Drinking Water Quality Monitoring & Surveillance Framework, 2021

WQMS Framework.cdr Drinking Water Quality Monitoring & Surveillance Framework Government of India Ministry of Jal Shak� Department of Drinking Water & Sanita�on Na�onal Jal Jeevan Mission Government of India Ministry of Jal Shak� Department of Drinking Water & Sanita�on Na�onal Jal Jeevan Mission Drinking Water Quality Monitoring & Surveillance Framework Government of India Ministry of Jal Shak� Department of Drinking Water & Sanita�on Na�onal Jal Jeevan Mission Drinking Water Quality Monitoring & Surveillance Framework The public health of the na�on rests on potable water as its founda�on. Ease of access to safe water would prevent lakhs of children's deaths. However, it is observed that over the years, the drinking water quality issues have emerged as a challenge in the rural areas. With 85% of the rural water supply dependent on groundwater, geogenic contaminants like the Arsenic, Fluoride, Iron and in some specific cases Uranium too, are posing serious health issues significantly reducing the achievement of full human poten�al. Increased surface water pollu�on, primarily due to untreated sewage, is leading to bacteriological contamina�on. Addressing the water quality, has to become a shared responsibility with Government, private sector and community coming together, signifying atmanirbhartha. To create an enabling environment for this, the Na�onal Jal Jeevan Mission, has come out with a comprehensive document for drinking water quality monitoring and surveillance framework. The framework advocates crea�on of an independent drinking water quality monitoring and surveillance mechanism in States, that would take advantage of the proposed new Water Quality Management Informa�on System, designed similar to the CoVid-19 tracking system, that would analyze data, track the vulnerable areas and alert the concerned to take remedial ac�on. The exis�ng financial assistance to States is retained under these new guidelines. This hybrid document lays down the road-map for the new genera�on water quality monitoring by harnessing the private sector efficiency for public good by encouraging Public Private and Public-Public partnership for infrastructure sharing. It also includes the protocol for opera�on of exis�ng water quality labs at different levels in States. The Na�onal Jal Jeevan Mission has already asked the States to allow the tes�ng of water samples from public in the Government labs. The framework would further strengthen this aspect. It is hoped, the document would be useful to States to meet their Cons�tu�onal mandate to deliver the safe water of adequate quan�ty, prescribed quality on a long-term basis to all. Foreword Gajendra Singh Sekhawat Union Minister, Jal Shakti The public health of the na�on rests on potable water as its founda�on. Ease of access to safe water would prevent lakhs of children's deaths. However, it is observed that over the years, the drinking water quality issues have emerged as a challenge in the rural areas. With 85% of the rural water supply dependent on groundwater, geogenic contaminants like the Arsenic, Fluoride, Iron and in some specific cases Uranium too, are posing serious health issues significantly reducing the achievement of full human poten�al. Increased surface water pollu�on, primarily due to untreated sewage, is leading to bacteriological contamina�on. Addressing the water quality, has to become a shared responsibility with Government, private sector and community coming together, signifying atmanirbhartha. To create an enabling environment for this, the Na�onal Jal Jeevan Mission, has come out with a comprehensive document for drinking water quality monitoring and surveillance framework. The framework advocates crea�on of an independent drinking water quality monitoring and surveillance mechanism in States, that would take advantage of the proposed new Water Quality Management Informa�on System, designed similar to the CoVid-19 tracking system, that would analyze data, track the vulnerable areas and alert the concerned to take remedial ac�on. The exis�ng financial assistance to States is retained under these new guidelines. This hybrid document lays down the road-map for the new genera�on water quality monitoring by harnessing the private sector efficiency for public good by encouraging Public Private and Public-Public partnership for infrastructure sharing. It also includes the protocol for opera�on of exis�ng water quality labs at different levels in States. The Na�onal Jal Jeevan Mission has already asked the States to allow the tes�ng of water samples from public in the Government labs. The framework would further strengthen this aspect. It is hoped, the document would be useful to States to meet their Cons�tu�onal mandate to deliver the safe water of adequate quan�ty, prescribed quality on a long-term basis to all. Foreword Gajendra Singh Sekhawat Union Minister, Jal Shakti The Hon'ble Prime Minister has �me and again emphasized the importance of water security for holis�c development of the na�on aided by community par�cipa�on. Providing safe water is a basic requirement to achieve public health. Towards this, the Na�onal Jal Jeevan Mission has now brought out new framework document for water quality monitoring and surveillance that inter alia includes a protocol for opera�on and maintenance of labs. A number of new ini�a�ves have been suggested like autonomous water quality tes�ng and monitoring mechanism, leveraging the strengths of public and private sectors for expanding the water quality tes�ng lab infrastructure, surveillance by community at Gram Panchayat level and comprehensive Water Quality Monitoring Informa�on System (WQMIS) database that would seamlessly integrate the above stakeholder efforts and act as a central nodal system for con�nuously tracking the quality of supplied water and pinpoin�ng the remedial ac�on by the concerned. The system would also aquire data from the IoT based monitoring of water quality taken up under the mission. With con�nued financial support to the States under Jal Jeevan Mission, the new framework would help the States to achieve the safe water supply service delivery to every rural household. Message Prahlad Singh Patel Union Minister of State, Jal Shakti The Hon'ble Prime Minister has �me and again emphasized the importance of water security for holis�c development of the na�on aided by community par�cipa�on. Providing safe water is a basic requirement to achieve public health. Towards this, the Na�onal Jal Jeevan Mission has now brought out new framework document for water quality monitoring and surveillance that inter alia includes a protocol for opera�on and maintenance of labs. A number of new ini�a�ves have been suggested like autonomous water quality tes�ng and monitoring mechanism, leveraging the strengths of public and private sectors for expanding the water quality tes�ng lab infrastructure, surveillance by community at Gram Panchayat level and comprehensive Water Quality Monitoring Informa�on System (WQMIS) database that would seamlessly integrate the above stakeholder efforts and act as a central nodal system for con�nuously tracking the quality of supplied water and pinpoin�ng the remedial ac�on by the concerned. The system would also aquire data from the IoT based monitoring of water quality taken up under the mission. With con�nued financial support to the States under Jal Jeevan Mission, the new framework would help the States to achieve the safe water supply service delivery to every rural household. Message Prahlad Singh Patel Union Minister of State, Jal Shakti Deteriora�ng water quality due to anthropogenic ac�vi�es is reducing the fresh water availability and increasing the efforts required to supply safe water. Acknowledging the challenges and gaps in the delivery of safe water, the Na�onal Jal Jeevan Mission has now come out with path- breaking policy reforms and protocol for water quality labs encapsulated in the form of framework document for water quality monitoring and surveillance. The reform processes required to be undertaken are segrega�ng the water supply service delivery and water quality monitoring func�ons currently carried out by the Water Supply Departments; expansion of water quality infrastructure with increased private sector par�cipa�on in se�ng up labs;opening of water quality labs for public; and integra�ng the individual water quality samples tested both by Government and public in official monitoring and management informa�on system to integrate, analyze and indicate the areas requiring a�en�on on real �me basis. The guidelines also have required protocol to meet moderniza- �on/ strengthening, accredita�on by NABL and day-to-day func�oning of water quality labs set up at various levels by States. The frameworks would act as a catalyst to boost the State/ UTs efforts to meet their water supply service delivery requirement. The funds under the Jal Jeevan Mission can be used for ac�vi�es men�oned and it is earnestly believed that States would take advantage of the reform process outlined, ensuring enhanced public health. Message Pankaj Kumar Secretary, Department of Drinking Water & Sanitation Deteriora�ng water quality due to anthropogenic ac�vi�es is reducing the fresh water availability and increasing the efforts required to supply safe water. Acknowledging the challenges and gaps in the delivery of safe water, the Na�onal Jal Jeevan Mission has now come out with path- breaking policy reforms and protocol for water quality labs encapsulated in the form of framework document for water quality monitoring and surveillance. The reform processes required to be undertaken are segrega�ng the water supply service delivery and water quality monitoring func�ons currently carried out by the Water Supply Departments; expansion of water quality infrastructure with increased private sector par�cipa�on in se�ng up labs;opening of water quality labs for public; and integra�ng the individual water quality samples tested both by Government and public in official monitoring and management informa�on system to integrate, analyze and indicate the areas requiring a�en�on on real �me basis. The guidelines also have required protocol to meet moderniza- �on/ strengthening, accredita�on by NABL and day-to-day func�oning of water quality labs set up at various levels by States. The frameworks would act as a catalyst to boost the State/ UTs efforts to meet their water supply service delivery requirement. The funds under the Jal Jeevan Mission can be used for ac�vi�es men�oned and it is earnestly believed that States would take advantage of the reform process outlined, ensuring enhanced public health. Message Pankaj Kumar Secretary, Department of Drinking Water & Sanitation The Na�onal Jal Jeevan Mission, in partnership with States, is working with a single-minded focus,scale and speed to deliver safe water supply service to rural households through Func�onal Household Tap Connec- �ons by 2024. Treading a path laden with legacy challenges, in 21 months period, 38.8%¹ of rural households ge�ng water from taps. All rural households in 4 States, 62 districts, 738 blocks and 90,322 villages across the na�on have already achieved 100% tap connected status. With increased focus on safe water service delivery, water quality has assumed importance in public health discourse. Water quality tes�ng is important for constant monitoring to ensure the potability of drinking water supplied; as a valida�on process to adhere to the BIS standards 10500-2012; monitoring the opera�on of water supply systems; inves�ga�on of disease outbreaks; and undertaking preven�ve measures. Surveillance ac�vi�es for the purpose of water quality management are undertaken to iden�fy and evaluate factors associated with drinking water which could pose a health risk. It is also both about detec�ng & preven�ve risks, so that, remedial ac�on can be taken before public health problems occur and iden�fying the contaminated water sources to take prompt correc�ve ac�on. Increasing geo-genic and biological contamina�on require not only technical solu�ons driven by States through infrastructure, but also par�cipa�on of community, ins�tu�ons, NGOs and private sector for sustaining these solu�ons.The bo�om-up approach of the Na�onal Jal Jeevan Mission, keeps community par�cipa�on at the center while designing the solu�ons. The same approach is adopted while preparing these guidelines. Public Health Engineering/ Rural Water Supply Departments have come a long way in India. Over a �me period, their primary focus is more on infrastructure crea�on followed by public health. This requires a reversion aided by reforms. Today, water supply service delivery agency is one that regulates itself by monitoring the water supplied by it. This brings in, at �mes, absence of accountability for safe water service delivery. A paradigm shi� is required to make the service delivery agency accountable. The Na�onal Jal Jeevan Mission has prepared a framework document for water quality monitoring and surveillance. This document rests on four reform pillars. They are i.) carving out an independent ins�tu�on within rural water supply agencies along with funds, func�ons and func�onar- ies to monitor the water quality; ii.) expansion/ strengthening of water quality tes�ng lab with accredita�on by bringing in partnerships (PPP, Preface Bharat Lal Addl. Secretary & Mission Director National Jal Jeevan Mission ¹ 7,45,69,751 households as on 30.5.2021 The Na�onal Jal Jeevan Mission, in partnership with States, is working with a single-minded focus,scale and speed to deliver safe water supply service to rural households through Func�onal Household Tap Connec- �ons by 2024. Treading a path laden with legacy challenges, in 21 months period, 38.8%¹ of rural households ge�ng water from taps. All rural households in 4 States, 62 districts, 738 blocks and 90,322 villages across the na�on have already achieved 100% tap connected status. With increased focus on safe water service delivery, water quality has assumed importance in public health discourse. Water quality tes�ng is important for constant monitoring to ensure the potability of drinking water supplied; as a valida�on process to adhere to the BIS standards 10500-2012; monitoring the opera�on of water supply systems; inves�ga�on of disease outbreaks; and undertaking preven�ve measures. Surveillance ac�vi�es for the purpose of water quality management are undertaken to iden�fy and evaluate factors associated with drinking water which could pose a health risk. It is also both about detec�ng & preven�ve risks, so that, remedial ac�on can be taken before public health problems occur and iden�fying the contaminated water sources to take prompt correc�ve ac�on. Increasing geo-genic and biological contamina�on require not only technical solu�ons driven by States through infrastructure, but also par�cipa�on of community, ins�tu�ons, NGOs and private sector for sustaining these solu�ons.The bo�om-up approach of the Na�onal Jal Jeevan Mission, keeps community par�cipa�on at the center while designing the solu�ons. The same approach is adopted while preparing these guidelines. Public Health Engineering/ Rural Water Supply Departments have come a long way in India. Over a �me period, their primary focus is more on infrastructure crea�on followed by public health. This requires a reversion aided by reforms. Today, water supply service delivery agency is one that regulates itself by monitoring the water supplied by it. This brings in, at �mes, absence of accountability for safe water service delivery. A paradigm shi� is required to make the service delivery agency accountable. The Na�onal Jal Jeevan Mission has prepared a framework document for water quality monitoring and surveillance. This document rests on four reform pillars. They are i.) carving out an independent ins�tu�on within rural water supply agencies along with funds, func�ons and func�onar- ies to monitor the water quality; ii.) expansion/ strengthening of water quality tes�ng lab with accredita�on by bringing in partnerships (PPP, Preface Bharat Lal Addl. Secretary & Mission Director National Jal Jeevan Mission ¹ 7,45,69,751 households as on 30.5.2021 Abbrevia�ons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Defini�ons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 1. Introduc�on . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 2. Background & current status . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 2.1 Situa�onal analysis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 2.2 Water quality issues across country. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 2.3 Challenges faced in water quality monitoring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 3. Public health and water quality standards, monitoring & surveillance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 3.1. Public health . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 3.2. Water quality standards. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 3.2.1 Important water quality parameters and their public health impact 3.3. Water quality monitoring & surveillance (WQMS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 4. Strategy for Water Quality Monitoring & Surveillance (WQMS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 4.1 Vision . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 4.2 Mission. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 4.3 Strategy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 5. Ins�tu�onal mechanism. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 5.1 Ins�tu�onal roles and responsibili�es . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 5.1.1 Na�onal level . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 5.1.2 State/ UT level. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 5.1.3 District level . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 5.1.4 Sub-divisional/ block level. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 5.1.5 Mobile drinking water quality tes�ng laboratory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 5.1.6 Gram Panchayat and/ or its sub-commi�ee, i.e. VWSC/ Pani Sami� . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 5.1.7 Implementa�on Support Agencies (ISAs) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 5.1.8 Sector partners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 5.1.9 Key Resource Centres (KRCs). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 5.1.10 Na�onal Centre for Drinking Water, Sanita�on and Quality (NCDWSQ). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 5.2 Requirement of Human Resource (HR) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 Table of Contents Public-Public, entrepreneurship model etc.); iii.) opening up of govern- ment water quality tes�ng labs for public use; and iv.) a robust manage- ment informa�on system capturing and analyzing the water quality test data emana�ng from government, public and IoT based water quality monitoring systems installed by States in the distribu�on network, to provide alerts for remedial ac�on. It includes water quality labs protocol so that it can serve as a comprehensive policy and prac�ce document. The founda�on for the reform lies in crea�ng partnerships among various stakeholders. They need to be provided capacity for performing their roles. State/UTs have to empower their Chemists/ Micro-biologists who perform the water quality tests at various labs. Best talent should be deployed in these labs and labs have to be accredited so that they have best prac�ces and standards. The NABL has opened a separate online service for expedi�ous accredita�on of labs and States have to u�lize the same. Our endeavour is to change the mindset of the community by restoring their confidence in public water supply and restrain them from using point-of-use water treatment units. The reform process outlined in the document would be closely moni- tored so that benefits flow to the rural popula�on and water quality is monitored using the WQMIS. Systems have to be put in place so that water quality alerts are followed up by remedial ac�on as per the protocol. This document, which is sugges�ve in nature, details a policy framework and guidelines for water quality monitoring and surveillance. It is hoped that document would be of immense use to the States/ UTs. They are requested to provide their feedback so that necessary changes can be built in the document both to improve it and to adapt for emerging challenges. Abbrevia�ons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Defini�ons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 1. Introduc�on . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 2. Background & current status . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 2.1 Situa�onal analysis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 2.2 Water quality issues across country. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 2.3 Challenges faced in water quality monitoring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 3. Public health and water quality standards, monitoring & surveillance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 3.1. Public health . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 3.2. Water quality standards. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 3.2.1 Important water quality parameters and their public health impact 3.3. Water quality monitoring & surveillance (WQMS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 4. Strategy for Water Quality Monitoring & Surveillance (WQMS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 4.1 Vision . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 4.2 Mission. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 4.3 Strategy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 5. Ins�tu�onal mechanism. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 5.1 Ins�tu�onal roles and responsibili�es . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 5.1.1 Na�onal level . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 5.1.2 State/ UT level. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 5.1.3 District level . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 5.1.4 Sub-divisional/ block level. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 5.1.5 Mobile drinking water quality tes�ng laboratory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 5.1.6 Gram Panchayat and/ or its sub-commi�ee, i.e. VWSC/ Pani Sami� . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 5.1.7 Implementa�on Support Agencies (ISAs) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 5.1.8 Sector partners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 5.1.9 Key Resource Centres (KRCs). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 5.1.10 Na�onal Centre for Drinking Water, Sanita�on and Quality (NCDWSQ). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 5.2 Requirement of Human Resource (HR) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 Table of Contents Public-Public, entrepreneurship model etc.); iii.) opening up of govern- ment water quality tes�ng labs for public use; and iv.) a robust manage- ment informa�on system capturing and analyzing the water quality test data emana�ng from government, public and IoT based water quality monitoring systems installed by States in the distribu�on network, to provide alerts for remedial ac�on. It includes water quality labs protocol so that it can serve as a comprehensive policy and prac�ce document. The founda�on for the reform lies in crea�ng partnerships among various stakeholders. They need to be provided capacity for performing their roles. State/UTs have to empower their Chemists/ Micro-biologists who perform the water quality tests at various labs. Best talent should be deployed in these labs and labs have to be accredited so that they have best prac�ces and standards. The NABL has opened a separate online service for expedi�ous accredita�on of labs and States have to u�lize the same. Our endeavour is to change the mindset of the community by restoring their confidence in public water supply and restrain them from using point-of-use water treatment units. The reform process outlined in the document would be closely moni- tored so that benefits flow to the rural popula�on and water quality is monitored using the WQMIS. Systems have to be put in place so that water quality alerts are followed up by remedial ac�on as per the protocol. This document, which is sugges�ve in nature, details a policy framework and guidelines for water quality monitoring and surveillance. It is hoped that document would be of immense use to the States/ UTs. They are requested to provide their feedback so that necessary changes can be built in the document both to improve it and to adapt for emerging challenges. 6. Strengthening water quality tes�ng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 6.1 Public-private partnerships and other possibili�es . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 6.2 Specifica�on for laboratory and other infrastructural requirements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 6.3 Water quality analysis requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 6.3.1 Methodology for sampling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 6.3.2 General guidelines/ precau�ons for collec�ng/ handling of drinking water samples . . . . . . . . 45 6.3.3 Collec�on of water samples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 6.3.4 Quan�ty of sample to be collected . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 6.3.5 Analy�cal quality assurance and quality control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 6.3.6 Water quality tes�ng using Field Test Kit (FTK) at Gram Panchayat/ village level . . . . . . . . . . . 49 6.3.7 Sanitary inspec�on . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 6.4 IEC and training ac�vi�es . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 6.5 Recording and repor�ng of data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 6.6 Safety measures to be followed in the laboratory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 6.6.1 Safety measures while handling hazardous chemicals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 6.6.2 Safety measures for neutralizing spills of hazardous chemicals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 6.6.3 Safety measures for opera�ng the equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 6.6.4 Using fire ex�nguishers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 6.6.5 First Aid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 6.6.6 Addi�onal safety/ hygiene requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 6.7 Waste management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 6.8 Turnaround �me . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 6.9 Tariff for tes�ng water samples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 6.10 Ra�ng of laboratories. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 7. Laboratory gap assessment and improvement plan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 7.1 Assessment - Human resources and training. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 7.1.1 Status of availability of laboratory staff at different levels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 7.1.2 Assessment: Training of staff 7.2 Physical infrastructure (accommoda�on and laboratory environment) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 7.2.1 Design of State/ district/ sub-division level laboratory prepared by State . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 7.2.2 Laboratory environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 7.3 Assessment - Equipment and instrumenta�on . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 7.3.1 Status of equipment/ instruments in district water quality laboratories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 7.3.2 Annual Maintenance Contract (AMC) mechanism for laboratories. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 7.4 Laboratory-wise areas of concern . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 7.5 Laboratory improvement plan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 8. NABL accredita�on . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 9. Water Quality Management Informa�on System (WQMIS). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 9.1 Data sharing and remedial ac�on . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 9.2 Monitoring through WQMIS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 9.2.1 Na�onal Jal Jeevan Mission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 9.2.2 State level . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 9.2.3 District level . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 9.2.4 Block/ sub-divisional level . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 9.2.5 Village level . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 10. Financial planning and funding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 11. Road ahead for assured water quality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 Books and Reference materials for WQMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 6. Strengthening water quality tes�ng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 6.1 Public-private partnerships and other possibili�es . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 6.2 Specifica�on for laboratory and other infrastructural requirements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 6.3 Water quality analysis requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 6.3.1 Methodology for sampling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 6.3.2 General guidelines/ precau�ons for collec�ng/ handling of drinking water samples . . . . . . . . 45 6.3.3 Collec�on of water samples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 6.3.4 Quan�ty of sample to be collected . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 6.3.5 Analy�cal quality assurance and quality control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 6.3.6 Water quality tes�ng using Field Test Kit (FTK) at Gram Panchayat/ village level . . . . . . . . . . . 49 6.3.7 Sanitary inspec�on . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 6.4 IEC and training ac�vi�es . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 6.5 Recording and repor�ng of data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 6.6 Safety measures to be followed in the laboratory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 6.6.1 Safety measures while handling hazardous chemicals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 6.6.2 Safety measures for neutralizing spills of hazardous chemicals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 6.6.3 Safety measures for opera�ng the equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 6.6.4 Using fire ex�nguishers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 6.6.5 First Aid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 6.6.6 Addi�onal safety/ hygiene requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 6.7 Waste management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 6.8 Turnaround �me . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 6.9 Tariff for tes�ng water samples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 6.10 Ra�ng of laboratories. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 7. Laboratory gap assessment and improvement plan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 7.1 Assessment - Human resources and training. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 7.1.1 Status of availability of laboratory staff at different levels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 7.1.2 Assessment: Training of staff 7.2 Physical infrastructure (accommoda�on and laboratory environment) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 7.2.1 Design of State/ district/ sub-division level laboratory prepared by State . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 7.2.2 Laboratory environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 7.3 Assessment - Equipment and instrumenta�on . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 7.3.1 Status of equipment/ instruments in district water quality laboratories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 7.3.2 Annual Maintenance Contract (AMC) mechanism for laboratories. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 7.4 Laboratory-wise areas of concern . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 7.5 Laboratory improvement plan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 8. NABL accredita�on . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 9. Water Quality Management Informa�on System (WQMIS). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 9.1 Data sharing and remedial ac�on . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 9.2 Monitoring through WQMIS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 9.2.1 Na�onal Jal Jeevan Mission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 9.2.2 State level . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 9.2.3 District level . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 9.2.4 Block/ sub-divisional level . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 9.2.5 Village level . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 10. Financial planning and funding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 11. Road ahead for assured water quality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 Books and Reference materials for WQMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 Abbreviations ADD Acute Diarrhoeal Disease AMC Annual Maintenance Contract APHA American Public Health Associa�on ASTM American Society for Tes�ng and Materials BCC Behavioural Change Communica�on BIS Bureau of Indian Standards CAMC Comprehensive Annual Maintenance Contract CGWB Central Ground Water Board CoE Centre of Excellence CWPP Community Water Purifica�on Plant DDWS Department of Drinking Water and Sanita�on DWQL District Water Quality Laboratory DWSM District Water & Sanita�on Mission DPIIT Department for Promo�on of Industry and Internal Trade FHTC Func�onal Household Tap Connec�on FTK Field Test Kit GeM Government e-Marketplace GP Gram Panchayat HR Human Resource ICMR Indian Council of Medical Research IEC Informa�on, Educa�on and Communica�on IMIS Integrated Monitoring Informa�on System IoT Internet of Things ISO Interna�onal Organiza�on for Standardisa�on ISA Implementa�on Support Agency JE/ AES Japanese Encephali�s/ Acute Encephali�s Syndrome (JE/ AES) JJM Jal Jeevan Mission LPCD Litres Per Capita per Day KRC Key Resource Centre NABL Na�onal Accredita�on Board for tes�ng and calibra�on Laboratories NCDWSQ Na�onal Centre for Drinking Water, Sanita�on and Quality NGO Non-Governmental Organisa�on NJJM Na�onal Jal Jeevan Mission NRDWP Na�onal Rural Drinking Water Programme NTU Nephelometric Turbidity Units O&M Opera�on & Maintenance P/ A Presence/ Absence PH Public Health PHE Public Health Engineering PPP Public Private Partnership PRI Panchaya� Raj Ins�tu�ons RWS Rural Water Supply SoP Standard Opera�ng Procedures SO Support Organisa�on SLSSC State-Level Scheme Sanc�oning Commi�ee SWSM State Water & Sanita�on Mission UDWQP Uniform Drinking Water Quality Protocol UT Union Territory VWSC Village Water & Sanita�on Commi�ee WQMS Water Quality Monitoring & Surveillance WQMIS Water Quality Management Informa�on System 1 Annexes I List of JE/ AES affected districts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 II Drinking water quality standards - Comparison of BIS 10500:2012 and WHO standards . . . . . . . . . . 84 III List of Parameters to be monitored at each level of laboratories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90 IV Best prac�ces and case studies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94 V Sugges�ve laboratory infrastructure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 VI Sugges�ve list of instruments requirement in laboratories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 VII List of equipments that can be used for tes�ng mul�ple water quality parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 VIII Calibra�on of instruments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 IX A sugges�ve list of glassware required . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107 X Standard methods and chemical required. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109 XI Sanitary Inspec�on form for piped water supply. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115 XII Criteria for ra�ng of laboratories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125 Abbreviations ADD Acute Diarrhoeal Disease AMC Annual Maintenance Contract APHA American Public Health Associa�on ASTM American Society for Tes�ng and Materials BCC Behavioural Change Communica�on BIS Bureau of Indian Standards CAMC Comprehensive Annual Maintenance Contract CGWB Central Ground Water Board CoE Centre of Excellence CWPP Community Water Purifica�on Plant DDWS Department of Drinking Water and Sanita�on DWQL District Water Quality Laboratory DWSM District Water & Sanita�on Mission DPIIT Department for Promo�on of Industry and Internal Trade FHTC Func�onal Household Tap Connec�on FTK Field Test Kit GeM Government e-Marketplace GP Gram Panchayat HR Human Resource ICMR Indian Council of Medical Research IEC Informa�on, Educa�on and Communica�on IMIS Integrated Monitoring Informa�on System IoT Internet of Things ISO Interna�onal Organiza�on for Standardisa�on ISA Implementa�on Support Agency JE/ AES Japanese Encephali�s/ Acute Encephali�s Syndrome (JE/ AES) JJM Jal Jeevan Mission LPCD Litres Per Capita per Day KRC Key Resource Centre NABL Na�onal Accredita�on Board for tes�ng and calibra�on Laboratories NCDWSQ Na�onal Centre for Drinking Water, Sanita�on and Quality NGO Non-Governmental Organisa�on NJJM Na�onal Jal Jeevan Mission NRDWP Na�onal Rural Drinking Water Programme NTU Nephelometric Turbidity Units O&M Opera�on & Maintenance P/ A Presence/ Absence PH Public Health PHE Public Health Engineering PPP Public Private Partnership PRI Panchaya� Raj Ins�tu�ons RWS Rural Water Supply SoP Standard Opera�ng Procedures SO Support Organisa�on SLSSC State-Level Scheme Sanc�oning Commi�ee SWSM State Water & Sanita�on Mission UDWQP Uniform Drinking Water Quality Protocol UT Union Territory VWSC Village Water & Sanita�on Commi�ee WQMS Water Quality Monitoring & Surveillance WQMIS Water Quality Management Informa�on System 1 Annexes I List of JE/ AES affected districts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 II Drinking water quality standards - Comparison of BIS 10500:2012 and WHO standards . . . . . . . . . . 84 III List of Parameters to be monitored at each level of laboratories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90 IV Best prac�ces and case studies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94 V Sugges�ve laboratory infrastructure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 VI Sugges�ve list of instruments requirement in laboratories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 VII List of equipments that can be used for tes�ng mul�ple water quality parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 VIII Calibra�on of instruments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 IX A sugges�ve list of glassware required . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107 X Standard methods and chemical required. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109 XI Sanitary Inspec�on form for piped water supply. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115 XII Criteria for ra�ng of laboratories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125 Definitions ¹ WHO defini�on ² Except pes�cide residue and bacteriological quality Drinking water sources Groundwater (Dug/ open wells, borewell, tube-well, handpump, etc.)/ surface water (spring, check-dam, river, lake, pond, reservoir, canal, infiltra�on gallery etc.)/ safely stored rainwater. Field Test Kit (FTK) A portable mul�-parameter kit used for examina�on of physico-chemical contamina�on as ini�al screening. H2S vials Hydrogen Sulphide (H2S) vials are used for ascertaining the presence/ absence (P/ A) of bacteria in water. Laboratory gap assessment Ac�vity undertaken to assess the gaps in laboratories against the suggested laboratory requirements as per the WQMS framework document. Laboratory improvement plan Plan devised to improve the laboratory func�oning as per the WQMS framework document with a prescribed �meline. NABL accredited laboratories Water quality tes�ng laboratories accredited by Na�onal Accredita�on Board for Tes�ng and Calibra�on Laboratories (NABL). Public health Public health refers¹ to all organised measures (whether public or private) to prevent disease, promote health, and prolong life. A Public Health official is responsible for providing condi�ons in which people can live a healthy life. Sanitary inspec�on An on-site inspec�on of a water supply facility to iden�fy actual and poten�al sources of biological contamina�on. The physical structure and opera�on of the system and external environmental factors (such as a toilet loca�on) are evaluated. This informa�on is used to decide appropriate remedial ac�on to improve/ protect the drinking water source and supply system. Sanitary inspec�ons are to be carried out for all new and exis�ng sources of drinking/ domes�c water supply. Water quality refers to physical, chemical, biological and radiological characteris�cs of water. The Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) has specified safe drinking water quality standards (IS 10500:2012). These standards have two limits²— ‘acceptable limits’ and ‘permissible limits in the absence of an alternate source’. Water quality hotspots The water sources where the concentra�on of chemical contaminants is found to be at the border line, i.e. a li�le lower than the permissible limit as prescribed in BIS: 10500. 3 Definitions ¹ WHO defini�on ² Except pes�cide residue and bacteriological quality Drinking water sources Groundwater (Dug/ open wells, borewell, tube-well, handpump, etc.)/ surface water (spring, check-dam, river, lake, pond, reservoir, canal, infiltra�on gallery etc.)/ safely stored rainwater. Field Test Kit (FTK) A portable mul�-parameter kit used for examina�on of physico-chemical contamina�on as ini�al screening. H2S vials Hydrogen Sulphide (H2S) vials are used for ascertaining the presence/ absence (P/ A) of bacteria in water. Laboratory gap assessment Ac�vity undertaken to assess the gaps in laboratories against the suggested laboratory requirements as per the WQMS framework document. Laboratory improvement plan Plan devised to improve the laboratory func�oning as per the WQMS framework document with a prescribed �meline. NABL accredited laboratories Water quality tes�ng laboratories accredited by Na�onal Accredita�on Board for Tes�ng and Calibra�on Laboratories (NABL). Public health Public health refers¹ to all organised measures (whether public or private) to prevent disease, promote health, and prolong life. A Public Health official is responsible for providing condi�ons in which people can live a healthy life. Sanitary inspec�on An on-site inspec�on of a water supply facility to iden�fy actual and poten�al sources of biological contamina�on. The physical structure and opera�on of the system and external environmental factors (such as a toilet loca�on) are evaluated. This informa�on is used to decide appropriate remedial ac�on to improve/ protect the drinking water source and supply system. Sanitary inspec�ons are to be carried out for all new and exis�ng sources of drinking/ domes�c water supply. Water quality refers to physical, chemical, biological and radiological characteris�cs of water. The Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) has specified safe drinking water quality standards (IS 10500:2012). These standards have two limits²— ‘acceptable limits’ and ‘permissible limits in the absence of an alternate source’. Water quality hotspots The water sources where the concentra�on of chemical contaminants is found to be at the border line, i.e. a li�le lower than the permissible limit as prescribed in BIS: 10500. 3 5 thJal Jeevan Mission, announced on 15 August, 2019 is under implementa�on in partnership with States to make provision of assured tap water supply in ade- quate quan�ty, of prescribed quality, with adequate pressure, on a regular and long-term basis in all rural households and public ins�tu�ons, viz. schools, anganwadi centres, ashramshalas (tribal residen�al hostels), public/ community health centres, sub- centres, wellness centres, community centres, panchayat offices, etc. by 2024. Assured water supply in homes is directly linked with improved public health and economic well-being of people, as it reduces incidences of water-borne diseases and provides them �me to invest in income-genera�on ac�vi�es. It also improves the quality of life and enhances 'ease of living' by relieving people, especially women and children, from drudgery in fetching water from sources at a distance, especially in isolated, forested, and hilly areas, carrying heavy loads mul�ple �mes during a day; and by reducing the urban-rural gap. Under Jal Jeevan Mission (JJM), the aim is to provide a Func�onal Household Tap Connec�on (FHTC) ensuring 'no one is le� out'. The func�onality of the tap is defined in terms of quan�ty, quality, pressure, and regularity of water supply. In 2019, out of about 18.93 Crore households in rural areas, only about 3.23 Crore (17%) had tap water connec�ons. Thus, 83% of rural households are to be provided with tap water supply by 2024. In addi�on, the exis�ng tap water connec�ons are also to be made JJM compliant. This is the 'speed and scale' at which JJM is being implemented. How- ever, JJM is not about 'mere infrastructure crea�on' but focus is on 'ensuring water service delivery in every household'. It is about achieving long-term drinking water security in villages in such a way as to avoid making emergency arrangements through deploy- ment of tankers or trains, handpump installa�on, etc. in rural areas. It is a program that intends to 'make water everyone's business', by involving all stake- holders and turning it into a 'Jan Andolan' - a people's movement on water, by building local water u�li�es. The year 2020 onwards has become challenging for our communi�es and systems tes�ng the collec�ve resilience. CoVid–19 pandemic has resulted in the loss of lives as well as livelihoods. Government of India and State Governments/ UT Administra�ons in unison have been taking several preven�ve measures to contain the spread of the virus. Frequent washing of hands with soap and social distancing were recognised among the most efficient and effec�ve measures in controlling the spread of the virus. In this period, public health captured the imagina�on of people, and everyone realised the importance of preven�ve health care. It also made people realise that instead of fetching water from a public source, piped water supply into household is a be�er op�on in ensuring their safety, as it will reduce crowding around public water sources. People also realised that during a lockdown or when the whole family is in quaran�ne, fetching water from a public source poses a huge challenge. This realisa�on brought a sense of urgency to ensure potable tap water supply in adequate quan�ty in all households and public ins�tu�ons. Most importantly, it has presented the importance of regular tes�ng and the need for quality, affordable and accessible laboratory network. ³ Water quality monitoring - A prac�cal guide to the design and implementa�on of freshwater quality studies and monitoring programmes 1. Introduction Water quality monitoring Laboratory and field tes�ng of water samples collected from water sources and tap connec�ons by the agency responsible for rural water supply. Water quality monitoring is defined by the Interna�onal Organiza�on for Standardiza�on (ISO) as: ‘the programmed process of sampling, measurement and subsequent recording or signalling, or both, of various water characteris�cs, o�en with the aim of accessing conformity to specified objec�ves.’³ Water quality surveillance A regular ac�vity to be undertaken by Gram Panchayat and/ or its sub-commi�ee, i.e. VWSC/ Pani Sami�/ User Group, etc. or schools/ anganwadi centres using Field Test Kits (FTKs) and similar assessments to iden�fy and evaluate factors associated with drinking water which could pose a risk to health. Surveillance is regular, specific measurement and observa�on for the purpose of water quality management and opera�onal ac�vi�es. Jal Sakhi/ Jal agua, etc. Five women, viz. local health worker/ ASHA worker, GP/ VWSC/ Pani Sami� member, SHG member/ leader, AWC teacher/ helper, etc. trained in every village to test water quality using Field Test Kits (FTKs), undertake the surveillance ac�vi�es and upload the data/ report on Water Quality Management Informa�on System (WQMIS). WQMIS An online tool for water tes�ng created, maintained and regularly monitored for inves�ga�ng and tracking the quality of drinking water supplied. The data analy�cs used in WQMIS also aim to support the preven�ve measures to be taken for aver�ng water-borne disease outbreaks. 5 thJal Jeevan Mission, announced on 15 August, 2019 is under implementa�on in partnership with States to make provision of assured tap water supply in ade- quate quan�ty, of prescribed quality, with adequate pressure, on a regular and long-term basis in all rural households and public ins�tu�ons, viz. schools, anganwadi centres, ashramshalas (tribal residen�al hostels), public/ community health centres, sub- centres, wellness centres, community centres, panchayat offices, etc. by 2024. Assured water supply in homes is directly linked with improved public health and economic well-being of people, as it reduces incidences of water-borne diseases and provides them �me to invest in income-genera�on ac�vi�es. It also improves the quality of life and enhances 'ease of living' by relieving people, especially women and children, from drudgery in fetching water from sources at a distance, especially in isolated, forested, and hilly areas, carrying heavy loads mul�ple �mes during a day; and by reducing the urban-rural gap. Under Jal Jeevan Mission (JJM), the aim is to provide a Func�onal Household Tap Connec�on (FHTC) ensuring 'no one is le� out'. The func�onality of the tap is defined in terms of quan�ty, quality, pressure, and regularity of water supply. In 2019, out of about 18.93 Crore households in rural areas, only about 3.23 Crore (17%) had tap water connec�ons. Thus, 83% of rural households are to be provided with tap water supply by 2024. In addi�on, the exis�ng tap water connec�ons are also to be made JJM compliant. This is the 'speed and scale' at which JJM is being implemented. How- ever, JJM is not about 'mere infrastructure crea�on' but focus is on 'ensuring water service delivery in every household'. It is about achieving long-term drinking water security in villages in such a way as to avoid making emergency arrangements through deploy- ment of tankers or trains, handpump installa�on, etc. in rural areas. It is a program that intends to 'make water everyone's business', by involving all stake- holders and turning it into a 'Jan Andolan' - a people's movement on water, by building local water u�li�es. The year 2020 onwards has become challenging for our communi�es and systems tes�ng the collec�ve resilience. CoVid–19 pandemic has resulted in the loss of lives as well as livelihoods. Government of India and State Governments/ UT Administra�ons in unison have been taking several preven�ve measures to contain the spread of the virus. Frequent washing of hands with soap and social distancing were recognised among the most efficient and effec�ve measures in controlling the spread of the virus. In this period, public health captured the imagina�on of people, and everyone realised the importance of preven�ve health care. It also made people realise that instead of fetching water from a public source, piped water supply into household is a be�er op�on in ensuring their safety, as it will reduce crowding around public water sources. People also realised that during a lockdown or when the whole family is in quaran�ne, fetching water from a public source poses a huge challenge. This realisa�on brought a sense of urgency to ensure potable tap water supply in adequate quan�ty in all households and public ins�tu�ons. Most importantly, it has presented the importance of regular tes�ng and the need for quality, affordable and accessible laboratory network. ³ Water quality monitoring - A prac�cal guide to the design and implementa�on of freshwater quality studies and monitoring programmes 1. Introduction Water quality monitoring Laboratory and field tes�ng of water samples collected from water sources and tap connec�ons by the agency responsible for rural water supply. Water quality monitoring is defined by the Interna�onal Organiza�on for Standardiza�on (ISO) as: ‘the programmed process of sampling, measurement and subsequent recording or signalling, or both, of various water characteris�cs, o�en with the aim of accessing conformity to specified objec�ves.’³ Water quality surveillance A regular ac�vity to be undertaken by Gram Panchayat and/ or its sub-commi�ee, i.e. VWSC/ Pani Sami�/ User Group, etc. or schools/ anganwadi centres using Field Test Kits (FTKs) and similar assessments to iden�fy and evaluate factors associated with drinking water which could pose a risk to health. Surveillance is regular, specific measurement and observa�on for the purpose of water quality management and opera�onal ac�vi�es. Jal Sakhi/ Jal agua, etc. Five women, viz. local health worker/ ASHA worker, GP/ VWSC/ Pani Sami� member, SHG member/ leader, AWC teacher/ helper, etc. trained in every village to test water quality using Field Test Kits (FTKs), undertake the surveillance ac�vi�es and upload the data/ report on Water Quality Management Informa�on System (WQMIS). WQMIS An online tool for water tes�ng created, maintained and regularly monitored for inves�ga�ng and tracking the quality of drinking water supplied. The data analy�cs used in WQMIS also aim to support the preven�ve measures to be taken for aver�ng water-borne disease outbreaks. 7 Drinking Water Quality Monitoring & Surveillance Framework 6 Similarly, water tes�ng has gained trac�on for its importance in monitoring the opera�on of water supply, verifica�on of the safety of drinking water, inves�ga�on of disease outbreaks, valida�on process and preven�ve measures. Thus, Water Quality Monitoring & Surveillance (WQMS) is given topmost priority under JJM. Water quality tes�ng tools are to be used for deciding safety of drinking water: at the source; within a piped distribu�on system; or at the delivery point. Drinking water quality monitoring and water quality surveillance are dis�nct yet, closely related ac�vi�es. Following the 'service delivery' approach, the drinking water quality is to be 'monitored' by the Public Health Engineering Department (PHED)/ Rural Water Supply (RWS) Department, i.e. supplier/ agency responsible to make provision of assured tap water supply, whereas the 'surveillance' of water quality at grass roots is the responsibility of the Gram Panchayats (GPs) and/ or its sub-commi�ee, i.e. Village Water & Sanita�on Commi�ee (VWSC)/ Pani Sami�. Regular tes�ng of water supplied by PHEDs/ water u�li�es is a prerequisite of potable water supply to households and public ins�tu�ons. However, educa�ng communi�es about Water, Sanita�on, and Hygiene (WASH) and the ill-effect of contaminated water on the human body, especially in infants, children, immune-compromised people and pregnant women is cri�cal for public health. Thus, training and educa�ng local village communi�es, including children in schools, to test water samples and surveil- lance of water sources as well as water at delivery points in homes and aler�ng people about possible contamina�on to prevent water-borne diseases are the most cri�cal steps. Thus, to ensure long-term assured service delivery, the most cri�cal work through JJM is to bring awareness among all stakeholders, especially public health engineers, village communi�es, GPs/ VWSCs/ Pani Sami�s, etc., in following the modern public u�lity approach so as to generate confidence in the public to consume water directly from tap. Building this confi- dence requires a transparent and responsive system with technological innova�ons such as sensor-based IoTs which provide automa�c data on water supply quan�ty, quality and regularity. The data accessible to GPs/ VWSCs, local community and PHEDs alike is to be used to address any grievances, monitor the water supply and test water regularly. It is also necessary to have an assessment of drinking water quality for informed policy and programme. Surveillance ac�vi- �es in water quality management iden�fy and evaluate factors that can pose a health risk and thereby enable preven�ve/ remedial ac�on to ensure potability of water. Such an established system will lead the villages towards becoming WASH enlightened villages and significantly reduce the risk of water- borne diseases, if not eliminate them completely. In many States/ UTs, drinking water supply agencies, i.e. PHE/ RWS department look a�er both supply of water and its surveillance. However, a separate cadre of employees (chemists) monitor the water quality and report to the engineers-in-charge of water supply. To build trust, the situa�on demands de-coupling of these two func�ons as well as func�onaries and making water quality monitoring and surveillance an independent func�on with required autonomy, i.e., funds, func�ons and func�onaries at every level, i.e., State/ UT/ district/ sub-division/ block. This is required for upholding the accountability of the Department/ Agency/ Nigam/ Board to supply safe water. The exis�ng water quality tes�ng laboratories are to be equipped with the State-of-the-art automated tes�ng instruments that can test mul�ple parameters in such a way that involvement of manual opera�ons during quality tes�ng are minimal and the turn-around �me for tes�ng the samples is significantly brought down. This would also help to test more samples. This framework prepared a�er several discussions with States/ UTs and other stakeholders, aims to facilitate in water quality tes�ng, monitoring and surveillance ac�vi�es effec�vely. With flexibility given to States/ UTs, this document aims to provide handholding technical support to PHE/ RWS Depart- ments as follows: i.) overall strategy to strengthen water quality monitoring and surveillance with a road map and collec�ve vision of improving public health; ii.) se�ng-up, up grada�on and strengthening of drinking water quality tes�ng laboratories at State/ UT, District and Sub-division/ block level including mobile water quality tes�ng laborato- ries; iii.) providing guidance to personnel at different managerial levels in water quality tes�ng, monitoring, data interpreta�on and repor�ng; iv.) involving Panchaya� Raj Ins�tu�ons (PRIs)/ community and empowering community on water quality monitoring and surveillance issues; v.) genera�ng awareness amongst community on importance of water quality tes�ng and not to consume water for cooking and drinking pur- poses from the contaminated sources; vi.) empowering communi�es to conduct sanitary surveys and indica�ve tes�ng of drinking water at grassroots; vii.) pre-defined roster of sources; viii.) third-party verifica�on; ix.) correc�ve ac�ons for contaminants by iden�fying safe source and iden�fying suitable treatment technologies; and x.) guidance for NABL accredita�on of drinking water tes�ng laboratories as per IS/ ISO/ IEC:17025:2017. 