Madhya Pradesh State Action Plan on Climate Change

1. Introduction 3 Climate Change and National Initiatives 3

2. Madhya Pradesh Profile 4 Policy Framework for Climate Change 12

3. State Initiatives in Climate Change 13 Madhya Pradesh State Action Plan on Climate Change (MP SAPCC) 13 The Process 13

4. Observed Climate Trends and Projected Climate Change 16 Observed Climate Trends 16 Climate Projections 20

5. Vulnerability Assessment 24 Section II.............................................................................................................................................. 35

6. Forests and Biodiversity 37 Background 37 Policies and Programmers 37 Concerns of Forestry Sector 38 Strategies to address concerns of climate change in Forestry sector 39 Impact of climate change on forests of Madhya Pradesh 41

7. Water Resource 44 Background 44 Policies and Programmers 45 Concerns of Water Sector 45 Strategies to address concerns of Climate Change in Water Sector 47 Impact of climate change on water resources of Madhya Pradesh 48

8. Agriculture and Allied Services 51 Agriculture 51 Background 51 Policies and Programers 53 Concerns of Agriculture Sector 55 Strategies to address concerns due to climate change in Agriculture Sector 56 Horticulture 58 Policies and Programmes 59 Concerns of Horticulture Sector 60 Strategies for addressing climate change concerns in Horticulture Sector 60 SKMCCC, EPCO xiii Animal Husbandry and Livestock 62 Background 62 Policies and Programmes 62 Concerns for Livestock Development 63 Strategies to address concerns due to Climate Change in Livestock Sector 64 Fisheries 66 Background 66 Policies and Programmes 66 Concerns of Fisheries Sector 67 Strategies to address concerns due to Climate Change in Fisheries Sector 68

9. Human Health 70 Background 70 Climate related disease prevalence in MP 71 Policies and Programmes 73 Concerns of Health Sector 74 Strategies to address concerns due to Climate Change in Health Sector 75

10. Urban Development and Transport 77 Background 77 Policies and Programmes 78 Concerns for Urban Administration, Development and Transport 79 Strategies to address concerns due to Climate Change in Urban Development and Transport Sector80

11. Energy Sector 82 Background 82 Policies and Programmes 83 Concerns of Energy Sector 85 Strategies to address concerns due to Climate Change in Energy Sector 86

12. Renewable Energy 87 Background 87 Policies and Programmes 88 Concerns for Renewable Energy Sector 89 Strategies to address concerns due to Climate Change in Renewable Energy Sector 89

13. Industry 90 Background 90 Policies and Programmes 90 Concerns for Industries Sector 91 Strategies to address concerns due to Climate Change in Industry Sector 91 SKMCCC, EPCO xiv

14. Rural Development 93 Background 93 Policies and Programmes 93 Concerns for Rural Development 94 Strategies to address concerns due to Climate Change in RD Sector 95

15. Cross-cutting Issues 96 Background 96 Environment and Climate Change 97 Gender and Climate Change Concerns 97 Strategies to address Cross Cutting concerns 97 Section III.............................................................................................................................................. 99

16. Strategies & Budget 101 Forests & Biodiversity 101 Water Sector 105 Agriculture Sector 110 Horticulture Sector 114 Animal Husbandry Sector 116 Fisheries Sector 120 Health Sector 122 Urban Development & Transport 126 Energy Sector 132 New & Renewable Energy Sector 135 Industries Sector 136 Rural Development Sector 139 Environment Sector 141

