diseases ● Erosion control ● Strengthen CIS Environmental Ward wide ● Drying of water sources, ● Restricting mining ● Farmers ● CGV ● Dept. of A & L degradation activities along river (Defforestation, ● Increased soil erosion, ● FLLoCA ● Directorate of CC Mining) banks, ● Low crop productivity, ● Planting of ● Extinction of some indigenous trees animals and birds species, 48 Timeframe Source of in Years Ward Hazard Impact Priority Actions Targeted Group/s Targeted Area Responsible Funds 1 2 3 4 5 ● Reduction in herbal ● Rain water medicines natural fruits harvesting, and honey, ● Harnessing surface ● Water pollution water Invasive pests Ward wide ● Low livestock ● Livelihood ● PWD ● CGV ● Dept. of A & L and diseases productivity diversification, ● Farmers ● FLLoCA ● Dept. of health ● low quality crop ● Vaccination of ● Directorate of CC production due to on animals, farm losses and post- ● use of mosquito nets, harvest losses, ● immunization and ● Increased human vaccination diseases Shiru Unpredictable Ward wide ● Crop failure, pest and ● Small scale ● Farmers ● CGV/FLLoCA ● Dept. of A & L rainfall pattern diseases, irrigation ● Community ● Dept. of Envnt. ● Changing Cropping ● Early warnings and ● Directorate of CC calendar affecting Agriculture productivity advisories, ● Harness surface water ● Rain water harvesting 49 Timeframe Source of in Years Ward Hazard Impact Priority Actions Targeted Group/s Targeted Area Responsible Funds 1 2 3 4 5 Soil Erosion Ward wide ● Gulley, siltation, ● Afforestation- Kibiri ● Community ● CGV ● Dept. of A & L landslides, poor Forest ● Traditional ● FLLoCA ● Dept. of Envnt. drainage, increased ● Terracing, herbalists ● Water pollution, ● mulching, ● Soil infertility ● cover crops, ● Zero grazing units Extreme Ward wide ● Emergence of pests and ● Integrated pest and ● Children, ● CGV ● Dept. of A & L temperatures diseases disease control Expectant ● FLLoCA mothers , ● PWD ● ● ● ● North East Prolonged dry Entire North ● Reduced crop ● Climate smart ● Children ● CGV ● Dept. of A & L Bunyore Ward spell East productivity agriculture ● Crop farmers Bunyore ● FLOCCA ● Directorate of CC ● Water shortage due to ● Enhance Water Ward ● Livestock ● Devt ● Dept. of Water drying of water sources harvesting and farmers storage technologies ● partners ● Emergency of invasive ● Elderly pests like Fall Army ● Soil and land Worm, African army management worm practices 50 Timeframe Source of in Years Ward Hazard Impact Priority Actions Targeted Group/s Targeted Area Responsible Funds 1 2 3 4 5 Shifts in ● Delayed planting rainfall patterns ● On farm, Unpredictable rainfall patterns ● Harvest and Post-harvest losses Emabungo Environmental Emabungo ● Soil erosion/Gulleys ● Rehabilitation of ● Farmers living ● CGV ● Dept. of A & L Ward degradation Ward gulleys near steep slopes ● Siltation of rivers ● FLOCCA ● Directorate of CC ● Awareness creation ● Children Dept. of Water ● Rock fall ● Devt. Patners and capacity ● Persons Living building on the with Disability Unpredictable environmental ● Food insecurity rainfall patterns conservation ● Elderly ● Reduced water availability ● Land rehabilitation & rehabilitation programs (like Prolonged dry Nursery ● Reduced water spell establishment and availability both for domestic and tree planting agricultural production activities) Luanda South Environmental Luanda South ● Soil erosion ● Climate smart ● Farmers living in ● CGV ● Dept. of A & L degradation Siltation of rivers agriculture environmentally ● FLOCCA ● Directorate of CC Accidents/death