7 Drinking Water Quality Monitoring & Surveillance Framework 6 Similarly, water tes�ng has gained trac�on for its importance in monitoring the opera�on of water supply, verifica�on of the safety of drinking water, inves�ga�on of disease outbreaks, valida�on process and preven�ve measures. Thus, Water Quality Monitoring & Surveillance (WQMS) is given topmost priority under JJM. Water quality tes�ng tools are to be used for deciding safety of drinking water: at the source; within a piped distribu�on system; or at the delivery point. Drinking water quality monitoring and water quality surveillance are dis�nct yet, closely related ac�vi�es. Following the 'service delivery' approach, the drinking water quality is to be 'monitored' by the Public Health Engineering Department (PHED)/ Rural Water Supply (RWS) Department, i.e. supplier/ agency responsible to make provision of assured tap water supply, whereas the 'surveillance' of water quality at grass roots is the responsibility of the Gram Panchayats (GPs) and/ or its sub-commi�ee, i.e. Village Water & Sanita�on Commi�ee (VWSC)/ Pani Sami�. Regular tes�ng of water supplied by PHEDs/ water u�li�es is a prerequisite of potable water supply to households and public ins�tu�ons. However, educa�ng communi�es about Water, Sanita�on, and Hygiene (WASH) and the ill-effect of contaminated water on the human body, especially in infants, children, immune-compromised people and pregnant women is cri�cal for public health. Thus, training and educa�ng local village communi�es, including children in schools, to test water samples and surveil- lance of water sources as well as water at delivery points in homes and aler�ng people about possible contamina�on to prevent water-borne diseases are the most cri�cal steps. Thus, to ensure long-term assured service delivery, the most cri�cal work through JJM is to bring awareness among all stakeholders, especially public health engineers, village communi�es, GPs/ VWSCs/ Pani Sami�s, etc., in following the modern public u�lity approach so as to generate confidence in the public to consume water directly from tap. Building this confi- dence requires a transparent and responsive system with technological innova�ons such as sensor-based IoTs which provide automa�c data on water supply quan�ty, quality and regularity. The data accessible to GPs/ VWSCs, local community and PHEDs alike is to be used to address any grievances, monitor the water supply and test water regularly. It is also necessary to have an assessment of drinking water quality for informed policy and programme. Surveillance ac�vi- �es in water quality management iden�fy and evaluate factors that can pose a health risk and thereby enable preven�ve/ remedial ac�on to ensure potability of water. Such an established system will lead the villages towards becoming WASH enlightened villages and significantly reduce the risk of water- borne diseases, if not eliminate them completely. In many States/ UTs, drinking water supply agencies, i.e. PHE/ RWS department look a�er both supply of water and its surveillance. However, a separate cadre of employees (chemists) monitor the water quality and report to the engineers-in-charge of water supply. To build trust, the situa�on demands de-coupling of these two func�ons as well as func�onaries and making water quality monitoring and surveillance an independent func�on with required autonomy, i.e., funds, func�ons and func�onaries at every level, i.e., State/ UT/ district/ sub-division/ block. This is required for upholding the accountability of the Department/ Agency/ Nigam/ Board to supply safe water. The exis�ng water quality tes�ng laboratories are to be equipped with the State-of-the-art automated tes�ng instruments that can test mul�ple parameters in such a way that involvement of manual opera�ons during quality tes�ng are minimal and the turn-around �me for tes�ng the samples is significantly brought down. This would also help to test more samples. This framework prepared a�er several discussions with States/ UTs and other stakeholders, aims to facilitate in water quality tes�ng, monitoring and surveillance ac�vi�es effec�vely. With flexibility given to States/ UTs, this document aims to provide handholding technical support to PHE/ RWS Depart- ments as follows: i.) overall strategy to strengthen water quality monitoring and surveillance with a road map and collec�ve vision of improving public health; ii.) se�ng-up, up grada�on and strengthening of drinking water quality tes�ng laboratories at State/ UT, District and Sub-division/ block level including mobile water quality tes�ng laborato- ries; iii.) providing guidance to personnel at different managerial levels in water quality tes�ng, monitoring, data interpreta�on and repor�ng; iv.) involving Panchaya� Raj Ins�tu�ons (PRIs)/ community and empowering community on water quality monitoring and surveillance issues; v.) genera�ng awareness amongst community on importance of water quality tes�ng and not to consume water for cooking and drinking pur- poses from the contaminated sources; vi.) empowering communi�es to conduct sanitary surveys and indica�ve tes�ng of drinking water at grassroots; vii.) pre-defined roster of sources; viii.) third-party verifica�on; ix.) correc�ve ac�ons for contaminants by iden�fying safe source and iden�fying suitable treatment technologies; and x.) guidance for NABL accredita�on of drinking water tes�ng laboratories as per IS/ ISO/ IEC:17025:2017. 9 Drinking Water Quality Monitoring & Surveillance Framework 8 The first case of Fluoride was found in Nalgonda in 1937. Rural drinking water supply programmes are being implemented in the country since 1954, star�ng with the Na�onal Water Supply Programme⁴. It was followed by many policy ini�a�ves including focus on areas endemic with water-borne diseases. Focus on water quality including parasi�c contamina�on, Fluoride, Iron and Salinity was highlighted for the first �me in the Eighth Five Year Plan (1992-97). In 1997, Water Quality Monitoring and Surveillance (WQMS) system was first ins�tu�onalized.⁵ In 2002, Water Quality Monitoring & Surveillance (WQMS) was later men�oned as an ac�vity under community communica�on campaign in Swajaldhara guidelines. In 2009, Na�onal Rural Drinking Water Quality Monitoring & Surveillance (NRDWQM&S) was specified as a key ac�vity under support ac�vity fund of 'Na�onal Rural Drinking Water Programme' (NRDWP) guidelines. The objec�ve of NRDWQM&S was to enable communi�es to monitor and maintain surveillance on their drinking water sources and 5% of NRDWP fund on a 100% Central share basis was to be used for different support ac�vi�es including WQMS. In 2013, changes were introduced under WQMS component of Na�onal Rural Drinking Water Programme (NRDWP) to provide a greater thrust on water quality especially Japanese Encephali�s (JE)/ Acute Encephali�s Syndrome (AES)-affected areas, se�ng up/ upgrada�on of district/ sub-district water quality tes�ng laboratories, supply of FTKs/ refills and training to grassroot workers, etc. for which 3% of fund was earmarked. The guideline also emphasised on NRHM provision of tes�ng water quality (biological parameters) at Primary Health Centres (PHCs) and how such facili�es, along with other laboratories in schools/ colleges may be used for the programme. Also, a uniform drinking water quality protocol was published in the same year. In 2017, the revised NRDWP guidelines increased WQMS fund use to upto 5% and introduced State share, viz. 90:10 for NE and Himalayan states and 60:40 for other states. With the announcement of JJM in August, 2019 having a huge es�mated outlay of Rs.3.60 lakh Crore, the WQMS component was subsumed from erstwhile NRDWP and the fund to be made available to States/ UTs is up to 2% of alloca�on, and the focus is now on improving overall public health by developing local water u�li�es. PHEDs are strengthened on water quality monitoring and communi�es are trained on water quality surveillance under the mission. Further, five women from every village, i.e. ASHA worker, Anganwadi worker, School teacher, GP member, social worker, etc. are being trained on water quality tes�ng using Field Test Kits (FTKs), undertaking sanitary inspec�ons, uploading data online, etc. ⁴ Chapter 2 of the opera�onal guidelines for the implementa�on of JJM ⁵ Pal, B. (2012). Five year plans and rural water supply in India: A cri�cal analysis. Developing Country Studies, 2(3) 2.1 Situational analysis The current number of laboratories situated at various levels is as under: State/ UT laboratories Regional laboratories District laboratories Sub-division laboratories Block laboratories Mobile laboratories Total laboratories 31 22 644 923 333 58 2,011 Source: WQMIS Under the Uniform Drinking Water Quality Protocol (UDWQP), targets for water quality monitoring were fixed for various levels of laboratories. For various reasons inter alia infrastructure, HR, fund, etc., the water samples tested were below the set targets. Standardiza�on of different levels of laboratories cer�fied through NABL accredita�on was slow. These laboratories were tes�ng the samples collected by Government agencies and there was a limited access to public to test their water samples. At the start of the Jal Jeevan Mission in August, 2019, only around 50 laboratories across country were NABL accredited. At the village level, mandatory annual water quality tes�ng using Field Test Kits (FTKs) by the community was sporadic due to non-availability of these kits/ reagents, lack of community ownership, awareness and training, etc. In order to address these challenges, the mission has come out with a robust ac�on plan and funding for water quality monitoring and surveillance, especially w.r.t improving infrastructure and func�oning, developing local leadership through awareness and training, ge�ng NABL accredita�on of all laboratories, etc. 2.2 Water quality issues across country Chemical and bacteriological contamina�ons have mul�ple health impacts. An excessive amount of Fluoride in drinking water exposes people to risks of crippling skeletal and/ or dental fluorosis. Long-term consump�on of water contaminated with Arsenic leads to Arsenic poisoning or Arsenicosis, cancer of the skin, bladder, kidney, lung or diseases of the skin (colour changes and hard patches on palms and soles), blood vessels of legs and feet. A very high concentra- �on of heavy metals in drinking water can lead to poisoning. Bacteriological (pathogens, bacteria, etc.) contamina�on of drinking water leads to diseases like cholera, dysentery, diarrhoea, typhoid, etc., which have an immediate impact on human body in terms of morbidity and some�mes lead to even mortality. Presence of Uranium has been observed in 18 States. The IMIS maintained by Department of Drinking Water and Sanita�on (DDWS) monitors drinking water sources having water quality issues mainly chemical contaminants such as Arsenic, Fluoride, Iron, Nitrate, Salinity and heavy metals as reported by states. Arsenic Fluoride Salinity Iron Nitrate Heavy Metals 10 States 20 States 17 States 28 States 17 States 3 States Presence of water quality contamination hotspots across country as reported by States/ UTs Source: JJM-IMIS 2. Background & current status 9 Drinking Water Quality Monitoring & Surveillance Framework 8 The first case of Fluoride was found in Nalgonda in 1937. Rural drinking water supply programmes are being implemented in the country since 1954, star�ng with the Na�onal Water Supply Programme⁴. It was followed by many policy ini�a�ves including focus on areas endemic with water-borne diseases. Focus on water quality including parasi�c contamina�on, Fluoride, Iron and Salinity was highlighted for the first �me in the Eighth Five Year Plan (1992-97). In 1997, Water Quality Monitoring and Surveillance (WQMS) system was first ins�tu�onalized.⁵ In 2002, Water Quality Monitoring & Surveillance (WQMS) was later men�oned as an ac�vity under community communica�on campaign in Swajaldhara guidelines. In 2009, Na�onal Rural Drinking Water Quality Monitoring & Surveillance (NRDWQM&S) was specified as a key ac�vity under support ac�vity fund of 'Na�onal Rural Drinking Water Programme' (NRDWP) guidelines. The objec�ve of NRDWQM&S was to enable communi�es to monitor and maintain surveillance on their drinking water sources and 5% of NRDWP fund on a 100% Central share basis was to be used for different support ac�vi�es including WQMS. In 2013, changes were introduced under WQMS component of Na�onal Rural Drinking Water Programme (NRDWP) to provide a greater thrust on water quality especially Japanese Encephali�s (JE)/ Acute Encephali�s Syndrome (AES)-affected areas, se�ng up/ upgrada�on of district/ sub-district water quality tes�ng laboratories, supply of FTKs/ refills and training to grassroot workers, etc. for which 3% of fund was earmarked. The guideline also emphasised on NRHM provision of tes�ng water quality (biological parameters) at Primary Health Centres (PHCs) and how such facili�es, along with other laboratories in schools/ colleges may be used for the programme. Also, a uniform drinking water quality protocol was published in the same year. In 2017, the revised NRDWP guidelines increased WQMS fund use to upto 5% and introduced State share, viz. 90:10 for NE and Himalayan states and 60:40 for other states. With the announcement of JJM in August, 2019 having a huge es�mated outlay of Rs.3.60 lakh Crore, the WQMS component was subsumed from erstwhile NRDWP and the fund to be made available to States/ UTs is up to 2% of alloca�on, and the focus is now on improving overall public health by developing local water u�li�es. PHEDs are strengthened on water quality monitoring and communi�es are trained on water quality surveillance under the mission. Further, five women from every village, i.e. ASHA worker, Anganwadi worker, School teacher, GP member, social worker, etc. are being trained on water quality tes�ng using Field Test Kits (FTKs), undertaking sanitary inspec�ons, uploading data online, etc. ⁴ Chapter 2 of the opera�onal guidelines for the implementa�on of JJM ⁵ Pal, B. (2012). Five year plans and rural water supply in India: A cri�cal analysis. Developing Country Studies, 2(3) 2.1 Situational analysis The current number of laboratories situated at various levels is as under: State/ UT laboratories Regional laboratories District laboratories Sub-division laboratories Block laboratories Mobile laboratories Total laboratories 31 22 644 923 333 58 2,011 Source: WQMIS Under the Uniform Drinking Water Quality Protocol (UDWQP), targets for water quality monitoring were fixed for various levels of laboratories. For various reasons inter alia infrastructure, HR, fund, etc., the water samples tested were below the set targets. Standardiza�on of different levels of laboratories cer�fied through NABL accredita�on was slow. These laboratories were tes�ng the samples collected by Government agencies and there was a limited access to public to test their water samples. At the start of the Jal Jeevan Mission in August, 2019, only around 50 laboratories across country were NABL accredited. At the village level, mandatory annual water quality tes�ng using Field Test Kits (FTKs) by the community was sporadic due to non-availability of these kits/ reagents, lack of community ownership, awareness and training, etc. In order to address these challenges, the mission has come out with a robust ac�on plan and funding for water quality monitoring and surveillance, especially w.r.t improving infrastructure and func�oning, developing local leadership through awareness and training, ge�ng NABL accredita�on of all laboratories, etc. 2.2 Water quality issues across country Chemical and bacteriological contamina�ons have mul�ple health impacts. An excessive amount of Fluoride in drinking water exposes people to risks of crippling skeletal and/ or dental fluorosis. Long-term consump�on of water contaminated with Arsenic leads to Arsenic poisoning or Arsenicosis, cancer of the skin, bladder, kidney, lung or diseases of the skin (colour changes and hard patches on palms and soles), blood vessels of legs and feet. A very high concentra- �on of heavy metals in drinking water can lead to poisoning. Bacteriological (pathogens, bacteria, etc.) contamina�on of drinking water leads to diseases like cholera, dysentery, diarrhoea, typhoid, etc., which have an immediate impact on human body in terms of morbidity and some�mes lead to even mortality. Presence of Uranium has been observed in 18 States. The IMIS maintained by Department of Drinking Water and Sanita�on (DDWS) monitors drinking water sources having water quality issues mainly chemical contaminants such as Arsenic, Fluoride, Iron, Nitrate, Salinity and heavy metals as reported by states. Arsenic Fluoride Salinity Iron Nitrate Heavy Metals 10 States 20 States 17 States 28 States 17 States 3 States Presence of water quality contamination hotspots across country as reported by States/ UTs Source: JJM-IMIS 2. Background & current status 11 Drinking Water Quality Monitoring & Surveillance Framework 10 ⁶ Na�onal Compila�on of Dynamic Groundwater Resources of India, 2017, by Central Ground Water Board, DoWR, RD & GR ⁷ Groundwater quality in shallow aquifers in India, 2018 ⁸ The hydraulic integrity of a water distribu�on system represents the capacity to provide reliable quan��es of water at acceptable pressures District-wise Fluoride-affected areas District-wise Arsenic-affected areas Nearly 19 States in India, inter alia, have drinking water source contaminated with Arsenic, Fluoride, Nitrate, Iron, Salinity or heavy metals etc. Addi�onally, the Union Ministry of Health & Family Welfare has iden�- fied 61 priority districts across five states that are affected by Japanese Encephali�s and Acute Encephali�s Syndrome (JE/ AES). Apart from the chemical contamina�on, Japanese Encephali�s/ Acute Encephali�s Syndrome (JE/ AES) and Acute Diarrheal Diseases (ADD) affected districts are also to be strictly monitored. The Ministry of Health and Family Welfare has iden�fied 60 districts which are the most affected with JE-AES a�ached at Annex-I. Keeping this in view, JJM accords priority to water quality-affected habita�ons as well as JE/ AES districts. Further, groundwater meets 85%⁶ of the rural drinking water requirement. According to an assessment by the Central Ground Water Board in 2018⁷, 52% blocks in the country have inter alia at least one of the geogenic contaminants, viz. Arsenic, Chloride, Fluoride, Iron, Nitrate and Salinity. Surface water use is also on the rise and presently meets about 15% of the Indian rural drinking water requirement. However, surface water sources are more prone to pollu�on due to extensive use of chemical fer�lizers, pes�cides and unabated discharge of untreated/ par�ally treated sewage/ industrial wastewater in the catchment. 2.3 Challenges faced in water quality monitoring Department of Drinking Water & Sanita�on held five region-wise stakeholder consulta�on workshops in September, 2019 to discuss the modali�es involved in implementa�on of JJM and firm up the same. The workshops were organized to finalize opera�onal guidelines by gathering inputs from different stake- holders in States/ UTs on the overall scenario of drinking water supply, discuss innova�ve prac�ces and challenges. Due to the intermi�ent water supply adopted in the country, a loss of pressure in the water distribu�on system leads to a fall in hydraulic integrity⁸. Because of this, contaminants can enter the water supply distribu- �on network. At the �me of water supply, the posi�ve pressure in the network prevents contaminants from ge�ng into the network. But, if the scheme is not opera�onal 24x7, illegal pumps used to draw water from the network enable contamina�on of water in the pipes through leaky joints or points of seepage. Moreover, most of the �me, water supply distribu�on lines pass through or near the exis�ng sewerage systems making water supply more vulnerable. Thus, there is a felt need to have community par�cipa- �on, ownership and contribu�on in all decisions pertaining to water supply systems. Community-led partnership with States/ UTs will therefore be the strategy for achieving the objec�ves of JJM. Communi�es can make the best use of this opportu- nity and ensure that every rural household has FHTC delivering water in adequate quan�ty (minimum 55 lpcd) of prescribed quality (BIS:10500) and on regular basis as may be decided by the Gram Panchayat and/ or its sub-commi�ee, i.e., VWSC/ Pani Sami�/ User Group, etc. State Government/ UT Administra�on and its respec�ve departments are to play a true role of facilitator. This approach will bring long-term sustainability in the sector. Map indica�ng districts affected with JE/AESMap indica�ng high Uranium in shallow aquifers (Note: A district is highlighted even if there is a single small hotspot in the en�re district. The highlight does not necessarily indicate that the en�re district is contaminated.) Maps indicating quality-affected areas Source: CGWB Source: JJM-IMIS Source: JJM-IMIS Source: JJM-IMIS 11 Drinking Water Quality Monitoring & Surveillance Framework 10 ⁶ Na�onal Compila�on of Dynamic Groundwater Resources of India, 2017, by Central Ground Water Board, DoWR, RD & GR ⁷ Groundwater quality in shallow aquifers in India, 2018 ⁸ The hydraulic integrity of a water distribu�on system represents the capacity to provide reliable quan��es of water at acceptable pressures District-wise Fluoride-affected areas District-wise Arsenic-affected areas Nearly 19 States in India, inter alia, have drinking water source contaminated with Arsenic, Fluoride, Nitrate, Iron, Salinity or heavy metals etc. Addi�onally, the Union Ministry of Health & Family Welfare has iden�- fied 61 priority districts across five states that are affected by Japanese Encephali�s and Acute Encephali�s Syndrome (JE/ AES). Apart from the chemical contamina�on, Japanese Encephali�s/ Acute Encephali�s Syndrome (JE/ AES) and Acute Diarrheal Diseases (ADD) affected districts are also to be strictly monitored. The Ministry of Health and Family Welfare has iden�fied 60 districts which are the most affected with JE-AES a�ached at Annex-I. Keeping this in view, JJM accords priority to water quality-affected habita�ons as well as JE/ AES districts. Further, groundwater meets 85%⁶ of the rural drinking water requirement. According to an assessment by the Central Ground Water Board in 2018⁷, 52% blocks in the country have inter alia at least one of the geogenic contaminants, viz. Arsenic, Chloride, Fluoride, Iron, Nitrate and Salinity. Surface water use is also on the rise and presently meets about 15% of the Indian rural drinking water requirement. However, surface water sources are more prone to pollu�on due to extensive use of chemical fer�lizers, pes�cides and unabated discharge of untreated/ par�ally treated sewage/ industrial wastewater in the catchment. 2.3 Challenges faced in water quality monitoring Department of Drinking Water & Sanita�on held five region-wise stakeholder consulta�on workshops in September, 2019 to discuss the modali�es involved in implementa�on of JJM and firm up the same. The workshops were organized to finalize opera�onal guidelines by gathering inputs from different stake- holders in States/ UTs on the overall scenario of drinking water supply, discuss innova�ve prac�ces and challenges. Due to the intermi�ent water supply adopted in the country, a loss of pressure in the water distribu�on system leads to a fall in hydraulic integrity⁸. Because of this, contaminants can enter the water supply distribu- �on network. At the �me of water supply, the posi�ve pressure in the network prevents contaminants from ge�ng into the network. But, if the scheme is not opera�onal 24x7, illegal pumps used to draw water from the network enable contamina�on of water in the pipes through leaky joints or points of seepage. Moreover, most of the �me, water supply distribu�on lines pass through or near the exis�ng sewerage systems making water supply more vulnerable. Thus, there is a felt need to have community par�cipa- �on, ownership and contribu�on in all decisions pertaining to water supply systems. Community-led partnership with States/ UTs will therefore be the strategy for achieving the objec�ves of JJM. Communi�es can make the best use of this opportu- nity and ensure that every rural household has FHTC delivering water in adequate quan�ty (minimum 55 lpcd) of prescribed quality (BIS:10500) and on regular basis as may be decided by the Gram Panchayat and/ or its sub-commi�ee, i.e., VWSC/ Pani Sami�/ User Group, etc. State Government/ UT Administra�on and its respec�ve departments are to play a true role of facilitator. This approach will bring long-term sustainability in the sector. Map indica�ng districts affected with JE/AESMap indica�ng high Uranium in shallow aquifers (Note: A district is highlighted even if there is a single small hotspot in the en�re district. The highlight does not necessarily indicate that the en�re district is contaminated.) Maps indicating quality-affected areas Source: CGWB Source: JJM-IMIS Source: JJM-IMIS Source: JJM-IMIS 13 Drinking Water Quality Monitoring & Surveillance Framework 12 Lack of confidence in people to drink water directly from tap/ opting for domestic treatment plants Laboratories not open to public or costly charges No regular water quality testing of drinking water sources Unhygienic environment around public water supply delivery point Community unaware of quality norms Lack of community ownership on water quality testing Limited grievance redressal measures Non-availability of water quality data in public domain for analysis Lack of innovative technology to monitor quality of water supplied Limited awareness on the linkages of WASH services and public health Laboratories unable to achieve sampling target Institutional and functional gaps in laboratories No standardization of laboratories Lack of training to the HR involved in WQMS 1 2 3 4 6 5 10 9 8 7 13 14 11 12 3.1. Public health Public health refers⁹ to all organised measures (whether public or private) to prevent disease, promote health, and prolong life. A Public Health official is responsible for providing condi�ons in which people can live a healthy life. Consump�on of contaminated water is one of the largest public health issues as it exposes individuals to health risks¹⁰. Hence, drinking water, contaminated with either geo-genic or anthropogenic or both, has a bigger influence in determining the health of individuals and communi- �es. Recognizing the risks, water quality-affected habita�ons are accorded priority in the implementa- �on of Jal Jeevan Mission. Similarly water quality monitoring & surveillance ac�vi�es are priori�zed. 3.2. Water quality standards Water quality refers to physical, chemical, biological and radiological characteris�cs of water. The Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) has specified safe drinking water quality standards (IS 10500:2012). These standards have two limits¹¹—'acceptable limits' and 'permissible limits in the absence of an alternate source'. If any parameter exceeds the permissible limit such as chemical or radiological parameter, there should be inves�ga�on and where appropriate, implement remedial measures or restrict the con�n- ued use of the water supply for drinking purposes un�l water quality is considered acceptable. In such cases, it is cri�cal to provide an alterna�ve drinking-water supply. It is per�nent that drinking water source(s) be tested, as prescribed, to ensure that the supplied water meets the prescribed standards. Remedial ac�on must be taken if the parameters tested are outside the prescribed limits. For all piped water supply schemes, new or old, design requirements of water treatment plants/ community water treatment plants should take care of supplying drinking water with quality parameters within the prescribed limits. For more details, BIS Standard quoted above may be referred to. There are 64 water quality characteris�cs/ pes�cides/ organisms for which standards have been prescribed by BIS. A comparison of the standards for these parameters vis-à-vis WHO standards is given in Annex- II. A table showing basic water quality parameters along with required standards is as follows. The opera�onal guidelines for the implementa�on of Jal Jeevan Mission had 13 basic water quality parame- ters. The framework proposes 3 addi�onal parame- ters, of which Colour and Odour are very basic physical characteris�cs of drinking water. Chlorina�on is done to eliminate the pathogenic contamina�on in drinking water and the procedure to add Chlorine is detailed in Central Public Health & Environmental Engineering Organisa�on (CPHEEO) manual. Thus, free residual Chlorine in drinking water is a direct indicator to ascertain that adequate chlorina�on has been done and that the water is pathogen free. ⁹ WHO defini�on ¹⁰ See the inside of cover page for pictorial representa�on ¹¹ Except pes�cide residue and bacteriological quality Challenges faced in WQMS 3. Public health and water quality standards, monitoring & surveillance 13 Drinking Water Quality Monitoring & Surveillance Framework 12 Lack of confidence in people to drink water directly from tap/ opting for domestic treatment plants Laboratories not open to public or costly charges No regular water quality testing of drinking water sources Unhygienic environment around public water supply delivery point Community unaware of quality norms Lack of community ownership on water quality testing Limited grievance redressal measures Non-availability of water quality data in public domain for analysis Lack of innovative technology to monitor quality of water supplied Limited awareness on the linkages of WASH services and public health Laboratories unable to achieve sampling target Institutional and functional gaps in laboratories No standardization of laboratories Lack of training to the HR involved in WQMS 1 2 3 4 6 5 10 9 8 7 13 14 11 12 3.1. Public health Public health refers⁹ to all organised measures (whether public or private) to prevent disease, promote health, and prolong life. A Public Health official is responsible for providing condi�ons in which people can live a healthy life. Consump�on of contaminated water is one of the largest public health issues as it exposes individuals to health risks¹⁰. Hence, drinking water, contaminated with either geo-genic or anthropogenic or both, has a bigger influence in determining the health of individuals and communi- �es. Recognizing the risks, water quality-affected habita�ons are accorded priority in the implementa- �on of Jal Jeevan Mission. Similarly water quality monitoring & surveillance ac�vi�es are priori�zed. 3.2. Water quality standards Water quality refers to physical, chemical, biological and radiological characteris�cs of water. The Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) has specified safe drinking water quality standards (IS 10500:2012). These standards have two limits¹¹—'acceptable limits' and 'permissible limits in the absence of an alternate source'. If any parameter exceeds the permissible limit such as chemical or radiological parameter, there should be inves�ga�on and where appropriate, implement remedial measures or restrict the con�n- ued use of the water supply for drinking purposes un�l water quality is considered acceptable. In such cases, it is cri�cal to provide an alterna�ve drinking-water supply. It is per�nent that drinking water source(s) be tested, as prescribed, to ensure that the supplied water meets the prescribed standards. Remedial ac�on must be taken if the parameters tested are outside the prescribed limits. For all piped water supply schemes, new or old, design requirements of water treatment plants/ community water treatment plants should take care of supplying drinking water with quality parameters within the prescribed limits. For more details, BIS Standard quoted above may be referred to. There are 64 water quality characteris�cs/ pes�cides/ organisms for which standards have been prescribed by BIS. A comparison of the standards for these parameters vis-à-vis WHO standards is given in Annex- II. A table showing basic water quality parameters along with required standards is as follows. The opera�onal guidelines for the implementa�on of Jal Jeevan Mission had 13 basic water quality parame- ters. The framework proposes 3 addi�onal parame- ters, of which Colour and Odour are very basic physical characteris�cs of drinking water. Chlorina�on is done to eliminate the pathogenic contamina�on in drinking water and the procedure to add Chlorine is detailed in Central Public Health & Environmental Engineering Organisa�on (CPHEEO) manual. Thus, free residual Chlorine in drinking water is a direct indicator to ascertain that adequate chlorina�on has been done and that the water is pathogen free. ⁹ WHO defini�on ¹⁰ See the inside of cover page for pictorial representa�on ¹¹ Except pes�cide residue and bacteriological quality Challenges faced in WQMS 3. Public health and water quality standards, monitoring & surveillance 15 Drinking Water Quality Monitoring & Surveillance Framework 14 3.2.1 Important water quality parameters and their public health impact 3.2.1.1 Heavy metals Under the IS 10500 standards, heavy metals are men�oned under the toxic substances table. Heavy metals are defined as metallic elements that have a rela�vely high density compared to water. Since most heavy metals are widely applied in industries, expo- sure and contamina�on of the workers and residents near such facili�es is likely to occur. The harmful effects of heavy metals in humans depends on their dosage, rate of emission and period of exposure. Hazardous metals of concern for India in terms of their environmental load and health effects are Lead, Mercury, Chromium, Cadmium, Copper, and Alu- minium, that are released into the water through anthropogenic ac�vi�es such as mining, manufactur- ing, electropla�ng, electronics, and fer�lizer produc�on. ¹² CGWB Report on Uranium occurrence in shallow aquifers of India, June 2020. S. No Characteristic Unit Requirement (Acceptable limit) Permissible limit in the absence of alternate source 1. pH - 6.5- 8.5 No Relaxa�on 2. TDS Milligram/ litre 500 2000 3. Turbidity NTU 1 5 4. Chloride (As Cl) Milligram/ litre 250 1000 5. Total Alkalinity as Calcium Carbonate Milligram/ litre 200 600 6. Total Hardness (as CaCO3) Milligram/ litre 200 600 7. Sulphate (as SO4) Milligram/ litre 200 400 8. Iron (as Fe) * Milligram/ litre 1.0 No Relaxa�on 9. Total Arsenic (as As)* Milligram/ litre 0.01 No Relaxa�on 10. Fluoride (as F) * Milligram/ litre 1.0 1.5 11. Nitrate (as NO3) Milligram/ litre 45 No Relaxa�on 12. Total coliform bacteria Shall not be detectable in any 100 ml of sample 13. E.coli/ Thermotolerant coliform bacteria Shall not be detectable in any 100 ml of sample 14. Free residual Chlorine Milligram/ litre 0.2 1 15. Colour Hazen units 5 15 16. Odour Agreeable Agreeable *region specific contamina�ons Heavy metals in water could lead to several neurologi- cal diseases in humans including Alzheimers, Parkinsons and mul�ple sclerosis. The adverse health effects that are associated with mercury and mercuric compounds in humans includes possible carcinogens; damage of the brain, lungs and kidneys; damage of developing fetuses; high blood pressure or heart rate; vomi�ng and diarrhea; skin rashes and eye irrita�on. 3.2.1.2 Pesticides Under the IS 10500 standards, 18 pes�cide residues limits and tes�ng methods are men�oned. The pes�cides belong to a category of chemicals used worldwide as herbicides, insec�cides, fungicides, roden�cides, molluscicides, nema�cides, and plant growth regulators in order to control weeds, pests and diseases in crops as well as for health care of humans and animals. The consump�on of chemical pes�cides has been on a rise in India. Between 2015-16 and 2019-20, there has been a growth of 8.78% in the overall consump�on of pes�cides in the country, from 56,720 metric tonnes (MT) to 61,702 MT. Maharashtra and U�ar Pradesh are the major consumers of chemical pes�cides in the country over the last five years. Pes�cide exposure has been proven to result in immunosuppression, hormone disrup�on, reduce intelligence, reproduc�ve distor�on and cancer. Impacts of pes�cide exposure to humans can be categorized into acute health problems and chronic health problems. Chronic health problems encompass neurological effects such as onset Parkinson's disease, reduce the a�en�on span, memory disturbances, reproduc�ve problems, disrupt infant development, birth defect and cancer. Acute health effects depend on the pes�cide toxicity and the most common effects are reduced vision, headaches, saliva�on, diarrhoea, nausea, vomi�ng, wheezing, coma and even death. Moderate pes�cide poisoning leads to mimic intrinsic asthma, bronchi�s and gastroenteri�s. 3.2.1.3 Pharmaceutical drugs in drinking water The Pharmaceu�cal drugs get into the drinking water supply through several routes: some people flush unneeded medica�on down toilets; other medicine gets into the water supply a�er people take medica- �on, absorb some, and pass the rest out in urine or feces. Some pharmaceu�cals remain even a�er wastewater treatments and cleansing by water treatment plants. This is an emerging area of concern, however, research carried out so far across many countries and by WHO have not indicated any signifi- cant human health impact. It is necessary to have regular water quality monitoring of water supplied for drinking near the clusters of pharmaceu�cal indus- tries/ parks so that other contaminants in combina�on with pharmaceu�cals do not pose health risk. 3.2.1.4 Radioactive elements The presence of radioac�ve elements in water is a serious area of concern in India. Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) has not specified as yet a norm for uranium level in drinking water. The WHO have set drinking water standards for Uranium concentra�on in drinking water at 30 μg/L. Atomic Energy Regulatory Board, India has prescribed the maximum limit of U in drinking water at 60 μg/L (ppb). The Central Ground Water Board in its recent report¹² on the basis of above analysis of samples collected, it has been found that 151 Districts in 18 States are partly affected by high concentra�on (>30ppb) of Uranium in ground water. Preliminary studies on the health effects of drinking uranium-tainted water among animals and humans have revealed that it causes Nephri�s (kidney damage). The kidney is the most sensi�ve organ for damage by uranium. Notably, this is said to be caused by the chemical effect of uranium, rather than a radiological, even though uranium is radioac�ve. Uranium can decay into other radioac�ve substances, such as radium, which can cause cancer with extensive exposures over a long enough period of �me. Nonetheless, we need more comprehensive system- a�c studies to establish the chronic health effects of uranium exposure. Basic water quality parameters 15 Drinking Water Quality Monitoring & Surveillance Framework 14 3.2.1 Important water quality parameters and their public health impact 3.2.1.1 Heavy metals Under the IS 10500 standards, heavy metals are men�oned under the toxic substances table. Heavy metals are defined as metallic elements that have a rela�vely high density compared to water. Since most heavy metals are widely applied in industries, expo- sure and contamina�on of the workers and residents near such facili�es is likely to occur. The harmful effects of heavy metals in humans depends on their dosage, rate of emission and period of exposure. Hazardous metals of concern for India in terms of their environmental load and health effects are Lead, Mercury, Chromium, Cadmium, Copper, and Alu- minium, that are released into the water through anthropogenic ac�vi�es such as mining, manufactur- ing, electropla�ng, electronics, and fer�lizer produc�on. ¹² CGWB Report on Uranium occurrence in shallow aquifers of India, June 2020. S. No Characteristic Unit Requirement (Acceptable limit) Permissible limit in the absence of alternate source 1. pH - 6.5- 8.5 No Relaxa�on 2. TDS Milligram/ litre 500 2000 3. Turbidity NTU 1 5 4. Chloride (As Cl) Milligram/ litre 250 1000 5. Total Alkalinity as Calcium Carbonate Milligram/ litre 200 600 6. Total Hardness (as CaCO3) Milligram/ litre 200 600 7. Sulphate (as SO4) Milligram/ litre 200 400 8. Iron (as Fe) * Milligram/ litre 1.0 No Relaxa�on 9. Total Arsenic (as As)* Milligram/ litre 0.01 No Relaxa�on 10. Fluoride (as F) * Milligram/ litre 1.0 1.5 11. Nitrate (as NO3) Milligram/ litre 45 No Relaxa�on 12. Total coliform bacteria Shall not be detectable in any 100 ml of sample 13. E.coli/ Thermotolerant coliform bacteria Shall not be detectable in any 100 ml of sample 14. Free residual Chlorine Milligram/ litre 0.2 1 15. Colour Hazen units 5 15 16. Odour Agreeable Agreeable *region specific contamina�ons Heavy metals in water could lead to several neurologi- cal diseases in humans including Alzheimers, Parkinsons and mul�ple sclerosis. The adverse health effects that are associated with mercury and mercuric compounds in humans includes possible carcinogens; damage of the brain, lungs and kidneys; damage of developing fetuses; high blood pressure or heart rate; vomi�ng and diarrhea; skin rashes and eye irrita�on. 3.2.1.2 Pesticides Under the IS 10500 standards, 18 pes�cide residues limits and tes�ng methods are men�oned. The pes�cides belong to a category of chemicals used worldwide as herbicides, insec�cides, fungicides, roden�cides, molluscicides, nema�cides, and plant growth regulators in order to control weeds, pests and diseases in crops as well as for health care of humans and animals. The consump�on of chemical pes�cides has been on a rise in India. Between 2015-16 and 2019-20, there has been a growth of 8.78% in the overall consump�on of pes�cides in the country, from 56,720 metric tonnes (MT) to 61,702 MT. Maharashtra and U�ar Pradesh are the major consumers of chemical pes�cides in the country over the last five years. Pes�cide exposure has been proven to result in immunosuppression, hormone disrup�on, reduce intelligence, reproduc�ve distor�on and cancer. Impacts of pes�cide exposure to humans can be categorized into acute health problems and chronic health problems. Chronic health problems encompass neurological effects such as onset Parkinson's disease, reduce the a�en�on span, memory disturbances, reproduc�ve problems, disrupt infant development, birth defect and cancer. Acute health effects depend on the pes�cide toxicity and the most common effects are reduced vision, headaches, saliva�on, diarrhoea, nausea, vomi�ng, wheezing, coma and even death. Moderate pes�cide poisoning leads to mimic intrinsic asthma, bronchi�s and gastroenteri�s. 3.2.1.3 Pharmaceutical drugs in drinking water The Pharmaceu�cal drugs get into the drinking water supply through several routes: some people flush unneeded medica�on down toilets; other medicine gets into the water supply a�er people take medica- �on, absorb some, and pass the rest out in urine or feces. Some pharmaceu�cals remain even a�er wastewater treatments and cleansing by water treatment plants. This is an emerging area of concern, however, research carried out so far across many countries and by WHO have not indicated any signifi- cant human health impact. It is necessary to have regular water quality monitoring of water supplied for drinking near the clusters of pharmaceu�cal indus- tries/ parks so that other contaminants in combina�on with pharmaceu�cals do not pose health risk. 3.2.1.4 Radioactive elements The presence of radioac�ve elements in water is a serious area of concern in India. Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) has not specified as yet a norm for uranium level in drinking water. The WHO have set drinking water standards for Uranium concentra�on in drinking water at 30 μg/L. Atomic Energy Regulatory Board, India has prescribed the maximum limit of U in drinking water at 60 μg/L (ppb). The Central Ground Water Board in its recent report¹² on the basis of above analysis of samples collected, it has been found that 151 Districts in 18 States are partly affected by high concentra�on (>30ppb) of Uranium in ground water. Preliminary studies on the health effects of drinking uranium-tainted water among animals and humans have revealed that it causes Nephri�s (kidney damage). The kidney is the most sensi�ve organ for damage by uranium. Notably, this is said to be caused by the chemical effect of uranium, rather than a radiological, even though uranium is radioac�ve. Uranium can decay into other radioac�ve substances, such as radium, which can cause cancer with extensive exposures over a long enough period of �me. Nonetheless, we need more comprehensive system- a�c studies to establish the chronic health effects of uranium exposure. Basic water quality parameters 17 Drinking Water Quality Monitoring & Surveillance Framework 16 3.2.1.5 Bacteriological requirements Drinking water due to contamina�on from various sources, will have with disease-causing bacteria, viruses, or parasites (collec�vely called pathogens). WHO has listed the commonly occurring water borne pathogens as Bacteria, Viruses, Protozoa¹³ and Helminths¹⁴. Under the IS 10500 standards, bacterio- logical requirement for drinking water is indicated by absence of coliform organisms. It also describes about the biological requirements of drinking water inter alia microscopic organisms. The presence of coliform bacteria, specifically E. coli (a type of coliform bacteria), in drinking water suggests the water may contain pathogens that can cause diarrhea, vomi�ng, cramps, nausea, headaches, fever, fa�gue, and even death some�mes. Infants, children, elderly people, and people with weakened immune systems are more likely to be affected by pathogens in drinking water. Some of the pathogens that are known to be transmi�ed through contaminated drinking-water lead to severe and some�mes life-threatening disease. Examples include typhoid, cholera, infec�ous hepa��s (caused by hepa��s A virus [HAV] or HEV) and disease caused by Shigella spp. and E. coli O157. Others are typically associated with less severe outcomes, such as self-limi�ng diarrhoeal disease (e.g., Norovirus, Cryptosporidium). 3.3 Water quality monitoring & surveillance (WQMS) Water quality monitoring is a fundamental tool in the management of safe drinking water supply. Water quality monitoring is defined by the Interna�onal Organiza�on for Standardiza�on (ISO) as: 'the programmed process of sampling, measurement and subsequent recording or signalling, or both, of various water characteris�cs, o�en with the aim of accessing conformity to specified objec�ves.'¹⁵ The focus is on tes�ng procedures, using advanced instruments to strengthen water tes�ng, accountability, maintaining the standard of laboratories by ge�ng NABL accredita�on and/ or recogni�on. To pre-empt the issues arising out of poor water quality, Water Quality Management Informa�on System (WQMIS), a database of water tes�ng is created, maintained and regularly monitored for inves�ga�ng and tracking the quality of water supplied and preven�ve measures taken for aver�ng disease outbreaks. The PHE/ RWS Department/ agency responsible for the implementa�on of Jal Jeevan Mission in the States/ UTs are to test water quality at source at least twice a year, i.e., before and a�er the monsoon for bacteriological parameters and at least once in a year for chemical parameters. Surveillance is regular, specific measurement and observa�on for the purpose of water quality manage- ment and opera�onal ac�vi�es. It involves ac�ve par�cipa�on of Gram Panchayat and/ or its sub- commi�ee (VWSC/ Pani Sami�/ User Group) and the local community in regularly tes�ng water quality using Field Test Kits (FTKs) or water quality tes�ng devices, which are under development. Five persons, preferably women, like local health workers, ASHA workers, GP/ VWSC/ Pani Sami� members, etc. have to be iden�fied and trained in every village to undertake the surveillance ac�vi�es. These well-trained persons have to be responsible for water quality tes�ng and concurrently uploading the data/ report on Water Quality Management Informa�on System (WQMIS). In this way, the GPs and/ or its sub-commi�ees are expected to perform the responsibility of a 'public u�lity' at the village level. Even though FTK gives an indica�ve result, it helps in ascertaining whether the water supplier is fulfilling the mandated obliga�ons or not. The mul�-parameter FTK is used for examina�on of physico-chemical contamina�on as ini�al screening. The P/A water test kit is used to indicate presence or absence of coliforms in water samples. A separate Arsenic FTK is to be provided in areas with Arsenic contamina�on. As a part of the surveillance ac�vity, a sanitary inspec�on¹⁶ is also to be undertaken. It is an on-site inspec�on of a water supply facility to iden�fy actual and poten�al sources of biological contamina�on. The physical structure and opera�on of the system and external environmental factors (such as a toilet loca�on) are evaluated. This informa�on may be used to decide appropriate remedial ac�on to improve or protect the drinking water source and supply system. Sanitary inspec�ons are to be carried out for all new and exis�ng sources of drinking/ domes�c water supply. The water quality monitoring & surveillance include: I.) se�ng up/ strengthening State/ UT, district/ sub- divisional level or block level laboratories, including ones under PPP mode; ii.) upgrading exis�ng water quality tes�ng laboratories, which inter alia includes procure- ment of equipment, instruments, chemicals/ reagents, glassware, consumables, etc. iii.) hiring outsourced human resources (excluding regular staff); iv.) hiring vehicles for transporta�on of water samples collected from the field to the laboratory; v.) conduc�ng water quality tests for all drinking water sources in all the villages and in sample households as prescribed; vi.) expenses incurred for NABL accredita�on/ recogni�on process, i.e. consultant fee, audit cost, applica�on fee, annual fees, etc. vii.) presump�ve tes�ng of water quality at Gram Panchayats/ anganwadi centres/ schools using Field Test Kits (FTKs) and to refer the posi�vely tested samples to a nearby water tes�ng laboratory for confirma�on; viii.) engaging communi�es in surveillance ac�vi�es such as mandatory sanitary inspec�ons; ix.) capacity building and training of various stake- holders especially five women from every village; x.) IEC ac�vi�es on importance of consuming safe drinking water, including awareness genera�on amongst various communi�es; xi.) correc�ve ac�ons by State/ UT PHED/ RWS Department in case of a contamina�on, if required; aler�ng Health Department for mi�ga�on and/ or correc�ve ac�ons especially in Arsenic/ Fluoride, Uranium contaminants and bacteriological contamina�ons; xii.) cross-verifica�on of water quality data and integra�on with other laboratories of State/ UT/ Central government agencies; xiii.) sharing the results of water quality tes�ng with the community by way of SMS/ post cards and with all the stakeholders in water quality tes�ng and management viz. Sarpanch, up-Sarpanch, GP members/ VWSC/ Pani sami� members, etc. The posi�ve results to be uploaded on WQMIS which alerts officials wherever interven�on from PHE/ RWS or Health Department is required, etc. ¹³ Protozoa are single celled organisms ¹⁴ Helminth is a general term meaning worm ¹⁵ Water quality monitoring - A prac�cal guide to the design and implementa�on of freshwater quality studies and monitoring programmes ¹⁶ Refer Jal Jeevan Mission Guidelines Chapter 10, page 60 for descrip�on 17 Drinking Water Quality Monitoring & Surveillance Framework 16 3.2.1.5 Bacteriological requirements Drinking water due to contamina�on from various sources, will have with disease-causing bacteria, viruses, or parasites (collec�vely called pathogens). WHO has listed the commonly occurring water borne pathogens as Bacteria, Viruses, Protozoa¹³ and Helminths¹⁴. Under the IS 10500 standards, bacterio- logical requirement for drinking water is indicated by absence of coliform organisms. It also describes about the biological requirements of drinking water inter alia microscopic organisms. The presence of coliform bacteria, specifically E. coli (a type of coliform bacteria), in drinking water suggests the water may contain pathogens that can cause diarrhea, vomi�ng, cramps, nausea, headaches, fever, fa�gue, and even death some�mes. Infants, children, elderly people, and people with weakened immune systems are more likely to be affected by pathogens in drinking water. Some of the pathogens that are known to be transmi�ed through contaminated drinking-water lead to severe and some�mes life-threatening disease. Examples include typhoid, cholera, infec�ous hepa��s (caused by hepa��s A virus [HAV] or HEV) and disease caused by Shigella spp. and E. coli O157. Others are typically associated with less severe outcomes, such as self-limi�ng diarrhoeal disease (e.g., Norovirus, Cryptosporidium). 3.3 Water quality monitoring & surveillance (WQMS) Water quality monitoring is a fundamental tool in the management of safe drinking water supply. Water quality monitoring is defined by the Interna�onal Organiza�on for Standardiza�on (ISO) as: 'the programmed process of sampling, measurement and subsequent recording or signalling, or both, of various water characteris�cs, o�en with the aim of accessing conformity to specified objec�ves.'¹⁵ The focus is on tes�ng procedures, using advanced instruments to strengthen water tes�ng, accountability, maintaining the standard of laboratories by ge�ng NABL accredita�on and/ or recogni�on. To pre-empt the issues arising out of poor water quality, Water Quality Management Informa�on System (WQMIS), a database of water tes�ng is created, maintained and regularly monitored for inves�ga�ng and tracking the quality of water supplied and preven�ve measures taken for aver�ng disease outbreaks. The PHE/ RWS Department/ agency responsible for the implementa�on of Jal Jeevan Mission in the States/ UTs are to test water quality at source at least twice a year, i.e., before and a�er the monsoon for bacteriological parameters and at least once in a year for chemical parameters. Surveillance is regular, specific measurement and observa�on for the purpose of water quality manage- ment and opera�onal ac�vi�es. It involves ac�ve par�cipa�on of Gram Panchayat and/ or its sub- commi�ee (VWSC/ Pani Sami�/ User Group) and the local community in regularly tes�ng water quality using Field Test Kits (FTKs) or water quality tes�ng devices, which are under development. Five persons, preferably women, like local health workers, ASHA workers, GP/ VWSC/ Pani Sami� members, etc. have to be iden�fied and trained in every village to undertake the surveillance ac�vi�es. These well-trained persons have to be responsible for water quality tes�ng and concurrently uploading the data/ report on Water Quality Management Informa�on System (WQMIS). In this way, the GPs and/ or its sub-commi�ees are expected to perform the responsibility of a 'public u�lity' at the village level. Even though FTK gives an indica�ve result, it helps in ascertaining whether the water supplier is fulfilling the mandated obliga�ons or not. The mul�-parameter FTK is used for examina�on of physico-chemical contamina�on as ini�al screening. The P/A water test kit is used to indicate presence or absence of coliforms in water samples. A separate Arsenic FTK is to be provided in areas with Arsenic contamina�on. As a part of the surveillance ac�vity, a sanitary inspec�on¹⁶ is also to be undertaken. It is an on-site inspec�on of a water supply facility to iden�fy actual and poten�al sources of biological contamina�on. The physical structure and opera�on of the system and external environmental factors (such as a toilet loca�on) are evaluated. This informa�on may be used to decide appropriate remedial ac�on to improve or protect the drinking water source and supply system. Sanitary inspec�ons are to be carried out for all new and exis�ng sources of drinking/ domes�c water supply. The water quality monitoring & surveillance include: I.) se�ng up/ strengthening State/ UT, district/ sub- divisional level or block level laboratories, including ones under PPP mode; ii.) upgrading exis�ng water quality tes�ng laboratories, which inter alia includes procure- ment of equipment, instruments, chemicals/ reagents, glassware, consumables, etc. iii.) hiring outsourced human resources (excluding regular staff); iv.) hiring vehicles for transporta�on of water samples collected from the field to the laboratory; v.) conduc�ng water quality tests for all drinking water sources in all the villages and in sample households as prescribed; vi.) expenses incurred for NABL accredita�on/ recogni�on process, i.e. consultant fee, audit cost, applica�on fee, annual fees, etc. vii.) presump�ve tes�ng of water quality at Gram Panchayats/ anganwadi centres/ schools using Field Test Kits (FTKs) and to refer the posi�vely tested samples to a nearby water tes�ng laboratory for confirma�on; viii.) engaging communi�es in surveillance ac�vi�es such as mandatory sanitary inspec�ons; ix.) capacity building and training of various stake- holders especially five women from every village; x.) IEC ac�vi�es on importance of consuming safe drinking water, including awareness genera�on amongst various communi�es; xi.) correc�ve ac�ons by State/ UT PHED/ RWS Department in case of a contamina�on, if required; aler�ng Health Department for mi�ga�on and/ or correc�ve ac�ons especially in Arsenic/ Fluoride, Uranium contaminants and bacteriological contamina�ons; xii.) cross-verifica�on of water quality data and integra�on with other laboratories of State/ UT/ Central government agencies; xiii.) sharing the results of water quality tes�ng with the community by way of SMS/ post cards and with all the stakeholders in water quality tes�ng and management viz. Sarpanch, up-Sarpanch, GP members/ VWSC/ Pani sami� members, etc. The posi�ve results to be uploaded on WQMIS which alerts officials wherever interven�on from PHE/ RWS or Health Department is required, etc. ¹³ Protozoa are single celled organisms ¹⁴ Helminth is a general term meaning worm ¹⁵ Water quality monitoring - A prac�cal guide to the design and implementa�on of freshwater quality studies and monitoring programmes ¹⁶ Refer Jal Jeevan Mission Guidelines Chapter 10, page 60 for descrip�on 19 Drinking Water Quality Monitoring & Surveillance Framework 18 4.1 Vision To facilitate provision of clean tap water supply to every rural home and public ins�tu�on, ensuring tes�ng & monitoring of drinking water supply & sources by the supplier; and regular water quality surveillance by community, to have confidence in consuming water directly from tap. 4.2 Mission Na�onal Jal Jeevan Mission inter alia assists, empow- ers and facilitate States/ UTs in undertaking following func�ons: i.) regular water quality tes�ng of all drinking water sources/ sample households as per prescribed protocol; ii.) capture and analyze test results; in case of devia�ons from the prescribed values, undertake remedial measures; iii.) financial assistance for water quality tes�ng, surveillance and up-grada�on/ moderniza�on of the laboratories inter alia their NABL accredita- �on and/ or recogni�on; iv.) regular upda�ng of data on Water Quality Management Informa�on System (WQMIS); v.) training and capacity building of all stakeholders so that they can perform their assigned WQMS du�es effec�vely and efficiently; and vi.) enabling Gram Panchayats/ VWSCs especially five women in every village to undertake water quality tes�ng using FTKs or tes�ng devices, sanitary inspec�on and upload data on WQMIS. 4.3 Strategy JJM is implemented as a decentralized, demand- driven and community-managed programme with Gram Panchayat and/ or its sub-commi�ee, i.e. Village Water & Sanita�on Commi�ee (VWSC)/ Pani Sami� playing a key role in planning, implementa�on, management, opera�on and maintenance of water supply within the villages. Moreover, Panchayats have a cons�tu�onal mandate to manage drinking water. Thus, the focus is to empower GPs/ VWSCs to func�on as public water u�li�es. To achieve the vision of water quality monitoring & surveillance, following strategy may be adopted: i.) State/ UT to transform the current rural water supply sector into a public u�lity func�oning, inter alia, where there are sufficient laboratories which are all NABL accredited/ recognized and where community leads water quality surveil- lance and has access to alert authori�es for immediate ac�on; ii.) Baseline assessment A campaign-mode exercise needs to be under- taken to update data on WQMIS so as to build a robust strategy for both planning and implemen- ta�on. The following assessment is required: a.) re-verifica�on and firming up of no. of drinking water sources (scheme ID and source ID); b.) map service area of each laboratory to ensure no village¹⁷ is le� out; c.) assess and classify water quality of all drinking water sources in the State/ UT; d.) build up an inventory of FTKs¹⁸, H S vials, etc. 2 along with the expiry dates of reagents; e.) based on the WQMS framework, conduct a laboratory gap assessment and improve- ment plan¹⁹ to iden�fy gaps in infrastruc- ture, human resource (HR), inventory management, data sharing, etc. across all laboratories. Strategy Institutional mechanism Water quality testing laboratories Water quality surveillance Awareness Baseline assessment Water quality hotspots Training & capacity building Digital governance Building partnerships SOP for water-borne disease outbreak ¹⁷ Census coded village as adopted under Jal Jeevan Mission ¹⁸ Previously, many GPs have been distributed with FTK and P/ A water test kit. Currently, the availability and usage of these kits is unknown ¹⁹ Gap assessment and improvement plans are elaborated in Chapter-7 4. Strategy for Water Quality Monitoring & Surveillance (WQMS) 19 Drinking Water Quality Monitoring & Surveillance Framework 18 4.1 Vision To facilitate provision of clean tap water supply to every rural home and public ins�tu�on, ensuring tes�ng & monitoring of drinking water supply & sources by the supplier; and regular water quality surveillance by community, to have confidence in consuming water directly from tap. 4.2 Mission Na�onal Jal Jeevan Mission inter alia assists, empow- ers and facilitate States/ UTs in undertaking following func�ons: i.) regular water quality tes�ng of all drinking water sources/ sample households as per prescribed protocol; ii.) capture and analyze test results; in case of devia�ons from the prescribed values, undertake remedial measures; iii.) financial assistance for water quality tes�ng, surveillance and up-grada�on/ moderniza�on of the laboratories inter alia their NABL accredita- �on and/ or recogni�on; iv.) regular upda�ng of data on Water Quality Management Informa�on System (WQMIS); v.) training and capacity building of all stakeholders so that they can perform their assigned WQMS du�es effec�vely and efficiently; and vi.) enabling Gram Panchayats/ VWSCs especially five women in every village to undertake water quality tes�ng using FTKs or tes�ng devices, sanitary inspec�on and upload data on WQMIS. 