17. Monitoring and Evaluation 145 Background 145 The Line Departments 146 Annexure 1 147 Annexure 2 148 Annexure 3 149 Annexure 4 150 Annexure 5 151 SKMCCC, EPCO xv Fig. 2.1 Physiographic Map of MP (Source : Maps of India) 4 Fig. 2.2 Forest Cover Map of Madhya Pradesh 5 Fig. 2.3 Economic Profile of Madhya Pradesh 6 Fig. 2.4. Major Basins of Madhya Pradesh 7 Fig. 2.5 Administrative Map of MP 9 Fig. 2.6 Policy Frameworks for SAPCC 12 Fig. 3.1 Process of SAPCC 14 Fig. 3.2 ACZ Stakeholder’s Participation 15 Fig. 3.3 Departmental Stakeholder’s Participation 17 Fig. 4.1 Average Temperature Statistics of MP 17 Fig. 4.2 Average Rainfall Statistics of MP 18 Fig. 4.3 Average Monsoon Rainfall (June, July, August and September) trends in various agroclimatic zone of MP between 1961-2002. Figures within boxes indicate the decreased trend in rainfall in this period (Source : India water portal http://indiawaterportal/ metdata accessed on June 2011) 19 Fig. 4.4 Change in daily average maximum and minimum temperatures in between 2021-2050 and 22 between 2071-2020 with respect to base line (1961-1990) Fig. 4.5 Rainfall Projections for MP 23 Fig. 5.1 Vulnerability Index Flow Chart 25 Fig. 5.2 Composite Vulnerability map showing low, moderate, high and very high cluster of 32 districts in MP Fig. 5.3 Map showing composite vulnerability ranking of individual districts in MP used for clustering as shown in fig. 5.2 33 Fig. 6.1 Forest vegetation change projected towards 2030s with respect to 1970s (IPCC SRES A1B scenario) in Madhya Pradesh 42 Fig. 6.2 Forest vegetation change projected towards 2080s with respect to 1970s (IPCC SRES A1B scenario) in Madhya Pradesh 43 Fig. 7.1 Watershed/river basin map of Madhya Pradesh 45 Fig. 7.2 Change in water availability towards of 2030s with respect to 1970s (IPCC SRES A1B scenario) in Madhya Pradesh 49 Fig. 7.3 Change in water availability towards of 2080s with respect to 1970s (IPCC SRES A1B scenario) in Madhya Pradesh 50 Fig. 8.1 Area under cultivation and production of various crops in MP (Between 1990-2006) 52 Fig. 8.2 Agro Climatic Zone map of MP 53 Fig. 8.3 Horticulture production In MP 58 Fig. 8.4 Shift in population of major livestock in state 62 Fig. 8.5 THI & animal sensitivity 63 SKMCCC, EPCO xvi Fig. 9.1 (a) Malaria Incidence Trends in MP, (b) Pf% trends in MP and malaria Hot spots (http://mp.gov.in/health/malaria.htm), Srivastava et al., Identifications of malaria hot spots for focused intervention in tribal state of India: a GIS based approach Int J Health Georg. 2009 May 2009 71 Fig. 9.2 Shift in foci of Chikungunya in India 72 Fig. 9.3 Development and spread of heat wave conditions during March 2010 Source : Meteorological Analysis of abnormally high temperatures during March 2010 http://www.imd.gov.in/section/nhac/dynamic/march 2010.pdf 73 Fig. 9.4 Shift in transmission window (Present and 2050 Scenario) 75 Fig. 10.1 Decadal population and growth rate of Madhya Pradesh (1901-2011) 77 Fig. 10.2 Projections for Slum Population MP till 2007 77 Fig. 10.3 No. of vehicles registered during 1991-2009 78 Fig. 11.1 Power generated and utilized in MP 82 Fig. 11.2 Energy Scenario in MP 83 Fig. 12.1 RPO Comparison between Solar and Non Solar 88 Fig. 12.2 Potential sites for wind power generation 88 Fig. 14.1 No. of land holding and respective areas 94 Fig. 17.1 Flow Diagram of Monitoring and Evaluation of SAPCC 145 Table 2.1 Temeprature Variability 4 Table 2.2 Physiographic Map of MP (Source : Land use statistics, Ministry of Agriculture, Gol, 2008-09) 5 Table 2.3 Economic Profile of MP 8 Table 4.1 ACZ Climate Charactestics of MP 16 Table 4.2 Projected Changes in Climate Parameters of MP 21 Table 5.1 CVI district Ranks (Cluster) for the baseline, mid century and end century scenarios 29 Table 5.2 List of significant indicators 31 Table 7.1 Trends of irrigation in MP in ‘000 ha (Source : Department of Agriculture, GOMP) 45 Table 8.1 Cropping Zones in MP 53 Table 8.2 ACZ wise Horticulture crops grown in MP 59 Table 8.3 Management of water bodies in MP for fisheries 66 Table 9.1 Dengue death case reported in MP between 2007-2010 71 Table 11.1 Capacity generated and Deficit and Surplus in MP 84 Table 12.1 Potential of energy mix for the state (Departmental inputs) 87 Table 12.2 The current projects in pipeline and the avoided emission (PwC Report, 2011) 87 SKMCCC, EPCO xvii SKMCCC, EPCO xviii “The section provides an insight into the National initiative on climate change, NAPCC 2008, the State profile and the State initiatives to address its climate change concerns. Detailed analysis of observed climatic trend over Madhya Pradesh and climatic projections (mid century & end-century as per PRECIS A1B scenario) is also presented in this section. A separate Vulnerability Assessment study for the state was carried out under the MoEF - GIZ project on Climate Change Adaptation in Rural Areas of India. Early inferences of this report are also informing this section.” * Introduction * Madhya Peadesh Profile * State Initiatives on Climate Change * Observed Climate Trends and Climate Change Projections * Vulnerability Assessment SKMCCC, EPCO 1 SKMCCC, EPCO 2 1 Introduction Climate Change and National Initiatives India has a diverse physiography surrounded by oceans along its southern borders, Himalayas at its north, a vast plateau at its centre, desert on its western region and low rising hills on its south eastern and south western borders resulting in a climate that is highly variable across its expanse. Here, still around 2/3rd population is dependent on agriculture, and 40% of agricultural land is rainfed, making agriculture dependent livelihoods highly vulnerable to Climate Change. This vulnerability may, in due course, pose a threat to the food security of the Nation. Other climate sensitive sectors like forestry, water resources, urban and rural development, human and animal health etc are equally vulnerable. In addition, an unequal social and economic development across the country has resulted in differential coping capacities among the population. The changing climatic parameters are likely to exacerbate the vulnerabilities further; unless actions are taken now to adapt to the same . India’s Climate Change concerns have been addressed in its National Action Plan on Climate Change released in June 2008 [NAPCC, 2008]. The eight “National Missions” formulated within the National Action Plan include: • National Solar Mission - Aims to increase the share of solar energy in the total energy mix and to undertake R & D for better and affordable technologies • National Mission for Enhanced Energy Efficiency – Aims to save 10,000 MW of energy by the end of XI Five Year Plan in 2012 and to enhance energy efficiency in industries and residential applications. • National Mission on Sustainable Habitat – Aims to make habitats sustainable through improvements in energy efficiency in building, management of solid waste and model shift to public transport. • National Water Mission - Aims to improve water use efficiency by 20% with respect to the current scenario and to ensure integrated water resource management helping to conserve water, minimize wastage and ensure more equitable distribution both across and within states. • National Mission for Sustaining the Himalayan Ecosystem - Aims to evolve management measures for sustaining and safeguarding the Himalayan glacier and mountain eco-system. • National Mission for a “Green India” – Aims to increase the forest cover from the present 23% to 33% in order to preserve ecological balance and biodiversity. • National Mission for Sustainable Agriculture – Aims to devise strategies to make Indian agriculture more resilient to Climate Change. • National Mission on Strategic Knowledge for Climate Change – Aims to devlelop a better understanding of climate science, impacts and challenges. The impacts and vulnerabilities of various sectors due to climate change in India have been highlighted in various reports, such as the 1st National Communication made to the UNFCCC in 2004 and later in a report brought out by the MoEF for 4 major regions of the country (NATCOM, 2004; INCCA, 2010). SKMCCC, EPCO 3 2 Madhya Pradesh Profile Introduction Madhya Pradesh is India’s second largest state by area and sixth largest state by population. The state has a complex social structure, a predominantly agrarian economy, undulating terrain, scattered settlements over a vast area, and a large population below poverty line. The state has fifty districts grouped into ten administrative divisions. Madhya Pradesh has an area of 3,08,252 sq.kms constituting 9.38% of the land area of the country. It lies between lat. 21°04'N and long. 74°02' and 82°49' E. Being centrally located, it is often referred to as the "Heart of India". The state is bordered on the west by Gujarat, northwest by Rajasthan, north - east by Uttar Pradesh, east by Chhattisgarh, and south by Maharashtra. It has diverse physiography with large plateaus, numerous mountain ranges, meandering rivers and miles of forests supporting rich biodiversity. Physiography The country has been divided into three major physiographic regions viz., the Mountain Region of the Himalayas, the Great Indo-Gangetic and Brahmaputra Plains and the Traingular Plateau of the Peninsula. Madhya Pradesh falls in the last region i.e. the Traingular Plateau of the Peninsula which is subdivided into following land form units. • Northern Plains: Parts of central highlands covering Gird region fall in this land form unit • Central Highlands: Malwa plateau, parts of Bundelkhand upland, Vindhyan scraplands, Madhya Bharat plateau, and parts of Aravalli range are included in this land form unit. • Eastern Plateau: This unit includes parts of Baghelkhand plateau (MP & Chhattisgarh), parts of Chhota Nagpur Plateau, Mahanadi Basin and Dandakaranya plateau (Chhattisgarh) Climate Madhya Pradesh falls under sub-tropical Climatic Region with three distinct seasons viz., winter season (Dec-Feb), summer season (Mar – May) and rainy season (June – Oct). o Minimum temperature may go up to 1 C in winters and o maximum can go up to 48 C in summers. Average annual rainfall for the state is 1160 mm with the heaviest rains in the south-eastern parts which decreases towards north-west. Balaghat receives the maximum rains with an average of 1600 mm. Most of the rainfall is received from the south-west monsoon during June to September [MP Resource Atlas 2007, MPCST] SKMCCC, EPCO 4 Land Use Area in '000 ha % Total geographical area 30,825 Reporting area for land utilization 30,757 100.00 Forests 8,696 28.27 Not available for land cultivation 3,401 11.06 Permanent pastures and other grazing lans 1,337 4.35 Land under misc. tree crops and groves 19 0.06 Culturable wasteland 1,160 3.77 Fallow lands other than current fallows 621 2.02 Current fallows 582 1.89 Net area sown 14,941 48.58 Land use Major land use in Madhya Pradesh is of Agriculture (48.58%) and Forest (28.27%) [FSI, 2011]. Forest Madhya Pradesh has a vast expanse under forest cover which is spread across an area of 94.69 lakh Ha (31 % of total geographical area of the State). This is equal to 12.44% of the forest area of India. The state’s forest area has been classified into Reserved Forest (RF), Protected Forest (PF) and Unclassified Forest [MP Resource Atlas 2007, MPCST]. These forests are house to a rich floral and faunal biodiversity and host 22,600 forest villages whose livelihoods depend substantially on the forest produce. Madhya Pradesh has been a pioneer both in in-situ and ex-situ biodiversity conservation. The state holds 9 National Parks and 25 Sanctuaries. These parks and sanctuaries are spread over an area of 10,862 sq.km SKMCCC, EPCO 5 constituting 11.40% of the total forest area [MP Resource Atlas 2007, MPCST]. Three Biosphere Reserves namely, Pachmarhi, Achanakmar – Amarkantak and Panna are also located in MP. Biodiversity Madhya Pradesh has a wide variety of wild animals inhabiting the vast expanse of its forest areas. It has 9 national parks and 25 sanctuaries. It has nearly 20% of the tiger population of the country. Herbivors like the chital, sambar, black buck, chinkara, nilgai, wild boars etc., roam about freely in the forests of the state. Important recognized breeds of cattle considered as native breeds of Madhya Pradesh are ‘Malwi’ and ‘Nimari’. ‘Gaolao’ breed is found all over ‘Vidarbh’ region of Maharashtra and adjoining areas of Madhya Pradesh (Chhindwara district) and ‘Kankattha’ breed of cattle in Panna district. Similarly, ‘Bhadawari’ breed of Buffalo is found in abundance at Bhind and Gwalior districts. ‘Jaloni’ breed of sheep is found in Tikamgarh and Shivpuri which forms the border with Jhansi and Jalaun districts of Uttar Pradesh. ‘Jamnapari’ breed of goat is found in various villages of Bhind district situated near Chambal River. ‘Malwi camel’ is also found in Mandsaur district of Madhya Pradesh. In the poultry sector ‘Kadaknath’ is the native breed of Madhya Pradesh found at Jhabua and Dhar districts of Madhya Pradesh. Agriculture Agriculture, the prime livelihood source of majority of the State’s rural population, is highly influenced by soils and climatic conditions. Net sown area of Madhya Pradesh is 150.78 lakh Ha which is about 49% (above than country’s net sown area percentage) of the total geographical area of the State [MP Resource Atlas 2007, MPCST]. In order to delineating potential areas for agriculture, India is divided into fifteen agroclimatic zones and twenty agroecological regions whereas Madhya Pradesh is divided into eleven agroclimatic zones and five agroecological regions [Soil Resources and Agroclimatic Zones of Madhya Pradesh by V.S.Tomar, G.P.Gupta and G.S.Kaushal]. Per capita gross cropped area in the state is 0.33 Ha which is double than all India average of 0.18 Ha and the cropping intensity is 135% which is slightly higher than all India average of 126%. The state ranks 1st in pulse, soybean and gram production and 2nd in oilseed production. For cotton and sugarcane the state is positioned at 7th and 11th rank respectively [MP Resource Atlas 2007, MPCST]. Soils The state is characterised by a great diversity of parent rocks which have weathered under different climatic conditions, vegetative covers and topographic situations to form soils with different characteristics in different zones. The principal underlying rocks are Deccan Traps, Vindhyan Sandstones, Archaean Gneisses, Gondwanas and Lametas. According to Raychaudhuri et al (1961) and Sinha and Gupta (1985), the state comprises of a variety of soils ranging from rich clayey to gravelly. Major groups of soils are Alluvial, Medium & deep black, Shallow & medium black, Mixed red & black, Red & lateritic and Red & yellow [Soil Resources and Agroclimatic Zones of Madhya Pradesh by V.S.Tomar, G.P. Gupta and G.S.Kaushal]. SKMCCC, EPCO 6 Water Resources Narmda River is the life line of Madhya Pradesh. Nearly 60% of the surface water can be retained for different uses. Thus there is a scope for almost more than double the irrigation capacity by building small dams in different streams. It is also seen that, the eastern and south-eastern part of Madhya Pradesh has more runoff because of relatively higher rainfall, high gradient and occurrence of crystalline rocks in the major portion of the area. The central part receives lesser rains and therefore proportionate decrease in runoff water and cropping patterns. Western part of Madhya Pradesh receives much less rain and hence the relative runoff is less. Most of the streams are almost dry for 4 to 6 months in the year (Jan to June). It is essential that this runoff water should be harnessed by putting a series of small and medium dams on small and big streams. This will not only provide sufficient water on the surface for different uses but also the percolation into the ground. It will increase the level of the ground water to a great extent. The total quantity of surface and ground water is distributed in different catchment areas of Madhya Pradesh. Madhya Pradesh is endowed with seven river basins draining a watershed area of about 308 lakh Ha [MP Resource Atlas 2007, MPCST]. Major rivers of the state include Narmada, Chambal, Betwa, Son, Ken, Tons, Sind, Wainganga, Mahi and Tapi. Total annual replenishable groundwater resource and the total annual groundwater availability of the state is 37.19 and 35.53 BCM respectively. Annual recharge from monsoon in the state is 30.64 BCM where as recharge from other sources are estimated at 6.55 BCM. SKMCCC, EPCO 7 Mineral Resources The state ranks first in production of Diamond, Diaspore, Pyrophyllite and Copper. Except Malwa plateau and some of the central districts, entire state is rich in mineral resources. Coal, Bauxite, Limestone, Asbestos, Calcite, Manganese, Dolomite etc are some of the mineral resources of the state. Socio-Economic Profile Some of the indicators that determine the adaptive capacity of population include its economic strength, access to infrastructure, access to health facilities, land use pattern, literacy rates, income generating sectors and their strengths, policies and governance structures. A brief description of all these indicators, as they exist now, is summarised below: Demography: Total population of Madhya Pradesh is 7,25,97,565 [Census 2011]. With respect to 2001 there has been an increase of 24.34% with a population density of 196 people per square kilometer. About 72% of state’s population resides in villages whose main occupation is agriculture. Sex ratio of the state stands at 930 whereas the literacy rate is 70.6%. Madhya Pradesh has a substantial tribal population. The lifestyle, culture and customs of this community are more akin to nature. Gond is the best known tribe and forms the largest group in Madhya Pradesh. Agaria, Pradan, Ojhan, Solahas are the descendent tribal groups originating from Gonds, with two sub castes - Rajgond and Datoliya. Bhil, the second largest tribe is largely concentrated in the area around Jhabua, Dhar and Ratlam. Economic Profile: The Gross State Domestic Product (GSDP) is only 3.6% of the total Indian Gross Domestic Product. Of this the primary sector comprising of agriculture, forests and fisheries contributes 26% to GSDP, with 43% of the workers being cultivators and 29% agricultural labourers. So the basic livelihoods of three-quarters of the state are derived from the primary sector. The secondary sector comprising of mining, manufacturing, electricity, water supply and construction contributes 26.93% to GSDP and the tertiary sector constituting railways and other transport, communication, banking and allied services, public services, tourism development across the state contributes 46.1% to GSDP. It is the secondary and tertiary sectors which have seen substantial growth in the state, while growth in the primary sector being almost static. The inequity in development across the state is reflected in the below poverty line population recently estimated for each district of Madhya Pradesh . As per this study, in 2004- 2005, about 38% of the population was below poverty line. Table 2.3 Economic Profile of MP SKMCCC, EPCO 8 Governance: The state of MP has vibrant three-tier Panchayati Raj system and Urban Local bodies as the institutions of local self-governance. The state has 10 Commissioner Divisions, 51 Districts, 272 Tehsils and 313 Community Development Blocks, including 89 Tribal Development Blocks. Under three-tier Panchayati Raj, the state has at present 51 Zila Panchayats, 313 Janpad Panchayats and 23,051 Village Panchayats, 14 Municipal Corporations, 96 Municipalities and 250 Nagar Panchayats. This has effectively improved delivery of key 5 services integrating the administrative, academic units and local bodies. Also a provision has been made to encourage innovations in the state, for creative ideas generated at the field level or by a department so that it could be supported under the plan on a pilot basis. Infrastructure Physical infrastructure like road and transport, irrigation, power, telecommunication etc contributes to economic growth through generation of income and employment and social infrastructure consisting of education, health, housing and financial infrastructure like banking and insurance contributes to the process of growth through generation of human capabilities and capacity building. Physical infrastructure Transport: Madhya Pradesh has 73,311 km of roads, of which 60,000 km are surfaced. It has 4,286 km of national highways, 8,728 km of state highways, 10,817 km of major district roads (MDRs), and 48,590 km of other district roads (ODRs)/village roads. The road network is 45 km/100 sq km in Madhya Pradesh (National average is 75 km per 100 sq km). Power: Madhya Pradesh has total installed power generation capacity of 8,539 MW, which comprised 4,582.9 MW under state utilities, 3,525 MW under central utilities and 216.1 MW under the private sector. Coal-based thermal power and hydro power contribute around 51.4% and 38.7% to the total installed capacity, respectively. Balance generation capacity is based on nuclear and renewable energy sources. The present average energy consumption per capita in the State is 580.34 kWh. Telecommunication: The state has a tele-density of 40.4 (telephone connections per 100 populations). The state has about 2560 telephone exchanges with 28.6 million telephone connections. Urban infrastructure Under the Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission (JNNURM), 22 projects have been sanctioned for urban centres such as Bhopal, Indore, Jabalpur and Ujjain. Projects for water supply, solid- waste management and urban transport have been identified for development under the JNNURM. 50% of the population is connected to sewage network in major cities. Water supply: The average per capita supply of water in major cities such as Indore is around 80 litres per day. Under the JNNRUM, cities are planned to achieve per capita water supply of 135 litres per day between 2015 and 2021. SKMCCC, EPCO 9 Social infrastructure Education Sector: Madhya Pradesh had a literacy rate of 70.6 %. The state has about 159 engineering colleges, 139 management institutes and five medical colleges Health Infrastructure: The healthcare services network of Madhya Pradesh comprises 50 district hospitals (13,400 beds), 333 community health centres, 1,155 primary health centres and 8,659 sub-centres. The total number of in-patient beds in Madhya Pradesh (excluding medical colleges) was 26,971. SKMCCC, EPCO 10 Climate Change and Development Issues of the State Background Madhya Pradesh is endowed with a rich environment and long traditions of symbiotic relationship between people and natural resources which is predominantly rural and has a substantial population living below the poverty line. Despite a growth rate of more than 40% in the urban population in the last decade, the proportion of its population living in rural areas is fairly high at 72%. The consequences of poverty are visible in several other human development parameters. The state is also rich in terms of natural resources – forests, wildlife, mineral wealth and water bodies. The state has the largest forest cover in the country, with 94.69 lakh Ha of legally designated forests. It has 20% of the country’s and 10% of the world’s tiger habitats. Madhya Pradesh is among the top eight mineral rich states of the country, producing about 23 major and minor minerals and contributing to 15.39% of total coal production of the country during 2009-10. As far as water resources are concerned, nine major rivers originate within the state; with an estimated annual run-off of about 81719 hectares meters. Madhya Pradesh has a large population of rural and tribal people, with a high dependence on agriculture, forests and fishery for their livelihood. It has the highest concentration of tribal population as compared to other major states of India (20.27% as against 8.20% at all India level, according to the 2001 census) and home to about 46 recognized scheduled tribes. According to the State Annual Plan of 2011-12, there is a scheduled tribe population of about 1 crore residing in about 22,000 villages in the vicinity of forests, who are largely dependent on the forests for their livelihood. The state is seeking to attract more investments in future, with a fast improving infrastructure, peaceful industrial climate, and progressive industrial policies based on incentives. At the same time, it is also aspiring to revitalize the traditionally rich handloom, khadi and village handicraft and sericulture industries as well as develop agri- food processing and herbal processing industries (considering the state’s abundant non timber forest produce). The state’s energy requirement is currently dependent on conventional energy sources-thermal and hydel, with a total installed generation capacity of 8539 MW available for the state. The state has accorded priority to the promotion of renewable energy, particularly solar energy to reduce the energy shortage and ensure sustainable development. The state offers viable sites having potential for production of more than 5.5 kWh/sq. m. for installation of solar based power projects. Challenges Despite the wealth of its resources and tremendous potential, Madhya Pradesh faces a number of challenges, in terms of environment and development. Some districts in MP are among the highest in India in terms of social vulnerability to the twin challenges of Climate Change and economic globalization [TERI, 2000]. The incidence of poverty in the state is among the highest in the country. Maintaining and enhancing productivity in agriculture is one major challenge, arising out of a number of reasons such as loss of soil fertility, increasing cost of production and owing to the largely rain-fed nature of agriculture in the state. Erratic and uneven distribution of rainfall poses a major constraint for achieving targeted levels of production. With Climate Change, this could be expected to increase in future. Growing population and developmental needs have increased the pressure on forests, which in turn has led to reduced livelihood opportunities for the rural and tribal people. Over exploitation of ground water has led to a significant decline in ground water levels in many blocks of the state, which may aggravate with the stress imposed by Climate Change. Madhya Pradesh is urbanizing at fifth highest rate in the country [State Annual Plan, SKMCCC, EPCO 11 2011-12] and hence there is need and opportunity to develop the urban areas in an environmentally sustainable manner. The state is also gearing to face the challenge due to energy shortage, favouring development of agricultural and industrial sector and providing electricity to all. Policy Framework for Climate Change The State of MP has reasons to be concerned about adverse impact of Climate Change. It is facing twin challenge of maintaining and enhancing economic growth at the same time prevent deterioration and degradation of its natural resources on which large section of the population depends for their livelihoods.The foregoing chapters clearly underline the fact that Vulnerability and Adaptaion (V&A) are the key concerns for the State of Madhya Pradesh. With this background the SAPCC envisages to ensure economic growth which is inclusive and also environmentally sustainable. In accordance of the vision, the SAPCC proposes to address the National agenda of Climate Change by taking appropriate adaptaion measures and suggests developing low carbon development model in line with the Planning Commission of India with a rider that it should not impede the socio-economic development process of the state. The SAPCC proposes to proactively integrate the concerns of Climate Change into development planning process and capitalize the opportunity of convergence wherever possible. It also prepares the state to have climate compitable and resilient developmental policies and programmes. The SAPCC categorically recommends setting up of a mechanism for effective monitoring and evaluation of the provisions of SAPCC and impacts of Climate Change on various sectors for managing knowledge, research and education and capacity building. 6 SKMCCC, EPCO 12 3 State Initiatives in Climate Change The Government of Madhya Pradesh has declared EPCO as the State Designated Agency for addressing Climate Change issues and had established a Climate Change Cell (GoMP CC Cell) in EPCO in 2009. The Cell worked to manage the strategic knowledge related to Climate Change. It undertook activities that help to mainstream Climate Change concerns in the planning and developmental policies of the state and develop a mechanism to effectively monitor & evaluate the provision of SAPCC. Now the CC cell has been converted into a State Knowledge Management Centre on Climate Change (SKMCCC). The State Government has also constituted Madhya Pradesh Clean Development Mechanism Agency (MP CDMA) in October 2010 to address the mitigation issues of the state. GoMP SKMCCC and MP CDMA, functions under the overall administrative control of Department of Housing and Environment, Government of Madhya Pradesh. Climate Change Initiatives MoEF-GIZ Project on Climate Change Adaptation in Rural Areas of India Objectives • Vulnerability & Risk Assessment • Development of Technical Adaptation Option • Climate Proofing of Development Programme • Information and Knowledge Management in Climate Change & Human Capacity Development Indo-UK Project on Vulnerability & Adaptation Objectives • To gain in depth understanding of Climate Change induced vulnerability • How relevant resilience building and adaptation measures can be effectively incorporated GoMP-UNDP Project on Strengthening MP Climate Change Cell Objectives • Strengthen MP Climate Change Cell and develop it into a StateKnowledge Management Centre on Climate Change • Prepare a State Action Plan on Climate Change • Assist in mainstreaming Climate Change concerns into sectoral policies and programmes Madhya Pradesh State Action Plan on Climate Change (MP SAPCC) The Process The State Action Plan on Climate Change (SAPCC) has been formulated under the GoMP-UNDP Project ‘Strengthening MP Climate Change Cell’. Specific to the GoMP-UNDP project, an institutional set up was constituted which comprises of a Project Steering Committee (PSC), a Project Implementation Committee (PIC) and a Project Management Unit (PMU). The PSC functions under the chairmanship of the Chief Secretary, GoMP which provides overall policy guidance and ensure ownership amongst the concerned departments and stakeholders. The PIC has been formed under the Principal Secretary, Housing and Environment Department, GoMP and is responsible for making administrative and financial decisions and to undertake periodic reviews. SKMCCC, EPCO 13 Policy & Associating Departmental Regional NAPCC Mission Programm Institutions/ Consultations Consultations Docs Review Reviews Experts Draft SAPCC Department Endorsement Review by subject expert panel SAPCC submitted to GoMP and MoEF Process of SAPCC preparation Stakeholder Consultations The GoMP CC Cell adopted a bottom-up approach to develop the SAPCC whereby series of consultation workshops were organised with identified climate sensitive line departments (sectoral) and across the state in all the 11 agroclimatic zones (ACZ). A thorough review of sectoral programmes/policies and NAPCC Missions was done, in order to keep SAPCC in line with the national objectives as well as state objectives. These workshops helped in realising and recording the sectoral and regional implications of Climate Change, nature of Climate Change perceived in general and the probable strategies that may be included in the SAPCC to combat the likely impacts. In all, 27 such consultations were conducted. Officials and scientists from government departments, academia from research and educational institutes, civil society representatives including those from NGOs and general public participated in these workshops and shared their concerns. It is expected to evoke a wider ownership of the process and product which can go a long way in ensuring successful implementation of the recommendations of SAPCC. Project Launch workshop The project was launched in a two-day state level workshop on 26th – 27th April, 2010 at the State Academy of Administration, Bhopal. The workshop was attended by departmental officers, sector experts, academicians, scientists and researchers from various institutions. Participants were divided into four group i.e 1) Forestry, Wildlife and Biodiversity 2) Agriculture, Horticulture, Animal Husbandry & Fisheries 3) Health and Water and 4) Energy and Industries to facilitate targeted discussions pertaining to the sectors. Launch workshop offered an opportunity to introduce the project to all the government departments as well as to other stakeholders. SKMCCC, EPCO 14 Networking Workshop This workshop was organised to identify institutions/organisations working on Climate Change related aspects and to get useful insights into their competencies, projects in process and areas of Industry convergences with the Cell’s activities. This workshop was convened on 7th July, 2010 at Bhopal with an objective to network with major national and state level research and educational institutions. 31 institutions participated in this event. Sectoral Consultations Objectives of sectoral consultation workshops were to understand the sectoral policies and programme in effect, future developmental plans, preparedness and strategies with respect to Climate Change and perceived threats to the sector from changing climatic conditions (Participant mix: Fig. 3.2). Agro Climatic Zone Consultations Thirteen workshops were organised in eleven agroclimatic zones of the state with an objective to map regional issues with people’s participation. More than 1700 people including representatives from regional offices of departments, civil society organisations, researchers, media and farmers participated in these workshops (Participant mix: Fig. 3.3). SKMCCC, EPCO 15 4 Observed Climate Trends and Projected Change Observed Climate Trends Madhya Pradesh has a subtropical climate with three distinct seasons viz. Winter from December to Data used for analysis of observed climate February followed by summer season from March A very high resolution (0.50o x0.50o degree) daily rainfall and temperature data set for the period to May and rainy season extending from June to 1971-2005 prepared by IMD for the Indian region October. has been used for this assessment. The data set was developed using quality controlled data from During winters the mean temperature remains more than 6000 rain-gauge stations over India. A o around 10 C and mean maximum temperature well tested interpolation method (Shepard's remains 25oC and the minimum temperature goes method) was used to interpolate the station data into regular grids of 0.5o X 0.5o Lat x Long. down to 1oC in some regions. During summers, the mean minimum temperature is 22oC and mean Rajeevan and Bhate, 2009 maximum is 38oC. The maximum temperature during summer can go up to 48oC, especially in May and June which are the hottest months. The average temperature statistics for Madhya Pradesh is presented below in Fig. 4.1. The average annual rainfall for the state is 1160 mm. Rainfall is heaviest in the south-eastern parts of the state and it decreases as one move towards the north-west. Balaghat in the south receives the maximum rains; where average rainfall is above 1600 mm. The other southern districts of Mandla, Dindori and Anuppur receive between 1200-1400 mm of rain. The rainfall drops to the 1000-1200 mm as one move further north and west. Western districts in MP including most of those in the Malwa plateau and Sheopur and Shivpuri in the north receives 800-1000 mm of rain. Average annual rainfall is below 800 mm in the south-western tip of the state, including southern half of Jhabua and western half of Barwani district. The rainfall is below 800 mm in the districts lying to the northern most part of the state including Morena, Datia, Gwalior and Bhind. Most of the rainfall in the state is received from the south-west monsoon during June to September. Season wise distribution of average rainfall is presented in Fig. 4.2. ACZ Rainfall Min. Since monsoon receives the maximum volume of (mm) Temp. rain (more than 90% of the total annual rain fall in (0C) Madhya Pradesh), further analysis of the trends of Vindhya Plateau 1200-1400 0-2.5 monsoon rainfall is necessary as it forms the main Jhabua Hills 800-1000 0 source for agriculture and biodiversity in the state. An account of average rainfall and minimum Nimar Plains 800-1000 2.5-5.0 temperature for all the eleven agroclimatic zones is Bundelkhand 800-1400 - presented in Table 4.1 Malwa Plateau 1000-1200 0 Gird Zone 800-1000 Below 0 Trends of average annual monsoon rainfall is also analysed for each ACZ for the period 1961 – 2002 NHR Chhattisgarh 1200-1600 0-2.5 and depicted in Fig. 4.3. Though there is an inter- Chhattisgarh plains 1200-1600 2.5-5.0 annual variability of average monsoon rainfall in the Satpura Plateau 1000-1200 0-2.5 41 year period in all the ACZs, the rainfall trend is Central Narmada 1200-1600 2.5-5 also decreasing in each of them as deciphered by the Valley Kymore Hills 1100-1400 0-2.5 negative slope of the equation representing the linear trends. Table 4.1 ACZ Climate Characteristics of MP SKMCCC, EPCO 16 across SKMCCC, EPCO 17 18 Fig. 4.2 Average Rainfall across MP SKMCCC, EPCO Further a study carried out by Goswami et al (2006) , for observations spanning 50 years in the Central Indian region including Madhya Pradesh, indicates that the extreme precipitation events which are above 100mm are increasing in terms of their intensity and frequency, with low and moderate events becoming more and more infrequent (Depiction in Fig. 4.3) Fig. 4.3 Average Monsoon Rainfall (June, July, August and September) trends in various agroclimatic zones of MP between 1961-2002. Figures within boxes indicate the decreased trend in rainfall in this period (Source: India water portal http://indiawaterportal/metdata accessed on June 2011). 3 B. N. Goswami, V. Venugopal, D. Sengupta, M. S. Madhusoodanan,2 Prince K. Xavier; Increasing Trend of Extreme Rain Events Over India in a Warming Environment, Science 1 December 2006: Vol. 314. no. 5804, pp. 1442 - 1445 SKMCCC, EPCO 19 Fig. 4.3 Average Monsoon Rainfall (June, July, August and September) trends in various agroclimatic zones of MP between 1961-2002. Figures within boxes indicate the decreased trend in rainfall in this period (Source: India water portal http://indiawaterportal/metdata accessed on June 2011). Climate Projections Climate projections for 2030s (2021-2050) and 2080s (2071-2098) have been derived from PRECIS (Providing Regional Climate for Impact Studies), which is a desktop version of the HadRM3 model with a grid resolution of 0.44° x 0.44°. PRECIS simulation dataset is provided by the Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, Pune. The Climate Change scenarios are driven by the GHG emission scenarios - A1B which assumes a future world of very rapid economic growth, a global population that peaks in mid- century and declines thereafter, and assumes rapid introduction of new and more efficient technologies. Change in precipitation and temperature in 2030s and end of the century 2080s have been derived with respect to 1970s (1961-1990). Temperature: The average surface daily maximum temperatures, in the period 2030s is projected to rise by 1.8-2.0oC throughout Madhya Pradesh and the daily minimum temperature is projected to rise between 2.0oC to 2.4oC during the same period; the eastern half of the state experiencing more warming than the western half. By 2080s, the maximum temperature is projected to rise between 3.4oC to 4.4oC with northern region experiencing warmer temperatures. The minimum temperatures are likely to rise by more than 4.4oC all over Madhya Pradesh (Fig. 4.4) Rainfall: Projections of rain fall in Madhya Pradesh for the period 2021 to 2050 (Fig. 4.5) indicates that there is likely to be decrease in winter rainfall as one movse from eastern part of MP to western part of MP. In pre-monsoon period, the rainfall is increasing only in the Southern part of MP, with decreasein rain fall in all other parts. In the Monsoon period, there is a slight increase in rainfall all over MP (the increase being 1.25 times the rainfall observed in the current climate), and with no change in the Morena, Shivpuri, Bhind, Gwalior area. During post monsoon period, slowly again the western end of MP is likely to face decrease in rain fall, with no change or little increase in rainfall in most other parts of the state. In 2100 there is an overall increase in rain fall with southern states likely to receive more rain fall in the northern states. The increase in rain fall during the post monsoon and pre monsoon periods are projected to be more than the increase in rain falls SKMCCC, EPCO 20 projected for the monsoon period. The Table 4.2 summarises projected changes in climate parameters as derived from PRECIS - Projected 2021 -2050 2071-2100 Changes in Climate Daily Maximum 1.8-2oC increase o 3.4-4.4 C increase Temperatures Daily Minimum o o 2.0-2.4 C increase >4.4 C increase Temperatures Monsoon Increase in precipitation by More than 1.35 times increase in Precipitation 1.25 times the current precipitation with respect to observed observed rainfall in most parts climate in most parts of Madhya of Madhya Pradesh; Pradesh. No change in Morena, Shivpuri, With major parts of Hoshangabad and Gwalior and Bhind; Increase in Damoh, Mandla and northern parts of precipitation in eastern parts of Balaghat will experience rain in excess Hoshangabad, northern part of Betul, of 1.45 times the observed climate now. north eastern parts of Betul and The extreme northern and western part Southern part of Sehore of the state will also experience excess rainfall but less than most of the other areas. Winter Decrease in precipitation Substantial increase in precipitation in Precipitation Central and South western part of Madhya Pradesh increasing from between 1.45 to 1.85 times. SKMCCC, EPCO 21 SKMCCC, EPCO 22 Fig. 4.4 Change in daily average maximum and minimum temperatures in between 2021-2050 and between 2071-2100 with respect to base line (1961-1990) 23 Fig. 4.5 Change in average seasonal precipitation in 2021-2050 and 2071-2100 with respect to baseline (1961-1990) SKMCCC, EPCO 5 Vulnerability Assessment Background According to IPCC, Vulnerability is a function of the character, magnitude and rate of climate variation to which a system is exposed; its sensitivity; and adaptive capacity [IPCC, 2001] and Vulnerability of a system refers to its physical, social and economic aspects and it varies across regions, sectors and social groups. Understanding the regional and local dimensions of vulnerability is therefore essential to develop appropriate and targeted adaptation efforts. At the same time, such efforts must recognize that Climate Change impacts will not be felt in isolation, but as a combination of multiple stresses. Assessment of vulnerability to climate variability and change broadly helps in: • Understanding current vulnerability. • Identify the factors that render some districts more vulnerable than others. • Inform and facilitate the decision-making process. • Selection of adaptation strategies and practices. Climate Change Vulnerability in context of MP With an agrarian economy and natural resources dependent livelihoods of majority of its population, Madhya Pradesh tend to be vulnerable to the vagaries of Climate Change. Districts of Madhya Pradesh were identified as highly vulnerable, socially, in a study which examined exposure to the effects of Climate Change and economic globalisation [TERI, 2000]. Natural calamities like drought, floods and hailstorms are common features for the state. Almost every year one or the other part of the state is affected by drought like conditions enhancing distress migration despite the implementation of various developmental initiatives. The forest and environmental resources in the state are also under pressure. Pollution of rivers/wetlands, degradation of forests and biodiversity loss is being observed. Poverty and environment linkages are impacting on the Human Development Index and also on disease burden in the state. Inadequate sanitation and safe drinking water still pose a challenge for the state. In order to have a broad understanding of the Climate Change induced vulnerabilities of the state a detailed assessment was carried out taking into account socioeconomic and environmental indicators. Methodology of Vulnerability Assessment To assess the vulnerability of the districts in Madhya Pradesh a composite index is developed by multivariate analysis of individual indicators (social, economic, agriculture, water resource, forest, climate and health) which are vulnerable to Climate Change. In the development of aggregated indicators problems arise when the weights of each index have to be selected. Principal Components Analysis (PCA) is used as an approach to set the weights as a function of the explained variance [Jollands et al., 2004]. The steps involved are: • To convert raw data into a normalized form. This is done to make the raw data unit free, to avoid one variable having an undue influence on the analysis, to get the relative position of each district in respect of the indicators. Normalized values always lie between 0 and 1. • To construct the Socioeconomic Index (SEI) by taking all indicators used to construct the Social Index (SI) and Economic Index (ECI) respectively. • To construct the Environmental Index (ENI) by taking all indicators used to construct the Agriculture Index (AGI), Water Resource Index (WRI), Forest Index (FOI), Climate Index (CLI) and Health Index (HLI). SKMCCC, EPCO 24 • To construct the overall Composite Vulnerability Index (CVI) combining all indicators used to construct the SI, ECI, AGI, WRI, FOI, CLI and HLI. • Identify the districts which are most vulnerable to Climate Change by ranking the districts based on Composite Vulnerability Index. The indicators and index are subjected to be refined after testing since the model is in a continual process of improvement. The indicators are classified into three classes, which consist of adaptive capacity, sensitivity, and exposure. The indicators are assigned different weights determined by Principal Component Analysis (PCA) to avoid the uncertainty of equal weighting given the diversity of indicators used [Deressa, Hassan and Ringler, 2008]. Data projections for mid century and end century • District wise population of Madhya Pradesh for mid century (2050) and end century (2100) is projected using the Ratio Method. indicators • Per Capita Income, Net district Domestic Product for mid century (2050) and end century (2100) is projected using the polynomial trend using the 10 years data from 2000-2010. • Climate, PRECIS simulated climate for IPCC SRES A1B scenario, Impact model outputs for Water Resource and Forest indicators using the PRECIS simulated climate have been used. • Due to the limitations of the data availability the data for the agriculture and some of the socioeconomic indicators have been assumed to be the same as the base period. SKMCCC, EPCO 25 Vulnerability to Climate Change is a comprehensive multidimensional concept affected by large number of related indicators. These could be related to market, population and other socio-economic factors that act simultaneously together with Climate Change. Vulnerability due to Climate Change impacts can be of various types. The factors responsible for such changes are grouped into seven components viz., Social, Economic, Agriculture, Forest, Water Resource, Climate and Health. Based on a number of studies that have been reviewed, data availability and time constraint a set of 61 indicators are identified for analysis. The exposure sub-index is comprised of the twelve indicators measuring exposure to variability and extreme values of temperature and precipitation as well as to natural disasters from drought and flood. The sensitivity sub-index is comprised of sixteen indicators and the adaptive capacity sub-index is comprised of thirty three indicators measuring social, economic, water resources, agriculture and forest related indicators.The indicators under each sector and their classification as adaptive capacity, sensitivity or exposure can be referred to in Annexure 5. Analysis and results The socio-economic and environmental indicators vary widely within the districts of Madhya Pradesh. The highest range among the social indicators is being recorded for decadal growth rate of population, percentage of people below poverty line, percentage of households with access to sanitation facilities and number of slum dwellers per slum. The variations in the economic indicators are also observed, for example an analysis of the per capita income and net district domestic product at current prices shows that Indore has the highest value while the lowest value is observed in Dindori. Population served per health centre which includes community, primary and sub health centres shows good range of variation among the districts with the highest range being observed for Bhopal and least for Mandla. Among the environmental indicators fertilizer consumption, yield of all crops average, livestock population, flood discharge and annual average rainfall shows the highest range in variation. BASELINE: It shows cluster 4 (very high vulnerability) comprising of 12 districts to be the most vulnerable. The districts in this cluster are characterized by very low values of Composite Vulnerability Index (CVI) and hence are considered to be vulnerable to Climate Change. The districts in this cluster are in the East and North of Madhya Pradesh except Alirajpur which is located in the South West. The third cluster comprising 22 districts are also vulnerable but are relatively less than the districts in the fourth cluster. The first and the second clusters are made up of 12 and 4 districts respectively have moderate to low vulnerability. The districts in these clusters are located in the Southern region of Madhya Pradesh excepting Gwalior which is located in the North. The districts in these clusters by their high positive indices are less vulnerable to Climate Change because the households have high literacy rate, high per capita income and have more access to infrastructure. They are also characterized by lower values of extreme events due to Climate Change. It is inferred that districts namely, Dindori, Anuppur, Shahdol, Ashoknagar, Tikamgarh, Umaria, Singrauli, Sidhi, Morena, Alirajpur, Panna, Bhind are the most vulnerable to Climate Change since they have comparatively low adaptive capacity and are highly exposed to Climate Change with respect to other districts while Bhopal, Indore, Hoshangabad and Gwalior are low vulnerable districts as they have higher adaptive capacity and show lower sensitivity and exposure to Climate Change. The lesser vulnerability of districts is associated with its relatively higher economic capacity, its highest irrigation potential, high literacy rate, less exposure to extreme climatic events, larger forest area and better access to infrastructure. The district ranking within each cluster can be seen from Fig. 5.3. The districts in very high vulnerable category also have very high social, economic, agriculture, forest, water resource, health and climate indices (Fig. 5.4). Dindori, Anuppur, Shahdol, Ashoknagar and SKMCCC, EPCO 26 Tikamgarh show higher indices for most of the sub Number of Districts in Low Vulnerability sectors, and thus these districts also show higher vulnerability in the composite VI, except that Tikamgarh has slightly high index with respect to End Baseline, health and water resource, Ashoknagar with Century, 8 8 respect to water resource and Shahdol with respect to health index. Indore and Bhopal have higher values with regards to all sub indices and thus they are in the best positions in CVI, except that Indore Mid has low index with respect to water resources and Century, 8 Bhopal with respect to health and forest indices. MID CENTURY: Fig. 5.2 shows the district Number of Districts in Moderate Vulnerability vulnerability towards mid century. It can be seen that 2 districts namely, Sidhi and Panna have moved to high vulnerable category from the very End high vulnerable category in the baseline while Century, Bhind has come to the high vulnerable category 14 Baseline, from very high in the baseline. The number of 24 districts in moderate category reduces from 12 in the baseline to 7 in the midcentury as 5 districts Mid namely, Burhanpur, Chhindwara, Seoni, Century, Narsimhapur and Ujjain moves to the high 14 vulnerability from moderate vulnerability shown in baseline. Thus the overall vulnerability of Number of Districts in High Vulnerability districts increases in mid century as compared to the base scenario. The district ranking within each cluster can be seen End Baseline, from Fig. 5.3. It can be seen from the map that even Century, 40 within the high vulnerability category of 11 50 districts, Dindori stands out because of high exposure and sensitivity and low adaptive capacity. Additional five districts which have Mid moved from moderate to high vulnerability in the Century, mid century are because of increased sensitivity 14 and exposure indicators as shown in. Bhopal, Indore, Gwalior, and Hoshangabad remain low Number of Districts in Very High Vulnerability vulnerable districts. END CENTURY: Fig. 5.2 shows the district vulnerability towards end century. It can be seen that additional three districts namely, Sidhi, Panna End Baseline, and Bhind moves to very high vulnerable category Century, 28 from the high vulnerability in the mid century. The 28 overall vulnerability of districts increase in the end century compared to the base scenario. Bhopal, Indore, Jabalpur and Hoshangabad remain low Mid vulnerable districts. Century, 22 SKMCCC, EPCO 27 The pie charts above give the percentage of districts falling in low, moderate, high and very high vulnerability category under baseline, mid and end century scenario. It can be inferred from the figure, that the districts which are currently moderate to high vulnerability are projected to experience higher vulnerability towards mid and end century. Table 5.1gives the relative ranking of the districts for the baseline, mid century and end century scenarios. A rank value 1 indicates that the district is least vulnerable to Climate Change with respect to other districts and rank value 50 indicates that it is the most vulnerable among all the districts. Spatial representation of district ranking is depicted in Fig. 5.3. CVI [(Rank (Cluster, Index)] Districts Baseline Mid Century End Century Bhopal Division Bhopal 2 (1, 0.099) 2 (1, 0.089) 2 (1, 0.1) Raisen 9 (2, 0.018) 11 (2, 0.013) 10 (2, 0.009) Vidisha 18 (3, -0.001) 17 (3, -0.004) 17 (3, -0.01) Sehore 22 (3, -0.011) 27 (3, -0.021) 26 (3, -0.024) Rajgarh 34 (3, -0.036) 43 (4, -0.049) 41 (4, -0.051) Chambal Division Sheopur 32 (3, -0.035) 34 (3, -0.032) 33 (3, -0.038) Bhind 39 (4, -0.043) 37 (3, -0.038) 38 (4, -0.047) Morena 42 (4, -0.055) 41 (4, -0.047) 42 (4, -0.053) Gwalior Division Gwalior 3 (1, 0.077) 3 (1, 0.08) 4 (1, 0.071) Shivpuri 30 (3, -0.028) 29 (3, -0.026) 28 (3, -0.03) Guna 34 (3, -0.036) 36 (3, -0.036) 35 (3, -0.04) Datia 37 (3, -0.037) 31 (3, -0.029) 30 (3, -0.036) Ashoknagar 47 (4, -0.069) 47 (4, -0.067) 45 (4, -0.069) Indore Division Indore 1 (1, 0.133) 1 (1, 0.124) 1 (1, 0.127) West Nimar 8 (2, 0.022) 7 (2, 0.02) 7 (2, 0.014) East Nimar 10 (2, 0.016) 10 (2, 0.014) 10 (2, 0.009) Burhanpur 14 (2, 0.006) 12 (3, 0) 15 (3, -0.004) Barwani 17 (3, 0.003) 19 (3, -0.005) 21 (3, -0.016) Dhar 19 (3, -0.002) 14 (3, -0.001) 13 (3, -0.001) Jhabua 30 (3, -0.028) 33 (3, -0.031) 34 (3, -0.039) Alirajpur 41 (4, -0.047) 41 (4, -0.047) 39 (4, -0.05) SKMCCC, EPCO 28 CVI [(Rank (Cluster, Index)] Districts Baseline Mid Century End Century Jabalpur Division Jabalpur 5 (2, 0.048) 5 (2, 0.045) 5 (2, 0.046) Narsimhapur 12 (2, 0.007) 12 (3, 0) 12 (3, 0.002) Seoni 12 (2, 0.007) 14 (3, -0.001) 20 (3, -0.015) Chhindwara 16 (2, 0.005) 20 (3, -0.006) 18 (3, -0.011) Balaghat 24 (3, -0.013) 24 (3, -0.017) 27 (3, -0.026) Katni 28 (3, -0.026) 23 (3, -0.013) 23 (3, -0.019) Mandla 38 (3, -0.039) 40 (4, -0.043) 39 (4, -0.05) Narmadapuram Division Hoshangabad 4 (1, 0.067) 4 (1, 0.063) 3 (1, 0.079) Harda 6 (2, 0.031) 6 (2, 0.029) 6 (2, 0.031) Betul 23 (3, -0.012) 28 (3, -0.023) 29 (3, -0.033) Rewa Division Satna 26 (3, -0.016) 22 (3, -0.01) 22 (3, -0.018) Rewa 34 (3, -0.036) 29 (3, -0.026) 31 (3, -0.037) Sidhi 43 (4, -0.058) 39 (3, -0.04) 44 (4, -0.063) Singrauli 44 (4, -0.066) 44 (4, -0.051) 47 (4, -0.073) Sagar Division Sagar 21 (3, -0.007) 21 (3, -0.008) 19 (3, -0.013) Damoh 26 (3, -0.016) 25 (3, -0.018) 23 (3, -0.019) Chhatarpur 32 (3, -0.035) 32 (3, -0.03) 35 (3, -0.04) Panna 39 (4, -0.043) 37 (3, -0.038) 37 (4, -0.046) Tikamgarh 45 (4, -0.068) 46 (4, -0.062) 46 (4, -0.072) Shahdol Division Umaria 45 (4, -0.068) 45 (4, -0.055) 43 (4, -0.061) Shahdol 48 (4, -0.089) 48 (4, -0.075) 48 (4, -0.085) Anuppur 49 (4, -0.093) 49 (4, -0.077) 49 (4, -0.098) Dindori 50 (4, -0.108) 50 (4, -0.1) 50 (4, -0.118) Ujjain Division Dewas 7 (2, 0.023) 8 (2, 0.018) 7 (2, 0.014) Neemuch 11 (2, 0.015) 9 (2, 0.015) 9 (2, 0.012) Ujjain 14 (2, 0.006) 14 (3, -0.001) 13 (3, -0.001) Ratlam 20 (3, -0.004) 17 (3, -0.004) 15 (3, -0.004) Mandsaur 25 (3, -0.015) 26 (3, -0.019) 25 (3, -0.023) Shajapur 28 (3, -0.026) 35 (3, -0.035) 31 (3, -0.037) Table 5.1 CVI district Ranks (Cluster) for the baseline, mid century, and end century scenarios SKMCCC, EPCO 29 Significant Indicators Principal Component Analysis performed also indicates the indicators which play significant role in explaining vulnerability among the districts. Amongst all the indicators considered in particular sector indicators with weights greater than the average weight of all indicators are considered as important in explaining vulnerability. Table 5.2 gives the list of significant indicators in order of their importance for each sector. These indicators can play important role in decision making in a goal to reduce vulnerability. Indicators Conceptual Basis Social Population Served per Health Centre (Community, Primary and Sub Health Centres) Adaptive Capacity Percentage of Households With Access To Sanitation Facilities Adaptive Capacity Level of urbanization Adaptive Capacity Percentage of Households With Access To Safe Drinking Water Adaptive Capacity Density of Population Sensitivity Number of Slum Dwellers Per Slum Sensitivity Percentage of Households owning Radio ,Transistor, Television And Telephones Adaptive Capacity Proportion of elderly population aged 65 and above Sensitivity Proportion of Child Population In The Age Group 0-6 Sensitivity Literacy Rate Adaptive Capacity Economic Agricultural credit societies per lakhs of population Adaptive Capacity Loan disbursed by agricultural credit societies per cultivator Adaptive Capacity Scheduled commercial banks per lakhs of population Adaptive Capacity Agriculture Percentage of Land Holdings below 1 Hectare Sensitivity Fertilizer Consumption Adaptive Capacity Percentage of Net Irrigated Area To Geographical Area By Surface Water Adaptive Capacity Percentage of Bio-Farming villages in total villages Adaptive Capacity Percentage Share of Agricultural And Cultivators Main Workers Sensitivity Yield of All Crops Adaptive Capacity Water Crop Water Stress(Evapo-transpiration/Potential Evapo-transpiration) Sensitivity Surface Water Availability Adaptive Capacity Climate Warm nights- days when minimum temperature > 90th Percentile Exposure Warm Days - Cool nights- days when maximum temperature > 90th Percentile Exposure Warm Spell Duration Indicator (Annual count of days with at least 6 consecutive days Exposure when maximum temperature>90th percentile) Cool Days - Cool nights- days when maximum temperature < 10th Percentile Exposure Cool nights- days when minimum temperature < 10th Percentile Exposure SKMCCC, EPCO 30 Indicators Conceptual Basis Flood discharge Exposure Extremely Wet Days-Annual total rainfall when rainfall>99th percentile Exposure Health Percentage of People Having Diarrhoea Sensitivity Index of Malaria Sensitivity Forest Percentage of High Density Forest area to geographical area Adaptive Capacity NTFP Diversity(no of varieties) Adaptive Capacity Number of JFM Communities Adaptive Capacity Table 5.2 List of significant indicators in order of their importance for each sector The analysis of the pattern of vulnerability of districts in Madhya Pradesh to Climate Change has shown that generally the north, east, south east and south western districts are more vulnerable to Climate Change. This is explained by the greater exposure to drought and climate extremes as well as relatively low levels of technology and socio-economic and infrastructure development.This exercise is a modest attempt to assess the vulnerability issues of the state. Though the outcome of this VA study largely conforms with the general understanding that MP is exposed to Climate Change vagaries, There is need for developing adaptataion, plan of action for the state with focus on forestry, water, agriculture and health sectors, because on the new knowledge in the field of climate science. The MP Vulnerability Assessment study was taken up as part of the ongoing MoEF/GIZ combined CCA- RAI project. This is an attempt to understand the vulnerability issues in the state. However, given the geographical size, methodological constraint, sectors involved and paucity of time and data requirement, the study has its own limitations. This is being fine tuned with additional inputs. The study is in the draft stage and efforts are being made to refine the outcomes so that it is more accurate. Readers are advised to refer to the draft report on Vulnerability Assessment available at SKMCCC, EPCO. SKMCCC, EPCO 31 SKMCCC, EPCO 32 Fig. 5.2 Composite Vulnerability map showing low, moderate, high and very high cluster of districts in M P 33 SKMCCC, EPCO Fig. 5.3 Map showing composite vulnerability ranking of individual districts in M P used for clustering as shown in fig 5.2 SKMCCC, EPCO 34 Fig. 5.4 Composite Vulnerability map showing low, moderate, high and very high cluster of districts in MP along with sub-indicescluster map “Considering the Climate Change induced vulnerabilities and challenges that could be concerns for the state, ten sectors were considered sensitive in the context. Through the wide-scale consultation process followed to draft the State Action Plan on Climate Change, all the State Government departments dealing with these identified sectors were consulted. This section provides an overview of identified issues and possible solutions to address these issues. ” * Forestry & Biodiversity * Water Resources * Agriculture, Horticulture, Animal Husbandry & Fisheries * Human Health * Urban Administration & Transport * Energy * New & Renewable Energy * Industries * Rural Development * Environment SKMCCC, EPCO 35 SKMCCC, EPCO 36 6 Forests and Biodiversity Background Madhya Pradesh is endowed with rich forest resource and biodiversity. The role of forest in the ecosysytem is now very much evident and thus conservation and preservation of these forests is crucial and forms utmost priority of the state. They have an important function in maintaining the river flow, which is a major source of irrigation. Apart from providing regulatory services forest are also important from the socio economic perspective. MP has a large tribal population which is socially, culturally and economically dependent on forests for their sustenance. Timber from these forests is important source of revenue for the Forest Department. Non Timber Forest Produce has an important role in providing the livelihood to the forest dwellers. The minor produce from the forests include tendu leaves, harra and sal seeds, several roots, fruits, nuts, seeds, resins and gums etc. Besides agriculture and livestock, rural economy of MP is mainly dependent on forests and forest products. The management of the forests is done by the State Forest Department. The state manages its forest resource through scientifically prepared documents called ‘Working Plans’. “Management Plans” are also prepared for Protected Areas (PAs) to provide guidelines and action plan for scientific management of wildlife resources. The state forest department is equipped with one of the best Information Technology facility in the country, which is capable of using remote sensing inputs for combating forest fires, monitoring encroachments & monitoring the forest cover status in general. The state ranks 10th in terms of total growing stock. Policies and Programmes Vaniki Act & Land Revenue Code – The subject of trees on private land is dealt by M. P. Land Revenue Code, 1959. The state enacted Lok Vaniki Act in 2001 to facilitate the owners of woodlots (forest tree crops on private lands) to grow forestry crops & maintain forests on private lands. This Act has also passed the scrutiny of the Apex Court of the country and is a very effective tool in encouraging the farmers to grow more trees (Agro-forestry, farm-forestry, silvi-pasture etc) & increase TOF resource. Joint Forest Management – A total of 15,228 Forest Protection Committees /Village Forest Committees SKMCCC, EPCO 37 are managing about 66,873.85 sq kilometres forest area under Joint Forest Management Programme. As an adaptive social process, JFM is striving to create sufficient future forest production opportunity to satisfy potentially competitive/conflicting interests that would diminish the forest if left unresolved, benefitting lakhs of population in the process. Some of the initiatives taken under the programme for the benefit of JFMCs are – • Issuance of Central Kisan Credit Cards • Plantation through private funds • Strengthening rural electrification through renewable sources • Introducing alternatives for fuel wood • Other livelihood options like sericulture, poultry, dairy, lac production etc. Project Tiger Scheme and Development of National Parks and Sanctuaries Scheme – It involves eco development scheme which is a site specific village (around PAs) level planning by the villagers for sustainable development of village resources which can provide job opportunities ensuring active participation of villagers in protection of PAs and Tribal beneficiaries relocated from PAs. However, future projects of forest management would stress more on development of ecosystem services rather than regional or site specific ones in order to ensuring a wholesome approach towards safeguarding an ecosystem and making it sustainable. Concerns of Forestry Sector Forest cover is changing and degrading due to various anthropogenic pressures despite the fact that modern technology particularly fire surveillance and other protection measures have been intensified in the state. Increased dependence on forests for fuelwood and timber, diversion of forest lands for non- forestry purpose; encroachments are some of the main concerns of the sector. The state has been liberal in providing access to forest and granting entitlement on the small forest products. A section of the forestry experts feel that the entitlement, empowerment and access have not been Concerns accompanied by commensurate emphasis on “responsible * Pressure on forests for fuel wood management and use practices”. * Illegal felling All these have resulted into unsustainable extraction and use * Unchecked and unregulated conversion of NTFP resources of the state. The result has been that a of forest land to farm land large number of important NTFP yielding species have gone * Overall deteriorating forest health and into RET (Rare, Endangered and Threatened) category of productivity IUCN. Studies have shown that many of these species and * Consumption of forest land for development activities neglecting their collection have reduced from 60-90% in the last 5 years compensatory afforestation or so. They are most important elements of biodiversity. * Changing type of biodiversity and Continued degradation of forest and consequent depletion phenology of plants of these elements of biodiversity is an indicator of imminent * Predicted increase in forest threats from impending impacts of Climate Change. fragmentation Records suggest that there are as many as 50,000 people * Increased incidences of man-animal conflicts occupying 1,43,000 hectares of forestland. A livestock * Forest fires population of about two crores is also dependent on these * Unsustainable harvesting practices of forests for grazing. In addition 20,00,000 cattle and other forest produce animals visit the state from neighbouring states every year. * Increased pest attacks Extraction of fuel wood mostly for self consumption and * Adverse impacts of extreme weather also for cash income continues to be a major pressure on events (like frost) on forest vegetation SKMCCC, EPCO 38 forests. Uncontrolled grazing and unsustainable use of forest resources for income generation will continue to cause forest degradation. Forest ecosystem conservation assumes special significance vis a vis enhancing forest produce as well as acting as agents of carbon sequestration, however it is essential that the forest dwellers should also receive a part of the compensation for regenerating/ conserving the forests. Forest degradation and consequent depletion of growing stock is resulting into reduced carbon sequestration potential of forests. Shift of the approach from economic rotation of forest to carbon rotation is needed. The local population living inside forests has limited livelihood opportunities and therefore are driven by market forces to resort to unsustainable extraction of forest resources particularly the NTFPs including medicinal plants. Thus in such areas there may be problems of degradation and reduced carbon sequestration. The agro-climatic zone wise vulnerability of the forests, based on topography of the zone, forest cover, population dependent on forest produce, revenue earned from forest produce and the status of forest cover and biodiversity of forests, indicates that the forests of Jhabua hills, Nimar plains, Bundelkhand, Gird and Satpura plateau are highly vulnerable. Vulnerability mapping of Indian Forests [Ravindranath et.al.] shows that Central Indian States of M.P. & Chattisgarh are most vulnerable to the effects of the Climate Change. As temperature increases and rainfall pattern changes, forest growth, and regeneration of forests in all parts of Madhya Pradesh is likely to be affected. It is likely that higher rates of degradation of forests and soils would occur there by affecting biodiversity and hence reduce forest produce, which in turn will affect the livelihood opportunities. It would be highly important to assess the carbon sequestration potential of the state’s forests, especially in view of rapid destruction of these carbon sinks. It is also expected that capacity of forest areas to act as catchment areas for different rivers emanating from the forest regions might lessen due to forest degradation. Increasing forest fires, biodiversity loss & spread of pests and invasion of alien species including weeds leads to increased human and wild life conflicts, as pressures on forest land increase. Strategies for Forestry sector

1. Development of Sustainable Forest Management Plans for different forest types in view of Climate Change: Detailed studies are recommended to understand impacts of Climate Change on forest productivity in different forest types using different climate and biodiversity models. This would help in developing climate resilient forest management plans. Revival of preservation plots, sample plots & yield plots is also recommended.To move from business as usual scenario adaptation plans for each forest type of MP according to their biophysical vulnerabilities to Climate Change should be developed and implemented.