degraded areas 51 Timeframe Source of in Years Ward Hazard Impact Priority Actions Targeted Group/s Targeted Area Responsible Funds 1 2 3 4 5 Unpredictable ● Food insecurity ● Enhanced Water ● ● Devpt. Patners ● Dept. of Water, rainfall patterns Delayed planting harvesting, storage School going ● Dept. of Envnt, and reticulation children living in technologies the affected areas ● NEMA Prolonged dry ● Low food productivity spell ● Agroforestry ● Emergency of invasive pests like Fall Army Worm, African army worm ● Loss of animal fodder and vegetation cover ● Water shortage due to drying of water sources West Bunyore Unpredictable West ● Low food productivity ● Harness surface ● Farmers living in ● CGV ● Dept. of A & L rainfall patterns Bunyore water environmentally ● FLOCCA ● Directorate of CC degraded areas Shifts in ● Climate smart ● ● Devpt. ● , Dept. of Water, rainfall patterns agriculture ● Busineess Patners community ● Dept. of Envnt. ● Enhanced Water Prolonged dry ● NEMA ● Low food productivity harvesting and ● School going spell storage technologies children living in ● Emergency of invasive the affected areas pests like Fall Army ● Wetland and Worm, African army Riparian protection worm actions ● Loss of animal fodder & vegetation cover 52 Timeframe Source of in Years Ward Hazard Impact Priority Actions Targeted Group/s Targeted Area Responsible Funds 1 2 3 4 5 ● Water shortage due to drying of water sources ● Extinction of indigenous plant species Central Unpredictable Central ● Food insecurity, ● Climate smart ● Children ● CGV ● Dept. of A & L Bunyore rainfall patterns Bunyore agriculture ● Drying water sources, ● Crop farmers ● FLOCCA ● Directorate of CC ● Enhance water ● Increase in pests and ● Livestock ● Devpt. ● Dept. of Water, conservation, storage diseases farmers Partners and reticulation ● Dept. of Envnt. ● Elderly, ● Increase green ● NEMA Pests and ● low crop yields energy technology ● business diseases community, ● Loss of lives for ● Land reclamation livestock, and rehabilitation ● PWD ● increased cost of programs like production and living Nursery conditions establishment and tree planting activities Environmental ● Increased water, degradation ● soil and air pollution, ● poor transport and communication networks, ● dried water sources 53 Timeframe Source of in Years Ward Hazard Impact Priority Actions Targeted Group/s Targeted Area Responsible Funds 1 2 3 4 5 Wemilabi Prolonged dry Wemilabi ● Poor health conditions ● Protection/conservati● School going ● CGV ● Dept. of A & L season on of existing unsafe children ● Reduction in ● FLOCCA ● Directorate of CC water sources Agricultural production ● Crop farmers (springs/borehole ● Devpt. ● Dept. of Water, ● Reduced fish farming drilling) ● Livestock Partners ● Dept. of Envnt, farmers ● Enhanced Water ● NEMA Deforestation ● Destruction of habitat harvesting & storage ● Elderly, and indigenous trees technologies ● Business ● Global warming ● Tree planting & community, Agroforestry ● PWD, ● Soil erosion ● Construction of foot ● Youth, bridges Flooding ● Women ● Loss of lives ● Sand harvesting ● Destruction of control infrastructure ● Soil infertility Luanda Unpredictable Luanda ● Low crop yields, ● Climate smart ● Farmers ● CGV ● Dept. of A & L Township rainfall patterns Township agriculture ● drying water sources, ● Business ● FLOCCA ● Directorate of CC ● Enhance water community ● increase in pests and ● Devpt. ● Dept. of Water, access through diseases, ● Children Partners conservation, storage ● Dept. of Envnt, ● soil