4.3 Strategy JJM is implemented as a decentralized, demand- driven and community-managed programme with Gram Panchayat and/ or its sub-commi�ee, i.e. Village Water & Sanita�on Commi�ee (VWSC)/ Pani Sami� playing a key role in planning, implementa�on, management, opera�on and maintenance of water supply within the villages. Moreover, Panchayats have a cons�tu�onal mandate to manage drinking water. Thus, the focus is to empower GPs/ VWSCs to func�on as public water u�li�es. To achieve the vision of water quality monitoring & surveillance, following strategy may be adopted: i.) State/ UT to transform the current rural water supply sector into a public u�lity func�oning, inter alia, where there are sufficient laboratories which are all NABL accredited/ recognized and where community leads water quality surveil- lance and has access to alert authori�es for immediate ac�on; ii.) Baseline assessment A campaign-mode exercise needs to be under- taken to update data on WQMIS so as to build a robust strategy for both planning and implemen- ta�on. The following assessment is required: a.) re-verifica�on and firming up of no. of drinking water sources (scheme ID and source ID); b.) map service area of each laboratory to ensure no village¹⁷ is le� out; c.) assess and classify water quality of all drinking water sources in the State/ UT; d.) build up an inventory of FTKs¹⁸, H S vials, etc. 2 along with the expiry dates of reagents; e.) based on the WQMS framework, conduct a laboratory gap assessment and improve- ment plan¹⁹ to iden�fy gaps in infrastruc- ture, human resource (HR), inventory management, data sharing, etc. across all laboratories. Strategy Institutional mechanism Water quality testing laboratories Water quality surveillance Awareness Baseline assessment Water quality hotspots Training & capacity building Digital governance Building partnerships SOP for water-borne disease outbreak ¹⁷ Census coded village as adopted under Jal Jeevan Mission ¹⁸ Previously, many GPs have been distributed with FTK and P/ A water test kit. Currently, the availability and usage of these kits is unknown ¹⁹ Gap assessment and improvement plans are elaborated in Chapter-7 4. Strategy for Water Quality Monitoring & Surveillance (WQMS) 21 Drinking Water Quality Monitoring & Surveillance Framework 20 iii.) Ins�tu�onal mechanism a.) a robust ins�tu�onal arrangement is required connec�ng the cadre of chemists, engineers and the exis�ng four-�er framework under JJM, viz. VWSC, DWSM, SWSM, NJJM; b.) States/ UTs to decouple the func�ons of water service delivery and water quality tes�ng to develop trust, transparency and accountability. A drinking water quality Commissionerate is to be cons�tuted to decouple the func�ons. The States/ UTs may designate the Chief Chemist to oversee the func�oning of laboratories, water quality tes�ng, monitoring and surveillance at all levels; c.) plan for adequate human resource to operate the water quality tes�ng laborato- ries, facilitate water quality surveillance ac�vi�es, etc. as prescr ibed in the framework; d.) regular training, capacity building, exposure visits, etc. to be planned to keep building the capabili�es of laboratory personnel at all levels. iv.) Water quality tes�ng laboratories a.) water quality tes�ng laboratories are the backbone of monitoring and surveillance ac�vi�es. Provision of safe drinking water necessitates a strong, well-spread and well- equipped laboratory network within a State/ UT to facilitate rou�ne quality assessment efficiently. States/ UTs are to plan for se�ng up of a water quality tes�ng laboratory at all levels, as a priority; b.) at present, the network of water quality tes�ng laboratories has a hierarchy based on their func�on at State/ UT, regional, district, sub-divisional/ block level. A certain number of mobile laboratories are also in opera�on in hilly and far-flung areas as per the necessity of States/ UTs. 2,011 drinking water quality tes�ng laboratories are set up at various levels by the States/ UTs. Services of these laboratories are to be opened for the common public to get their water samples tested at affordable rates; c.) parameters to be tested for assuring the potability of water depends on the type of contamina�on at the source, which may be either geogenic or anthropogenic or both. The State Governments/ UT Administra�ons are to adopt minimum tes�ng facili�es for laboratories at each level to be able to test the basic water quality parameters; d.) 100% tes�ng of all drinking water sources to be undertaken and mandatory²⁰ reports to be generated for wide dissemina�on; e.) to maintain standards, all laboratories are to be accredited/ recognized by NABL with a �meline for the en�re process; f.) State/ UT laboratories are to test at least 5% of the total drinking water samples from all district level laboratories. In bigger States, regional laboratories at par with State laboratory may be set up to meet the addi�onal requirement; g.) State/ UT level laboratories have to under- take tes�ng of drinking water samples, at least once a year, from specific areas in districts like industrial clusters/ heavy pes�cide use/ pharma clusters/ areas with known radioac�ve materials like Uranium. Drinking water sources in these areas have to be constantly monitored and remedial measures undertaken based on the results; h.) district laboratories are to test about 250 water sources/ samples per month (i.e., 3,000 in a year as per the target of IMIS roster available). The district laboratory will also act as a referral to the State/ UT labora- tory. In case of large districts, academic ins�tu�ons/ private laboratories may also be involved in PPP mode for tes�ng water samples; i.) it is recommended that there be at least one block-level laboratory in each block for tes�ng all basic water quality parameters. In case of large blocks, depending on the sample load, more than one laboratory can be added to the network by tying up with exis�ng ins�tu�ons in the block as men�oned in para (ix.). In such a case, proper one-to-one mapping of the laborato- ries with villages has to be done so that public know where to access water tes�ng services. Detailed sampling and the logis�c plan covering all villages needs to be pre- pared. It is to be ensured that 'no village is le� out' from ensuring water quality tests of sources/ delivery points. Further, the sub- divisional laboratory may cover mul�ple small blocks instead of se�ng up separate laboratories in each such block; j.) If the laboratory already has sophis�cated equipment for tes�ng a certain number of water quality parameters, it is to be fully u�lised to test as many basic water quality tes�ng parameters as possible using that equipment. For example: If a laboratory has an ICP-MS (Induc�vely Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry)/ Spectro-photometer, it can test all the parameters and not be restricted to only a few parameters. How- ever, in the case of the la�er (Spectro- photometer), reagents have to be procured for tes�ng mul�ple parameters. For tes�ng equipments, while procuring reagents, it should be ensured that reagents are compa�ble with them so that equipments can be used op�mally; k.) with advancements in instrumenta�on that incorporate digital technologies to test water quality, different levels of laboratories have to procure equipments that can perform water quality tes�ng for mul�ple parameters. These equipments would not only reduce the turnaround �me for delivery of test results, but also significantly increase the number of tests that can done by the laboratory as well as bring down the human interven�on in tes�ng; l.) it is important that human resources for handling these equipments are well quali- fied, their capaci�es built at regular intervals so that they get updated as the equipments get modernised and the data generated through the test results can be analysed for policy interven�ons. v) Water quality surveillance a.) surveillance is to be done by the local community every month. For this, the GPs/ VWSCs are to be trained and empowered to func�on as water u�lity, so that they are able to seamlessly undertake all necessary water quality related assessments in a �me-bound manner, and ensure safe water supply to all; b.) trainings and re-orienta�on at all levels for various stakeholders may be required to drive the u�lity approach; c.) at village-level, all drinking water source(s) including private sources are to be tested for water quality using Field Test Kits (FTKs) along with sanitary inspec�on as well as two sample delivery points (taps) in each habita�on which are at the tail-end; d.) five women from every village, viz. ASHA worker, anganwadi teacher, SHG leader, etc. or any other ac�ve women member, to be trained on using FTKs and uploading the data on JJM portal; e.) iden�fy a designa�on �tle, viz. Jal Sakhi/ Jal Sahiya/ Jal agua/ Jal Varuni, etc. for the women trained on water quality; f.) the two ac�vi�es of water quality tes�ng using FTKs of all drinking water source(s)/ ²⁰ Atleast once a year for chemical contamina�on and twice a year for bacteriological contamina�on, viz. pre and post monsoon 21 Drinking Water Quality Monitoring & Surveillance Framework 20 iii.) Ins�tu�onal mechanism a.) a robust ins�tu�onal arrangement is required connec�ng the cadre of chemists, engineers and the exis�ng four-�er framework under JJM, viz. VWSC, DWSM, SWSM, NJJM; b.) States/ UTs to decouple the func�ons of water service delivery and water quality tes�ng to develop trust, transparency and accountability. A drinking water quality Commissionerate is to be cons�tuted to decouple the func�ons. The States/ UTs may designate the Chief Chemist to oversee the func�oning of laboratories, water quality tes�ng, monitoring and surveillance at all levels; c.) plan for adequate human resource to operate the water quality tes�ng laborato- ries, facilitate water quality surveillance ac�vi�es, etc. as prescr ibed in the framework; d.) regular training, capacity building, exposure visits, etc. to be planned to keep building the capabili�es of laboratory personnel at all levels. iv.) Water quality tes�ng laboratories a.) water quality tes�ng laboratories are the backbone of monitoring and surveillance ac�vi�es. Provision of safe drinking water necessitates a strong, well-spread and well- equipped laboratory network within a State/ UT to facilitate rou�ne quality assessment efficiently. States/ UTs are to plan for se�ng up of a water quality tes�ng laboratory at all levels, as a priority; b.) at present, the network of water quality tes�ng laboratories has a hierarchy based on their func�on at State/ UT, regional, district, sub-divisional/ block level. A certain number of mobile laboratories are also in opera�on in hilly and far-flung areas as per the necessity of States/ UTs. 2,011 drinking water quality tes�ng laboratories are set up at various levels by the States/ UTs. Services of these laboratories are to be opened for the common public to get their water samples tested at affordable rates; c.) parameters to be tested for assuring the potability of water depends on the type of contamina�on at the source, which may be either geogenic or anthropogenic or both. The State Governments/ UT Administra�ons are to adopt minimum tes�ng facili�es for laboratories at each level to be able to test the basic water quality parameters; d.) 100% tes�ng of all drinking water sources to be undertaken and mandatory²⁰ reports to be generated for wide dissemina�on; e.) to maintain standards, all laboratories are to be accredited/ recognized by NABL with a �meline for the en�re process; f.) State/ UT laboratories are to test at least 5% of the total drinking water samples from all district level laboratories. In bigger States, regional laboratories at par with State laboratory may be set up to meet the addi�onal requirement; g.) State/ UT level laboratories have to under- take tes�ng of drinking water samples, at least once a year, from specific areas in districts like industrial clusters/ heavy pes�cide use/ pharma clusters/ areas with known radioac�ve materials like Uranium. Drinking water sources in these areas have to be constantly monitored and remedial measures undertaken based on the results; h.) district laboratories are to test about 250 water sources/ samples per month (i.e., 3,000 in a year as per the target of IMIS roster available). The district laboratory will also act as a referral to the State/ UT labora- tory. In case of large districts, academic ins�tu�ons/ private laboratories may also be involved in PPP mode for tes�ng water samples; i.) it is recommended that there be at least one block-level laboratory in each block for tes�ng all basic water quality parameters. In case of large blocks, depending on the sample load, more than one laboratory can be added to the network by tying up with exis�ng ins�tu�ons in the block as men�oned in para (ix.). In such a case, proper one-to-one mapping of the laborato- ries with villages has to be done so that public know where to access water tes�ng services. Detailed sampling and the logis�c plan covering all villages needs to be pre- pared. It is to be ensured that 'no village is le� out' from ensuring water quality tests of sources/ delivery points. Further, the sub- divisional laboratory may cover mul�ple small blocks instead of se�ng up separate laboratories in each such block; j.) If the laboratory already has sophis�cated equipment for tes�ng a certain number of water quality parameters, it is to be fully u�lised to test as many basic water quality tes�ng parameters as possible using that equipment. For example: If a laboratory has an ICP-MS (Induc�vely Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry)/ Spectro-photometer, it can test all the parameters and not be restricted to only a few parameters. How- ever, in the case of the la�er (Spectro- photometer), reagents have to be procured for tes�ng mul�ple parameters. For tes�ng equipments, while procuring reagents, it should be ensured that reagents are compa�ble with them so that equipments can be used op�mally; k.) with advancements in instrumenta�on that incorporate digital technologies to test water quality, different levels of laboratories have to procure equipments that can perform water quality tes�ng for mul�ple parameters. These equipments would not only reduce the turnaround �me for delivery of test results, but also significantly increase the number of tests that can done by the laboratory as well as bring down the human interven�on in tes�ng; l.) it is important that human resources for handling these equipments are well quali- fied, their capaci�es built at regular intervals so that they get updated as the equipments get modernised and the data generated through the test results can be analysed for policy interven�ons. v) Water quality surveillance a.) surveillance is to be done by the local community every month. For this, the GPs/ VWSCs are to be trained and empowered to func�on as water u�lity, so that they are able to seamlessly undertake all necessary water quality related assessments in a �me-bound manner, and ensure safe water supply to all; b.) trainings and re-orienta�on at all levels for various stakeholders may be required to drive the u�lity approach; c.) at village-level, all drinking water source(s) including private sources are to be tested for water quality using Field Test Kits (FTKs) along with sanitary inspec�on as well as two sample delivery points (taps) in each habita�on which are at the tail-end; d.) five women from every village, viz. ASHA worker, anganwadi teacher, SHG leader, etc. or any other ac�ve women member, to be trained on using FTKs and uploading the data on JJM portal; e.) iden�fy a designa�on �tle, viz. Jal Sakhi/ Jal Sahiya/ Jal agua/ Jal Varuni, etc. for the women trained on water quality; f.) the two ac�vi�es of water quality tes�ng using FTKs of all drinking water source(s)/ ²⁰ Atleast once a year for chemical contamina�on and twice a year for bacteriological contamina�on, viz. pre and post monsoon 23 Drinking Water Quality Monitoring & Surveillance Framework 22 sample delivery points and sanitary inspec- �on of water supply system/ source(s) are to be undertaken at least once every month; g.) customized water quality tes�ng kits may be provided to GPs/ VWSCs based on historical and baseline water quality data. Addi�on- ally, instruments like Chlorimeter may be mandated; h.) distribu�on of the kits to be linked to training of stakeholders; i.) an annual procurement plan to be drawn based on the requirements of various levels of laboratories and included as part of annual ac�on for WQMS earmarked funds; j.) to empower GP/ VWSC to func�on as water u�li�es, they may be trained and facilitated to organize monthly community mee�ngs on a dedicated day, i.e. 'Jal Suraksha Diwas', to discuss water quality tes�ng, emerging challenges and way forward to address them, monitor the work carried by members assigned water quality surveillance, etc. In many States, a dedicated day every month, stviz. 1 Thursday, last Friday, etc. are already assigned as health/ nutri�on days. Similarly, a date/ day may be iden�fied and designated as the water quality day enabling local communi�es to gather, discuss and resolve their issues related to water quality; k.) similarly, such days could be observed at block level/ district level on a quarterly basis to visibilize the WQMS ac�vi�es as well as to highlight any key issues. vi.) Standard Opera�ng Procedure (SOP) for water- borne disease outbreak a.) outbreak of water-borne diseases are sporadically reported from many States. This is par�cularly observed during monsoon season or otherwise, when there is a chance of wastewater mixing with drinking water; b.) climate change is predicted to increase the severity of weather-related events such as floods and droughts. India too, will be greatly affected by these changes. For example, heavy rains and resultant floods can create conducive environments for numerous water-borne diseases such as diarrhoea, cholera, dysentery, typhoid and other bacterial and viral diseases. Evidence shows that rising temperatures and warmer climates can trigger an increased frequency of water-borne diseases such as cholera, g i a r d i a s i s , s a l m o n e l l o s i s , a n d cryptosporidiosis. Droughts can also trigger water-borne diseases due to increasing water shortages compromising sanita�on and hygiene. Since this is a public health issue affec�ng a large number of persons placing a burden on health ins�tu�ons, it is essen�al to have coordinated protocol among mul�ple agencies involved to address it; c.) the SWSM is to ensure a Standard Opera�ng Procedure (SOP) to control the disease o u t b re a k . T h i s i n te r a l i a i n c l u d e s coordina�ng with water supply agency, pollu�on control board, health authori�es and water quality tes�ng laboratories; d.) on report of such an outbreak, immediate ac�on is to be taken to test the water samples in water quality tes�ng laboratories (preferably accredited/ recognized ones by NABL) and water supply agency is to arrange to shut-off the contaminated water supply and provide alterna�ve safe water. Arrange- ments are to be made to test all nearby source(s) of drinking water to pre-empt outbreak in that area. IEC ac�vity is to be undertaken in the affected area informing the public about the precau�ons to be taken; e.) in far off/ tribal/ forested areas, regular water quality surveillance of sources of drinking water are to be undertaken involv- ing mobile laboratories, if available or by involving nearby trained VWSC/ Pani Sami� members, and results are to be analyzed for any devia�ons from normal values. The agencies are to ascertain the reason for the outbreak, and take stringent follow-up ac�on, as per pollu�on control norms, if contamina�on is caused due to negligence. vii.) Water quality hotspots a.) there may be water sources with a border- line chemical contamina�on, i.e. a li�le lower than the prescribed limit as per BIS:10500. To ensure that the water supply through FHTC is of prescribed quality, villages using such water sources have to be periodically monitored and may be enlisted as 'hotspot sources²¹'. The list of such 'hotspot sources' is to be updated by the PHE/ RWS Department and such villages/ habita�ons need to be priori�sed and monitored for regular water quality tes�ng. Correc�ve measures need to be taken immediately, as and when required; b.) before sugges�ng any such hotspot water source for piped water supply system, it is to be discussed with Gram Panchayat/ VWSC, etc. and approved through Gram Sabha; c.) under NWQSM, some habita�ons have been marked as 'quality improved'. All sources in such habita�ons are to be recognized as hotspots and need to be monitored closely. viii.) Awareness, training and capacity building a.) JJM is a decentralized, demand-based, community-managed programme. PHE/ RWS department to play the role of a facilitator. Hence, plans to be made to build community/ public leadership to ensure long-term sustainability of the en�re water supply system. Community/ public to be made aware of safe and unsafe water sources, harms of drinking contaminated water and importance of tap water; b.) to sensi�ze public on water quality issues, maps indica�ng block-wise ground water quality to be put up on display in GP build- ings, block and district offices; c.) in areas with Fluoride and Arsenic contami- na�on, it has been observed that lack of nutri�on and health further compounds the problem. Convergence with departments handling nutri�on and health in rural areas to be undertaken and efforts to be made to raise awareness on contamina�on-wise 'dos and donts'. IEC material in vernacular language to be prepared and widely dissemi- nated; d.) JJM calls for a massive shi� in the implemen- ta�on approach and hence trainings may be organized at all levels to emphasize on the importance of water quality from a public health perspec�ve. The Na�onal Centre for Drinking Water, Sanita�on and Quality (NCDWSQ), Kolkata set up as an apex body on PHE works with Key Resource Centres (KRCs), Centres of Excellence (CoEs), Professor Chairs on a hub and spoke model. The NCDWSQ and its associated centres thus may be u�lized to train the personnel involved in WQMS regularly. ix.) Digital governance a.) to strengthen community-based water quality surveillance, pilot projects using sensor-based IoT systems for measuring and monitoring water quality to be demon- strated, and later be planned for scaling it up; ²¹ As per Central Water Commission, the ‘hotspot’ is defined as having values of parameters beyond permissible levels, which is different from the defini�on as per JJM 23 Drinking Water Quality Monitoring & Surveillance Framework 22 sample delivery points and sanitary inspec- �on of water supply system/ source(s) are to be undertaken at least once every month; g.) customized water quality tes�ng kits may be provided to GPs/ VWSCs based on historical and baseline water quality data. Addi�on- ally, instruments like Chlorimeter may be mandated; h.) distribu�on of the kits to be linked to training of stakeholders; i.) an annual procurement plan to be drawn based on the requirements of various levels of laboratories and included as part of annual ac�on for WQMS earmarked funds; j.) to empower GP/ VWSC to func�on as water u�li�es, they may be trained and facilitated to organize monthly community mee�ngs on a dedicated day, i.e. 'Jal Suraksha Diwas', to discuss water quality tes�ng, emerging challenges and way forward to address them, monitor the work carried by members assigned water quality surveillance, etc. In many States, a dedicated day every month, stviz. 1 Thursday, last Friday, etc. are already assigned as health/ nutri�on days. Similarly, a date/ day may be iden�fied and designated as the water quality day enabling local communi�es to gather, discuss and resolve their issues related to water quality; k.) similarly, such days could be observed at block level/ district level on a quarterly basis to visibilize the WQMS ac�vi�es as well as to highlight any key issues. vi.) Standard Opera�ng Procedure (SOP) for water- borne disease outbreak a.) outbreak of water-borne diseases are sporadically reported from many States. This is par�cularly observed during monsoon season or otherwise, when there is a chance of wastewater mixing with drinking water; b.) climate change is predicted to increase the severity of weather-related events such as floods and droughts. India too, will be greatly affected by these changes. For example, heavy rains and resultant floods can create conducive environments for numerous water-borne diseases such as diarrhoea, cholera, dysentery, typhoid and other bacterial and viral diseases. Evidence shows that rising temperatures and warmer climates can trigger an increased frequency of water-borne diseases such as cholera, g i a r d i a s i s , s a l m o n e l l o s i s , a n d cryptosporidiosis. Droughts can also trigger water-borne diseases due to increasing water shortages compromising sanita�on and hygiene. Since this is a public health issue affec�ng a large number of persons placing a burden on health ins�tu�ons, it is essen�al to have coordinated protocol among mul�ple agencies involved to address it; c.) the SWSM is to ensure a Standard Opera�ng Procedure (SOP) to control the disease o u t b re a k . T h i s i n te r a l i a i n c l u d e s coordina�ng with water supply agency, pollu�on control board, health authori�es and water quality tes�ng laboratories; d.) on report of such an outbreak, immediate ac�on is to be taken to test the water samples in water quality tes�ng laboratories (preferably accredited/ recognized ones by NABL) and water supply agency is to arrange to shut-off the contaminated water supply and provide alterna�ve safe water. Arrange- ments are to be made to test all nearby source(s) of drinking water to pre-empt outbreak in that area. IEC ac�vity is to be undertaken in the affected area informing the public about the precau�ons to be taken; e.) in far off/ tribal/ forested areas, regular water quality surveillance of sources of drinking water are to be undertaken involv- ing mobile laboratories, if available or by involving nearby trained VWSC/ Pani Sami� members, and results are to be analyzed for any devia�ons from normal values. The agencies are to ascertain the reason for the outbreak, and take stringent follow-up ac�on, as per pollu�on control norms, if contamina�on is caused due to negligence. vii.) Water quality hotspots a.) there may be water sources with a border- line chemical contamina�on, i.e. a li�le lower than the prescribed limit as per BIS:10500. To ensure that the water supply through FHTC is of prescribed quality, villages using such water sources have to be periodically monitored and may be enlisted as 'hotspot sources²¹'. The list of such 'hotspot sources' is to be updated by the PHE/ RWS Department and such villages/ habita�ons need to be priori�sed and monitored for regular water quality tes�ng. Correc�ve measures need to be taken immediately, as and when required; b.) before sugges�ng any such hotspot water source for piped water supply system, it is to be discussed with Gram Panchayat/ VWSC, etc. and approved through Gram Sabha; c.) under NWQSM, some habita�ons have been marked as 'quality improved'. All sources in such habita�ons are to be recognized as hotspots and need to be monitored closely. viii.) Awareness, training and capacity building a.) JJM is a decentralized, demand-based, community-managed programme. PHE/ RWS department to play the role of a facilitator. Hence, plans to be made to build community/ public leadership to ensure long-term sustainability of the en�re water supply system. Community/ public to be made aware of safe and unsafe water sources, harms of drinking contaminated water and importance of tap water; b.) to sensi�ze public on water quality issues, maps indica�ng block-wise ground water quality to be put up on display in GP build- ings, block and district offices; c.) in areas with Fluoride and Arsenic contami- na�on, it has been observed that lack of nutri�on and health further compounds the problem. Convergence with departments handling nutri�on and health in rural areas to be undertaken and efforts to be made to raise awareness on contamina�on-wise 'dos and donts'. IEC material in vernacular language to be prepared and widely dissemi- nated; d.) JJM calls for a massive shi� in the implemen- ta�on approach and hence trainings may be organized at all levels to emphasize on the importance of water quality from a public health perspec�ve. The Na�onal Centre for Drinking Water, Sanita�on and Quality (NCDWSQ), Kolkata set up as an apex body on PHE works with Key Resource Centres (KRCs), Centres of Excellence (CoEs), Professor Chairs on a hub and spoke model. The NCDWSQ and its associated centres thus may be u�lized to train the personnel involved in WQMS regularly. ix.) Digital governance a.) to strengthen community-based water quality surveillance, pilot projects using sensor-based IoT systems for measuring and monitoring water quality to be demon- strated, and later be planned for scaling it up; ²¹ As per Central Water Commission, the ‘hotspot’ is defined as having values of parameters beyond permissible levels, which is different from the defini�on as per JJM 25 Drinking Water Quality Monitoring & Surveillance Framework 24 b.) a dedicated Water Quality Management Informa�on System (WQMIS) developed by NJJM in partnership with ICMR has been made available in the public domain to establish transparency and credibility, and priori�zing water quality. Trainings may be held for all human resource especially engaged in water quality on using WQMIS, and their role in it; c.) State/ UT are to engage third-party verifica- �on agencies to check the func�oning of water quality monitoring and water quality surveillance services; d.) following the u�lity approach, State/ UT to develop a robust grievance redressal system with user-friendly technology where the water user is approached promptly, issue addressed at the earliest and user informed on ac�on taken. x.) Building partnerships a.) States/ UTs may also �e up with chemistry laboratories of schools, colleges, universi- �es, technical ins�tu�ons, accredited private water quality tes�ng laboratories to strengthen their water quality tes�ng facili�es, and all water laboratories be brought under the water quality tes�ng network on a nominal payment basis. These addi�onal facili�es will follow the same protocols for tes�ng as followed by State/ UT water quality laboratories. This will also help engagement of students in water tes�ng ac�vi�es and bringing awareness among them; b.) internship opportuni�es may be provided to the students from similar fields for labora- tory work and explore community engage- ment/ field work with students from social sciences; c.) sector partners, KRCs, Implementa�on Support Agencies (ISAs), etc. may be engaged in undertaking WQMS ac�vi�es, viz. Baseline/ gap assessment, training of various stakeholders, handholding commu- nity in water quality surveillance, strength- ening water quality laboratories, etc.; d.) States/ UTs may also encourage and pro- mote entrepreneurship and enterprises in water quality tes�ng at the local level. The local enterprises can provide water quality monitoring services to a cluster of villages or block(s) and make water quality tes�ng easy to access for general public and these addi�onal facili�es will follow the same protocols for tes�ng as followed in State/ UT water quality laboratories; e.) States may explore partnerships with State Rural Livelihood Mission (SRLM) to benefit from the established network of Self Help Groups (SHGs). The SHGs may also be trained to func�on as water u�li�es, viz. taking ownership of water quality surveil- lance in one or more villages, etc. enabling their entrepreneurial spirit. The overall responsibility of WQMS ac�vi�es is with Rural Water Supply (RWS)/ Public Health Engineering Departments (PHED)/ Water Board/ Nigams and other ins�tu�ons at various levels, viz. village, district, and State/ UT levels. They play a key role in planning, implementa�on and monitoring of WQMS ac�vi�es. This chapter provides an ins�tu�onal framework considering all key stakeholders of water quality monitoring & surveillance and specifically aimed to empower the role of Chemists in the States/ UTs along with requirement of Human Resources (HR) at differ- ent levels. 5.1 Institutional roles and respon- sibilities 5.1.1 National level The Na�onal Jal Jeevan Mission (NJJM), Department of Drinking Water and Sanita�on (DDWS), Ministry of Jal Shak�, has the following mandate: i.) provide policy guidance, financial assistance and technical support to States/ UTs; ii.) issue necessary guidelines/ advisories from �me to �me; iii.) facilitate the planning of WQMS ac�vi�es and handholding of State/ UT officials, including chemists for NABL accredita�on of laboratories; iv.) create and maintain a separate Water Quality Management Informa�on System (WQMIS) for implemen�ng and monitoring JJM ac�vi�es in States/ UTs; v.) ensure regular upda�ng of WQMS ac�vi�es data on IMIS/ WQMIS, and take correc�ve ac�ons when required; vi.) organise na�onal consulta�ons, workshops, seminars, etc. and facilitate capacity building of State/ UT officials, including chemists, and other human resources through cross-learning and sharing of best prac�ces, success stories, etc.; vii.) promote innova�on, research, advanced mobile apps to verify proper collec�on of samples and geo-tagging of the same including technological development ac�vi�es; viii.) third-party verifica�on/ evalua�on/ assessment of laboratories and data entered by States/ UTs on WQMIS, etc. 5.1.2 State/ UT level 5.1.2.1 State Water & Sanitation Mission (SWSM) Func�ons of SWSM: I.) responsible for overall water quality monitoring and surveillance ac�vi�es and coordina�on at the State/ UT level; ii.) nominate Chief Chemist of drinking water quality commisionerate as the member of execu�ve commi�ee of SWSM; iii.) monitor popula�on exposure to unsafe drinking water, the extent of exposure by risk level, and the severity of that risk's contribu�on to disease burden; iv.) include an agenda item on drinking water quality in every Apex Commi�ee mee�ng of SWSM chaired by the Chief Secretary; 5. Institutional mechanism 25 Drinking Water Quality Monitoring & Surveillance Framework 24 b.) a dedicated Water Quality Management Informa�on System (WQMIS) developed by NJJM in partnership with ICMR has been made available in the public domain to establish transparency and credibility, and priori�zing water quality. Trainings may be held for all human resource especially engaged in water quality on using WQMIS, and their role in it; c.) State/ UT are to engage third-party verifica- �on agencies to check the func�oning of water quality monitoring and water quality surveillance services; d.) following the u�lity approach, State/ UT to develop a robust grievance redressal system with user-friendly technology where the water user is approached promptly, issue addressed at the earliest and user informed on ac�on taken. x.) Building partnerships a.) States/ UTs may also �e up with chemistry laboratories of schools, colleges, universi- �es, technical ins�tu�ons, accredited private water quality tes�ng laboratories to strengthen their water quality tes�ng facili�es, and all water laboratories be brought under the water quality tes�ng network on a nominal payment basis. These addi�onal facili�es will follow the same protocols for tes�ng as followed by State/ UT water quality laboratories. This will also help engagement of students in water tes�ng ac�vi�es and bringing awareness among them; b.) internship opportuni�es may be provided to the students from similar fields for labora- tory work and explore community engage- ment/ field work with students from social sciences; c.) sector partners, KRCs, Implementa�on Support Agencies (ISAs), etc. may be engaged in undertaking WQMS ac�vi�es, viz. Baseline/ gap assessment, training of various stakeholders, handholding commu- nity in water quality surveillance, strength- ening water quality laboratories, etc.; d.) States/ UTs may also encourage and pro- mote entrepreneurship and enterprises in water quality tes�ng at the local level. The local enterprises can provide water quality monitoring services to a cluster of villages or block(s) and make water quality tes�ng easy to access for general public and these addi�onal facili�es will follow the same protocols for tes�ng as followed in State/ UT water quality laboratories; e.) States may explore partnerships with State Rural Livelihood Mission (SRLM) to benefit from the established network of Self Help Groups (SHGs). The SHGs may also be trained to func�on as water u�li�es, viz. taking ownership of water quality surveil- lance in one or more villages, etc. enabling their entrepreneurial spirit. The overall responsibility of WQMS ac�vi�es is with Rural Water Supply (RWS)/ Public Health Engineering Departments (PHED)/ Water Board/ Nigams and other ins�tu�ons at various levels, viz. village, district, and State/ UT levels. They play a key role in planning, implementa�on and monitoring of WQMS ac�vi�es. This chapter provides an ins�tu�onal framework considering all key stakeholders of water quality monitoring & surveillance and specifically aimed to empower the role of Chemists in the States/ UTs along with requirement of Human Resources (HR) at differ- ent levels. 5.1 Institutional roles and respon- sibilities 5.1.1 National level The Na�onal Jal Jeevan Mission (NJJM), Department of Drinking Water and Sanita�on (DDWS), Ministry of Jal Shak�, has the following mandate: i.) provide policy guidance, financial assistance and technical support to States/ UTs; ii.) issue necessary guidelines/ advisories from �me to �me; iii.) facilitate the planning of WQMS ac�vi�es and handholding of State/ UT officials, including chemists for NABL accredita�on of laboratories; iv.) create and maintain a separate Water Quality Management Informa�on System (WQMIS) for implemen�ng and monitoring JJM ac�vi�es in States/ UTs; v.) ensure regular upda�ng of WQMS ac�vi�es data on IMIS/ WQMIS, and take correc�ve ac�ons when required; vi.) organise na�onal consulta�ons, workshops, seminars, etc. and facilitate capacity building of State/ UT officials, including chemists, and other human resources through cross-learning and sharing of best prac�ces, success stories, etc.; vii.) promote innova�on, research, advanced mobile apps to verify proper collec�on of samples and geo-tagging of the same including technological development ac�vi�es; viii.) third-party verifica�on/ evalua�on/ assessment of laboratories and data entered by States/ UTs on WQMIS, etc. 5.1.2 State/ UT level 5.1.2.1 State Water & Sanitation Mission (SWSM) Func�ons of SWSM: I.) responsible for overall water quality monitoring and surveillance ac�vi�es and coordina�on at the State/ UT level; ii.) nominate Chief Chemist of drinking water quality commisionerate as the member of execu�ve commi�ee of SWSM; iii.) monitor popula�on exposure to unsafe drinking water, the extent of exposure by risk level, and the severity of that risk's contribu�on to disease burden; iv.) include an agenda item on drinking water quality in every Apex Commi�ee mee�ng of SWSM chaired by the Chief Secretary; 5. Institutional mechanism 27 Drinking Water Quality Monitoring & Surveillance Framework 26 State level – State Water & Sanitation Mission (SWSM) SWSM – Apex Commi�ee (Chief Secretary as Chairperson) SWSM – Execu�ve Commi�ee (Secretary, RWS/ PHE department as Chairperson) Engineer-in-Chief (E-in-C)/ Chief Engineer (CE) Chief Chemist Nodal officers of other departments, viz. health, educa�on, rural development, Panchaya� Raj, etc. Drinking Water Quality Commissionerate headed by Chief Chemist State water quality tes�ng laboratory Chemist, regional water quality tes�ng laboratory Chemist, mobile water quality tes�ng laboratory Nodal officer responsible for drinking water supply and quality at district level, viz. Assistant Engineer (AE)/ Junior Engineer (JE), etc. District level – District Water & Sanitation Mission (DWSM) Nodal officer responsible for drinking water supply and quality at district level, viz. Superintendent Engineer (SE)/ Execu�ve Engineer (EE), etc. Chemist/ Lab-in-charge, district water quality tes�ng laboratory Nodal officer responsible for drinking water supply and quality at block/ sub- division level, viz. Assistant Engineer (AE)/ Junior Engineer (JE), etc. Chemist/ Lab-in-charge, block/ sub-division water quality tes�ng laboratory Gram Panchayat and/ or village level Gram Panchayat and/ or its sub-commi�ee, i.e. Village Water & Sanita�on Commi�ee (VWSC)/ Pani Sami�, etc. + Five women trained in every village on water quality surveillance (tes�ng using Field Test Kits (FTKs), undertaking sanitary inspec�on, uploading data online) Institutional framework v.) firm up State/ UT policy on engaging dedicated human resource for ensuring water quality tes�ng as well as surveillance using Field Test Kits including any honorarium; vi.) recognise well-performing districts, Gram Panchayats and/ or its sub-commi�ee, i.e., VWSC/ Pani Sami�/ User Group, etc., ISAs from �me-to-�me and develop a policy to reward them; vii.) designate a �tle for the five trained women in every village, viz. Jal Sakhi/ Jal Sahiya/ Jal Agua, etc. as per the local culture; viii.) guide/ facilitate laboratories at all levels through policy and financial assistance, etc. 5.1.2.2 Drinking Water Quality Commissionerate A Drinking Water Quality Commissionerate (DWQC) is recommended for separa�on between water supply delivery and water quality tes�ng services. Many people do not drink water directly from tap due to lack of trust. Significant trust deficit on quality of water supplied exists among the general public, who o�en avail a point-of-use treatment device. Currently, in States/ UTs, the drinking water supply agency looks a�er both supply of water and its quality. However, a separate cadre of employees, viz. Chemists, dedicatedly work in this agency to monitor the water quality, but report to the engineers who are responsi- ble for water supply. Keeping this in view, to develop trust, transparency and accountability with regard to water quality, the States/ UTs are to give autonomy to those opera�ng water quality tes�ng laboratories and designate the Chief Chemist to oversee the func�on- ing of laboratories, water quality tes�ng, monitoring and surveillance at all levels. The current situa�on demands de-coupling of the two func�ons of water supply and water quality monitor- ing, as well as func�onaries and make water quality monitoring and surveillance an independent func�on with required autonomy, i.e. funds, func�ons and func�onaries at every level, i.e. State/ UT/ regional/ district/ Sub-division/ block. To achieve this, it is important to create a separate Drinking Water Quality Commissionerate (DWQC) with the Chief Chemist (Water Quality) of the State/ UT designated as the nodal officer. She/ he/ they would directly report to the Secretary or Pr. Secretary of the Department responsible for the rural water supply on all ma�ers rela�ng to water quality with informa�on copy to the counterpart engineers as well. She/ he/ they are to monitor/ guide the effec�ve implementa�on of WQMS ac�vi�es in the State/ UT. Given the priority and funding support (2% WQMS fund) to WQMS ac�vi�es, the Commissionerate is to also be financially empowered to meet the require- ments of carrying out the WQMS mandate, viz. strengthening laboratories, undertaking community e n g a g e m e n t a c � v i � e s , e t c . F u r t h e r, t h e Commissionerate is to also be vested with the financial powers at par with the Head of the RWS/ PHE depart- ment. Similarly, the Chief Chemist is to be provided with necessary authority for communica�ng with concerned line departments and are provided vehicle facili�es for periodic inspec�on of laboratories, as per State/ UT norms and any other requirements. The DWQC is to issue monthly reports on the drinking water quality status, water quality monitoring & surveillance. The report is to be placed before the Apex Commi�ee for its considera�on and delibera�ons. The aim of DWQC is to ensure that all the laboratories in the State/ UT are providing the recommended services and mee�ng all standards for laboratory quality and safety as well as build capaci�es of communi�es to undertake regular water quality surveillance. The ndStates/ UTs are to complete this transi�on by 2 October, 2022 posi�vely. The func�ons of DWQC are to: i.) assist the SWSM/ RWS/ PHE Department in carrying out the func�ons of the mission; ii.) prepare State/ UT and district annual ac�on plans on WQMS ac�vi�es following a par�cipa- tory bo�om-up approach; 27 Drinking Water Quality Monitoring & Surveillance Framework 26 State level – State Water & Sanitation Mission (SWSM) SWSM – Apex Commi�ee (Chief Secretary as Chairperson) SWSM – Execu�ve Commi�ee (Secretary, RWS/ PHE department as Chairperson) Engineer-in-Chief (E-in-C)/ Chief Engineer (CE) Chief Chemist Nodal officers of other departments, viz. health, educa�on, rural development, Panchaya� Raj, etc. Drinking Water Quality Commissionerate headed by Chief Chemist State water quality tes�ng laboratory Chemist, regional water quality tes�ng laboratory Chemist, mobile water quality tes�ng laboratory Nodal officer responsible for drinking water supply and quality at district level, viz. Assistant Engineer (AE)/ Junior Engineer (JE), etc. District level – District Water & Sanitation Mission (DWSM) Nodal officer responsible for drinking water supply and quality at district level, viz. Superintendent Engineer (SE)/ Execu�ve Engineer (EE), etc. Chemist/ Lab-in-charge, district water quality tes�ng laboratory Nodal officer responsible for drinking water supply and quality at block/ sub- division level, viz. Assistant Engineer (AE)/ Junior Engineer (JE), etc. Chemist/ Lab-in-charge, block/ sub-division water quality tes�ng laboratory Gram Panchayat and/ or village level Gram Panchayat and/ or its sub-commi�ee, i.e. Village Water & Sanita�on Commi�ee (VWSC)/ Pani Sami�, etc. + Five women trained in every village on water quality surveillance (tes�ng using Field Test Kits (FTKs), undertaking sanitary inspec�on, uploading data online) Institutional framework v.) firm up State/ UT policy on engaging dedicated human resource for ensuring water quality tes�ng as well as surveillance using Field Test Kits including any honorarium; vi.) recognise well-performing districts, Gram Panchayats and/ or its sub-commi�ee, i.e., VWSC/ Pani Sami�/ User Group, etc., ISAs from �me-to-�me and develop a policy to reward them; vii.) designate a �tle for the five trained women in every village, viz. Jal Sakhi/ Jal Sahiya/ Jal Agua, etc. as per the local culture; viii.) guide/ facilitate laboratories at all levels through policy and financial assistance, etc. 5.1.2.2 Drinking Water Quality Commissionerate A Drinking Water Quality Commissionerate (DWQC) is recommended for separa�on between water supply delivery and water quality tes�ng services. Many people do not drink water directly from tap due to lack of trust. Significant trust deficit on quality of water supplied exists among the general public, who o�en avail a point-of-use treatment device. Currently, in States/ UTs, the drinking water supply agency looks a�er both supply of water and its quality. However, a separate cadre of employees, viz. Chemists, dedicatedly work in this agency to monitor the water quality, but report to the engineers who are responsi- ble for water supply. Keeping this in view, to develop trust, transparency and accountability with regard to water quality, the States/ UTs are to give autonomy to those opera�ng water quality tes�ng laboratories and designate the Chief Chemist to oversee the func�on- ing of laboratories, water quality tes�ng, monitoring and surveillance at all levels. The current situa�on demands de-coupling of the two func�ons of water supply and water quality monitor- ing, as well as func�onaries and make water quality monitoring and surveillance an independent func�on with required autonomy, i.e. funds, func�ons and func�onaries at every level, i.e. State/ UT/ regional/ district/ Sub-division/ block. To achieve this, it is important to create a separate Drinking Water Quality Commissionerate (DWQC) with the Chief Chemist (Water Quality) of the State/ UT designated as the nodal officer. She/ he/ they would directly report to the Secretary or Pr. Secretary of the Department responsible for the rural water supply on all ma�ers rela�ng to water quality with informa�on copy to the counterpart engineers as well. She/ he/ they are to monitor/ guide the effec�ve implementa�on of WQMS ac�vi�es in the State/ UT. Given the priority and funding support (2% WQMS fund) to WQMS ac�vi�es, the Commissionerate is to also be financially empowered to meet the require- ments of carrying out the WQMS mandate, viz. strengthening laboratories, undertaking community e n g a g e m e n t a c � v i � e s , e t c . F u r t h e r, t h e Commissionerate is to also be vested with the financial powers at par with the Head of the RWS/ PHE depart- ment. Similarly, the Chief Chemist is to be provided with necessary authority for communica�ng with concerned line departments and are provided vehicle facili�es for periodic inspec�on of laboratories, as per State/ UT norms and any other requirements. The DWQC is to issue monthly reports on the drinking water quality status, water quality monitoring & surveillance. The report is to be placed before the Apex Commi�ee for its considera�on and delibera�ons. The aim of DWQC is to ensure that all the laboratories in the State/ UT are providing the recommended services and mee�ng all standards for laboratory quality and safety as well as build capaci�es of communi�es to undertake regular water quality surveillance. The ndStates/ UTs are to complete this transi�on by 2 October, 2022 posi�vely. The func�ons of DWQC are to: i.) assist the SWSM/ RWS/ PHE Department in carrying out the func�ons of the mission; ii.) prepare State/ UT and district annual ac�on plans on WQMS ac�vi�es following a par�cipa- tory bo�om-up approach; 29 Drinking Water Quality Monitoring & Surveillance Framework 28 iii.) plan and guide strengthening of water quality tes�ng laboratories by se�ng-up or upgrading State/ UT/ district/ sub-division/ block/ mobile laboratories and monitoring their performance by undertaking their assessment and sugges�ng improvement plans; iv.) considering the area-wise contamina�ons/ challenges within the State/ UT, firm up a list of parameters to be tested at different levels along with the necessary equipment to test the same. All basic water quality parameters are to be tested at all levels. A sugges�ve list of parame- ters to be tested at each level is men�oned at Annex-III; v.) develop human resource policy inter alia including ins�tu�onal memory, remunera�on, capacity building, etc. and ensure that adequate human resources are available in all laboratories and that one Lab-in-charge/ Lab technician is not assigned more than one laboratory; vi.) plan, guide and monitor NABL accredita�on and/or recogni�on of all laboratories set up in the State/ UT; vii.) develop and implement capacity building plan/ Informa�on Educa�on and Communica�on (IEC) material/ Behavioural Change Communica�on (BCC) strategy for all stakeholders involved in WQMS ac�vi�es and generate awareness on various aspects of water quality and its impor- tance, water-borne diseases and health effects of contaminated water, safe handling and storage of water, etc.; viii.) prepare documents/ manuals on water quality tes�ng and monitoring, SoPs for treatment of laboratory wastewater and safe disposal of laboratory wastewater; ix.) prepare SoPs for proper sampling, i.e. collec�on, preserva�on, transporta�on, analysis, repor�ng and data interpreta�on of the test results; x.) establish a mechanism for proficiency test (cross-verifica�on of test results) carried out by different laboratories in the State/ UT; xi.) undertake R&D/ innova�ve interven�ons addressing water quality issues in the State/ UT; xii.) network and coordinate with Department of Atomic Energy (DAE) approved laboratories/ NABL accredited laboratories for monitoring radioac�ve and virological parameters; xiii.) draw up the Standard Opera�ng Procedures (SOP) to control water-borne disease outbreak, if any, duly empowering DWSMs to coordina�ng with water supply agency, pollu�on control board, health authori�es and water quality tes�ng laboratories; xiv.) conduct training on WQMS ac�vi�es for all stakeholders through workshops, seminars, etc. and generate awareness on various aspects of water quality and its importance, waterborne diseases and their health effects, safe handling and storage of water, etc.; xv.) organise training, workshops, seminars for various stakeholders on WQMS ac�vi�es; xvi.) develop communica�on material on WQMS ac�vi�es especially for communi�es; Update and generate State/ UT-level maps on different types/ intensity of contamina�on to be placed in State/ UT laboratories/ offices of RWS/ PHED; xvii.) explore partnerships in implemen�ng WQMS ac�vi�es; xviii.) carry regular review mee�ngs with the Chemists of different levels of laboratories to ensure work as per ac�on plan; xix.) capture best prac�ces, success stories and share for dissemina�on; xx.) set up robust grievance redressal system and monitor and ensure that water quality griev- ances are addressed on priority, etc. To shoulder this responsibility at DWQC, Technical Support Unit (TSU) with specializa�on in public health, water quality monitoring & surveillance, manage- ment, community mobiliza�on, capacity develop- ment, etc. needs to be deployed. The States/ UTs may also leverage the TSU's capabili�es for synergizing IEC and capacity building ac�vi�es with exis�ng Project Management Units (PMUs). 5.1.2.3 State/ UT level water quality testing labora- tory There is to be a state-of-the-art State/ UT level drinking water quality tes�ng laboratory in every State/ UT with the capacity to analyse all physical, chemical and microbiological parameters as men�oned in BIS IS 10500: 2012 and its subsequent amendments. It is to be headed by a senior-level experienced Chief Chem- ist/ Chief Microbiologist. Once the decoupling is done in the State/ UT, as elaborated in para 5.1.1, the Chief Chemist is to report to the Secretary, RWS/ PHED. In case of large States/ UTs, depending on require- ment, regional laboratories at par with State-level laboratory may need to be set up so that State/ UT laboratory is not overloaded. The lab-in-charges of the regional laboratories are to report to the Chief Chemist at State/ UT laboratory. States/ UTs may also upgrade an exis�ng district laboratory to a regional laboratory which would perform both the func�ons, as indicated earlier. A regional laboratory will have the same facili�es as a State/ UT laboratory, and are to be located in such a way that all districts in that specific region can easily access its services. The human resources in these laboratories are to be at par with State/ UT laborato- ries, but the person in-charge is to report to the Chief Chemist of the State/ UT laboratory. Func�ons of State/ UT level water quality tes�ng laboratory are to: i.) work as a referral ins�tute to analyse specific or newly/ emerging water quality problems; ii.) iden�fy emerging contaminants as well as instruments/ equipment required for their tes�ng; iii.) test at least 5% of the total drinking water samples across all district level laboratories, with random and uniform geographical spread, including posi�vely tested samples referred by district/ sub-division/ block/ mobile laboratory; iv.) monitor & ensure �mely data upda�on on WQMIS; v.) monitor the performance of the district, sub- divisional/ block/ mobile laboratories and ensure Quality Assurance & Quality Control (QA & QC) in these laboratories and suggest plans for their improvement and strengthening; vi.) ensure proper AMC/ CAMC/ calibra�on of all instruments/ equipment using Cer�fied Reference Material (CRM) as per 'IS/ ISO/ IEC17025:2017'; vii.) data analysis of State/ UT laboratory samples, including the posi�vely tested samples from district, sub-divisional/ block/ mobile laborato- ries and follow-up correc�ve ac�on to ensure potability of drinking water; viii.) coordinate with similar laboratories of other departments in the State/ UT/ Central Govern- ment agencies; recommend correc�ve ac�ons to Engineer-in-Chief/ Chief Engineer of the depart- ment; ix.) determine the risk of pollu�on from various sources and delineate the areas prone to water contamina�on (hotspots) on the State/ UT map, recommend correc�ve ac�ons; x.) ensure �mely procurement of chemicals/ glassware/ consumables as per procedural formali�es or State Government/ UT Administra- �on rules. Render periodic guidance to the chemist at district/ block level laboratories; xi.) support SWSM in procurement/ refilling FTKs/ bacteriological vials on �me; xii.) support SWSM/ concerned authority in procure- ment of laboratory instruments/ equipment, etc. 29 Drinking Water Quality Monitoring & Surveillance Framework 28 iii.) plan and guide strengthening of water quality tes�ng laboratories by se�ng-up or upgrading State/ UT/ district/ sub-division/ block/ mobile laboratories and monitoring their performance by undertaking their assessment and sugges�ng improvement plans; iv.) considering the area-wise contamina�ons/ challenges within the State/ UT, firm up a list of parameters to be tested at different levels along with the necessary equipment to test the same. All basic water quality parameters are to be tested at all levels. A sugges�ve list of parame- ters to be tested at each level is men�oned at Annex-III; v.) develop human resource policy inter alia including ins�tu�onal memory, remunera�on, capacity building, etc. and ensure that adequate human resources are available in all laboratories and that one Lab-in-charge/ Lab technician is not assigned more than one laboratory; vi.) plan, guide and monitor NABL accredita�on and/or recogni�on of all laboratories set up in the State/ UT; vii.) develop and implement capacity building plan/ Informa�on Educa�on and Communica�on (IEC) material/ Behavioural Change Communica�on (BCC) strategy for all stakeholders involved in WQMS ac�vi�es and generate awareness on various aspects of water quality and its impor- tance, water-borne diseases and health effects of contaminated water, safe handling and storage of water, etc.; viii.) prepare documents/ manuals on water quality tes�ng and monitoring, SoPs for treatment of laboratory wastewater and safe disposal of laboratory wastewater; ix.) prepare SoPs for proper sampling, i.e. collec�on, preserva�on, transporta�on, analysis, repor�ng and data interpreta�on of the test results; x.) establish a mechanism for proficiency test (cross-verifica�on of test results) carried out by different laboratories in the State/ UT; xi.) undertake R&D/ innova�ve interven�ons addressing water quality issues in the State/ UT; xii.) network and coordinate with Department of Atomic Energy (DAE) approved laboratories/ NABL accredited laboratories for monitoring radioac�ve and virological parameters; xiii.) draw up the Standard Opera�ng Procedures (SOP) to control water-borne disease outbreak, if any, duly empowering DWSMs to coordina�ng with water supply agency, pollu�on control board, health authori�es and water quality tes�ng laboratories; xiv.) conduct training on WQMS ac�vi�es for all stakeholders through workshops, seminars, etc. and generate awareness on various aspects of water quality and its importance, waterborne diseases and their health effects, safe handling and storage of water, etc.; xv.) organise training, workshops, seminars for various stakeholders on WQMS ac�vi�es; xvi.) develop communica�on material on WQMS ac�vi�es especially for communi�es; Update and generate State/ UT-level maps on different types/ intensity of contamina�on to be placed in State/ UT laboratories/ offices of RWS/ PHED; xvii.) explore partnerships in implemen�ng WQMS ac�vi�es; xviii.) carry regular review mee�ngs with the Chemists of different levels of laboratories to ensure work as per ac�on plan; xix.) capture best prac�ces, success stories and share for dissemina�on; xx.) set up robust grievance redressal system and monitor and ensure that water quality griev- ances are addressed on priority, etc. To shoulder this responsibility at DWQC, Technical Support Unit (TSU) with specializa�on in public health, water quality monitoring & surveillance, manage- ment, community mobiliza�on, capacity develop- ment, etc. needs to be deployed. The States/ UTs may also leverage the TSU's capabili�es for synergizing IEC and capacity building ac�vi�es with exis�ng Project Management Units (PMUs). 