2. Enhancing the levels of forest conservation, afforestation, reforestation activities through viable models: Most forest areas of the State are well demarcated on the ground and on map. However in view of implementation of FRA, 2006 there may be some honey-combing and fragmentation. Proper demarcation of forest boundaries in view of the vulnerability of remaining forest areas from further encroachments is needed. Similarly for sustainable PA management the forest/ wildlife corridors need to be identified for connecting different National Parks and Sanctuaries of the State. This will allow conservation and migration of gene pool from high concentration areas to lower concentration. State Forest Department with the technical assistance of GIZ is in the process of developing A/R CDM project. More of such initiatives may be undertaken to harness the market based opportunities like REDD+, CDM etc for forest conservation. Regular plantation activities as a measure for restoration of degraded ecosystems should be continued in a well planned manner. To SKMCCC, EPCO 39 avoid the conflicts on the issue of biodiversity conservation and livelihood effective implementation of “care and share” mechanism (eg. establishment of PPAs, MPCAs, and CCAs) should be adopted.

3. Prioritise soil and water conservation in forest management: The role of forests in conserving the biodiversity and the hydrological function performed by forests needs to be re-emphasized to prepare for meeting the challenges posed by Climate Change. The catchment area treatments need to be taken on high priority basis with scientific approach. An integrated approach is required to treat the landscape irrespective of its current uses (Forest, grassland, agriculture etc). Integrated watershed management with the help of silvi-pasture development shall be promoted in the forest fringe areas. Identification of critical areas within forests for soil and water conservation should be undertaken. Similarly, water harvesting and storage structures in the form of water bodies, wetlands etc should be created in the forest areas. This would help in soil moisture conservation and would also provide drinking water to wildlife.

4. Research on the impact of CC on the forest types and forest based ecosystem services: Developing ‘centres of excellence’ to undertake regional analysis for the entire spread of forest types and Climate Change related threats analysis using climate models. Researches to forecast the likely impact of Climate Change phenomenon in forest areas, to assess the vulnerability, carbon sequestration potential and adaptability of indigeneous tree species should be undertaken on high priority. The state has developed well organised fire detection and control mechanism using IT application. These efforts have been helpful in reducing the risk of extensive forest fire. Documentation of the initiatives like PPAs, MPCAs, Community Conserved Areas and exploring the possibility of more such initiatives to involve and develop sense of ownership among the communities for conservation of forests.

5. Capacity building: Orientation of the forest managers, officers and workers to the implications of Climate Change on forest ecosystem as a whole with emphasis on impact on forest growth, carbon sequestration, water balance and overall effect on the productivity of different ecosystems. Imparting training to communities on various schemes /programmes /associated benifits of social forestry, PPA, water conservation, market instruments etc so that they could participate in such initiatives and build their adaptive capacities. Programmes such as “Nav Bihan” launched for the JFMC members of Madhya Pradesh by the M P Forest Department should be replicated for other targeted stakeholders.

6. Promote use of alternate source of energy in forest villages and adjoining revenue villages: So far the forest dwellers have been mostly dependent on forest biomass for lighting, cooking and heating. They need to be encouraged for the use of non conventional source of energy (eg solar) for these purposes. Interventions like green livelihoods (eg: Lighting a Billion Lives programme) to promote alternate fuel use and mechanism to support these interventions need to be done.

7. Livelihood security of Forest Dependent Communities: There is need to strengthen NTFP focused forest management to help forest dependent communities adapt to Climate Change. Traditional sources of livelihood dependent on like Lac & Kosa shall also be enhanced and related skill building programmes should be undertaken. Ecology linked programmes like ecotourism have emerged as potential for enhanced employment and income to local people, these should be built in proper way so that real aim of these programmes could be acheived. Involving the communities in the conservation of the forest and providing opportunity for forest based livelihoods like silviculture, lac culture honey collection etc need to be taken up on high priority basis. The government of Madhya Pradesh has been very liberal, perhaps the only state to recognize the community efforts in conservation of forests and therefore has agreed to distribute substantial part of forest revenue for the welfare of indigenous people. SKMCCC, EPCO 40

8. Biodiversity Conservation: Biodiversity is the basis of life and changing climate poses great threat to it. There is a need to strengthen biodiversity institutional mechanism and integrate Climate Change concerns in the Biodiversity Action Plan. There is urgent need to identify ecologically fragile areas, Rare Endangered Threatened (RET) species, Alien Invasive Species (AIS) to supplement working plans for biodiversity conservation.

9. Enhance green cover outside forests: To create good forest cover it is necessary to bring the non forest areas also under green cover. This could be achieved by giving impetus to social forestry, agro forestry and under trees outside forests (TOFs) mainly along roads, canals, railways etc. The Madhya Pradesh Forest Department has planted with the help of local communities, 1.5 crores saplings of Bamboo in Bamboo Year 2010 and 20 lakh plus saplings of Mohua & Khamer on non forest lands. Such initiatives need to be intensified with convergence of other departments.

10. Vulnerability mapping of Forests of M.P.: Vulnerability mapping of the forest ecosystem and livelihood of forest dependent communities with reference to Climate Change with the help of indicators like: Forest Cover Map, Wastelend Atlas, Vulnerability Maps, Watershed Atlas, Socio- economic Atlas, Ethnicity, Poverty Index etc should be taken up and accordingly the adaptation plans should be made and implemented in the state.

11. Participation of People: The state has already been engaged in promoting people’s participation in sustainable forest management. Over 15000 JFMCs (FPCs, VFCs and EDCs) have already been formed in the state. These need to be strengthened and actively involved in sustainable forest development activities. Community participation in conservation and monitoring actities should be encouraged in order to resolve the conflict between forest and people. This would inculcate sense of owenership among the communities. The communities performing well should be suitably rewarded. Impact of climate change on forests of Madhya Pradesh An assessment of the impact of projected climate change on forest ecosystems in Madhya Pradesh has been made using the global dynamic vegetation model IBIS and A1B Climate change scenario for the assessment period 2021-2050 for short term and 2071 – 2100 for long term. The impacts of projected climate change are assessed at regional climate grid scales (about 50 X 50 km).The dynamic global vegetation model (IBIS) has been validated by Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore for its suitability to Indian conditions. The IBIS model was run at the national level and the outputs are extracted for Madhya Pradesh. The dynamic vegetation model outputs show that during the short-term period of 2030s, out of the 4426 forested grids in Madhya Pradesh, 1000 (23%) will be impacted by climate change. Percentage of the forested grids projected to be impacted by 2080s is higher to the tune of 48% (2131 grids). The distribution of forested grids projected to be impacted by climate change is presented in Figures below for 2030s and 2080s. Forested grids mainly in the northern and south western part of Madhya Pradesh are projected to be impacted by climate change during the short-term period (2030s) under A1B scenario (Fig. 6.1). In the long-term period (2080s), in addition to the northern and south western parts, southern and eastern districts of Madhya Pradesh are also projected to be impacted (Fig. 6.2). The forests in the central districts of the state are not likely to be impacted by the projected climate change even by 2080s. In the districts projected to be impacted by climate change, the future climate is not suitable for the existing forest types and the species present. The forests in the grids projected to be impacted could experience tip drying, changes in physiological and phenological characters and in extreme cases die back, leading to mortaility of the tree species. SKMCCC, EPCO 41 SKMCCC, EPCO 42 SKMCCC, EPCO 43 7 Water Resources Background The state has a semi arid upstream topography with seven major river basins which form the life line of the state. Rainfall is the major source of water in Madhya Pradesh. Maximum rainfall occurs in the monsoon period from June to September which keeps varying across the state. Though the state receives medium to high levels of rains, the ground storage capacity is low due to physiograhic reasons like poor quality soils of low depth and high slopes, black soils of medium to deep soil depth with flat slopes and the underlying impervious hard rock layer. The sources of irrigation are classified in the category of major, medium and minor depending on the extent of the area likely to be irrigated from the storage capacity created or from the run off of available rivers. However, high annual evapo- transpiration rate (Green Water Flow) in the region which is on an average 2100 mm and is in most cases double the total annual precipitation results in a substantial proportion of the harvested water being lost to evaporation. The actual irrigation is far less than the designed irrigation potential of the state; this low utilization is primarily due to the terrain situation because of which it cannot make use of its share of water resources through canal irrigation from rivers without large investments. Groundwater constitutes a major and widely used resource in MP. However, it is not uniformly distributed due to the varied hydrogeology of the state. Western region of the State is largely occupied by the Deccan Trap lava flows of 10-20 m thickness, separable into vesicular and massive units. The vesicular units, at various depths below ground, are moderately productive with wells capable of yielding 250 – 750 cu.m/ day for drawdown of 3-6 metres. The northern and eastern parts are covered by Archean crystalline rocks, Pre-cambrian sedimentary rocks and Gondawna groups of rocks. In these areas groundwater occurs in upper weathered mantle and fractured zones underlying them. Gondawana formations are granular where tubewells are capable of yielding 100-500 cu.m/day for drawdown of 6 to 10 m. Thick alluvial deposits along the Chambal in the northern and Narmada in the southern parts form excellent aquifers but constitutes only 9% of the area. About half of the available ground water is used for irrigation mainly from privately owned dug wells or shallow tube wells. District-wise groundwater balance data indicate high levels of ground water abstraction in the western and north-western districts compared to the eastern and south-eastern districts SKMCCC, EPCO 44 where groundwater potential developed is only a tenth of the utilisable reserves. The map (Fig. 7.1) shows ten different watershed areas of the prominent rivers in the state. The largest water shed is of Narmada stretching across the state from east to west followed by Chambal in the western region. Water supply in the state could be differentiated as urban and rural water supply. In the last 25 to 30 years the villages have shifted to ground water extraction through wells and hand pumps for their domestic purposes. Compared to the 30% urban water supply met out with groundwater, a massive 70% of the rural water supply is dependent on the same source. Table 7.1 shows the trends in irrigation between1977-78 to 2004-2005. As can be seen major irrigation has happened through ground water resources, followed by canals linked to major reservoirs. It is clear that the irrigation through ground water resources has increased 5 times with almost decreasing trends of irrigation through canals and tanks. Year Groundwater Canals Tanks Others 1977-78 878 1025 147 187 1989-90 1718 1400 147 405 1998-99 3650 1054 142 821 2004-05 4106 1041 127 919 Table 7.1 Trends of irrigation in MP in '000 ha (Source: Department of Agriculture, GOMP) Policies and Programmes Narmada, the lifeline of Madhya Pradesh is the fifth largest river in India. Its potential for irrigation and hydro-electricity has been captured through a series of dams which have been either constructed or are under construction. The Government’s Plan is to build 30 large, 135 medium and 3000 small dams to harness the waters of the Narmada and its tributaries. The MP Water Sector Restructuring Project (WSRP) funded by the World Bank aims to improve the productivity of water and integrate 654 schemes (completed prior to 1986) spread over 30 districts of 5 river basin (Betwa, Chambal, Sindh, Ken and Tons). There are proposals for Interstate River linking projects (Ken-Betwa) and the Parvati Kalsindh-Chambal links which are under consideration with other states. The MP WSRP is improving the overall management of water resources as well as irrigation service delivery, modernising about 650 minor, medium and major irrigations schemes covering an area of about 620,000 ha in the five focus basins. Concerns of Water Sector Currently, about 94% of the available water (81.5 lakh ha m), is used for irrigation and the rest is for industrial and domestic use. Of the total irrigation water available to the state, 66.5% of it is groundwater. SKMCCC, EPCO 45 Similarly 95% of the water used for drinking and domestic Concerns purposes is also obtained from groundwater. In fact, the entire demand for rural drinking water is met through * Unplanned infrastructure ground water extraction and due to more and more demand development impeding the natural of water for agriculture purposes the ground water flow of streams identified for drinking purposes are also drying up * Deteriorating water quality and threatening the groundwater dependent rural water supply. reduced safe water availability The State Water Policy 2007 also mentions that priority * Over dependence on groundwater for should be given to exploration of ground water resources various activities * Unregulated exploration of for drinking water purposes. groundwater Between 1998 and 2004, there has been 15.3% rise of * Inefficient water management water draft from ground water sources in MP. Increasing practices and plans water demand for human consumption, agriculture and * Ignored traditional water storing industry, coupled with erratic rainfall has led to supply structures problems.The indiscriminate exploitation of groundwater * Shift in spatial and temporal not only results in decline of groundwater levels but in distribution of rainfall * Noted increase in intensity of rainfall some districts like Mandsaur, Neemuch and Ujjain, there is and also increase in frequency of such a threat to shallow fresh water aquifers due to inland events salinity. The heavy pumpage from shallow tubewells * Decrease in number of rainy days results in upward movement of saline water present in the * Incidences of extreme weather events deep aquifers, causing salinization of fresh water aquifers. such as drought like conditions and The other serious issues of groundwater quality are high flash floods concentration of fluorides (mainly in granitic terrain), * Endangered aquatic ecosystem due to agricultural, municipal and industrial pollutions. Water disturbed river flow logging in canal command areas leads to soil salinity and needs immediate attention towards conjunctive use of surface and ground water. Post-monsoon flow in most rivers is used for irrigation which further reduces their flows in lean season and the rivers get converted into a series of just small pools. Water use efficiency in irrigation is generally very low and this is an area of major concern in view of resource depletion. The challenge is to increase efficiency in irrigation and enhancing agricultural productivity through other improved technologies. In many regions/districts groundwater is being depleted at an alarming rate- one commonly cited reason is highly subsidised electricity for pumping. This needs to be checked either by law or by tariff.The total storage of rainfall through major and minor irrigation dams is quite small. High evapo-transpiration rates of surface water which, at times is double than the precipitation received, leads to loss of soil moisture and surface water as well. High rates of runoff due to topography result in loss of rainwater. Low capacity of natural water recharge in the subsoil in most of the areas of Madhya Pradesh is also a major concern. The development of surface water resources is less than optimum in the state.Water management status is also far from satisfactory and efficiency of irrigation use is generally very low and service rendered needs improvements. Serious efforts are required to bridge the gap between irrigation potential graded and actual area of irrigation utilization in terms of additional agricultural production. Analysis of observed rainfall data for the period 1961-2003 indicates an already decreasing annual trend. Also, latest research shows [Goswami et al, 2006] that trends of heavy precipitation (>100mm) events in the last 50 years is increasing as compared to precipitation events less than 100mm. Which means that not only the lower rain fall receipt is decreasing the ground water recharge over the years, but the increase in heavy precipitation events leading to higher run off are also not facilitating adequate ground water recharge. SKMCCC, EPCO 46 Strategies to address concerns of Climate Change in Water Sector

1. Development of a comprehensive water data base in public domain and assessment of the impact of Climate Change on water resources of the State: A data base needs to be developed to assist in forecasting and research for developing adaptation strategies, better management of action plans, and assessment of water availability and demand by various sectors in the future.

2. Promote accelerated pace of surface water development in the state: The programme of command area development must be taken up on a priority basis under which completion and renovation of canal systems, field channels and land levelling should be undertaken in an accelerated mode to fully realise the surface water irrigation potential already created. Also measures like rejuvenation of lakes, village ponds, collection of rainwater for domestic water use in rural areas needs to be promoted.

3. Water conservation, augmentation and preservation with special focus on areas with over exploited conditions of ground water: Establishing state water authority to monitor regulation, management and allocation of water for different purposes. Particular attention should be given to artificial recharging of groundwater in over exploited regions. In areas where quality problem exists in deeper aquifers, like inland salinity and high concentration of fluorides, the recharge of shallow aquifers should be given the highest priority. The dried up dugwells in these areas can be fully utilised as recharge structures after providing necessary filters. It should be ensured that the abandoned dugwells (mostly used to dump garbage) are first thoroughly cleaned and disinfected before their use as recharge structure. These wells should be used only as recharge wells and not utilised for any other purpose even when water level rises due to recharge. To minimise wasteful evaporation losses and overflow of surplus surface water from minor irrigation dams and ponds, it is advisable to provide number of recharge shafts in the submergence area with the intake level just below the full supply level. The recharge shaft should be designed to recharge the aquifer below the impervious bed of storage tank. The CGWB has prepared a detailed district wise National Master Plan on Artificial Recharge and this needs to be implemented immediately. Promote traditional measures of water conservation using the rural employment programmes such as MGNREGA.The National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme primarily and all other employment and rural development schemes should be geared to local area specific soil and water conservation activities at a large scale. Simple soil and water conservation techniques and overall watershed development including the rejuvenation of tanks is proposed to be the focus.

4. Increase water use efficiency in irrigation, domestic and industrial purposes: Through water authority investigate new regulatory structures with entitlements and prices to adopt water efficient and innovative technologies; identify water wastage and leakage. Also undertake studies to evaluate supply and demand of water sector in the changing climate scenario. Develop ideal PPP models for recycling waste water. Improve efficiency of urban water supply system. Undertake mandatory water audits.

5. Promote basin level integrated watershed management: Undertake integrated watershed management in identified areas within a basin where livelihood opportunities are being affected due to changes in water resources due to Climate Change. The studies of CGWB have identified 69 major watersheds in the State in which the declining trend of ground water levels exceeds 0.1 m / year. These watersheds have been identified for construction of suitable artificial recharge structures to augment the depleting ground water resources. It has been estimated that the unsaturated zone available for recharge has a storage potential of 2837.49 MCM (based on specific yield of rock types in the watersheds). The total requirement of SKMCCC, EPCO 47 water, for creating the sub-surface storage to fully saturate the vadose zone upto 3 m below ground level, works out to 3773.86 MCM at 75% efficiency. In the 69 identified watersheds, the surplus monsoon run-off has been estimated and it was found that 2319.96 MCM can be safely utilised for creation of the sub-surface storage. The major parts of the identified area are covered by hard rocks except some areas of Chambal and Narmada basin. The suitable artificial recharge structures are gully plugs, gabion structures and contour bunds in the upper reaches of the watersheds, percolation tanks, nala bunds in the run-off zones and Recharge shafts, Gravity head wells in the downstream areas. Promotion of additional research to understand the impacts of Climate Change and for facilitation of various technologies for augmenting the source in the Climate Change context: research on impacts of Climate Change on water flows and storage, impact on quality of water due to Climate Change, assessment of water resource availability, for effective water purification technologies, mapping of areas likely to experience floods.

6. Capacity Building: Professionals from various departments /organizations associated with water resources development and management, Panchayati Raj institutions, Urban Local Bodies dealing with water and primary users should be given training to build their capacities in dealing with CC challenges in water sector. Impact of Climate Change on water resources of Madhya Pradesh The Climate Change impact assessment on water resources of Madhya Pradesh was conducted [Gosain et al, 2011] as part of the NATCOM Phase II study of MoEF. The analysis pertains to the modeling of River Ganga, Narmada, Godavari and Mahi using the hydrologic model SWAT. Discussion on the water balance components is provided below. An increase in annual precipitation of about 11% by mid century is projected resulting in increase in runoff, thus contributing to the stream flow but negligible contribution to the ground water recharge. Evapo- transpiration is projected to increase. During the monsoon months (JJAS), increase in precipitation is projected to be about 14%, 92% of which would contribute to the stream flow as surface run off and the rest is contributed to the groundwater recharge. There is a decrease in evapo-transpiration by 1%. The indication is that, in parts of the basin, surface runoff would be increased under the A1B mid century scenario (Fig. 7.2). Similarly during the Rabi season (OND), precipitation is projected to decrease by 5% resulting in decrease in ground water recharge. Evapo- transpiration is projected to increase and baseflow is projected to decrease. Increase in annual precipitation of about 29% by end century is projected, resulting in increase in runoff by 86% and about 18 % returns to stream as baseflow, evapo-transpiration is projected to increase by 15%. During the monsoon months (JJAS) increase in precipitation is projected by about 29 %, most of this results in runoff (72%) and baseflow (13%) contributing to the stream flow. About 9% of this increase in precipitation is contributed to the ground water recharge. Increase in evapo- transpiration is projected by 6%. The indication is that in parts of the basin surface runoff would be increased under the A1B end century scenario and would offer opportunities for increased water harvesting and groundwater recharge. Similarly during the Rabi season (OND), precipitation is projected to increase by 17% resulting in increase in baseflow contribution to the stream flow. Reduction in ground water recharge and substantial increase in evapo-transpiration is projected by end century (Fig. 7.3). SKMCCC, EPCO 48 49 Fig. 7.2 Change in water availability towards 2030s with respect to 1970s (IPCC SRES A1B Scenario) in Madhya Pradesh SKMCCC, EPCO SKMCCC, EPCO 50 Fig. 7.3 Change in water availability towards 2080s with respect to 1970s (IPCC SRES A1B Scenario) in Madhya Pradesh 8 Agriculture and Allied Services Agriculture Background About 70% of the rural population living in Madhya Pradesh is engaged in agricultural and allied activities covering agriculture, horticulture, fisheries, animal husbandry and dairy development. Apart from the role that agriculture has for food security, this huge dependency on agriculture sector for livelihood also highlights its importance in the upliftment of the socioeconomic status of the state. The main cereal crops grown in MP are wheat, paddy, maize, jowar and various kinds of millets. The main pulses are red (tuar, masoor), black (urad), green (mung) and Bengal (chana) gram. The main oilseeds are sesamum, groundnut and soybean. Cereals cover 42%, pulses 21%, oil seeds 21% and commercial crops occupy 3% of the total gross cropped area and the rest of the gross cropped area is occupied by vegetables, fruits, fodder plants and medicinal plants. Madhya Pradesh enjoys an outstanding position in India in terms of agriculture production. It occupies first position in the country in the production of pulses, second position in the production of oilseeds, and third position in the production of Jowar and Mustard. The production of cereals, sugarcane and cotton are also at the higher side. About 70% of the total cropped area is rainfed. The graphs (Fig 8.1 a - f) show the area and production of total food grains, pulses, oilseeds, cereals, cotton and sugarcane in the state from 1990-1991 to 2005-2006. Madhya Pradesh is divided into eleven Agro Climatic Zones (ACZ) based on rainfall, existing cropping pattern and administrative units. The state is also grouped into five major cropping zones, based on the cultivation of major crops. The cropping zones and the corresponding ACZs are shown in Table 8.1 and the map delineating districts and respective ACZs is shown in Fig. 8.2. SKMCCC, EPCO 51 SKMCCC, EPCO 52 MADHYA PRADESH AGROCLIMATIC REGION Policies and Programmes Some of the policies and programmes initiated by the government in agriculture sector include the following: • Embracing National policies such as the National Agriculture Policy, 2000; National Seeds Policy 2002; Agriculture Martketing Reforms; Protection of plant varieties under Trade related Intellectual Property Rights, 2001. • Providing subsidies on electricity tariff and pump sets. • Specific programmes within the state such as the action plan for increasing the productivity in eastern MP, action plan on encouraging organic farming which focuses on improvement of soil quality and reducing cost of farm inputs. SKMCCC, EPCO 53 • Undertaken projects which are aiming to enhance women income through adoption of low input costs and effective technologies in watershed development. • Emphasis on soil and water conservation measures over large areas through integrated farming systems and watershed development through communities’ involvement in the management of the resources. Strengthening of the irrigation systems in the state and extending the irrigation facilities to areas dependent on rainfalls. Realising that the upliftment of agriculture based MP Agriculture Cabinet - Highlights economy of the state is a way forward for reducing rural poverty, the Madhya Pradesh Government aims · Set up demonstration units in all 11 agro- to maximise agriculture production and productivity climatic zones for demonstrating the latest and to make it a profitable proposition for the farming techniques for maximising production farmers, “Agriculture Cabinet” in 2011 has been set · Enhance the level of farm mechanisation in up. The objective of Agriculture Cabinet is to steer an the state integrated agriculture development agenda in the · Enhance storage capacity for agricultural state leading to rapid growth and enhanced food products by 50% security. The key decisions of MP Agriculture · Enhance quality of farm inputs including Cabinet are presented in the adjoining box. quality seeds by setting up seed and fertiliser laboratories in all divisions, adopt MP Organic Farming Policy, 2011 has also been seed certified by the government and drafted with a vision to provide sustainable ensure availability of quality seeds livelihoods, conserve natural resources and provide · Promote indigenous hardy crops like kodo - employment to villagers. Reasons favoring the kutki, ram til, ragi and alsi and request the union government to provide minimum organic farming in MP – support prices for the same • Mechanization in MP is not very popular yet · Enhanced thrust on increasing professionals for management of • Animal Husbandry is also among one of the agriculture major livelihood activities · Empower agricultural research by • Large quantity of agriculture waste is available establishing molecular breeding, bio which can be used as organic manure, technology laboratories in the state • Regional, local and indigenous knowledge is available. Madhya Pradesh Organic Farming Policy, 2011 Policy Targets The policy is being implemented to reduce the impacts of climate change and globalization on agriculture products and increase the productivity. While doing so, interests of farmers of remote areas will be kept in mind. Long Term Targets- By achieving renewable environment through agriculture- ecosystem management, implementation of main schemes as soil carbon storage and metering, enhancing soil health, reducing ground water pollution specially harmful chemicals and enhancing biodiversity. Medium Term Targets - To standardize agriculture investment and enhance income on investment in present agriculture system. On the other hand, making agriculture a profitable business through enhancing the net income by adopting market based mechanisms. Short Term Targets - Developing appropriate atmosphere for families dependent on small and marginal agriculture economy by developing technology, market security, developing capable, economic human resources and institutions. Simultaneously, ensuring availability of required quality resources for producing organic products, developing renewable energy sources by utilizing biodegradable resources are also stressed upon. SKMCCC, EPCO 54 Concerns of Agriculture Sector Madhya Pradesh is a heterogeneous state situated on the upper watersheds of 9 river basins with poor quality soils of low soil depth and high slopes and some black soils of medium to deep soil depth with flat slopes with underlying impervious hard rock, making the underlying storage capacity low and subsequently low water availability for irrigation in most of the ACZ regions. The increasing dependence on the ground water for irrigation, though without proper and adequate recharge, is helping to get good productivity but could become a serious threat in future. Over exploitation of ground water for irrigation is also a cause of concern.Though about 43% of the cropped area is irrigated, but the facilities that exist function at 50% of their potential and thus the diversion towards use of ground water for irrigation. Factors such as underutilisation of large tracts of fallow land and use of land only in one season for many areas in Madhya Pradesh have contributed to under realisation of the potential productivity of crops in the state. Expansion of area of cultivation under monocropping of profitable crops without nutrition management is leading to rapid decline in soil fertility of these farms. It could lead to the extinction of some of the indigenous drought resistant legumes such as oil crops and coarse grains. Mono cropping also makes the crops susceptible to failure if there is any change in the climate conditions for optimal production. Access to markets and accessibility to high level of Concerns mechanization such as tractors, thrashers, grinders that add value to the crop harvested at the moment are not · Monocropping satisfactory. Storage facilities in the state also need to be · Dwindling Crop Diversity strengthened and expanded. · Threat of extinction of coarse grains or millets Capacity of marginal & small farmers constituting · Deteriorating soil health majority of the population engaged in agriculture to utilise · High rate of pest impact the latest technologies for improving production of crops, · Overdependence on groundwater horticulture, livestock products and fisheries is also for irrigation minimal. Further, the land holdings of poor and marginal · Lack of awareness about soil farmers being small and their accessibility to farm inputs nutrition management and being low, majority of the area under this type of land irrigation management among holdings are reporting low productivity year after year. farmers at large There could be a short fall in service delivery targets of the · Shift in spatial and temporal distribution of rainfall government to the rural communities such as quality seed · Increase in intensity of rainfall and distribution, fertiliser distribution, shortfall in longer dry spells establishment of targeted number of minor and micro · Gradual increase in temperatures irrigation structures, augmentation of ground water, across all seasons shortfall in coverage of river valley projects, and short fall · Frequent extreme weather events in farm mechanisation drives . like frost, droughts, flash floods etc. The state had stagnant production of hardy species of some · Climate induced shift in cropping pulses, oil seeds such as alsi, and millets such as ragi, and patterns · Burning agri residues in fields minor millets such as kodo-kutki which are mostly grown · Use of energy intensive was efficiency without fertlisers.These crops are important to maintain water pumps food security in the state as they can be grown even in water · Absence of real time data and stress and high temperature conditions. More research information management system inputs on technology from the scientific research stations and linkages with market is required to improve their Pgs. 141 to 143 of Compendium of Agricultural statistics, 2006-2007, Madhya Pradesh, Farmer Welfare and Agriculture Department SKMCCC, EPCO 55 productivity. These could be promoted as climate resilient crops. Current observations of climate indicate a gradual increase in temperatures across all seasons and decrease in rainfall in all the agro-climatic zones during the monsoon period with erratic and uneven spatial and temporal distribution of rainfall. Climate projections indicate a further increase in temperatures by 2050s and an uneven distribution of rainfall across the state, with perceptible decrease in rainfall during winter period and almost no change in rainfall during monsoon with respect to current climate. However, the frequency and intensity of droughts and heavy rainfall events with respect to the current situation is likely to increase further (MoEF, 2010). These predicted changes could lead to spatial and temporal shift of cropping centres and decline of productivity of crops. Also as the evapo-transpiration rate increases with increase in temperature, it will lead to depletion in moisture retention capacity of the different soil types and can pose a threat to agriculture. On the other hand, increase in intensity of rainfall is likely to lead to faster run off causing higher soil erosion in the ravine areas with little or no scope of ground water recharge in the alluvial plains causing further depletion in the ground water tables in MP. The status of soil health and its fertility is likely to deteriorate further with increase in soil erosion and higher temperatures, causing stored carbon to be released from the soil. Also it is likely that the onset of monsoon may shift from June to first fortnight of July in the state which would likely to affect the cropping sequence and sowing time. Therefore, even if farm inputs are adequately provided through development of effective delivery mechanism, changes in climate in the future may lead to conditions which may not support sustainable crop production as productivity of crops is an integrated process of favourable climatic conditions as well as farm inputs. Strategies to address concerns due to Climate Change

1. Promoting Soil and Water Conservation technologies: Higher evapo-transpiration rates and higher run offs with Climate Change would further lessen the already low natural water storage in the state. Therefore for sustaining profitable agriculture productivity, it is imperative to avoid water scarce situations. Hence, moving towards more water conservation technologies and avoiding exploitation of ground water is necessary. This would mean promoting measures for soil moisture conservation through development of watersheds and small catchments that would also increase biomass production and increase the fertility of the soil as well. Also measures like SRI for rice, raised bed cultivation, plastic mulching use of cultivars using lower water etc., needs to be encouraged. Alternative and advanced water use technologies needs to be explored for efficient utilization of water. Used of micro/drip irrigation need to be extended to crops like cotton, fruits and vegetables. Construction of tanks and storage structures should be taken up for facilitating two rounds of irrigation during Rabi season and enhancing water recovery and ground water recharge.

2. Planning cropping systems suitable for each agro-climatic zone: Since each agro-climatic zone has different soil type, water resources, and climate, that best support a particular type of cropping system, therefore it is imperative that the state moves towards integrating Climate Change concerns in each agroclimatic region. Promoting and managing Agro forestry, Agro-climatic specific crops farming practices and management including that of water, soil, pests, crops, cropping cycle & practices for harnessing the full productivity potential of the different zones should be done on high priority. Also use of various other alternative sources of energy should be promoted.

3. Capacity building for sustainable agriculture: Capacity building of planners, extension workers, farmers association etc on sustainable agriculture practices like mulching, agroforestry, The soil in the state is deficient in key nutrients. Of the total 48 districts, soils of 36 districts are nitrogen deficient, 31 districts have phosphate deficiency and 23 districts are deficient in potash. Ref: SoE, 2006 SKMCCC, EPCO 56 crop rotation etc. should be strengthened, so as to build better understanding of regional and sectoral Climate Change concerns.

4. Management of risks for sustainable productivity: In some regions monocropping of soybean- wheat is rendering the soil infertile and may lead to over use of artificial fertiliser which may be detrimental in the long run. It is therefore suggested that practices like inter cropping, multiple cropping, crop rotation, mulching and agro-forestry may be encouraged. Further the use of organic farming may be encouraged by promoting integrated farming where by livestock rearing, horticulture and fisheries are practiced. A detailed agro-climatic zone specific plan for the development of organic farming, certification and marketing aimed at servicing export markets will have to be drawn up and institutional support made available. Providing advance information on local climate that accommodates the changes in temperature, precipitation amounts and onset of monsoon is essential to prepare the action plans accordingly. Promotion of indigenous varieties of crops should be taken up since these varities have the potential of adapting to higher temperatures, drought or flooding situations. Additionally risk management through crop insurance might be a benefit for farmers in the case of total crop failure.

5. Enhancing dissemination of new and appropriate technologies developed by researchers and strengthening research: As indicated in the decisions of the agriculture cabinet, setting up of demonstration centres at each agro-climatic zone would ensure smooth dissemination of new technologies related to different farming practices. Also, impetus to research such as establishing molecular breeding centre, DNA finger printing facilities, and bio technology laboratories in the state along with provision of enough support for providing reading material on latest courses would go a long way in increasing agriculture productivity in the state. Further, it would be worthwhile to build and strengthen capacity in the state to run climate models, interpret their projections, and use the same to run the various bio physical models to understand the impact of Climate Change on crops, soils, water etc. and then to design appropriate adaptation strategies. Promotion of farm mechanization through custom hiring servies should be checked so that small and marginal farmer can also take the advantages of new technology. Research coupled with promotion of improved energy use efficiency, to come up with technologies for waste utilization & minimization, and use of clean energy and to develop technology for reduction of methane emissions from paddy fields may be taken up. Pilots on weather index based insurance can be taken up in different regions to reduce the vulnerability.

6. Agriculture Information management: For maximising productivity even in the context of challenges posed by Climate Change, it is necessary to establish an integrated data centre where by data related to all aspects of agriculture, such as weather and climate information, crop biodiversity, research, technology, markets, and policy for maximising productivity are available through a single window, with the back end linked to various agencies that actually produce the data. This will be useful not only for the farmers but also for formulating informed decision making by policy makers. Demonstration units should also be set up in various regions to educate farmers about better adaptation practices.