erosion and piping ● PWD ● NEMA ● Construction of Prolonged dry water reservoirs ● Low crop yields, spell 54 Timeframe Source of in Years Ward Hazard Impact Priority Actions Targeted Group/s Targeted Area Responsible Funds 1 2 3 4 5 ● post-harvest losses, ● Capacity building on soil erosion ● Loss of lives for livestock, ● increased cost of production and living conditions Soil erosion ● Low crop productivity ● High cost of living, ● Siltation in rivers, ● Destruction of infrastructure ● food insecurity Mwibona Unpredictable Mwibona ● Low crop yields ● Climate Smart ● Children ● CGV ● Dept. of A & L rainfall patterns Agriculture ● Flooding ● Crop farmers ● FLOCCA ● Directorate of CC ● Increasing green ● Soil erosion ● Livestock ● Devpt. ● Dept. of Water, energy technologies farmers Partners ● Drying water sources ● Dept. of Envnt, ● Enhanced Water ● Elderly, ● Emergency of invasive harvesting, storage ● NEMA pests like Fall Army and reticulation ● Business Worm, African army technologies Community, worm 55 Timeframe Source of in Years Ward Hazard Impact Priority Actions Targeted Group/s Targeted Area Responsible Funds 1 2 3 4 5 Prolonged dry ● Food insecurity ● Livelihoods ● PWD spells diversification ● Water shortages ● Nursery ● Crop failure establishment and tree planting Environmental activities ● Landslides degradation ● Soil erosion ● Destruction of infrastructure, ● Food insecurity 56

ANNEX 2: PHOTOGRAPHIC EVIDENCE FOR CCAP CONSULTATIVE MEETINGS. The following are images of stakeholders engagement on CCAP preparation for each Ward. Figure 7: Luanda Township Ward Figure 8:Banja Ward Figure 9: Luanda South Ward Figure 10: Emabungo ward. Figure 11: Muhudu Ward Figure 12: Mwibona ward. 57 Figure 13: Shiru Ward Figure 14: Wodanga Ward Figure 15: Gisambai Ward Figure 16: North Maragoli Ward. Figure 17: Tambua and Jepkoyai Wards Figure 18: Busali Ward and West Sabatia wards Figure 19: Chavakali and Izava/Lyaduywa Figure 20: Mungoma and Central Maragoli Wards wards 58 Figure 21: Lugaga/Wamuluma and Central Figure 22: North East Bunyore and Wemilabi Maragoli Wards Wards Figure 23: An area affected by flooding in Figure 24: Central Bunyore and West Bunyore Tambua Ward Wards Figure 25: An image of a landslide at Madira village in Lugaga/ Wamuluma Ward. 59 APENDIX 3: VIHIGA COUNTY CLIMATE CHANGE TECHNICAL WORKING GROUP, 2023 NAME DESIGNATION 1. Dr. Richard Boiyo Chief Officer Department of Environment, Energy, Natural Resources and Climate change 2. Winstone Atamba Director – Directorate of Climate Change and Technical Coordinator 3. Alice Musuluve Climate Change officer 4. Godfrey Omusonga County Director Meteorology 5. Valery Kidaha Geospatial Technology Services Officer 6. Patrick Amoke Sub County Water Officer 7. Henry S. Anjila County Livestock Production Officer 8. Benard Oremo County Social Development Officer 9. Frankline Muganda Economic Planning Officer 10. Darence Aligula Public Participation Officer 11. Juliet Ajema Program Coordinator- SOFDI 12. Brenda Okong’o Climate Change Project Coordinator - ADS Western 13. Brenda Obura Environment Officer-NEMA 14. Lindah Mudaki Communication Officer 60 APENDIX 4: EDITORIAL TEAM NAME DESIGNATION 1. Dr. Richard Boiyo Chief Officer, Department of Environment, Energy, Natural Resources and Climate Change 2. Winston M. Atamba Director – Directorate of Climate Change 3. Alice Musuluve Environment Officer 4. Caren Olesi Environment Officer 5. Alex Ogola Environment Officer 6. Irene Obura Environment Officer 7. Hudson Mukanga Environmental Planner 61