5.1.2.3 State/ UT level water quality testing labora- tory There is to be a state-of-the-art State/ UT level drinking water quality tes�ng laboratory in every State/ UT with the capacity to analyse all physical, chemical and microbiological parameters as men�oned in BIS IS 10500: 2012 and its subsequent amendments. It is to be headed by a senior-level experienced Chief Chem- ist/ Chief Microbiologist. Once the decoupling is done in the State/ UT, as elaborated in para 5.1.1, the Chief Chemist is to report to the Secretary, RWS/ PHED. In case of large States/ UTs, depending on require- ment, regional laboratories at par with State-level laboratory may need to be set up so that State/ UT laboratory is not overloaded. The lab-in-charges of the regional laboratories are to report to the Chief Chemist at State/ UT laboratory. States/ UTs may also upgrade an exis�ng district laboratory to a regional laboratory which would perform both the func�ons, as indicated earlier. A regional laboratory will have the same facili�es as a State/ UT laboratory, and are to be located in such a way that all districts in that specific region can easily access its services. The human resources in these laboratories are to be at par with State/ UT laborato- ries, but the person in-charge is to report to the Chief Chemist of the State/ UT laboratory. Func�ons of State/ UT level water quality tes�ng laboratory are to: i.) work as a referral ins�tute to analyse specific or newly/ emerging water quality problems; ii.) iden�fy emerging contaminants as well as instruments/ equipment required for their tes�ng; iii.) test at least 5% of the total drinking water samples across all district level laboratories, with random and uniform geographical spread, including posi�vely tested samples referred by district/ sub-division/ block/ mobile laboratory; iv.) monitor & ensure �mely data upda�on on WQMIS; v.) monitor the performance of the district, sub- divisional/ block/ mobile laboratories and ensure Quality Assurance & Quality Control (QA & QC) in these laboratories and suggest plans for their improvement and strengthening; vi.) ensure proper AMC/ CAMC/ calibra�on of all instruments/ equipment using Cer�fied Reference Material (CRM) as per 'IS/ ISO/ IEC17025:2017'; vii.) data analysis of State/ UT laboratory samples, including the posi�vely tested samples from district, sub-divisional/ block/ mobile laborato- ries and follow-up correc�ve ac�on to ensure potability of drinking water; viii.) coordinate with similar laboratories of other departments in the State/ UT/ Central Govern- ment agencies; recommend correc�ve ac�ons to Engineer-in-Chief/ Chief Engineer of the depart- ment; ix.) determine the risk of pollu�on from various sources and delineate the areas prone to water contamina�on (hotspots) on the State/ UT map, recommend correc�ve ac�ons; x.) ensure �mely procurement of chemicals/ glassware/ consumables as per procedural formali�es or State Government/ UT Administra- �on rules. Render periodic guidance to the chemist at district/ block level laboratories; xi.) support SWSM in procurement/ refilling FTKs/ bacteriological vials on �me; xii.) support SWSM/ concerned authority in procure- ment of laboratory instruments/ equipment, etc. 31 Drinking Water Quality Monitoring & Surveillance Framework 30 5.1.3 District level 5.1.3.1 District Water & Sanitation Mission (DWSM) The District Water and Sanita�on Mission (DWSM) is responsible for overall water quality monitoring and surveillance ac�vi�es at the district level. While the Execu�ve Engineer, RWS/ PHWD is the Member- Secretary of DWSM and responsible for supply of water to households, the Chemist-in-charge of the district laboratory is responsible for the performance of laboratories in the jurisdic�on. Func�ons of DWSM: i.) responsible for overall water quality monitoring and surveillance ac�vi�es and coordina�on at the district level; ii.) monitor popula�on's exposure to unsafe drinking water, the extent of exposure by risk level, and the severity of that risk's contribu�on to disease burden; iii.) raise issues of importance on drinking water quality to SWSM; iv.) implement the SOP for water-borne disease outbreak, as required, in coordina�on with water supply agency, pollu�on control board, health authori�es and water quality tes�ng laboratories; v.) recognise well-performing sub-divisions/ blocks/ GPs/ VWSCs, and ISAs from �me-to-�me and reward them; vi.) guide/ facilitate laboratories under its jurisdic- �on, etc. 5.1.3.2 District level water quality testing laboratory The district laboratories are to assist the DWSM in carrying out the func�ons of the mission. The Chemist in-charge of the district laboratory is responsible for WQMS ac�vi�es in the district and is to report to the State/ UT Chief Chemist on all ma�ers regarding water quality tes�ng laboratories and their func�oning, with an informa�on copy marked to the execu�ve engineer or engineer in-charge of water supply at district level. The district-level laboratories perform the following func�ons: i.) monitor and implement WQMS ac�vi�es in the district and take correc�ve ac�on; ii.) raise awareness and develop capacity among all stakeholders on various aspects of water quality and its importance, waterborne diseases and health effects of contaminated water, safe handling and storage of water, etc.; iii.) encourage and promote local entrepreneurship and enterprises for water quality tes�ng; iv.) analyse water quality data generated at various laboratories in the district and take correc�ve ac�on, if required; v.) monitor and update WQMS ac�vi�es data on IMIS and WQMIS regularly; vi.) plan, guide and monitor NABL accredita�on of all laboratories set up in the district; vii.) monitor the working of laboratories set up in the district and ensure the prescribed number of samples are tested and the results shared with district nodal officer/ concerned officer; viii.) cross-verify water quality data and integrate it with data from other laboratories of the State/ UT/ Government agencies; ix.) explore the possibility of engaging laboratories in colleges/ universi�es/ polytechnic ins�tutes/ private pathological laboratories for water quality tes�ng on nominal payment basis mutually agreed between DWSM and concerned ins�tu�ons; x.) procure Field Test Kits (FTKs)/ refills/ bacterio- logical vials from the suppliers empanelled with the State/ UT and distribute them at block/ GP level for water tes�ng; xi.) take measures for strengthening and monitoring community-based water quality surveillance and sanita�on ac�vi�es prepared by SWSM; xii.) put up district map of water quality-affected areas (hot spots), indica�ng the type and intensity of contamina�on, at the district collectorate and monitor the water quality regularly; xiii.) monitor water quality grievances and ensure they are addressed on priority; xiv.) test water quality parameters of local impor- tance. The major func�ons of these laboratories include: drinking water quality tes�ng of all sources as per protocol, their monitoring & surveillance; xv.) closely monitor hotspots, undertake field visits to hotspots/ quality-affected areas; xvi.) prepare water quality maps indica�ng the type and intensity of contamina�on in the area of their jurisdic�on; recommend correc�ve ac�on to PHED/ RWS Department and alert the com- munity; xvii.) laboratory gap assessment and implementa�on of laboratory improvement plans; xviii.) technical support to DWSM in purchase of consumables and non-consumable items to ensure proper working of laboratories; xix.) coordinate and share data with State/ UT laboratory and other relevant stakeholders in the State/ UT and district, e.g., health depart- ment; xx.) strengthen PRIs, GP and/ or its sub-commi�ee, i.e., VWSC/ Pani Sami�/ User Groups and involve community in water quality monitoring and surveillance ac�vi�es including sanitary inspec�ons; xxi.) implement quality assurance and quality control procedures; xxii.) communicate test results to the Execu�ve Engineer, Zila Parishad, Assistant Execu�ve Engineer and to Gram Panchayats and/ or sub- commi�ee, i.e., VWSC/ Pani Sami�/ User Groups for correc�ve ac�ons at district and sub- divisional level; ensure display of water quality test results at GP level; xxiii.) regular quality tes�ng of water supply in schools, aganwadi centres, GP offices and other village ins�tu�ons using Field Test Kits (FTKs)/ bacteriological vials and communica�ng results to the authority concerned; xxiv.) monitor u�lisa�on of Field Test Kits (FTKs)/ refills/ bacteriological vials in GPs, schools, anganwadi centres and other public ins�tu�ons; xxv.) district laboratories are responsible for tes�ng 250 water sources/ samples per month (3,000 in a year as per the target of roster available on Department/ Na�onal Mission IMIS) covering all sources randomly spread geographically, includ- ing the posi�vely tested samples referred by the sub-division/ block laboratory/ mobile laboratory for basic water quality parameters. The district laboratory will also refer the posi�vely tested samples to the State/ UT laboratory immediately. The other parameters may be tested as per local contamina�on at the district level; xxvi.) regular monitoring and site visit of water quality hotspots, etc. 5.1.4 Sub-divisional/ block level The drinking water quality tes�ng laboratories at sub- divisional/ block levels are the core agencies to test water quality parameters of local importance. Sub- division/ block level laboratory Chemist is responsible for WQMS ac�vi�es at the respec�ve sub-division/ block level. The sub-division/ block level laboratory Chemist in charge is to report to the Chemist in charge of the district laboratory for water quality, with a informa�on copy marked to the engineer in-charge for rural water supply. The func�ons of the sub-division/ block level laborato- ries include: i.) drinking water quality tes�ng of all sources in their jurisdic�on and their monitoring and surveillance; 31 Drinking Water Quality Monitoring & Surveillance Framework 30 5.1.3 District level 5.1.3.1 District Water & Sanitation Mission (DWSM) The District Water and Sanita�on Mission (DWSM) is responsible for overall water quality monitoring and surveillance ac�vi�es at the district level. While the Execu�ve Engineer, RWS/ PHWD is the Member- Secretary of DWSM and responsible for supply of water to households, the Chemist-in-charge of the district laboratory is responsible for the performance of laboratories in the jurisdic�on. Func�ons of DWSM: i.) responsible for overall water quality monitoring and surveillance ac�vi�es and coordina�on at the district level; ii.) monitor popula�on's exposure to unsafe drinking water, the extent of exposure by risk level, and the severity of that risk's contribu�on to disease burden; iii.) raise issues of importance on drinking water quality to SWSM; iv.) implement the SOP for water-borne disease outbreak, as required, in coordina�on with water supply agency, pollu�on control board, health authori�es and water quality tes�ng laboratories; v.) recognise well-performing sub-divisions/ blocks/ GPs/ VWSCs, and ISAs from �me-to-�me and reward them; vi.) guide/ facilitate laboratories under its jurisdic- �on, etc. 5.1.3.2 District level water quality testing laboratory The district laboratories are to assist the DWSM in carrying out the func�ons of the mission. The Chemist in-charge of the district laboratory is responsible for WQMS ac�vi�es in the district and is to report to the State/ UT Chief Chemist on all ma�ers regarding water quality tes�ng laboratories and their func�oning, with an informa�on copy marked to the execu�ve engineer or engineer in-charge of water supply at district level. The district-level laboratories perform the following func�ons: i.) monitor and implement WQMS ac�vi�es in the district and take correc�ve ac�on; ii.) raise awareness and develop capacity among all stakeholders on various aspects of water quality and its importance, waterborne diseases and health effects of contaminated water, safe handling and storage of water, etc.; iii.) encourage and promote local entrepreneurship and enterprises for water quality tes�ng; iv.) analyse water quality data generated at various laboratories in the district and take correc�ve ac�on, if required; v.) monitor and update WQMS ac�vi�es data on IMIS and WQMIS regularly; vi.) plan, guide and monitor NABL accredita�on of all laboratories set up in the district; vii.) monitor the working of laboratories set up in the district and ensure the prescribed number of samples are tested and the results shared with district nodal officer/ concerned officer; viii.) cross-verify water quality data and integrate it with data from other laboratories of the State/ UT/ Government agencies; ix.) explore the possibility of engaging laboratories in colleges/ universi�es/ polytechnic ins�tutes/ private pathological laboratories for water quality tes�ng on nominal payment basis mutually agreed between DWSM and concerned ins�tu�ons; x.) procure Field Test Kits (FTKs)/ refills/ bacterio- logical vials from the suppliers empanelled with the State/ UT and distribute them at block/ GP level for water tes�ng; xi.) take measures for strengthening and monitoring community-based water quality surveillance and sanita�on ac�vi�es prepared by SWSM; xii.) put up district map of water quality-affected areas (hot spots), indica�ng the type and intensity of contamina�on, at the district collectorate and monitor the water quality regularly; xiii.) monitor water quality grievances and ensure they are addressed on priority; xiv.) test water quality parameters of local impor- tance. The major func�ons of these laboratories include: drinking water quality tes�ng of all sources as per protocol, their monitoring & surveillance; xv.) closely monitor hotspots, undertake field visits to hotspots/ quality-affected areas; xvi.) prepare water quality maps indica�ng the type and intensity of contamina�on in the area of their jurisdic�on; recommend correc�ve ac�on to PHED/ RWS Department and alert the com- munity; xvii.) laboratory gap assessment and implementa�on of laboratory improvement plans; xviii.) technical support to DWSM in purchase of consumables and non-consumable items to ensure proper working of laboratories; xix.) coordinate and share data with State/ UT laboratory and other relevant stakeholders in the State/ UT and district, e.g., health depart- ment; xx.) strengthen PRIs, GP and/ or its sub-commi�ee, i.e., VWSC/ Pani Sami�/ User Groups and involve community in water quality monitoring and surveillance ac�vi�es including sanitary inspec�ons; xxi.) implement quality assurance and quality control procedures; xxii.) communicate test results to the Execu�ve Engineer, Zila Parishad, Assistant Execu�ve Engineer and to Gram Panchayats and/ or sub- commi�ee, i.e., VWSC/ Pani Sami�/ User Groups for correc�ve ac�ons at district and sub- divisional level; ensure display of water quality test results at GP level; xxiii.) regular quality tes�ng of water supply in schools, aganwadi centres, GP offices and other village ins�tu�ons using Field Test Kits (FTKs)/ bacteriological vials and communica�ng results to the authority concerned; xxiv.) monitor u�lisa�on of Field Test Kits (FTKs)/ refills/ bacteriological vials in GPs, schools, anganwadi centres and other public ins�tu�ons; xxv.) district laboratories are responsible for tes�ng 250 water sources/ samples per month (3,000 in a year as per the target of roster available on Department/ Na�onal Mission IMIS) covering all sources randomly spread geographically, includ- ing the posi�vely tested samples referred by the sub-division/ block laboratory/ mobile laboratory for basic water quality parameters. The district laboratory will also refer the posi�vely tested samples to the State/ UT laboratory immediately. The other parameters may be tested as per local contamina�on at the district level; xxvi.) regular monitoring and site visit of water quality hotspots, etc. 5.1.4 Sub-divisional/ block level The drinking water quality tes�ng laboratories at sub- divisional/ block levels are the core agencies to test water quality parameters of local importance. Sub- division/ block level laboratory Chemist is responsible for WQMS ac�vi�es at the respec�ve sub-division/ block level. The sub-division/ block level laboratory Chemist in charge is to report to the Chemist in charge of the district laboratory for water quality, with a informa�on copy marked to the engineer in-charge for rural water supply. The func�ons of the sub-division/ block level laborato- ries include: i.) drinking water quality tes�ng of all sources in their jurisdic�on and their monitoring and surveillance; 33 Drinking Water Quality Monitoring & Surveillance Framework 32 ii.) sub-divisional/ block level laboratories will test 100% water sources under its jurisdic�on; once for chemical parameters and twice for bacterio- logical parameters (pre and post monsoon) in a year, covering all sources of a block at least for basic water quality parameters. The posi�vely tested samples will be referred to the district laboratory immediately. The other parameters may be tested as per local contamina�on. In case, block level laboratories are not available, services of laboratories of nearby educa�onal ins�tu�ons or universi�es may be explored and availed; iii.) training and awareness genera�on ac�vi�es about water quality in rural areas and grassroot level water quality workers; iv.) involving PRIs, GP and/ or its sub-commi�ee, i.e., VWSC/ Pani Sami�/ User Groups and the community in water quality monitoring and surveil lance ac�vi�es including sanitary inspec�ons; v.) regular monitoring of water quality parameters of local importance, repor�ng the test results to the district level laboratory and sharing the results with the community; vi.) communica�ng the test results to sub-divisional Engineer/ Assistant Engineer, Junior Engineer and GPs and/ or sub-commi�ee i.e., VWSC, Pani Sami�, etc; vii.) ensuring regular drinking water quality tests using Field Test Kits (FTKs)/ bacteriological vials in all schools, anganwadi centres, other village ins�tu�ons and communica�ng the test results to concerned authority including DWSM and other stakeholders in the district, e.g., the district health department; viii.) monitoring u�lisa�on of Field Test Kits (FTKs)/ refills/ bacteriological vials in GPs, schools, anganwadi centres, other public ins�tu�ons and sharing the results with concerned authority; ix.) implemen�ng quality assurance and quality control procedures, etc. 5.1.5 Mobile drinking water quality testing laboratory The mobile water quality tes�ng laboratories may be set up to test specified parameters in inaccessible areas. They play a major role following a cyclone, flood, earthquake, etc., as they can reach the affected areas at short no�ce. The drinking water quality commissionerate will iden�fy the requirement of mobile laboratories and monitor their ac�vi�es. The func�ons of mobile laboratory are: i.) water quality monitoring and surveillance in remote areas/ hot spots/ disaster prone areas; ii.) cross-verifica�on of results with other laborato- ries; iii.) water quality tes�ng and management during disasters and natural calami�es; iv.) awareness genera�on amongst the PRIs and community; v.) any specially assigned task. A brief write-up on Haryana's mobile laboratory is men�oned in Annex-IV, etc. 5.1.6 Gram Panchayat and/ or its sub- committee, i.e. VWSC/ Pani Samiti The Gram Panchayat and/ or its sub-commi�ee, i.e. VWSC/ Pani Sami� are to shoulder key responsibility of planning, implementa�on, management, opera�on & maintenance of in-village water supply systems including regular water quality tes�ng, grievance redressal, etc. The GPs/ VWSCs are to func�on as local water u�li�es. Func�ons of GP/ VWSC in WQMS are: I.) water quality surveillance ac�vi�es as per the protocol established; ii.) presump�ve tes�ng of water quality using FTKs/ bacteriological vials and regularly repor�ng test results to RWS/ PHE Department at sub-division/ block level laboratory as the case may be; iii.) iden�fying, appoin�ng and training five women from the local community to conduct water quality tests using FTKs/ bacteriological vials and repor�ng the results; iv.) sanitary inspec�on, once every month, and submi�ng the report to RWS/ PHE Department; v.) ascertaining drinking water quality at the house- hold level through regular tes�ng of samples; vi.) tes�ng all drinking water sources, including private sources, using FTKs/ bacteriological vials; Features of mobile water quality testing van, Haryana 33 Drinking Water Quality Monitoring & Surveillance Framework 32 ii.) sub-divisional/ block level laboratories will test 100% water sources under its jurisdic�on; once for chemical parameters and twice for bacterio- logical parameters (pre and post monsoon) in a year, covering all sources of a block at least for basic water quality parameters. The posi�vely tested samples will be referred to the district laboratory immediately. The other parameters may be tested as per local contamina�on. In case, block level laboratories are not available, services of laboratories of nearby educa�onal ins�tu�ons or universi�es may be explored and availed; iii.) training and awareness genera�on ac�vi�es about water quality in rural areas and grassroot level water quality workers; iv.) involving PRIs, GP and/ or its sub-commi�ee, i.e., VWSC/ Pani Sami�/ User Groups and the community in water quality monitoring and surveil lance ac�vi�es including sanitary inspec�ons; v.) regular monitoring of water quality parameters of local importance, repor�ng the test results to the district level laboratory and sharing the results with the community; vi.) communica�ng the test results to sub-divisional Engineer/ Assistant Engineer, Junior Engineer and GPs and/ or sub-commi�ee i.e., VWSC, Pani Sami�, etc; vii.) ensuring regular drinking water quality tests using Field Test Kits (FTKs)/ bacteriological vials in all schools, anganwadi centres, other village ins�tu�ons and communica�ng the test results to concerned authority including DWSM and other stakeholders in the district, e.g., the district health department; viii.) monitoring u�lisa�on of Field Test Kits (FTKs)/ refills/ bacteriological vials in GPs, schools, anganwadi centres, other public ins�tu�ons and sharing the results with concerned authority; ix.) implemen�ng quality assurance and quality control procedures, etc. 5.1.5 Mobile drinking water quality testing laboratory The mobile water quality tes�ng laboratories may be set up to test specified parameters in inaccessible areas. They play a major role following a cyclone, flood, earthquake, etc., as they can reach the affected areas at short no�ce. The drinking water quality commissionerate will iden�fy the requirement of mobile laboratories and monitor their ac�vi�es. The func�ons of mobile laboratory are: i.) water quality monitoring and surveillance in remote areas/ hot spots/ disaster prone areas; ii.) cross-verifica�on of results with other laborato- ries; iii.) water quality tes�ng and management during disasters and natural calami�es; iv.) awareness genera�on amongst the PRIs and community; v.) any specially assigned task. A brief write-up on Haryana's mobile laboratory is men�oned in Annex-IV, etc. 5.1.6 Gram Panchayat and/ or its sub- committee, i.e. VWSC/ Pani Samiti The Gram Panchayat and/ or its sub-commi�ee, i.e. VWSC/ Pani Sami� are to shoulder key responsibility of planning, implementa�on, management, opera�on & maintenance of in-village water supply systems including regular water quality tes�ng, grievance redressal, etc. The GPs/ VWSCs are to func�on as local water u�li�es. Func�ons of GP/ VWSC in WQMS are: I.) water quality surveillance ac�vi�es as per the protocol established; ii.) presump�ve tes�ng of water quality using FTKs/ bacteriological vials and regularly repor�ng test results to RWS/ PHE Department at sub-division/ block level laboratory as the case may be; iii.) iden�fying, appoin�ng and training five women from the local community to conduct water quality tests using FTKs/ bacteriological vials and repor�ng the results; iv.) sanitary inspec�on, once every month, and submi�ng the report to RWS/ PHE Department; v.) ascertaining drinking water quality at the house- hold level through regular tes�ng of samples; vi.) tes�ng all drinking water sources, including private sources, using FTKs/ bacteriological vials; Features of mobile water quality testing van, Haryana 35 Drinking Water Quality Monitoring & Surveillance Framework 34 vii.) tes�ng all drinking water sources/ supply in all schools, anganwadi centres and other public ins�tu�ons, and submi�ng the test reports to RWS/ PHE Department. Block/ sub-divisional level chemist to nominate a member from VWSC for uploading all water quality data on the WQMIS portal; viii.) suppor�ng awareness genera�on in schools, anganwadi centres, health centres, GPs/ PRIs on various aspects of water quality and its impor- tance, waterborne diseases and their health effects, safe handling and storage of water, etc.; ix.) working with ISAs in suppor�ng communi�es in the use of FTKs/ bacteriological vials and sanitary inspec�ons; x.) promo�ng tap water connec�ons through wall wri�ngs like 'Tap water is free from contamina- �on'; xi.) conduc�ng awareness campaign among children; xii.) raising awareness on greywater status, especially treatment and reuse, etc. 5.1.7 Implementation Support Agencies (ISAs) NGOs/ VOs/ women SHGs/ CBOs/ Trusts/ Founda- �ons, etc. that are referred as Implementa�on Support Agencies (ISAs) are playing a cri�cal role as partners in mobilizing and engaging the communi�es to plan, design, implement, manage, operate & maintain in-village water supply systems. Around 13,000 ISAs have been engaged by different States/ UTs to handhold GPs/ VWSCs. In addi�on to their func�ons as prescribed in the opera�onal guidelines for implementa�on of JJM, they may addi�onally be engaged to carry out the following func�ons in regards to WQMS: I.) assist in baseline assessment, training and capacity building of local communi�es; ii.) facilitate GPs/ VWSCs in conduc�ng �mely water quality tests, undertaking sanitary inspec�ons and uploading the data; iii.) iden�fy and facilitate training of five women in every village who can shoulder the responsibility of water quality surveillance; iv.) build awareness on various aspects of water quality monitoring and surveillance, water quality contamina�on, safety of tap water supply, etc.; v.) document success stories/ case studies; vi.) facilitate special campaigns on water quality tes�ng, etc.; vii.) conduct exposure visits for grassroots represen- ta�ves to learn from one another by showcasing best prac�ces of WQMS including adop�ng digital tools, etc. 5.1.8 Sector Partners Sector partners are organiza�ons like UN agencies, interna�onal developmental agencies, founda�ons/ trusts/ NGOs/ CBOs/ corporates with CSR funds, etc., proac�vely working in the water sector with wide outreach and impact. 184 sector partners have been engaged for their support in designing campaigns, capacity building, innova�ve technology, manage- ment, monitoring, evalua�on, etc. In addi�on to their func�ons as prescribed in the opera�onal guidelines for implementa�on of JJM, they may addi�onally be engaged to carry out the following func�ons in regards to WQMS: I.) facilitate in exploring partnerships for effec�ve implementa�on of WQMS, set up pilot demon- stra�ons, etc; ii.) support in producing relevant policy documents, SoPs, etc. iii.) support in bringing innova�ve technology, best prac�ces/ case studies from across the globe in strengthening WQMS; iv.) carry evalua�on studies and assist policy making; v.) develop material relevant to water quality and design crea�ve outreach campaigns; vi.) facilitate organiza�on of conferences, work- shops, etc. at regular intervals on water quality, etc. 22 5.1.9 Key Resource Centres (KRCs) Partnership for knowledge-building have been envisaged with Government/ Non-Government i n s� t u � o n i n c l u d i n g u n i ve rs i � e s / d e e m e d univers i�es/ administra�ve/ management/ engineering ins�tu�ons/ training ins�tu�ons, etc. of repute that would func�on as Key Resource Centres (KRCs). These ins�tu�ons would be engaged for capacity building, reorienta�on of different stakeholders, dissemina�on of knowledge and informa�on, development of high-quality print and audio-visual content, documenta�on of best prac- �ces, etc. to transform the eco-system of drinking water supply sector. The guidelines for capacity building by Key Resource Centres (KRCs) specify its func�ons in detail. Some of the KRC func�ons w.r.t WQMS are as under: I.) design course/ study material, develop and deliver end-to-end high-quality capacity building programs; ii.) conduct training and capacity building of na�onal and State/ UT stakeholders; iii.) provide knowledge support to the stakeholders on the latest innova�ons, tools and best prac�ces that promote effec�ve and efficient delivery of services and monitoring; Village-level meetings to discuss water supply ²² Guidelines for capacity building by KRCs (available on www.jjm.gov.in) 35 Drinking Water Quality Monitoring & Surveillance Framework 34 vii.) tes�ng all drinking water sources/ supply in all schools, anganwadi centres and other public ins�tu�ons, and submi�ng the test reports to RWS/ PHE Department. Block/ sub-divisional level chemist to nominate a member from VWSC for uploading all water quality data on the WQMIS portal; viii.) suppor�ng awareness genera�on in schools, anganwadi centres, health centres, GPs/ PRIs on various aspects of water quality and its impor- tance, waterborne diseases and their health effects, safe handling and storage of water, etc.; ix.) working with ISAs in suppor�ng communi�es in the use of FTKs/ bacteriological vials and sanitary inspec�ons; x.) promo�ng tap water connec�ons through wall wri�ngs like 'Tap water is free from contamina- �on'; xi.) conduc�ng awareness campaign among children; xii.) raising awareness on greywater status, especially treatment and reuse, etc. 5.1.7 Implementation Support Agencies (ISAs) NGOs/ VOs/ women SHGs/ CBOs/ Trusts/ Founda- �ons, etc. that are referred as Implementa�on Support Agencies (ISAs) are playing a cri�cal role as partners in mobilizing and engaging the communi�es to plan, design, implement, manage, operate & maintain in-village water supply systems. Around 13,000 ISAs have been engaged by different States/ UTs to handhold GPs/ VWSCs. In addi�on to their func�ons as prescribed in the opera�onal guidelines for implementa�on of JJM, they may addi�onally be engaged to carry out the following func�ons in regards to WQMS: I.) assist in baseline assessment, training and capacity building of local communi�es; ii.) facilitate GPs/ VWSCs in conduc�ng �mely water quality tests, undertaking sanitary inspec�ons and uploading the data; iii.) iden�fy and facilitate training of five women in every village who can shoulder the responsibility of water quality surveillance; iv.) build awareness on various aspects of water quality monitoring and surveillance, water quality contamina�on, safety of tap water supply, etc.; v.) document success stories/ case studies; vi.) facilitate special campaigns on water quality tes�ng, etc.; vii.) conduct exposure visits for grassroots represen- ta�ves to learn from one another by showcasing best prac�ces of WQMS including adop�ng digital tools, etc. 5.1.8 Sector Partners Sector partners are organiza�ons like UN agencies, interna�onal developmental agencies, founda�ons/ trusts/ NGOs/ CBOs/ corporates with CSR funds, etc., proac�vely working in the water sector with wide outreach and impact. 184 sector partners have been engaged for their support in designing campaigns, capacity building, innova�ve technology, manage- ment, monitoring, evalua�on, etc. In addi�on to their func�ons as prescribed in the opera�onal guidelines for implementa�on of JJM, they may addi�onally be engaged to carry out the following func�ons in regards to WQMS: I.) facilitate in exploring partnerships for effec�ve implementa�on of WQMS, set up pilot demon- stra�ons, etc; ii.) support in producing relevant policy documents, SoPs, etc. iii.) support in bringing innova�ve technology, best prac�ces/ case studies from across the globe in strengthening WQMS; iv.) carry evalua�on studies and assist policy making; v.) develop material relevant to water quality and design crea�ve outreach campaigns; vi.) facilitate organiza�on of conferences, work- shops, etc. at regular intervals on water quality, etc. 22 5.1.9 Key Resource Centres (KRCs) Partnership for knowledge-building have been envisaged with Government/ Non-Government i n s� t u � o n i n c l u d i n g u n i ve rs i � e s / d e e m e d univers i�es/ administra�ve/ management/ engineering ins�tu�ons/ training ins�tu�ons, etc. of repute that would func�on as Key Resource Centres (KRCs). These ins�tu�ons would be engaged for capacity building, reorienta�on of different stakeholders, dissemina�on of knowledge and informa�on, development of high-quality print and audio-visual content, documenta�on of best prac- �ces, etc. to transform the eco-system of drinking water supply sector. The guidelines for capacity building by Key Resource Centres (KRCs) specify its func�ons in detail. Some of the KRC func�ons w.r.t WQMS are as under: I.) design course/ study material, develop and deliver end-to-end high-quality capacity building programs; ii.) conduct training and capacity building of na�onal and State/ UT stakeholders; iii.) provide knowledge support to the stakeholders on the latest innova�ons, tools and best prac�ces that promote effec�ve and efficient delivery of services and monitoring; Village-level meetings to discuss water supply ²² Guidelines for capacity building by KRCs (available on www.jjm.gov.in) 37 Drinking Water Quality Monitoring & Surveillance Framework 36 iv.) organize small and large events like workshops, seminars, symposiums, round table discussions, conferences, mee�ngs, expert talks on issues rela�ng to safe drinking water; v.) conduct research and assessments on various issues of drinking water; etc. 5.1.10 National Centre for Drinking Water, Sanitation and Quality (NCDWSQ) To bring higher knowledge and provide learning opportuni�es to public health engineers, the 'Na�onal Centre for Drinking Water, Sanita�on and Quality (NCDWSQ)' has been established at Kolkata as an apex ins�tu�on for Public Health Engineering (PHE). The ins�tute is envisioned to serve as a premier ins�tute and bridge the wide prevailing knowledge and capac- ity gap in the field of PHE. The ins�tute will follow a 'hub and spoke model' and partner with the Key Resource Centres (KRCs), Centres of Excellence (CoE) and Professor Chairs being set up by DDWS across the country and work in the areas of training and capacity building, educa�on and academic programmes, research and innova�on, and outreach and consul�ng, etc. Further, the ins�tute is also in process of se�ng- up state-of-the-art water quality tes�ng laboratory. The ins�tute ini�ated interac�ons with State/ UT PHEDs/ water & sanita�on Departments through frequent capacity building, classroom trainings, reorienta�on programmes and is encouraging them to innovate to meet exis�ng and emerging challenges. 5.2 Requirement of Human Resource (HR) Staff needs for an effec�ve water quality assessment laboratory varies a great deal. To es�mate needs in terms of human resources, the following factors may be taken into account: I.) total work load; ii.) schedule of on-site analysis, camp analysis and laboratory analysis; iii.) geomorphology/ terrain of the area; iv.) demographic condi�ons; v.) size and complexity of the supply system; vi.) distance of sampling points and water supply systems. Suggestive guideline for staff required for various levels of laboratories S.No. Laboratory type HR position No. of HR required 1. State/ UT level/ Regional level Chief Chemist/ Cheif Water Analyst 01 Senior Chemist/ Senior Water Analyst/ Senior Microbiologist 01 Chemist/ Water Analyst 02 Microbiologist/ bacteriologist 01 Laboratory Assistant 03 Data Entry Operator 02 Lab A�endant 02 Field Assistant (task/ need based) 02 (Note: Staffing requirements men�oned here are indica�ve of the WQMIS requirements) S.No. Laboratory type HR position No. of HR required 2. District level Chemist/ Water Analyst 01 Microbiologist/ Bacteriologist 01 Laboratory Assistant 02 Data Entry Operator 01 Lab A�endant 01 Field Assistant (task/ need based) 02 3. Sub-divisional/ Block level Junior Chemist 01 Junior Microbiologist 01 Laboratory Assistant 01 Data Entry Operator 01 Lab A�endant 01 Field Assistant (task/ need based) 01 4. Mobile Junior Chemist/ Microbiologist 01 Field Assistant (task/ need based) 01 Driver 01 An incumbent with Chemistry/ Microbiology qualifica- �on may be allo�ed chemical or microbiological analy�cal work, at any level of the laboratory, as per workload/ human resources available in the labora- tory. Different States/ UTs have a different designa�on for water quality professionals such as Water Analyst/ Chemist/ Assistant Chemist/ Junior/ Sr. Scien�fic Assistants/ Scien�fic Officer/ Research Officer, etc. These designa�ons/ �tles are sugges�ve and may be decided by the respec�ve State Government/ UT Administra�on. These posi�ons can be filled with regular/ contractual personnel or can even be outsourced following due procedure as per extant rules of the State Govern- ment/ UT Administra�on. However, all States/ UTs must ensure at least one regular post of Water Ana- lyst/ Chemist for the drinking water quality tes�ng laboratory in each district. Keeping in view the pa�ern of different State Governments/ UT Administra�ons, the educa�onal qualifica�on and experience required for various posi�ons in the water laboratories is suggested as under. 37 Drinking Water Quality Monitoring & Surveillance Framework 36 iv.) organize small and large events like workshops, seminars, symposiums, round table discussions, conferences, mee�ngs, expert talks on issues rela�ng to safe drinking water; v.) conduct research and assessments on various issues of drinking water; etc. 5.1.10 National Centre for Drinking Water, Sanitation and Quality (NCDWSQ) To bring higher knowledge and provide learning opportuni�es to public health engineers, the 'Na�onal Centre for Drinking Water, Sanita�on and Quality (NCDWSQ)' has been established at Kolkata as an apex ins�tu�on for Public Health Engineering (PHE). The ins�tute is envisioned to serve as a premier ins�tute and bridge the wide prevailing knowledge and capac- ity gap in the field of PHE. The ins�tute will follow a 'hub and spoke model' and partner with the Key Resource Centres (KRCs), Centres of Excellence (CoE) and Professor Chairs being set up by DDWS across the country and work in the areas of training and capacity building, educa�on and academic programmes, research and innova�on, and outreach and consul�ng, etc. Further, the ins�tute is also in process of se�ng- up state-of-the-art water quality tes�ng laboratory. The ins�tute ini�ated interac�ons with State/ UT PHEDs/ water & sanita�on Departments through frequent capacity building, classroom trainings, reorienta�on programmes and is encouraging them to innovate to meet exis�ng and emerging challenges. 5.2 Requirement of Human Resource (HR) Staff needs for an effec�ve water quality assessment laboratory varies a great deal. To es�mate needs in terms of human resources, the following factors may be taken into account: I.) total work load; ii.) schedule of on-site analysis, camp analysis and laboratory analysis; iii.) geomorphology/ terrain of the area; iv.) demographic condi�ons; v.) size and complexity of the supply system; vi.) distance of sampling points and water supply systems. Suggestive guideline for staff required for various levels of laboratories S.No. Laboratory type HR position No. of HR required 1. State/ UT level/ Regional level Chief Chemist/ Cheif Water Analyst 01 Senior Chemist/ Senior Water Analyst/ Senior Microbiologist 01 Chemist/ Water Analyst 02 Microbiologist/ bacteriologist 01 Laboratory Assistant 03 Data Entry Operator 02 Lab A�endant 02 Field Assistant (task/ need based) 02 (Note: Staffing requirements men�oned here are indica�ve of the WQMIS requirements) S.No. Laboratory type HR position No. of HR required 2. District level Chemist/ Water Analyst 01 Microbiologist/ Bacteriologist 01 Laboratory Assistant 02 Data Entry Operator 01 Lab A�endant 01 Field Assistant (task/ need based) 02 3. Sub-divisional/ Block level Junior Chemist 01 Junior Microbiologist 01 Laboratory Assistant 01 Data Entry Operator 01 Lab A�endant 01 Field Assistant (task/ need based) 01 4. Mobile Junior Chemist/ Microbiologist 01 Field Assistant (task/ need based) 01 Driver 01 An incumbent with Chemistry/ Microbiology qualifica- �on may be allo�ed chemical or microbiological analy�cal work, at any level of the laboratory, as per workload/ human resources available in the labora- tory. Different States/ UTs have a different designa�on for water quality professionals such as Water Analyst/ Chemist/ Assistant Chemist/ Junior/ Sr. Scien�fic Assistants/ Scien�fic Officer/ Research Officer, etc. These designa�ons/ �tles are sugges�ve and may be decided by the respec�ve State Government/ UT Administra�on. These posi�ons can be filled with regular/ contractual personnel or can even be outsourced following due procedure as per extant rules of the State Govern- ment/ UT Administra�on. However, all States/ UTs must ensure at least one regular post of Water Ana- lyst/ Chemist for the drinking water quality tes�ng laboratory in each district. Keeping in view the pa�ern of different State Governments/ UT Administra�ons, the educa�onal qualifica�on and experience required for various posi�ons in the water laboratories is suggested as under. 39 Drinking Water Quality Monitoring & Surveillance Framework 38 S.No. Designation Educational qualification Experience 1. Chief Chemist/ Chief Water Analyst Post-gradua�on in Sciences with Chemistry/ Environmental Sciences/ Microbiology/ Biotechnology/ Biologi- cal Sciences as one of the subjects Minimum 15 years experience in laboratory water quality analysis and monitoring 2. Sr. Chemist/ Sr. Water Analyst Gradua�on in Sciences with Chemistry/ Environmental Sciences as one of the subjects Minimum 10 years experience in laboratory water quality analysis and monitoring 3. Sr. Microbiologist Gradua�on in Sciences with Microbiol- ogy/ Biotechnology/ Biological Sciences as one of the subjects Minimum 10 years experience in laboratory water quality analysis and monitoring 4. Microbiologist Gradua�on in Sciences with Microbiol- ogy/ Biotechnology/ Biological Sciences as one of the subjects Minimum 5 years experience in laboratory water quality analysis and monitoring 5. Jr. Chemist / Jr. Water Analyst Gradua�on in Sciences with Chemistry/ Environmental Sciences as one of the subjects Candidate with higher qualifica�on in the cited subjects shall be pre- ferred 6. Jr. Microbiologist Gradua�on in Sciences with Microbiol- ogy/ Biotechnology/ Biological Sciences as one of the subjects Candidate with higher qualifica�on in the cited subjects shall be pre- ferred 7. Lab Assistant 10+2 in Science Group Candidates with one year experience in water quality laboratory may be preferred 8. Data Entry Operator (DEO) 10+2 with skills in computer fundamen- tals Graduate with 1-year computer course may be preferred 9. Field Assistant 10�� pass Candidates with 1- year experience in water quality laboratory may be preferred 10. Lab A�endant 8�� pass Minimum one-year experience in water tes�ng laboratory and 10�� pass may be preferred Qualification and experience required for laboratory staff The remunera�on to the laboratory human resources may be fixed according to the States/ UTs standard schedule of Rates (SoR). Alterna�vely, the remunera- �on may be fixed at par with the best in the sector to a�ract the most competent personnel. The human resource, qualifica�on and experience required, and remunera�on to be paid should be approved by the State Water and Sanita�on Mission (SWSM). The aim is to get the best possible and competent personnel for working in the laboratories. While fixing the remuner- a�on, minimum wage and prevailing market rate should be kept in mind. States/ UTs may hire an agency to provide human resource support for water tes�ng laboratories. All costs of outsourced staff for laboratories, including mobility allowances as well as engagement of outsourced agencies, are allowed under WQMS fund. The financial terms and condi�ons of the outsourcing agency should have the approval of the SLSSC, duly following the procedural formali�es as per Govern- ment rules. Salaries of the regular staff should be met from the State Government/ UT Administra�on funds. The overall responsibility of smooth func�oning of drinking water quality tes�ng laboratories at all levels lies with the Secretary, PHE/ RWS Department as Chairperson of the Execu�ve Commi�ee of SWSM. The roles and responsibili�es of laboratory personnel are as under. Roles & responsibilities of laboratory personnel S.No. Role/ designation Responsibilities 1. Chief Chemist/ Chief Water Analyst i.) overall in-charge of all the drinking water quality tes�ng laboratories set up in the State/ UT; ii.) upkeep of the central repository of water quality analysis manual, and other related documenta�on for smooth func�oning of laboratories; iii.) prepare Standard Opera�ng Procedures (SOPs) for proper sampling techniques, i.e. collec�on, preserva�on, transporta�on, analysis, repor�ng and data interpreta�on of test results; iv.) prepare Annual Ac�on Plan for an effec�ve WQM&S, both for basic and newly emerging parameters; v.) ensure proper AMC/ CAMC of instruments/ equipments following approval from competent authority duly adop�ng procedural formali�es as per State Government/ UT Administra�on rules; vi.) ensure �mely procurement of chemicals/ glassware/ consumables a�er approval from competent authority and adop�ng procedural formali�es as per State Government/ UT Administra�on rules; vii.) ensure proper calibra�on of all instruments/ equipments using Cer�fied Reference Material (CRM) as per ‘IS/ISO/IEC 17025:2017’; viii.) plan correc�ve ac�ons in consulta�on with Engineer-in-Chief/ Chief Engineer of the department; ix.) ensure compila�on of water treatment technologies and correc�ve ac�ons; x.) ensure cross verifica�on of test results, quality control and safety in laboratories at all levels; 39 Drinking Water Quality Monitoring & Surveillance Framework 38 S.No. Designation Educational qualification Experience 1. Chief Chemist/ Chief Water Analyst Post-gradua�on in Sciences with Chemistry/ Environmental Sciences/ Microbiology/ Biotechnology/ Biologi- cal Sciences as one of the subjects Minimum 15 years experience in laboratory water quality analysis and monitoring 2. Sr. Chemist/ Sr. Water Analyst Gradua�on in Sciences with Chemistry/ Environmental Sciences as one of the subjects Minimum 10 years experience in laboratory water quality analysis and monitoring 3. Sr. Microbiologist Gradua�on in Sciences with Microbiol- ogy/ Biotechnology/ Biological Sciences as one of the subjects Minimum 10 years experience in laboratory water quality analysis and monitoring 4. Microbiologist Gradua�on in Sciences with Microbiol- ogy/ Biotechnology/ Biological Sciences as one of the subjects Minimum 5 years experience in laboratory water quality analysis and monitoring 5. Jr. Chemist / Jr. Water Analyst Gradua�on in Sciences with Chemistry/ Environmental Sciences as one of the subjects Candidate with higher qualifica�on in the cited subjects shall be pre- ferred 6. Jr. Microbiologist Gradua�on in Sciences with Microbiol- ogy/ Biotechnology/ Biological Sciences as one of the subjects Candidate with higher qualifica�on in the cited subjects shall be pre- ferred 7. Lab Assistant 10+2 in Science Group Candidates with one year experience in water quality laboratory may be preferred 8. Data Entry Operator (DEO) 10+2 with skills in computer fundamen- tals Graduate with 1-year computer course may be preferred 9. Field Assistant 10�� pass Candidates with 1- year experience in water quality laboratory may be preferred 10. Lab A�endant 8�� pass Minimum one-year experience in water tes�ng laboratory and 10�� pass may be preferred Qualification and experience required for laboratory staff The remunera�on to the laboratory human resources may be fixed according to the States/ UTs standard schedule of Rates (SoR). Alterna�vely, the remunera- �on may be fixed at par with the best in the sector to a�ract the most competent personnel. The human resource, qualifica�on and experience required, and remunera�on to be paid should be approved by the State Water and Sanita�on Mission (SWSM). The aim is to get the best possible and competent personnel for working in the laboratories. While fixing the remuner- a�on, minimum wage and prevailing market rate should be kept in mind. States/ UTs may hire an agency to provide human resource support for water tes�ng laboratories. All costs of outsourced staff for laboratories, including mobility allowances as well as engagement of outsourced agencies, are allowed under WQMS fund. The financial terms and condi�ons of the outsourcing agency should have the approval of the SLSSC, duly following the procedural formali�es as per Govern- ment rules. Salaries of the regular staff should be met from the State Government/ UT Administra�on funds. The overall responsibility of smooth func�oning of drinking water quality tes�ng laboratories at all levels lies with the Secretary, PHE/ RWS Department as Chairperson of the Execu�ve Commi�ee of SWSM. The roles and responsibili�es of laboratory personnel are as under. Roles & responsibilities of laboratory personnel S.No. Role/ designation Responsibilities 1. Chief Chemist/ Chief Water Analyst i.) overall in-charge of all the drinking water quality tes�ng laboratories set up in the State/ UT; ii.) upkeep of the central repository of water quality analysis manual, and other related documenta�on for smooth func�oning of laboratories; iii.) prepare Standard Opera�ng Procedures (SOPs) for proper sampling techniques, i.e. collec�on, preserva�on, transporta�on, analysis, repor�ng and data interpreta�on of test results; iv.) prepare Annual Ac�on Plan for an effec�ve WQM&S, both for basic and newly emerging parameters; v.) ensure proper AMC/ CAMC of instruments/ equipments following approval from competent authority duly adop�ng procedural formali�es as per State Government/ UT Administra�on rules; vi.) ensure �mely procurement of chemicals/ glassware/ consumables a�er approval from competent authority and adop�ng procedural formali�es as per State Government/ UT Administra�on rules; vii.) ensure proper calibra�on of all instruments/ equipments using Cer�fied Reference Material (CRM) as per ‘IS/ISO/IEC 17025:2017’; viii.) plan correc�ve ac�ons in consulta�on with Engineer-in-Chief/ Chief Engineer of the department; ix.) ensure compila�on of water treatment technologies and correc�ve ac�ons; x.) ensure cross verifica�on of test results, quality control and safety in laboratories at all levels; 41 Drinking Water Quality Monitoring & Surveillance Framework 40 S.No. Role/ designation Responsibilities 5. Laboratory Assis- tant i.) prepare reagent solu�ons and assist Chemist and Microbiologist in carrying out analysis; ii.) any other task assigned by the Chemist/ Microbiologist, etc. 6. Data Entry Opera- tor i.) �mely entry of water quality data into the IMIS formats; ii.) he/ She is to keep record of all of the samples collected and analyzed in labora- tory on computer; iii.) any other task assigned by the Chemist/ Microbiologist, etc. 7. Field Assistant i.) collec�on, preserva�on, transporta�on, proper labeling and storing of samples in the laboratory; ii.) any other task assigned by the Chemist/ Microbiologist, etc. 8. Lab A�endant i.) cleaning of glasswares and help in maintaining the laboratory in clean condi�on; ii.) any other task assigned by the Chemist/ Microbiologist, etc. S.No. Role/ designation Responsibilities xi.) supervise and guide repor�ng staff on sampling, water quality analysis, data analysis, iden�fica�on of standard correc�ve ac�ons based on water quality analysis data; xii.) ensure correctness of data uploaded on JJM IMIS; xiii.) any other task in the interest of ensuring safe drinking water supply; xiv.) plan, guide & support for NABL Accredita�on of laboratories in the State/ UT at least for parameters of basic water quality importance and other parameters as per local condi�ons, etc. 2. Sr. Chemist/ Sr. Water Analyst/ Sr. Microbiologist i.) render proper assistance to the Chief Chemist in proper upkeep of the labora- tory as stated above; ii.) provide guidance to the Chemists and microbiologists at district and sub- divisional/ block level laboratories; iii.) handling of advanced water tes�ng instrumenta�on in the State/ UT level laboratory; iv.) ensure tes�ng of targeted samples of State/ UT laboratory; v.) analyze sanitary surveillance data a�er selec�ve field checks; vi.) any other task in the interest of proper water quality management in the State/ UT, etc. 3. Chemist/ Water Analyst/ Microbiologist i.) render proper assistance to the concerned repor�ng officer for achieving the targets set for water quality tes�ng; ii.) implementa�on of proper sampling techniques, i.e. collec�on, preserva�on, transporta�on and analysis of physico-chemical and microbiological parame- ters; iii.) upda�on of water quality data on IMIS regularly; iv.) fumigate periodically to maintain the sanc�ty of the microbiological laboratory; v.) any other task in the interest of proper water quality management in the State/ UT, etc. 4. Jr. Chemist/ Jr. Microbiologist i.) render proper assistance to the concerned repor�ng officer for achieving the targets set for water quality tes�ng; ii.) implementa�on of proper sampling techniques as collec�on, preserva�on, transporta�on and analysis of physico-chemical and microbiological parame- ters; iii.) ensure proper upkeep of the lab; iv.) any other task in the interest of proper water quality management in the State/ UT, etc. Apart from the men�oned ones, some specific roles for Chief Chemist that need to be discharged as technical head of the water quality are: i.) par�cipa�ng in programmes of Doordarshan/ All India Radio (AIR) about various aspects of water quality in the State/ UT; ii.) genera�ng public awareness on water quality through educa�onal ins�tu�ons, i.e. schools and colleges, etc.; iii.) coordina�ng with other stakeholders and Departments; advoca�ng for good sanita�on of spring sheds, watersheds, catchment areas of lakes and ponds that serve as drinking water sources, etc. 41 Drinking Water Quality Monitoring & Surveillance Framework 40 S.No. Role/ designation Responsibilities 5. Laboratory Assis- tant i.) prepare reagent solu�ons and assist Chemist and Microbiologist in carrying out analysis; ii.) any other task assigned by the Chemist/ Microbiologist, etc. 6. Data Entry Opera- tor i.) �mely entry of water quality data into the IMIS formats; ii.) he/ She is to keep record of all of the samples collected and analyzed in labora- tory on computer; iii.) any other task assigned by the Chemist/ Microbiologist, etc. 7. Field Assistant i.) collec�on, preserva�on, transporta�on, proper labeling and storing of samples in the laboratory; ii.) any other task assigned by the Chemist/ Microbiologist, etc. 8. Lab A�endant i.) cleaning of glasswares and help in maintaining the laboratory in clean condi�on; ii.) any other task assigned by the Chemist/ Microbiologist, etc. S.No. Role/ designation Responsibilities xi.) supervise and guide repor�ng staff on sampling, water quality analysis, data analysis, iden�fica�on of standard correc�ve ac�ons based on water quality analysis data; xii.) ensure correctness of data uploaded on JJM IMIS; xiii.) any other task in the interest of ensuring safe drinking water supply; xiv.) plan, guide & support for NABL Accredita�on of laboratories in the State/ UT at least for parameters of basic water quality importance and other parameters as per local condi�ons, etc. 2. Sr. Chemist/ Sr. Water Analyst/ Sr. Microbiologist i.) render proper assistance to the Chief Chemist in proper upkeep of the labora- tory as stated above; ii.) provide guidance to the Chemists and microbiologists at district and sub- divisional/ block level laboratories; iii.) handling of advanced water tes�ng instrumenta�on in the State/ UT level laboratory; iv.) ensure tes�ng of targeted samples of State/ UT laboratory; v.) analyze sanitary surveillance data a�er selec�ve field checks; vi.) any other task in the interest of proper water quality management in the State/ UT, etc. 3. Chemist/ Water Analyst/ Microbiologist i.) render proper assistance to the concerned repor�ng officer for achieving the targets set for water quality tes�ng; ii.) implementa�on of proper sampling techniques, i.e. collec�on, preserva�on, transporta�on and analysis of physico-chemical and microbiological parame- ters; iii.) upda�on of water quality data on IMIS regularly; iv.) fumigate periodically to maintain the sanc�ty of the microbiological laboratory; v.) any other task in the interest of proper water quality management in the State/ UT, etc. 4. Jr. Chemist/ Jr. Microbiologist i.) render proper assistance to the concerned repor�ng officer for achieving the targets set for water quality tes�ng; ii.) implementa�on of proper sampling techniques as collec�on, preserva�on, transporta�on and analysis of physico-chemical and microbiological parame- ters; iii.) ensure proper upkeep of the lab; iv.) any other task in the interest of proper water quality management in the State/ UT, etc. Apart from the men�oned ones, some specific roles for Chief Chemist that need to be discharged as technical head of the water quality are: i.) par�cipa�ng in programmes of Doordarshan/ All India Radio (AIR) about various aspects of water quality in the State/ UT; ii.) genera�ng public awareness on water quality through educa�onal ins�tu�ons, i.e. schools and colleges, etc.; iii.) coordina�ng with other stakeholders and Departments; advoca�ng for good sanita�on of spring sheds, watersheds, catchment areas of lakes and ponds that serve as drinking water sources, etc. 43 Drinking Water Quality Monitoring & Surveillance Framework 42 Strengthening water quality tes�ng laboratories involves their up-grada�on by providing appropriate infrastructure, including laboratory accommoda�on and environment, instruments, equipment, etc. Provision of safe drinking water necessitates a well located and equipped laboratory network within the State/ UT for water quality assessment. The network of such water quality tes�ng laboratories may have a structure based on a State/ UT laboratory, district laboratories, sub-divisional/ block/ a certain number of Mobile laboratories as per the necessity of State/ UTs PHE/ RWS Departments. 