7. Creation of Rural Business hubs and accessibility to markets: For generating additional employment and diversification of livelihoods in rural areas, rural business hubs can be set up which actually can increase employment and take away the pressure on natural resources and land of the rural areas. Accessibility to markets need to be developed further and providing institutionalized support in the form of greater infrastructure for taking produce to the markets, needs to be nessarily done. SKMCCC, EPCO 57 Horticulture Background Horticulture has and will always exist as a matrix Horticulture Statistics of the State of inter-relating areas with overlapping and complex relationships. The broader vision of Total Area under 4.6 lakh hectare Horticulture horticulture embraces PLANTS, including the Distribution of Spices -2.07 lakh hectare multitude of products and activities essential for area under Vegetables – 1.96 lakh hectare human survival; and PEOPLE, whose active and Horticulture Fruits – 46 thousand hectare passive involvement with “the garden” brings Flowers -15 thousand hectare Medicinal & Aromatic 3 thousand about benefits to them as individuals and to the hectare communities and cultures they encompass. Contribution to 30% (agriculture sector) State GDP India’s per capita availability of horticulture Cropping 131% produce is much below the per capita requirement Intensity Agri processing 48 notified committees for Fruits prescibed by World Health Organisation. Mandi and vegetables Horticulture crops bring in the incomes to the Committies small and marginal farmers due to high Agri export 6 (North western part of Madhya productivity and high value of produce as Zones prdaesh) compared to food grains. Sources : Compendium of Agriculture Statistics , Govt of MP, 2006-07 Production of horticultural crops is beneficial for farmers as they could be grown with minimal farm inputs and could also be grown on waste lands (not suitable for agriculture). All the 11 agroclimatic zones in MP are suitable for variety of horticulture crops. The productivity of vegetables though large, has shown a nominal rise in cropping intensity by 5.9% (between 1982-83 and 2005-06) whereas the cropping intensity of fruits has increased by 57% during the same period. The cropping intensity of spices has increased by 142.9% though amounts of production are miniscule in comparison to production of fruits and vegetables. The cropping intensity of medicinal and aromatic plants has declined by -7.8% mainly due to decrease in area under production of these crops. The graph (Fig. 8.3) shows the comparative production trend of fruits, vegetables and spices from 1991-2006. The vegetables production is showing high fluctuations with a steep rise in production around 98-99 and then a decline, though the production of vegaetables is now increasing.Spices production is showing constant trend. Agroclimatic region wise grown horticultural crops are shown in Table 8.2. SKMCCC, EPCO 58 Policies and Programmes The programmes and schemes to promote Horticulture in Madhya Pradesh include: • National Horticulture Mission Table 8.2 ACZwise Horticulture crops grown in MP • Integrated fruit development scheme • Banana orchard development programme • Thrust on expansion of area under grape cultivation • Integrated vegetable development programme • Spices Potato Floriculture development programme • Development of kitchen garden programme • Promoting hybrid chillies • Training of officers and employees of concerned departments • Training of the farmers • Supporting CSS Micro Irrigation Scheme Many contract farming initiatives are taken for crops like potato, white onion and marigold. Creation of more and more food parks in the state are being taken up to encourage and strengthen the market linkages. Apart from these programmes MP is working towards achievement of the vision of National Horticulture Mission. Under this mission the objectives are to enhance acreage coverage, productivity in potential belt, SKMCCC, EPCO 59 adoption of end-to-end approach covering production to post harvest management and processing. Concerns of Horticulture Sector Water is the major constraint for the horticultural crops in the state, particularly in the water stress conditions and drought like situations. Considering the perennial nature of fruit trees the impacts of droughts are generally visible and recognized in the later stages which is most of the time beyond the control of farmers. Water requirement of horticultural crops is also increasing due to increase in temperatures and thus affecting the production. Rise in temperature has led to early maturing and fruit fall in the various fruit bearing crops. For example, citrus, grape, melons and mango will mature earlier by about 15 days. Higher temperature will reduce the time period of tuber initiation process in potato, will affect quality of tomatoes and will lead to decrease in pollen viability, pollen release and pollen germination process in many crops. In case of crucifers, it may lead to bolting while anthocyanin production may be affected in capsicum. Specific chilling requirements of pome and stone fruits will be affected hence dormancy breaking will be earlier and thus decrease in the yield and quality. With rising temperatures, photoperiods may not show much variation. Onions, a photosensitive crop, will mature faster leading to small bulb size. Strawberries will have more runners and less fruits. Increase in temperature in winters will affect the crops maturing process of the winter crops. There is also an increase in incidences of damage to horticultural crops due to abnormal storms and hail storms. Soil temperature may increase in spring hence the planting Concerns time may also vary. This can be catastrophic if late frosts occur. The requirement of annual irrigation will increase, * Water stess for irrigation not only because of higher evaporation, but also because * Not sufficient storage and cold the trees will develop faster during the twelve month store facilities period. Heat units required will be achieved in much lesser * Weak Market linkages time. Soil conditions may pose problems with an expected * Less practice of agro –horticultural increase in acidity, alkalinity and salinity. systems The state lacks in robust storage and processing facilities * Increased incidences of pest attacks * Increasing temperature affecting which may pose threat to the already dwindling condition the pollen viability and crop growth of the horticulture crops. Markets linkages are not * Frequent unpredicted severe events uniformly present throughout the state and given the affecting the crop produce shorter shelf life of the produce, the activity has inbuilt risk * Soil moisture stress to the crops and farmer’s doesn’t find it lucrative. The impacts of leading to their stunted growth Climate Change and the systemic lacunae together are of * Decreased seed procution due to serious concern for the state. increasing temperature. Strategies for addressing Climate Change concerns in Horticulture Sector

1. Soil and Water conservation through demonstration of best practices: Application of mulching techniques, drip irrigation, and micro irrigation practices etc should be encouraged. As per the requirement of specific horticultural plants, provision for creation of appropriate thermostatic conditions for horticulture crops such as use of shed nets and poly houses for supporting growth of crops should be encouraged. Soil and water conservation technologies will need to be strongly adopted seeing the rising temperatures and decreasing water conditions in the state.

2. Development of agri-horticulture systems for securing livelihoods specially in dryland tribal areas: Encourage crop diversification through intercropping of agri crops- vegetables, agri crops-fruits, SKMCCC, EPCO 60 agri crops- spices, agri crops- flowers etc which would inturn also ensure livelihood security. Agri crops and fruits may specifically be encouraged in dry land areas.

3. Developing horticulture policies and plan production centres according to agro climatic conditions: To devise policies for encouraging planting of fruits, vegetables, spices, medicinal herbs, and flowers according to the suitability of different agro- climatic zones.

4. Enhancing accessibility to mechanisation for value addition and access to markets- creating business hubs: Horticultural crops are perishable in nature and subject to post harvest losses. In addition to these inherent problems increasing temperature and humidity are also affecting the quality of these produce. For value addition, processing units and marketing of products need to be developed for rural clusters in different Agroclimatic zones. This would also help in reducing the wastage of the produce.

5. Research and extension support: Adequate research support needs to be provided in the form of better seeds and cropping techniques to the farmers and reaching out to the farmers with the knowledge through extension is essential to ensure productivity even in the Climate Change context.

6. Creating cooperatives for enhancing the livelihoods of small and marginal farmers: Care should be taken to see that the benefits reach the small and marginal farmers who are in need for help. Strengthening of existing and formation of new marketing cooperatives for these farmers could be considered. SKMCCC, EPCO 61 Animal Husbandry and Livestock Background Livestock rearing, a land based activity, is an alternative income generation activity for the farmers of Madhya Pradesh. This activity is very popular and practised as it does not require much infrastructure. Livestock development is particularly encouraged in the state as it ensures sustenance of rural population living below poverty line, availability of livestock products for masses, self-reliance of female population of villages, organic manures for agriculture etc. Madhya Pradesh accounts for about 14% of total cattle population and 11% of total milk production in the country [XI Five year Plan, MP]. An increase in the population of cattle, buffaloes and goats and a sharp decline in the population of poultry and sheep have been observed in the 2007 Animal Census in comparison with the 2003 Census. The figure graphically represents this shift in animal population. Despite the 0.8% decline in indigenous cattle population as compared to 2003 Animal Census, there has been an increase of almost 10-12% milk production. This growth can be attributed to 70% and 13.6% growth of cross-bred cattle and buffaloes respectively. Per capita availability of milk in the state is 262 gm/day while that of India is 247 gm/day [XI Five year Plan, MP]. In the context of poultry and goatery, there has been a growth of 24.5% in caprine and 59.7% in poultry from 2003 to 2007 Animal Census. The agro climatic conditions of the state are favourable for developing dairy, poultry, goatery and piggery. Bullocks of Nimari, Kenkatha and Malvi Breeds of Madhya Pradesh are known for their superior draught power. The crossbreds as well as up-graded bovine, caprine and exotic swines have comfortably adapted to the state’s climatic conditions. Breeding policy of the state recommends indigenous milch breeds like Haryana, Gir, Tharparker, Sahiwal etc, especially in rural areas along with crosses of Jersey as well as Holistein Friesian in urban or semi urban areas. Jamnapari and Barberi breeds of caprine and White York Shire breed of swine have been introduced in different part of the state. Policies and Programmes The animal husbandry department aims to achieve overall growth between 6-7% per annum during the 11thplan and developed programmes for animal health care, breed improvement, preservation and development of superior indigenous germplasm, and generate employment through investments in this sector. Some of the programmes and initiatives undertaken to achieve these goals and to prevent the spread SKMCCC, EPCO 62 of zoonotic diseases to human population include: • Special livestock programmes, Intensive dairy cattle projects • Subsidy on breeding bulls, dairy units, on fodder development plots and chaff cutters, goat units, dairy breed, etc. • Distribution of poultry units, pig units, bucks on exchange or replacement, construction of silo-pits, bullock pairs, Kadaknath chicks, etc. • Establishment of veterinary dispensaries and upgradation of veterinary hospitals, strengthening of Artificial Insemination (AI) labs, establishment of controlled cattle breeding farms and strengthening of veterinary institutions and infrastructures amongst others • The Government, through its organic farming policy, is encouraging the animal husbandry department to promote research and development on bovine diversity and dry dairy farming which in turn will provide organic inputs for farming • Bovine Breeding Policy of the state recommends indigenous milch breeds of cattle and buffaloes for rural areas and crossbreeds for semi urban and urban areas and sterilisation of non-descript animals. Concerns for Livestock Development Changing climatic parameters such as increase in ambient atmospheric temperature, increase in frequency and intensity of extreme events such as droughts and heavy precipitation will have negative impacts on livestock health as well as its productivity. They will also require special care and treatments in order to help them survive through such harsh situations. Like human health, animal health too would be impacted by heat and cold waves, floods and droughts, vector borne and water borne diseases etc which will mean a severe threat to successful and profitable livestock rearing. Temperature Humidity Index (THI), representing the combined stress of temperature and humidity, affects the productivity of livestock. Animal sensitivity to certain ranges of THI is mentioned in table. THI in Madhya Pradesh varies from 65 to 78 and therefore its cattle population is more productive in comparison to other regions of India. Studies suggest that with rise in temperatures by 2- A S o 4 C by 2050, the THI will also rise which will lead to heat stress conditions; longer durations of such stressed conditions may impact animal productivity adversely. o However, a rise by 1-2 C temperature may increase milk production from 10% to more than 25%. Heat stress also impairs reproductive functions and efficiency of almost all livestock species. Rising temperatures negatively affect the growth of livestock and also the time to attain puberty. It is likely to slow down the growth rate by 300-400 g/day. Crossbreds are more sensitive to rise in THI than indigenous varieties. Mineral deficiency in animal feed is also said to be a reason for infertility among cattle. Water stress in the region will also affect the livestock development adversely. An average adult cow or buffalo producing 10-15 litres of milk per day requires about 40-45 litres/day drinking water during hotter days and about 40-60 litres for other requirements thus necessitating a minimum of 100 litres/day/animal. An organized animal farm following standard management practices and disposal of animal wastes requires additional water, about 50-100 litres/day/animal. Water scarcity not only affects drinking water resources for livestock, but it also has a direct bearing on the feed production as well as pasture yields. Rising temperatures also have a negative impact on the digestive system of cattle. Unavailability of quality feed and fodder keeps animals underfed. Moreover, communities do not have enough awareness about animal breed selection, their nutrient and housing requirement, infections that could be fatal for them. There is a big knowledge gap among community about sustainable and best SKMCCC, EPCO 63 practices of animal rearing and Concerns development. * Large number of livestock is used for drought purpose Higher temperatures and changing * Open grazing and underfed livestock rainfall patterns can enhance the * Reducing fodder production spread of existing vector borne * Lack of market access and infrastructure for marketing livestock diseases [Bhattacharya et al, 2006] based products and macro parasites, accompanied by * Deteriorating quality of breed because of inbreeding the emergence of new livestock * Heat Stress impacting health diseases. Temperature and humidity * Declining livestock productivity and changing pattern of diseases variations could also have a * Availability of water for livestock significant association with bacterial, * Predicted threat of vector borne diseases viral and increased helminth * Adverse effects of extreme weather events on livestock health infections, protozoan diseases such as and development Trypanosomiasis and Babesiasis. * Impact on seed availability with increasing temperatures Some of the viral diseases (PPR) may * Suitability of species at particular temperatures also reappear affecting small * Seasonal shift in breeding periods ruminant population as well. Frequency of incidences of mastitis and foot diseases among crossbred cows and other animals with high productivity may increase due to increase in the number of stressful days. Strategies to address concerns due to Climate Change in Livestock Sector

1. Ensuring availability of adequate feed, fodder and water for livestock: In order to promoting quality livestock rearing in the state efforts should be made to remove the basic hindrances like availability of adequate feed, fodder and water. Communities should be encouraged to develop the fallow and degraded land for fodder cultivation. This effort would not only provide fodder to the animals but also would curb further land degradation and soil erosion. More policy and programme level interventions should be undertaken to use forest foliage, agro-industrial by-products like sugarcane tops bagasse etc as feed for animals. Additionally, farming practices like intercropping of fodder crops in agricultural lands could also be explored. Community pastures, wastelands and denuded forest lands can also be developed into silvipastures, to enhance the fodder supply.

2. Ensuring nutrient solvency in Livestock: Making feed and fodder available is only one aspect of livestock rearing; more impetus should be on the nutrient requirements of animals in order to keep them healthy and productive. Stall feeding, though not much in practice in the state, is one method of feeding through which nutrient intake could be managed. Stall feeding in addition to grazing should be promoted. Mixed ration or urea enriched molasses mineral blocks should be provided to animals, especially during drought conditions.

3. Enhanced capacity for disease forecast, monitoring and management: Emergence of new pests and aggravation of infections of known etiology is also predicted in the context of Climate Change. Serious efforts are needed to make people aware about these diseases, their symptoms/signs and respective preventive medications or vaccinations and associated dosages. At the department level, such prophylactic vaccination programmes, may need to be changed or modified.

4. Promote research on native species breeding and rearing: Native species are said to be more tolerant to weather extremities as well as projected emergence of diseases in view of Climate Change. Studies need to be conducted to first evaluate the effects of Climate Change on various native breeds and then efforts should be made to popularise these hardy breeds and prevent their germplasm. SKMCCC, EPCO 64

5. Ensure proper housing and dedicated water bodies for livestock to overcome heat stress: Animals also require housing that are conducive to weather conditions. Efforts need to be made to motivate people to develop properly ventilated and clean sheds for animals in rural as well as urban areas. Water and waste management in these housings should also be taken care of.

6. Promote new varities of poultry and native species of small ruminants: Due to changing climatic conditions, it is required to develop new mono/dual purpose variety of low input technology birds which thrive well in different agro climatic conditions. Disease and heat tolerant small ruminant breeds should also be promoted to enhance productivity in the least available resources, best suited would be the native breeds.

7. Promote use of livestock and poultry waste for use as organic manure: Livestock waste is commonly used as organic manure. Such efforts will not only reduce GHG emissions but will also increase the efficiency of communities to do sustainable livestock rearing. In addition to this, communities should also be encouraged to collect, recycle, and re-use the waste waster from such farms. Poultry manure from deep litter and cages can be used as a source of energy for power generation on small scale.

8. Integrate livestock water requirements in watershed management programmes: To enhance availability of quality water for livestock for production of milk, efforts will be needed to integrate water demand of livestock within watershed management practices.

9. Infrastructure for processing, storage and transport of livestock products: For better linkages of animal products with markets, large scale storage and transport facilities need to be set up through public private partnerships, while extending advisory services to farmers on milk harnessing and delivery norms for delivery centres near villages.

10. Encouraae formation of cooperatives: Cooperatives of small and marginal farmers may be set up with public private partnerships to give a boost to milk production in the state. Small commercial poultry models may be promoted as a viable model for income generation and livelihood enhancement in rural areas. Necessary policies interventions and programmes may be devised out in order to encouraging this activity.

11. Strengthen extension arm of the animal husbandry department: Efforts should be made to enhance the reach of animal husbandry professional snad services in order to promoting recommended livestock rearing practices and to keep awatch on the veterinary health. Short term trainings in these regards could also be organised for farmers. Out reach hubs like Kisan Call Centers could also be strengthened to provide advisory services on animal husbandry. SKMCCC, EPCO 65 Fisheries Background Fishery is the mainstay of livelihood of economically weaker and backward communities in Madhya Pradesh. It is also an alternative source of livelihood for many farmers. It has huge potential not only for generating livelihood for rural poor but also for providing food and nutritional security particularly to women and girl child. Aquaculture can contribute significantly to food security and related multi-dimensional aspects of vulnerability associated with nutrient deficiencies and diminished scope for livelihoods. Madhya Pradesh is endowed with rich surface water availability with many rivers flowing across the state.This huge water resource offers great opportunity for fishing. Besides the free fishing in the rivers, about 99.97% water area of the existing reservoirs and 84% of the water area of existing ponds and tanks has been brought under fish culture, totalling to about 3.14 lakh ha with additional water area of 1 lakh Ha to be brought under fish cultivation through reservoirs being constructed by the NVDA and water resource department. Commensurate with the size of the resource and its pivotal role in inland fisheries development, reservoirs of Madhya Pradesh received considerable research attention, compared to other States. Efforts have been made in the State to develop the reservoir fisheries on scientific lines Policies and Programmes The government has taken several steps to boost production of fish in MP, chief amongst them being transferring fishing rights to Panchayati Raj bodies and developing fishing through cooperatives of fishermen. This has made Madhya Pradesh the only state where the water area is being developed through the cooperatives. Table 8.4 shows the system of management of water bodies in MP. The other steps taken by the government include development of PAN culture to raise fish finger lings, renovation of ponds through MGNREGA programme, developing fish seed production and infrastructure near NVDA reservoirs and introducing biotechnology in fish seed and fish production, setting up of solar powered/generator managed units in the fish farms ensuring the energy needs, setting up of indore hatcheries and aerators to maintain the tempatures in the fish farms and rearing of fast growing species. A new Janashree insurance scheme has been approved for implementation in the 11th plan, through which fishermen will be insured for supporting education of their children and support to their families in case of death. The premium amount to be paid will be jointly contributed by the state, the insurance company and the fishermen. This is considered as good adaptation concept. SKMCCC, EPCO 66 The Fishery Policy, 2008 of the State focuses on socio-economic development of the fishing community.The policy has provisions for relief to the fish farmers who incurred loss due to natural calamity and disturbance, for crop damage compensation in condition of drought on the basis of assessment, for free fish seeds distribution to raise more fish production, thereby maintaining fish density in rivers of the state. Concerns of Fisheries Sector Studies show that aquaculture can provide good quality protein with a much lower carbon footprint than comparable terrestrial animal production systems. Based on the few studies that have been completed and some others that are under way, the potential impacts of Climate Change on global aquaculture may include: rising sea surface temperatures, sea-level rise, increasing ocean acidification, higher incidence of extreme weather events, increasing risks of transboundary pests and diseases, and altered rainfall patterns and river flows [World Aquaculture 2010- FAO: Fisheries and Aquaculture Technical Paper]. Intensive fishing efforts, the potential for exploitation of fish stocks at its limit, dwindling fish resources and several endangered species have set alarm bells ringing within an industry that provides the livelihood to 30 million people. Socio-economic changes and technological progress are increasing competition and the future of the fisheries sector is becoming more uncertain. About 172 species of fishes have been reported by Zoological Survey of India in the state. However, due to the abstraction of water for irrigation and ecological transformation due to anthropogenic factors, availability of certain fishes in the catches has dwindled. The declining biodiversity of the fishes has to be looked upon. The concern for fisheries cultivation in the dam reservoirs is the open overflow which not only results in loss of fish eggs, but also lets out a considerable number of young fish, depriving the reservoir of its stock strength. Therefore, there is need for a stocking and harvesting schedule, allowing the stocked fish to grow for a maximum period of time during the non-overflow months, even at the cost of some reduction in the size at harvest. The aim is to achieve sustainable catches. Sustainable development is one target in fisheries management. The long-term sustainability of the whole ecosystem related to the fishing activity and the effect on the welfare of those involved in fishery activities and of society in general need to be studied. In the context of Climate Change, the primary challenge to the fisheries and aquaculture sector is ensuring food supply, enhancing nutritional security, improving livelihood and economic output, and ensuring ecosystem safety. The sector should also prepare itself to face the potential impacts of Climate Change and make special efforts to further assist small-scale producers by organizing them into groups and through promotion of better management practices and co- management. Some of the impacts on inland fisheries can be as follows: Seed availability might be affected with warming as in general it has been observed that with increase in temperature there is a decrease in fish spawning and hence decrease in fish seed availability. Temperature increase will have an impact on the suitability of species for a given location with warm water fishes surviving more than the others. Growth retardation may take place in different inland water fish species suitable for the different temperature ranges in the 11 agroclimatic zones in MP. Seasonal shifts in the breeding period, as well as shortening or lengthening of breeding periods may occur for different types of fish. Geographical shift of fishes may also happen. Along with these concerns, increase in frequency and intensity of droughts, will decrease fish catch and thus pose a great threat to the communities which are dependent solely on fisheries. The productivity, distribution and seasonality of fisheries, and the quality and availability of the habitats that support them, are sensitive to these Climate Change effects. Researchers and policymakers now recognize that the Climate Change impacts on riparian environments, and on the fisheries they support, will bring new challenges to these systems and to the people who depend SKMCCC, EPCO 67 on them. Coping with these challenges will require adaptation measures planned at multiple scales. Climate Change stresses will compound existing pressure on fisheries and aquaculture and threaten their capacity to provide food and livelihoods There is absence of a knowledge network to link local creative communities and lateral consultation among fish farmer, expert and policy makers. Lack of proper documentation of ecological indicators to monitor the health of aquatic ecosystem also lead to information gaps amongst farmers and they are unaware of impending threat of Climate Change on their livelihoods.. There is also no system of sharing this information among stakeholders for taking proper course of action to mitigate impact of Climate Change. Climate Change poses new challenges to the sustainability of fisheries and aquaculture systems, with serious implications on people who depend on them for their livelihoods and for people for whom fish is an important source of food and nutritional security. • To help meet these challenges, the aim is to work with partners to: • Focus Climate Change responses where they are most needed by assessing and mapping the vulnerability of fishery- and aquaculture-dependent people and regions to the impacts of Climate Change • Reduce people’s vulnerability to these impacts by identifying appropriate adaptation strategies • Build local and regional capacity to implement adaptation and mitigation strategies for fisheries and aquaculture by informing and influencing policy processes. Strategies to address concerns due to Climate Change in Fisheries Sector Climate and freshwater systems are interconnected in complex ways. Any change in one of these systems induces a change in the other. The productivity, distribution and seasonality of fisheries, and the quality and availability of the habitats that support them, are sensitive to Climate Change effects (source: Freshwater resources and their management: Contribution of Working Group II to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 2007). Therefore, Fisheries management capabilities to cope with impacts of Climate Change must be developed .There is an urgent need to develop coping mechanism and adaptive responses to combat effect of Climate Changes on fishermen’s livelihood. Efforts are also required to reduce people’s vulnerability to these impacts by identifying appropriate adaptation strategies; and to build local, national and regional capacity to implement adaptation and mitigation strategies for fisheries and aquaculture by informing policy processes. This can be done by implementing the following strategies.

1. Study of impacts of Climate Change on inland fisheries: Aquaculture requires natural resources like water, land, seed, feed and energy, the impacts of Climate Change on these resources would also, in turn, affect the productivity and profitability of communities depending on aquaculture as source of food and livelihood security (source: Climate Change , energy and food – FAO , Technical Background Document). Detailed assessments and studies should be undertaken to understand the effects of increasing temperature and frequent extreme events on the fish. Financial instruments could be developed for livelihood risk management due to Climate Change in a way it benefits the neediest without much complexities.

2. Promotion Policy and blending of technology for fisherman: Fisherman community should be strengthened through formation of societies/ cooperatives. To make the fighing business more profit oriented, appropriate technologies should be introduced thorugh proper capacity building

3. Develop Agroclimatic zone wise plans for fisheries: Policy makers and stakeholders need to adopt and adhere to best practices such as those described in FAO code of Conduct for Responsible SKMCCC, EPCO 68 Fisheries. These practices would build resilience Germ plasm of Common Carp to the effects of Climate Change and derive sustainable benefits. Better Practices Guidelines Common Carp of Bangkok strain was first (BPGs) would be developed on fish rearing and introduced in India in 1957 and it was culture practices on small scale aquaculture distributed to various states of the country by suitable for different agro climatic zones in MP CIFRI, (Central Fisheries Research Institute) along with management of ponds, lakes, for culture. The fish is voraciously omnivorous reservoirs, and watersheds. Promote research on and can withstand wide fluctuation in developing fish seeds that are suitable for temperature .Its hardy in nature and has different water bodies and agro-climatic zones. prolific breeding propensity and matures

4. Strengthen the existing system of fish quickly. It can grow in cold water also and management in the state: a.) Create more fish consumers preference makes this fish farmers seed banks for easy availability of fish seed to the choice in community ponds as well as in farm fishermen and farmers. Promote fish breed ponds. Of late, this species has shown signs of diversification such as Mahaseer, Magur, genetic fatigue in India. This has resulted in Common Carp and Indian major Carps like slower growth, low survival rate and poor Rohu, Katala, Mrigal etc. and improve storage health. Genetic fatigue has occurred because of infrastructure and access to markets to develop repeated in-breeding and cross breeding with arobust system for fish management in the state. (b)Promotion of Community Based Aquaculture the Gold fish. Management (CBAM), demand led, community Amur Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio centred small-scale aquaculture in the state.This haematopterus) may be introduced on select would encourage community owned Government owned farms and after trials can management and development of fiseries. be introduced to fish farmers. This fish has Putting community at fore front would lead to known to be more resistance to low pool resources, have better control and temperature and is hardy to survive in management over the resources .It will also adverse conditions. promote and foster group working culture among the fishers.

5. Co-management approaches are increasingly being used in many countries for the management of resources. Efforts would be made to initiate principles of co-management and adaptive management practices. The management approach would be people centred and participatory. Fishermen cooperative would play pro-active role in conserving the stock and protecting the breeding grounds during close season, strictly follow the prescribed mesh size and use appropriate gears to catch the fish.

6. Conservation of the fish biodiversity: Nearly 22 species in the state are endangered. Steps should be taken for the conservation of the germplasm of these species. Control on introduction of the exotics should be exercised. The introduction of the exotics without proper study of their effect on the ecosystem leads to the extinction of the indigenous species and also other aquatic flora and fauna. Germ Plasm of common carp can also be developed. SKMCCC, EPCO 69 9 Human Health Background Public health depends on availability of enough food, safe drinking water, a decent home protection against disasters, a reasonable income and good social and community relations (WHO, 2003) and Climate Change is projected to affect all these factors. Madhya Pradesh is one of the top two states which have high infant mortality rates with Panna standing at

93. MP is next only to UP in high neonatal mortality rates (NNMR) standing at 44. NNMR is significantly high in rural areas than urban [Annual Health Survey 2010-11]. Despite improvements in the coverage of antenatal care, only 4 in 10 women receive them. Only 71% women receive the recommended two doses of tetanus toxoid vaccine during pregnancy [National Family Health Survey-3]. Madhya Pradesh is among the 6 states of India which contributes to 65% of malarial incidences. 25% is contributed by, within MP only, four districts namely Dindori, Mandla, Dhar and Jhabua [RMRCT, 1997- 2009] which are predominantly tribal districts. MP is sensitive not only to malaria but also to dengue, chikungunya, and cholera etc. Indirectly, climate related disturbances in ecological systems such as changes in the range of infective mosquitoes can lead to more incidences of vector borne diseases (VBDs). Increasing temperatures correlate with microorganisms to cause water borne diseases like cholera, diarrhoea etc. Climate Change could increase air pollution levels by accelerating the atmospheric chemical reactions that produce photochemical oxidants due to a rise in temperature. The increase of Chloro Fluoro Carbons (CFCs) in the atmosphere will increase UV radiation affecting the immune systems and leading to infectious diseases. Other minor effects are increased incidences of skin disorders, such as prickly heat and fungal skin disorders such as ringworm and athlete's foot as a result of increased temperature and humidity. Malaria gets more lethal Malaria, one of the fatal sicknesses in Madhya Pradesh has assumed more lethal form. The disease is now not manageable with the usual drugs like quinine, chloroquine etc. but a combination of drugs is required for curing the patients. Medical practitioners in the state have also confirmed that even if the diagnosis shows P.vivax infection, patients develop severe complications that almost resemble the signs and symptoms of P.falciparum infections. Adapted from Hindustan Times, Bhopal Edition dated Nov 12, 2011 SKMCCC, EPCO 70 Directly, the overall increase in temperature and increase in the number of warmer days will increase deaths due to greater frequency and severity of heat waves and other extreme weather events. Major nutritional health impacts are projected via crop failure caused by drought, loss of rain-dependent non- irrigated crops and especially from high night temperatures reducing cereal yields. These impacts are projected to adversely affect a very large number of people. Climate related disease prevalence in MP Vector borne diseases Malaria: 25 districts of Madhya Pradesh are hot spots of malaria. According to the reports of the State Vector Borne Disease Control Programme (VBDCP) operating in Madhya Pradesh, the number of incidences in the state has reduced from 238222 in 1996 to 87165 numbers in 2010, however, percentage of Plasmodium falciparum malaria, which is more dangerous than the Plasmodium vivax is reported to be increasing from 25.6 to 35.7% during the same period [www.nvbdcp.gov.in/Doc/malaria_situation_ Juy11.pdf] Dengue: As per the state VBDCP, Bhopal reported 5 confirmed and 85 suspected deaths due to dengue in 2009 in the state. Researches indicate that warmer temperatures shorten the time for mosquitoes to become infectious increasing the probability of transmission [Jetten & Focks, 1997]. The minimum temperature required for survival of dengue viruses is 11.9ºC [IPCC 2001]. Higher temperatures beyond 42ºC are not favourable for survival of the vector for dengue viruses. Table 9.1 indicates the dengue cases and deaths reported in Madhya Pradesh between 2007 and 2010. 2007 2008 2009 2010 Cases Deaths Cases Deaths Cases Deaths Cases Deaths 51 2 3 0 1467 5 175 1 - Chikungunya: It was earlier eliminated from India, but has re-emerged in most parts of the state in 2006, refer to Fig. 9.2. About 106 confirmed cases of Chikungunya were reported in 2006 from 21 districts of MP, mainly in the southern part. Presence of virus in the state indicates that transmission occurs in areas with moderate temperatures, not experiencing severe winters. With the projected rise in temperatures, the SKMCCC, EPCO 71 disease is likely to spread towards northern India. Water Borne diseases Cholera: It is caused by Vibrio cholerae and has a direct link with the climate fluctuation and can lead not only to local outbreaks but pandemic ones too. The data available for Madhya Pradesh for the period, 1997 to 2006 indicates that cholera outbreaks had taken place thrice in this period in 2001, 2004 and 2006. According to national health profile 2008, acute diarrhoeal cases in Madhya Pradesh were 57.8 lakhs in 2007; however, only 14 have been reported as Cholera incidence. Cholera cases are hugely underreported mainly because disease surveillance is limited and laboratory capacity inadequate, especially at peripheral health-care centres. Cholera in flooded areas is a concern and with increase in extreme rainfall in the future, flooding may increase. Water management practices, urbanisation, intensified land use and forestry can substantially alter the risks of floods [EEA, 2005]. Heat stress Heat stress occurs when high temperatures in excess of 40oC persist for a number of days. IPCC reports suggest that hot days, hot nights and heat waves have become more frequent [IPCC, 2007a]. Heat wave conditions are maximum in June, but they start as early as in March while transiting from winter to summer. In Madhya Pradesh total number of heat wave incidences between 1968 to 1977 was 4, and between 1978 to 1999 they increased to 15. It has been reported that the decade 2001–2010 has been India's warmest decade on record, with an anomaly of 0.4°C — surpassing the previous decadal record set in 1991–2000 by 0.2°C and in 2010 severe heat waves have been reported from Madhya Pradesh from March itself. Fig. 9.3 illustrates the spread of heat wave conditions in India during March 2010. Kanungo et al., Cholera in India: an analysis of reports, 1997–2006, Bulletin of the World Health Organization 2010;88:185-191. doi: 10.2471/ BLT.09.073460 U.S.De, R.K.Dube and G.S.Prakasa Rao. Extreme Weather Events over India in the last 100 years, J. Ind. Geophys. Union ( July 2005 ), Vol.9, No.3, pp.173-187 http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/sotc/2010/13 SKMCCC, EPCO 72 Policies and Programmes The State is committed to provide health care facilities to the poorest of the poor in the society through primary health care including preventive, curative and promotive care. Objectives has been to reduce infant mortality rates, universal immunisation of childhood diseases, integrated comprehensive primary health care, provision for village level health activities in underserved villages, preparation of panchayat level health action plan, institutionalising district level management of health, increased utilization of 1st referral units from less than 20% in 2002 to more than 75% now. SKMCCC, EPCO 73 Programmes operational on ground- National Programmes – National Tuberculosis Programme, National Vector Borne Diseases Control Programme, National Rural Health Mission, National Family Welfare Programme, National Leprosy Programme, National Programme to Control Blindness, RCH-II programme. State Welfare Schemes – State Illness Assistance Programme, Rogi Kalyan Samiti, Deen Dayal Antyoday Upchar Yojana, Prasav Hetu Parivahan Evam Upachar Yojana, ASHA and AYUSH. Other activities- Improving hospital infrastructure in urban and rural areas, human resource development for strategic planning for various programmes and schemes of the state, establishment of New Health institutions, PHCs, SHCs, and CHCs etc. Concerns of Health Sector Malaria endemicity in tribal regions remained high inspite of the intensive State Vector Borne Disease Control Concerns Programme and the failure of subsequent sustenance * Low diseases surveillance programme resulting in an increase in percentage of * Lack of early detection of disease in P.falciparum (Pf) cases over the years indicating increase in tribal and remote areas drug resistance. Low coverage of disease surveillance/ * Health disaster management screening centres in tribal areas and other remote areas adds strategies weak on the problem. The state health infrastructure is not enough * Lack of robust early warning capable to predict any such diseases outbreaks nor the systems besides IDSP health disaster response system is robust enough to manage * Lack of efficient drug supply chain the situations. Though the health department of the state is management and infrastructure to already doing a mapping of diseases but there is still a store medicines * Lack of a full fledged epidemiology lacking on early warning systems. wing in the public health segment Transmission windows (TWs) for malaria i.e the * Poor compliance of prescribed bio- appropriate conditions of temperature and humidity in medical waste management which a vector thrives, is projected to increase (temperature practices range between 14-40oC, and RH>50%) with Climate * Increase incidences of vector, water Change. and air borne diseases as well as heat & cold strokes In MP, TW of malaria may increase to 8 months from * Re-emergence of vectors that had around 4-5 months in view of the projected 2.5oC rise in been eradicated temperature by 2050 [NATCOM, 2004]. This may lead to * Rising urban malaria including increase in malarial morbidities. Fig. 9.4 illustrates the shift dengue in transmission windows from present to 2050 scenario. * Heat stress induced morbidity The state is already witnessing re-emergence of eradicated * Rapidly mutating strains of virus VBDs like Chikungunya. Climate Change may aggravate the problem much more or may lead to emergence of some new vectors. TW shows suitability for less number of months while the occurrence of cases reflects transmission for longer periods. This suggests the presence of a microniche which needs to be studied in detail. There has been a rise in urban malaria and dengue also in the state. Frequent outbreaks of water borne diseases may happen in the future leading to increase in virulence, mostly due to increase in intense precipitation leading to flash floods and retention of stagnant water. Variations in day and night temperatures coupled with increase in air pollution have led to rise in cases of allergies and respiratory infections in the state. More pulmonary disorders are being recorded with rise in percentage of particulate matter in the environment due to change in weather. Bronchial asthma has become common among children (Times of India, Bhopal Edition, November 12, 2011). SKMCCC, EPCO 74 Anticipation and planning for health sector becomes difficult considering the varying vulnerabilities of different demographics settled in varied geographical locations. There are many uncertainties around adaptive capacities as well which also plays a pivotal role. For this reason, stress was laid on improvements to environmental practices, preparation of health disaster management plans, improving public health infrastructure and disease surveillance and emergency response capabilities, which are expected to lay a sound foundation to cope with Climate Change. Strategies to address concerns due to Climate Change in Health Sector

1. Developing diseases profile of communities: It has been observed that different areas have different degree of vulnerability towards different diseases and have typical disease profiles. Launching intensive programmes for mapping to identify the diseases profile of communities across Madhya Pradesh will help in effective resource allocation and planning for treatment of specific diseases identified for each community.