6.1 Public-private partnerships and other possibilities Achieving the JJM objec�ve of providing safe water implies tes�ng, monitoring, analysing and communi- ca�ng with the stakeholders for taking the follow-up ac�on. As there is a dispropor�onate rela�onship between the number of water sources and water quality laboratories available for tes�ng, there is a necessity for a large number of laboratories to meet the water quality tes�ng requirement. However, se�ng up new laboratories using Government resources would imply investments, delays and sustainability issues in the long run. In this scenario, the PPP route involving private laboratories from different ins�tu�ons will be desirable. It will not only save cost and �me but will also give access to their infrastructure, human resources and services at short no�ce. This can help get results fast. JJM, therefore, encourages building partnership with all stakeholders. Towards this, the States/ UTs can explore Public-Private Partnership wherein the PHE/ RWS Department may collaborate with NABL/ ISO/ other suitably accredited water quality tes�ng private laboratories. JJM can leverage such laboratories as Support Organisa�ons (SO) and u�lise their strengths following all SOPs as per government procedure. Addi�onally, the Public-Public Partnership may also be explored with the water quality tes�ng laboratories of other/ similar State/ UT/ Central Government agen- cies, i.e., Central Pollu�on Control Board/ Central Water Commission/ Central Ground Water Board, State Pollu�on Control Boards/ laboratories under Public Health Centres/ Community Health Centres that can extend these services, etc. Further, States/ UTs may also designate any NABL/ ISO/ other suitably accredited Public or Private water quality tes�ng laboratory as Support Organisa�on for water quality tes�ng, following all formali�es prescribed in Government procedures. Under JJM, States/ UTs can encourage and promote entrepreneur- ship and enterprises for water quality tes�ng at local level. These could be responsible for a cluster of villages or block(s) and ease the access to water quality tes�ng for public. The footprint of water quality tes�ng can further be increased by engaging laboratories at colleges, universi�es, higher secondary schools, polytechnic ins�tutes, private NABL accredited/ BIS approved water quality tes�ng laboratories, etc., on mutually 6. Strengthening water quality testing agreed payment basis. The laboratories in these ins�tu�ons can be used for tes�ng water samples and also can be made accessible to all the stakeholders, for which an agreed sum can be paid on sample basis. Several States/ UTs have already used PPP model to operate the water quality tes�ng laboratories. Few examples are captured at Annex-IV. 6.2 Specification for laboratory and other infrastructural requirements I.) Physical facility: The design of the laboratory at the State/ UT, district and sub-divisional level shall depend upon the volume of analy�cal work required to be done at each level. In deciding the requirement of space, due a�en- �on should be given to the space needed for permanently installed equipment and op�mal performance of analy�cal work by the labora- tory personnel. While construc�ng the new laboratory, or modifying the exis�ng one, provision for future expansion must be made. The State/ UT/ district level laboratories should preferably be in Government owned buildings. ii.) Loca�on of the laboratory: The loca�on and contact details of all laboratories must be prominently displayed using sign boards, posters, wall pain�ngs etc. near bus sta�ons, railway sta�ons, Gram Panchayat offices, schools and other important public places. The loca�on of all laboratories must be given wide publicity so that the common man is aware where to go to seek water quality analysis. The loca�on of laboratories should be at State/ UT, district, sub-division/block HQ level. The loca�on of all laboratories should be geo- tagged, and details available on State/ UT department and DDWS websites. The laborato- ries should be located such that they get adequate natural ligh�ng and ven�la�on. A standard design of laboratories may be pre- pared. iii.) Re n o va� o n / u p g ra d a� o n o f ex i s� n g laboratories and establishment of new laboratories: States/ UTs can u�lize WQMS funds for strengthening water quality tes�ng Laboratories by se�ng-up/ up-grading State/ UT/ district/ sub-division/ block/ mobile laboratories. Payments of rental charges of various levels of laboratories are allowed under WQMS. For the State/ UT level laboratories, construc�on of the building is also permi�ed, provided adequate land is made available by the State Government/ UT Administra�on. iv.) Floor space: Floor space for the laboratory is men�oned in Annex-V. Use of smooth �les on floors should be avoided, and an�-skid measures should be taken. v.) Walls of the laboratory: The walls should be finished smoothly in a light colour and should have sufficient thickness and provision for built- in cabinets. A standard Dos and Don'ts chart is to be made prominently visible. Standard prac�ces as per the Bio-Safety Level (BSL) and Chemical Safety Level (CSL) for specific parameters are to be followed. vi.) Ligh�ng: All workrooms, including passages in the laboratory, should be well lighted. There should be enough windows provided in the laboratory area (except the microbiological lab) with transparent window glasses. Translucent roofs are now available to facilitate adequate illumina�on during the day�me. This may be thought of while planning the roof of the laboratory. Adequate provision of ar�ficial ligh�ng should be provided to supplement natural light. Addi�onal plug points should be provided for extra ligh�ng if needed. (online voltage stabilizer may be considered). vii.) Fuel gas supply: Provision for supply of fuel gas and gas burners on the workbenches shall be provided wherever required. viii.) Balance room: The digital balance shall be placed on a separate table in a cubicle or enclosure in the laboratory. 43 Drinking Water Quality Monitoring & Surveillance Framework 42 Strengthening water quality tes�ng laboratories involves their up-grada�on by providing appropriate infrastructure, including laboratory accommoda�on and environment, instruments, equipment, etc. Provision of safe drinking water necessitates a well located and equipped laboratory network within the State/ UT for water quality assessment. The network of such water quality tes�ng laboratories may have a structure based on a State/ UT laboratory, district laboratories, sub-divisional/ block/ a certain number of Mobile laboratories as per the necessity of State/ UTs PHE/ RWS Departments. 6.1 Public-private partnerships and other possibilities Achieving the JJM objec�ve of providing safe water implies tes�ng, monitoring, analysing and communi- ca�ng with the stakeholders for taking the follow-up ac�on. As there is a dispropor�onate rela�onship between the number of water sources and water quality laboratories available for tes�ng, there is a necessity for a large number of laboratories to meet the water quality tes�ng requirement. However, se�ng up new laboratories using Government resources would imply investments, delays and sustainability issues in the long run. In this scenario, the PPP route involving private laboratories from different ins�tu�ons will be desirable. It will not only save cost and �me but will also give access to their infrastructure, human resources and services at short no�ce. This can help get results fast. JJM, therefore, encourages building partnership with all stakeholders. Towards this, the States/ UTs can explore Public-Private Partnership wherein the PHE/ RWS Department may collaborate with NABL/ ISO/ other suitably accredited water quality tes�ng private laboratories. JJM can leverage such laboratories as Support Organisa�ons (SO) and u�lise their strengths following all SOPs as per government procedure. Addi�onally, the Public-Public Partnership may also be explored with the water quality tes�ng laboratories of other/ similar State/ UT/ Central Government agen- cies, i.e., Central Pollu�on Control Board/ Central Water Commission/ Central Ground Water Board, State Pollu�on Control Boards/ laboratories under Public Health Centres/ Community Health Centres that can extend these services, etc. Further, States/ UTs may also designate any NABL/ ISO/ other suitably accredited Public or Private water quality tes�ng laboratory as Support Organisa�on for water quality tes�ng, following all formali�es prescribed in Government procedures. Under JJM, States/ UTs can encourage and promote entrepreneur- ship and enterprises for water quality tes�ng at local level. These could be responsible for a cluster of villages or block(s) and ease the access to water quality tes�ng for public. The footprint of water quality tes�ng can further be increased by engaging laboratories at colleges, universi�es, higher secondary schools, polytechnic ins�tutes, private NABL accredited/ BIS approved water quality tes�ng laboratories, etc., on mutually 6. Strengthening water quality testing agreed payment basis. The laboratories in these ins�tu�ons can be used for tes�ng water samples and also can be made accessible to all the stakeholders, for which an agreed sum can be paid on sample basis. Several States/ UTs have already used PPP model to operate the water quality tes�ng laboratories. Few examples are captured at Annex-IV. 6.2 Specification for laboratory and other infrastructural requirements I.) Physical facility: The design of the laboratory at the State/ UT, district and sub-divisional level shall depend upon the volume of analy�cal work required to be done at each level. In deciding the requirement of space, due a�en- �on should be given to the space needed for permanently installed equipment and op�mal performance of analy�cal work by the labora- tory personnel. While construc�ng the new laboratory, or modifying the exis�ng one, provision for future expansion must be made. The State/ UT/ district level laboratories should preferably be in Government owned buildings. ii.) Loca�on of the laboratory: The loca�on and contact details of all laboratories must be prominently displayed using sign boards, posters, wall pain�ngs etc. near bus sta�ons, railway sta�ons, Gram Panchayat offices, schools and other important public places. The loca�on of all laboratories must be given wide publicity so that the common man is aware where to go to seek water quality analysis. The loca�on of laboratories should be at State/ UT, district, sub-division/block HQ level. The loca�on of all laboratories should be geo- tagged, and details available on State/ UT department and DDWS websites. The laborato- ries should be located such that they get adequate natural ligh�ng and ven�la�on. A standard design of laboratories may be pre- pared. iii.) Re n o va� o n / u p g ra d a� o n o f ex i s� n g laboratories and establishment of new laboratories: States/ UTs can u�lize WQMS funds for strengthening water quality tes�ng Laboratories by se�ng-up/ up-grading State/ UT/ district/ sub-division/ block/ mobile laboratories. Payments of rental charges of various levels of laboratories are allowed under WQMS. For the State/ UT level laboratories, construc�on of the building is also permi�ed, provided adequate land is made available by the State Government/ UT Administra�on. iv.) Floor space: Floor space for the laboratory is men�oned in Annex-V. Use of smooth �les on floors should be avoided, and an�-skid measures should be taken. v.) Walls of the laboratory: The walls should be finished smoothly in a light colour and should have sufficient thickness and provision for built- in cabinets. A standard Dos and Don'ts chart is to be made prominently visible. Standard prac�ces as per the Bio-Safety Level (BSL) and Chemical Safety Level (CSL) for specific parameters are to be followed. vi.) Ligh�ng: All workrooms, including passages in the laboratory, should be well lighted. There should be enough windows provided in the laboratory area (except the microbiological lab) with transparent window glasses. Translucent roofs are now available to facilitate adequate illumina�on during the day�me. This may be thought of while planning the roof of the laboratory. Adequate provision of ar�ficial ligh�ng should be provided to supplement natural light. Addi�onal plug points should be provided for extra ligh�ng if needed. (online voltage stabilizer may be considered). vii.) Fuel gas supply: Provision for supply of fuel gas and gas burners on the workbenches shall be provided wherever required. viii.) Balance room: The digital balance shall be placed on a separate table in a cubicle or enclosure in the laboratory. 45 Drinking Water Quality Monitoring & Surveillance Framework 44 ix.) Media prepara�on and steriliza�on room: For microbiological/ bacteriological analysis, addi�onal facili�es for media prepara�on, centrifuging, steriliza�on by autoclaving etc., are mandatory and a separate enclosure for accommoda�ng these facili�es needs to be provided. x.) First Aid Box: All laboratories must ensure that they have adequately equipped first aid box with proper medicines/ bandages/ eyewash. The first aid box should be placed such that it is easily accessible to all staff members. The laboratory should also have a First Aid Chart. First Aid material should be reviewed for its shelf life every three months, and expired material should be disposed of in a proper manner. xi.) Library: Each State/ UT Laboratory shall have a computerized library facility having all Standard Opera�ng Procedures (SOPs) and books/ journals/ periodicals related to drinking water quality, water-related diseases and water quality monitoring and surveillance. An ade- quate number of IEC material on consump�on of safe drinking water, personal and environ- mental hygiene may be kept for distribu�on to rural people who visit the laboratories. xii.) Computers and Printers: Each laboratory shall have required number of computers, printers and other consumables. xiii.) Work tables and benches: Suitable laboratory furniture is to be procured by State/ UT, district or sub-division/ block level laboratories as per local requirement and may be such that they can easily be maintained and cleaned. Prefera- bly, it may be vibra�on free/ shock-resistant. Adequate provision may be made for storing chemicals and reagents as per guidelines/ standards. xiv.) Instruments: The list of instruments required is provided in Annex-VI. (These are only sugges- �ve in nature and addi�on/ dele�ons with advancement in technology may be made as deemed appropriate by the State Government/ UT Administra�on). With advancements in instrumenta�on that incorporate digital technologies to test water quality, different levels of laboratories have to procure equipments that can perform water quality tes�ng for mul�ple parameters. These equipments would not only reduce the turn- around �me for delivery of test results, but also significantly increase the number of tests that can done by the laboratory as well as bring down the human interven�on in tes�ng. A list of such equipments is given at Annex-VII. xv.) Calibra�on of equipments/ instruments: The equipments/ instruments used for tes�ng have to be regularly calibrated as per their require- ment. An annual schedule needs to drawn up for calibra�on showing the frequency of calibra�on, intermediate checks to carried out along with remarks. Suggested format is given in Annex-VIII. xvi.) Maintenance: The States/ UTs may develop an appropriate Annual Maintenance Contract (AMC)/ Comprehensive Annual Maintenance Contract (CAMC) policy for maintenance, calibra�on, repairs of instruments/ equipment available in the laboratories. However, it is preferable that for instruments/ equipment of value less than Rs.10 lakh, Annual Maintenance Contract (AMC) may be adopted and for sophis�cated instruments/ equipments of value more than Rs.10 Lakh, Comprehensive Annual Maintenance Contract (CAMC) be adopted. The AMC /CAMC may be one of the terms & condi�ons of bid document while procuring instruments and equipments of the laboratory. The States/ UTs may also frame policy for procurement of reagents, chemicals, glassware's and other related consumables required for the drinking water quality tes�ng. Government e-Marketplace (GeM) pla�orm may be used widely for procurement purposes. xvii.) Glassware: The sugges�ve list of glassware required is provided at Annex-IX. The quality of glasswares may be Borosilicate Class B in general and Class A for NABL accredited laboratories. Subsequent procurement could be based on actual needs. xviii.) Chemicals for State/ UT, district and sub- divisional/ block laboratories: The sugges�ve list of chemicals for State/ UT, District and Sub- divisional/ block level laboratories is provided at Annex-X. Any addi�onal chemicals if required may also be procured. This may vary with the rou�ne parameters that are intended for tes�ng. Subsequent procurement could be based on actual needs. Laboratories are to have at least 3 months back up of chemicals. Also States/ UTs are to ensure that only Analy�cal Reagent (AR)/ Guaranteed Reagent (GR) grade chemicals are used for water quality tes�ng. It is also suggested that each laboratory may keep sufficient stock of disinfectants like bleaching powder, Potassium permanganate and un- hydrated lime with adequate precau�ons so that these can be used by the trained laboratory professionals for disinfec�on purpose. Chemicals used for Field Test Kit shall invariably include date of manufacture, batch number and expiry date. State/ UT is also requested to refer 'Standard methods for the examina�on of rd water and waste water', 23 edi�on, published by APHA (American Public Health Associa�on). 6.3 Water quality analysis requirements 6.3.1 Methodology for sampling There are many important factors for accurate analysis of a sample. These include: i.) proper collec�on of the samples; ii.) transporta�on; iii.) storage and procedures for microbial and chemical analysis; and iv.) data analysis and interpreta�on. The general precau�ons in the Bureau of Indian Standards, i.e., IS-3025/1622 and/ or 'Standard methods for the examina�on of water & wastewater'- latest edi�on [published jointly by American Public Health Associa�on (APHA), and American Society for Tes�ng and Materials (ASTM)] may be referred to for detailed informa�on on sampling and tes�ng procedures. The sampling containers recommended in Indian Standards need to be used for collec�on. The recommended ones are glass or poly-ethylene plas�c containers. Nowadays, air �ght glass vials are also available in the market and that can also be used for obtaining/ transfer of samples. The Department of Drinking Water and Sanita�on, Ministry of Jal Shak�, Government of India has introduced the concept of a pre-planned roster of sources to be sampled for water quality tes�ng every month. The roster is to be generated based on the data of drinking water sources uploaded by the States/ UTs on JJM IMIS. The objec�ve is to ensure temporal and spa�al random sampling and tes�ng of all sources evenly spread geographically. The sources/ sampling points are to be selected on JJM IMIS based on the monthly target of the district drinking water quality tes�ng laboratories, i.e., 250 number of sources/ delivery points per month, out of which 75% sources/ delivery points to be generated from the roster while the remaining 25% to be selected by the States/ UTs based on local environmental condi�ons. 6.3.2 General guidelines/ precautions for collecting/ handling of drinking water samples The general guidelines and precau�ons for drinking water sampling are as follow: I.) all sources/ delivery points selected for sampling and analysis to be linked to scheme ID in the JJM IMIS; 45 Drinking Water Quality Monitoring & Surveillance Framework 44 ix.) Media prepara�on and steriliza�on room: For microbiological/ bacteriological analysis, addi�onal facili�es for media prepara�on, centrifuging, steriliza�on by autoclaving etc., are mandatory and a separate enclosure for accommoda�ng these facili�es needs to be provided. x.) First Aid Box: All laboratories must ensure that they have adequately equipped first aid box with proper medicines/ bandages/ eyewash. The first aid box should be placed such that it is easily accessible to all staff members. The laboratory should also have a First Aid Chart. First Aid material should be reviewed for its shelf life every three months, and expired material should be disposed of in a proper manner. xi.) Library: Each State/ UT Laboratory shall have a computerized library facility having all Standard Opera�ng Procedures (SOPs) and books/ journals/ periodicals related to drinking water quality, water-related diseases and water quality monitoring and surveillance. An ade- quate number of IEC material on consump�on of safe drinking water, personal and environ- mental hygiene may be kept for distribu�on to rural people who visit the laboratories. xii.) Computers and Printers: Each laboratory shall have required number of computers, printers and other consumables. xiii.) Work tables and benches: Suitable laboratory furniture is to be procured by State/ UT, district or sub-division/ block level laboratories as per local requirement and may be such that they can easily be maintained and cleaned. Prefera- bly, it may be vibra�on free/ shock-resistant. Adequate provision may be made for storing chemicals and reagents as per guidelines/ standards. xiv.) Instruments: The list of instruments required is provided in Annex-VI. (These are only sugges- �ve in nature and addi�on/ dele�ons with advancement in technology may be made as deemed appropriate by the State Government/ UT Administra�on). With advancements in instrumenta�on that incorporate digital technologies to test water quality, different levels of laboratories have to procure equipments that can perform water quality tes�ng for mul�ple parameters. These equipments would not only reduce the turn- around �me for delivery of test results, but also significantly increase the number of tests that can done by the laboratory as well as bring down the human interven�on in tes�ng. A list of such equipments is given at Annex-VII. xv.) Calibra�on of equipments/ instruments: The equipments/ instruments used for tes�ng have to be regularly calibrated as per their require- ment. An annual schedule needs to drawn up for calibra�on showing the frequency of calibra�on, intermediate checks to carried out along with remarks. Suggested format is given in Annex-VIII. xvi.) Maintenance: The States/ UTs may develop an appropriate Annual Maintenance Contract (AMC)/ Comprehensive Annual Maintenance Contract (CAMC) policy for maintenance, calibra�on, repairs of instruments/ equipment available in the laboratories. However, it is preferable that for instruments/ equipment of value less than Rs.10 lakh, Annual Maintenance Contract (AMC) may be adopted and for sophis�cated instruments/ equipments of value more than Rs.10 Lakh, Comprehensive Annual Maintenance Contract (CAMC) be adopted. The AMC /CAMC may be one of the terms & condi�ons of bid document while procuring instruments and equipments of the laboratory. The States/ UTs may also frame policy for procurement of reagents, chemicals, glassware's and other related consumables required for the drinking water quality tes�ng. Government e-Marketplace (GeM) pla�orm may be used widely for procurement purposes. xvii.) Glassware: The sugges�ve list of glassware required is provided at Annex-IX. The quality of glasswares may be Borosilicate Class B in general and Class A for NABL accredited laboratories. Subsequent procurement could be based on actual needs. xviii.) Chemicals for State/ UT, district and sub- divisional/ block laboratories: The sugges�ve list of chemicals for State/ UT, District and Sub- divisional/ block level laboratories is provided at Annex-X. Any addi�onal chemicals if required may also be procured. This may vary with the rou�ne parameters that are intended for tes�ng. Subsequent procurement could be based on actual needs. Laboratories are to have at least 3 months back up of chemicals. Also States/ UTs are to ensure that only Analy�cal Reagent (AR)/ Guaranteed Reagent (GR) grade chemicals are used for water quality tes�ng. It is also suggested that each laboratory may keep sufficient stock of disinfectants like bleaching powder, Potassium permanganate and un- hydrated lime with adequate precau�ons so that these can be used by the trained laboratory professionals for disinfec�on purpose. Chemicals used for Field Test Kit shall invariably include date of manufacture, batch number and expiry date. State/ UT is also requested to refer 'Standard methods for the examina�on of rd water and waste water', 23 edi�on, published by APHA (American Public Health Associa�on). 6.3 Water quality analysis requirements 6.3.1 Methodology for sampling There are many important factors for accurate analysis of a sample. These include: i.) proper collec�on of the samples; ii.) transporta�on; iii.) storage and procedures for microbial and chemical analysis; and iv.) data analysis and interpreta�on. The general precau�ons in the Bureau of Indian Standards, i.e., IS-3025/1622 and/ or 'Standard methods for the examina�on of water & wastewater'- latest edi�on [published jointly by American Public Health Associa�on (APHA), and American Society for Tes�ng and Materials (ASTM)] may be referred to for detailed informa�on on sampling and tes�ng procedures. The sampling containers recommended in Indian Standards need to be used for collec�on. The recommended ones are glass or poly-ethylene plas�c containers. Nowadays, air �ght glass vials are also available in the market and that can also be used for obtaining/ transfer of samples. The Department of Drinking Water and Sanita�on, Ministry of Jal Shak�, Government of India has introduced the concept of a pre-planned roster of sources to be sampled for water quality tes�ng every month. The roster is to be generated based on the data of drinking water sources uploaded by the States/ UTs on JJM IMIS. The objec�ve is to ensure temporal and spa�al random sampling and tes�ng of all sources evenly spread geographically. The sources/ sampling points are to be selected on JJM IMIS based on the monthly target of the district drinking water quality tes�ng laboratories, i.e., 250 number of sources/ delivery points per month, out of which 75% sources/ delivery points to be generated from the roster while the remaining 25% to be selected by the States/ UTs based on local environmental condi�ons. 6.3.2 General guidelines/ precautions for collecting/ handling of drinking water samples The general guidelines and precau�ons for drinking water sampling are as follow: I.) all sources/ delivery points selected for sampling and analysis to be linked to scheme ID in the JJM IMIS; 47 Drinking Water Quality Monitoring & Surveillance Framework 46 ii.) collect a sample that conforms to the require- ment of the sampling programmes and handle it carefully so that it does not deteriorate or get contaminated during its collec�on, preserva�on and transporta�on to the laboratory; iii.) before filling up the container, rinse it two or three �mes with the water being collected for physical and chemical examina�on; do not rinse for microbiological examina�on; iv.) while collec�ng a sample from the distribu�on system, flush lines adequately, taking into considera�on the diameter and length of the pipe to be flushed and the velocity of flow; v.) collect samples from tube-wells only a�er sufficient pumping (purging) to ensure that the sample represents the groundwater source; vi.) when samples are to be collected from a river or stream, analy�cal results may vary with depth, flow, distance from the banks. In surface water bodies, water samples may preferably be col- lected at 0.2 �mes the depth of the water body from the surface water level; vii.) once the sample is collected, login into WQMIS and choose the laboratory where the sample needs to test as per the roaster and generate the automated reference number which will be used as the label. Labelling is an important part of the sampling programme; viii.) the State/ UT may undertake a one-�me survey for recording GPS coordinates of drinking water sources through a suitable agency; ix.) all samples collected in specified sampling containers/ bo�les are to be transported in proper 'ice box' within 24 hours to the chosen water quality tes�ng laboratory. 6.3.3 Collection of water samples 6.3.3.1 Departmental samples For collec�ng and bringing water samples to the laboratory, the laboratory staff may either be provided with a departmental vehicle or a suitable hired vehicle. The task-based Field Assistant may be given suitable remunera�on per sample collected from the source. The methods for sampling water should adhere to the Product Manual for Drinking Water according to IS 10500:2012 (released in October 2020). The sampling containers recommended are either glass or poly- ethylene plas�c containers. Nowadays, air�ght glass vials are also available in the market, and they can also be used for obtaining/ transferring samples. 6.3.3.2 Water samples from public At present, the water quality tests are carried out by the PHE/ RWS Department at delivery points or drinking water sources or pre/ post-treated water from the water treatment plant but not at the point of use or consump�on. Also, so far, consumers had few op�ons for ge�ng their water tested through laboratories or FTKs. Many households, lacking trust in the quality of water supplied, install a point-of-use treatment unit, incurring addi�onal expenditure. Even a�er installing such household water treatment plants, people cannot ascertain whether the treated water from such plants is potable. While NJJM is in the process of providing safe water to all rural households, focus on assuring the safe water supply is required from the public health perspec�ve, which will go a long way in preven�ng water-borne diseases and promote a healthy environment. To improve the ease of living and to empower individuals, there should be an easy and quick means for the general public to test the water quality at affordable price. To achieve this, it is necessary to make all water quality laboratories operated/ engaged by the Public Health Engineering/ Rural Water Supply Department accessible to rural households and all other concerned stakeholders for tes�ng the supplied water. The test results of the samples must be communicated in a seamless way to all stakeholders for follow-up ac�on/ analysis for building trust in the public water supply. By making the quality of piped water known to the public, there will be increased accountability of the supplier for providing safe drinking water. The public can create an account in WQMIS portal and can choose a labora- tory to test the water sample for the desired parame- ters. 6.3.3.3 Centralized supply chain i.) The States/UTs should put in place a robust supply chain, preferably with an online inventory management system. They should plan requisi- �on/ procurement informa�on of chemicals, instruments, glassware etc. to ensure uninter- rupted supply chain management; ii.) The State Governments/ UT Administra�on can also use the Government e-marketplace Portal (GEM) for procurement of instruments, glass- ware, etc. iii.) The centralised State-level agency should procure all reagents. Reagents and consumables should meet the technical specifica�ons including the technology, sensi�vity and specificity criteria, etc.; iv.) The vendors or authorised channel partner(s) of the vendors should deliver the reagents and consumables directly to the districts. But the billing should be done by the primary vendors, and the payments should be made to their accounts only. All payments should be made online through PFMS only; v.) Central district stores must have the requisite infrastructure for receiving the supply from the vendors; and vi.) The States/ UTs must ensure that water quality tes�ng is not interrupted because of non- availability of consumables. 6.3.4 Quantity of sample to be collected Samples for chemical and microbiological analysis are to be collected separately as the two tests follow different methods of sampling and preserva�on²³. The interval between collec�on and analysis of a sample must be the shortest possible. However, the holding �me of the samples and their preserva�on varies from parameter to parameter. The non-conserva�ve parameters which change rapidly with �me and cannot be stabilized (e.g: pH, conduc�vity, turbidity, residual chlorine, temperature, etc.) are to be mea- sured immediately in the field a�er sampling. Sampling may be done by the field assistants. If they are not available, staff working in district/ sub- divisional/ block laboratory should iden�fy VWSC member/ students and train them in the sampling procedures for different types of parameters (chemi- cal and microbiological). A�er training, they may be allocated cluster of GPs for collec�ng the samples in a planned manner. Laboratory staff should also ensure that the sample collectors are provided with polyethene bo�les/ amber-coloured glass bo�les and sterilized borosilicate glass bo�les (BOD bo�les), icebox and necessary chemicals for preserva�on of the samples. The sample collector should take the signa- ture of water supply operator/ GP member or any household member to verify their presence during the sample collec�on. Alterna�vely, the rural water supply departments may use advance technological interven- �on like geo-fencing/ geo-tagging of sources to be sampled. ²³ As per Indian Standards IS 3025: 1987 (Part I) S. No. Analysis type Quantity 1. Physical and Chemical Analysis 1,000 ml (non-acidified) 2. Microbiological Analysis 250 ml in pre-sterilized glass bo�les 3. Metals Analysis 1,000 ml (acidified) Quantity of sample to be collected 47 Drinking Water Quality Monitoring & Surveillance Framework 46 ii.) collect a sample that conforms to the require- ment of the sampling programmes and handle it carefully so that it does not deteriorate or get contaminated during its collec�on, preserva�on and transporta�on to the laboratory; iii.) before filling up the container, rinse it two or three �mes with the water being collected for physical and chemical examina�on; do not rinse for microbiological examina�on; iv.) while collec�ng a sample from the distribu�on system, flush lines adequately, taking into considera�on the diameter and length of the pipe to be flushed and the velocity of flow; v.) collect samples from tube-wells only a�er sufficient pumping (purging) to ensure that the sample represents the groundwater source; vi.) when samples are to be collected from a river or stream, analy�cal results may vary with depth, flow, distance from the banks. In surface water bodies, water samples may preferably be col- lected at 0.2 �mes the depth of the water body from the surface water level; vii.) once the sample is collected, login into WQMIS and choose the laboratory where the sample needs to test as per the roaster and generate the automated reference number which will be used as the label. Labelling is an important part of the sampling programme; viii.) the State/ UT may undertake a one-�me survey for recording GPS coordinates of drinking water sources through a suitable agency; ix.) all samples collected in specified sampling containers/ bo�les are to be transported in proper 'ice box' within 24 hours to the chosen water quality tes�ng laboratory. 6.3.3 Collection of water samples 6.3.3.1 Departmental samples For collec�ng and bringing water samples to the laboratory, the laboratory staff may either be provided with a departmental vehicle or a suitable hired vehicle. The task-based Field Assistant may be given suitable remunera�on per sample collected from the source. The methods for sampling water should adhere to the Product Manual for Drinking Water according to IS 10500:2012 (released in October 2020). The sampling containers recommended are either glass or poly- ethylene plas�c containers. Nowadays, air�ght glass vials are also available in the market, and they can also be used for obtaining/ transferring samples. 6.3.3.2 Water samples from public At present, the water quality tests are carried out by the PHE/ RWS Department at delivery points or drinking water sources or pre/ post-treated water from the water treatment plant but not at the point of use or consump�on. Also, so far, consumers had few op�ons for ge�ng their water tested through laboratories or FTKs. Many households, lacking trust in the quality of water supplied, install a point-of-use treatment unit, incurring addi�onal expenditure. Even a�er installing such household water treatment plants, people cannot ascertain whether the treated water from such plants is potable. While NJJM is in the process of providing safe water to all rural households, focus on assuring the safe water supply is required from the public health perspec�ve, which will go a long way in preven�ng water-borne diseases and promote a healthy environment. To improve the ease of living and to empower individuals, there should be an easy and quick means for the general public to test the water quality at affordable price. To achieve this, it is necessary to make all water quality laboratories operated/ engaged by the Public Health Engineering/ Rural Water Supply Department accessible to rural households and all other concerned stakeholders for tes�ng the supplied water. The test results of the samples must be communicated in a seamless way to all stakeholders for follow-up ac�on/ analysis for building trust in the public water supply. By making the quality of piped water known to the public, there will be increased accountability of the supplier for providing safe drinking water. The public can create an account in WQMIS portal and can choose a labora- tory to test the water sample for the desired parame- ters. 6.3.3.3 Centralized supply chain i.) The States/UTs should put in place a robust supply chain, preferably with an online inventory management system. They should plan requisi- �on/ procurement informa�on of chemicals, instruments, glassware etc. to ensure uninter- rupted supply chain management; ii.) The State Governments/ UT Administra�on can also use the Government e-marketplace Portal (GEM) for procurement of instruments, glass- ware, etc. iii.) The centralised State-level agency should procure all reagents. Reagents and consumables should meet the technical specifica�ons including the technology, sensi�vity and specificity criteria, etc.; iv.) The vendors or authorised channel partner(s) of the vendors should deliver the reagents and consumables directly to the districts. But the billing should be done by the primary vendors, and the payments should be made to their accounts only. All payments should be made online through PFMS only; v.) Central district stores must have the requisite infrastructure for receiving the supply from the vendors; and vi.) The States/ UTs must ensure that water quality tes�ng is not interrupted because of non- availability of consumables. 6.3.4 Quantity of sample to be collected Samples for chemical and microbiological analysis are to be collected separately as the two tests follow different methods of sampling and preserva�on²³. The interval between collec�on and analysis of a sample must be the shortest possible. However, the holding �me of the samples and their preserva�on varies from parameter to parameter. The non-conserva�ve parameters which change rapidly with �me and cannot be stabilized (e.g: pH, conduc�vity, turbidity, residual chlorine, temperature, etc.) are to be mea- sured immediately in the field a�er sampling. Sampling may be done by the field assistants. If they are not available, staff working in district/ sub- divisional/ block laboratory should iden�fy VWSC member/ students and train them in the sampling procedures for different types of parameters (chemi- cal and microbiological). A�er training, they may be allocated cluster of GPs for collec�ng the samples in a planned manner. Laboratory staff should also ensure that the sample collectors are provided with polyethene bo�les/ amber-coloured glass bo�les and sterilized borosilicate glass bo�les (BOD bo�les), icebox and necessary chemicals for preserva�on of the samples. The sample collector should take the signa- ture of water supply operator/ GP member or any household member to verify their presence during the sample collec�on. Alterna�vely, the rural water supply departments may use advance technological interven- �on like geo-fencing/ geo-tagging of sources to be sampled. ²³ As per Indian Standards IS 3025: 1987 (Part I) S. No. Analysis type Quantity 1. Physical and Chemical Analysis 1,000 ml (non-acidified) 2. Microbiological Analysis 250 ml in pre-sterilized glass bo�les 3. Metals Analysis 1,000 ml (acidified) Quantity of sample to be collected 49 Drinking Water Quality Monitoring & Surveillance Framework 48 6.3.5 Analytical quality assurance and quality control In the context of analy�cal work, the terms quality assurance and quality control are o�en treated as synonymous. In fact, they are different concepts. Analy�cal quality control is the genera�on of data for the purpose of assessing and monitoring how good an analy�cal method is and how well it is opera�ng. This is normally described in terms of within-day and day to day precision. By contrast, analy�cal quality assurance comprises following all technical recommenda�ons to ensure the Do laboratory personnel have • clearly defined responsibili�es? • qualifica�ons? • experience? • training? Is space Is equipment Are materials • adequate for the types and number of analyses being undertaken? • adequate? • regularly serviced and maintained? • calibrated and used only by authorized personnel? • bought from a reliable supplier, who carries out quality control? Are there proper facilities • for the receipt and storage of samples and systems for coding and iden�fying them? Is data Are methods Is safety assured by • archived? • retrievable? • validated? • documented? • monitored? • adequate working and waste disposal procedures? • training of staff? • proper maintenance of equipment? • proper supervision of staff? Analytical quality assurance and quality control/ model inspection reporting format laboratory is producing valid results. Quality assurance thus encompasses analy�cal quality control but also includes many other aspects such as proving that the individuals who carried out the analysis were compe- tent to do so, and ensuring that the laboratory has established and documented analy�cal methods, equipment calibra�on, procedures, management lines of responsibility, a system for data retrieval, sample handling procedures and so on. A checklist for effec�ve analy�cal quality assurance/ sample inspec�on report is given in figure 2 above. Each item on the checklist is scored with either 'Yes' or 'No'. If the answer is 'No' for any of the checklist items, necessary improvements are required. 6.3.6 Water quality testing using Field Test Kit (FTK) at Gram Panchayat/ village level The Field Test Kits (FTKs) used for examining physio- chemical contamina�on in water not only serve the purpose of the ini�al screening of contamina�on but are also effec�ve in genera�ng community awareness about drinking water quality. The kits are used at the grassroot level, i.e., Gram Panchayats/ Village Water & Sanita�on Commi�ees, for indica�ve test results. Water quality tes�ng laboratories may also use the same for primary inves�ga�on. The kit is used in conjunc�on with tablet/ reagents and colour charts to test different parameters. The kits are portable, easy to carry, easy to use and do not require any kind of energy or power. Kits are available for tes�ng the parameters listed below: i.) Turbidity by visual comparison method ii.) pH by pH strips colour comparison method iii.) Total Hardness by Titrimetric method iv.) Total Alkalinity by Titrimetric method v.) Chloride by Titrimetric method vi.) Ammonia by visual comparison method (Op- �onal) vii.) Phosphate by visual comparison method (Op�onal) viii.) Residual Chlorine by visual colour comparison method ix.) Iron by visual colour comparison method x.) Nitrate by visual colour comparison method xi.) Arsenic (by separate Arsenic kit) xii.) Fluoride by visual colour comparison method xiii.) Bacteriological vials (Presence/ Absence) water test kit (H₂S vial test) A separate Arsenic field test kit is also available in the market, which can be used in the States/ UTs where Arsenic is detected in drinking water sources. Gram Panchayats and/ or their sub-commi�ee, i.e., VWSC/ Pani Sami�/ User Group, etc., must ensure to test 100% drinking water sources, including private sources, and water supply at schools, anganwadi centres under their jurisdic�on using FTK at least once in a month. The monthly test results are uploaded on the WQMIS portal. 6.3.7 Sanitary inspection A sanitary inspec�on is an on-site inspec�on of a water supply facility to iden�fy actual and poten�al sources of microbiological contamina�on for evalua�on of the func�onality and opera�on of the system and external environmental factors (such as toilet loca�on). Sanitary inspec�ons of water supply facility should be carried out from �me to �me by community as well as by the concerned laboratory officials. The sanitary inspec�on forms are given in Annex-XI. These forms consist of a set of ques�ons which have 'yes' or 'no' answers. The ques�ons are structured so that the 'yes' answers indicate that there is the risk of contamina- �on, and 'no' answers indicate that the par�cular risk is absent. Each 'yes' answer scores one point and each 'no' answer scores zero points. At the end of the inspec�on, the points are added up, and the higher the total of iden�fied risks, the greater the risk of contamina�on. Risk assessment and sanitary inspec�ons have to be carried out monthly, and the results of sanitary inspec�ons and the recommended remedial ac�ons must be reported. All the sanitary inspec�ons done by the community can then be sent to the block/ sub- divisional/ district/ State/ UT level laboratory, which should also undertake a minimum of two sanitary inspec�ons in a year along with microbial water quality monitoring to check the reliability of the informa�on. In Japanese Encephali�s/ Acute Encephali�s Syndrome (JE/ AES) and Acute Diarrheal 49 Drinking Water Quality Monitoring & Surveillance Framework 48 6.3.5 Analytical quality assurance and quality control In the context of analy�cal work, the terms quality assurance and quality control are o�en treated as synonymous. In fact, they are different concepts. Analy�cal quality control is the genera�on of data for the purpose of assessing and monitoring how good an analy�cal method is and how well it is opera�ng. This is normally described in terms of within-day and day to day precision. By contrast, analy�cal quality assurance comprises following all technical recommenda�ons to ensure the Do laboratory personnel have • clearly defined responsibili�es? • qualifica�ons? • experience? • training? Is space Is equipment Are materials • adequate for the types and number of analyses being undertaken? • adequate? • regularly serviced and maintained? • calibrated and used only by authorized personnel? • bought from a reliable supplier, who carries out quality control? Are there proper facilities • for the receipt and storage of samples and systems for coding and iden�fying them? Is data Are methods Is safety assured by • archived? • retrievable? • validated? • documented? • monitored? • adequate working and waste disposal procedures? • training of staff? • proper maintenance of equipment? • proper supervision of staff? Analytical quality assurance and quality control/ model inspection reporting format laboratory is producing valid results. Quality assurance thus encompasses analy�cal quality control but also includes many other aspects such as proving that the individuals who carried out the analysis were compe- tent to do so, and ensuring that the laboratory has established and documented analy�cal methods, equipment calibra�on, procedures, management lines of responsibility, a system for data retrieval, sample handling procedures and so on. A checklist for effec�ve analy�cal quality assurance/ sample inspec�on report is given in figure 2 above. Each item on the checklist is scored with either 'Yes' or 'No'. If the answer is 'No' for any of the checklist items, necessary improvements are required. 6.3.6 Water quality testing using Field Test Kit (FTK) at Gram Panchayat/ village level The Field Test Kits (FTKs) used for examining physio- chemical contamina�on in water not only serve the purpose of the ini�al screening of contamina�on but are also effec�ve in genera�ng community awareness about drinking water quality. The kits are used at the grassroot level, i.e., Gram Panchayats/ Village Water & Sanita�on Commi�ees, for indica�ve test results. Water quality tes�ng laboratories may also use the same for primary inves�ga�on. The kit is used in conjunc�on with tablet/ reagents and colour charts to test different parameters. The kits are portable, easy to carry, easy to use and do not require any kind of energy or power. Kits are available for tes�ng the parameters listed below: i.) Turbidity by visual comparison method ii.) pH by pH strips colour comparison method iii.) Total Hardness by Titrimetric method iv.) Total Alkalinity by Titrimetric method v.) Chloride by Titrimetric method vi.) Ammonia by visual comparison method (Op- �onal) vii.) Phosphate by visual comparison method (Op�onal) viii.) Residual Chlorine by visual colour comparison method ix.) Iron by visual colour comparison method x.) Nitrate by visual colour comparison method xi.) Arsenic (by separate Arsenic kit) xii.) Fluoride by visual colour comparison method xiii.) Bacteriological vials (Presence/ Absence) water test kit (H₂S vial test) A separate Arsenic field test kit is also available in the market, which can be used in the States/ UTs where Arsenic is detected in drinking water sources. Gram Panchayats and/ or their sub-commi�ee, i.e., VWSC/ Pani Sami�/ User Group, etc., must ensure to test 100% drinking water sources, including private sources, and water supply at schools, anganwadi centres under their jurisdic�on using FTK at least once in a month. The monthly test results are uploaded on the WQMIS portal. 6.3.7 Sanitary inspection A sanitary inspec�on is an on-site inspec�on of a water supply facility to iden�fy actual and poten�al sources of microbiological contamina�on for evalua�on of the func�onality and opera�on of the system and external environmental factors (such as toilet loca�on). Sanitary inspec�ons of water supply facility should be carried out from �me to �me by community as well as by the concerned laboratory officials. The sanitary inspec�on forms are given in Annex-XI. These forms consist of a set of ques�ons which have 'yes' or 'no' answers. The ques�ons are structured so that the 'yes' answers indicate that there is the risk of contamina- �on, and 'no' answers indicate that the par�cular risk is absent. Each 'yes' answer scores one point and each 'no' answer scores zero points. At the end of the inspec�on, the points are added up, and the higher the total of iden�fied risks, the greater the risk of contamina�on. Risk assessment and sanitary inspec�ons have to be carried out monthly, and the results of sanitary inspec�ons and the recommended remedial ac�ons must be reported. All the sanitary inspec�ons done by the community can then be sent to the block/ sub- divisional/ district/ State/ UT level laboratory, which should also undertake a minimum of two sanitary inspec�ons in a year along with microbial water quality monitoring to check the reliability of the informa�on. In Japanese Encephali�s/ Acute Encephali�s Syndrome (JE/ AES) and Acute Diarrheal 51 Drinking Water Quality Monitoring & Surveillance Framework 50 Diseases (ADD) affected districts, the sanitary inspec�on must be undertaken twice in a year, especially during the monsoon and post-monsoon seasons. Strict surveillance and remedial ac�on by the water supply agency is also mandatory during this period. 6.4 IEC and training activities States/ UTs are to engage appropriate agencies to carry out IEC ac�vi�es for crea�ng awareness about water quality among the public. The States/ UTs to get the Informa�on, Educa�on and Communica�on (IEC) plan prepared (materials for TV, radio, newspaper adver�sements, banners, handouts etc.) for enabling the public to get their water quality tested in the laboratories. Community members to be trained on risk assessment of water supply, sanitary inspec�on, proper handling and safe storage of water, etc. Key behaviours may be targe�ng using customized social behavioural change campaigns. Also, States/ UTs are to prominently display standardized signages inform- ing public about water quality parameters, list of water tests and water laboratory services to raise their awareness of water issues. In order to assure public about the quality of water supply, States/ UTs may consider digital displays indica�ng the quality parameters of raw water and supplied water. Water quality training and recommended IEC ac�vi- �es: i.) display contact details of the nearest water quality tes�ng laboratory in prominent loca�ons in every village/ block/ district; ii.) water quality training of RWS/PHE department stakeholders, Gram Panchayat and/ or its sub- commi�ee, i.e., VWSC/ Pani Sami�/ User Group, etc., ISAs, PRIs, village level technicians, etc.; iii.) awareness genera�on on water quality issues, water-borne diseases and their health impacts; iv.) developing water safety planning; v.) behavioural change communica�on on 'strictly avoiding water from quality-affected source' and guiding them for remedial measures; vi.) inter-personal communica�on (door to door contact) on the importance of safe drinking water in nutri�on; vii.) audio-visual publicity of ill effects of consuming contaminated water; the importance of sanitary inspec�on; the process of ge�ng private water quality sources tested, etc.; viii.) wall wri�ngs promo�ng tap water such as ― 'Tap water is free from contamina�on', etc.; ix.) promote consump�on of tap water supply through slogans, group mee�ngs, street play, etc.; x.) sensi�ze public on water quality issues; display water maps in GP, block, district and State/ UT offices indica�ng groundwater quality at GP, block, district and State/ UT level; xi.) in areas of Fluoride and Arsenic contamina�on, it is observed that lack of nutri�on aggravates health impacts from the consump�on of the contaminated water. Integrated approach with departments handling nutri�on and health in rural areas to be explored and efforts to be made to raise awareness on contamina�on-wise Dos and Don'ts. IEC material in vernacular language to be prepared and disseminated. Trainings for women at GP level For women to efficiently carry out water quality tes�ng and monitoring using FTK, they need training in the following: i.) use of FTKs for water quality tes�ng of chemical parameters; ii.) use of FTKs for tes�ng bacteriological contamina- �on of drinking water; iii.) hands-on training in uploading of FTK test results on WQMIS portal; iv.) field level training in carrying out monitoring and surveillance ac�vi�es; v.) health effects of contaminated water and immediate home remedies for addressing them; vi.) leadership, team work, community mobilizing, etc. Further, to create a robust ecosystem of water quality, all key stakeholders, viz. GP members, block officials, district level officers, etc. are also to be trained and sensi�zed on WQMS. Ac�ve youth may also be iden�fied and sensi�zed on the same. It is important to raise awareness and sensi�ze all stakeholders on water quality, especially making them realize that water quality issue is a health issue and thus needs to be addressed on priority. Village level trainings on water quality testing using FTKs Sector Partners, Key Resource Centres (KRCs), Imple- menta�on Support Agencies (ISAs), etc to be engaged for training and IEC ac�vi�es. Further, the Na�onal Centre for Drinking Water, Sanita�on and Quality (NCDWSQ) may also be approached for classroom trainings for different stakeholders, new and innova- �ve technology, etc. 6.5 Recording and reporting of data All drinking water quality tes�ng laboratories in the State/ UT are to maintain proper records of all details related to stock of chemical/ consumables, instru- ments/ equipments, sampling, analysis etc. The instrument/ equipments are to be properly labelled. The following is the suggested process of recording and repor�ng of data: 51 Drinking Water Quality Monitoring & Surveillance Framework 50 Diseases (ADD) affected districts, the sanitary inspec�on must be undertaken twice in a year, especially during the monsoon and post-monsoon seasons. Strict surveillance and remedial ac�on by the water supply agency is also mandatory during this period. 6.4 IEC and training activities States/ UTs are to engage appropriate agencies to carry out IEC ac�vi�es for crea�ng awareness about water quality among the public. The States/ UTs to get the Informa�on, Educa�on and Communica�on (IEC) plan prepared (materials for TV, radio, newspaper adver�sements, banners, handouts etc.) for enabling the public to get their water quality tested in the laboratories. Community members to be trained on risk assessment of water supply, sanitary inspec�on, proper handling and safe storage of water, etc. Key behaviours may be targe�ng using customized social behavioural change campaigns. Also, States/ UTs are to prominently display standardized signages inform- ing public about water quality parameters, list of water tests and water laboratory services to raise their awareness of water issues. In order to assure public about the quality of water supply, States/ UTs may consider digital displays indica�ng the quality parameters of raw water and supplied water. Water quality training and recommended IEC ac�vi- �es: i.) display contact details of the nearest water quality tes�ng laboratory in prominent loca�ons in every village/ block/ district; ii.) water quality training of RWS/PHE department stakeholders, Gram Panchayat and/ or its sub- commi�ee, i.e., VWSC/ Pani Sami�/ User Group, etc., ISAs, PRIs, village level technicians, etc.; iii.) awareness genera�on on water quality issues, water-borne diseases and their health impacts; iv.) developing water safety planning; v.) behavioural change communica�on on 'strictly avoiding water from quality-affected source' and guiding them for remedial measures; vi.) inter-personal communica�on (door to door contact) on the importance of safe drinking water in nutri�on; vii.) audio-visual publicity of ill effects of consuming contaminated water; the importance of sanitary inspec�on; the process of ge�ng private water quality sources tested, etc.; viii.) wall wri�ngs promo�ng tap water such as ― 'Tap water is free from contamina�on', etc.; ix.) promote consump�on of tap water supply through slogans, group mee�ngs, street play, etc.; x.) sensi�ze public on water quality issues; display water maps in GP, block, district and State/ UT offices indica�ng groundwater quality at GP, block, district and State/ UT level; xi.) in areas of Fluoride and Arsenic contamina�on, it is observed that lack of nutri�on aggravates health impacts from the consump�on of the contaminated water. Integrated approach with departments handling nutri�on and health in rural areas to be explored and efforts to be made to raise awareness on contamina�on-wise Dos and Don'ts. IEC material in vernacular language to be prepared and disseminated. Trainings for women at GP level For women to efficiently carry out water quality tes�ng and monitoring using FTK, they need training in the following: i.) use of FTKs for water quality tes�ng of chemical parameters; ii.) use of FTKs for tes�ng bacteriological contamina- �on of drinking water; iii.) hands-on training in uploading of FTK test results on WQMIS portal; iv.) field level training in carrying out monitoring and surveillance ac�vi�es; v.) health effects of contaminated water and immediate home remedies for addressing them; vi.) leadership, team work, community mobilizing, etc. Further, to create a robust ecosystem of water quality, all key stakeholders, viz. GP members, block officials, district level officers, etc. are also to be trained and sensi�zed on WQMS. Ac�ve youth may also be iden�fied and sensi�zed on the same. It is important to raise awareness and sensi�ze all stakeholders on water quality, especially making them realize that water quality issue is a health issue and thus needs to be addressed on priority. Village level trainings on water quality testing using FTKs Sector Partners, Key Resource Centres (KRCs), Imple- menta�on Support Agencies (ISAs), etc to be engaged for training and IEC ac�vi�es. Further, the Na�onal Centre for Drinking Water, Sanita�on and Quality (NCDWSQ) may also be approached for classroom trainings for different stakeholders, new and innova- �ve technology, etc. 6.5 Recording and reporting of data All drinking water quality tes�ng laboratories in the State/ UT are to maintain proper records of all details related to stock of chemical/ consumables, instru- ments/ equipments, sampling, analysis etc. The instrument/ equipments are to be properly labelled. The following is the suggested process of recording and repor�ng of data: 53 Drinking Water Quality Monitoring & Surveillance Framework 52 i.) the laboratories are to keep records of submi�ed samples and completed analysis in a manner that provides easy data retrieval ability. All laboratory data sheets are to be dated and signed by the concerned Chemist and the Head of the labora- tory or his/ her designee. All data entries are to be done preferably at the respec�ve laboratory level into the standardised formats of JJM-WQMIS; ii.) the water analysis report for all drinking water sources to men�on the acceptable and permissi- ble limits of IS 10500:2012 for all basic water quality parameters along with actual observa�on of each physical/ chemical/ microbiological cons�tuent; iii.) through WQMIS, test reports are made accessible to the concerned official, i.e. Junior Engineer (JE), Assistant Engineer (AE), Assistant Execu�ve Engineer (AEE)/ Sub-Divisional Engineer (SDE), Execu�ve Engineer (EE), Superintending Engineer (SE), Director (WWSO)/ Chief Engineer/Engineer- in-Chief and to the concerned Gram Panchayat (GP) and/ or its sub-commi�ee, i.e. VWSC/ Pani Sami�/ User Group, etc for taking up correc�ve ac�on. The test results may also be displayed on GP no�ce board or at other suitable public place; iv.) automated alerts are sent to Member Secretary, DWSM and would be enabled for VWSC chairper- son, in case of samples that are found to have contamina�on beyond permissible limits; v.) State/ UT laboratory to also consider undertaking regular technical evalua�on/ checks/ audits of District/ sub-divisional/ block/ mobile laborato- ries. Example: quality of analysis, repeatability sta�s�cs, etc., to maintain a quality assurance oversight in the data as confidence in the quality of the data is key to the effec�veness and reputa�on of the water quality monitoring and surveillance systems; vi.) State/ UT PHE/ RWS Departments to fix account- ability to ensure correct entry of water quality data on JJM-WQMIS; vii.) State/ UT may establish an inter-district cross verifica�on system for checking the quality of laboratory func�oning. DDWS, MoJS, GoI may also undertake random checks/ audits of labora- rdtories/ cross-verifica�on of test results/ 3 party verifica�on through Na�onal Centre for Drinking Water, Sanita�on and Quality (NCDWSQ) or any other authorized agency/ KRC throughout the country, whenever felt necessary; viii.) the State/ UT PHE/ RWS Department to have a grievance redressal system for facilita�ng the community to express their concerns on quality of water; ix.) a ci�zen corner already exists in the website of the Ministry. Any complaint on drinking water quality in rural areas of the country can be posted for taking up correc�ve ac�on by clicking the icon 'Public Grievances'; x.) State/ UT may take appropriate ac�on to remove the data of duplicate sources; xi.) sanitary inspec�on formats would also be made available on JJM-WQMIS; xii.) at the village level, the VWSC is to maintain records on FTK tes�ng, sanitary inspec�on details, stock keeping of the FTK/ reagents, grievances related to water quality, etc. With the adop�on of Water Quality Management Informa�on System (WQMIS), States/ UTs are to use this portal for repor�ng all water quality test results. Further details on WQMIS are elaborated in the dedicated Chapter 9. The data uploaded in WQMIS, be it for samples obtained from individuals, FTK tests, or those collected by State/ UT level officials, will be integrated and uploaded in the system. All the samples collected by State/ UT officials have to be mandatorily geo-tagged for uploading in the system. 