2. Development of weather based Early Warning System: The climate related diseases generally take place due to unavailability of timely information about the weather events that cause them. There is a need to address this issue through a strong institutional mechanism that integrates short, medium and long term weather forecasting and means to disseminate the same among health professionals and masses.

3. Upscaling Health Disaster management preparedness: Setting up plans for protection of health of population susceptible to break out of diseases due to extreme events, such as floods, droughts, extreme heat, extreme cold, and favourable conditions for vectors. Those areas vulnerable to floods/ droughts should have separate health delivery system and health disaster management plans to quickly limit the spread of disease. Weather related diseases should have specific plans for control that ameliorate specific needs of the disease management.

4. Early case detection and quick control- with a focus on areas where coverage is low or has not reached: There is an urgent need to strengthen the health service delivery mechanism – such as (a) disease surveillance units at the districts, (b) disease diagnosis centres (pathological laboratories) as SKMCCC, EPCO 75 many of the remote locations still lack such health facilities, (c) Sensitizing and involving the community for detection of disease (e.g. breeding places for vectors) and their elimination by training them on the same. Along with this existence of (d) Drug Distribution Centres in remote areas for providing easy access to anti- malaria drugs to the community. (e) Alternative medication for drugs resistance vector parasites of P.falciparum malaria should also be made available. (f) Along with this presence of medical professionals at these sites is a necessity. In case of remote areas, measures such as tele-medical advisory services can be devised through the local gram Panchayat to make the tribals and people in remote places access medical help on a regular basis.

5. Strengthening supportive systems for Environment Management: Measures for source reduction for all vector borne, water borne diseases is required. For e.g: filling of the breeding places, proper covering of stored water, channelization of breeding sources etc.

6. Monitoring and reporting mechanism to ensure accountability and optimize outputs: A Monitoring and Evaluation Cell is being set up in the Directorate of Health & Family welfare. This will network with all the districts and will collect and compile information about all the health programmes being run by department. The manpower available in the department under Strategic Planning Unit (SPU) and State Programme Management Unit (SPMU) will be responsible for generating reports and monitoring that will be used as feedback for field observation and corrective actions.

7. Public Awareness on health issues: Enhanced awareness about climate induced diseases reduces the risk and thus public awareness on climate induced health effects should be generated through community level groups, PRI, educational programmes.

8. Research and study on Climate Change and health impacts: The state needs to map the climate induced health vulnerability in different regions of the state. Promotion of research in health sector to draw linkages between Climate Change and health in the state is suggested.

9. Capacity Building of health delivery personnel and institutions: Capacity building of different stakeholders needs to be built on different aspects related to Climate Change and respective health impacts. Health activists and extension workers working in remote areas need to be trained to manage escalated frequency and spread of vector borne/ water borne/ hygiene. Further, the Health and Family Welfare department needs to have a CC Cell that will coordinate with on CC issues regarding health and also with the relevant line ministry in the centre. SKMCCC, EPCO 76 10 Urban Development and Transport Background Urban Administration and Development In Climate Change context, cities play crucial roles in mitigation as well as adaptation. Well- planned, compact cities can be highly resource- efficient and lead to lower greenhouse gas emissions. Cities, as centres of expertise and innovation, can invest in greening transport, buildings and waste management sector, creating jobs and supporting long-term economic growth. Urban areas of Madhya Pradesh are physically growing. As per census 2011, urban population of MP is 20.05 million recording a decadal growth rate of 25.6% during 2001-2011.Graph in Fig. 10.1 illustrates a trend of decadal population growth and growth rate for the state of Madhya Pradesh. Urbanization is often referred as the rapid as well as massive growth, contributed by migration to a greater extent, of large cities resulting in both positive and negative consequences which results into urban sprawling and development of slums in cities. Madhya Pradesh had a little more than 15% of the total urban population living in slums, as per census 2001. A projection of MP’s slum population till 2017 is depicted in Fig. 10.2 which indicates that slum population would remain on an even and steady rise in the state unless robust plans are implemented to curb this effect of urbanisation. Fig. 10.2 Projections for Slum Population MP till 2017 (Source - India Stats) SKMCCC, EPCO 77 Population projections for India 2001-2026 suggests that by 2026 Madhya Pradesh will have an urban population of 31.2 millions [Population Projections for India and States 2001-2026, GoI], which means that the grappling situation to accommodate more and more people in cities in a sustainable manner will remain an everlasting challenge for urban planners. Urbanisation is a constant process but it can be made sustainable by integrating the three fundamental components consisting of environmental protection, economic growth and social equity in the planning process itself. Transport It is also said that invention of the wheel is probably the most important inventions of all time. In today’s context, it has become a key component for economic growth and human welfare which is bound to increase. All the modes of transport rely on fossil resources for fuel requirements. Road transportation is the major mode of transportation in Madhya Pradesh. As per the State Transportation Policy 2010, there had been a rising demand for better transportation facilities in the state and it is expected that in near future, there would be a rise of 10% per year in commercial transportation. A rapid increase in the total number of vehicles has also been recorded in the past decade with an average growth of 12.91% annually. Total number of two wheelers and four wheelers constitute 78% and 21% respectively out of the registered 60 lakh vehicles. Commercial vehicles constitute only 5.85% of the total vehicles in the state. A trend in the registration of commercial and non-commercial vehicles during 1991 and 2009 is depicted in Fig. 10.3. State’s transport policy has focussed on promoting efficient public transport services and in this line Bus Rapid Transport System has been introduced in four major cities: Bhopal, Indore, Jabalpur, and Gwalior. Urban Mass Transit Companies (UMTCs) have also been identified to improve the connectivity of public transport. Besides these, Metro Rail services, Intelligent Transport Systems etc are also being considered as potential mass transports in the state. It has now become imperative for the state to manage the ever increasing fleet of non-commercial vehicles as well as the sustenance of newly introduced mass transports in order to developing a robust road transport system. Policies and Programmes The state is undergoing considerable changes in terms of urban and economic growth and considering the expected intensification of urbanisation, the government is implementing many flagship programmes for urban development as well as transport management. Need of the hour is to evaluate these programmes and associated activities with Climate Change perspective so as to transform them into sustainable developmental practices. State policies governing and guiding guiding the sector are – Madhya Pradesh Housing and Habitat Policy 2007 – Scope of this policy is very wide which SKMCCC, EPCO 78 encompass an ambitious resolution to develop Housing for all ensuring a slumless urban environment, to draft integrated rural development plans in order to Providing Urban amenities in Rural Areas (PURA), to focus on city development plans ensuring sustainability and urban infrastructure & land development. State Transport Policy 2010 – The Madhya Pradesh Transport Policy 2010 tries to make public transport user friendly by introducing new technology so that more and more people are able to use the public transport system. Since roads are the backbone of state’s transport system, the policy talks about improving the road network within the state. It also focuses on introducing faster and safer transport systems like BRTS, ITS etc and encouraging use of cleaner fuels like CNG. Very soon the state would have its Parking Policy also. This initiative is being taken with a view to regulate parking at public places and reducing traffic congestions. Some of the urban development and transport associated programmes in effect are - • Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission (JNNURM) • Integrated Housing and Slum Development Programme (IHSDP) • National Urban Infrastructure Scheme (NUIS) • Urban Infrastructure Development Scheme for Small and Medium Towns (UIDSSMT) • Rajiv Awas Yojana (RAY) • Madhya Pradesh Urban Services for the Poor (MPUSP) • Madhya Pradesh Water Supply and Environmental Improvement Programme • State Level Urban Sanitation Mission • Bus Rapid Transport System (BRTS) Concerns for Urban Administration, Development and Transport Urban areas have a give and take relationship with Climate Change which is quite vivid. Large cities are huge sources of Green House Gas emissions and also stand to suffer dire consequences of Climate Change. Urban centres, commercial and residential both, are huge consumers of energy. Excessive / faulty cooling, excess Concerns lighting, poor lighting technology and transmission & * Emissions from vehicles distribution losses all lead to wastage of energy. About 9% of * Inefficient and insufficient public power resources of the state are consumed by commercial and transportation residential buildings and the T & D losses of the state stood at * Energy consumption, both 32.13% in 2009-2010 [Energy Supply and Demand in MP- residential & commercial Investments and Policies by PwC Report]. Urban living * Methane emissions patterns generate huge amounts of solid waste and waste * Poor water management practices water which are potential sources of methane. Untreated * Increasing urban atmospheric accumulation of wastes are bigger concerns as methane is 21 temperature times more potent a GHG than CO2. * Lack of robust city infrastructure to handle extreme weather events like Transport system thrives on fossil fuels and their combustions flash floods lead to generation of gases like CO and NOx, hydrocarbons, * Rise in urban malaria some SO2 and solid particles. The particulate matter modifies * Unplanned urbanisation the radiative flux and contributes to change in temperature. * Below average railway network Unplanned roads with reduced capacities often lead to traffic connecting remote districts congestions, location and length of drives and energy * Depleting groundwater levels intensive transport systems enhance the rate and level of emissions much more. SKMCCC, EPCO 79 At the receiving end, cities are also equally victimised by changing weather patterns. Loss of green cover around urban centres may lead to development of heat islands which may rise the average atmospheric temperatures. The heat stress on infrastructure can damage the material, such as asphalt or rails designed for lower temperatures. Heat stress on human health may lead to morbidities; worst affected would be the urban poor and homeless who are subjected to more heat exposure. Rising temperatures would also increase the need for artificial cooling. These cooling equipments, on one hand, are energy intensive and on the other hand support vector development. Extreme rise in temperatures do not favour vector development but artificial cooling equipments help in the creation of micro-environments which favour their survival. This could be one of the reasons behind increased urban malaria and dengue incidences. Madhya Pradesh is a land locked state which has only rain-fed rivers as life support systems. Water stress caused by variations in precipitation patterns would have severe consequences in cities too, which had been experienced in the past. Industrial effluents have also deteriorated the quality of surface water bodies. For insufficient quality tapped water, excess exploration of groundwater has led to its depletion. Water quality associated health impacts are already recorded in the state. Flash floods or deluges often jeopardise urban infrastructure for inefficient storm water disposal and management practices. Strategies to address concerns due to Climate Change in Urban Development and Transport Sector

1. Increasing Energy Efficiency in Residential and Commercial buildings: Energy sector is the largest emitter of GHG’s. Municipal Demand Side Management on commercial as well as residential sector may reduce significant energy consumption. Promotion of green building concept together with adoption of other active and passive methods to reduce energy consumption. Effective implementation of building bylaws, Energy Conservation Building Codes and National Building Code of India and promotion of energy efficient household appliances. Water management and conservation should also be integrated in building design concepts.

2. Urban Water Supply: Providing quality drinking water is now a persistent problem in cities. In order to reducing this issue robust urban water supply system should be facilitated ensuring sufficient per capita availability of quality water. Groundwater levels in the state are already highly depleted especially of western MP, as per the report of Water Resources Department. Groundwater explorations and its commercial selling should be regulated and monitored especially in areas where facilities for piped water supply have been developed. Use of energy efficient water pumps at every level should be encouraged.

3. Urban Storm Water Management: Increased precipitation results in flood like situations in many cities which affects the socio-economic life of people. Urban storm water management plans should be formulated with the help of suitable climate models to avoid flood like situations.

4. Solid Waste Management: With the increasing size of cities, solid waste management has become a big problem. Awareness generation among people about best practices, waste segregation at sources, development of sites to explore waste to energy potential, more investment in research activities for developing different cost effective models to convert waste to energy.

5. Wastewater Management: The demand of water for different purposes is increasing day by day and relevance of 3R principles- reduce, reuse and recycle increases under these conditions. Appropriate low cost technologies for grey water recycling should be promoted at household levels so as to reduce the quantity of black water generation from households and also to reduce conversion of white water to black water. SKMCCC, EPCO 80

6. Sustainable Urban Transport Planning and Management: Thrust should be on improving the road networks in the state emphasising on their quality and connectivity, both. Efficient and quality mass transportation systems should be enhanced with stress on route optimisation. Sustainable technologies should be adopted in transportation like emission norms, clean fuel, traffic management etc.

7. Urban Planning: Sustainable development of houses and habitats is already a priority as per the state housing and habitat policy 2007; need is to evaluate the activities with Climate Change perspective. Protection and development of carbon sinks in and around urban centres, compact city planning requiring minimal travels, urban storm water management and proper urban planning with standards for embankment of low lying areas, better disaster warning systems should be emphasised.

8. Green Governance favouring Low Carbon Societies: Policies prescribing the need for low carbon societies and regulations to ensure strict implementation of low carbon technologies need to be introduced. Government schemes incorporating subsidies on green technologies and incentives for adopting them should also be developed.

9. Adoption of service level benchmark: In order to enhance the effectiveness of service delivery mechanisms, suitable benchmarks need to be created and adopted for urban administration.

10. Explore potential of CDM benefits: There is a lot of scope for CDM projects in Waste management and Demand side management of energy in the urabsn areas. A systematic study may be done to explore this opportunity and pilot projects could be taken up to demonstrate the potential. SKMCCC, EPCO 81 11 Energy Sector Background Energy is a critical resource for economic development as well as for improving the quality of life. Madhya Pradesh is a developing state and thus the need of energy for its social and economic growth is very much evident. The state is endowed with both conventional and non conventional sources of energy resources, but at present the main sources of energy production are Thermal and Hydel. Coal is used for the thermal power generation as well as is being used by the unorganised sector for thermal energy. The state already has installed capacity for wind, biomass and small hydro while for solar the initiatives have been taken and sites have being identified. Apart from these sources fuelwood is also a major source of energy in the rural areas of the state but due to highly unorganised nature of usage the exact consumption is difficult to calculate. Energy sector of Madhya Pradesh has the goal to augment power availability to facilitate the economic growth. There exist a huge potential for energy generation in the state. It is necessary that this potential is tapped to fill the existing as well as projected gap in the energy demand of the state. Power sector provides one of the most important inputs necessary for social, economic and industrial development of the country. Inspite of the marvelous growth in the electric supply quantitatively including vast spread of electric power system in industrial metro cities & rural hinterland, different category of consumers continues to face wide- ranging power shortages in varying magnitude both quantitatively & qualitatively. There is a huge demand for energy in the state but the supply is not enough to match the demand. One of the important factors that led to this situation was the inequitable division of generation capacity Power utilization in M.P. in % 4.31 4.72 20.82 39.11 3349 Industry l 5190 31.04 SKMCCC, EPCO 82 and demand as well as assets and liabilities between Madhya Pradesh and Chattisgarh Electricity Board. After the bifurcation of state in 2000, only 68% of the generation capacity was allotted to Madhya Pradesh while its energy consumption was 78% at that time. The situation has improved since then due to the proactive policies encouraging investments. Currently, State owned MP Power Generating Company’s installed capacity is 3847.5 MW out of this; state’s share is 3730 MW. Further, the state share in Joint Venture Projects (ISP, OSP and SSP) is 2371 MW and in the central sector projects is 2428 MW. Apart from this, 472 MW power is received from DVC, Torrent and Renewable resources making total available capacity as 9001MW. (not including the Captive power and electricity produced by numerous of small diseal generators.) The total capacity available for the state from various sources and power utilization in MP by different sectors is represented in the pie diagram below. The state has a maximum share of Thermal power with Industries and Agriculture consuming major shrare of the energy. The graph (Fig. 11.1 a) shows the energy shortage and peak deficit in the state from the year 2006 to 2010. The recent years have seen high peak deficits in the state. The graph (Fig. 11.1 b) shows the sharewise installed capacity of the state by MP Genco, Joint Venture and Central Sector and other installed powers in the state. Fig. 11.2 Energy Scenario in MP To match supply and demand, the state has planned many initiatives to increase the energy generation and to reduce the transmission and distribution losses. The figure shows the year wise capacity addition (MW) plans of MP and T&D reduction in the next ten years [Energy Supply and Demand in MP-Investments and Policies, PwC Report]. It is expected that by 2013-14 MP will be able to match the supply and demand of the state and would be able to generate energy in surplus. The Report projected the inatalled capccity till 2020 for the state including nearly all possible sources of energy generation in the state. Contribution of the renewable energy will be increasing in the coming years, also because the state is adopting new policies to promote renewable energy in the state. Looking at the projections for the 2020 in terms of energy deficit and surplus, it is expected that the state will be able to fill the deficit in the energy demand by 2013 and would then be an energy surplus state. The Table 11.1 below represents the planned capacity generation and unrestricted demand with the Surplus /Deficit figures till the year 2019-20 for Madhya Pradesh [Energy Supply and Demand in MP-Investments and Policies, PwC Report]. Policies and Programmes To develop a financially viable and competitive power sector that ensures quality power for all at affordable price is objective of the Energy Department - Vision of MP Energy Department. SKMCCC, EPCO 83 Years 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16 2016-17 2017-18 2018-19 2019-20 As per the annual plan (2011-12), the state aims to meet power demand by setting up new power projects, expand and strengthen transmission system for evacuation of power from Generation Projects of the state, interconnection of state’s transmission with National Grid (i.e. PGCIL Projects etc.), to overcome low voltage problem and to avoid overloading of EHV system. Strengthen and system improvement of Sub- transmission and Distribution system, Energy Audit, 100% meterization, separation of rural feeders from agriculture feeders, prevention of theft and bridge the Rural Urban gap by extending the electricity to all the villages and habitation of the state and provide access to electricity to all rural households under Rajiv Gandhi Gram Vidyutikaran Yojna Scheme. To acheive the aim of the annual plan, GoMP has entered into MoUs with 53 private companies for Other Programs and Policies setting up about 73,000 MW capacities thermal power · Madhya Pradesh (Investment in Power projects in the state. Out of these projects, Generation Projects) Policy – Under this construction of eight projects of about 10,000 MW policy a power project of any capacity capacities has already been started. In the next 5 based on conventional project will be set up years, it is planned that about 5000 MW capacity will and GoMP will get 10% of power generated be added to the state. Madhya Pradesh Power from these projects while facilitating and Generating Company Ltd (MPPGCL) is constructing providing the Administration support for new power plants viz 2X250 MW extension units no land acquisition, fuel sourcing, power 10 and 11 at Satpura Thermal Power Station, Sarni and evacuation and water allocation. 2X600 MW units at Shri Singaji Thermal Power Project, Distt Khandwa for increasing installed · Feeder Segregation Program capacity. · System Strengthening under Asian Beside above, MP Power Trading Company Limited Development Bank has initiated actions for development of 2X800 MW Bansagar Thermal Power Project in District Shahdol · Genco efficiency Improvement uner case-2 of competitive bidding. In addition, NTPC · GoI Scheme – Rajiv Gandhi Gram Ltd has also planned 1320 MW TPP in Narsinghpur Vidyuitikaran Yojna and R -APDRP District, 1320 MW TPP in Khargone district and 3960MW TPP in Chhatarpur district of Madhya SKMCCC, EPCO 84 Pradesh. 50% from NTPC’s above projects in the state has been allocated to the state. Narmada Valley Development Authority (NVDA) and the Water Resources Department (WRD) are responsible for developing the hydroelectric power in the state. In the Narmada river, NVDA had developed large hydropower projects such as Indira Sagar HEP (1,000 MW) and the Omrakeshwar HEP (520 MW), and also small hydropower projects such as Tawa Project (13.5 MW). NVDA is also in the process of developing other mini and small hydro power sites on the Narmada river such as 15 MW Chindwara, 20 MW Raghavpur, 35 MW Rosra and 60 MW Basania. Generating hydropower in relation to the other rivers in the state - Son, Godawari (Pranhita) and Chambal - is the responsibility of the Water Resources Department. Together, NVDA and WRD are to tap the overall hydropower potential. Apart from taking the steps increasing the energy capacity of the state, the state is also actively working towards improving the energy efficiency in the state. The PAT scheme by Bureau of Energy Efficiency has identified the 9 most fossil fuel consuming industries including power. Under this scheme, the industries will be given mandatory energy cuts to achieve in terms of efficiency with respect to their base line consumption within a certain number of years. Of the 714 Designated Consumers identified in the PAT scheme, 23 are in Madhya Pradesh. Madhya Pradesh has heavy concentration of energy intensive industries like Cement, Paper Mill and Sugar Industries so the focus will be towards these industries. Therefore it is expected that other than enhancing the operational efficiency of systems (including renovation and modernization of existing plants), more and more clean coal technologies will be utilized to achieve the targets set out in PAT scheme. Concerns of Energy Sector Energy is an important factor for the economic development and growth of the country. In Madhya Pradesh inspite of continuous increase in the generation of electricity increase many people in the state has no access to electricity. This constrained energy access is also reflected in the low Human Development Index of MP. Economic growth is generally hampered by peak shortfalls of electricity power, average shortfalls of electricity power and high T&D losses. The end users of electricity like households, farmers, commercial establishments, industries are confronted with frequent power cuts, be it scheduled or unscheduled. Power cuts, erratic voltage and low or high supply frequency have added to the ‘power woes’ of the consumer. These problems emanate from mainly: • Inadequate power generation capacity; • Lack of optimum utilization of the existing generation capacity; Concerns • Inadequate inter-regional transmission links; * Plant load factors, ageing plants and • Inadequate and aging sub-transmission & old technology distribution network leading to power cuts and local * Transmission and distribution losses * Lack of awareness on energy use failures/faults; efficiency • Large scale theft and skewed tariff structure; * Energy Deficit • Slow pace of rural electrification; • Inefficient use of electricity by the end consumer • Lack of grid discipline Inspite of increase in the state generation capacity and availability, the peak shortage and energy shortage (Restricted & Unrestricted) is still in the range of 8%-13% and 30%-35% respectively. The challenges confronting the power sector today are: • Meeting up with the requirements of coal especially during the peak energy demand periods SKMCCC, EPCO 85 • Arranging financial resources to increase power generation capacity and renovation & modernization of plants • Transmission and distribution of electricity from new projects and augmentation of new ones • Rising climate variability will lead to increased electricity demand, thus putting more pressure on the existing resources and • Investments to upgrade the existing electrical equipments. In the context of Climate Change the most important concern is the Green House Emission contributed by the energy sector. According to the Low Carbon Strategies for inclusive growth report by Planning Commission, 2011 the emissions for the country in 2007 stood at 1100.06 million tons of CO2 equivalent. Major contributors were the Electricity sector (65%) followed by Transport sector (14%). The energy sector emissions include emissions from: fuel combustion in electricity generation, solid fuel manufacturing, petroleum refinery, transport, resedential & commercial activities, agriculture & fisheries, fugitive emissions due to coal mining and handling of oil and natural gas. Strategies to address concerns due to Climate Change in Energy Sector A two pronged approach is being taken to reduce GHG emissions from power. Since coal continues to be the primary option, the first strategy to reduce GHG emissions would be by increasing generation efficiency which means increasing the generation of power per unit of coal consumed. This will be applicable to other industries as well. Another strategy can be to increase the share of renewable sources in the total power generation of the state.

1. Enhancing efficiency in power generation: As energy sector is the largest emitter of GHGs and fossil fuels constitute the major share, efficiency of the present power generation system need to be enhanced through formulation of favourable policies which promote green technologies, renovation and maintenance of existing power plants.

2. Undertake demand side management to improve efficiency and reduce GHG emission: There exists a huge potential in demand side which can reduce the GHG emission in the state. Reduction of transmission and distribution losses, feeder separation, energy efficient service delivery systems, use of energy efficient home appliances can reduce energy consumption upto a large extent. Strict regulations and their implementations are needed to bring down the energy usage. Energy audit of commercial and government buildings can be made compulsory to bring down the consumption. More programmes like Bachat Lamp Yojana with CDM potential could be taken up under government schemes/ programmes.

3. Market Transformation for Energy Efficiency: Projects should be designed with a view to link them with ongoing market based mechanisms like CDM in order to bring finances in more sustainable manner. Energy efficiency can play a key role as Madhya Pradesh stives to meet its development goals under resources constraint. Policies are proposed to be reformed to offer more incentives for the use of energy efficiency appliance.

4. Development of Low Carbon Society Pathway: To transform Low Carbon concept into reality, policy level actions are required. Sustainable transport, low carbon electricity including viable Carbon Capture and Storage technique, switching to clean fuel, material substitution and recycling are a few steps which needs attention.

5. Capacity Building and Research & Development: Capacity building of professionals working in this sector to be able to understand the new technologies and work with them is essential. Besides these research and development in the energy efficiency should be promoted. Investor and Environment friendly policies are suggested. SKMCCC, EPCO 86 12 Renewable Energy Background MP has a rich natural resource base with huge renewable energy generation potential. The major sources of renewable energy in Madhya Pradesh are: Wind, Biomass, Small Hydro and Solar. Based on various promotional efforts put in place by the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy, GoI and New and Renewable Energy Department, GoMP, significant progress is being made in power generation from renewable energy sources in the state. At present total installed capacity of RE sources is 2.95% of total installed capacity of state. The topography and climatic conditions of the state offer enormous potential for harnessing the wind and solar energy. The vast river stretches also offers huge potential for the small hydro plants. Table 12.1 compares harnessed RE against potential in the state for different forms. It clearly shows that there is still a large potential to be harnessed. MP has an installed capacity of about 214 MW of wind power, about 0.8 MW of solar power and about 32 MW of biomass-based power. As the assessed potential is significantly higher (wind – about 1200 MW, solar – about 20 MW/Sq Km and biomass – about 1242.4 MW), there are plans to expand the renewable power generation capacity in the state (Departmental inputs). It has been proposed to install neraly 400 MW of wind energy in the state in the next three years (MP TRIFAC). MP Urja Vikas Nigam (MPUVN), a GoMP agency functioning under New and Renewable Energy Department has been entrusted with the task to promote development of Renewable Energy in the state. MPUVN has also initiated work on promoting energy-efficiency in the state and has estimated an energy-saving potential of 500 MW. Opportunities are being explored for realising the potential of coal-bed methane. State government has also planned very attractive Renewable Purchase Obligation (RPO) structure to attract investment in RE sector. A snapshot of proposed RPO from solar and non solar sources is shown in Fig. 12.1. The figure shows that investment in Renewable Energy Sector will boost in coming years through favourable policies. CDM is the additional benefit that can be harnessed from RE projects. In terms of GHG reduction, with the current projects in pipeline, the avoided emissions are shown in the Table 12.2. SKMCCC, EPCO 87 Policies and Programmes Realizing the potential of RE in the state, State Government has taken concrete initiatives to harness these forms of energy and to attract investment in this sector. Draft policies for solar energy, biomass energy and wind energy have been formulated. A snapshot of efforts of MP Government to boost investment in the state is shown in the box below. State government provides favourable condition to invest in RE sector through duty exemption, subsidy on loans, concessional land for mega projects and tax exemption. Various efforts of MP Government to boost investment in the state • Industrial investment promotion assistance - 50 to 75% of commercial tax for 4-5 years • 5 year electricity duty exemption on captive power generation • For thrust sector industries - 25 % capital subsidy • Interest Subsidy of 3 - 5 % on term loan for 5-7 years • Concessional registration charges & stamp duty exemption for term loan • Land on 75 % concessional rate for mega projects • Entry tax exemption for 5 years • Project Reports Cost Reimbursement scheme • Subsidy on ISO Certification, patent registration & technology acquisition • VGF funding of upto 40%(20% GoI+additional 20% State Government. • Special Packages for Mega projects Wind Power Gross potential for power generation from Wind Energy in the state is 5500 MW out of which technically proven sites have cumulative potential to generate 1200 MW of energy. At present, 213.79 MW of wind capacity has been installed and an additional 400 MW is expected to be installed in next 3 years and another 400 MW projects are in pipeline (MP TRIFAC). Potential sites for wind power generation have been shown in the Fig. 12.2. Biomass Power The estimated biomass potential in the state is 1242.4 MW against which 25 MW is installed. All the projects are based on PPP mode. Proposals for setting up Biomass plants of 450 MW cumulative capacities have been registered (MP TRIFAC). SKMCCC, EPCO 88 Solar Energy The State is endowed with high solar radiation with around 300 days of clear sun. The mean annual o temperature in the state varies from 22oC to 27 C indicating opportunity to harness solar energy. Good sites have the potential in the range of 5.5 to 5.8 kwh/ sq.m. which is ideal for installation of Solar based power projects. A solar energy park is also being developed in Rajgarh district. High solar radiation with investor friendly policies in the state provides huge investment potential for solar projects. Small Hydro Energy The state, with many small rivers and streams flowing offers good opportunity for small hydro projects. M.P. has about 803.64 MW potential for small hydro projects. At present the installed capacity is nearly 86.16 MW with the projects mainly on Son, Narmada, and Tapi and Godavari rivers. Concerns of Renewable Energy Sector Madhya Pradesh is highly dependent on thermal and partially on hydro energy. Though the thermal source of energy causes Concerns GHG emissions yet the contribution of RE can be increased * High production cost and low set of gradually. Thus the role of Renewables is limited; MP is Renewable Purchase Obligation taking proactive steps to promote Renewable energy in the (RPO) by the State Government state. * Unawareness among public about Apart from the above limitation another concern is the high energy conservation and renewable energy sources per unit cost of energy generation from Renewable Sources as * Cost of technology compared to the conventional energy generation resources. Renewable Purchase Obligation (RPO) was revised in 2010 from 10% to 0.80% which may also impact the development of RE Projects in the state. Strategies to address concerns due to Climate Change in Renewable Energy Sector

1. Increase the mix of renewable energy in total energy consumption of the state: MP Government realizes the potential of Renewable Energy and has formulated draft policies for solar, wind and biomass energy to promote investment in the state. Though MP Government has set ambitious Renewable Purchase Obligation (RPO) targets, their implementation in the long run need to be ensured to bring more investment through policy incentives.

2. Awareness and Capacity Building: Capacities of different stakeholders need to be built on renewable energy aspects i.e. generation, handling, maintenance, operations. Research and Development activities need to be accelerated to develop cost effective handy products Since RE projects have a high potential for developing as CDM Project, capacities of stakeholders can be built on CDM through MP CDM Agency.

3. Promoting Research and exploring more possibilities of RE in the state: Exploring ways for institutionalising the biomass, biogas energy generation and possibilities of geothermal energy generation in the state. Adopting new technologies which are now showing declining cost trends, especially in solar enegy technologies the focus could be on use of silicon rather than thin film technologies. SKMCCC, EPCO 89 13 Industry Background Madhya Pradesh has great potential for the sustainable industrial development and growth with its abundant mineral resources, high agriculture production, rich forest cover, established social infrastructure, good transport connectivity and strong telecommunication penetration. Being a rural and agrarian state, opprutunities for food processing and small and mediun enteriprises based on natural resources are enormous. On this strong base, Large and Medium Scale (LMI) industrial units are working in the state. Major central public undertakings having manufacturing facilities in state are BHEL, Bhopal, National Fertilizer Ltd, Vijaypur, Guna, Security Paper Mill, Hoshangabad, Currency Printing Press, Dewas, Alkaloid Factory Neemach, Ordinance Factory Itarsi, Gun Carriage Factory Jabalpur etc. are located in the state. As the state is a leading in terms of agriculture production, thrust is beinggiven on development of agri food processing and herbal processing. Nineteen Industrial growth centres have been established in the state with a view to attract industries towards Madhya Pradesh. Currently (up to Jan 2011) the state has 733 Large and Medium industrial units providing direct employment to about 1.75 lakh people. Also, in the year 2011-12, about 14563 new Micro and Small enterprises were established in the state providing employment to about 30842 people (Departmental inputs). In future, growth in pharmaceuticals, auto industries, manufacturing, consumer goods, food processing, tourism and textile is seen to be happening given the policy support. Minerals as well as cement production hold a great production promise in the state. The fact that M.P is centrally located makes a good geographic allocation for transport to the entire state. Policies and Programmes The MP Industrial Promotion Policy, 2010 which aims to ensure faster economic development & employment generation by sustainable use of the resources available in the state, with special attention on promotion of Small & Medium enterprises to avert the adverse impact of global recession on industrialization in MP. Besides this MP Small Scale Industries Revival Scheme, 2010 is working towards the revival of the sick units in the state also addressing the issues of outdated technology, lack of skilled workers, inefficient management, lack of professionalism etc. The GoMP has given thrust on development of Agriculture & Food processing industries including herbal processing. As MP has large area under forest, raw material for such industries is available in plenty. Also these industries will help in securing livelihood to forest dependent communities. A separate policy for agro-based industries is also being developed. SKMCCC, EPCO 90 Under new scheme two industrial regions namely Ratlam-Nagda and Pithampur-Dhar-Mhow and two industrial areas of Neemuch-Nayagaon & Dhar-Mhow have been included in the DMIC with a vision to create strong economic base. This will also help in providing livelihood opportunities for the rural communities who are vulnerable to Climate Change due to low agriculture productivity of the region. The state is running many supporting schemes for promoting rural industries with incentives and subsidies.These schemes have direct implication for strengthening the adaptive capacity of the rural vulnerable people of the state. The Industrial Promotion policy, 2010 focuses on development and promotion of industries in the state. The main linkages of the policy with Climate Change are listed below: • Earmarking of land bank for industries in farmlands and non-forest lands. This will help in conserving various Carbon Pools and also will help in sequestering. • Reviewing and starting various employment generation schemes like Rani Durgavati Self Employment Scheme and Deendayal Employmnnet Scheme aiming towards development of SC/ST population and for welfare of unemployed youth respectively. Such schemes will certainly help in reducing vulnerability of the beneficiaries towards Climate Change. Also in the point 12.6 the policy ensures that sustainable livelihood is provided to the families, whose lands have been taken for the project by providing permanent jobs to at least 1 person each of the affected family. • With waste management becoming a menace day by day the policy has given special attention to this issue. The policy aims to promote industries dealing in recycling of waste materials, urban waste management and industrial waste management. The policy provides various incentives to encourage entrepreneurs in investing in these areas. Concerns for Industries Sector Industries account for over 40% of global GHG emissions and Concerns around one third of the global usage of energy. In India also over * Energy intensive industrial units 35% of total energy consumptions is by industries.Madhya * Inefficient technologies Pradesh also the largest consumer of power is the industrial sector. consuming excess fuel Cement industries which are the largest consumer of the electricity * Industrial emissions in India are important part of the Industry sector of Madhya * Less adherence to environment Pradesh. Energy demand is of greatest concern for the world and protection laws thus need of energy effciciency is of utmost importance. * Less awareness of carbon Besides major consumers of energy, industries also have major markets and associated share in emission of GHGs, thus causing concern for Climate schemes like CDM, PAT etc Change. Industries which are directly dependent for the input materials on natural resources (especially those which are higly vulnerable and threatned due to Climate Change) would face challenge in the changing climate conditions. Agro based industries, paper industries, small and medium industries (fisheries, wood based industries, handloom industries etc) real estate sectors would be the most impacted ones due to the threats posed by Climate Change. Other concerns for this sector include competition for the water, land and energy access & usage. Strategies to address concerns due to Climate Change in Industry Sector

1. Review of M.P. Industrial Policy 2010 to address CC Concerns: As industrial sector is a large emitter of Green House Gases, Climate Change aspects could be integrated in the industrial policy to promote low carbon technologies.

2. Implementation of Perform, Achieve and Trade Mechanism: As part of the NMEEE Government of India has introduced PAT mechanism in energy intensive industries and have SKMCCC, EPCO 91 identified organizations in different states. State Government should facilitate the implementation of PAT in the identified sectors and among 23 designated consumers. The organizations and learning can be incorporated in the state policy.

3. Capture the opportunities existing in the carbon market for mitigation: Capacities of industries should be built on CDM, clean technology aspects and technical and policy support may be provided to develop such projects.

4. Devise an integrated water management plan for industrial clusters: Industrial sector is among one of the largest consumer of water and effective measures should be taken to enhance efficiency, recycle and reuse of water to reduce the current consumption pattern.

5. Effective Industrial Waste Management and Pollution Control: Industrial waste management needs to be strengthened through enhanced networking between different organizations, using more efficient technologies, strict implementation of norms. Industries should undertake plantation activities as part of their CSR activities

6. Involvement of industries in plantation activities: Industries are among the major emitters of Green House Gases, development of Green belt and adoption of water harvesting structures would help in addressing the problem. There is also a need to incourage industries to align CSR activities towards GHG reduction.

7. Capacity Building and Awarenes programmes: Capacities of different industries should be built for better decision making and efficient operations. Awareness program should be focused on carbon and water footprints and devising audit systems in all organisations for monitoring their usages per unit of production. Involve State Industrial units in a dialogue on Climate Change issues by emphasising on the cost effectiveness of the initiatives taken in this direction.

8. Research and Development: Industries should pool the resources in research activities to develop state specific eco-friendly technologies. Stress should be laid on developing industrial networks based on recycling and reuse of the materials. Energy efficient technologies should be developed and adopted to reduce the energy usage. SKMCCC, EPCO 92 14 Rural Development Background Madhya Pradesh is a largely agrarian state. 72% of its population [Census 2011] lives in villages and they contribute about 30% to the state GDP [Agriculture Statistics MP, 2009-2010]. The Human Development Indices of the state are also not very encouraging. Rural areas especially areas in its south-west, southeast, and north-west, and central belts are more backward than the rest of the state. These are also the regions which are forested and have a large tribal population. The undulating topography prevents advanced agricultural practices. In terms of economic groups, the landless labourers, the marginal and small farmers, the forest produce collectors, the construction workers and the household based artisans are the ones who are engaged in the most economically insecure livelihoods. Agriculture, the prime occupation of 70% of the rural population, is also under threat because of Climate Change. There is scope for improvement in the Health indicators of the state. High IMRs, the deficient ante- natal and post-natal care, the neonatal mortality rates (NNMR) in rural areas are some of the prime concerns. Despite all the efforts, only 4 in 10 women receive proper antenatal care resulting in substantially high MMR. Vector borne and water borne diseases are also of great concerns for the state. Lack of proper health delivery services in remote areas coupled with poor sanitary and hygienic conditions adds to the miseries. According to HDR 2007, only about 8.9% households in rural MP have access to in- house sanitation facilities and only 62% of the rural households had facilities for safe drinking water, leaving others on different sources. Studies suggest that Climate Change may have major impacts on the rural sectors. It will affect human livelihood and food security mainly through impacts on ecosystems. For the very reason that most of the rural livelihoods are natural resources dependent, Climate Change may make them environmentally insecure. Higher degrees of exposure and reduced biophysical, socio-economic as well as technological adaptive capacities make rural communities most vulnerable to Climate Change. Opportunities need to be explored to engage rural communities in mitigation of Climate Change as well as in adaptation to its foreseeable effects. Policies and Programmes Basic objectives of rural development programmes have been alleviation of poverty and creating employment opportunities through creating basic social and economic infrastructure, self employment of rural poor and to provide wage employment to marginal farmers and landless labourers so as to discourage SKMCCC, EPCO 93 seasonal and permanent migration to urban areas. • National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme • Swarna Jayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana • Indira Awas Yojana • Integrated Waste Land Development Programme • Mid Day Meal Scheme • MP Rural Livelihood Programme (MPRLP) • Indira Gandhi Garibi Hatao Yojana (DPIP) • Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana • Mukhya Mantri Awas Yojana Concerns for Rural Development Madhya Pradesh has 54,903 villages in which 52.5 million people reside [Census 2011]. 70% of this rural population, dependent on agriculture for livelihood could be at threat from climatic sensitivity. As per Agriculture Census 2000-01, about 48 lakh land Concerns holdings (43 lakh Ha area approx) belong to small and * Lack of literacy and education marginal farmers accounting to per head operational land holding of only about 0.8 Ha. Fig. 14.1 llustrates * Poverty the no. of land holdings and respective areas of * Distress migration holdings. These small and marginal farmers tend to * Lack of sanitation become more vulnerable to Climate Change for their * High dependence on natural resources for reduced adaptive capacities and increased sensitivities livelihood to increased exposures. Multiple stresses force them to * Unsustainable practices of harvesting, irrigation, migrate to urban areas in search of better livelihood agri residue elimination etc and end up being daily wagers settled in urban slums. * Infrastructural deficits for alternate income Similarly, on health front, higher birth rate, death rate generation activities or non-agriculture based IMR, NNMR and MMR indicating the gaps in the livelihoods health services. Drinking water stress particularly in * cropping patterns summers has been a persistent problem, for some time * Water scarcity owing to disturbed distribution of now, in the state. Besides this, water shortage for cattle rains and longer dry spells rearing and irrigation are other facets of this crisis. In * Increased indences of extreme weather events such conditions, dependence on groundwater and less capacities to cope up with them increases thus depleting the groundwater levels * Predicted increase in vector borne and water further. Vector borne diseases like malaria in tribal borne diseases regions, dengue, chikungunya are other big concerns which could aggravate with changing climatic conditions. Life in rural ecosystem is largely environment friendly barring some activities that contribute to GHG emissions. Nearly 80% of the rural population uses firewood as cooking fuel and rest others depend on cowdung cake, crop residues, coal, charcoal etc. Only 2.2% of the rural households had access to LPG [Census 2011]. It is important to identify the weak links in rural ecosystem and try to strengthen them in order to building their resilience to Climate Change. This will help to halt the process of ecosystem degradation and make the communities, who are dependent on the ecosystem services for their survival, less vulnerable. SKMCCC, EPCO 94 Strategies to address concerns due to Climate Change in Rural Development Sector Panchayat & Rural Development Department of M.P. implements a number of central & state schemes targeting – enhancing the rural employment, (individuals & groups) through providing direct employment & also through capacity building for self-employment. Some of the schemes are also for improving rural infrastructure & hygiene/sanitation, primarily targeted towards BPL (Below Poverty Line).

1. Review of existing rural development programmes with Climate Change focus: Many programmes are already being implemented to uplift the socio-economic status of rural lives and to reduce distress migration. Need of the hour is to evaluate these programmes with Climate Change perspective and introduce appropriate actions to make them climate resilient.

2. Training and capacity building of rural communities: Training is the most important aspect which should be taken up. Development of skills for alternate income generation activities to reduce climate induced vulnerabilities is needed so that the rural communities could switch to other livelihoods when they are not able to get benefit from their existing livelihood. Awareness on various programmes, schemes and benefits would enable the community to take better informed decisions for their income opportunities. There is also need of documenting the indigenous knowledge so that knowledge could be used to provide the insights for adaptation and check possibilities of value addition to enhance adaptive capacities.

3. Climate Change Concerns to be institutionalized in the annual plans of Panchayat There is need to incorporate measures to encourage communities in adapting to new technologies that are energy efficient and pro low carbon economy. Promotion of water efficiency in agriculture and other uses, promotion of energy efficiency measures, bio gas and solar energy applications etc.

4. Credit Availability for rural infrastructure development and insurance against climate induced vulnerabilities: This type of intervention would strengthen their capacities to construct needed infrastructure for maintaining a safe and clean life and also would safeguard them from economical insecurities particularly at the time of natural calamities and crop failures.

5. Convergence and integration with the CC action plans of departments like forest, water, agriculture, energy and health: Since the rural community is the most vulnerable community and dependent directly on variety of natural resources for their livelihood, it is of utmost importance that these sectors should work in close tandem with the rural development department. Possibilities of convergence of development oriented programs exist and opportunities should be explored to make them happen. This could be one of the effective mechanisms for Climate Change adaptation and safeguard against Climate Change. SKMCCC, EPCO 95 15 Cross-cutting Issues Background This section contains a rapid assessment of cross-cutting aspects: energy and low carbon development; adaptation, generic institutional and planning dimensions; MP state institutional and planning dimensions and next steps. This sector-driven approach has benefits in that it is comprehensive and will enable the sector specialists to engage and refine the potential actions in their areas to identify actions. But it was an ambitious decision with the resources available to start across the whole Climate Change action agenda. The study has overviewed not just those sectors which are likely to be impacted by Climate Change due to historic and projected global emissions, but also to those energy-using sectors in MP which are developing and contributing to the emissions. It has produced a very substantial programme of actions which need to have a timescale and perspective of delivery over the next set of plans. Climate Change provides challenges around both fronts for development in the state: in the rural and urban areas. The state is marked with a complex social structure, a predominantly agrarian economy, a difficult and inaccessible terrain, and scattered settlements over vast area that together pose several formidable problems to service delivery systems. Climate Change has the potential to undermine existing efforts to tackle the mountain of poverty removal in the state and the complex social development problems faced. Drought, lack of investment to produce year round cropping, a degrading forest resource will all be exacerbated by Climate Change and make the problem of delivering more and better livelihoods more difficult. Economic growth around the state’s mineral resources is likely to continue and provide engines of growth providing problems associate with rapid urbanisation and providing more power from coal can be tackled. There are significant opportunities at this time to ensure pathways allow for advanced energy efficient technologies and infrastructure that can provide the basis for sustainable development. For the majority of its population who have no or little contact with the commercial energy sector- and need access to energy for economic and social development, there may be new opportunities to tackle long standing problems with a new focus on these issues at national and international levels. There are opportunities to link up with the GoI NCCP Missions of policy development on: enhanced energy efficiency; sustainable habitat; conserving water; and, a Green India. Both of these Climate Change challenges around the urban and rural nexus, could benefit from having a strategic integrated cross-sectoral approach devised at state level, with reference to the national and global frameworks a the next stage. For long-term economic development opportunities in MP which has a growing industrial sector which needs to be globally competitive, it might be advantageous to devise a strategy which promotes the most cost-effective and efficient technologies across the sectors. Generic institutional and planning dimensions Moving from SAPCC to actually charting an implementable action plan and then organising its delivery will be a major challenge. More detailed planning work and analysis will be necessary. SAPCC could provide the starting point. A preliminary identification has been made of institutional and planning capacities within MP through discussions with some key officials and project staff. There is a need to assess these more precisely and then monitor to plot progress. It is suggested that a systematic capacity assessment as to manage these risks and vulnerabilities is undertaken identifying key institutional and planning gaps at the state level and SKMCCC, EPCO 96 their inter linkages with national and local level planning. Environment and Climate Change In Madhya Pradesh the subject of “Environment” is dealt by Housing and Environment Department. Madhya Pradesh is leading in terms of defining the state organisational arrangements and in doing analytical work and technical studies pertaining to Climate Change. The State Government had established a Climate Change Cell in its agency, Environmental Planning & Coordination Organization (EPCO), which is under the Department of Housing & Environment. EPCO has also been declared as State Designated Agency for Climate Chage Issues in MP. As a part of the Cell’s activities, a number of technical studies and plan preparations have been done. These include the preparation of the State Action Plan on Climate Change with support from the UNDP, a project on Climate Chage Adaptation in Rural Areas of India (CCA-RAI) with GIZ support and a vulnerability assessment study in selected districts with support from the British Government’s Department of Energy & Climate Change (DECC) have been carried out. All of these initiatives highlights that Madhya Pradesh has demonstrated its proactiveness and taken the lead in addressing Climate Change issues in a systematic fashion. Gender and Climate Change Concerns Empowerment of women and socially excluded groups by facilitating greater involvement in governance, opportunities for financial inclusion and through better targeting is the priority of the State Government. Weaker sections of the society like women and children are the most vulnerable to Climate Change impacts and so, there is a need to address concerns of these sections of the society in a focussed manner. To understand the impacts of CC on women/ children, there is a need of focussed research and based on the outcomes, participatory planning should be done to design the policies/ programmes. Capacity Building of women should be done on Climate Change, adaptation, decision making, and entrepreneurship to address future challenges. Strategies to address Cross Cutting concerns

1. State Knowledge Management Centre on Climate Change: In order to impart knowledge to stakeholders, a State Knowledge Management Centre on Climate Change (SKMCCC) in EPCO is being established.

2. State of the art research to provide policy makers with tools to evaluate and respond to the threat of Climate Change: Need is felt to enhance the comprehension of Climate Change at policy level which could inadvertently help the decision making at all levels. Climate Change status report to be prepared at regular interval to take an account of the change of climatic parameters for the State.

3. Strengthening of monitoring systems of various initiatives of the climate sensitive sectors: Technological upgradation of monitoring tools like MIS and advanced satellite monitoring technologies like Remote Sensing needs to be strengthened within vulnerable departments.

4. Create awareness among masses about Climate Change: More awareness is required to be generated among the masses for better implementation of adaptation and mitigation efforts.

5. Capacity Building: Capacity building of Policy makers, officials, media, NGOs etc on mitigation and adaptation to Climate Change to be imparted by experts in order to promote best practices in the state for effective and better planning.

6. Integration of Gender Issues in the adaptation planning: Focussed research studies need to be conducted to understand the impacts of Climate Change on women and children and accordingly efforts to be taken to address these issues. Measures need to be taken to integrate these concerns in the existing programmes. SKMCCC, EPCO 97

7. Urban landscape monitoring to mitigate and adapt to Climate Change, especially for the vulnerable: Regular monitoring and documentation of urban landscape (including change in land-use pattern), population growth, settlements (especially slums) is required to ensure a sustainable habitat development.

8. Mainstream Climate Change concerns: Workshops or other interactive sessions to be organised at District level and a Climate Change Resource Book on each ACZ to be developed for sensitising the DPC members on CC issues and respective vulnerabilities so that Climate Change concerns could be integrated and addressed at planning level.

9. Monitoring and Evaluation: Commissioning of Baseline studies for each sector is required to evolve appropriate sectoral criteria/ indicators for M&E in association with respective departments. SKMCCC, EPCO 98 “In light of all the Stakeholder Consultations undertaken during the process of preparation of State Action Plan on Climate Change, many concerns were shared and possible solutions were suggested by the participants. The solutions that were suggested have been categorised as strategies and activities. This section details out the strategies, activities, indicative list of implementing organisations/departments, priority of the strategy, indicative cost to undertake the strategy and possible sources for mobilising technical/financial resources. SKMCCC, EPCO 99 SKMCCC, EPCO 100 16 Strategies & Budget Matrix Strategies Activities Department/ Priority Cost Possible Organisation (Rs. in Technical/Finan Cr) cial Sources (but not limited to) Forests & Biodiversity FBD/ S-1 1. Undertake / FD, MPCST High 3.00 GOI/ Bilateral Commission detailed Develop forest study to understand management impacts of Climate plans for Change on forest different forest productivity in different types in view forest types using of CC different climate and biodiversity models

2. Integration of Climate FD, MPCST High GOI/ Bilateral Change concerns in working plans for each forest type according to their biophysical vulnerabilities to Climate Change FBD/S-2 3. Effective demarcation of FD, DoA, High 535.00 GoI forest boundaries to be DoAH, Forest undertaken on high MNREGA, conservation priority in view of the MPCST and vulnerability of forest afforestation / areas to encroachments reforestation and the new challenges through viable emerging due to models implementation of FRA, including PPP 2006 (as also envisaged models in GIM, 2010)

4. Undertake surveys to FD High GoI demarcate forest corridors and take measures to protect and develop them

5. Undertake pilot projects FD, Low GoMP/GOI to capture the Market MPCDMA, based opportunities for RD forest conservation like REDD+, CDM etc

6. In addition to the PAs, FD, RD Medium Bilateral/ GOI PPAs and MPCAs, Community Conserved Areas etc should also be conserved. More of such areas should be identified at Divisional / SKMCCC, EPCO 101 Strategies Activities Department/ Priority Cost Possible Organisation (Rs. in Technical/Finan Cr) cial Sources (but not limited to) District level and be conserved

7. Enhance MGNREGA FD, RD, High GoMP/GOI/ activities to forest areas WRD Bilateral near head reaches of rivers in forests

8. Afforestation and FD High GIM/ GOI/ reforestation of Multilaterals identified degraded forests in MP FBD/S-3 9. Identify critical areas FD, WRD, High 100.00 NREGA/ GoMP/ within forests for soil RD, MoEF otherfunds of GOI Ensure soil and water conservation and water 10. Promote agro forestry to FD, RD High GIM/ CAMPA conservation increase forest biomass funds measures in and hence soil moisture forest management

11. Lakes/wetlands FD, BDB, High GIM / CAMPA conservation in forest DoH&E / funds areas as outlined in GIM SKMCCC 2010 FBD/S-4 12. Strengthen existing or FD, MPCST, Medium 34.00 GIM develop new ‘centers Research Research on of excellence’, to Institutes impact of undertake regional Climate analysis for the entire Change on spread of the forest type, forest types CC related threat and forest analysis using CC based eco- models system services 13. Undertake studies on FD, DoH&E / High GoI/ Bilateral indigenous tree species SKMCCC to assess their vulnerabilities to Climate Change, their carbon sequestration potential and their adaptability to changing climatic parameters

14. Develop model forest FD, BDB High GoI/GIM nurseries to conserve indigenous species of trees and to develop promote climate resilient varieties

15. Assess and strengthen FD High GIM SKMCCC, EPCO 102 Strategies Activities Department/ Priority Cost Possible Organisation (Rs. in Technical/Finan Cr) cial Sources (but not limited to) fire management strategies with respect to CC

16. Documentation and FD, BDB, High Bilateral / GoI assessment of threats to Research Forest, Biodiversity and institutes Wildlife due to Climate Change

17. Research and FD, BDB, Medium Bilaterals documentation of Research initiatives like PPAs, institutes MPCAs, Community Conserved Areas, ITK etc FBD/S-5 18. Impart training to forest FD, RD High 10.00 GoI/GIM/Bilaterals officials to help Capacity integrate CC concerns in Building Forest planning and management

19. Impart training to FD, RD High GIM/GoMP/ communities on various Bilaterals schemes/ programmes/ benefits associated with social forestry, PPA, water conservation, market instruments etc. FBD/S-6 20. Initiate programmes to FD, NRED, High 11.00 MNRE/ Bilaterals promote use of RD, DoH&E Promote renewable energy / SKMCCC alternate amongst forest source of communities using fuel energy in wood forest villages 21. Explore the potential of FD, NRED, High MNRE /Bilaterals and adjoining utilization and PRDD, revenue consumption demand DoH&E / villages for a mix of renewables SKMCCC (such as solar photovoltaics and solar thermal) including LPG FBD/S -7 22. (a) NTFP focused forest FD, RD, High 5.00 GIM/ GoMP/ management to help DoH, Bilaterals Livelihoods forest dependent MPSMFPF security of communities adapt to forest Climate Change through dependent emphasis on multiple communities utility species (b) Impart training to SKMCCC, EPCO 103 Strategies Activities Department/ Priority Cost Possible Organisation (Rs. in Technical/Finan Cr) cial Sources (but not limited to) communities on sustainable harvesting practices of NTFPs and grazing methods in order to reduce pressure on forests. FBD/S-8 23. Strengthening of State High 80.00 GoMP/GIM Biodiversity Biodiversity Biodiversity Conservation Board and Conservation Institutional Biodiversity Mechanism Department

24. Revision of State Biodiversity Action Plan

25. Early preparation of PBRs, periodic documentation of Biodiversity of state

26. Information, Education and Communication on Biodiversity Conservation, Sustainable use of biodiversity should be taken up.

27. Assessment of ecofragile areas, RET species, BD Loss, spread of AIS etc disturbing the succession pattern of ecosystem FBD/S-9 28. Promoting social FD, RD, High 100.00 GIM/GoMP Enhancing forestry, agro-forestry, UADD green cover ToFs, community outside forests forestry FBD/S-10 29. (a) Create CC division FD High 5.00 GoMP/GIM/ in the department Bilateral Building Institutional (b) Integrate CC FD, DoH&E / High mechanism for concerns SKMCCC Climate with the departmental Change Action activities Plan FD, MoEF High (c) Coordinate/liaison with National Green India FD, GoMP High SKMCCC Missions M&EA SKMCCC, EPCO 104 Strategies Activities Department/ Priority Cost Possible Organisation (Rs. in Technical/Finan Cr) cial Sources (but not limited to) (d) Coordinate/liaison with GoMP SAPCC Monitoring and Evaluation Agency Total Budget for Forest & Biodiversity 883.00 Water Sector WRD/S-1 1. (a) Collection of WRD, High 18.00 NWM / Bilaterals/ necessary additional MoWR, Multilaterals Comprehensiv hydro-meteorological, CWC, CGWB e water data hydrogeological and base in public hydrological data and domain and ensure availability on assessment of public domain. the impact of Climate (b)Development of Change on Water Resources water Information resources of System(except the data the State of sensitive and classified nature, all information to be in public domain),adding Climate Change scenarios to Water Data Analysis Centre and Hydrology Info Systems

2. Assessment of basin WRD, MoWR High NWM/Bilaterals/ wise surface water Multilaterals availability in present and future climate scenario including water quality

3. Comprehensive WRD, High NWM/Bilaterals/ Reassessment of the MoWR, Multilaterals ground water resources CGWB up to Block level

4. Develop ,revise and WRD, High MoEF, GIM update inventory of DoH&E / MP wetlands, lakes on GIS SKMCCC, platform MPCST SKMCCC, EPCO 105 Strategies Activities Department/ Priority Cost Possible Organisation (Rs. in Technical/Finan Cr) cial Sources (but not limited to)

5. Promote scientific planning of groundwater development and conservation methods

6. Expansion of WRD, MoWR High CWC/WRD groundwater monitoring stations WRD/S-2 7. Accelerated Command WRD, High 110.00 Multilaterals area development , Irrigation Promote completion and Department, accelerated renovation of canal RD, MoWR pace of surface systems, field channels water and land levelling development covering the entire state in the state

8. Effective implementaion WRD, ID, RD High Bilaterals/ GoMP of participatory irrigation management (PIM) Act 2006.

9. Climate proofing of WRD High NWM/ Bilateral/ irrigation projects in Multilateral areas that are sensitive to Climate Change- identification of areas and undertaking pilot projects WRD/S-3 10. Establish State Water WRD, MoWR High 416.00 NWM/ GoMP Authority to monitor Water regulation, management conservation, and allocation of water augmentation for different purposes and preservation 11. Promotion of WRD, RD, High NWM, NREGA with special traditional system of PHE, H&ED focus on areas water conservation by with over- implementation of exploited programme for repair, conditions of renovation and ground water restoration of water storing bodies viz wetlands, lakes, well and baoli’s in areas that are sensitive to Climate Change in a mission mode approach

12. Expeditious WRD, RD, High NWM, NREGA implementation of PHED, programme for UADD, conservation of water DoH&E SKMCCC, EPCO 106 Strategies Activities Department/ Priority Cost Possible Organisation (Rs. in Technical/Finan Cr) cial Sources (but not limited to) through recharge of ground water including rainwater harvesting and artificial recharge in areas / situations sensitive to CC

13. For effective WRD, DoA, Medium NWM, GoMP management of water RD involve the communities through PRI’s in rural areas and WUA’s in urban areas.

14. Legislation for use of WRD High GoMP GW regulation & management.

15. Develop a convergence WRD, RD, High GoMP, NREGA, basesd viable MoWR NWM Panchayat/District level model using NREGA funds towards GW conservation especially in over exploited areas WRD/S-4 16. Development of PPP RD, UADD, High 30.00 NWM, NMSH Model for recycling of PHE, H&ED Increase water waste water use efficiency in irrigation, 17. Undertake pilots for DoF, UADD, High GOI/GoMP domestic and developing technical & DoC&I industrial financial support for purposes common waste water treatment & recycling plants(industrial as well as urban residential colonies)

18. Build capacity for UADD, High NWM improvement of PHED efficiency of urban water supply system

19. Promote wise water practices and harvesting techniques

20. Establish mechanism for coordinated use of surface and ground water SKMCCC, EPCO 107 Strategies Activities Department/ Priority Cost Possible Organisation (Rs. in Technical/Finan Cr) cial Sources (but not limited to)

21. Development and WRD, UADD, Medium GoMP/NWM enforcement of DoF, DoA, appropriate pricing DoC&I, policy for water usage in DoH&E industrial, agricultural, domestic aspects

22. Adopt better design WRD, UADD, High GoMP practices like closed DoF, DoA, conduit, cement lined DoC&I, carrier canals etc. DoH&E

23. Incentivising adoption of water efficient technologies.

24. Mandatory water use DoF, DoC&I, Medium NWM audit for industries and DoH&E allied sectors WRD/S-5 25. Review of State Water WRD, High 83.00 NWM Policy in view of DoH&E / MP Promote basin National Policy and SKMCCC level National Water Mission integrated watershed 26. Developing guidelines WRD, Medium NWM management for different uses of DoH&E / MP water particularly in SKMCCC context of basin-wise situations and ensuring adoption/application of these guidelines.

27. Assess scope and implications of further inter basin connections and thus adopt integrated water resource management and encourage basin development

28. Enhance activities WRD, RD, High NWM within Integrated DoA Watershed Development and management in climate sensitive areas SKMCCC, EPCO 108 Strategies Activities Department/ Priority Cost Possible Organisation (Rs. in Technical/Finan Cr) cial Sources (but not limited to)

29. Giving due attention to water scarce areas and under developed basins develop management plans for the river basins of MP

30. Research studies on all WRD, High NWM/ MoWR aspects related to MoWR, impact of CC on all Research water resources using Institutes Climate Change water resources modelling including quality aspects of water resources with collaboration of research organizations

31. Mapping of areas likely WRD, High NWM/GoI –MHA to experience floods, MoWR, /NDMA establish hydraulic and Research hydrological models and Institutes, developing SDMA comprehensive schemes for flood management & reservoir sedimentation

32. Map the deep aquifers WRD, High CGWB/NWM and facilitate natural MoWR, recharge of these Research aquifers using remote Institutes sensing

33. Research / pilot projects WRD, High NWM/ Bilateral/ in water stressed areas MoWR, Multilateral to enable improved Research efficiency in water use Institutes and maintaining its quality in agriculture, industry and domestic sector WRD/S-7 34. Training of WRD/ RD / High 5.00 Professionals from WALMI Capacity various departments building /organizations/ PRI/ULBs associated with water resources development and management. WRD/ 30. (a) Create CC division in WRD High 5.00 S-8 the department SKMCCC, EPCO 109 Strategies Activities Department/ Priority Cost Possible Organisation (Rs. in Technical/Finan Cr) cial Sources (but not limited to) Building (b) Integrate CC WRD, High Institutional concerns with the DoH&E / MP mechanism for departmental activities SKMCCC Climate Change Action Plan (c) Coordinate with WRD, MoEF High National Water Missions and programmes (d) Liaison with GoMP WRD, GoMP High SAPCC Monitoring and SKMCCC Evaluation Agency M&EA Total Budget for Water Sector 667.00 Agriculture Sector Agri/ S/1 1. Promote use of surface DoA, WRD, High 150.00 NAM/ MoA water resources for RD Promoting use irrigation and launch osfoiland integrated micro water water sheds in Climate Conservation sensitive areas technologies

2. Promote use of water DoA, RD High NWM/ NMSA/ and soil conservation MRD techniques, namely dry land farming, drip irrigation, intermittent flooding, dry sowing, SRI technologies, use of high yielding drought resistant cultivars as appropriare etc. in different areas Agri/S/2 3. Integrate Climate DoA, DoH&E High 110.00 MoA/GoI/NMSA/ Change in planning for / SKMCCC Bilaterals Planning each agro- climatic zone cropping systems suitable for each agro- climatic conditions Agri/S/3 4. Capacity building of DoA , KVK, High 60.00 NMSA/MoA planners, extension Agri Capacity workers, farmers Universities associations etc on SKMCCC, EPCO 110 Strategies Activities Department/ Priority Cost Possible Organisation (Rs. in Technical/Finan Cr) cial Sources (but not limited to) Building for sustainable agricultural sustainable practices agriculture

5. Integrated Organic DoA, KVK, High NMSA/MoA Farming and nutrient Agri management Universities

6. Awareness and Capacity DoA, KVK, Building about adaptation practices like mulching, agro-forestry, crop rotation Agri/S/4 7. Promote traditional DoA, RD High 55.00 NMSA practices like inter Management cropping, multiple of climate risk cropping and crop for sustainable rotation - training productivity +pilot

8. Promote practices for DoA High managing emerging pests and diseases- training+pilot

9. Promote integrated DoA Medium farming practices

10. Promote indigenous DoA Medium varieties of crops by providing access to market

11. Effective D0A High implementation of recommendations of MP Organic Farming Policy- 2011 to promote Organic Farming Policy in the state

12. Enhance coverage of DoA Medium information on agriculture practices to farmers through agriculture extension including through cell phones

13. Promote production of DoA Medium nuclear and breeder seeds and its accessibility to farmers through village seed SKMCCC, EPCO 111 Strategies Activities Department/ Priority Cost Possible Organisation (Rs. in Technical/Finan Cr) cial Sources (but not limited to) banks

14. Promote forest linked DoA Medium farming systems in areas where forest cover is substantial

15. Study and take up pilot DoA High projects for weather index based crop insurance mechanism

16. Undertake and revise DoA High soil resource mapping at village level Agri/S/5 17. Set up demonstration DoA Medium 270.00 centres at Enhancing each agro-climatic zone dissemination to educate farmers about of new and climate resilient crop appropriate varieties and better technologies adaptation practices developed by researchers 18. Soil testing- practice DoA Medium MoA/NMSA and and packages (soil kit IISSc, ICAR strengthening to the farmers) research further

19. Ensure Seed quality DoA High MoA/NMSA improvement and efficient distribution system

20. Establish molecular DoA Medium MoA/NMSA breeding centers and bio technology laboratories

21. Provide adequate DoA Medium MoA/NMSA research facilities to existing agriculture universities and state agriculture research laboratories

22. Develop capacity to run SKMCCC High MoA/NMSA agriculture related /DoA/ climate models, Universities decipher their projections, to understand the impact on crops, soils, water etc.