6.6 Safety measures to be fol- lowed in the laboratory 6.6.1 Safety measures while handling hazardous chemicals I.) All containers must be clearly labelled and read before opening. If dispensing into another container, put label along with warning; ii.) minimal stocks not exceeding 500 ml of corrosive or flammable solvents only may be kept in the workroom. The remaining be stored in in a safe place; iii.) glacial ace�c acid must be regarded as a flamma- ble solvent; iv.) ether and low boiling point flammable liquids must not be kept in the fridge; v.) large containers of corrosive or flammable liquids should never be put on high shelves or where they can be knocked down or fall. Also, never put together/close by liquids that react violently; vi.) never carry/ hold bo�les by neck alone. Open bo�les with care; vii.) when dilu�ng concentrated sulphuric acid or other strong acids, it should be added to water in a heat resistant vessel. Gloves and safety glasses should be used at such �mes; viii.) paint circles on shelves for keeping bo�les in the right places; ix.) all hazardous chemicals should be kept in safe custody; x.) States/ UTs, If they so desire, adopt good labora- tory prac�ces of using a dispenser for handling concentrated acid as a safety measure. 6.6.2 Safety measures for neutralizing spills of hazardous chemicals i.) If the amount/ volume of spillage is small, dilute with water or detergent; ii.) if the amount is large, protec�ve aprons, rubber gloves and boots must be worn, and treatment carried out according to the wall chart showing how to manage chemical spillage; iii.) hydrochloric acid and sulphuric acid can be neutralised with anhydrous sodium carbonate; shovel the neutralised solu�on into a plas�c bucket, dilute with water and run to waste; iv.) ammonia solu�on, ethanol, methanol and formalin are best treated by dilu�ng with water, collec�ng and running to waste; v.) windows must be opened; vi.) Phenols must be diluted with tap water in 1:20 ra�o before draining. 6.6.3 Safety measures for operating the equipment I.) Only trained staff should operate the equipment; ii.) opera�ng instruc�ons should be available for each instrument; iii.) check the autoclave water level before loading; iv.) in the case of fire, electrical equipment should immediately be switched off and disconnected; v.) take care to avoid live wires; vi.) when not in use, switch off and withdraw the plug from the socket; vii.) avoid the use of mul�-adaptors. If must, use the ones fi�ed with fuses; viii.) phone numbers of persons/ organisa�ons to be contacted during an emergency/ accident must be displayed prominently in the lab. 6.6.4 Using fire extinguishers i.) Water ex�nguishers are suitable for fires involving ordinary combus�ble materials, e.g., wood, paper, tex�le, upholstery. Never use water for electrical wires or liquids on fire; 53 Drinking Water Quality Monitoring & Surveillance Framework 52 i.) the laboratories are to keep records of submi�ed samples and completed analysis in a manner that provides easy data retrieval ability. All laboratory data sheets are to be dated and signed by the concerned Chemist and the Head of the labora- tory or his/ her designee. All data entries are to be done preferably at the respec�ve laboratory level into the standardised formats of JJM-WQMIS; ii.) the water analysis report for all drinking water sources to men�on the acceptable and permissi- ble limits of IS 10500:2012 for all basic water quality parameters along with actual observa�on of each physical/ chemical/ microbiological cons�tuent; iii.) through WQMIS, test reports are made accessible to the concerned official, i.e. Junior Engineer (JE), Assistant Engineer (AE), Assistant Execu�ve Engineer (AEE)/ Sub-Divisional Engineer (SDE), Execu�ve Engineer (EE), Superintending Engineer (SE), Director (WWSO)/ Chief Engineer/Engineer- in-Chief and to the concerned Gram Panchayat (GP) and/ or its sub-commi�ee, i.e. VWSC/ Pani Sami�/ User Group, etc for taking up correc�ve ac�on. The test results may also be displayed on GP no�ce board or at other suitable public place; iv.) automated alerts are sent to Member Secretary, DWSM and would be enabled for VWSC chairper- son, in case of samples that are found to have contamina�on beyond permissible limits; v.) State/ UT laboratory to also consider undertaking regular technical evalua�on/ checks/ audits of District/ sub-divisional/ block/ mobile laborato- ries. Example: quality of analysis, repeatability sta�s�cs, etc., to maintain a quality assurance oversight in the data as confidence in the quality of the data is key to the effec�veness and reputa�on of the water quality monitoring and surveillance systems; vi.) State/ UT PHE/ RWS Departments to fix account- ability to ensure correct entry of water quality data on JJM-WQMIS; vii.) State/ UT may establish an inter-district cross verifica�on system for checking the quality of laboratory func�oning. DDWS, MoJS, GoI may also undertake random checks/ audits of labora- rdtories/ cross-verifica�on of test results/ 3 party verifica�on through Na�onal Centre for Drinking Water, Sanita�on and Quality (NCDWSQ) or any other authorized agency/ KRC throughout the country, whenever felt necessary; viii.) the State/ UT PHE/ RWS Department to have a grievance redressal system for facilita�ng the community to express their concerns on quality of water; ix.) a ci�zen corner already exists in the website of the Ministry. Any complaint on drinking water quality in rural areas of the country can be posted for taking up correc�ve ac�on by clicking the icon 'Public Grievances'; x.) State/ UT may take appropriate ac�on to remove the data of duplicate sources; xi.) sanitary inspec�on formats would also be made available on JJM-WQMIS; xii.) at the village level, the VWSC is to maintain records on FTK tes�ng, sanitary inspec�on details, stock keeping of the FTK/ reagents, grievances related to water quality, etc. With the adop�on of Water Quality Management Informa�on System (WQMIS), States/ UTs are to use this portal for repor�ng all water quality test results. Further details on WQMIS are elaborated in the dedicated Chapter 9. The data uploaded in WQMIS, be it for samples obtained from individuals, FTK tests, or those collected by State/ UT level officials, will be integrated and uploaded in the system. All the samples collected by State/ UT officials have to be mandatorily geo-tagged for uploading in the system. 6.6 Safety measures to be fol- lowed in the laboratory 6.6.1 Safety measures while handling hazardous chemicals I.) All containers must be clearly labelled and read before opening. If dispensing into another container, put label along with warning; ii.) minimal stocks not exceeding 500 ml of corrosive or flammable solvents only may be kept in the workroom. The remaining be stored in in a safe place; iii.) glacial ace�c acid must be regarded as a flamma- ble solvent; iv.) ether and low boiling point flammable liquids must not be kept in the fridge; v.) large containers of corrosive or flammable liquids should never be put on high shelves or where they can be knocked down or fall. Also, never put together/close by liquids that react violently; vi.) never carry/ hold bo�les by neck alone. Open bo�les with care; vii.) when dilu�ng concentrated sulphuric acid or other strong acids, it should be added to water in a heat resistant vessel. Gloves and safety glasses should be used at such �mes; viii.) paint circles on shelves for keeping bo�les in the right places; ix.) all hazardous chemicals should be kept in safe custody; x.) States/ UTs, If they so desire, adopt good labora- tory prac�ces of using a dispenser for handling concentrated acid as a safety measure. 6.6.2 Safety measures for neutralizing spills of hazardous chemicals i.) If the amount/ volume of spillage is small, dilute with water or detergent; ii.) if the amount is large, protec�ve aprons, rubber gloves and boots must be worn, and treatment carried out according to the wall chart showing how to manage chemical spillage; iii.) hydrochloric acid and sulphuric acid can be neutralised with anhydrous sodium carbonate; shovel the neutralised solu�on into a plas�c bucket, dilute with water and run to waste; iv.) ammonia solu�on, ethanol, methanol and formalin are best treated by dilu�ng with water, collec�ng and running to waste; v.) windows must be opened; vi.) Phenols must be diluted with tap water in 1:20 ra�o before draining. 6.6.3 Safety measures for operating the equipment I.) Only trained staff should operate the equipment; ii.) opera�ng instruc�ons should be available for each instrument; iii.) check the autoclave water level before loading; iv.) in the case of fire, electrical equipment should immediately be switched off and disconnected; v.) take care to avoid live wires; vi.) when not in use, switch off and withdraw the plug from the socket; vii.) avoid the use of mul�-adaptors. If must, use the ones fi�ed with fuses; viii.) phone numbers of persons/ organisa�ons to be contacted during an emergency/ accident must be displayed prominently in the lab. 6.6.4 Using fire extinguishers i.) Water ex�nguishers are suitable for fires involving ordinary combus�ble materials, e.g., wood, paper, tex�le, upholstery. Never use water for electrical wires or liquids on fire; Drinking Water Quality Monitoring & Surveillance Framework 54 ii.) dry powder ex�nguishers or sand are suitable for liquids on fire, electrical fires and burning metals. 6.6.5 First Aid i.) First aid chart should be prominently mounted on the laboratory wall; ii.) first aid box must always be equipped and should be accessible to laboratory staff. An emergency eyewash bo�le with a bo�le of sterilized water should be readily available; iii.) a universal poison an�dote is useful. Ac�vated aluminium oxide or a �n of evaporated milk should be readily available. A �n opener and some waterproof dressing material should also be readily available; iv.) all employees in the laboratory must know the loca�on of the first aid box. 6.6.6 Additional safety/ hygiene require- ments i.) Safety instruc�ons and precau�ons to be followed in the laboratory must be prominently displayed inside the laboratory; ii.) BIS specifica�ons IS 10500:2012, Drinking Water Specifica�on IS 3025, Method of Sampling & Test (Physical & Chemical) IS 1622, Methods of Sampling & Microbiological examina�on of water and APHA Manual should be made available in every laboratory. JJM support fund may be used for the procurement of these specifica�ons; iii.) the date of prepara�on of a reagent solu�on and the date of its expiry must be clearly wri�en and labelled on its bo�le; iv.) under no circumstances the sanc�ty of a laboratory should be violated. Unauthorized persons should not enter the laboratory. Ea�ng should not be allowed in a laboratory space meant for analysis; v.) a clean and well-maintained toilet MUST be a�ached/ available in the laboratory premises with handwashing facility and soap; vi.) all laboratories should have adequate water supply facili�es with required pressure for safe opera�on; vii.) facili�es such as foot-operated eye shower, safety/ water shower, washbasins, foot-operated dust bins must be available; viii.) a laboratory must have an AC fi�ed if it performs a significant number of tests. Or air condi�oner/ heater/ humidifier may be provided to maintain specified temperature and rela�ve humidity; ix.) personal hygiene is a must for all staff of the laboratory, especially microbiologists. All labora- tory staff should wear aprons/ caps/ gloves during the prepara�on of the solu�on and tes�ng (requirement is parameter specific) and the same must be washed at regular intervals; x.) drinking water samples should only be tested a�er proper calibra�on of the instruments. 6.7 Waste management Wastewater from water quality tes�ng laboratories is generally composed of organic and inorganic ma�er and a wide range of chemicals and heavy metals. It is also one of the most difficult wastewaters to treat. If a chemical waste cannot be transported safely without treatment, it needs to be treated at its present site. If the chemical waste originates in a laboratory, it should be treated there. In some cases, on-site treatment is performed under special permits issued by the regulatory agency. A good safety programme requires constant care in the disposal of laboratory waste. Corrosive materials should never be poured down in a sink or drain. These substances can corrode the drainpipe and/ or trap. Corrosive acids should be poured down in corrosion- resistant sinks and sewers using large quan��es of water to dilute and flush the acid. Hazardous chemi- cals/ substances must be disposed of by methods that comply with local environmental regula�ons. Check/ confirm the local requirements before disposal. Laboratories should maintain a comprehensive list of wastewater discharges, details of sources and loca- 55 �ons of the discharges, analy�cal or other data characterizing the nature and volume of the discharge. A�er careful considera�on, management can determine the acceptable limits of drain disposal of non-hazardous substances. USEPA, 2000 provides the following general guidelines: i.) Use drain disposal only if the drain system flows to a wastewater treatment plant and not into a sep�c tank system or a stormwater sewer system that poten�ally flows directly into surface water; ii.) Make sure that the substances being disposed of are compa�ble with each other and with the piping system; iii.) Discharge only those compounds that are soluble in water (such as aqueous solu�ons), are readily biodegradable, are low in toxicity and contain no metals that can make the sludge toxic. Laboratory wastewater neutraliza�on before discharge is significant. Therefore, the discharge of weak corrosive solu�ons (5.5<pH<12.0) to the laboratory sinks in small quan��es (less than one litre per hour) is permissible. Corrosive solu�ons with pH ranges (2.0<pH<5.5) and 12.0<pH<12.5) must be neutralized before sink/drain disposal. Corrosive solu�ons with pH ranges (pH<2.0) and (pH>12.5) at the conclusion of the laboratory process must be managed as hazardous waste. The coagula�on- floccula�on (CF) process is a versa�le method used either alone or combined with biological treatment for removing suspended solids, organic ma�er as well as colour in wastewater. Likewise, coagula�on followed by floccula�on process is an effec�ve way of removing high concentra�on of organic pollutants. Ozona�on is a chemical process in which ozone is used to transform harmful chemicals into less harmful compounds. However, chlorina�on may also be adopted if the ozona�on facility is not available. It has been used for disinfec�on, oxida�on of inorganic and organic compounds, removal of odour, colour and par�cle. In this technology, the treatment is carried out in a batch process. First, pH is adjusted. It is followed by ferric sulphate dose, s�rring �me is 2 minutes at 500 rpm, and a�er se�ling of flocs, ozona�on/ chlorina�on is carried out of clarified water for 1. Similarly, the microbial waste has to be autoclaved before discharge following the SoP referred to in clause 5.1.1.(vii). At the village level, the waste generated from the FTKs, viz. broken/ unusable test tubes, etc. to be disposed off as per the solid liquid waste management guide- lines. The reagents used for tes�ng and the resul�ng solu�on may be diluted before being disposed off in any drain. The expired reagents, if any, are to be handed back to the designated laboratory. 6.8 Turnaround time Timely availability of test results is the key for expedi- �ous and comprehensive management of contami- nated water sources. States/ UTs should measure and monitor turnaround �me of test reports. For an accurate analysis of the turnaround �me for labora- tory services, the star�ng point should be the �me of sample collec�on at the water quality laboratories where the tests are prescribed. The endpoint should be the prin�ng of reports at the laboratories or receipt of electronic report at the laboratories (if prin�ng facility is not available at the laboratories). It is recom- mended that the turnaround �me for tes�ng the chemical parameters should not exceed more than 24 hours, whereas for tes�ng the biological parameters, the turnaround �me should not exceed beyond 48 hours. It is recommended that the State/ UT governments keep a close watch on the turnaround �me for each kind of test at different levels of laboratories. The State/ UT governments should also do a root cause analysis for the delays and take necessary ac�ons to plug the gaps. The online applica�on will also be used to monitor the turnaround �me, which tracks the sample status almost instantaneously. For overcoming delays in the turnaround �me, the State/ UT governments should ensure that the laboratories con�nually work on improving opera�onal efficiency and monitor turnaround �me at every level. Drinking Water Quality Monitoring & Surveillance Framework 54 ii.) dry powder ex�nguishers or sand are suitable for liquids on fire, electrical fires and burning metals. 6.6.5 First Aid i.) First aid chart should be prominently mounted on the laboratory wall; ii.) first aid box must always be equipped and should be accessible to laboratory staff. An emergency eyewash bo�le with a bo�le of sterilized water should be readily available; iii.) a universal poison an�dote is useful. Ac�vated aluminium oxide or a �n of evaporated milk should be readily available. A �n opener and some waterproof dressing material should also be readily available; iv.) all employees in the laboratory must know the loca�on of the first aid box. 6.6.6 Additional safety/ hygiene require- ments i.) Safety instruc�ons and precau�ons to be followed in the laboratory must be prominently displayed inside the laboratory; ii.) BIS specifica�ons IS 10500:2012, Drinking Water Specifica�on IS 3025, Method of Sampling & Test (Physical & Chemical) IS 1622, Methods of Sampling & Microbiological examina�on of water and APHA Manual should be made available in every laboratory. JJM support fund may be used for the procurement of these specifica�ons; iii.) the date of prepara�on of a reagent solu�on and the date of its expiry must be clearly wri�en and labelled on its bo�le; iv.) under no circumstances the sanc�ty of a laboratory should be violated. Unauthorized persons should not enter the laboratory. Ea�ng should not be allowed in a laboratory space meant for analysis; v.) a clean and well-maintained toilet MUST be a�ached/ available in the laboratory premises with handwashing facility and soap; vi.) all laboratories should have adequate water supply facili�es with required pressure for safe opera�on; vii.) facili�es such as foot-operated eye shower, safety/ water shower, washbasins, foot-operated dust bins must be available; viii.) a laboratory must have an AC fi�ed if it performs a significant number of tests. Or air condi�oner/ heater/ humidifier may be provided to maintain specified temperature and rela�ve humidity; ix.) personal hygiene is a must for all staff of the laboratory, especially microbiologists. All labora- tory staff should wear aprons/ caps/ gloves during the prepara�on of the solu�on and tes�ng (requirement is parameter specific) and the same must be washed at regular intervals; x.) drinking water samples should only be tested a�er proper calibra�on of the instruments. 6.7 Waste management Wastewater from water quality tes�ng laboratories is generally composed of organic and inorganic ma�er and a wide range of chemicals and heavy metals. It is also one of the most difficult wastewaters to treat. If a chemical waste cannot be transported safely without treatment, it needs to be treated at its present site. If the chemical waste originates in a laboratory, it should be treated there. In some cases, on-site treatment is performed under special permits issued by the regulatory agency. A good safety programme requires constant care in the disposal of laboratory waste. Corrosive materials should never be poured down in a sink or drain. These substances can corrode the drainpipe and/ or trap. Corrosive acids should be poured down in corrosion- resistant sinks and sewers using large quan��es of water to dilute and flush the acid. Hazardous chemi- cals/ substances must be disposed of by methods that comply with local environmental regula�ons. Check/ confirm the local requirements before disposal. Laboratories should maintain a comprehensive list of wastewater discharges, details of sources and loca- 55 �ons of the discharges, analy�cal or other data characterizing the nature and volume of the discharge. A�er careful considera�on, management can determine the acceptable limits of drain disposal of non-hazardous substances. USEPA, 2000 provides the following general guidelines: i.) Use drain disposal only if the drain system flows to a wastewater treatment plant and not into a sep�c tank system or a stormwater sewer system that poten�ally flows directly into surface water; ii.) Make sure that the substances being disposed of are compa�ble with each other and with the piping system; iii.) Discharge only those compounds that are soluble in water (such as aqueous solu�ons), are readily biodegradable, are low in toxicity and contain no metals that can make the sludge toxic. Laboratory wastewater neutraliza�on before discharge is significant. Therefore, the discharge of weak corrosive solu�ons (5.5<pH<12.0) to the laboratory sinks in small quan��es (less than one litre per hour) is permissible. Corrosive solu�ons with pH ranges (2.0<pH<5.5) and 12.0<pH<12.5) must be neutralized before sink/drain disposal. Corrosive solu�ons with pH ranges (pH<2.0) and (pH>12.5) at the conclusion of the laboratory process must be managed as hazardous waste. The coagula�on- floccula�on (CF) process is a versa�le method used either alone or combined with biological treatment for removing suspended solids, organic ma�er as well as colour in wastewater. Likewise, coagula�on followed by floccula�on process is an effec�ve way of removing high concentra�on of organic pollutants. Ozona�on is a chemical process in which ozone is used to transform harmful chemicals into less harmful compounds. However, chlorina�on may also be adopted if the ozona�on facility is not available. It has been used for disinfec�on, oxida�on of inorganic and organic compounds, removal of odour, colour and par�cle. In this technology, the treatment is carried out in a batch process. First, pH is adjusted. It is followed by ferric sulphate dose, s�rring �me is 2 minutes at 500 rpm, and a�er se�ling of flocs, ozona�on/ chlorina�on is carried out of clarified water for 1. Similarly, the microbial waste has to be autoclaved before discharge following the SoP referred to in clause 5.1.1.(vii). At the village level, the waste generated from the FTKs, viz. broken/ unusable test tubes, etc. to be disposed off as per the solid liquid waste management guide- lines. The reagents used for tes�ng and the resul�ng solu�on may be diluted before being disposed off in any drain. The expired reagents, if any, are to be handed back to the designated laboratory. 6.8 Turnaround time Timely availability of test results is the key for expedi- �ous and comprehensive management of contami- nated water sources. States/ UTs should measure and monitor turnaround �me of test reports. For an accurate analysis of the turnaround �me for labora- tory services, the star�ng point should be the �me of sample collec�on at the water quality laboratories where the tests are prescribed. The endpoint should be the prin�ng of reports at the laboratories or receipt of electronic report at the laboratories (if prin�ng facility is not available at the laboratories). It is recom- mended that the turnaround �me for tes�ng the chemical parameters should not exceed more than 24 hours, whereas for tes�ng the biological parameters, the turnaround �me should not exceed beyond 48 hours. It is recommended that the State/ UT governments keep a close watch on the turnaround �me for each kind of test at different levels of laboratories. The State/ UT governments should also do a root cause analysis for the delays and take necessary ac�ons to plug the gaps. The online applica�on will also be used to monitor the turnaround �me, which tracks the sample status almost instantaneously. For overcoming delays in the turnaround �me, the State/ UT governments should ensure that the laboratories con�nually work on improving opera�onal efficiency and monitor turnaround �me at every level. 57 Drinking Water Quality Monitoring & Surveillance Framework 56 6.9 Tariff for testing water samples JJM intends to create an inclusive and equitable water quality tes�ng system where stakeholders can test their water samples at an affordable cost. An indica�ve list of cost for different water tests is as follows. 6.10 Rating of laboratories The mission would undertake ra�ng of the laborato- ries and award the best performing laboratories. The ra�ng criteria is given in Annex-XII. Suggestive Tariff for testing water quality parameters (Amount in Rupees) S. No. Parameters Individual Rates Recommended Package Rates Recommended 1. Odour 1 50 2. Color 1 3. pH 1 4. Total dissolved solids 1 5. Turbidity 5 6. Total alkalinity 20 7. Total hardness 20 8. Residual Chlorine 1 9. Chloride 50 50 10. Sulphate 50 50 11. Iron 50 50 12. Total Arsenic 100 100 13. Fluoride 50 50 14. Nitrate 50 50 15. Total coliform bacteria 100 100 16. E. coli or thermotolerant coliform bacteria 100 100 The laboratory gap assessment and improvement plan²⁴ is an important tool that helps analyze the water quality tes�ng laboratories at various levels on different aspects. The laboratories are to be assessed for following aspects: 1. Human resources and training 2. Physical infrastructure including laboratory accommoda�on and environment. 3. Process infrastructure including instruments, equipments and their calibra�on status and AMC; chemicals and glasswares; standards and rele- vant aspects. 4. Documenta�on including availability of proce- dures; raw data maintenance; documents and records. 7.1 Assessment - Human resources and training 7.1.1 Status of availability of laboratory staff at different levels 7.1.1.1 Availability of staff at different levels along with their qualification and experience HR position No. of HR required Name of staff Qualifica- tion Experience Status (regular/ contractual) I. State/ UT level/ regional level Chief Chemist/ Chief Water Analyst 01 Senior Chemist/ Senior Water Analyst/ Senior Microbiologist 01 Chemist/ Water Analyst 02 Microbiologist/ bacteriologist 01 Laboratory Assistant 03 Data Entry Operator 02 Lab A�endant 02 Field Assistant (task/ need based) 02 ²⁴ These plans were made by the Shriram Ins�tute for Industrial Research for the State of Chha�sgarh, supported by UNICEF. These plans are just for reference and State/ UT may formulate its own format based on the requirement for baseline assessment. 7. Laboratory gap assessment and improvement plan 57 Drinking Water Quality Monitoring & Surveillance Framework 56 6.9 Tariff for testing water samples JJM intends to create an inclusive and equitable water quality tes�ng system where stakeholders can test their water samples at an affordable cost. An indica�ve list of cost for different water tests is as follows. 6.10 Rating of laboratories The mission would undertake ra�ng of the laborato- ries and award the best performing laboratories. The ra�ng criteria is given in Annex-XII. Suggestive Tariff for testing water quality parameters (Amount in Rupees) S. No. Parameters Individual Rates Recommended Package Rates Recommended 1. Odour 1 50 2. Color 1 3. pH 1 4. Total dissolved solids 1 5. Turbidity 5 6. Total alkalinity 20 7. Total hardness 20 8. Residual Chlorine 1 9. Chloride 50 50 10. Sulphate 50 50 11. Iron 50 50 12. Total Arsenic 100 100 13. Fluoride 50 50 14. Nitrate 50 50 15. Total coliform bacteria 100 100 16. E. coli or thermotolerant coliform bacteria 100 100 The laboratory gap assessment and improvement plan²⁴ is an important tool that helps analyze the water quality tes�ng laboratories at various levels on different aspects. The laboratories are to be assessed for following aspects: 1. Human resources and training 2. Physical infrastructure including laboratory accommoda�on and environment. 3. Process infrastructure including instruments, equipments and their calibra�on status and AMC; chemicals and glasswares; standards and rele- vant aspects. 4. Documenta�on including availability of proce- dures; raw data maintenance; documents and records. 7.1 Assessment - Human resources and training 7.1.1 Status of availability of laboratory staff at different levels 7.1.1.1 Availability of staff at different levels along with their qualification and experience HR position No. of HR required Name of staff Qualifica- tion Experience Status (regular/ contractual) I. State/ UT level/ regional level Chief Chemist/ Chief Water Analyst 01 Senior Chemist/ Senior Water Analyst/ Senior Microbiologist 01 Chemist/ Water Analyst 02 Microbiologist/ bacteriologist 01 Laboratory Assistant 03 Data Entry Operator 02 Lab A�endant 02 Field Assistant (task/ need based) 02 ²⁴ These plans were made by the Shriram Ins�tute for Industrial Research for the State of Chha�sgarh, supported by UNICEF. These plans are just for reference and State/ UT may formulate its own format based on the requirement for baseline assessment. 7. Laboratory gap assessment and improvement plan 59 Drinking Water Quality Monitoring & Surveillance Framework 58 HR position No. of HR required Name of staff Qualifica- tion Experience Status (regular/ contractual) II. District level Note: each sub-division/ block to have a separate sheet Chemist/ Water Analyst 01 Microbiologist/ Bacteriologist 01 Laboratory Assistant 02 Data Entry Operator 01 Lab A�endant 01 Field Assistant (task/ need based) 02 III. Sub-divisional/ block level Note: each sub-division/ block to have a separate sheet Junior Chemist 01 Junior Microbiologist 01 Laboratory Assistant 01 Data Entry Operator 01 Lab A�endant 01 Field Assistant (task/ need based) 01 IV. Mobile laboratories Note: each sub-division/ block to have a separate sheet Junior Chemist/ Microbiologist 01 Field Assistant (task/ need based) 01 Driver 01 The assessment to also cover laboratory-wise com- ments/ remarks on the availability, qualifica�on and experience of the staff. 7.1.1.2 Laboratory-wise matrix of the availability of qualified and experienced HR Many States/ UTs are currently employing staff from different backgrounds in the laboratories. The States/ UTs are to conduct a detailed assessment and fill all the roles as per the educa�onal qualifica�on requirement men�oned in the framework. The analysis matrix of available HR is used to indicate if the staff member is hired on a Regular (R)/ Temporary (T) role. The exam- ple shows use of exis�ng Hand Pump Technicians (HPT) hired by PHED as Field Assistants (FAs). The analysis matrix is to be done for all levels of laboratories. The highlighted area in the table points the requirement for immediate interven�on and hiring of staff. S. No. District name Chemist Microbiologist LA DEO LAT FA 1. District – 1 1-R ☓ 2-T ☓ ☓ HPT 2. District – 2 1-R ☓ ☓ ☓ ☓ HPT 3. District – 3 1-R ☓ 2-R ☓ 1-R HPT 4. ☓ ☓ 1-T ☓ ☓ HPT 5. ☓ ☓ 1-R ☓ ☓ HPT 6. 1-T ☓ 1-T ☓ ☓ HPT Analysis of available HR for district level laboratories Table is shown as an example. Actual data to be reflected here based on field assessment. 7.1.2 Assessment: Training of staff The States/ UTs are to conduct a detailed assessment of the current capaci�es of the laboratory staff at all levels. This format helps capture their previous training and form a base for future training needs assessment. The highlighted area in the table points to the requirement of interven�on and need for immediate capacity building of the staff. S. No. District name Chemist Microbiologist LA FA 1. District – 1 No Training NA No Training 2. District – 2 Yes (One training) NA NA 3. Yes (Six Trainings) NA Yes (both LA obtained Two Trainings each) 4. NA NA No Training Status of training at district water quality laboratories Table is shown as an example. Actual data to be reflected here based on field assessment. 7.2 Assessment - Physical infra- structure (accommodation and laboratory environment) Based on the layout provided in the WQMS framework as well as field requirement or as prescribed by the State/ UT. 7.2.1 Design of State/ district/ sub-division level laboratory prepared by State The State/ UT’s respec�ve layout of State/ UT/ district/ sub-division water quality laboratory is to be referred. A reference is at Annex-V. The assessment of current laboratory design/ space is to be undertaken in reference to the prescribed layout. The following table will help assess the gaps in laboratory space and design at different levels, thus highligh�ng the requirement for immediate interven�on. 59 Drinking Water Quality Monitoring & Surveillance Framework 58 HR position No. of HR required Name of staff Qualifica- tion Experience Status (regular/ contractual) II. District level Note: each sub-division/ block to have a separate sheet Chemist/ Water Analyst 01 Microbiologist/ Bacteriologist 01 Laboratory Assistant 02 Data Entry Operator 01 Lab A�endant 01 Field Assistant (task/ need based) 02 III. Sub-divisional/ block level Note: each sub-division/ block to have a separate sheet Junior Chemist 01 Junior Microbiologist 01 Laboratory Assistant 01 Data Entry Operator 01 Lab A�endant 01 Field Assistant (task/ need based) 01 IV. Mobile laboratories Note: each sub-division/ block to have a separate sheet Junior Chemist/ Microbiologist 01 Field Assistant (task/ need based) 01 Driver 01 The assessment to also cover laboratory-wise com- ments/ remarks on the availability, qualifica�on and experience of the staff. 7.1.1.2 Laboratory-wise matrix of the availability of qualified and experienced HR Many States/ UTs are currently employing staff from different backgrounds in the laboratories. The States/ UTs are to conduct a detailed assessment and fill all the roles as per the educa�onal qualifica�on requirement men�oned in the framework. The analysis matrix of available HR is used to indicate if the staff member is hired on a Regular (R)/ Temporary (T) role. The exam- ple shows use of exis�ng Hand Pump Technicians (HPT) hired by PHED as Field Assistants (FAs). The analysis matrix is to be done for all levels of laboratories. The highlighted area in the table points the requirement for immediate interven�on and hiring of staff. S. No. District name Chemist Microbiologist LA DEO LAT FA 1. District – 1 1-R ☓ 2-T ☓ ☓ HPT 2. District – 2 1-R ☓ ☓ ☓ ☓ HPT 3. District – 3 1-R ☓ 2-R ☓ 1-R HPT 4. ☓ ☓ 1-T ☓ ☓ HPT 5. ☓ ☓ 1-R ☓ ☓ HPT 6. 1-T ☓ 1-T ☓ ☓ HPT Analysis of available HR for district level laboratories Table is shown as an example. Actual data to be reflected here based on field assessment. 7.1.2 Assessment: Training of staff The States/ UTs are to conduct a detailed assessment of the current capaci�es of the laboratory staff at all levels. This format helps capture their previous training and form a base for future training needs assessment. The highlighted area in the table points to the requirement of interven�on and need for immediate capacity building of the staff. S. No. District name Chemist Microbiologist LA FA 1. District – 1 No Training NA No Training 2. District – 2 Yes (One training) NA NA 3. Yes (Six Trainings) NA Yes (both LA obtained Two Trainings each) 4. NA NA No Training Status of training at district water quality laboratories Table is shown as an example. Actual data to be reflected here based on field assessment. 7.2 Assessment - Physical infra- structure (accommodation and laboratory environment) Based on the layout provided in the WQMS framework as well as field requirement or as prescribed by the State/ UT. 7.2.1 Design of State/ district/ sub-division level laboratory prepared by State The State/ UT’s respec�ve layout of State/ UT/ district/ sub-division water quality laboratory is to be referred. A reference is at Annex-V. The assessment of current laboratory design/ space is to be undertaken in reference to the prescribed layout. The following table will help assess the gaps in laboratory space and design at different levels, thus highligh�ng the requirement for immediate interven�on. 61 Drinking Water Quality Monitoring & Surveillance Framework 60 Area plan as per PHED layout Actual area Suggestions sq.m sq.ft Main Lab to be divided into • sample keeping area • wet chemical (�tra�on/ prepara�on) • diges�on with fuming hood Bacteriological Lab to be divided into • laminar flow region • placement of incubators/ equipment Chemist Room sea�ng for • chemist • a/chemist & lab. assistant A/ Chemist Room to be used as • instrument room • documenta�on centre Chemical Store to be used as store for • chemicals • glasswares • tested samples for disposal Total - Laboratory design at different levels As per WQMS framework, the sugges�ve space requirement for DWQL is as follows: S. No. Space Suggested Area 1. Space for Analysis (in m²) 60 m² (including 20 m² for microbiological tes�ng) 2. Space for storage 25 m² 3. Space for office and library 15 m² Total Space Requirement 100 m² (1076 �²) Based on the above requirement, the laboratory space requirement may be analyzed for different laboratories as under: Assessment of laboratory space requirement at different levels S. No. District name Space for analysis Space for storage Space for office and library Total space for laboratory Actual Space Shortfall Actual Space Shortfall Actual Space Shortfall Actual Space Shortfall Example shown for district level laboratories. Same exercise is to be conducted for all levels. 7.2.2 Laboratory environment The Laboratory environment and safety plays vital role towards effec�ve opera�on of laboratory. There are many components of laboratory environment such as maintenance of op�mum temperature and humidity in addi�on to ensure proper air exchanges and ven�ng of fumes being generated during the process of diges�on, dis�lla�on, or any other reac�on. Laboratory shall have adequate supply of water to Essential requirements of laboratory S. No. District Ventilation Fuming hood Water supply Exhaust fan Fire extinguisher 1. Adequate Available Adequate Not Available Available 2. Inadequate Not Available Inadequate Not Available Not Available 3. Adequate Not Available Adequate Not Available Available 4. Inadequate Not Available Inadequate Not Available Not Available Table is shown as an example. Actual data to be reflected here based on field assessment. carry out various processes. The essen�al physical requirements for laboratory environment and safety are adequate ven�la�on, availability of fuming hoods and exhaust fans, adequate water supply, availability of fire ex�nguishers etc. in addi�on to many other requirements. The status of these essen�al requirements, as observed during the assessment of is illustrated below: 61 Drinking Water Quality Monitoring & Surveillance Framework 60 Area plan as per PHED layout Actual area Suggestions sq.m sq.ft Main Lab to be divided into • sample keeping area • wet chemical (�tra�on/ prepara�on) • diges�on with fuming hood Bacteriological Lab to be divided into • laminar flow region • placement of incubators/ equipment Chemist Room sea�ng for • chemist • a/chemist & lab. assistant A/ Chemist Room to be used as • instrument room • documenta�on centre Chemical Store to be used as store for • chemicals • glasswares • tested samples for disposal Total - Laboratory design at different levels As per WQMS framework, the sugges�ve space requirement for DWQL is as follows: S. No. Space Suggested Area 1. Space for Analysis (in m²) 60 m² (including 20 m² for microbiological tes�ng) 2. Space for storage 25 m² 3. Space for office and library 15 m² Total Space Requirement 100 m² (1076 �²) Based on the above requirement, the laboratory space requirement may be analyzed for different laboratories as under: Assessment of laboratory space requirement at different levels S. No. District name Space for analysis Space for storage Space for office and library Total space for laboratory Actual Space Shortfall Actual Space Shortfall Actual Space Shortfall Actual Space Shortfall Example shown for district level laboratories. Same exercise is to be conducted for all levels. 7.2.2 Laboratory environment The Laboratory environment and safety plays vital role towards effec�ve opera�on of laboratory. There are many components of laboratory environment such as maintenance of op�mum temperature and humidity in addi�on to ensure proper air exchanges and ven�ng of fumes being generated during the process of diges�on, dis�lla�on, or any other reac�on. Laboratory shall have adequate supply of water to Essential requirements of laboratory S. No. District Ventilation Fuming hood Water supply Exhaust fan Fire extinguisher 1. Adequate Available Adequate Not Available Available 2. Inadequate Not Available Inadequate Not Available Not Available 3. Adequate Not Available Adequate Not Available Available 4. Inadequate Not Available Inadequate Not Available Not Available Table is shown as an example. Actual data to be reflected here based on field assessment. carry out various processes. The essen�al physical requirements for laboratory environment and safety are adequate ven�la�on, availability of fuming hoods and exhaust fans, adequate water supply, availability of fire ex�nguishers etc. in addi�on to many other requirements. The status of these essen�al requirements, as observed during the assessment of is illustrated below: 63 Drinking Water Quality Monitoring & Surveillance Framework 62 7.3 Assessment - Equipment and instrumentation Water tes�ng laboratory to be well equipped with instruments required for analysis of essen�al tests. In addi�on, it is also desirable that laboratory be equipped with advanced instruments with respect to State/ UT specific contaminants/ newly emerging contaminants. 7.3.1 Status of equipment/ instruments in district water quality laboratories The status of equipment/ instruments availability is illustrated in following tables. District name pH meter EC meter Nephalometer UV-Vis Spectrophotometer D/ Balance Oven √ √ √ √ √ √ √(NF) √ √ ☓ √ ☓ √ √ √ √(NF) √ √ √(NI) √(NI) ☓ √(NI) √(NI) √(NI) √(NI) √(NI) √ ☓ √(NI) √(NI) NI: Not Installed/ Not in Use; NF: Not Func�oning/ Breakdown Status of the availability of equipment/ instruments The table is shown as an example. This exercise is to be undertaken for laboratories at all levels. Status of the availability of equipment/ instruments The table is shown as an example. This exercise is to be undertaken for laboratories at all levels. District name Ion Meter Volumetric Analysis Double Distillation Arsenic Testing Bacteriological Incubators Autoclave UV Laminar Flow √ √ √ ☓ √ √ √ ☓ √ Single ☓ ☓ ☓ ☓ √ √ Single ☓ √ √ √ ☓ ☓ Single (NI) ☓ √(NI) √(NI) √(NI) √(NI) ☓ Single (NI) ☓ √(NI) √(NI) √(NI) NI: Not Installed/ Not in Use; NF: Not Func�oning/ Breakdown Status of the availability of equipment/ instruments Tables are shown as an example. Actual data to be reflected here based on field assessment. This exercise is to be undertaken for laboratories at all levels. DWQL MF Assembly PC-Colony Counter Refrigerator Advanced Instruments AAS for Heavy Metals/ Uranium Testing GC-MS/ HPLC/ GC for Pesticides residue testing √ √ √ ☓ ☓ ☓ Microscope √ ☓ ☓ √(NI) √(NI) ☓ ☓ ☓ NI: Not Installed/ Not in Use; NF: Not Func�oning/ Breakdown 7.3.2 Annual Maintenance Contract (AMC) mechanism for laboratories The Annual Maintenance Contract (AMC) is one of the safeguard to ensure trouble-free opera�on of instruments/ equipment as preven�ve and correc�ve maintenance of instruments/ equipment is ensured through this mechanism. Weightage assigned for AMC of equipment/ instruments Equipment/ Instrument AMC (Y/N) Remarks pH meter Conduc�vity meter Turbidimeter Hot air oven UV Laminar Air Flow UV-Visible Spectrophotometer Bacteriological Incubators Autoclave Refrigerator Digital Balance Atomic Absorp�on Spectrophotmeter GC-MS/ HPLC/ GC 63 Drinking Water Quality Monitoring & Surveillance Framework 62 7.3 Assessment - Equipment and instrumentation Water tes�ng laboratory to be well equipped with instruments required for analysis of essen�al tests. In addi�on, it is also desirable that laboratory be equipped with advanced instruments with respect to State/ UT specific contaminants/ newly emerging contaminants. 7.3.1 Status of equipment/ instruments in district water quality laboratories The status of equipment/ instruments availability is illustrated in following tables. District name pH meter EC meter Nephalometer UV-Vis Spectrophotometer D/ Balance Oven √ √ √ √ √ √ √(NF) √ √ ☓ √ ☓ √ √ √ √(NF) √ √ √(NI) √(NI) ☓ √(NI) √(NI) √(NI) √(NI) √(NI) √ ☓ √(NI) √(NI) NI: Not Installed/ Not in Use; NF: Not Func�oning/ Breakdown Status of the availability of equipment/ instruments The table is shown as an example. This exercise is to be undertaken for laboratories at all levels. Status of the availability of equipment/ instruments The table is shown as an example. This exercise is to be undertaken for laboratories at all levels. District name Ion Meter Volumetric Analysis Double Distillation Arsenic Testing Bacteriological Incubators Autoclave UV Laminar Flow √ √ √ ☓ √ √ √ ☓ √ Single ☓ ☓ ☓ ☓ √ √ Single ☓ √ √ √ ☓ ☓ Single (NI) ☓ √(NI) √(NI) √(NI) √(NI) ☓ Single (NI) ☓ √(NI) √(NI) √(NI) NI: Not Installed/ Not in Use; NF: Not Func�oning/ Breakdown Status of the availability of equipment/ instruments Tables are shown as an example. Actual data to be reflected here based on field assessment. This exercise is to be undertaken for laboratories at all levels. DWQL MF Assembly PC-Colony Counter Refrigerator Advanced Instruments AAS for Heavy Metals/ Uranium Testing GC-MS/ HPLC/ GC for Pesticides residue testing √ √ √ ☓ ☓ ☓ Microscope √ ☓ ☓ √(NI) √(NI) ☓ ☓ ☓ NI: Not Installed/ Not in Use; NF: Not Func�oning/ Breakdown 7.3.2 Annual Maintenance Contract (AMC) mechanism for laboratories The Annual Maintenance Contract (AMC) is one of the safeguard to ensure trouble-free opera�on of instruments/ equipment as preven�ve and correc�ve maintenance of instruments/ equipment is ensured through this mechanism. Weightage assigned for AMC of equipment/ instruments Equipment/ Instrument AMC (Y/N) Remarks pH meter Conduc�vity meter Turbidimeter Hot air oven UV Laminar Air Flow UV-Visible Spectrophotometer Bacteriological Incubators Autoclave Refrigerator Digital Balance Atomic Absorp�on Spectrophotmeter GC-MS/ HPLC/ GC 65 Drinking Water Quality Monitoring & Surveillance Framework 64 7.4 Laboratory-wise areas of concern Note: Table is filled as an example. Actual data to be reflected here based on field assessment for all levels of laboratories. Area of concern Attention required Laboratory Shortage of Human Resources In many districts, there is an acute shortage of laboratory staff. This is the area of immediate concern because other resources are becom- ing redundant due to non-availability of staff. DWQLs are not having Qualified, Experienced and Trained Microbiologist. All Districts Inadequacy of labora- tory accommoda�on Laboratory accommoda�on is not only inadequate but planning for placement of items is also unorganized in many districts. Due to this, the significant equipment in most of the laboratories are either not installed or not in use. All Districts except … Improper laboratory environment Laboratory environment comprising of maintaining ven�la�on, fumes control etc. is inadequate in most of the laboratories. There is no separa�on of acid usage/ diges�on areas from the areas where instruments are kept. Even microbiological facili�es are also placed in the same room at most of the places. Few laboratories are not even connected to water supplies. All Districts except … Under-u�liza�on of equipment/ instru- ments Most of the laboratories are equipped with most of the essen�al equipment/ instruments including those required for microbiological tes�ng. However, it has been no�ced that the equipment is either not installed or are not in use in most of the laboratories due to one reason or other. Hence, costly resources of the laboratory are becom- ing redundant due to con�nuous under-u�liza�on. District names Poor maintenance of instruments Maintenance of equipment/ instruments in laboratory is not up-to- the mark. Even laboratories are not maintaining equipment history cards and logbooks. There is no system of preven�ve and correc�ve maintenance of instruments and there is no back-up support in this regard. … Improper Documenta- �on Almost all the laboratories are very poor in maintaining records, raw data books, calcula�on sheets, standardiza�on records etc. Poor house-keeping Mostly laboratories are opera�onal in a very unsystema�c manner. There is no system of keeping the samples and finally disposing these in an organized way. Data Quality Data Quality including uncertainty analysis is a very significant aspect of decision-making process and hence this area needs considerable a�en�on. Area of concern Attention required Laboratory No Proper Method Most of the laboratories are neither having Standard Methods of Tes�ng or Specifica�ons of the Bureau of Indian Standard, nor the Standard Opera�ng Procedures. Use of Field Test Kits in laboratory Most of laboratories are using FTKs in laboratory and not using the accurate laboratory tes�ng methods. The accuracy and reliability of FTK is not being ascertained. Standardiza�on and Calibra�on Laboratories are not standardizing the standard normal solu�on for the purpose of �tra�ons. Equipment/ instruments even the pH meter/ EC meters/ Balance are not being calibrated before use. 7.5 Laboratory improvement plan Keeping in view of the gap assessment, considerable a�en�on is required to op�mize the opera�on of laboratories in to strengthen the water safety planning. 65 Drinking Water Quality Monitoring & Surveillance Framework 64 7.4 Laboratory-wise areas of concern Note: Table is filled as an example. Actual data to be reflected here based on field assessment for all levels of laboratories. Area of concern Attention required Laboratory Shortage of Human Resources In many districts, there is an acute shortage of laboratory staff. This is the area of immediate concern because other resources are becom- ing redundant due to non-availability of staff. DWQLs are not having Qualified, Experienced and Trained Microbiologist. All Districts Inadequacy of labora- tory accommoda�on Laboratory accommoda�on is not only inadequate but planning for placement of items is also unorganized in many districts. Due to this, the significant equipment in most of the laboratories are either not installed or not in use. All Districts except … Improper laboratory environment Laboratory environment comprising of maintaining ven�la�on, fumes control etc. is inadequate in most of the laboratories. There is no separa�on of acid usage/ diges�on areas from the areas where instruments are kept. Even microbiological facili�es are also placed in the same room at most of the places. Few laboratories are not even connected to water supplies. All Districts except … Under-u�liza�on of equipment/ instru- ments Most of the laboratories are equipped with most of the essen�al equipment/ instruments including those required for microbiological tes�ng. However, it has been no�ced that the equipment is either not installed or are not in use in most of the laboratories due to one reason or other. Hence, costly resources of the laboratory are becom- ing redundant due to con�nuous under-u�liza�on. District names Poor maintenance of instruments Maintenance of equipment/ instruments in laboratory is not up-to- the mark. Even laboratories are not maintaining equipment history cards and logbooks. There is no system of preven�ve and correc�ve maintenance of instruments and there is no back-up support in this regard. … Improper Documenta- �on Almost all the laboratories are very poor in maintaining records, raw data books, calcula�on sheets, standardiza�on records etc. Poor house-keeping Mostly laboratories are opera�onal in a very unsystema�c manner. There is no system of keeping the samples and finally disposing these in an organized way. Data Quality Data Quality including uncertainty analysis is a very significant aspect of decision-making process and hence this area needs considerable a�en�on. Area of concern Attention required Laboratory No Proper Method Most of the laboratories are neither having Standard Methods of Tes�ng or Specifica�ons of the Bureau of Indian Standard, nor the Standard Opera�ng Procedures. Use of Field Test Kits in laboratory Most of laboratories are using FTKs in laboratory and not using the accurate laboratory tes�ng methods. The accuracy and reliability of FTK is not being ascertained. Standardiza�on and Calibra�on Laboratories are not standardizing the standard normal solu�on for the purpose of �tra�ons. Equipment/ instruments even the pH meter/ EC meters/ Balance are not being calibrated before use. 7.5 Laboratory improvement plan Keeping in view of the gap assessment, considerable a�en�on is required to op�mize the opera�on of laboratories in to strengthen the water safety planning. 