23. Promotion of energy DoA, NRED, High BEE SKMCCC, EPCO 112 Strategies Activities Department/ Priority Cost Possible Organisation (Rs. in Technical/Finan Cr) cial Sources (but not limited to) efficient water pumps BEE, MNRE

24. Promotion of organic DoA High NMSA farming practices training, demonstration, marketing

25. Strengthening of Agro- DoA High NMSA met network & Kisan Call Centres to provide early warning systems about weather and feedback Agri/S/6 26. (a) Set up a knowledge DoA, DoH&E Low 10.00 NMSA/DoA/ management network to / SKMCCC, Bilaterals Agriculture avail information on WRD Information Land-use pattern, soil Management types, weather, genotypes of crops, water availability, pasture, off-season crops and Agro-forestry practices etc. (b) Based on the inputs SKMCCC, Low NMSA received from this DoA network, set up a single window information dissemination platform / website Agri/S-7 27. (a) Provide additional DoA, DoH Medium 100.00 mechanisation facilities Creation of for value addition of rural business products such as hubs and thrashers, grinders, accessibility to packaging and storage markets facilities (b) Continue to DoH, DoF Medium encourage marketing of DoA,MPSMF High forest products such as PF, FD honey, herbs, forest derivatives including soaps and cosmetics (c) Continue to DoA, RD, FD High encourage rural crafts men and provide access to markets through these village business hubs Agri/S-8 28. Study on impacts of DOA, High 5.00 NMSA/GoM/ Climate Change on DoH&E / MP Bilaterals SKMCCC, EPCO 113 Strategies Activities Department/ Priority Cost Possible Organisation (Rs. in Technical/Finan Cr) cial Sources (but not limited to) major crops and SKMCCC Research & livestock in all agro Development climatic zones based on regional climate modelling & projections

29. Development and DoA, Agri High 20.00 NMSA/ MoA Promotion of climate Universities resilient crop varieties Agri/S-9 30. (a) Create CC division WRD High 5.00 NMSA/MoA in the department Building Institutional (b) Integrate CC WRD, High mechanism for concerns with the DoH&E / Climate departmental activities SKMCCC Change Action Plan (c) Coordinate/liaison WRD, MoEF High with National Mission on Sustainable Agriculture (d) Coordinate/liaison WRD, High with GoMP SAPCC SKMCCC Monitoring and M&EA Evaluation Agency Total Budget for Agriculture Sector 785 Horticulture Sector HC/ S-1 1. Promotion, DoFWAD, High 100.00 NHM demonstration and DoH, Agri Soil and water incentivising of Universities conservation mulching techniques, through drip irrigation etc. demonstration of best 2. Encourage micro DoFWAD, High practices irrigation practices DoH, Agri Universities

3. Encourage use of DoH Low shednets and poly- houses HC/S-2 4. Encourage crop DoFWAD, High 100.00 NHM Develop agri- diversification and DoH, Agri horticulture develop cropping Universities systems of agri crops- systems to vegetables, agri crops- secure fruits, agri crops- spices, livelihoods agri crops- flowers etc. especially in SKMCCC, EPCO 114 Strategies Activities Department/ Priority Cost Possible Organisation (Rs. in Technical/Finan Cr) cial Sources (but not limited to) dryland tribal areas HC/S-3 5. Undertake an DoFWAD, High 8.00 NHM/ Bilaterals Develop assessment of potential DoH, Agri horticulture of productivity of Universities different horticulture policies and crops in the 11 agro- plan climatic zones production centres 6. Capacity building of DoFWAD, High NHM/ Bilaterals according to horticulture officials to DoH, Agri agro climatic factor in Climate Change Universities conditions in horticulture planning for each agro-climatic zone

7. Capacity building of DoFWAD, High NHM/ Bilaterals farmers to accept the DoH, Agri research results for Universities maximising productivity of horticultural crops

8. Provide access to farm DoFWAD, High NHM inputs through DoH, affordable credits by creating appropriate institutional mechanism HC/ S-4 9. Provide credits for DoFWAD, Medium 111.00 MoFP Enhancing setting up agro- DoH, RD, accessibility to processing units MoFP mechanization 10. Develop institutional DoFWAD, Medium MoFP for value support for developing DoH, Agri addition and business hubs and Universities, access to access to markets in RD, MoFP different agroclimatic markets- zones creating business hubs HC/ S-5 11. Promote research on DoFWAD, High 13.00 NHM Research and horticulture- DoH, Agri extension biotechnology for better Universities cultivar, seeds etc. support

12. Encourage research on DoFWAD, High NHM better horticulture DoH, KVK , farming techniques Agri Universities SKMCCC, EPCO 115 Strategies Activities Department/ Priority Cost Possible Organisation (Rs. in Technical/Finan Cr) cial Sources (but not limited to)

13. Ensure effective DoFWAD, High NHM extension for carrying DoH, KVK , information from lab to Agri field Universities HC/ S-6 14. Create cooperatives for RD, Medium 11.00 NABARD, NHM Creating marketing horticultural DoFWAD, cooperatives products produced by DoH small and marginal for enhancing farmers the livelihoods of marginal farmers HC/ S-7 15. Create CC division in the DoH High NHM department Building Institutional 16. Integrate CC concerns DoH, SKMCCC High mechanism for with the departmental Climate activities Change Action Plan 17. Coordinate/liaison with DoH, MoEF High National Missions and programmes

18. Coordinate/liaison with DoH, GoMP High GoMP SAPCC SKMCCC Monitoring and Evaluation Agency Total Budget for Horticulture Sector 348 Animal Husbandry Sector AH/S -1 1. (a) Develop policy and FD, RD, Medium 120.00 MoA/GoMP promote use of large DoAH Ensuring tracts of fallow land and availability of degraded land for adequate feed, raising fodder fodder and water for (b) Develop policy and FD High livestock promote use of forest foilage (cut and carry system) for enhancing feed availability

2. Promote integrated DoFWAD, Medium MoA/GoMP farming for DoAH intercropping of fodder crops in agricultural lands

3. Develop policy and DoFWAD, Medium MoA/GoMP SKMCCC, EPCO 116 Strategies Activities Department/ Priority Cost Possible Organisation (Rs. in Technical/Finan Cr) cial Sources (but not limited to) promote utilisation of DoAH agro-industrial by products such as sugar cane tops, bagasse etc, as livestock feed.

4. Promote sustainable DoFWAD, Medium MoA/ GoMP fodder development and DoAH management practices

5. Impetus for azolla DoFWAD, Low MoA/GoMP farming and for fodder DoAH conservation in the form of hay and silage AH/S. 2 6. Promote Stall feeding DoAH, FD, High 30.00 MoA/ GoMP Ensuring with grazing RD nutrient solvency in Livestock 7. Make available mixed DoFWAD, Low MoA/GoMP ration/ complete feed of DoAH urea enriched molasses mineral blocks.

8. Promotion of locally available feed ingredients like jowar, bajra, rice, kani, soybean etc for poultry consumption.

9. Promote utilization of unconventional feed in sheep and goat. AH/S. 3 10. Enhance the scale and DoAH High 52.00 MoA/GoMP Enhanced frequency of capacity for prophylactic vaccination disease programmes in the state forecast, monitoring 11. (a) Develope models for DoAH, Medium MoA/GoMP and early warning of animal SKMCCC, management disease MPCST (b) Create cadres for DoAH Medium MoA/GoMP monitoring of animal disease spread AH/ S. 4 12. Encourage keeping DoAH High 65.00 MoA/GoMP Ensure livestock under sheds in adequate rural areas housing and dedicated 13. Identification and DoAH, RD High MoA/ GoMP SKMCCC, EPCO 117 Strategies Activities Department/ Priority Cost Possible Organisation (Rs. in Technical/Finan Cr) cial Sources (but not limited to) water bodies management of for livestock to dedicated water bodies overcome heat for the cattle to cool off stress

14. Encourage/ incentivise DoAH Low MoA/ GoMP establishment of livestock farms in urban areas where cooler sheds, water, and stall feeding can be done

15. Encourage building of DoAH cages to provide night shelter for backyard poultry so as to help them combat heat and cold stress AH/ S. 5 16. Promote breeding of DoAH, High 145.00 MoA/ GoMP Promote indigenous varieties of Veterinary research on bulls, cows, buffaloes, Universities goats, and chicken by of GoMP native species giving special impetus to breeding and research following a rearing cluster approach.

17. Protect indigenous DoAH, High MoA/ GoMP germplasm in its Veterinary original form Universities of GoMP

18. Upgradation of DoAH, Medium MoA/ GoMP nondescript livestock Veterinary with exotic and cross University bred germplasm of GoMP

19. Promote research on DoAH, Medium MoA/ GoMP understanding impacts Veterinary of Climate Change on University different livestock in the of GoMP state and their productivity AH/ S - 6 20. Promote use of waste DoAH , Medium 17.00 MoA/ GoMP Promote use of from livestock and DoFWAD livestock and poultry as an important source of organic poultry waste manure for crops. for use as Poultry manure which is organic rich in nitrogen can be manure used for various crops like sugarcane potato etc for enhancing crop production. SKMCCC, EPCO 118 Strategies Activities Department/ Priority Cost Possible Organisation (Rs. in Technical/Finan Cr) cial Sources (but not limited to)

21. Research on easy DoAH , High MoA/ GoMP methane harvesting DoFWAD technology.

22. Biogas promotion and proper utilization & storage of dung

23. Model project may be taken up in government poultry for demonstration AH/S-7 24. Different varieties of low DoAH , Medium 10.00 MoA/ GoMP input technologies birds DoFWAD Promote new can be tried out for their varieties of adaptability in different poultry and agro climatic zones. native species 25. Upgradation of local of small stock by ensuring ruminants availability of good indegineous breeding males.

26. Promotion of artificial insemination activities in goat breeding

27. Ensure production of quality semen by setting up goat frozen semen bank AH/ S - 8 28. Enhance availability of WRD, RD, Medium 5.00 MoA/ GoMP Integrated quality water for SKMCCC approach to livestock through watershed management livestock practices. development

29. Promote mixed farming DoA, DoAH Medium MoA/GoMP and Agrosilvi Pasture AH/ S - 9 30. (a) Set up large scale DoAH, RD Medium Infrastructure storage and transport 100.00 MoA/ GoMP for processing, facilities through public storage and private partnerships transport of livestock (b) Extend advisory to DoAH, RD Medium products: farmers on milk harnessing and delivery norms to delivery centers near villages SKMCCC, EPCO 119 Strategies Activities Department/ Priority Cost Possible Organisation (Rs. in Technical/Finan Cr) cial Sources (but not limited to) AH/ S - 10 31. Form Cooperatives of RD, DoAH Low 20.00 MoA/ GoMP Encourage small and marginal formation of farmers with assistance of NGOs. cooperatives

32. Small commercial poultry model as a viable model for income generation and livelihood enhancement in rural areas. AH/ S - 11 33. Strengthen “Kisan Call DoAH , Medium 20.00 MoA/ GoMP Strengthen the Centres” DoFWAD extension arm of the Animal 34. Speeding up short-term DoAH, RD Medium MoA/ GoMP Husbandry trainings to the farmers on different aspects of Department Animal Husbandry including poultry AH/ S - 12 35. (a) Create CC division DoAH, High 5.00 MoA/ GoMP Building in the department SKMCCC Institutional M&EA mechanism for (b) Integrate CC DoAH, High MoA/ GoMP Climate concerns with the SKMCCC Change departmental activities (c) Coordinate/liaison DoAH, MoEF High MoA/ GoMP with National Missions and programmes (d) Coordinate/liaison DoAH, High MoA/ GoMP with GoMP SAPCC SKMCCC Monitoring and Evaluation Agency Total Budget for Animal Husbandry Sector 589 Fisheries Sector F/S - 1 1. (a) Identify parameters to Fisheries High 2.00 MoA/NMSA develop models for protecting Dept / fish production in rivers, Study on SKMCCC reservoirs and ponds with Climate Climate Change including Change impact of droughts and heavy impacts and precipitation SKMCCC, EPCO 120 Strategies Activities Department/ Priority Cost Possible Organisation (Rs. in Technical/Finan Cr) cial Sources (but not limited to) inland fish (b) Identify fish species Fisheries High practices that will adapt to Dept / changing climate scenario SKMCCC F/S -2 2. Capacity building of Fisheries High 6.00 NMSA/MoA/ Promotion fishery professionals Dept / Bilateral policy and SKMCCC blending of technology for 3. Capacity building of Fisheries High fisherman fisher men societies to Dept / make them understand SKMCCC the plausible changes F/S -3 4. Disseminate best practices Fisheries Medium 5.00 NMSA/MoA Strengthening of fish rearing suitable for Dept/ fish rearing different agro climatic RD/ zones in MP and types NGOs practices in an of water bodies. integrated manner with 5. Cleaning of fish management ponds, reservoirs etc of reservoirs, and 6. Promote research on developing fish seeds that watersheds are suitable for different water bodies and agro-climatic zones F/S -4 7. Create fish seed banks Fisheries High 15.00 NMSA/MoA Strengthening for easy availability to Dept, the existing fishermen and farmers Research system of fish Institutions management in the State

8. To protect livelihood of Fisheries Medium NMSA/MoA farmers, diversified culture Dept, of local fish such as like Research Mahaseer, Magur, Singh, Institutions Rohu, Katala, Mrugal should be promoted.

9. Co-management Fisheries Medium NMSA/MoA approaches to conserve Dept,RD, the stock and protect the NGOs breeding grounds during close seasons

10. Access to markets leading Fisheries High NMSA/MoA to greater export of fish Dept from the state F/S -5 11. Conservation of germplasm Fisheries 1.00 Conservation of endangered species Dept, of fish Biodiversity

12. Control on introduction of biodiversity SKMCCC, EPCO 121 Strategies Activities Department/ Priority Cost Possible Organisation (Rs. in Technical/Finan Cr) cial Sources (but not limited to) exotics Department F/S -5 13. Create CC division Fisheries High 5.00 NMSA/MoA Building in the department Dept Institutional 14. Integrate CC concerns Fisheries High mechanism for with the departmental Dept, Climate activities SKMCCC Change

15. Coordinate/liaison with Fisheries High National Missions and Dept, programmes MoEF

16. Coordinate/liaison with Fisheries High GoMP SAPCC Monitoring Dept, and Evaluation Agency SKMCCC 34.00 Total Budget for Fisheries Sector Total Budget for Agriculture and Allied Sectors 1756 Health Sector HD/ S-1 1. Develop a disease and DoHFW, High 56.00 MoHW/DHFW health surveillance unit Research Developing which could be institutes diseases positioned at divisional profile for level encompassing a communities research wing within the department that analyses the data for decision making

2. Mapping of diseases DoHFW, High outbreaks to assess the Research health vulnerability of institutes the state with respect to Climate Change with special focus on communities in remote areas and tribal communities

3. Strengthen IDSP to act DoHFW, IT High as an early warning Dept, system based on climate Research projections institutes

4. (a) Develop short, SKMCCC, EPCO 122 Strategies Activities Department/ Priority Cost Possible Organisation (Rs. in Technical/Finan Cr) cial Sources (but not limited to) HD/ S-2 medium and long term MoHFW, High 10.00 MoHW/DHFW forecasting capacities state IMD, Development for local communities, Agro—met of weather district and for the state stations in based early as a whole districts warning system (b) Establish research wing that will undertake the analysis (c) Establish/Strengthen communication mechanisms for dissemination of forecast projections HD/ S-3 5. Prepare separate health DoHFW/SD High 5.00 NRHM/NVBDCP/ disaster preparedness MA RNCP etc. Upscaling plans for areas that are health disaster susceptible to extreme management rain, extreme preparedness temperatures, floods and droughts, with specific plans for each disease related to different climate triggers HD/ S-4 6. Set up disease diagnosis DoHFW, High 150.00 NRHM centres in remote and PRIs, NRHM, Early case tribal areas Research detection and (pathological Institutes, quick control laboratories) NVBDCP with a focus on areas where coverage is low 7. Sensitising or has not Communities for early reached detection of disease and diagnosis

8. Establishment of drug MoHFW distribution centres with provision of availability of alternative medicines

9. Establish system for telemedical advisory HD/ S-5 10. Identify Measures for MoHFW, High 51.00 NVBDCP/NRHM SKMCCC, EPCO 123 Strategies Activities Department/ Priority Cost Possible Organisation (Rs. in Technical/Finan Cr) cial Sources (but not limited to) source reduction for all DoHFW Strengthening vector borne, water supportive borne diseases and plan systems for intervention measures environment according to their management respective shift of transmission months

11. Strengthening of Public MoHFW, High MoHFW Health Infrastructure DoHFW specially in most vulnerable regions

12. Train and build the DoHFW, high NRHM capacities of NGOs for NGOs detecting disease source and reducing source HD/ S-6 13. Establish a Strategic DoHFW High 60.00 NRHM Planning Unit at the Monitoring Directorate of Health & and Reporting Family Welfare Services mechanism to in order to provide ensure policy inputs for all accountability health care sectors and optimizeoutpu 14. Integration of IT DoHFW Medium IDSP ts enabled monitoring and surveillance systems like HMIS, Hospital MIS, Malaria data, GIS etc

15. Control measures in DoHFW Medium MoHFW areas hitherto free from malaria

16. Establish a research unit DoHFW Medium NRHM that will design the M&E system for integrating CC concerns and other concerns

17. Evaluate the results of M&E and identify intervention strategies for effective outcome of health delivery systems HD/ S-7 18. Health education about DoHFW, Medium 10.00 NVBDCP various vector-borne, PRIs, NRHM, Public water-borne and other Research Awareness on climate related diseases Institutes, health to general public NVBDCP

19. Community level DoHFW, Medium NRHM SKMCCC, EPCO 124 Strategies Activities Department/ Priority Cost Possible Organisation (Rs. in Technical/Finan Cr) cial Sources (but not limited to) groups, and institutions PRIs, NRHM, to be supported for Research information, education Institutes, and communication NVBDCP about climate related diseases HD/ S-8 20. Develop predictive Research High 57.00 NVBDCP models to estimate the Institutes, Research and future burden of MoHFW study on infectious diseases Climate under projected CC Change and scenarios health impacts 21. Improve understanding DoHFW, High NVBDCP of health impacts of Research Climate Change and Institutes, land use change Medical patterns on different colleges vector-borne diseases

22. Dedicated research to DoHFW, High MoHFW provide health policy Research makers with new tools Institutes, to respond to the threat Medical of Climate Change colleges

23. Preparation of Village DoHFW, Medium NRHM level Health Action PHE, RD Plans.

24. Review of Draft State DoHFW, High DoHFW Health Policy with SKMCCC emphasis to integrate Climate Change concerns HD/ S-9 25. (a) Training & DoHFW High 6.00 NRHM Education of Health Capacity professionals on Climate Building Change issues (b) Capacity building of PRIs to implement village level health action plans

26. Training of rural health DoHFW High NRHM activists on vector & water borne diseases as well as techniques to purify drinking water HD/ S-10 27. (a) Create CC division in DoHFW High 5.00 MoHFW the department Building SKMCCC, EPCO 125 Strategies Activities Department/ Priority Cost Possible Organisation (Rs. in Technical/Finan Cr) cial Sources (but not limited to) Institutional (b) Integrate CC DoHFW, High mechanism for concerns with the SKMCCC Climate departmental activities Change (d) Coordinate/liaison DoHFW, High with National MoEF Missions and programmes (e) Coordinate/liaison DoHFW, High with GoMP SAPCC SKMCCC Monitoring and Evaluation Agency Total Budget for Health Sector 410 Urban Development & Transport UD/S-1 1. (a) Development of UADD,DoH& High 65.00 NMEEE model building bylaws E, MPCDMA, Enhancing with incorporation of MoP Energy state specific standards Efficiency in for energy efficiency and Residential provision of ECBC to and mandate minimum Commercial energy performance Buildings standards for Buildings (b) Mandating energy UADD,DoH& High audit and certification of E, MPCDMA, energy performance for MoP all commercial buildings

2. Pursue MuDSM UADD,DoH& High BEE/NMSH programme of BEE in E, MPCDMA, urban water supply, MoP, sewage treatment MPUVN facility, street lighting and and infrastructure

3. Adoption of energy UADD,DoH& High BEE/NMSH efficiency measures for E, MPCDMA, urban water supply and MoP sewerage equipments, street lights and buildings of ULBs

4. Capatilize possibilities UADD,DoH& High MPCDMA of developing a E, MPCDMA, programmatic CDM MoP proposal for SKMCCC, EPCO 126 Strategies Activities Department/ Priority Cost Possible Organisation (Rs. in Technical/Finan Cr) cial Sources (but not limited to) implementation of energy efficiency in ULBs

5. Promotion of green UADD,DoH& Medium BEE/NMSH building concept and E, MPCDMA, incentivising best green MoP building construction projects

6. Preparation of IEC UADD, High NMSH material in hindi and MPUVN, launching statewide MPCDMA outreach programme for consumer awareness on energy efficiency in urban areas

7. Demonstration projects UADD, Medium NMSH for energy efficient NRED, DoE construction technologies

8. Increase energy auditing UADD, High NMSH and develop monitoring NRED, DoE mechanisms to ensure energy efficiency

9. Capacity Building of city UADD, High NMSH managers/UADD NRED, DoE officials and consumers on best practices in energy efficiency in building and Climate Change impacts/cities and Climate Change UD/S-2 10. Mandating water audits UADD High 63.00 NWM/NMEEE/N and energy audit of MSH Urban Water water utilities Supply

11. Promote water efficient UADD High NMSH garden irrigation techniques, reduce leakage in domestic supply system, water recycling

12. Refurbishment of UADD High JNNURM/NMSH distribution system and control of UFW through replacement of GI pipes with HDPE pipes SKMCCC, EPCO 127 Strategies Activities Department/ Priority Cost Possible Organisation (Rs. in Technical/Finan Cr) cial Sources (but not limited to)

13. Developing UADD/ High UADD regional/local manual SKMCCC for GW recharge and RWH techniques

14. Policy level UADD, High UADD/NMSH interventions to DoH&E, promote and incentivise WRD RWH

15. Awareness among UADD, High NMSH/ people about Reduce DoH&E, NEAC-EPCO and Recycle techniques WRD for waste water UD/S-3 16. Developing plans for UADD, High 5.00 UADD/NMSH urban sanitation and MoUD Urban Storm capacities of existing Water drainage system in Management context of changed climatic & Demographic scenario UD/S-4 17. R & D in the areas of UADD, High 67.00 NMSH development of process MoUD Solid Waste and separation of Management different components of MSW for energy recovery and other types of WTE processes

18. Preparation of UADD, High NMSH integrated SWM plans MoUD for ULBs and consider legal measures for non compliance with Municipal Solid Waste Rules 2000

19. Promotion of PPP model UADD, High JNNURM for segregation, MoUD collection, transportation and disposal of solid waste management

20. Prepare Projects Bio- UADD, High JNNURM / remediation of existing MoUD, NMSH landfill sites and DoH&E, methane gas recovery MPPCB,MPC from existing landfills DMA

21. Creation of treatment UADD, High JNNURM facilities and Energy MoUD, SKMCCC, EPCO 128 Strategies Activities Department/ Priority Cost Possible Organisation (Rs. in Technical/Finan Cr) cial Sources (but not limited to) recovery methods like DoH&E bio-methanation, RDF, from segregated biodegradable waste

22. (a) Demonstration UADD, High NMSH/JNNURM projects for recycling of MoUD, construction waste DoH&E Awareness programme for segregation and disposal of bio- degradable waste through vermicomposting and bio-gas generation at household / community levels (b) Develop suitable UADD, High norms and policy for marketing MoUD of municipal compost and energy from waste

23. Developing CDM UADD, Medium MPCDMA, projects relevant to MoUD, Bilaterals (GIZ) Urban sectors like MPCDMA SWM, EE, Transport etc UD/S-5 24. Pilot project for UADD, Medium 6.00 JNNURM segregation at the MoUD, Wastewater household level of black SKMCCC Management and grey water

25. Strengthening UADD, Medium JNNURM/NMSH institutional and MoUD technical capacities of ULBs for effective O&M of sewerage system and for recycling and reuse of waste water for non- potable uses UD/S-6 26. (a) Development of UADD, DoT, Medium 17.00 NMSH/ JNNURM norms integrating MoUD Sustainable measures related to Urban movement of traffic Transport taxation, parking, congestion charges, public carriage specifications and service norms to encourage public transport SKMCCC, EPCO 129 Strategies Activities Department/ Priority Cost Possible Organisation (Rs. in Technical/Finan Cr) cial Sources (but not limited to) (b) Development of UADD, DoT, Medium norms for MoUD pedestrianisation/cycling (c) Model regulations UADD, DoT, Medium for integrating transport MoUD planning with spatial planning (Master plan) working on extensive Public transport system on Regional scale

27. Launch dedicated UADD, DoT, High NMSH/ JNNURM awareness drive on use MoUD of public transport

28. Ensure that old vehicles DoT Medium phased out from one region are not used at any other place

29. Capacity Building in UADD, DoT, High NMSH/ JNNURM transport planning and MoUD land use integration, optimization of various public transport modes.

30. Promoting and UADD, DoT, Low NMSH/ JNNURM incentivising use of non- MoUD motorised vehicles UD/ S-7 31. (a) Consider UADD, Medium 11.00 NMSH/ JNNURM modification of urban DoH&E Urban development for Planning promoting urban renewal, environment management, spaces for plantation at plot level for increasing tree cover, structural safety, hazard and risk mitigation, transport planning (b) Identification of sensitive areas (geologically, hydrologically & geographically) (c) Identification of areas for Peripheral urban Development along with possible organic growth areas of hinterland SKMCCC, EPCO 130 Strategies Activities Department/ Priority Cost Possible Organisation (Rs. in Technical/Finan Cr) cial Sources (but not limited to) (d) Studies to determine the Carbon Sequestration potential of Urban Lakes

32. Create Educational UADD, Medium NMSH/ JNNURM Programmes and DoH&E Capacity Building activities for students and professionals on aspects related to Sustainable Urbanization/ Cities and Climate Change in association with Technical Universities/Institution s, Colleges

33. Develop strategies for UADD, Medium NMSH Climate Change resilient DoH&E, cities or climate smart SKMCCC cities and take up pilot projects. UD/ S-8 34. Policies promoting the UADD, High 8.00 low carbon societies MoUD Green Governance favouring low carbon societies UD/ S-9 35. (a) Creation and UADD, Medium 5.00 NMSH/ JNNURM Adoption of benchmarks MoUD, Adoption of for sustainable SKMCCC service level management of water Benchmarks supply, wastewater, storm water drainage and solid waste management (b) Development of UADD, Medium service level MoUD benchmarks for urban sectors (c) Mandating UADD, Medium adoption of MoUD sustainable habitat standards UD/ S-10 36. (a) Create CC division in UADD, DoT High 5.00 NMSH SKMCCC, EPCO 131 Strategies Activities Department/ Priority Cost Possible Organisation (Rs. in Technical/Finan Cr) cial Sources (but not limited to) the department Building Institutional (b) Integrate CC UADD, DoT, High mechanism for concerns with the SKMCCC Climate CDPs/ departmental Change activities (c) Coordinate/liaison UADD, DoT, High with National Missions MoEF and programmes (d) Coordinate/liaison UADD, DoT, High with GoMP SAPCC SKMCCC Monitoring and Evaluation Agency Total Budget for Urban Development & Transport 252 Energy Sector E/S- 1 1. Assess viability and DoE, DoC&I Medium 6.00 Bilateral updation to latest Enhancing technologies like efficiency in supercritical, power ultrasupercritical boilers generation and IGCC

2. Assess viability of DoE, DoC&I Medium Bilateral carbon-capture UVN, MoP, technology and its NRED commercial application in thermal power plants

3. Green Tariff should be DoE, DoC&I Medium Bilateral designed to motivate UVN, MoP, clean energy generation NRED in the state

4. Development of policy DoE, DoC&I High Bilateral framework for UVN, MoP, generating clean energy NRED through clean coal approaches/ technologies

5. Explore possibilities of DoE, DoC&I Medium Bilateral use of fluidised bed UVN, MoP, boiler and coal NRED gasification for refurbishment of old units

6. Assessment of life cycle DoE, DoC&I analysis of existing SKMCCC, EPCO 132 Strategies Activities Department/ Priority Cost Possible Organisation (Rs. in Technical/Finan Cr) cial Sources (but not limited to) thermal power plants MoP, NRED and resource mobilization for implementation of O & M measures

7. Augmentation of DoE, MoP, High Bilateral/BEE distributed power MPUVN generation

8. Promotion of Off grid power generation E/S- 2 9. Development of DoA, DoE, High 40.00 Bilateral/.MOP operational plan for MoP Undertake reduction of T & D losses demand side in Power Discoms, management Transcoms to improve efficiency and 10. Development and DoA, DoE, High Multilateral reduce GHG implementation of MoP emissions feeder separation in rural areas

11. Use of energy efficient DoA, DoE, High Bilateral/NMEEE pumps and giving MoP subsidy to farmers to motivate them in replacing old pumps to new pumps

12. Promote Energy UADD, DoE High BEE/NMEEE, Efficiency in Street MPCDMA MoUD lighting and Water Pumping, Buildings

13. Promote aggressively BEE, UADD, High BEE , MoUD, MoP Energy saving in domestic sector through Energy Efficient Equipments, creating awareness about best practices for energy conservation

14. Consider to make DoE, DoC&I, Medium BEE, MoP compulsory energy audit and more buildings should be brought the existing notification

15. Promote effective DoE, DoC&I, Medium MoP/DoE , BEE, utilization and distribution of energy: Load shifting or SKMCCC, EPCO 133 Strategies Activities Department/ Priority Cost Possible Organisation (Rs. in Technical/Finan Cr) cial Sources (but not limited to) differential pricing during peak hours in industries

16. Increase the outreach DoE, DoH&E Medium BEE/NMSH and coverage of Bachat / MP CDMA Lamp Yojana programme

17. Promotion of BEE’s DoE, Medium BEE/NMSH ECBC Codes for MPCDMA adoptation in the State E/S- 3 18. Undertake scoping study DoE, NRED Medium 2.00 NMSH/BEE for Leveraging MoP, Market international financing Transformatio instruments for n for Energy promoting energy Efficiency efficiency

19. Explore the avenues to DoE, MNRE, High MPCDMA capitalize on CDM MPCDMA opportunities E/S-4 20. Formulation of DoE, High 10.00 MoP favourable policies to MPCDMA Development promote Low Carbon of Low Carbon Society policies Society Pathway 21. Awareness Generation MPCDMA, High MoP about good practices and DoE energy efficient equipments

22. Harmonize Renewable DoE, Medium MNRE, MoP Purchanse Obligation MPUVN upto commercial levels E/S-5 23. Capacity Building of MPCDMA, High 5.00 department of officers DoE Capacity about CDM and latest Building technologies as well accelerate Research & Development activities for more energy efficient technologies E/S- 5 24. (a) Create CC division DoE, NRED High 5.00 MoP in the department Building Institutional (b) Integrate CC DoE, NRED High SKMCCC, EPCO 134 Strategies Activities Department/ Priority Cost Possible Organisation (Rs. in Technical/Finan Cr) cial Sources (but not limited to) mechanism for concerns with the SKMCCC Climate departmental activities Change (c) Coordinate/liaison DoE, NRED, High with GoMP SAPCC SKMCCC Monitoring and Evaluation Agency/ NMEEE/National Solar Mission Total Budget for Energy Sector 68.00 New & Renewable Enegy Sector NRE/S- 1 1. Formulate favorable NRED High 300.00 NSM, MNRE policies to attract Promoting and investors to invest in RE incentivising sector Renewable Energy 2. Harmonize Renewable NRED, High NSM, MNRE Purchase Obligation MPERC (RPO) upto commercial levels.

3. Public Private NRED High NSM, MNRE Partnership (PPP) approach may be used to attract infrastructure investment in RE Projects

4. Solar power should be NRED High NSM promoted in phases and institutions should be covered at first ( as they can easily be mapped and reached)

5. Review and assess NRED , Medium impact of subsidizing MPERC Renewable Energy use

6. Promotion of wind NRED High MNRE energy generation according to the potential in MP

7. Evolve PPP model in DoE, NRED Medium NSM promotion of quality, user friendly solar equipments NRE/S- 2 8. Capacity Building of DoE/ NRED High UVN/department of 10.00 Awareness and NRE officers about Capacity renewable energy, CDM, latest technologies SKMCCC, EPCO 135 Strategies Activities Department/ Priority Cost Possible Organisation (Rs. in Technical/Finan Cr) cial Sources (but not limited to) Building

9. Promote energy NRED, FD Medium MNRE plantation in forest areas for biomass generation and Training to villagers about pellet formation to enhance their incomes

10. School/ College students NRED, Low NSM should be educated Higher about RE technologies. Education Department

11. Awareness among people and industries about use of New/ Green Technologies

12. Start initiatives like NRED, High NSM lighting a billion lamps MNRE, campaign in the state to SKMCCC promote renewable energy in rural areas NRE/S- 3 13. Research & NRED, Medium 15.00 NSM Promoting Development activities MPUVN, research and should be accelerated in Universities exploring the field of RE more possibilities of RE in the state 14. Develop Solar Parks NRED Medium NSM demonstration sites including other RE sources should be developed. NRE/S- 4 15. (a) Create CC division NRED High 5.00 MNRE in the department Building (b) Integrate CC NRED High Institutional concerns with the SKMCCC mechanism for departmental activities Climate Change Action (c) Coordinate/liaison NRED, BEE High Plan with National Solar MNRE Missions and NMEEE (d) Coordinate/liaison DoE, NRED, High with GoMP SAPCC SKMCCC Monitoring and Evaluation Agency Industries Sector IND/ S-1 1. Build strategy to DoC&I, H & E, High 12.00 NMSH/ SKMCCC, EPCO 136 Strategies Activities Department/ Priority Cost Possible Organisation (Rs. in Technical/Finan Cr) cial Sources (but not limited to) integrate Climate Dept, NMEE/GoI/ Review of M.P. Change concerns Research Industrial leading Industrial Institutes policy 2010 to Development addressed the Climate 2. Develop criteria and High NMSH/ Change indicators for Effective NMEE/GoI/ Concern monitoring and strict Bilateral compliances of ISO 14001 compliant company

3. Build a mechanism to H & E Dept, Medium incentivize actions MoEF taken by industries towards mitigation and to promote industries to take up ISO certifications

4. Build strict rules and MPPCB, H & Medium MoEF regulations for E Dept, upcoming industrial zone in the state keeping in view optimum management of natural resources like minerals, land, water and air IND/S-2 5. Facilitate DoC&I, Medium - BEE implementation of PAT MPUVN, Implementatio by the designated MoP n of Perform, consumers Achieve and Trade (PAT) 6. Incorporation of the DoC&I, Medium - Mechanism learning of the PAT in MPUVN, the state industrial MoP policy IND/S-3 7. Increase efforts and DoC&I, Medium 7.00 MPCDMA investments in CDM MPUVN, Capture the projects MPCDMA opportunities existing in the 8. Exploring possibilities DoC&I, Medium GoI/GoMP carbon Market for investment in MPUVN, for Mitigation Green and New MoP Technology

9. Incentivise & reward H & E Dept, Low GoMP GHG reduction efforts MoEF, MPCDMA

10. Promoting energy Medium efficiency in industrial clusters IND/S-4 11. (a) Compulsory water DoC&I, High 45.00 MPPCB/ SKMCCC, EPCO 137 Strategies Activities Department/ Priority Cost Possible Organisation (Rs. in Technical/Finan Cr) cial Sources (but not limited to) & waste water Audit WRD, PHED/WRD Devise an Industrial integrated Association water (b) Promotion of management water efficiency plan for measures industrial clusters (c) Waste water DoC&I High treatment, recycle DoC&I, WRD High and reuse (d) Promotion of water harvesting in industrial clusters IND/S-5 12. (a) Develop Eco – DoC&I, MoP Medium 45.00 MPPCB/NMSH Business model Effective Industrial Waste Management and Pollution Control (b) Promote networking among industries for recycling and reuse of wastes (c) Use of more efficient technology to reduce pollution IND/KS-6 13. Promoting CSR 5.00 NMSH/GIM budgets to bring about Involvement greates climate awareness of industries in 14. (a) Regular training DoC&I High CSR activities to the industries on technology upgradation and cleaner technologies (b) Creation of green DoC&I High zones and water harvesting structures in industrial clusters (c) Encourage DoC&I, High industries to align CSR MPUVN, activities towards GHG MPCDMA Reduction IND/S-7 15. (a) Regular training to the industries on DoC&I, High 5.00 NMSH/ SKMCCC, EPCO 138 Strategies Activities Department/ Priority Cost Possible Organisation (Rs. in Technical/Finan Cr) cial Sources (but not limited to) Capacity technology MPUVN, building and upgradation, clean MoP, entrepreneurs technologies, CDM Research and hip and GHG Training development mitigation Institute, FIIND (b) Training on High calculating and managing carbon footprint of the industry (c) Training to Research and High entrepreneurs on eco Training business model Institute, FIIND, MoP DoC&I IND/S-8 16. Resource Pooling to Research and 10.00 development state specific Training Research and eco-friendly technology Institute Development

17. Industrial networks should be developed based on recycling and reuse of the materials IND/ 18. (a) Create CC DoC&I High 5.00 S-8 division in the department Build (b) Integrate CC DoC&I, High institution concerns with the SKMCCC mechanism for departmental activities SAPCC action plan (c) Coordinate/liaison DoC&I, High with National Missions MoEF and programmes (d) Coordinate/liaison DoC&I, High with GoMP SAPCC SKMCCC Monitoring and Evaluation Agency Total Budget for Industries Sector 134.00 Rural Development Sector RD/S-1 1. Impact assessment of SKMCCC, EPCO 139 Strategies Activities Department/ Priority Cost Possible Organisation (Rs. in Technical/Finan Cr) cial Sources (but not limited to) the programme and DoRD, High 2.00 Bilaterals/MoRD Review of climate resilience check SKMCCC existing rural of the works in process development programmes 2. Micro level Vulnerability DoRD, High Bilateral/MoRD with Climate Assessment at district SKMCCC Change focus and block level, using GIS, to take up informed policy decisions

3. Develop Climate compatible Rural Development programme RD/S-2 4. Development of skills DoRD, DoRI High 46.00 MoRD/ for alternative income NRLM Training and generation activities to Capacity reduce climate induced Building of vulnerabilities rural 4. Awareness on various DoRD High NRLM communities programmes/schemes/b enefits favouring enhanced income opportunities

5. Documentation of DoRD, High Bilateral/NRLM traditional / indigenous DoH&E/ knowledge to be done as SKMCCC it can provide insights for adaptation and assess possibilities of value addition to enhance adaptive capacities.

6. Preperation and implementation of Gender centric Local Action Plans on Adaptaion (LAPA) through PRIs RD/S-3 7. Promotion of water DoRD, High 10.00 efficiency in agriculture DoH&E Climate and other uses Change 8. Promotion of Energy DoRD, High concerns to be efficiency measures, bio- UADD, institutionalize gas and Solar energy NRED d in the annual applications plans of 9. Take up ecosystem and DoRD High Panchayats community based climate adaptation projects in rural areas SKMCCC, EPCO 140 Strategies Activities Department/ Priority Cost Possible Organisation (Rs. in Technical/Finan Cr) cial Sources (but not limited to) RD/S-4 10. Coordination and DoRD, DoF, High 40.00 NABARD/Bilaterals integration with the CC NBFCs Credit action plans of availability for departments like forest rural water, agriculture, infrastructure energy and health so development that climate resilience of and insurance the communities is against climate ensured on pilot basis induced vulnerabilities RD/S-5 11. Following integrated 10.00 Convergence planning approach for and effective convergance integration with the CC 12. Create capacity for action plans CDM/Rural Energy departments project development: like Forest, develop PoA for CDM Agri, Water, (or its replacement) Health, RD, Energy etc RD/ 13. (a) Create CC division in DoRD High 5.00 NRLM/MoRD/ S-6 the department GoMP Building (b) Integrate CC DoRD, High Institutional concerns with the SKMCCC mechanism for departmental activities Climate Change Action (c) Coordinate/liaison DoRD, MoEF High Plan with National Missions and programmes (d) Coordinate/liaison DoRD, High with GoMP SAPCC SKMCCC Monitoring and Evaluation Agency Total Budget for Rural Development 113 Environment Sector E/S-1 1. Set up a state SKMCCC High 15.00 Bilateral/ MoEF/ Climate Change MST Knowledge KMC and prepare Management Detail Project Report Centre (KMC) in Climate Change E/S-2 2. Improve SKMCCC High 3.0 Bilaterals understanding of SKMCCC, EPCO 141 Strategies Activities Department/ Priority Cost Possible Organisation (Rs. in Technical/Finan Cr) cial Sources (but not limited to) Dedicated Climate Change at MPCDMA state of the art policy level on- water, research to food security, land use provide policy change, disease makers with transmission, GHG, tools to CDM etc. in evaluate and collaboration with respond to the relevant threat of institutes/departments Climate Change

4. Preparation of Climate SKMCCC High Change Status Report MPCDMA E/S-3 5. Monitoring the impact MPCOST, H High 5.00 Bilaterals of various initiatives of & E Deptt, Strengthening the climate sensitive IIRS, of monitoring sectors at village levels SKMCCC systems of by GIS based creating various integrated database. initiatives of the climatesensitiv e sectors E/S-4 6. Support for SKMCCC Medium 1.00 GoMP/GoI Community level Regional Increase of groups, PRIs and Science general institutions (including Center, awareness of educational) for Universities , people by information, education MPCDMA educating and communication them about about Climate Change Climate Change E/S-5 7. Capacity building at H&E Deptt, High 4.00 Bilaterals various levels (eg. SKMCCC, Capacity Policy makers, MPCDMA Building officials, media, NGOs etc) on mitigation and adaptation to Climate Change by experts. E/S-6 8. Focussed research to DoRD, FD, High 37.00 MoRD, Bilaterals, Integration of understand impacts of H&ED, MoEF Gender Issues Climate Change on UADD in the women/ children in adaptation different context like planning urban/ rural SKMCCC, EPCO 142 Strategies Activities Department/ Priority Cost Possible Organisation (Rs. in Technical/Finan Cr) cial Sources (but not limited to)

9. Developmental Planning/ Adaptation Planning should ensure participation of women to address issues is a focussed manner

10. Gender Issues should be integrated in ongoing/ new projects

11. Capacities of women should not only be strengthened on Climate Change and adaptation but also on decision making and entrepreneurship to reduce their vulnerability E/S- 7 12. Regular monitoring H&E Deptt, High 1.00 Bilaterals Urban and documentation of SKMCCC landscape urban landscape monitoring to (including change in mitigate and land-use pattern), adapt to population growth, Climate settlements (especially Change, slums). especially for the vulnerable E/S- 8 13. Prepare ACZ and SKMCCC High 5.00 Bilaterals district specific Climate Mainstream of Change resource book and Climate training to sensitize Change district officials and DPC concern members to integrate Climate Change concern E/S- 9 14. Commissioning of All the Medium 1.00 Bilaterals/ Baseline studies for each concerned GoMP/GoI Monitoring sector, departments departments and Evaluation E/S- 10 15. (a) Create CC division H&E Deptt High 15.00 in the department Building Institutional (b) Integrate CC H&E Deptt High mechanism for concerns with the Climate departmental activities Change Action (c) Coordinate/liasion H&E Deptt, High SKMCCC, EPCO 143 Strategies Activities Department/ Priority Cost Possible Organisation (Rs. in Technical/Finan Cr) cial Sources (but not limited to) Plan with National Missions MoEF and programmes (d) Coordinate/liaison H&E Deptt, High with GoMP SAPCC SKMCCC Monitoring and Evaluation Agency Total Budget for Environment Sector 87.00 GRAND TOTAL* 4700.00 * The costs mentioned against each sector are indicative. Detail cost for each of the activity can be ascertained after deciding the scope and scale of activities. SKMCCC, EPCO 144 17 Monitoring and Evaluation Background For measuring the effectiveness of the State Climate Change Action Plan it is necessary to have a monitoring and evaluation framework in place. This essentially identifies the successes and failures of the overall objective of the action plan, and, enables one to make, as appropriate, midterm course changes to the adaptation and mitigation strategies identified, correcting past mistakes and improving practices suggested in the action plan.Monitoring and evaluation for addressing Climate Change concerns in policies, actions and projects has to be participatory and learning by doing process. A dynamic process may allow an effective and active monitoring and evaluation of the performance of a project with respect to its objectives. The process can allow for lessons learned to be actively incorporated in a monitoring and evaluation framework as a new step for the adoption and mainstreaming of effective adaptation interventions. In the context of Madhya Pradesh, the aspects that would require monitoring and evaluation would be in terms of: • M&E of state developmental goals vis a vis their integration of climate concerns in planning for achieving these goals • M&E of sectoral level climate policies, programmes and actions • M&E of the projects undertaken to achieve the strategies It is imperative that a set of indicators would be required to monitor progress, achievement and to incorporate corrective measures. These need to be done through extensive consultations with relevant stake holders. The roles of the various agencies in monitoring and evaluation, namely the departments, including EPCO will be as follows: The SKMCCC, EPCO will monitor and evaluate the progress of achievement of (a) integration of climate concerns in various developmental policies and planning of the government, and (b) monitor and evaluate capacity development of the various line departments and their personnel to internalize the Climate Change concerns for climate proofing their developmental plans. Financial & Capacity Building Technical CC Wings of Line Technical Liaison with Assistance Departments Support respective line Forest ministries National Ministry of Housing & Agriculture Missions at GoI Environment Environment Water and Forests, Department, Health GoI GoMP SKMCCC, Animal Husbandry Concerning EPCO Energy Department to Communication Renewable Energy coordinate with field about CC efforts functionaries Status of Industry in the state Criteria/ UADD Indicators Flow Diagram of Monitoring and Evaluation of SAPCC SKMCCC, EPCO 145 The Line Departments would assess the climate policy goals in terms of strategies laid out for each sector to climate proof the said sector. An assessment of the progress and hence achievement of the climate policy/strategy and that of various actions identified therein as a part is required, including an assessment of the actions taken as a part of the missions of the National Action Plan on Climate Change. In order to evolve a robust monitoring and evaluation framework, the State Action Plan proposes to develop sectoral baseline for each of the climate sensitive sectors in Madhya Pradesh. This would be followed by evolving appropriate sectoral criteria and indicators. The entire exercise is proposed to be participative and consultative, ensuring engagement of the concerning departments and stakeholders. The monitoring and evaluation exercise demands an acceptable mechanism of reporting. This would enable the concerned departments to report the targets in a uniform manner. Having developed sectoral baselines criteria and indicators and a uniform reporting framework, it is proposed to evolve a mechanism of verifying the information received from respective departments. Initially SKMCCC, EPCO, the State designated Agency for Climate Change would be responsible for verification however, if need be and agreed by all third party verifications may also be considered. SKMCCC, EPCO 146 ANNEXURE - 1 Details of Sectoral Workshops Sector/ Date Chaired by No. of Department Particip ants 1 Launch 26 – 27th, Shri Rajendra Shukla, Hon’ble Minister Energy and Mineral 250 Workshop April Resources, Shri Alok Srivastava, Principal Secretary, Housing 2010 & Environment Department 2 Forest, 5th June Dr. H.S. Panwar, Shri Alok Srivastava, Principal Secretary, 67 Biodiversity 2010 Housing & Environment Department Shri Ashok Shah, ED EPCO, Shri. V. R. Khare Advisor Climate Change EPCO, Dr. H. S. Pabla, PCCF, Shri. A. K. Dubey PCCF, 3 Institutional 7th July Shri Ashok Shah, ED EPCO, Shri V R Khare, Advisor Climate 65 Networking 2010 Change Cell, EPCO, Dr. R. B. Lal, Director, IIFM Bhopal Workshop 4 Animal 27th – Shri. Manoj Goyal, Principal Secretary Animal Husbandry 96 Husbandry 28th Department GoMP, Shri Praveen Garg, ED EPCO, Shri V R and Livestock Septembe Khare, Advisor CC Cell, Dr. R. K. Rokde Director, Veterinary r 2010 Services GoMP 5 Water 11th Shri Alok Srivastava, Principal Secretary, Housing & 75 Resources October Environment Department, GoMP, Shri Radheshyam Julania, 2010 Principal Secretary, Water Resources Department, GoMP, Shri Praveen Garg, Executive Director, EPCO 6 Department 26th Shri Satyaprakash, Additional Chief Secretary, Department of 58 of commerce, October Industries, Government of Madhya Pradesh, Shri. Praveen Industry and 2010 Garg, Executive Director, EPCO and Shri. V R Khare, Advisor Employment CC Cell, EPCO 7 Energy 3th Shri Iqbal Singh Bains, Director General, EPCO, Shri Mohd. 40 January Suleman, Secretary, Energy Department, Shri Praveen Garg, 2011 Executive Director, EPCO, Dr V.K. Sethi, Rector and Director, UIT, RGTU 8 New & 5th Shri Iqbal Singh Bains, Director General, EPCO, Shri Praveen 37 Renewable January Garg, Executive Director, EPCO, Shri Neeraj Mandloi, Energy 2011 Managing Director, Urja Vikas Nigam 9 Agriculture 11th Shri. Iqbal Singh Bains, Director General, EPCO, Shri Praveen 36 January Garg, Executive Director, EPCO, Smt. Rashmi Arun Shami, 2011 Director Department of Horticulture, GoMP, Dr. D N Sharma, Director Agriculture Department, GoMP 10 UADD 22nd Shri Iqbal Singh Bains, Director General EPCO, Shri Praveen 37 &Transport January, Garg, Executive Director EPCO, Shri V.R. Khare, Advisor 2011 EPCO, Shri S.P.S. Parihar, Principal Secretary, UADD, Shri S N Mishra, Commissioner, UADD 11 Health 27th Shri Iqbal Singh Bains, Director General, EPCO, Shri Praveen 39 April, Garg, Executive Director, EPCO, Shri J N Kansotia, 2011 Commissioner, Department of Public Health and Family Welfare, Shri V.R. Khare, Advisor, Climate Change, Dr Neeru Singh, Director, RMRCT, Jabalpur 12 Panchayat & 18th May, Shri Iqbal Singh Bains, Director General, EPCO, Shri Ajay 31 Rural 2011 Tirkey, Secretary, Panchayat and Rural Development Development Department, GoMP, Shri Umakant Umarao Director, Rajiv Gandhi Watershed Mission SKMCCC, EPCO 147 ANNEXURE - 2 Details of Agro Climatic Zone Workshops S. ACZ Date and District Covered No of No Place Particip ants 1 Jhabua Hills 14th Feb 2011 Jhabua, Alirajpur 111 Jhabua 2 Malwa Plateau 15th Feb 2011 Indore, Dewas, Dhar 67 Indore 3 Malwa Plateau 21st Feb 2011 Ujjain, Ratlam, Mandsaur, Neemach, Shajapur 110 Ujjain 4 Vindhayan 22nd Feb 2011 Sagar, Raisen, Damoh 194 Plateau Sagar 5 Bundelkhand 23rd Feb 2011 Tikamgarh, Datia, Chhatarpur 64 Chhatarpur 6 Central Narmada 24th Feb 2011 Narsinghpur, Hosangabad, Harda 123 Valley Jabalpur 7 Nimar Plains 26th Feb 2011 Khandwa, Burhanpur, Khargoan, Barwani 144 Khandwa 8 Kymore Hills 28th Feb 2011 Rewa, Panna, Katni, Jabalpur Satna, Umaria 92 Rewa 9 NHR 1st Mar 2011 Mandla, Sidhi, Shahdol, Singrauli,Dindori, Anuppur 70 Chhattisgarh Shahdol 10 Satpura Plateau 4th Mar 2011 Seoni, Betul, Chindwara, 110 Seoni 11 Chhattisgarh 5th Mar 2011 Balaghat – Plains Balaghat 12 Gird Zone 9th Mar 2011 Gwalior, Morena, Bhind, Shivpuri, Sheopur 122 Gwalior 13 Vindhayan 25th Mar 2011 Bhopal,Guna, Rajgarh, Vidisha, Ashoknagar, Sehore 44 Plateau Bhopal SKMCCC, EPCO 148 ANNEXURE - 3 List of Experts who reviewed the SAPCC Sector/Role Sectoral Expert Forest Dr RamPrasad, Retd. PCCF, Govt of MP Shri V R Khare, Retd. PCCF Govt of MP Shri P C Kotwal, Professor IIFM Water Shri B O Joshi, Retd. Secretary, Water Resource Dept., GoMP Dr Saleem Romani, Retd. Chairman, C.G.W.B Agriculture & Dr G S Kaushal, Retd. Director, Agriculture Department, GoMP Horticulture Dr. U P S Bhadauria, Professor & Head, Department of Agrometeorology, JNKVV Jabalpur Dr. Sunil D Upadhyaya, Prof. & Officer-in-charge Technical Cell, JNKVV Jabalpur Animal Dr H S Singh, Head of Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Husbandry Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Jabalpur Dr. N. Hegde, Trustee, BAIF Development Research Foundation Fisheries Shri Prasanna Khemaria, Ex. Fisheries Expert, MPDPIP, Independent Consultant Health Dr Neeru Singh, Director, Regional Malaria Research Center for Tribal, (ICMR), Jabalpur UADD & Dr Alka Bharat, Professor, Deptt. of Architecture & Planning, MANIT, Bhopal Transport Energy Dr V K Sethi, Head, Dept. 0f Energy, RGPV, Bhopal Mr S K Bajpai , Retd. ED, MP Power Transmission Company Ltd., Jabalpur Renewable Dr S P Singh, Prof and Head, Department of Energy, DAVV, Indore Energy Industries Mr Pratap Verma, Member Secretary, MP FCCI Rural Shri P K Biswas, Professor, IIFM, Bhopal Development Climate Dr. Ashwini Kulkarni, IITM Pune Projections & Trends Ms Savita Patvardhan, IITM, Pune Gender Ms Aditi Kapoor, Alternative Futures, New Delhi Mainstreaming Overall Review Ms Sumana Bhattacharya, Independent Consultant, Climate Change of Sectoral Issues & Strategies SKMCCC, EPCO 149 ANNEXURE - 4 Order Constituting Project Steering Committee e/;izns'k 'kklu lkekU; iz'kklu foHkkx ea=ky; oYyHk Hkou]Hkksiky 462004 &&&&&&& %%vkns'k%% Hkksiky] fnukad 13tuojh] 2010 dzekad ,Q&19&01@2010@1@4 e-iz tyok;q ifjorZu fo"k; ij dk;Z djus ds fy, jkT; 'kklu }kjk vkns'k Øa- ,Q&19&143@2007@1&4 fnukad 13 uoacj 2007 ds ek/;e ls ,Idks dks jkT; uksMy bdkbZ dk nkf;Ro lkSaik x;k gSA tyok;q ifjorZu fo"k; ls lacaf/kr ,Idks&;w-,u-Mh-ih ifj;kstuk ds lQy lapkyu gsrq jkT; 'kklu }kjk Project Steering Committee (PSC) dk xBu fuEukuqlkj fd;k tkrk gS %& 1- eq[; lfpo & v/;{k 2- vfrfjDr eq[; lfpo] fdlku dY;k.k ,oa d`f"k fodkl & lnL; 3- vfrfjDr eq[; lfpo] ou ,oa tSo fofo/krk & lnL; 4- izeq[k lfpo] ty lalk/ku & lnL; 5- izeq[k lfpo] fdlku dY;k.k ,oa d`f"k fodkl & lnL; 6- izeq[k lfpo] xzkeh.k fodkl & lnL; 7- izeq[k lfpo] uxjh; iz'kklu ,oa fodkl & lnL; 8- izeq[k lfpo] vkokl ,oa i;kZoj.k & lnL; 9- egkfuns'kd] ,Idks & lnL; 10- lfpo] yksd LokLF; ,oa ifjokj dY;k.k & lnL; 11- lfpo]ÅtkZ & lnL; 12- vflLVsaV daVªh Mk;jsDVj] ;w- ,u- Mh- ih] ubZ fnYyh & lnL; 13- dk;Zikyu lapkyd] ¼,Idks ;w- ,u- Mh- ih ifj;kstuk lapkyd½ & lnL; lfefr dk mn~ns'; ifj;kstuk esa varfoZHkkxh; leUo; LFkkfir djuk] uhfrxr ekxZn'kZu iznku djuk ,oa ifj;kstuk dh leh{kk djuk gSA lfefr dh cSBd izR;sd 6 ekg esa ,d ckj gksxhA e/;izns'k ds jkT;iky ds uke ls rFkk vkns'kkuqlkj ----Sd---- ¼vkj- Mh- lkgw½ vij lfpo e-iz- 'kklu] lkekU; iz'kklu foHkkx SKMCCC, EPCO 150 ANNEXURE - 5 Abbreviations of Indicators used for Vulnerability Assessment No Indicators Abb Conceptual Unit Source Base Basis line Year Socio-economic Indicator Social 1 Density of Population DP Sensitive Persons/Sq Census of India 2011 Km 2 Sex-ratio SR Sensitive Number of Census of India 2011 females/10 00 males 3 Literacy Rate LR Adaptive Percentage Census of India 2011 Capacity 4 Proportion of Child CP Sensitive Percentage Census of India 2011 Population In The Age Group 0-6 5 Proportion of elderly ELPO Sensitive Percentage Census of India 2001 population aged 65 and above 6 Percentage of People Below BPL Sensitive Percentage State Planning 2005 Poverty Line Commission, Madhya Pradesh 7 Percentage of Households DW Adaptive Percentage Census of India 2001 With Access To Safe Capacity Drinking Water 8 Percentage of Households SF Adaptive Percentage Census of India 2001 With Access To Sanitation Capacity Facilities 9 Percentage of Households EL Adaptive Percentage Planning Atlas, State 2007 With Access To Electricity Capacity Planning Board, GoMP 10 Number of Slum Dwellers SD Sensitive Number of Madhya Pradesh 2004 Per Slum Persons HDR,2007 11 Percentage of Households RTT Adaptive Percentage Madhya Pradesh 2001 owning Radio ,Transistor, Capacity HDR,2007 Television And Telephones 12 Percentage Share of MGW Sensitive Percentage Census of India 2001 Marginal Workers 13 Road density RL Adaptive km of road Madhya Pradesh 2003 Capacity per 100 sq. HDR,2007 km of land area 14 Population served per HC Adaptive Number of Madhya Pradesh 2006 Health Centre (Community, Capacity Persons HDR,2007 Primary and Sub Health Centres) 15 Number of Primary ,Middle, EI Adaptive Number/La Madhya Pradesh 2006 High and Higher Secondary Capacity kh of HDR,2007 Educational Institutions Per population Lakh of Population 16 Level of urbanization UR Adaptive Percentage Planning Atlas, State 2001 Capacity Planning Board, GoMP 17 Percentage of Schedule ST Sensitive Percentage Planning Atlas, State 2001 Tribes population Planning Board, GoMP 18 Percentage of Schedule SC Sensitive Percentage Planning Atlas, State 2001 Caste population Planning Board, GoMP Economic SKMCCC, EPCO 151 No Indicators Abb Conceptual Unit Source Base Basis line Year 19 Per Capita Income At PCI Adaptive Rupees Economic Survey of 2001 Current Prices Capacity MP, 2010-11 - 2009 20 Net District Domestic NDDP Adaptive In Lakh Rs Economic Survey of 2001 Product At Current Prices Capacity MP, 2010-11 - 2009 21 Scheduled commercial CB Adaptive Number Planning Atlas, State 2005 banks per lakh of population Capacity Planning Board, -06 GoMP 22 Agricultural credit societies ACS Adaptive Number Planning Atlas, State 2005 per lakh of population Capacity Planning Board, -06 GoMP 23 Loan disbursed by LACS Adaptive Rupees Planning Atlas, State 2005 agricultural credit societies Capacity Planning Board, -06 per cultivator GoMP Environmental Agriculture 24 Percentage of Net Irrigated IAGW Sensitive Percentage Commissioner of 2006 Area To Geographical Area Land Records, - By Ground Water Madhya Pradesh 2007 25 Percentage of Net Irrigated IASW Adaptive Percentage Commissioner of 2006 Area To Geographical Area Capacity Land Records, - By Surface Water Madhya Pradesh 2007 26 Fertilizer Consumption FC Adaptive Kg/ha Directorate Farmer 2006 Capacity welfare & - Agriculture 2007 Development 27 Yield of All Crops YI Adaptive Kg/ha Department of 2005 Capacity Agriculture, GoMP - 2008 28 Percentage of Land LH Sensitive Percentage Commissioner of 2001 Holdings below 1 Hectare Land Records, Madhya Pradesh 29 Percentage Share of ACMW Sensitive Percentage Census of India 2001 Agricultural And Cultivators Main Workers 30 Percentage of Bio-Farming BFV Adaptive Percentage Department of 2004 villages in total villages Capacity Agriculture, GoMP 31 Electrified pump sets per ELP Adaptive Numbers Planning Atlas, State 2005 thousand hectares of gross Capacity Planning Board, - cropped area GoMP 2006 32 Crop diversity (number of CRD Adaptive Numbers Department of 2006 crops grown) Capacity Agriculture, GoMP 33 Cropping intensity CI Adaptive Times Planning Atlas, State 2005 Capacity Planning Board, - GoMP 2006 34 Livestock Population LP Adaptive Numbers Administrative 18th Capacity per Reports of census, household Department of 2007 Animal Husbandry, GoMP 35 Poultry Population POP Adaptive Numbers Administrative 18th Capacity per Reports of census, thousand Department of 2007 household Animal Husbandry, GoMP 36 Milk production per capita MP Adaptive gms/day Administrative 2006 Capacity Reports of - Department of 2009 Animal Husbandry, GoMP SKMCCC, EPCO 152 No Indicators Abb Conceptual Unit Source Base Basis line Year 37 Egg Production per capita EP Adaptive eggs per Administrative 2006 Capacity year Reports of - Department of 2009 Animal Husbandry, GoMP Forest 38 Percentage of High Density HDFA Adaptive Percentage Forest Survey of 2004 Forest area to geographical Capacity India area 39 Percentage of Medium MDFA Adaptive Percentage Forest Survey of 2004 Density Forest area to Capacity India geographical area 40 Percentage of Low Density LDFA Adaptive Percentage Forest Survey of 2004 Forest area to geographical Capacity India area 41 Sites developed as ECT Adaptive Numbers M.P. Eco-tourism 2011 ecotourism sites Capacity Board 42 Number of JFM JFM Adaptive Numbers Forest Department, 2010 Communities Capacity GoMP 43 NTFP Diversity(no of NTFP Adaptive Numbers Forest Department, 2010 varieties) Capacity GoMP 44 Percentage of wasteland to WL Sensitive Percentage Commissioner Land 2004 geographical area records , Madhya - Pradesh 2007 Water Resource 45 Surface Water Availability SW Adaptive mm IIT Delhi, MoEF 1961- Capacity (NATCOM) 1990 46 Ground Water Availability GW Adaptive mm IIT Delhi, MoEF 1961- Capacity (NATCOM) 1990 47 Crop Water Stress (Evapo- CWS Sensitive mm IIT Delhi, MoEF 1961- transpiration/Potential (NATCOM) 1990 Evapo-transpiration) Climate 48 Cool nights- days when CN Exposure Percentage Analysis of PRECIS 1961- minimum temperature < climate data (IITM, 1990 10th Percentile Pune) 49 Warm nights- days when WN Exposure Percentage Analysis of PRECIS 1961- minimum temperature > climate data (IITM, 1990 90th Percentile Pune) 50 Cool Days - Cool nights- CD Exposure Percentage Analysis of PRECIS 1961- days when maximum climate data (IITM, 1990 temperature < 10th Pune) Percentile 51 Warm Days - Cool nights- WD Exposure Percentage Analysis of PRECIS 1961- days when maximum climate data (IITM, 1990 temperature > 90th Pune) Percentile 52 Frost Days (Annual count FD Exposure Number of Analysis of PRECIS 1961- when TN(daily Days climate data (IITM, 1990 minimum)<0ºC) Pune) 53 Warm Spell Duration WSDI Exposure Number of Analysis of PRECIS 1961- Indicator (Annual count of Days climate data (IITM, 1990 days with at least 6 Pune) consecutive days when maximum temperature>90th percentile) 54 Average annual rainfall RF Exposure mm Analysis of PRECIS 1961- climate data (IITM, 1990 Pune) SKMCCC, EPCO 153 No Indicators Abb Conceptual Unit Source Base Basis line Year 55 No. of Rainy Days RD Exposure Number of Analysis of PRECIS 1961- Days climate data (IITM, 1990 Pune) 56 Extremely Wet Days-Annual EWD Exposure mm Analysis of PRECIS 1961- total rainfall when climate data (IITM, 1990 rainfall>99th percentile Pune) 57 Consecutive Dry Days- CDD Exposure Number of Analysis of PRECIS 1961- maximum number of Days climate data (IITM, 1990 Consecutive Days With Pune) Rainfall Less Than 1 mm 58 Frequency of Drought DR Exposure Number of IIT Delhi, MoEF 1961- weeks (NATCOM) 1990 59 Flood discharge FL Exposure cumecs IIT Delhi, MoEF 1961- (NATCOM) 1990 Health 60 Percentage of People Having DH Sensitive Percentage Department of 2006 Diarrhoea Health & Family Welfare, Government of Madhya Pradesh 61 Index of Malaria MA Sensitive Number of http://www.nvbdcp. 2010 reported gov.in/images/Mad cases/Popul hyaPrd.jpg ation SKMCCC, EPCO 154 Notes .............................................................................................................................. .......................................................................................................................................... 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