67 Drinking Water Quality Monitoring & Surveillance Framework 66 Out of 2,011 laboratories in the States/ UTs, only about 50 of them were NABL accredited at the �me of announcement of JJM. However, since the announce- ment of Jal Jeevan Mission, all laboratories are mandated to be accredited/ recognized by NABL and so far, 330 laboratories are NABL accredited/ recog- nized. The infrastructure and processes of water tes�ng laboratories should comply with NABL standards and protocols. The laboratory accredita�on program in India was ini�ally set-up by Department of Science & Technol- ogy, Government of India in 1982 with its name as 'Na�onal Coordina�on of Tes�ng & Calibra�on Facili�es (NCTCF)' for providing accredita�on services to tes�ng & calibra�on laboratories. Subsequently in 1993, NCTCF was renamed as 'Na�onal Accredita�on Board for Tes�ng and Calibra�on Laboratories (NABL)'. Presently, NABL is a cons�tuent Board of Quality Council of India (QCI), an Autonomous Body under the Department for Promo�on of Industry and Internal Trade (DPIIT), Ministry of Commerce and Industry, Government of India. NABL is well recognized na�on- ally and interna�onally. NABL accredita�on is accepted by almost all Government departments/ regulators. Interna�onally, NABL is a full signatory of Interna�onal Laboratory Accredita�on Co-opera�on (ILAC) MRA. NABL is a Mutual Recogni�on Arrangement (MRA) signatory to ILAC as well as Asia Pacific Accredita�on Co-opera�on (APAC) for the accredita�on of Tes�ng and Calibra�on Laboratories (ISO/IEC 17025), Medical Tes�ng Laboratories (ISO 15189), Proficiency Tes�ng Providers (PTP) (ISO/IEC 17043) and Reference Material Producers (RMP). Such MRA reduces techni- cal barriers to trade and facilitates acceptance of test/ calibra�on results between countries which MRA partners represent. Accreditation process Laboratories are required to apply through NABL Web Portal in prescribed applica�on form along with prescribed applica�on fee. The applicant laboratory (tes�ng and calibra�on) should describe the management system in accordance with ISO/IEC 17025: 2017. It may be noted that laboratories at State/ UT/ district level apply for NABL accredita�on and at block/ sub-division level for NABL recogni�on. The acknowledgement with unique ID of the labora- tory will be sent to laboratory and scru�ny of applica- �on for its completeness in all aspects will be done. NABL may ask for addi�onal informa�on/ clarifica- �on(s) at this stage, if found necessary. The preliminary document review of the applica�on and management system document/ quality manual submi�ed by the laboratory is carried out by NABL whereas the detailed review is carried out by Lead Assessor. The lead assessor informs the inadequacies in the document review, if any. The laboratory addresses the deficiencies in the applica�on and makes changes in the management system document accordingly within seven days. A pre-assessment (one day) of the laboratory is conducted by lead assessor appointed by NABL. Since 8. NABL accreditation Pre-assessment is op�onal, laboratory is required to express its willingness to undergo preassessment in wri�ng within two days of comple�on of document review. The laboratory must ensure their prepared- ness by carrying out an internal audit and a manage- ment review before pre-assessment. The lead assessor submits a pre-assessment report to NABL and shares a copy of the non-conformi�es with the laboratory. The laboratory takes correc�ve ac�ons on the non-conformi�es raised and submits a report to NABL within fi�een days. A�er the laboratory has taken sa�sfactory correc�ve ac�ons based on root cause analysis, NABL proposes cons�tu�on of an assessment team. The date(s) for assessment are decided in agreement with the laboratory. The assessment team includes the lead assessor, the technical assessor(s)/ expert(s) in order to cover the scope for which the accredita�on has been sought. The assessment is generally carried out for two days. 67 Drinking Water Quality Monitoring & Surveillance Framework 66 Out of 2,011 laboratories in the States/ UTs, only about 50 of them were NABL accredited at the �me of announcement of JJM. However, since the announce- ment of Jal Jeevan Mission, all laboratories are mandated to be accredited/ recognized by NABL and so far, 330 laboratories are NABL accredited/ recog- nized. The infrastructure and processes of water tes�ng laboratories should comply with NABL standards and protocols. The laboratory accredita�on program in India was ini�ally set-up by Department of Science & Technol- ogy, Government of India in 1982 with its name as 'Na�onal Coordina�on of Tes�ng & Calibra�on Facili�es (NCTCF)' for providing accredita�on services to tes�ng & calibra�on laboratories. Subsequently in 1993, NCTCF was renamed as 'Na�onal Accredita�on Board for Tes�ng and Calibra�on Laboratories (NABL)'. Presently, NABL is a cons�tuent Board of Quality Council of India (QCI), an Autonomous Body under the Department for Promo�on of Industry and Internal Trade (DPIIT), Ministry of Commerce and Industry, Government of India. NABL is well recognized na�on- ally and interna�onally. NABL accredita�on is accepted by almost all Government departments/ regulators. Interna�onally, NABL is a full signatory of Interna�onal Laboratory Accredita�on Co-opera�on (ILAC) MRA. NABL is a Mutual Recogni�on Arrangement (MRA) signatory to ILAC as well as Asia Pacific Accredita�on Co-opera�on (APAC) for the accredita�on of Tes�ng and Calibra�on Laboratories (ISO/IEC 17025), Medical Tes�ng Laboratories (ISO 15189), Proficiency Tes�ng Providers (PTP) (ISO/IEC 17043) and Reference Material Producers (RMP). Such MRA reduces techni- cal barriers to trade and facilitates acceptance of test/ calibra�on results between countries which MRA partners represent. Accreditation process Laboratories are required to apply through NABL Web Portal in prescribed applica�on form along with prescribed applica�on fee. The applicant laboratory (tes�ng and calibra�on) should describe the management system in accordance with ISO/IEC 17025: 2017. It may be noted that laboratories at State/ UT/ district level apply for NABL accredita�on and at block/ sub-division level for NABL recogni�on. The acknowledgement with unique ID of the labora- tory will be sent to laboratory and scru�ny of applica- �on for its completeness in all aspects will be done. NABL may ask for addi�onal informa�on/ clarifica- �on(s) at this stage, if found necessary. The preliminary document review of the applica�on and management system document/ quality manual submi�ed by the laboratory is carried out by NABL whereas the detailed review is carried out by Lead Assessor. The lead assessor informs the inadequacies in the document review, if any. The laboratory addresses the deficiencies in the applica�on and makes changes in the management system document accordingly within seven days. A pre-assessment (one day) of the laboratory is conducted by lead assessor appointed by NABL. Since 8. NABL accreditation Pre-assessment is op�onal, laboratory is required to express its willingness to undergo preassessment in wri�ng within two days of comple�on of document review. The laboratory must ensure their prepared- ness by carrying out an internal audit and a manage- ment review before pre-assessment. The lead assessor submits a pre-assessment report to NABL and shares a copy of the non-conformi�es with the laboratory. The laboratory takes correc�ve ac�ons on the non-conformi�es raised and submits a report to NABL within fi�een days. A�er the laboratory has taken sa�sfactory correc�ve ac�ons based on root cause analysis, NABL proposes cons�tu�on of an assessment team. The date(s) for assessment are decided in agreement with the laboratory. The assessment team includes the lead assessor, the technical assessor(s)/ expert(s) in order to cover the scope for which the accredita�on has been sought. The assessment is generally carried out for two days. 69 Drinking Water Quality Monitoring & Surveillance Framework 68 The assessment team verifies laboratory's docu- mented management system and checks its compli- ance with the requirements of ISO/IEC 17025:2017 and other NABL policies. The documented Manage- ment system, SOPs, work instruc�ons, test methods etc. are assessed for their suitability, implementa�on and effec�veness. The laboratory's technical competence to perform specific tasks is also evalu- ated. The assessment report contains the test witness report, recommended scope of accredita�on and remarks on the laboratory's compliance to ISO/IEC 17025: 2017 and relevant NABL policies. The non- conformi�es, if iden�fied, are reported in the assessment report. It also provides a recommenda�on towards grant of accredita�on or otherwise. The report prepared by the assessment team is sent to NABL. However, a copy of summary of assessment report and copies of non-conformi�es, are provided to the laboratory at the end of the assessment visit. The assessment report is examined by NABL and follow up ac�on, as required, is ini�ated. Laboratory has to take necessary correc�ve ac�on on non - conformi�es/ concerns based on root cause analysis and submit a report along with evidence to NABL within 30 days. NABL monitors the progress of closure of non -conformi�es. A�er the submission of correc�ve ac�on(s) by the laboratory, the assessment report along with correc�ve ac�ons is reviewed by the Accredita�on Commi�ee. In case the Accredita�on Commi�ee finds deficiencies in the assessment report, NABL obtains clarifica�on from the Lead Assessor/ Technical Assessor/ laboratory. In case everything is in order, the Accredita�on Commi�ee makes appropriate recommenda�ons regarding accredita�on of the laboratory to the CEO, NABL. Based on review of assessment report, accredita�on commi�ee may also make other recommenda�ons (denial of accredita�on, verifica�on assessment etc.) to CEO, NABL. CEO, NABL is the approving authority for all accredita- �on related decision making. When accredita�on is granted to the laboratory, NABL issues an accredita- �on cer�ficate which has a unique number, QR code, date of validity along with the scope of accredita�on. NABL has developed a Jal Prayogashaala Accredita�on Portal (JPAP) for Government water tes�ng laborato- ries under the Ministry of Jal Shak�, Government of India. This portal provides accredita�on to govern- ment water tes�ng laboratories as per ISO/ IEC 17025: 2017. On one hand, it will provide ease of access to members of public in applying online for tes�ng rou�ne water quality parameters such as pH, taste, colour, odour, turbidity, Calcium, Magnesium, total hardness, total alkalinity, Coliform, E.coli etc., on the other hand, the laboratories can opt for accredita�on for more typical parameters as relevant for a region. The aim is to help the laboratories, even at district and sub-district level in the country, to establish their competence at par with any laboratory at the na�onal level. Government laboratories while applying for accredita�on through this portal will have access to standard formats of test methods, cer�fied reference materials, instruments etc. as relevant to each parame- ter. The accredita�on will ensure seamless improve- ment in the resources and competence of the laborato- ries. Over �me, it will help laboratories acquire greater efficiency and efficacy in analysing test results. It will also ensure drinking water supplied in every household in India is safe for consump�on. The process will give laboratories a boost, and the public will have conve- nient access to accredited laboratories throughout the country. For the laboratories at sub-division/ block level, NABL has facility to accord recogni�on (not accredita�on) to them a�er carrying out assessment through proficiency tes�ng. This opportunity can be availed by the State Governments/ UT Administra�ons to get these laboratories recognised. It is per�nent to men�on that there are 93 block level and 1,149 sub- division laboratories in the country. List of water quality parameters for NABL accreditation S. No. Parameters State/ UT District Block/ sub-division 1. Color All parameters from S. No 1 – 17 and gradually other parameters as per BIS: 10500 to be applied for NABL accredita�on All parameters to be applied for NABL accredita�on On the basis of proficiency tes�ng, all parameters to be recognized by NABL 2. Odour 3. Taste 4. PH value 5. Total dissolve solids 6. Turbidity 7. Chloride 8. Total Alkalinity 9. Total Hardness 10. Sulphate Area specific 11. Iron Area specific 12. Total Arsenic Area specific 13. Fluoride Area specific 14. Nitrate Area specific 15. Residual Chlorine Not applicable 16. Total Coliform bacteria 17. E. Coli or thermo tolerant coliform bacteria 18. Gradually for other parameters (Heavy Metals etc.) as per BIS;10500 Area specific The list of parameters for which NABL accredita�on/ recogni�on is to be obtained is given below for various levels of laboratories: 69 Drinking Water Quality Monitoring & Surveillance Framework 68 The assessment team verifies laboratory's docu- mented management system and checks its compli- ance with the requirements of ISO/IEC 17025:2017 and other NABL policies. The documented Manage- ment system, SOPs, work instruc�ons, test methods etc. are assessed for their suitability, implementa�on and effec�veness. The laboratory's technical competence to perform specific tasks is also evalu- ated. The assessment report contains the test witness report, recommended scope of accredita�on and remarks on the laboratory's compliance to ISO/IEC 17025: 2017 and relevant NABL policies. The non- conformi�es, if iden�fied, are reported in the assessment report. It also provides a recommenda�on towards grant of accredita�on or otherwise. The report prepared by the assessment team is sent to NABL. However, a copy of summary of assessment report and copies of non-conformi�es, are provided to the laboratory at the end of the assessment visit. The assessment report is examined by NABL and follow up ac�on, as required, is ini�ated. Laboratory has to take necessary correc�ve ac�on on non - conformi�es/ concerns based on root cause analysis and submit a report along with evidence to NABL within 30 days. NABL monitors the progress of closure of non -conformi�es. A�er the submission of correc�ve ac�on(s) by the laboratory, the assessment report along with correc�ve ac�ons is reviewed by the Accredita�on Commi�ee. In case the Accredita�on Commi�ee finds deficiencies in the assessment report, NABL obtains clarifica�on from the Lead Assessor/ Technical Assessor/ laboratory. In case everything is in order, the Accredita�on Commi�ee makes appropriate recommenda�ons regarding accredita�on of the laboratory to the CEO, NABL. Based on review of assessment report, accredita�on commi�ee may also make other recommenda�ons (denial of accredita�on, verifica�on assessment etc.) to CEO, NABL. CEO, NABL is the approving authority for all accredita- �on related decision making. When accredita�on is granted to the laboratory, NABL issues an accredita- �on cer�ficate which has a unique number, QR code, date of validity along with the scope of accredita�on. NABL has developed a Jal Prayogashaala Accredita�on Portal (JPAP) for Government water tes�ng laborato- ries under the Ministry of Jal Shak�, Government of India. This portal provides accredita�on to govern- ment water tes�ng laboratories as per ISO/ IEC 17025: 2017. On one hand, it will provide ease of access to members of public in applying online for tes�ng rou�ne water quality parameters such as pH, taste, colour, odour, turbidity, Calcium, Magnesium, total hardness, total alkalinity, Coliform, E.coli etc., on the other hand, the laboratories can opt for accredita�on for more typical parameters as relevant for a region. The aim is to help the laboratories, even at district and sub-district level in the country, to establish their competence at par with any laboratory at the na�onal level. Government laboratories while applying for accredita�on through this portal will have access to standard formats of test methods, cer�fied reference materials, instruments etc. as relevant to each parame- ter. The accredita�on will ensure seamless improve- ment in the resources and competence of the laborato- ries. Over �me, it will help laboratories acquire greater efficiency and efficacy in analysing test results. It will also ensure drinking water supplied in every household in India is safe for consump�on. The process will give laboratories a boost, and the public will have conve- nient access to accredited laboratories throughout the country. For the laboratories at sub-division/ block level, NABL has facility to accord recogni�on (not accredita�on) to them a�er carrying out assessment through proficiency tes�ng. This opportunity can be availed by the State Governments/ UT Administra�ons to get these laboratories recognised. It is per�nent to men�on that there are 93 block level and 1,149 sub- division laboratories in the country. List of water quality parameters for NABL accreditation S. No. Parameters State/ UT District Block/ sub-division 1. Color All parameters from S. No 1 – 17 and gradually other parameters as per BIS: 10500 to be applied for NABL accredita�on All parameters to be applied for NABL accredita�on On the basis of proficiency tes�ng, all parameters to be recognized by NABL 2. Odour 3. Taste 4. PH value 5. Total dissolve solids 6. Turbidity 7. Chloride 8. Total Alkalinity 9. Total Hardness 10. Sulphate Area specific 11. Iron Area specific 12. Total Arsenic Area specific 13. Fluoride Area specific 14. Nitrate Area specific 15. Residual Chlorine Not applicable 16. Total Coliform bacteria 17. E. Coli or thermo tolerant coliform bacteria 18. Gradually for other parameters (Heavy Metals etc.) as per BIS;10500 Area specific The list of parameters for which NABL accredita�on/ recogni�on is to be obtained is given below for various levels of laboratories: 71 Drinking Water Quality Monitoring & Surveillance Framework 70 The benefits of WQMIS are as follows: i.) access to na�onwide data on quality of drinking water sources/ supply for each administra�ve unit. This can help in ensuring safe supply of drinking water for all; ii.) ini�ate remedial ac�on, if quality parameters of the samples tested are beyond prescribed values; iii.) easy management of inventories, human resources and financial transac�on of the laboratories; iv.) online NABL accredita�on; v.) access of all stakeholders to the nearest laborato- ries through online mode. The features of this portal are as follows: i.) all the laboratories in the States/ UTs will be registered and mapped in the portal; ii.) every State/ UT shall have a 'Super Admin' who will register all the laboratories (State/ District/ Block/ Sub-divisional/ Mobile level laboratories) and also nominates the in-charge for each laboratory registered; iii.) one of the five women trained to perform the FTK test in every village is registered in the online portal by the block/ sub-divisional laboratory in- charge to upload the FTK test results; iv.) access to water sample test results and other details; v.) access to laboratory inventory, human resources, and fees collected by each laboratory; vi.) auto alerts to concerned State/ UT PHED official to ini�ate remedial ac�on, in case water sample is tested posi�ve for contamina�on; vii.) auto alerts to district health officer for ini�a�ng public health risk assessment in case of repeated/ severe contamina�on of test samples, etc. The Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) has developed a robust online portal on CoVid-19 test monitoring informa�on system with a clear data flow protocol. Using the system, CoVid-19 tes�ng laborato- ries transfer the test results to the tested person, State/ UT and na�onal databases and concerned local official for surveillance and record. Similarly, NJJM, in partnership with ICMR, has developed an online portal on Water Quality Informa�on Management System (WQMIS). The WQMIS is designed to capture water quality test results by individuals, Governmental agencies and FTK tests conducted by the village community. All these test results are integrated into the system and shared with the relevant authori�es and stakeholders. The results are accessible online for data and trend analysis. It is useful as advance alerts for �mely remedial ac�on. Jal Jeevan Mission - Water Quality Management Information System (WQMIS) Learn About drinking water quality How to collect water samples When to test water samples Sources of contamination Health impacts of contaminated water How to assure water quality Who can test water quality Video tutorials 9. Water Quality Management Information System (WQMIS) Workflow for FTK test GP/ VWSC training Perform test using FTK Results uploaded in mobile app/ online portal Block level monitoring & database District level monitoring & database State/ national level database Proceed for laboratory test Contamination 9.1 Data sharing and remedial action Once WQMIS is integrated, it will generate a large volume of data on the quality of different drinking water sources. The FTK test data, water quality sensor data from the smart water supply system (if available) and water sample test results collected from different laboratories can be collated to derive a comprehensive picture of the quality of water sources. Also, if quality data of a par�cular sample shows significant contamina�on, an alert will be sent to the concerned district health official for immediate medical a�en�on to the affected popula�on as well as to the concerned Execu�ve Engineer of the PHE department for iden�fying the source of contamina�on and �mely remedial measures. 71 Drinking Water Quality Monitoring & Surveillance Framework 70 The benefits of WQMIS are as follows: i.) access to na�onwide data on quality of drinking water sources/ supply for each administra�ve unit. This can help in ensuring safe supply of drinking water for all; ii.) ini�ate remedial ac�on, if quality parameters of the samples tested are beyond prescribed values; iii.) easy management of inventories, human resources and financial transac�on of the laboratories; iv.) online NABL accredita�on; v.) access of all stakeholders to the nearest laborato- ries through online mode. The features of this portal are as follows: i.) all the laboratories in the States/ UTs will be registered and mapped in the portal; ii.) every State/ UT shall have a 'Super Admin' who will register all the laboratories (State/ District/ Block/ Sub-divisional/ Mobile level laboratories) and also nominates the in-charge for each laboratory registered; iii.) one of the five women trained to perform the FTK test in every village is registered in the online portal by the block/ sub-divisional laboratory in- charge to upload the FTK test results; iv.) access to water sample test results and other details; v.) access to laboratory inventory, human resources, and fees collected by each laboratory; vi.) auto alerts to concerned State/ UT PHED official to ini�ate remedial ac�on, in case water sample is tested posi�ve for contamina�on; vii.) auto alerts to district health officer for ini�a�ng public health risk assessment in case of repeated/ severe contamina�on of test samples, etc. The Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) has developed a robust online portal on CoVid-19 test monitoring informa�on system with a clear data flow protocol. Using the system, CoVid-19 tes�ng laborato- ries transfer the test results to the tested person, State/ UT and na�onal databases and concerned local official for surveillance and record. Similarly, NJJM, in partnership with ICMR, has developed an online portal on Water Quality Informa�on Management System (WQMIS). The WQMIS is designed to capture water quality test results by individuals, Governmental agencies and FTK tests conducted by the village community. All these test results are integrated into the system and shared with the relevant authori�es and stakeholders. The results are accessible online for data and trend analysis. It is useful as advance alerts for �mely remedial ac�on. Jal Jeevan Mission - Water Quality Management Information System (WQMIS) Learn About drinking water quality How to collect water samples When to test water samples Sources of contamination Health impacts of contaminated water How to assure water quality Who can test water quality Video tutorials 9. Water Quality Management Information System (WQMIS) Workflow for FTK test GP/ VWSC training Perform test using FTK Results uploaded in mobile app/ online portal Block level monitoring & database District level monitoring & database State/ national level database Proceed for laboratory test Contamination 9.1 Data sharing and remedial action Once WQMIS is integrated, it will generate a large volume of data on the quality of different drinking water sources. The FTK test data, water quality sensor data from the smart water supply system (if available) and water sample test results collected from different laboratories can be collated to derive a comprehensive picture of the quality of water sources. Also, if quality data of a par�cular sample shows significant contamina�on, an alert will be sent to the concerned district health official for immediate medical a�en�on to the affected popula�on as well as to the concerned Execu�ve Engineer of the PHE department for iden�fying the source of contamina�on and �mely remedial measures. 73 Drinking Water Quality Monitoring & Surveillance Framework 72 The data sharing can help in taking the following ac�ons: I.) Information action: The laboratory in charge analyses the test results to map the source(s) of contamina�on. Informa�on about the iden�fied source(s) of contamina�on is then sent to all the stakeholders ― consumers, PHED/ RWSD, DWSM, district health officer, and NJJM. ii.) Executive action: Execu�ve Engineer of a PHE or Rural Water Supply department is the person in charge of remedial ac�on. The respec�ve VWSC should undertake water quality surveillance ac�vity of such contaminated water sources. If significant biological or chemical contamina�on is iden�fied, the district health official should undertake a detailed environmental and epide- miological analysis and classify the risk accord- ingly for the ini�al remedial ac�ons. iii.) Risk management: To manage the risk emana�ng from water quality, classify the health risk with the assistance of the health department and take suitable remedial ac�on or an alternate safe drinking water source. In case the contamina�on is caused by an individual or by an industrial body, etc., necessary administra�ve measures need to be taken as per applicable law to stop the contam- ina�on immediately. If community lifestyle habits cause contamina�on (leading to the spread of JE- AES), appropriate IEC ac�vi�es must be taken up to raise their awareness. 9.2 Monitoring through WQMIS 9.2.1 National Jal Jeevan Mission Under WQMIS, a centralised dashboard is created at the na�onal level to monitor the workings of all the laboratories and to visualise data of their test results. 9.2.2 State/ UT level The WQMIS dashboard for the Super Admin at a State/ UT level has the following features: i.) list of water samples received and test done at all the laboratories; Risk management frameworkData Sharing framework i.) list of water samples received and tests done in each district/ block/sub-divisional laboratory as well as FTK/ H S test conducted at village level; 2 ii.) the status of the remedial ac�ons taken to provide safe drinking water within a district jurisdic�on; iii.) a real-�me map showing the status of potability of each water source in the district; iv.) the opera�onal status of all block and sub- divisional laboratories (working/ non-working/ condi�on of equipment/ quan�ty of reagents/ human resources); v.) status of NABL accredita�on of laboratories under the district jurisdic�on. ii.) the status of the remedial ac�on taken to provide safe drinking water; iii.) a real-�me map showing the status of potability of each water source in the State/ UT; iv.) genera�on of daily, weekly, and monthly MIS data analy�cs and reports (in the form of sta�s�cal reports, charts and data summary visuals) for be�er monitoring and supervision; v.) the opera�onal status of every laboratory (working/ non-working/ condi�on of equipment/ quan�ty of reagents/ human resources); vi.) status of NABL accredita�on of the laboratories. 9.2.3 District level The WQMIS dashboard for district Lab-in-charge has data for all the block and sub-divisional level laborato- ries. The WQMIS district-level dashboard has the following features: 73 Drinking Water Quality Monitoring & Surveillance Framework 72 The data sharing can help in taking the following ac�ons: I.) Information action: The laboratory in charge analyses the test results to map the source(s) of contamina�on. Informa�on about the iden�fied source(s) of contamina�on is then sent to all the stakeholders ― consumers, PHED/ RWSD, DWSM, district health officer, and NJJM. ii.) Executive action: Execu�ve Engineer of a PHE or Rural Water Supply department is the person in charge of remedial ac�on. The respec�ve VWSC should undertake water quality surveillance ac�vity of such contaminated water sources. If significant biological or chemical contamina�on is iden�fied, the district health official should undertake a detailed environmental and epide- miological analysis and classify the risk accord- ingly for the ini�al remedial ac�ons. iii.) Risk management: To manage the risk emana�ng from water quality, classify the health risk with the assistance of the health department and take suitable remedial ac�on or an alternate safe drinking water source. In case the contamina�on is caused by an individual or by an industrial body, etc., necessary administra�ve measures need to be taken as per applicable law to stop the contam- ina�on immediately. If community lifestyle habits cause contamina�on (leading to the spread of JE- AES), appropriate IEC ac�vi�es must be taken up to raise their awareness. 9.2 Monitoring through WQMIS 9.2.1 National Jal Jeevan Mission Under WQMIS, a centralised dashboard is created at the na�onal level to monitor the workings of all the laboratories and to visualise data of their test results. 9.2.2 State/ UT level The WQMIS dashboard for the Super Admin at a State/ UT level has the following features: i.) list of water samples received and test done at all the laboratories; Risk management frameworkData Sharing framework i.) list of water samples received and tests done in each district/ block/sub-divisional laboratory as well as FTK/ H S test conducted at village level; 2 ii.) the status of the remedial ac�ons taken to provide safe drinking water within a district jurisdic�on; iii.) a real-�me map showing the status of potability of each water source in the district; iv.) the opera�onal status of all block and sub- divisional laboratories (working/ non-working/ condi�on of equipment/ quan�ty of reagents/ human resources); v.) status of NABL accredita�on of laboratories under the district jurisdic�on. ii.) the status of the remedial ac�on taken to provide safe drinking water; iii.) a real-�me map showing the status of potability of each water source in the State/ UT; iv.) genera�on of daily, weekly, and monthly MIS data analy�cs and reports (in the form of sta�s�cal reports, charts and data summary visuals) for be�er monitoring and supervision; v.) the opera�onal status of every laboratory (working/ non-working/ condi�on of equipment/ quan�ty of reagents/ human resources); vi.) status of NABL accredita�on of the laboratories. 9.2.3 District level The WQMIS dashboard for district Lab-in-charge has data for all the block and sub-divisional level laborato- ries. The WQMIS district-level dashboard has the following features: 75 Drinking Water Quality Monitoring & Surveillance Framework 74 Workflow for laboratory testing 75 Drinking Water Quality Monitoring & Surveillance Framework 74 Workflow for laboratory testing 77 Drinking Water Quality Monitoring & Surveillance Framework 76 Up to 2% of the total annual JJM alloca�on to the States/ UTs is meant for ac�vi�es related to water quality monitoring and surveillance. The guidelines of the mission (Para 10.2 i.) to v.)), details the ac�vi�es that can be funded for water quality monitoring and surveillance (WQMS). The same are reproduced below: i.) up to 2% of the alloca�on to States/ UTs can be u�lized for carrying out WQMS ac�vi�es; ii.) all the above ac�vi�es shall have a funding pa�ern of 90:10 for NE and Himalayan States and 60:40 for remaining States. The fund sharing pa�ern for UTs shall be 100:0 between Centre and UT Administra�on in UTs without legislature and 90:10 for UTS with legislature; iii.) the fund may be u�lized for ac�vi�es like se�ng up of new laboratory (building cost permi�ed only for State/ UT level laboratory), new district/ sub-divisional laboratories (building cost to be borne by the State Government/ UT Administra- �on, rental charges could be booked under this fund), laboratories under PPP mode, upgrading of exis�ng water quality tes�ng laboratories which inter-alia include procurement of equipments, instruments, chemicals/ reagents , glassware, consumables, hiring of outsourced human resources (regular staff to be paid salaries by the State Government/ UT Administra�on), hiring of vehicles for transporta�on of water samples collected from the field to the laboratory and expenses incurred for NABL accredita�on process (consultant fee, audit cost, applica�on fee and annual fee). iv.) these funds can also be used for procurement of FTKs, refills and bacterial detec�on kits; v.) salary of regular staff and any services, expendi- ture incurred in excess of the 2% alloca�on will be met from fund of the State Government/ UT Administra�on. SWSM may also decide to pay honorarium to a dedicated person at GP level for ensuring water quality tests through FTKs/ bacteriological vials in prescribed �me and submit data to higher authori�es. It has now been decided to allow the funding of addi�onal ac�vi�es as given below in addi�on to the above ac�vi�es. I.) building cost for se�ng up a new laboratory at regional, district, sub-divisional/ block levels. Land cost in all cases is to be borne by the State/ UT. Booking of rental charges can con�nue to be charged �ll such �me new laboratories are set up. This would require a substan�al increase in fund and thus require a revision of current threshold funding level (up to 2%) based on actual costs of se�ng up of laboratories with modern equipment on field; ii.) in case of laboratories set up under PPP or public- public partnerships, funding on per sample basis, both for collec�on and tes�ng, to be mutually decided between the State/ UT and the service provider; 10. Financial planning and funding9.2.4 Block/ sub-divisional level The WQMIS dashboard for the block/ sub-divisional level laboratories has the following features: i.) list of water sample received and test done at each block/sub-divisional laboratory as well as FTK test conducted at village level; ii.) the status of the remedial ac�on taken to provide safe drinking water within the block jurisdic�on; iii.) a real-�me map showing the status of potability of each water source in the block; iv.) the opera�onal status of all block/ sub-divisional laboratories (working/ non-working/ condi�on of equipment/ quan�ty of reagents/ human resources); v.) status of FTK at each village within the block; vi.) status of NABL accredita�on of all the laborato- ries under the block jurisdic�on. 9.2.5 Village level The WQMIS dashboard for a VWSC or Pani Sami� has the following features: i.) status of FTK tes�ng in the village; ii.) quality aspects of the drinking water sources; iii.) number of samples tested from the village (both departmental and Public). 77 Drinking Water Quality Monitoring & Surveillance Framework 76 Up to 2% of the total annual JJM alloca�on to the States/ UTs is meant for ac�vi�es related to water quality monitoring and surveillance. The guidelines of the mission (Para 10.2 i.) to v.)), details the ac�vi�es that can be funded for water quality monitoring and surveillance (WQMS). The same are reproduced below: i.) up to 2% of the alloca�on to States/ UTs can be u�lized for carrying out WQMS ac�vi�es; ii.) all the above ac�vi�es shall have a funding pa�ern of 90:10 for NE and Himalayan States and 60:40 for remaining States. The fund sharing pa�ern for UTs shall be 100:0 between Centre and UT Administra�on in UTs without legislature and 90:10 for UTS with legislature; iii.) the fund may be u�lized for ac�vi�es like se�ng up of new laboratory (building cost permi�ed only for State/ UT level laboratory), new district/ sub-divisional laboratories (building cost to be borne by the State Government/ UT Administra- �on, rental charges could be booked under this fund), laboratories under PPP mode, upgrading of exis�ng water quality tes�ng laboratories which inter-alia include procurement of equipments, instruments, chemicals/ reagents , glassware, consumables, hiring of outsourced human resources (regular staff to be paid salaries by the State Government/ UT Administra�on), hiring of vehicles for transporta�on of water samples collected from the field to the laboratory and expenses incurred for NABL accredita�on process (consultant fee, audit cost, applica�on fee and annual fee). iv.) these funds can also be used for procurement of FTKs, refills and bacterial detec�on kits; v.) salary of regular staff and any services, expendi- ture incurred in excess of the 2% alloca�on will be met from fund of the State Government/ UT Administra�on. SWSM may also decide to pay honorarium to a dedicated person at GP level for ensuring water quality tests through FTKs/ bacteriological vials in prescribed �me and submit data to higher authori�es. It has now been decided to allow the funding of addi�onal ac�vi�es as given below in addi�on to the above ac�vi�es. I.) building cost for se�ng up a new laboratory at regional, district, sub-divisional/ block levels. Land cost in all cases is to be borne by the State/ UT. Booking of rental charges can con�nue to be charged �ll such �me new laboratories are set up. This would require a substan�al increase in fund and thus require a revision of current threshold funding level (up to 2%) based on actual costs of se�ng up of laboratories with modern equipment on field; ii.) in case of laboratories set up under PPP or public- public partnerships, funding on per sample basis, both for collec�on and tes�ng, to be mutually decided between the State/ UT and the service provider; 10. Financial planning and funding9.2.4 Block/ sub-divisional level The WQMIS dashboard for the block/ sub-divisional level laboratories has the following features: i.) list of water sample received and test done at each block/sub-divisional laboratory as well as FTK test conducted at village level; ii.) the status of the remedial ac�on taken to provide safe drinking water within the block jurisdic�on; iii.) a real-�me map showing the status of potability of each water source in the block; iv.) the opera�onal status of all block/ sub-divisional laboratories (working/ non-working/ condi�on of equipment/ quan�ty of reagents/ human resources); v.) status of FTK at each village within the block; vi.) status of NABL accredita�on of all the laborato- ries under the block jurisdic�on. 9.2.5 Village level The WQMIS dashboard for a VWSC or Pani Sami� has the following features: i.) status of FTK tes�ng in the village; ii.) quality aspects of the drinking water sources; iii.) number of samples tested from the village (both departmental and Public). 79 Drinking Water Quality Monitoring & Surveillance Framework 78 Jal Jeevan Mission is being implemented since 2019, in partnership with States, to make provision of tap water supply in every rural home and public ins�tu�on by 2024. The focus is on func�onality of tap water connec�on, viz. water supply in adequate quan�ty of prescribed quality with sufficient pressure on regular and long-term basis. The programme is not aimed at mere infrastructure crea�on or making provision of tap water connec�ons, but to ensure long-term 'assured service delivery' with modern public griev- ance redressal systems for which departments handling rural water supply & sanita�on or parastatal organiza�ons in States/ UTs as well as village level ins�tu�ons have to work as 'public u�li�es'. The effort is to reduce the urban–rural gaps in terms of water supply service delivery. It is envisaged that improved services will enable people to realize their full poten�al in life and livelihood. To achieve this goal, focus is on speedy implementa�on and improved 'service delivery' especially in un-serviced/ unreached areas and to avoid adverse ramifica�ons due to disrup�on in service. For execu�on of work at this scale and with speed, robust strategies and ac�on plans at State/ UT level are already developed, viz. Village Ac�on Plans (VAPs), District Ac�on Plans (DAPs), State Ac�on Plans (SAPs) and based on the same Annual Ac�on Plans (AAPs) of each State/ UT are being approved every year. The WQMS component in these plans captures details related to its ac�vi�es. The progress against the plans is also being regularly reviewed at various levels for speedy and �mely implementa�on. These plans developed through capturing data and its analysis are in line with the vision of JJM, and are to be imple- mented in its true le�er and spirit. For ensuring quality of water supply and to maintain overall surveillance of water supply at local level, five women from every village are being trained on using Field Test Kits (FTKs) to test water for its quality, undertake regular sanitary inspec�on and upload data on WQMIS portal. The effort is to establish systems so that people feel confident about quality of tap water and consumer water directly from the tap. Rigorous and regular water quality tes�ng at the local level as well as strengthening water quality monitoring through water quality tes�ng laboratories are ways to create confidence about the quality of tap water supply. All water quality tes�ng laboratories across the country are to be standardized, modernized/ upgraded and are to be mandatorily NABL accredited/ recognized. The laboratories have been opened to public so that people can get their water samples tested at a nominal cost, receive digital report and have remedial ac�on taken, if water found to have any contaminants beyond the permissible limit. There is a need to raise awareness on regular water quality tes�ng at the laboratories and that the nearest laboratory can be located very easily through Water Quality Management Informa�on System (WQMIS) or its app. With advancements in instrumenta�on that incorporate digital technologies to test water quality, different levels of laboratories have to procure equipments that can perform water quality tes�ng for mul�ple parameters. These equipments would not only reduce the turn around �me for delivery of test results, but also significantly increase the number of tests that can done by the laboratory as well as bring down the human interven�on in tes�ng. It is important that human resources for handling these iii.) in case of laboratories at colleges, universi�es, higher secondary schools, polytechnic ins�tutes, private NABL accredited/ BIS approved water quality tes�ng laboratories, etc. funding on per sample basis, both for collec�on and tes�ng, to be mutually decided between the State/ UT and the ins�tu�on. Further, cost of NABL accredita- �on of these laboratories can also be funded. It may be noted that funding for colleges, universi- �es, higher secondary schools, polytechnic ins�tutes would be allowed for all types of ins�tu�ons (Govt./ Govt. aided/ private/ deemed etc.). Fund sharing pa�ern between the Centre and States/ UTs are the same as under JJM except that in the case of States with 50:50 fund sharing under JJM, for WQMS it will be 60:40 between Centre and respec�ve States. It may be noted that the States/ UTs may no�onally allocate the 2% of total alloca�on towards WQMS ac�vi�es and may release the same in advance so that the WQMS ac�vi�es as per the approved Annual Ac�on Plan (AAP) are carried out. In future, WQMS fund will be disbursed separately and the Annual Ac�on Plan will have a separate review on WQMS. 11. Road ahead for assured water quality 79 Drinking Water Quality Monitoring & Surveillance Framework 78 Jal Jeevan Mission is being implemented since 2019, in partnership with States, to make provision of tap water supply in every rural home and public ins�tu�on by 2024. The focus is on func�onality of tap water connec�on, viz. water supply in adequate quan�ty of prescribed quality with sufficient pressure on regular and long-term basis. The programme is not aimed at mere infrastructure crea�on or making provision of tap water connec�ons, but to ensure long-term 'assured service delivery' with modern public griev- ance redressal systems for which departments handling rural water supply & sanita�on or parastatal organiza�ons in States/ UTs as well as village level ins�tu�ons have to work as 'public u�li�es'. The effort is to reduce the urban–rural gaps in terms of water supply service delivery. It is envisaged that improved services will enable people to realize their full poten�al in life and livelihood. To achieve this goal, focus is on speedy implementa�on and improved 'service delivery' especially in un-serviced/ unreached areas and to avoid adverse ramifica�ons due to disrup�on in service. For execu�on of work at this scale and with speed, robust strategies and ac�on plans at State/ UT level are already developed, viz. Village Ac�on Plans (VAPs), District Ac�on Plans (DAPs), State Ac�on Plans (SAPs) and based on the same Annual Ac�on Plans (AAPs) of each State/ UT are being approved every year. The WQMS component in these plans captures details related to its ac�vi�es. The progress against the plans is also being regularly reviewed at various levels for speedy and �mely implementa�on. These plans developed through capturing data and its analysis are in line with the vision of JJM, and are to be imple- mented in its true le�er and spirit. For ensuring quality of water supply and to maintain overall surveillance of water supply at local level, five women from every village are being trained on using Field Test Kits (FTKs) to test water for its quality, undertake regular sanitary inspec�on and upload data on WQMIS portal. The effort is to establish systems so that people feel confident about quality of tap water and consumer water directly from the tap. Rigorous and regular water quality tes�ng at the local level as well as strengthening water quality monitoring through water quality tes�ng laboratories are ways to create confidence about the quality of tap water supply. All water quality tes�ng laboratories across the country are to be standardized, modernized/ upgraded and are to be mandatorily NABL accredited/ recognized. The laboratories have been opened to public so that people can get their water samples tested at a nominal cost, receive digital report and have remedial ac�on taken, if water found to have any contaminants beyond the permissible limit. There is a need to raise awareness on regular water quality tes�ng at the laboratories and that the nearest laboratory can be located very easily through Water Quality Management Informa�on System (WQMIS) or its app. With advancements in instrumenta�on that incorporate digital technologies to test water quality, different levels of laboratories have to procure equipments that can perform water quality tes�ng for mul�ple parameters. These equipments would not only reduce the turn around �me for delivery of test results, but also significantly increase the number of tests that can done by the laboratory as well as bring down the human interven�on in tes�ng. It is important that human resources for handling these iii.) in case of laboratories at colleges, universi�es, higher secondary schools, polytechnic ins�tutes, private NABL accredited/ BIS approved water quality tes�ng laboratories, etc. funding on per sample basis, both for collec�on and tes�ng, to be mutually decided between the State/ UT and the ins�tu�on. Further, cost of NABL accredita- �on of these laboratories can also be funded. It may be noted that funding for colleges, universi- �es, higher secondary schools, polytechnic ins�tutes would be allowed for all types of ins�tu�ons (Govt./ Govt. aided/ private/ deemed etc.). Fund sharing pa�ern between the Centre and States/ UTs are the same as under JJM except that in the case of States with 50:50 fund sharing under JJM, for WQMS it will be 60:40 between Centre and respec�ve States. It may be noted that the States/ UTs may no�onally allocate the 2% of total alloca�on towards WQMS ac�vi�es and may release the same in advance so that the WQMS ac�vi�es as per the approved Annual Ac�on Plan (AAP) are carried out. In future, WQMS fund will be disbursed separately and the Annual Ac�on Plan will have a separate review on WQMS. 11. Road ahead for assured water quality 81 Drinking Water Quality Monitoring & Surveillance Framework 80 system can provide real-�me informa�on on the consump�on and demand pa�erns of the user groups over �me, which is valuable for demand management at the aggregate level. Such a system will also help minimise non-revenue water use, ensure proper management and effec�ve opera�on and mainte- nance of water supply systems in the villages. IoT based remote monitoring would benefit all stake- holders (government, u�lity, and ci�zens) across mul�ple dimensions like economic, social, environ- mental and health and safety. Similarly, responsive systems to be developed for taking remedial ac�on/ public grievance redressal, so that service is not disrupted at any point of �me. Further, it is important to study the water quality pa�erns, document and analyze the same for effec�ve policy interven�on. The sources have to be tracked for developing a water quality trail and understand its linkage with reasons for quality deteriora�on. Such evalua�on studies to also be taken up regularly in associa�on with educa�onal/ other interested ins�tu�ons. The Na�onal Jal Jeevan Mission is working with States/ UTs for assured service delivery to village communi�es which will help in realizing vision of JJM, i.e. developing 'water enlightened villages'/ 'Jal Prabudh Gaon' so that paucity of safe drinking water does not become a limi�ng factor in the socio-economic development and our quest for high economic growth. equipments are well qualified, their capaci�es built at regular intervals so that they get updated as the equipments get modernised and the data generated through the test results can be analysed for policy interven�ons. Groundwater is the primary source of drinking water in most of the rural India. However, due to the deple�ng groundwater level, surface water use is also on the rise. For both groundwater and surface water-based rural drinking water supply schemes, it is vital to monitor the bacteriological and chemical parameters to ascertain the safety of water quality. The local community is to undertake monthly water quality tes�ng and sanitary inspec�ons to ascertain the quality. Some�mes, water may also get contaminated at the end-user due to poor hygiene or improper storage. Thus, focus to also be on raising awareness on water storage, water safety, etc. and empower people with informa�on related to public health. In many areas, especially in water-stressed blocks/ districts, due to over-u�liza�on/ over-drawl of water for agricultural purposes, the drinking water sources run a risk of ge�ng depleted resul�ng into non- func�onal i ty of the water supply systems, necessita�ng water supply by making emergency arrangements. In such cases, the huge public invest- ment on water supply systems may also become unfrui�ul if water sources are not protected, which means people are to made aware and sensi�zed at the local level on importance of using available water judiciously as well as enhance their capaci�es to make them fully able to manage, operate and maintain in- village water supply systems. It also requires village communi�es to start water budge�ng to understand and improve water-use efficiency by changing water usage pa�erns, shi�ing to less water consuming crops and/ or switching to micro irriga�on e.g. drip and sprinkler system, etc. Reduc�on in agricultural use will enhance water security for drinking and domes�c purposes. The road ahead is thus to build capaci�es of local communi�es to be able to achieve service level benchmarking for rural drinking water supply at GP/ village level and monitor it regularly. The benchmarks have been provided in the 'Manual for u�liza�on of th15 Finance Commission �ed grants to RLBs/ PRIs'. The goal is to develop 'WASH enlightened villages'/ 'WASH Prabuddh Gaon', wherein the local communi�es are equipped to provide long-term assured water supply and sanita�on services to all ensuring 'no one is le� out'. In line with the mo�o of JJM, i.e. 'building partner- ships, changing lives', 184 sector partners, 104 Key Resource Centres (KRCs), over 13,000 Implementa�on Support Agencies (ISAs) , etc. have been engaged at different levels to raise awareness and build capaci�es of various stakeholders on water quality monitoring & surveillance. Presently, rural households with piped water supply do not have any means to test the potability of their water supply. In the healthcare sector, there are devices to check health parameters like blood sugar, blood pressure, oxygen level, pregnancy, etc. How- ever, a portable device to test water quality is not commonly available. There is a need for a portable water tes�ng device so that people can check at least the basic water quality parameters of the drinking water supply they use. For developing such a kit, JJM in partnership with DPIIT launched an innova�on challenge to develop portable water quality tes�ng devices for use at domes�c as well as by GPs/ VWSCS, Pani Sami�s. Such innova�ve tools are to be made available to all villages in partnership with States. The Water Quality Management Informa�on System (WQMIS) is enabling digital governance with online service delivery monitoring. Sensor-based IoT devices are to be installed in every village for automa�c data capturing to measure and monitor the water supply, and fully equip local community to manage, operate and maintain these digital tools. Addi�onally, such a 81 Drinking Water Quality Monitoring & Surveillance Framework 80 system can provide real-�me informa�on on the consump�on and demand pa�erns of the user groups over �me, which is valuable for demand management at the aggregate level. Such a system will also help minimise non-revenue water use, ensure proper management and effec�ve opera�on and mainte- nance of water supply systems in the villages. IoT based remote monitoring would benefit all stake- holders (government, u�lity, and ci�zens) across mul�ple dimensions like economic, social, environ- mental and health and safety. Similarly, responsive systems to be developed for taking remedial ac�on/ public grievance redressal, so that service is not disrupted at any point of �me. Further, it is important to study the water quality pa�erns, document and analyze the same for effec�ve policy interven�on. The sources have to be tracked for developing a water quality trail and understand its linkage with reasons for quality deteriora�on. Such evalua�on studies to also be taken up regularly in associa�on with educa�onal/ other interested ins�tu�ons. The Na�onal Jal Jeevan Mission is working with States/ UTs for assured service delivery to village communi�es which will help in realizing vision of JJM, i.e. developing 'water enlightened villages'/ 'Jal Prabudh Gaon' so that paucity of safe drinking water does not become a limi�ng factor in the socio-economic development and our quest for high economic growth. equipments are well qualified, their capaci�es built at regular intervals so that they get updated as the equipments get modernised and the data generated through the test results can be analysed for policy interven�ons. Groundwater is the primary source of drinking water in most of the rural India. However, due to the deple�ng groundwater level, surface water use is also on the rise. For both groundwater and surface water-based rural drinking water supply schemes, it is vital to monitor the bacteriological and chemical parameters to ascertain the safety of water quality. The local community is to undertake monthly water quality tes�ng and sanitary inspec�ons to ascertain the quality. Some�mes, water may also get contaminated at the end-user due to poor hygiene or improper storage. Thus, focus to also be on raising awareness on water storage, water safety, etc. and empower people with informa�on related to public health. In many areas, especially in water-stressed blocks/ districts, due to over-u�liza�on/ over-drawl of water for agricultural purposes, the drinking water sources run a risk of ge�ng depleted resul�ng into non- func�onal i ty of the water supply systems, necessita�ng water supply by making emergency arrangements. In such cases, the huge public invest- ment on water supply systems may also become unfrui�ul if water sources are not protected, which means people are to made aware and sensi�zed at the local level on importance of using available water judiciously as well as enhance their capaci�es to make them fully able to manage, operate and maintain in- village water supply systems. It also requires village communi�es to start water budge�ng to understand and improve water-use efficiency by changing water usage pa�erns, shi�ing to less water consuming crops and/ or switching to micro irriga�on e.g. drip and sprinkler system, etc. Reduc�on in agricultural use will enhance water security for drinking and domes�c purposes. The road ahead is thus to build capaci�es of local communi�es to be able to achieve service level benchmarking for rural drinking water supply at GP/ village level and monitor it regularly. The benchmarks have been provided in the 'Manual for u�liza�on of th15 Finance Commission �ed grants to RLBs/ PRIs'. The goal is to develop 'WASH enlightened villages'/ 'WASH Prabuddh Gaon', wherein the local communi�es are equipped to provide long-term assured water supply and sanita�on services to all ensuring 'no one is le� out'. In line with the mo�o of JJM, i.e. 'building partner- ships, changing lives', 184 sector partners, 104 Key Resource Centres (KRCs), over 13,000 Implementa�on Support Agencies (ISAs) , etc. have been engaged at different levels to raise awareness and build capaci�es of various stakeholders on water quality monitoring & surveillance. Presently, rural households with piped water supply do not have any means to test the potability of their water supply. In the healthcare sector, there are devices to check health parameters like blood sugar, blood pressure, oxygen level, pregnancy, etc. How- ever, a portable device to test water quality is not commonly available. There is a need for a portable water tes�ng device so that people can check at least the basic water quality parameters of the drinking water supply they use. For developing such a kit, JJM in partnership with DPIIT launched an innova�on challenge to develop portable water quality tes�ng devices for use at domes�c as well as by GPs/ VWSCS, Pani Sami�s. Such innova�ve tools are to be made available to all villages in partnership with States. The Water Quality Management Informa�on System (WQMIS) is enabling digital governance with online service delivery monitoring. Sensor-based IoT devices are to be installed in every village for automa�c data capturing to measure and monitor the water supply, and fully equip local community to manage, operate and maintain these digital tools. Addi�onally, such a 83 Drinking Water Quality Monitoring & Surveillance Framework 82 Annex-I List of 60 most seriously affected districts with Japanese Encephalitis and Advanced Encephalitis Syndrome (JE/ AES) The following materials/ books can be used for reference by laboratory personnel for adhering to standards and procedures. i.) Opera�onal Guidelines for the implementa�on of Jal Jeevan Mission ii.) Margdarshika for Gram Panchayat and Paani Sami� iii.) Manual for u�liza�on of 15�� Finance Commission �ed grant to RLBs for water and sanita�on for the period 2021-22 to 2025-26 iv.) Guidelines for Capacity Building by Key Resource Centres (KRC) v.) IS 10500 – 2012 – Drinking Water Specifica�on vi.) IS 3025 (Part I) – 1987 – Methods of Sampling and Test (Physical and Chemical) for Water and Waste Water vii.) Water Quality Reports of Central Ground Water Board (h�p://cgwb.gov.in/wqreports.html) viii.) Guidelines for Drinking-water quality – World Health Organisa�on (h�ps://www.who.int/teams/envIronment- climate-change-and-health/water-sanita�on-and-health/water-safety-and-quality/drinking-water-quality- guidelines) ix.) American Water Works Associa�on – Manuals and prac�ces (h�ps://www.awwa.org/Resources- Tools/Resource-Topics/Water-Quality) x.) Drinking Water Quality and Public Health – Edited by Patrick Levallois and Cris�na Villanueva Belmonte (Eds.) – Interna�onal Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health xi.) Water Quality & Treatment: A Handbook on Drinking Water (Water Resources and Environmental Engineering Series) - American Water Works Associa�on (Author), James K. Edzwald xii.) ‘Integrated fluorosis mi�ga�on: guidance manual. Nagpur, India’, Na�onal Environmental Engineering Research Ins�tute (NEERI); 2007 xiii.) Mi�ga�on and Remedy of Ground Water Arsenic Menace in India; A Vision Document, Na�onal Ins�tute of Hydrology, MoWR xiv.) Manuals for public user, State Super Administrator, FTK user, Lab-in-charge, Lab Technician, etc. are available on JJM-WQMIS Books and reference materials for WQMS 83 Drinking Water Quality Monitoring & Surveillance Framework 82 Annex-I List of 60 most seriously affected districts with Japanese Encephalitis and Advanced Encephalitis Syndrome (JE/ AES) The following materials/ books can be used for reference by laboratory personnel for adhering to standards and procedures. i.) Opera�onal Guidelines for the implementa�on of Jal Jeevan Mission ii.) Margdarshika for Gram Panchayat and Paani Sami� iii.) Manual for u�liza�on of 15�� Finance Commission �ed grant to RLBs for water and sanita�on for the period 2021-22 to 2025-26 iv.) Guidelines for Capacity Building by Key Resource Centres (KRC) v.) IS 10500 – 2012 – Drinking Water Specifica�on vi.) IS 3025 (Part I) – 1987 – Methods of Sampling and Test (Physical and Chemical) for Water and Waste Water vii.) Water Quality Reports of Central Ground Water Board (h�p://cgwb.gov.in/wqreports.html) viii.) Guidelines for Drinking-water quality – World Health Organisa�on (h�ps://www.who.int/teams/envIronment- climate-change-and-health/water-sanita�on-and-health/water-safety-and-quality/drinking-water-quality- guidelines) ix.) American Water Works Associa�on – Manuals and prac�ces (h�ps://www.awwa.org/Resources- Tools/Resource-Topics/Water-Quality) x.) Drinking Water Quality and Public Health – Edited by Patrick Levallois and Cris�na Villanueva Belmonte (Eds.) – Interna�onal Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health xi.) Water Quality & Treatment: A Handbook on Drinking Water (Water Resources and Environmental Engineering Series) - American Water Works Associa�on (Author), James K. Edzwald xii.) ‘Integrated fluorosis mi�ga�on: guidance manual. Nagpur, India’, Na�onal Environmental Engineering Research Ins�tute (NEERI); 2007 xiii.) Mi�ga�on and Remedy of Ground Water Arsenic Menace in India; A Vision Document, Na�onal Ins�tute of Hydrology, MoWR xiv.) Manuals for public user, State Super Administrator, FTK user, Lab-in-charge, Lab Technician, etc. are available on JJM-WQMIS Books and reference materials for WQMS 85 Drinking Water Quality Monitoring & Surveillance Framework 84 Annex-II Drinking water quality standards - Comparison of BIS 10500:2012 and WHO standards S. No. Parameters Unit IS 10500:2012B WHO Limit Remark ReferenceAcceptable limit Permissible limit 1. Colour Hazen Units 5 15 WHO does not set formal guideline values for substances on the basis of consumer acceptability. Sec 2.5, Page 28 2. Odour Agreeable - 3. Taste Agreeable - 4. Turbidity NTU 1 5 <5 5. pH 6.5 to 8.5 No relaxa�on Guideline values have not been established Values found are below those of health concern Table 8.7 6. TDS/ Electrical Conduc�vity mg/ l 500 2000 -do- Values found are below those of health concern Table 8.7 7. Total Alkalinity (as calcium carbonate) mg/ l 200 600 8. Chloride (as Cl) mg/ l 250 1000 -do- Values found are below those of health concern Table 8.7 9. Fluoride (as F) mg/ l 1 1.5 1.5 10. Ammonia (as total ammonia-N) mg/ l 0.5 No relaxa�on Guideline values have not been established Values found are below those of health concern Table 8.12 11. Nitrate (as NO3) mg/ l 45 No relaxa�on 50 Table 8.13 12. Sulphate (as SO4) mg/ l 200 400 Guideline values have not been established Values found are below those of health concern Table 8.7 13. Boron* (as B) mg/ l 0.5 1 2.4 Table 8.8 S. No. Parameters Unit IS 10500:2012B WHO Limit Remark ReferenceAcceptable limit Permissible limit 14. Calcium (as Ca) mg/ l 75 200 15. Magnesium (as Mg) mg/ l 30 100 16. Total Hardness (as CaCO3) mg/ l 200 600 Guideline values not established Values found are below those of health concern Table 8.7 17. Sulphide (as H2S) mg/ l 0.05 No relaxa�on Guideline values not established Values found are below those of health concern Table 8.7 18. Chloramines (as NH2Cl) mg/ l 4 No relaxa�on 19. Iron (as Fe) mg/ l 1 No relaxa�on Guideline values have not been established Values found are below those of health concern. Table 8.7 20. Manganese (as Mn) mg/ l 0.1 0.3 Guideline values have not been established 21. Copper (as Cu) mg/ l 0.05 1.5 22. Total Chromium (as Cr) mg/ l 0.05 No relaxa�on 0.05 Table 8.8 23. Cadmium (as Cd) mg/ l 0.003 No relaxa�on 0.003 Table 8.10 24. Lead (as Pb) mg/ l 0.01 No relaxa�on 0.01 Page 383 25. Nickel (as Ni) mg/ l 0.02 No relaxa�on 0.07 Page 397 26. Total Arsenic (as As) mg/ l 0.01 No relaxa�on 0.01 Table 8.8 27. Mercury (as Hg) mg/ l 0.001 No relaxa�on 0.006 Table 8.10 85 Drinking Water Quality Monitoring & Surveillance Framework 84 Annex-II Drinking water quality standards - Comparison of BIS 10500:2012 and WHO standards S. No. Parameters Unit IS 10500:2012B WHO Limit Remark ReferenceAcceptable limit Permissible limit 1. Colour Hazen Units 5 15 WHO does not set formal guideline values for substances on the basis of consumer acceptability. Sec 2.5, Page 28 2. Odour Agreeable - 3. Taste Agreeable - 4. Turbidity NTU 1 5 <5 5. pH 6.5 to 8.5 No relaxa�on Guideline values have not been established Values found are below those of health concern Table 8.7 6. TDS/ Electrical Conduc�vity mg/ l 500 2000 -do- Values found are below those of health concern Table 8.7 7. Total Alkalinity (as calcium carbonate) mg/ l 200 600 8. Chloride (as Cl) mg/ l 250 1000 -do- Values found are below those of health concern Table 8.7 9. Fluoride (as F) mg/ l 1 1.5 1.5 10. Ammonia (as total ammonia-N) mg/ l 0.5 No relaxa�on Guideline values have not been established Values found are below those of health concern Table 8.12 11. Nitrate (as NO3) mg/ l 45 No relaxa�on 50 Table 8.13 12. Sulphate (as SO4) mg/ l 200 400 Guideline values have not been established Values found are below those of health concern Table 8.7 13. Boron* (as B) mg/ l 0.5 1 2.4 Table 8.8 S. No. Parameters Unit IS 10500:2012B WHO Limit Remark ReferenceAcceptable limit Permissible limit 14. Calcium (as Ca) mg/ l 75 200 15. Magnesium (as Mg) mg/ l 30 100 16. Total Hardness (as CaCO3) mg/ l 200 600 Guideline values not established Values found are below those of health concern Table 8.7 17. Sulphide (as H2S) mg/ l 0.05 No relaxa�on Guideline values not established Values found are below those of health concern Table 8.7 18. Chloramines (as NH2Cl) mg/ l 4 No relaxa�on 19. Iron (as Fe) mg/ l 1 No relaxa�on Guideline values have not been established Values found are below those of health concern. Table 8.7 20. Manganese (as Mn) mg/ l 0.1 0.3 Guideline values have not been established 21. Copper (as Cu) mg/ l 0.05 1.5 22. Total Chromium (as Cr) mg/ l 0.05 No relaxa�on 0.05 Table 8.8 23. Cadmium (as Cd) mg/ l 0.003 No relaxa�on 0.003 Table 8.10 24. Lead (as Pb) mg/ l 0.01 No relaxa�on 0.01 Page 383 25. Nickel (as Ni) mg/ l 0.02 No relaxa�on 0.07 Page 397 26. Total Arsenic (as As) mg/ l 0.01 No relaxa�on 0.01 Table 8.8 27. Mercury (as Hg) mg/ l 0.001 No relaxa�on 0.006 Table 8.10 87 Drinking Water Quality Monitoring & Surveillance Framework 86 S. No. Parameters Unit IS 10500:2012B WHO Limit Remark ReferenceAcceptable limit Permissible limit 28. Barium (as Ba) mg/ l 0.7 No relaxa�on For Atrazine and its chlorostriazine metabolites: 0.1 mg/L, For Hydroxyatrazine: 0.2 mg/L Table 8.8 29. Zinc (as Zn) mg/ l 5 15 Guideline values have not been established Values found are below those of health concern. Table 8.15 30. Aluminum* (as Al) mg/ l 0.03 0.2 Guideline values have not been established Page 311 31. Selenium (as Se) mg/ l 0.01 No relaxa�on 0.04 Table 8.8 32. Silver (as Ag) mg/ l 0.1 No relaxa�on 33. Molybednum (asMo) mg/ l 0.07 No relaxa�on Guideline values have not been established Values found are below those of health concern. Table 8.7 34. Total coliform bacteria Shall not be detectable in any 100 ml sample Must not be detectable in any 100 ml sample 35. E.coli/ Thermotolera nt coliform bacteria Shall not be detectable in any 100 ml sample Must not be detectable in any 100 ml sample 36. Radioac�ve elements Alpha emi�ers Bq/ l 0.1 No relaxa�on 0.5 Page 208 Beta emi�ers Bq/ l 1 No relaxa�on 1 Page 208 37. Cyanide (as CN) mg/ l 0.05 No relaxa�on Guideline values have not been established Values found are below those of health concern. Table 8.9 S. No. Parameters Unit IS 10500:2012B WHO Limit Remark ReferenceAcceptable limit Permissible limit 38. Poly Aroma�c Hydrocarbons (as PAH) mg/ l 0.0001 No relaxa�on 0.0007 39. Free Residual Chlorine mg/ l 0.2 1 0.5 Page 107 40. Polychlorinate d Biphenyls mg/ l 0.0005 No relaxa�on 41. Anionic Detergents (as MBAS*) mg/ l 0.2 1 42. Mineral oil mg/ l 0.5 No relaxa�on 43. Phenolic Compound (as C6H5OH) mg/ l 0.001 0.002 0.5 44. Trihalometha nes a.Bromoform mg/ l 0.1 No relaxa�on b.Dibromome thane mg/ l 0.1 No relaxa�on c.Bromodichlo romethane mg/ l 0.06 No relaxa�on d.Chloroform mg/ l 0.2 No relaxa�on 45. Alachlor µg/ l 20 No relaxa�on 0.02 Table 8.13 46. Atrazine µg/ l 2 No relaxa�on for Atrazine and its chloro-s- triazine metabolites: 0.1 mg/L, For Hydroxyatrazine: 0.2 mg/L Page 319 87 Drinking Water Quality Monitoring & Surveillance Framework 86 S. No. Parameters Unit IS 10500:2012B WHO Limit Remark ReferenceAcceptable limit Permissible limit 28. Barium (as Ba) mg/ l 0.7 No relaxa�on For Atrazine and its chlorostriazine metabolites: 0.1 mg/L, For Hydroxyatrazine: 0.2 mg/L Table 8.8 29. Zinc (as Zn) mg/ l 5 15 Guideline values have not been established Values found are below those of health concern. Table 8.15 30. Aluminum* (as Al) mg/ l 0.03 0.2 Guideline values have not been established Page 311 31. Selenium (as Se) mg/ l 0.01 No relaxa�on 0.04 Table 8.8 32. Silver (as Ag) mg/ l 0.1 No relaxa�on 33. Molybednum (asMo) mg/ l 0.07 No relaxa�on Guideline values have not been established Values found are below those of health concern. Table 8.7 34. Total coliform bacteria Shall not be detectable in any 100 ml sample Must not be detectable in any 100 ml sample 35. E.coli/ Thermotolera nt coliform bacteria Shall not be detectable in any 100 ml sample Must not be detectable in any 100 ml sample 36. Radioac�ve elements Alpha emi�ers Bq/ l 0.1 No relaxa�on 0.5 Page 208 Beta emi�ers Bq/ l 1 No relaxa�on 1 Page 208 37. Cyanide (as CN) mg/ l 0.05 No relaxa�on Guideline values have not been established Values found are below those of health concern. Table 8.9 S. No. Parameters Unit IS 10500:2012B WHO Limit Remark ReferenceAcceptable limit Permissible limit 38. Poly Aroma�c Hydrocarbons (as PAH) mg/ l 0.0001 No relaxa�on 0.0007 39. Free Residual Chlorine mg/ l 0.2 1 0.5 Page 107 40. Polychlorinate d Biphenyls mg/ l 0.0005 No relaxa�on 41. Anionic Detergents (as MBAS*) mg/ l 0.2 1 42. Mineral oil mg/ l 0.5 No relaxa�on 43. Phenolic Compound (as C6H5OH) mg/ l 0.001 0.002 0.5 44. Trihalometha nes a.Bromoform mg/ l 0.1 No relaxa�on b.Dibromome thane mg/ l 0.1 No relaxa�on c.Bromodichlo romethane mg/ l 0.06 No relaxa�on d.Chloroform mg/ l 0.2 No relaxa�on 45. Alachlor µg/ l 20 No relaxa�on 0.02 Table 8.13 46. Atrazine µg/ l 2 No relaxa�on for Atrazine and its chloro-s- triazine metabolites: 0.1 mg/L, For Hydroxyatrazine: 0.2 mg/L Page 319 S. No. Parameters Unit IS 10500:2012B WHO Limit Remark ReferenceAcceptable limit Permissible limit 47. Aldrin/ Deildrin µg/ l 0.03 No relaxa�on 0.000 03 48. Alpha HCH µg/ l 0.01 No relaxa�on Chemicals from agricultural ac�vi�es excluded from guideline value deriva�on Table 8.11 49. Beta HCH µg/ l 0.04 No relaxa�on 50. Butachlor µg/ l 125 No relaxa�on 51. Chloropyr- iphos µg/ l 30 No relaxa�on 30 Table 8.13 52. Delta HCH µg/ l 0.04 No relaxa�on 53. 2,4- Dichlorophen oxyace�c acid µg/ l 30 No relaxa�on 30 Page 407 54. Dichlorodiphe nyltri- chloroethane (DDT) µg/ l 1 No relaxa�on 1 Table 8.18 55. Endosulfan (alpha,betaan d sulphate) µg/ l 0.4 No relaxa�on Not men�oned Values found are below those of health concern. 56. Ethion µg/ l 3 No relaxa�on 57. Gamma–HCH (Lindane) µg/ l 2 No relaxa�on 2 Table 8.13 58. Isoproturon µg/ l 9 No relaxa�on 9 Table 8.13 59. Malathion µg/ l 190 No relaxa�on Not men�oned Values found are below those of health concern. Table A3.2 60. Methyl parathion µg/ l 0.3 No relaxa�on Table A3.2 S. No. Parameters Unit IS 10500:2012B WHO Limit Remark ReferenceAcceptable limit Permissible limit 61. Monocro- tophos µg/ l 1 No relaxa�on Excluded Has been withdrawn from use in many countries and is unlikely to occur in drinking water 62. Phorate µg/ l 2 No relaxa�on Excluded Table A3.1 63. Uranium (*Atomic Energy Regula�on Norms / ** USEPA) mg/ l 0.06*/ 0.03** 0.06*/ 0.03** 0.03 Only chemical aspects of uranium addressed Table 8.8 89 Drinking Water Quality Monitoring & Surveillance Framework 88 S. No. Parameters Unit IS 10500:2012B WHO Limit Remark ReferenceAcceptable limit Permissible limit 47. Aldrin/ Deildrin µg/ l 0.03 No relaxa�on 0.000 03 48. Alpha HCH µg/ l 0.01 No relaxa�on Chemicals from agricultural ac�vi�es excluded from guideline value deriva�on Table 8.11 49. Beta HCH µg/ l 0.04 No relaxa�on 50. Butachlor µg/ l 125 No relaxa�on 51. Chloropyr- iphos µg/ l 30 No relaxa�on 30 Table 8.13 52. Delta HCH µg/ l 0.04 No relaxa�on 53. 2,4- Dichlorophen oxyace�c acid µg/ l 30 No relaxa�on 30 Page 407 54. Dichlorodiphe nyltri- chloroethane (DDT) µg/ l 1 No relaxa�on 1 Table 8.18 55. Endosulfan (alpha,betaan d sulphate) µg/ l 0.4 No relaxa�on Not men�oned Values found are below those of health concern. 56. Ethion µg/ l 3 No relaxa�on 57. Gamma–HCH (Lindane) µg/ l 2 No relaxa�on 2 Table 8.13 58. Isoproturon µg/ l 9 No relaxa�on 9 Table 8.13 59. Malathion µg/ l 190 No relaxa�on Not men�oned Values found are below those of health concern. Table A3.2 60. Methyl parathion µg/ l 0.3 No relaxa�on Table A3.2 S. No. Parameters Unit IS 10500:2012B WHO Limit Remark ReferenceAcceptable limit Permissible limit 61. Monocro- tophos µg/ l 1 No relaxa�on Excluded Has been withdrawn from use in many countries and is unlikely to occur in drinking water 62. Phorate µg/ l 2 No relaxa�on Excluded Table A3.1 63. Uranium (*Atomic Energy Regula�on Norms / ** USEPA) mg/ l 0.06*/ 0.03** 0.06*/ 0.03** 0.03 Only chemical aspects of uranium addressed Table 8.8 89 Drinking Water Quality Monitoring & Surveillance Framework 88 91 Drinking Water Quality Monitoring & Surveillance Framework 90 Annex-III List of Parameters to be monitored at each level of laboratories Parameters State / UTLab District lab Sub-divisional/ Block Lab Physical Parameters Temperature Yes Yes Yes Colour Yes Yes Yes Odour Yes Yes Yes Taste Yes Yes Yes Turbidity Yes Yes Yes pH Yes Yes Yes Chemical Parameters TDS/Elect. Conduc�vity Yes Yes Yes Total Alkalinity Yes Yes Yes Chloride Yes Yes Yes Fluoride Yes Yes Area Specific* Ammonia Yes Yes No Nitrate Yes Yes Yes Nitrite* Yes No No Sulphate Yes Yes Yes Silica Yes No No Potassium Yes Area Specific* No Boron* Yes No No Calcium (as Ca) Yes No No Magnesium (as Mg) Yes No No Total Hardness Yes Yes Yes Sulphide Yes No No Chloramines (as Cl2) Yes No No Parameters State / UTLab District lab Sub-divisional/ Block Lab Heavy Metals Iron Yes Yes Area Specific* Manganese Yes Area Specific* Yes Copper Yes Area Specific* No Total Chromium (as Cr) Yes Area Specific* No Cadmium Yes No No Lead Yes Area Specific* No Nickel Yes Area Specific* No Total Arsenic(asAs) Yes Yes Area Specific* Mercury Yes Area Specific* No Barium Yes Area Specific* No Zinc Yes Area Specific* No Aluminium* Yes Area Specific* No Selenium Yes Area Specific* No Silver Yes Area Specific* No Molybdenum (as Mo) Yes No No Biological Contamina�ons Total coliform bacteria Yes Yes Yes E.coli/ Thermotolerant coliform bacteria Yes Yes Yes Virus: V.cholera, S.typhi, S.dysentrae, Staphiloccocus, F.streptococci, G.lamblia *** No No Specific Parameters Total Pes�cide Residue Yes No No Radio-ac�ve elements ** No No Cyanide Yes No No Poly Aroma�c Hydrocarbons (PAH) Yes No No Free Residual Chlorine Yes Yes Yes 91 Drinking Water Quality Monitoring & Surveillance Framework 90 Annex-III List of Parameters to be monitored at each level of laboratories Parameters State / UTLab District lab Sub-divisional/ Block Lab Physical Parameters Temperature Yes Yes Yes Colour Yes Yes Yes Odour Yes Yes Yes Taste Yes Yes Yes Turbidity Yes Yes Yes pH Yes Yes Yes Chemical Parameters TDS/Elect. Conduc�vity Yes Yes Yes Total Alkalinity Yes Yes Yes Chloride Yes Yes Yes Fluoride Yes Yes Area Specific* Ammonia Yes Yes No Nitrate Yes Yes Yes Nitrite* Yes No No Sulphate Yes Yes Yes Silica Yes No No Potassium Yes Area Specific* No Boron* Yes No No Calcium (as Ca) Yes No No Magnesium (as Mg) Yes No No Total Hardness Yes Yes Yes Sulphide Yes No No Chloramines (as Cl2) Yes No No Parameters State / UTLab District lab Sub-divisional/ Block Lab Heavy Metals Iron Yes Yes Area Specific* Manganese Yes Area Specific* Yes Copper Yes Area Specific* No Total Chromium (as Cr) Yes Area Specific* No Cadmium Yes No No Lead Yes Area Specific* No Nickel Yes Area Specific* No Total Arsenic(asAs) Yes Yes Area Specific* Mercury Yes Area Specific* No Barium Yes Area Specific* No Zinc Yes Area Specific* No Aluminium* Yes Area Specific* No Selenium Yes Area Specific* No Silver Yes Area Specific* No Molybdenum (as Mo) Yes No No Biological Contamina�ons Total coliform bacteria Yes Yes Yes E.coli/ Thermotolerant coliform bacteria Yes Yes Yes Virus: V.cholera, S.typhi, S.dysentrae, Staphiloccocus, F.streptococci, G.lamblia *** No No Specific Parameters Total Pes�cide Residue Yes No No Radio-ac�ve elements ** No No Cyanide Yes No No Poly Aroma�c Hydrocarbons (PAH) Yes No No Free Residual Chlorine Yes Yes Yes Parameters State / UTLab District lab Sub-divisional/ Block Lab Poly chlorinated Biphenyls Yes No No N-Nitro-sodi-methylamine (NDMA) Yes No No Anionic Detergents (as MBAS) Yes No No Oils & Grease Yes Yes No Dissolved Oxygen (DO) Yes Yes No Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) Yes Yes No Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) Yes Yes No Mineral oil Yes No No Phenolic Compound (asC6H5OH) Yes No No Trihalomethanes a. Bromoform b. Dibromomethane c. Bromodichloromethane d. Chloroform Yes No No Individual Pes�cide Alachlor Yes No No Atrazine Yes No No Aldrin/Dieldrin Yes No No Alpha HCH Yes No No Beta HCH Yes No No Butachlor Yes No No Chloropyriphos Yes No No Delta HCH Yes No No 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyace�c acid Yes No No Dichlorodiphenytri- chloroethane (DDT) Yes No No Endosulfan (alpha, beta and sulphate) Yes No No Ethion Yes No No Parameters State / UTLab District lab Sub-divisional/ Block Lab Gamma–HCH (Lindane) Yes No No Isoproturon Yes No No Malathion Yes No No Methyl parathion Yes No No Monocrotophos Yes No No Phorate Yes No No Uranium Yes No No Total Organic Carbon (TOC) Yes No No Total number of parameters to be monitored 73 23 + 12 Area Specific* 16 + 03 Area Specific* i.) *Area Specific parameter is to be tested on past history of occurrence/district water quality profile prepared by central and/or state agency / Water quality reports prepared by reputed ins�tu�ons viz academic / research / NGOs etc., Scien�fic journals indexed under Science Cita�on Index (SCI). ii.) **To be converged with Atomic Minerals Directorate /BARC/ PRL/ BRIT and other DAE approved laboratories. Alterna�vely, BARC/ BRIT can provide technical suppor�ng providing a Uranium tes�ng facility by upgrading exis�ng laboratories. iii.) ***Viral parameters may be got analysed at any NABL accredited lab/at any ins�tute of repute. iv.) The sugges�on of “No” above is only general in nature. Depending upon the occurrence of different parameters locally, the same may be monitored regularly. The above list of parameters is sugges�ve in nature. State/ UT may therefore, analyse such parameters which are of local importance. v.) #State/ UT laboratories may monitor Dissolved Oxygen (DO), Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD)and Chemical Oxygen Demand(COD) in surface water if eutrophica�on is observed/ reported. These parameters may also be of importance at the down-stream of industrial areas/ discharge of treated/ par�ally treated/untreated sewage from urban local bodies. 93 Drinking Water Quality Monitoring & Surveillance Framework 92 Parameters State / UTLab District lab Sub-divisional/ Block Lab Poly chlorinated Biphenyls Yes No No N-Nitro-sodi-methylamine (NDMA) Yes No No Anionic Detergents (as MBAS) Yes No No Oils & Grease Yes Yes No Dissolved Oxygen (DO) Yes Yes No Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) Yes Yes No Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) Yes Yes No Mineral oil Yes No No Phenolic Compound (asC6H5OH) Yes No No Trihalomethanes a. Bromoform b. Dibromomethane c. Bromodichloromethane d. Chloroform Yes No No Individual Pes�cide Alachlor Yes No No Atrazine Yes No No Aldrin/Dieldrin Yes No No Alpha HCH Yes No No Beta HCH Yes No No Butachlor Yes No No Chloropyriphos Yes No No Delta HCH Yes No No 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyace�c acid Yes No No Dichlorodiphenytri- chloroethane (DDT) Yes No No Endosulfan (alpha, beta and sulphate) Yes No No Ethion Yes No No Parameters State / UTLab District lab Sub-divisional/ Block Lab Gamma–HCH (Lindane) Yes No No Isoproturon Yes No No Malathion Yes No No Methyl parathion Yes No No Monocrotophos Yes No No Phorate Yes No No Uranium Yes No No Total Organic Carbon (TOC) Yes No No Total number of parameters to be monitored 73 23 + 12 Area Specific* 16 + 03 Area Specific* i.) *Area Specific parameter is to be tested on past history of occurrence/district water quality profile prepared by central and/or state agency / Water quality reports prepared by reputed ins�tu�ons viz academic / research / NGOs etc., Scien�fic journals indexed under Science Cita�on Index (SCI). ii.) **To be converged with Atomic Minerals Directorate /BARC/ PRL/ BRIT and other DAE approved laboratories. Alterna�vely, BARC/ BRIT can provide technical suppor�ng providing a Uranium tes�ng facility by upgrading exis�ng laboratories. iii.) ***Viral parameters may be got analysed at any NABL accredited lab/at any ins�tute of repute. iv.) The sugges�on of “No” above is only general in nature. Depending upon the occurrence of different parameters locally, the same may be monitored regularly. The above list of parameters is sugges�ve in nature. State/ UT may therefore, analyse such parameters which are of local importance. v.) #State/ UT laboratories may monitor Dissolved Oxygen (DO), Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD)and Chemical Oxygen Demand(COD) in surface water if eutrophica�on is observed/ reported. These parameters may also be of importance at the down-stream of industrial areas/ discharge of treated/ par�ally treated/untreated sewage from urban local bodies. 93 Drinking Water Quality Monitoring & Surveillance Framework 92 95 Drinking Water Quality Monitoring & Surveillance Framework 94 Annex-IV Best practices and case studies I. The refurbished water quality testing laborato- ries of Punjab The Drinking Water and Sanita�on Department has upgraded 31 different levels laboratories in the State (1 State lab, 6 regional Laboratories and 24 District/ Block level). In order to have ease of iden�fica�on of water quality tes�ng laboratories by public, uniform colour pa�ern of pain�ng the outer and inner walls of these laboratories have been done. Modular furniture with overhead storage for op�mising space u�lisa�on; installa�on of sink made of PPR²⁵ material which does not get corroded with chemicals; running electrical race along the working tables of laboratories for power connec�ons that avoids short-circui�ng due to chemical spillage; and three-way swan neck type tap for ease of laboratory use are some of the highlights of these upgrada�on works. In order to enhance the safety of laboratory personnel, pressure pump is installed at roof top for EYE washer, in case of emer- gency requirement to clean the eyes due to coming in contact with chemicals. The es�mated cost of these works was Rs. 13.17 lakh. II. The state-of-the-art mobile water quality testing laboratory of Haryana The Public Health Engineering Department, Haryana has procured a state-of-the-art mobile water quality laboratory that can operate throughout the State and capable of tes�ng 10 parameters inter alia microbio- logical test using analyzers/ sensors/ probes/ instru- ments based on colorimetric, electro-Chemistry, etc. The laboratory would enable mee�ng mul�ple objec�ves like providing easy access for water tes�ng and reach at last mile of remote rural loca�on; onsite deployment of mobile laboratory in case of spread of water-borne diseases, quick access to water quality test reports due to onsite result prin�ng facility and cross check the test results from regular laboratories, when required. The parameters that can be measured are pH, Alkalinity, TDS, Hardness, Residual Chlorine, Zinc, Nitrite, Fluoride, Turbidity and Micro-biological test of water samples. This mobile water tes�ng laboratory van has been uniquely designed and fully loaded with latest technologies and features: i.) GPS enabled for loca�on tracking and analyzed sample data can be transmi�ed to a centralized Departmental server via GPRS/3G connec�vity with Power backup; ii.) on-site recording and repor�ng of results through a smart phone, capable of recording GPS coordi- nates, taking photos of the water source and recording results, including sanitary survey (if needed), and the ability to send results direct to a web based secure central server; iii.) fully automated sensor-based analysis (injec�on of the sample, addi�on of the reagents and recording of the results) and simultaneously on each sensor controlled by centrally commanded so�ware; iv.) semi-automated analysis by spectrophotometer (data automa�cal ly transferred to pre- programed centrally commanded so�ware); v.) LED display unit for instant display the results a�er analysis; and vi.) onsite report prin�ng of sample in appropriate format. III. Public-Private Partnership in Water Quality Monitoring in West Bengal In West Bengal, out of two hundred and seventeen (217) rural drinking water quality tes�ng laboratories, seventy-nine (79) are jointly managed by NGOs. UNICEF supported the State Public Health Engineering ²⁵ Poly Propylene Random Co-polymer Department (PHED) in iden�fying poten�al NGO partners who can collaborate with the Department in se�ng up water quality monitoring laboratories. A Memorandum of Understanding is signed between PHED and the concerned NGO, which entails details on infrastructure to be provided and maintained by both PHED and NGO, u�lisa�on of O&M funds and other related ac�vi�es. These laboratories are housed in the buildings owned by the respec�ve NGOs. Basic infrastructure, including the laboratory furniture and refrigerator, is provided by the NGO. Laboratory staff are engaged by the NGO, but trained and remunerated by PHED. The laboratory instruments and equipment, chemicals, reagents etc. are procured and supplied on need basis by the respec�ve PHED Water Supply Divisions. Samples collected from spot sources (hand pumps, tube-wells, wells, springs, etc.) as well as piped water supply schemes are tested for loca�on-specific chemical parameters. All laboratories do not test all types of contaminants. District and sub-divisional level laboratories have been set-up and categorised based on loca�on-specific contaminants. Laboratories categorised based on seven loca�on-specific chemical contaminants are as men�oned in the figure. S. No. Laboratory Type Managed by PHED NGOs 1. Arsenic 32 24 2. Fluoride 26 18 3. Salinity 15 10 4. Arsenic & Fluoride 11 0 5. Arsenic & Salinity 8 10 6. Arsenic, Fluoride & Salinity 3 0 7. General 43 17 Total 138 79 Grand total 217 Water quality laboratories in West Bengal 95 Drinking Water Quality Monitoring & Surveillance Framework 94 Annex-IV Best practices and case studies I. The refurbished water quality testing laborato- ries of Punjab The Drinking Water and Sanita�on Department has upgraded 31 different levels laboratories in the State (1 State lab, 6 regional Laboratories and 24 District/ Block level). In order to have ease of iden�fica�on of water quality tes�ng laboratories by public, uniform colour pa�ern of pain�ng the outer and inner walls of these laboratories have been done. Modular furniture with overhead storage for op�mising space u�lisa�on; installa�on of sink made of PPR²⁵ material which does not get corroded with chemicals; running electrical race along the working tables of laboratories for power connec�ons that avoids short-circui�ng due to chemical spillage; and three-way swan neck type tap for ease of laboratory use are some of the highlights of these upgrada�on works. In order to enhance the safety of laboratory personnel, pressure pump is installed at roof top for EYE washer, in case of emer- gency requirement to clean the eyes due to coming in contact with chemicals. The es�mated cost of these works was Rs. 13.17 lakh. II. The state-of-the-art mobile water quality testing laboratory of Haryana The Public Health Engineering Department, Haryana has procured a state-of-the-art mobile water quality laboratory that can operate throughout the State and capable of tes�ng 10 parameters inter alia microbio- logical test using analyzers/ sensors/ probes/ instru- ments based on colorimetric, electro-Chemistry, etc. The laboratory would enable mee�ng mul�ple objec�ves like providing easy access for water tes�ng and reach at last mile of remote rural loca�on; onsite deployment of mobile laboratory in case of spread of water-borne diseases, quick access to water quality test reports due to onsite result prin�ng facility and cross check the test results from regular laboratories, when required. The parameters that can be measured are pH, Alkalinity, TDS, Hardness, Residual Chlorine, Zinc, Nitrite, Fluoride, Turbidity and Micro-biological test of water samples. This mobile water tes�ng laboratory van has been uniquely designed and fully loaded with latest technologies and features: i.) GPS enabled for loca�on tracking and analyzed sample data can be transmi�ed to a centralized Departmental server via GPRS/3G connec�vity with Power backup; ii.) on-site recording and repor�ng of results through a smart phone, capable of recording GPS coordi- nates, taking photos of the water source and recording results, including sanitary survey (if needed), and the ability to send results direct to a web based secure central server; iii.) fully automated sensor-based analysis (injec�on of the sample, addi�on of the reagents and recording of the results) and simultaneously on each sensor controlled by centrally commanded so�ware; iv.) semi-automated analysis by spectrophotometer (data automa�cal ly transferred to pre- programed centrally commanded so�ware); v.) LED display unit for instant display the results a�er analysis; and vi.) onsite report prin�ng of sample in appropriate format. III. Public-Private Partnership in Water Quality Monitoring in West Bengal In West Bengal, out of two hundred and seventeen (217) rural drinking water quality tes�ng laboratories, seventy-nine (79) are jointly managed by NGOs. UNICEF supported the State Public Health Engineering ²⁵ Poly Propylene Random Co-polymer Department (PHED) in iden�fying poten�al NGO partners who can collaborate with the Department in se�ng up water quality monitoring laboratories. A Memorandum of Understanding is signed between PHED and the concerned NGO, which entails details on infrastructure to be provided and maintained by both PHED and NGO, u�lisa�on of O&M funds and other related ac�vi�es. These laboratories are housed in the buildings owned by the respec�ve NGOs. Basic infrastructure, including the laboratory furniture and refrigerator, is provided by the NGO. Laboratory staff are engaged by the NGO, but trained and remunerated by PHED. The laboratory instruments and equipment, chemicals, reagents etc. are procured and supplied on need basis by the respec�ve PHED Water Supply Divisions. Samples collected from spot sources (hand pumps, tube-wells, wells, springs, etc.) as well as piped water supply schemes are tested for loca�on-specific chemical parameters. All laboratories do not test all types of contaminants. District and sub-divisional level laboratories have been set-up and categorised based on loca�on-specific contaminants. Laboratories categorised based on seven loca�on-specific chemical contaminants are as men�oned in the figure. S. No. Laboratory Type Managed by PHED NGOs 1. Arsenic 32 24 2. Fluoride 26 18 3. Salinity 15 10 4. Arsenic & Fluoride 11 0 5. Arsenic & Salinity 8 10 6. Arsenic, Fluoride & Salinity 3 0 7. General 43 17 Total 138 79 Grand total 217 Water quality laboratories in West Bengal 97 Drinking Water Quality Monitoring & Surveillance Framework 96 Annex-V Suggestive laboratory infrastructure All laboratories shall invariably adopt roof-top rainwater harves�ng structure and include waste-water/ spent water treatment before being disposed-off and also adopt proper SLWM (Solid and Liquid Waste Management) proce- dures for safe disposal of laboratory waste as per MOEF&CC/ State Government/ UT Administra�on norms, etc. S. No. Infrastructure State/ UT laboratory District laboratory Sub-division/ block laboratory 1. Space for Analysis (in m²) 80 (including 20 for microbiological) 60 (including 20 for microbiological) 50 (including 10 for microbiological) Space for Storage (in m²) 45 25 20 Space for office & library 45 15 10 Total space req. (in m²) 200* 100 80 2. No. of Computers 02 (include 1 system for library) 01 01 3. Internet Yes Yes Yes 4. No. of UPS 02 01 01 5. Inverters (back up �me=3 hrs) 02 02 01 6. Printer 02 01 01 7. Telephone facility Yes Yes Yes 8. Fax Yes Yes Yes 9. AC Yes Yes Yes 10. Provision for fume hood Yes Yes Yes 11. Provision for gas connec�on Yes Yes Yes (Only LPG) Annex-VA Suggestive State/ UT-level laboratory layout 97 Drinking Water Quality Monitoring & Surveillance Framework 96 Annex-V Suggestive laboratory infrastructure All laboratories shall invariably adopt roof-top rainwater harves�ng structure and include waste-water/ spent water treatment before being disposed-off and also adopt proper SLWM (Solid and Liquid Waste Management) proce- dures for safe disposal of laboratory waste as per MOEF&CC/ State Government/ UT Administra�on norms, etc. S. No. Infrastructure State/ UT laboratory District laboratory Sub-division/ block laboratory 1. Space for Analysis (in m²) 80 (including 20 for microbiological) 60 (including 20 for microbiological) 50 (including 10 for microbiological) Space for Storage (in m²) 45 25 20 Space for office & library 45 15 10 Total space req. (in m²) 200* 100 80 2. No. of Computers 02 (include 1 system for library) 01 01 3. Internet Yes Yes Yes 4. No. of UPS 02 01 01 5. Inverters (back up �me=3 hrs) 02 02 01 6. Printer 02 01 01 7. Telephone facility Yes Yes Yes 8. Fax Yes Yes Yes 9. AC Yes Yes Yes 10. Provision for fume hood Yes Yes Yes 11. Provision for gas connec�on Yes Yes Yes (Only LPG) Annex-VA Suggestive State/ UT-level laboratory layout 99 Drinking Water Quality Monitoring & Surveillance Framework 98 Annex-VB Suggestive district-level laboratory layout Annex-VC Suggestive block-level laboratory layout 99 Drinking Water Quality Monitoring & Surveillance Framework 98 Annex-VB Suggestive district-level laboratory layout Annex-VC Suggestive block-level laboratory layout 101 Drinking Water Quality Monitoring & Surveillance Framework 100 Annex-VI Suggestive list of instruments requirement in laboratories S. No. Item Specification State/ UT District Sub- division 1. pH meter (both laboratory based and portable type) Digital display (0-14 range) Yes Yes Yes 2. TDS/ Conduc�vity meter (both laboratory based and potable type) Direct reading digital display Yes Yes Yes 3. Nephelometer (Turbidimeter) Digital reading: 0-100 NTU Yes Yes Yes 4. Digital balance Single pan Cap.200 gr Tarring device Accuracy- 0.0001gm Yes Yes Yes 5. UV- Visible spectrophotometer Should cover wavelength of important Yes Yes No 6. Refrigerator 295 Liters cap Yes (2 no’s) Yes Yes 7. Water s�ll Stainless steel (Cap. 5 liters/h) Yes Yes Yes 8. Voltage stabilizer/ Inverters Standard make 3 Nos 2 Nos 2 Nos 9. Hot Plate Big size 2 Nos 1 No 1 No 10. Hea�ng mantle Cap 1 liter Yes Yes Yes 11. Water bath Big size Yes Yes Yes 12. Hot air oven Standard make- Big Size 4 Nos 2 Nos 2 Nos 13. Bacteriological incubator Temp control device (Range 1 to 50 degree cen�grade) Medium Size 2 Nos 2 Nos 2 Nos 14. Autoclave Medium size steel cabinet 2 Nos 1 Nos 1 No 15. Magne�c s�rrer With speed control and Teflon paddle 2 Nos. 1 No 1 No 16. Microscope Binocular Yes Yes No 17. Vacuum pump 1 hp Cap Yes Yes Yes S. No. Item Specification State/ UT District Sub- division 18. Atomic Absorp�on Spectrophotometer (AAS) with electrode lamp - Yes No/ Yes# No 19. Induc�vely coupled plasma- op�cal emission spectrometry (ICP-OES)/ mass spectrometry (MS) - Yes No No 20. UV laminar Air flow chamber for bacteriological analysis - Yes Yes Yes 21. Plate count and colony counter Standard make Yes Yes Yes 22. Arsenic Tes�ng Instrumenta�on (portable) - Yes Yes Yes+ 23. Hydride generator with all accessories - Yes Yes** Yes+ 24. DO meter Digital Yes Yes Yes 25. Cool box with icepacks Yes Yes Yes 26. Specific Ion meter along with electrodes (for Fluoride) Digital Yes Yes Yes 27. Fume coup board Yes Yes Yes 28. GC-MS / HPLC/ LC-MS Digital Yes No No 29. Auto bure�e and auto pipe�e Yes Yes Yes 30. Uranium analyser Digital Yes No/ Yes* No 31. Thermometers Digital Yes Yes Yes 32. Single Stage dis�lla�on apparatus - Yes Yes Yes 33. Double dis�lla�on Apparatus/ Ultrapure Water Purifica�on System to provide type I/type II water for sophis�cated instruments - Yes Yes Yes 34. Argon, Nitrogen, Hydrogen Helium & Oxygen Gas Cylinders (To be used with AAS/ Advanced Spectrophotometer)/ICP-MS/ OES - Yes Yes No 101 Drinking Water Quality Monitoring & Surveillance Framework 100 Annex-VI Suggestive list of instruments requirement in laboratories S. No. Item Specification State/ UT District Sub- division 1. pH meter (both laboratory based and portable type) Digital display (0-14 range) Yes Yes Yes 2. TDS/ Conduc�vity meter (both laboratory based and potable type) Direct reading digital display Yes Yes Yes 3. Nephelometer (Turbidimeter) Digital reading: 0-100 NTU Yes Yes Yes 4. Digital balance Single pan Cap.200 gr Tarring device Accuracy- 0.0001gm Yes Yes Yes 5. UV- Visible spectrophotometer Should cover wavelength of important Yes Yes No 6. Refrigerator 295 Liters cap Yes (2 no’s) Yes Yes 7. Water s�ll Stainless steel (Cap. 5 liters/h) Yes Yes Yes 8. Voltage stabilizer/ Inverters Standard make 3 Nos 2 Nos 2 Nos 9. Hot Plate Big size 2 Nos 1 No 1 No 10. Hea�ng mantle Cap 1 liter Yes Yes Yes 11. Water bath Big size Yes Yes Yes 12. Hot air oven Standard make- Big Size 4 Nos 2 Nos 2 Nos 13. Bacteriological incubator Temp control device (Range 1 to 50 degree cen�grade) Medium Size 2 Nos 2 Nos 2 Nos 14. Autoclave Medium size steel cabinet 2 Nos 1 Nos 1 No 15. Magne�c s�rrer With speed control and Teflon paddle 2 Nos. 1 No 1 No 16. Microscope Binocular Yes Yes No 17. Vacuum pump 1 hp Cap Yes Yes Yes S. No. Item Specification State/ UT District Sub- division 18. Atomic Absorp�on Spectrophotometer (AAS) with electrode lamp - Yes No/ Yes# No 19. Induc�vely coupled plasma- op�cal emission spectrometry (ICP-OES)/ mass spectrometry (MS) - Yes No No 20. UV laminar Air flow chamber for bacteriological analysis - Yes Yes Yes 21. Plate count and colony counter Standard make Yes Yes Yes 22. Arsenic Tes�ng Instrumenta�on (portable) - Yes Yes Yes+ 23. Hydride generator with all accessories - Yes Yes** Yes+ 24. DO meter Digital Yes Yes Yes 25. Cool box with icepacks Yes Yes Yes 26. Specific Ion meter along with electrodes (for Fluoride) Digital Yes Yes Yes 27. Fume coup board Yes Yes Yes 28. GC-MS / HPLC/ LC-MS Digital Yes No No 29. Auto bure�e and auto pipe�e Yes Yes Yes 30. Uranium analyser Digital Yes No/ Yes* No 31. Thermometers Digital Yes Yes Yes 32. Single Stage dis�lla�on apparatus - Yes Yes Yes 33. Double dis�lla�on Apparatus/ Ultrapure Water Purifica�on System to provide type I/type II water for sophis�cated instruments - Yes Yes Yes 34. Argon, Nitrogen, Hydrogen Helium & Oxygen Gas Cylinders (To be used with AAS/ Advanced Spectrophotometer)/ICP-MS/ OES - Yes Yes No 103 Drinking Water Quality Monitoring & Surveillance Framework 102 Annex-VII List of equipments that can be used for testing multiple water quality parameters Note: The equipment lis�ng is based on the incremental approach for choosing the parameters to be tested at each level of laboratories. However, the laboratory should have the necessary equipment’s if it tests parameters specific to the areas. #Wherever heavy metals contamina�on/Uranium is found to be high ** Wherever Arsenic contamina�on is found to be high ***Where pes�cides/ Uranium is detected +Wherever applicable ****Trained and experienced Human Resource (HR) with M.Sc. qualifica�on required for opera�on of the same S. No. Item Specification State/ UT District Sub- division 35. Kjeldal dis�lla�on apparatus - Yes Yes No 36. Pressure Pump - Yes Yes No 37. Membrane filtra�on - Yes Yes Yes 38. PCR machine - Yes No No 39. Deep freezer (-20 deg C) - Yes No No 40. Micropipe�e - Yes No No 41. Centrifuge - Yes Yes No 42. Redflux Apparatus/ COD digester Yes Yes+ No 43. Ion Chromatograph - Yes No No S. No. Name of the equipment Parameters that can be tested Reference to IS 10500: 2012 1. Mul�-parameter Colorimeter/ Photometer. Ranges from 8 to 11 among the parameters men�oned below: i.) pH ii.) TDS iii.) Turbidity Table 1 Organolep�c and Physical Parameters. Out of 6 parameters, three can be tested. They are pH, TDS and turbidity. -do- iv.) Chloride v.) Total Alkalinity vi.) Total Hardness vii.) Sulphate viii.) Iron ix.) Fluoride x.) Nitrate Table 2 General Parameters Concerning Substances Undesirable in Excessive Amounts. Out of 24 parameters, 7 can be tested. xi.) Arsenic Table 3 Parameters Concerning Toxic Substances. Out of 12 parameters, 1 can be tested. In addi�on to the above, there are different combina�ons of equipments available in the market either tes�ng individual or above group of parameters. 2. Atomic Absorp�on Spectroscopy i.) Aluminium ii.) Barium iii.) Copper iv.) Iron v.) Magnesium vi.) Manganese vii.) Selenium viii.) Silver ix.) Zinc Table 2 General Parameters Concerning Substances Undesirable in Excessive Amounts. Out of 24 parameters, 11 can be tested. -do- x.) Cadmium xi.) Lead xii.) Mercury xiii.) Nickel xiv.) Total Arsenic (as As) xv.) Total Chromium (as Cr) Table 3 Parameters Concerning Toxic Substances. Out of 12 parameters, 6 can be tested. 103 Drinking Water Quality Monitoring & Surveillance Framework 102 Annex-VII List of equipments that can be used for testing multiple water quality parameters Note: The equipment lis�ng is based on the incremental approach for choosing the parameters to be tested at each level of laboratories. However, the laboratory should have the necessary equipment’s if it tests parameters specific to the areas. #Wherever heavy metals contamina�on/Uranium is found to be high ** Wherever Arsenic contamina�on is found to be high ***Where pes�cides/ Uranium is detected +Wherever applicable ****Trained and experienced Human Resource (HR) with M.Sc. qualifica�on required for opera�on of the same S. No. Item Specification State/ UT District Sub- division 35. Kjeldal dis�lla�on apparatus - Yes Yes No 36. Pressure Pump - Yes Yes No 37. Membrane filtra�on - Yes Yes Yes 38. PCR machine - Yes No No 39. Deep freezer (-20 deg C) - Yes No No 40. Micropipe�e - Yes No No 41. Centrifuge - Yes Yes No 42. Redflux Apparatus/ COD digester Yes Yes+ No 43. Ion Chromatograph - Yes No No S. No. Name of the equipment Parameters that can be tested Reference to IS 10500: 2012 1. Mul�-parameter Colorimeter/ Photometer. Ranges from 8 to 11 among the parameters men�oned below: i.) pH ii.) TDS iii.) Turbidity Table 1 Organolep�c and Physical Parameters. Out of 6 parameters, three can be tested. They are pH, TDS and turbidity. -do- iv.) Chloride v.) Total Alkalinity vi.) Total Hardness vii.) Sulphate viii.) Iron ix.) Fluoride x.) Nitrate Table 2 General Parameters Concerning Substances Undesirable in Excessive Amounts. Out of 24 parameters, 7 can be tested. xi.) Arsenic Table 3 Parameters Concerning Toxic Substances. Out of 12 parameters, 1 can be tested. In addi�on to the above, there are different combina�ons of equipments available in the market either tes�ng individual or above group of parameters. 2. Atomic Absorp�on Spectroscopy i.) Aluminium ii.) Barium iii.) Copper iv.) Iron v.) Magnesium vi.) Manganese vii.) Selenium viii.) Silver ix.) Zinc Table 2 General Parameters Concerning Substances Undesirable in Excessive Amounts. Out of 24 parameters, 11 can be tested. -do- x.) Cadmium xi.) Lead xii.) Mercury xiii.) Nickel xiv.) Total Arsenic (as As) xv.) Total Chromium (as Cr) Table 3 Parameters Concerning Toxic Substances. Out of 12 parameters, 6 can be tested. 105 Drinking Water Quality Monitoring & Surveillance Framework 104 Annex-VIII Calibration of instruments S. No. Name of the equipment Parameters that can be tested Reference to IS 10500: 2012 3. Gas Chromatography- Mass Spectrometry. i.) Alachlor ii.) Atrazine iii.) Aldrin/ Dieldrin iv.) Alpha HCH v.) Beta HCH vi.) Butachlor vii.) Chlorpyriphos viii.) Delta HCH ix.) DDT (o,p and p,p-Isomers of DDT, DDE and DDD) x.) Endosulfan (alpha, beta and sulphate) xi.) Gamma-HCH (Lindane) xii.) Malathion xiii.) Methyl Parathion. xiv.) Phorate Table 5 Pes�cide Residues Limits and Test Method Out of 18 parameters, 14 can be tested. 4. Gas Chromatography- Head Space. Trihalomethanes (THMs) a. Bromoform b. Dibromochloromethane c. Bromodichloromethane d. Chloroform Table 3 Parameters Concerning Toxic Substances. Out of 12 parameters, 1 can be tested. 5. Induc�ve Coupled Plasma-Op�cal Emission Spectroscopy. i.) Boron ii.) Copper iii.) Iron iv.) Magnesium v.) Manganese vi.) Silver vii.) Zinc Table 2 General Parameters Concerning Substances Undesirable in Excessive Amounts. Out of 24 parameters, 7 can be tested. -do- viii.) Cadmium ix.) Lead x.) Molybdenum xi.) Nickel xii.) Total Chromium (as Cr) Table 3 Parameters Concerning Toxic Substances. Out of 12 parameters, 5 can be tested. 6. Induc�ve Coupled Plasma – Mass Spectrometry. Uranium Nil. Limits set by WHO and Atomic Energy Regulatory Board (AERB) of India. 7. Liquid Chromatography- Mass Spectrometry i.) 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyace�c acid ii.) Ethion iii.) Isoproturon iv.) Monochrotophos. Table 5 Pes�cide Residues Limits and Test Method Out of 18 parameters, 4 can be tested. S. No. Type of Equipment/ Instrument/ Calibration Item Recommended Frequency of Calibration Intermediate Checks Remarks 1. Weighing Balance Every year or on repair; a) Each weighing do Zero check b) One month - one point check using a calibrated weight close to working capacity c) Six months-Repeatability checks at the upper and lower ends of the scale using a calibrated weight Reference weights to be used should be standard class F2 or be�er with established permissible errors. 2. Weights Weight has to be calibrated externally by an accredited laboratory, at least once in two years. - - 3. Temperature Controlled Enclosures/ Thermosta�cally Controlled Equipment as Ovens, Incubators, Aging, Vacuum; Environmental condi�oning chambers. Preferably from an accredited calibra�on laboratory once in a year Six monthly temperature check around working range Maintain parameters to an accuracy of within a range as s�pulated in methods. 4. Temperature Controlled Enclosures; Autoclave, Temp. Controlled water bath, furnaces. To be carried out based on usage - - 5. Thermometers (Liquid in glass) Calibra�on from accredited laboratory. Once a year Check at ice point or at points of use. Ice point. If outside five �mes the uncertainty of the calibra�on, complete recalibra�on is required. 6. Timing Devices : Stop watches, clock Every Year - - 105 Drinking Water Quality Monitoring & Surveillance Framework 104 Annex-VIII Calibration of instruments S. No. Name of the equipment Parameters that can be tested Reference to IS 10500: 2012 3. Gas Chromatography- Mass Spectrometry. i.) Alachlor ii.) Atrazine iii.) Aldrin/ Dieldrin iv.) Alpha HCH v.) Beta HCH vi.) Butachlor vii.) Chlorpyriphos viii.) Delta HCH ix.) DDT (o,p and p,p-Isomers of DDT, DDE and DDD) x.) Endosulfan (alpha, beta and sulphate) xi.) Gamma-HCH (Lindane) xii.) Malathion xiii.) Methyl Parathion. xiv.) Phorate Table 5 Pes�cide Residues Limits and Test Method Out of 18 parameters, 14 can be tested. 4. Gas Chromatography- Head Space. Trihalomethanes (THMs) a. Bromoform b. Dibromochloromethane c. Bromodichloromethane d. Chloroform Table 3 Parameters Concerning Toxic Substances. Out of 12 parameters, 1 can be tested. 5. Induc�ve Coupled Plasma-Op�cal Emission Spectroscopy. i.) Boron ii.) Copper iii.) Iron iv.) Magnesium v.) Manganese vi.) Silver vii.) Zinc Table 2 General Parameters Concerning Substances Undesirable in Excessive Amounts. Out of 24 parameters, 7 can be tested. -do- viii.) Cadmium ix.) Lead x.) Molybdenum xi.) Nickel xii.) Total Chromium (as Cr) Table 3 Parameters Concerning Toxic Substances. Out of 12 parameters, 5 can be tested. 6. Induc�ve Coupled Plasma – Mass Spectrometry. Uranium Nil. Limits set by WHO and Atomic Energy Regulatory Board (AERB) of India. 7. Liquid Chromatography- Mass Spectrometry i.) 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyace�c acid ii.) Ethion iii.) Isoproturon iv.) Monochrotophos. Table 5 Pes�cide Residues Limits and Test Method Out of 18 parameters, 4 can be tested. S. No. Type of Equipment/ Instrument/ Calibration Item Recommended Frequency of Calibration Intermediate Checks Remarks 1. Weighing Balance Every year or on repair; a) Each weighing do Zero check b) One month - one point check using a calibrated weight close to working capacity c) Six months-Repeatability checks at the upper and lower ends of the scale using a calibrated weight Reference weights to be used should be standard class F2 or be�er with established permissible errors. 2. Weights Weight has to be calibrated externally by an accredited laboratory, at least once in two years. - - 3. Temperature Controlled Enclosures/ Thermosta�cally Controlled Equipment as Ovens, Incubators, Aging, Vacuum; Environmental condi�oning chambers. Preferably from an accredited calibra�on laboratory once in a year Six monthly temperature check around working range Maintain parameters to an accuracy of within a range as s�pulated in methods. 4. Temperature Controlled Enclosures; Autoclave, Temp. Controlled water bath, furnaces. To be carried out based on usage - - 5. Thermometers (Liquid in glass) Calibra�on from accredited laboratory. Once a year Check at ice point or at points of use. Ice point. If outside five �mes the uncertainty of the calibra�on, complete recalibra�on is required. 6. Timing Devices : Stop watches, clock Every Year - - 107 Drinking Water Quality Monitoring & Surveillance Framework 106 Annex-IX A suggestive list of glassware required Note 1: The staff should be trained to handle the laboratory ware appropriately, to avoid abuse (avoid overhea�ng and use of corrosive solu�ons and ensure appropriate cleaning) of the volumetric laboratory wares, so as to ensure the validity of calibra�on through its life. Note 2: The calibra�on history for each instrument must be recorded. S. No. Type of Equipment/ Instrument/ Calibration Item Recommended Frequency of Calibration Intermediate Checks Remarks 7. Hygrometer Calibra�on by an accredited calibra�on laboratory. Once in a year - - 8. Volumetric labware (Bure�e, Pipe�e and Volumetric flask) Internal calibra�on on receipt. - It should be verified that the tolerance is in desired acceptable limit (Class A & Class B glasswares) 9. UV-Visible Spectrophotometer/ Colorimeter Quarterly- Photometric Absorbance and wavelength accuracy for the working range. - Using CRM 10. Atomic Absorp�on Spectrophotometer Performance check by CRM as per manufacturer’s instruc�on When used, Standard solu�on of specific element Generally the performance check is done against the ini�al value checked at the �me of installa�on. 11. Conduc�vity Meter Once a year, Full range calibra�on with CRM For every set of sample tested, Reference standard, One point calibra�on. Adjust cell constant if necessary. When used, with Standard solu�on. - 12. Gas Chromatograph, GC-MS/HPLC/LC-MS Quarterly, System performance including: Resolu�on, Sensi�vity, repeatability, reten�on �me and noise level When used, Standard solu�on / mixture - 13. pH Meter Once a year, Full range calibra�on with CRM To be checked with working standard before use. - 14. Micropipe�es Once a year internal calibra�on - - S. No. Item State/ UT lab District lab Sub-division lab 1. Conical flask 24 16 12 Cap. 100 ml 50 30 20 250 ml 24 16 12 500 ml 10 06 03 1000 ml 10 06 03 2. Beakers 24 16 12 Cap. 100 ml 24 16 12 250 ml 24 16 12 500 ml 12 08 04 1 lt. 06 04 02 2 lt 06 04 02 3. Pipe�e 12 08 04 Cap. 5 ml 20 12 08 10 ml 12 08 04 20 ml 12 08 04 25 ml 06 04 02 50 ml 04 02 02 100 ml 04 02 02 4. Pipe�e (Graduated) 06 04 02 Cap. 1 ml 10 06 04 5 ml 12 08 04 10 ml 06 04 02 20 ml 06 04 02 107 Drinking Water Quality Monitoring & Surveillance Framework 106 Annex-IX A suggestive list of glassware required Note 1: The staff should be trained to handle the laboratory ware appropriately, to avoid abuse (avoid overhea�ng and use of corrosive solu�ons and ensure appropriate cleaning) of the volumetric laboratory wares, so as to ensure the validity of calibra�on through its life. Note 2: The calibra�on history for each instrument must be recorded. S. No. Type of Equipment/ Instrument/ Calibration Item Recommended Frequency of Calibration Intermediate Checks Remarks 7. Hygrometer Calibra�on by an accredited calibra�on laboratory. Once in a year - - 8. Volumetric labware (Bure�e, Pipe�e and Volumetric flask) Internal calibra�on on receipt. - It should be verified that the tolerance is in desired acceptable limit (Class A & Class B glasswares) 9. UV-Visible Spectrophotometer/ Colorimeter Quarterly- Photometric Absorbance and wavelength accuracy for the working range. - Using CRM 10. Atomic Absorp�on Spectrophotometer Performance check by CRM as per manufacturer’s instruc�on When used, Standard solu�on of specific element Generally the performance check is done against the ini�al value checked at the �me of installa�on. 11. Conduc�vity Meter Once a year, Full range calibra�on with CRM For every set of sample tested, Reference standard, One point calibra�on. Adjust cell constant if necessary. When used, with Standard solu�on. - 12. Gas Chromatograph, GC-MS/HPLC/LC-MS Quarterly, System performance including: Resolu�on, Sensi�vity, repeatability, reten�on �me and noise level When used, Standard solu�on / mixture - 13. pH Meter Once a year, Full range calibra�on with CRM To be checked with working standard before use. - 14. Micropipe�es Once a year internal calibra�on - - S. No. Item State/ UT lab District lab Sub-division lab 1. Conical flask 24 16 12 Cap. 100 ml 50 30 20 250 ml 24 16 12 500 ml 10 06 03 1000 ml 10 06 03 2. Beakers 24 16 12 Cap. 100 ml 24 16 12 250 ml 24 16 12 500 ml 12 08 04 1 lt. 06 04 02 2 lt 06 04 02 3. Pipe�e 12 08 04 Cap. 5 ml 20 12 08 10 ml 12 08 04 20 ml 12 08 04 25 ml 06 04 02 50 ml 04 02 02 100 ml 04 02 02 4. Pipe�e (Graduated) 06 04 02 Cap. 1 ml 10 06 04 5 ml 12 08 04 10 ml 06 04 02 20 ml 06 04 02 S. No. Item State/ UT lab District lab Sub-division lab 5. Bure�e (ordinary) 12 08 04 25 ml 12 08 04 50 ml 02 01 01 100 ml 6. Bure�e (Automa�c) 3 Not Req. Not Req. Cap. 50 ml 7. Desiccators 6 4 3 8. Reagent Bo�les 25 20 15 100 ml 50 35 30 250 ml 36 24 18 Cap. 500 ml 24 10 06 1 lit 10 06 03 2 lit 10 06 03 Standard methods and chemical required Refer Product Manual for Drinking Water according to IS 10500: 2012 Annex-X Sugges�ve list of Chemicals Required at different levels of laboratories*. S. No. Name of Chemical State/ UT Lab District Lab Block/ sub – divisional Lab 1. Ace�c acid, glacial (15x500ml) (10x500ml) (6x500ml) 2. Alizarin Red S (2x500g) (1x500g) (1x500g) 3. Ascorbic acid (5x100g) (3x100g) (2x100g) 4. Absolute alcohol (10x500ml) (7x500ml) (5x500ml) 5. Aluminium Potassium Sulphate (5x500g) (3x500g) (2x500g) 6. Ammonium Acetate (10x500g) (7x500g) (5x500g) 7. Ammonium Chloride (10x500g) (7x500g) (5x500g) 8. Ammonium Hydroxide (15x500g) (10x500g) (7x500g) 9. Ammonium Purpurate/ Muroxide (7x100g) (5x100g) (3x100g) 10. Arsenic Trioxide (5x500g) (4x500g) (2x500g) 11. Barium Chloride (15x500g) (12x500g) (10x500g) 12. Bromocresol green indicator (5x100g) (3x100g) (2x100g) 13. Boric Acid (4x500g) (3x500g) (2x500g) 14. Calcium Chloride(fused) (7x500g) (5x500g) (5x500g) 15. Calcium Chloride (4x500g) (3x500g) (2x500g) 16. Ethylene Diamine Tetra-aci�c Acid (EDTA) (7x500g) (7x500g) (7x500g) 17. Erichrome BlackT (5x10g) (5x10g) (5x10g) 18. Eriochromecyanine:R (5x10g) (3x10g) ---- 19. Ferrous Ammonium Sulphate (5x500g) (3x500g) (2x500g) 20. Hydrochloric Acid (7x2.5L) (5x2.5 L) (3x2.5 L) 21. Hydroxyl amine Hydrochloride (5x500g) (3x100g) (2x500g) 22. Hydrogen Peroxide (5x500ml) (3x500ml) (2x500ml) 109 Drinking Water Quality Monitoring & Surveillance Framework 108 S. No. Item State/ UT lab District lab Sub-division lab 5. Bure�e (ordinary) 12 08 04 25 ml 12 08 04 50 ml 02 01 01 100 ml 6. Bure�e (Automa�c) 3 Not Req. Not Req. Cap. 50 ml 7. Desiccators 6 4 3 8. Reagent Bo�les 25 20 15 100 ml 50 35 30 250 ml 36 24 18 Cap. 500 ml 24 10 06 1 lit 10 06 03 2 lit 10 06 03 Standard methods and chemical required Refer Product Manual for Drinking Water according to IS 10500: 2012 Annex-X Sugges�ve list of Chemicals Required at different levels of laboratories*. S. No. Name of Chemical State/ UT Lab District Lab Block/ sub – divisional Lab 1. Ace�c acid, glacial (15x500ml) (10x500ml) (6x500ml) 2. Alizarin Red S (2x500g) (1x500g) (1x500g) 3. Ascorbic acid (5x100g) (3x100g) (2x100g) 4. Absolute alcohol (10x500ml) (7x500ml) (5x500ml) 5. Aluminium Potassium Sulphate (5x500g) (3x500g) (2x500g) 6. Ammonium Acetate (10x500g) (7x500g) (5x500g) 7. Ammonium Chloride (10x500g) (7x500g) (5x500g) 8. Ammonium Hydroxide (15x500g) (10x500g) (7x500g) 9. Ammonium Purpurate/ Muroxide (7x100g) (5x100g) (3x100g) 10. Arsenic Trioxide (5x500g) (4x500g) (2x500g) 11. Barium Chloride (15x500g) (12x500g) (10x500g) 12. Bromocresol green indicator (5x100g) (3x100g) (2x100g) 13. Boric Acid (4x500g) (3x500g) (2x500g) 14. Calcium Chloride(fused) (7x500g) (5x500g) (5x500g) 15. Calcium Chloride (4x500g) (3x500g) (2x500g) 16. Ethylene Diamine Tetra-aci�c Acid (EDTA) (7x500g) (7x500g) (7x500g) 17. Erichrome BlackT (5x10g) (5x10g) (5x10g) 18. Eriochromecyanine:R (5x10g) (3x10g) ---- 19. Ferrous Ammonium Sulphate (5x500g) (3x500g) (2x500g) 20. Hydrochloric Acid (7x2.5L) (5x2.5 L) (3x2.5 L) 21. Hydroxyl amine Hydrochloride (5x500g) (3x100g) (2x500g) 22. Hydrogen Peroxide (5x500ml) (3x500ml) (2x500ml) 109 Drinking Water Quality Monitoring & Surveillance Framework 108 111 Drinking Water Quality Monitoring & Surveillance Framework 110 S. No. Name of Chemical State/ UT Lab District Lab Block/ sub – divisional Lab 23. Electroly�c Iron (3x100g) (2x100g) (1x100g) 24. Lead Acetate (3x500g) (2x500g) (1x500g) 25. Methyl Orange Indicator/ Methyl Red indicator (7x100g) (5x100g) (5x100g) 26. Phenolphthalein Indicator/ P&R Indicator (7x100g) (5x100g) (5x100g) 27. Potassium Hydroxide (10x500g) (7x500g) (5x500g) 28. 1-10, Phenanthroline, Monohydrate (10x10g) (7x10g) (7x10g) 29. Potassium permanganate (5x100g) (3x100g) (2x100g) 30. Potassium Iodide (5x500g) (3x500g) (2x500g) 31. Potassium Chromate (5x500g) (3x500g) (2x500g) 32. Potassium Hydrogen Phthalate (3x500g) (2x500g) (1x500g) 33. Stannous Chloride (5x100g) (3x100g) (2x100g) 34. Silver diethyl-di thio-carbamate (5x100g) (3x100g) ----- 35. Sodium Hydroxide (10x500g) (7x500g) (5x500g) 36. Silver Nitrate (10x250g) (7x250g) (5x250g) 37. Sodium Acetate (5x500g) (3x500g) (2x500g) 38. Sodium Thiosulphate (10x500g) (7x500g) (5x500g) 39. Starch (Soluble) (10x500g) (7x500g) (5x500g) 40. Sodium Fluoride (Anhydrous) (5x500g) (3x500g) (2x500g) 41. Sodium Arsenate (4x100g) (3x100g) (2x100g) 42. SPADNS (3x100g) (2x100g) (2x100g) 43. Zirconyl Oxy chloride, Octo hydrate (5x100g) (3x100g) (2x100g) 44. Sodium Sulphate (anhydrous) (5x500g) (3x500g) (2x500g) 45. Sulphuric acid (7x2.5L) (5x2.5 L) (3x2.5 L) 46. Sulphuric acid (Fuming) Oleum (if specifically required) (5x250g) (3x250g) (2x250g) 47. Sodium Chloride (5x500g) (3x500g) (2x500g) 48. Potassium Dichromate (5x500g) (3x500g) (2x500g) S. No. Name of Chemical State/ UT Lab District Lab Block/ sub – divisional Lab 49. Calcium Carbonate (anhydrous) (7x500g) (5x500g) (4x500g) 50. Phenol, white (5x500g) (3x500g) (2x500g) 51. Potassium Nitrate (5x500g) (3x500g) (2x500g) 52. Sodium Sulphate, (5x500g) (3x500g) (2x500g) 53. pH Indicator paper, Range 2-14 with comparatr (5rolls) (3rolls) (2rolls) 54. Methylated spirit (10x500ml) (7x500ml) (5x500ml) 55. MacConkey broth, dehydrated (Hi-media) (10x500ml) (7x500ml) (5x500ml) 56. Total Ionic Strength Adjustment Buffer (TISAB) (15x500ml) (10x500ml) (7x500ml) 57. Oxalic acid (5x100g) (3x100g) (2x100g) 58. Silver sulphate (5x100g) (3x100g) (2x100g) 59. Sodium arsenite (4x100g) (3x100g) (2x100g) 60. Potassium dihydrogen phosphate (5x100g) (3x100g) (2x100g) 61. Ammonium molybdate (7x100g) (5x100g) (3x100g) 62. Nitric acid (7x2.5L) (5x2.5 L) (3x2.5 L) 63. Ammonium metavanadate (7x100g) (5x100g) (3x100g) 64. Anhydrous potassium nitrate (5x100g) (3x100g) (2x100g) 65. Sulphanilamide (5x100g) (3x100g) (2x100g) 66. Sodium nitrite (5x100g) (3x100g) (2x100g) 67. Sodium oxalate (5x100g) (3x100g) (2x100g) 68. Sodium metasilicate nano hydrate (5x100g) (3x100g) (2x100g) 69. Sodium bicarbonate (5x100g) (3x100g) (2x100g) 70. Sodium borate decahydrate (5x100g) (3x100g) (2x100g) 71. Sodium Tetraborate (5x100g) (3x100g) (2x100g) 72. Glycerol (7x100ml) (3x100ml) (2x100ml) 73. Potassium chloride (5x100g) (3x100g) (2x100g) 74. Carmine reagent (5x100gm) (3x100gm) ------ 111 Drinking Water Quality Monitoring & Surveillance Framework 110 S. No. Name of Chemical State/ UT Lab District Lab Block/ sub – divisional Lab 23. Electroly�c Iron (3x100g) (2x100g) (1x100g) 24. Lead Acetate (3x500g) (2x500g) (1x500g) 25. Methyl Orange Indicator/ Methyl Red indicator (7x100g) (5x100g) (5x100g) 26. Phenolphthalein Indicator/ P&R Indicator (7x100g) (5x100g) (5x100g) 27. Potassium Hydroxide (10x500g) (7x500g) (5x500g) 28. 1-10, Phenanthroline, Monohydrate (10x10g) (7x10g) (7x10g) 29. Potassium permanganate (5x100g) (3x100g) (2x100g) 30. Potassium Iodide (5x500g) (3x500g) (2x500g) 31. Potassium Chromate (5x500g) (3x500g) (2x500g) 32. Potassium Hydrogen Phthalate (3x500g) (2x500g) (1x500g) 33. Stannous Chloride (5x100g) (3x100g) (2x100g) 34. Silver diethyl-di thio-carbamate (5x100g) (3x100g) ----- 35. Sodium Hydroxide (10x500g) (7x500g) (5x500g) 36. Silver Nitrate (10x250g) (7x250g) (5x250g) 37. Sodium Acetate (5x500g) (3x500g) (2x500g) 38. Sodium Thiosulphate (10x500g) (7x500g) (5x500g) 39. Starch (Soluble) (10x500g) (7x500g) (5x500g) 40. Sodium Fluoride (Anhydrous) (5x500g) (3x500g) (2x500g) 41. Sodium Arsenate (4x100g) (3x100g) (2x100g) 42. SPADNS (3x100g) (2x100g) (2x100g) 43. Zirconyl Oxy chloride, Octo hydrate (5x100g) (3x100g) (2x100g) 44. Sodium Sulphate (anhydrous) (5x500g) (3x500g) (2x500g) 45. Sulphuric acid (7x2.5L) (5x2.5 L) (3x2.5 L) 46. Sulphuric acid (Fuming) Oleum (if specifically required) (5x250g) (3x250g) (2x250g) 47. Sodium Chloride (5x500g) (3x500g) (2x500g) 48. Potassium Dichromate (5x500g) (3x500g) (2x500g) S. No. Name of Chemical State/ UT Lab District Lab Block/ sub – divisional Lab 49. Calcium Carbonate (anhydrous) (7x500g) (5x500g) (4x500g) 50. Phenol, white (5x500g) (3x500g) (2x500g) 51. Potassium Nitrate (5x500g) (3x500g) (2x500g) 52. Sodium Sulphate, (5x500g) (3x500g) (2x500g) 53. pH Indicator paper, Range 2-14 with comparatr (5rolls) (3rolls) (2rolls) 54. Methylated spirit (10x500ml) (7x500ml) (5x500ml) 55. MacConkey broth, dehydrated (Hi-media) (10x500ml) (7x500ml) (5x500ml) 56. Total Ionic Strength Adjustment Buffer (TISAB) (15x500ml) (10x500ml) (7x500ml) 57. Oxalic acid (5x100g) (3x100g) (2x100g) 58. Silver sulphate (5x100g) (3x100g) (2x100g) 59. Sodium arsenite (4x100g) (3x100g) (2x100g) 60. Potassium dihydrogen phosphate (5x100g) (3x100g) (2x100g) 61. Ammonium molybdate (7x100g) (5x100g) (3x100g) 62. Nitric acid (7x2.5L) (5x2.5 L) (3x2.5 L) 63. Ammonium metavanadate (7x100g) (5x100g) (3x100g) 64. Anhydrous potassium nitrate (5x100g) (3x100g) (2x100g) 65. Sulphanilamide (5x100g) (3x100g) (2x100g) 66. Sodium nitrite (5x100g) (3x100g) (2x100g) 67. Sodium oxalate (5x100g) (3x100g) (2x100g) 68. Sodium metasilicate nano hydrate (5x100g) (3x100g) (2x100g) 69. Sodium bicarbonate (5x100g) (3x100g) (2x100g) 70. Sodium borate decahydrate (5x100g) (3x100g) (2x100g) 71. Sodium Tetraborate (5x100g) (3x100g) (2x100g) 72. Glycerol (7x100ml) (3x100ml) (2x100ml) 73. Potassium chloride (5x100g) (3x100g) (2x100g) 74. Carmine reagent (5x100gm) (3x100gm) ------ 113 Drinking Water Quality Monitoring & Surveillance Framework 112 S. No. Name of Chemical State/ UT Lab District Lab Block/ sub – divisional Lab 75. Ammonium solu�on (10x100ml) (7x100ml) (5x100ml) 76. Mercury Sulfate (5x100g) (3x100g) (2x100g) 77. Silver Nitrate (10x250g) (7x250g) (5x250g) 78. Sodium bisulphate (5x100g) (3x100g) (2x100g) 79. Sodium Acetate (10x500g) (7x500g) (4x500g) 80. Zinc metal (5x100g) (3x100g) ----- 81. Potassium ferricyanide (5x100g) (3x100g) (2x100g) 82. Zincon (2-carboxy-2-hydroxy-5-sulfoformazylbenzene) (5x100g) (3x100g) ---- 83. Methanol (5x500ml) (2x500ml) (2x500ml) 84. Phosphoric acid (5x100ml) (3x100ml) (2x100ml) 85. Anhydrous potassium bi-iodate (5x100g) (3x100g) (2x100g) 86. Chloroform (7x500ml) (3x500ml) (2x500ml) 87. Ethyl ether (5x500ml) (5x500ml) (3x100ml) 88. Anhydrous potassium bromide (5x100g) (3x100g) ----- 89. Potassium ferricyanide (5x100g) (3x100g) (2x100g) 90. Alkylbenzene Sulfonate (LAS) solu�on (10x100ml) (4x100ml) ---- 91. Methylene Blue (5x10g) (3x10g) (2x10g) 92. Sodium phosphate, mono basic monohydrate (5x100g) (3x100g) (2x100g) 93. N-hexane (5x100ml) (3x100ml) (2x100ml) 94. Petroleum ether (5x100ml) (3x100ml) (2x100ml) 95. M-Endo Agar (3x500gm) (2x500gm) (1x500gm) 96. M-FC Agar (3x500gm) (2x500gm) (1x500gm 97. EMB Agar (3x500gm) (2x500gm) (1x500gm) 98. MacConkey Agar (3x500gm) (2x500gm) (1x500gm) 99. TCBS Agar (4x500gm) (3x500gm) (2x500gm) 100. XLD Agar (3x500gm) (2x500gm) (1x500gm) S. No. Name of Chemical State/ UT Lab District Lab Block/ sub – divisional Lab 101. Bismuth Sulphite Agar (3x500gm) (2x500gm) (1x500gm) 102. Salmonella Shigella Agar (3x500gm) (2x500gm) (1x500gm) 103. KF Streptococcus Agar (3x500gm) (2x500gm) (1x500gm) 104. Mannitol Salt Agar (5x500gm) (3x500gm) (3x500gm) 105. Lactose Lauryl Tryptose broth (3x500gm) (2x500gm) (1x500gm) 106. Ethyl Alcohol (10x500ml) (7x500ml) (4x500ml) 107. Rosolic Acid (5x100ml) (3x100ml) (2x100ml) 108. Bromocresol purple (5x100ml) (3x100ml) (2x100ml) 109. TT Csolu�on (5x100ml) (3x100ml) (2x100ml) 110. Brilliant Green Bile Growth (5x100ml) (3x100ml) (2x100ml) 111. E.C. Broth (5x100ml) (3x100ml) (2x100ml) 112. Luaryl Sulphate Broth (5x100ml) (3x100ml) (2x100ml) 113. Phosphoricacid5%H3PO4 (10x500ml) (5x500ml) ---- 114. Anhydrous KBrO3 (3x500gm) (2x500ml) ---- 115. Sodium arsenite (NaAsO2) (4x500gm) (2x500gm) (2x500gm) 116. Urea (10x500gm) (5x500gm) ----- 117. An�mony metal (5x1gm) (3x1gm) (2x1gm) 118. Choromo tropic acid (5x100 gm) (3x100 gm) (2x100 gm) 119. Devarda’salloy (10x10gm) (5x10gm) (3x10gm) 120. Borate buffer (10x500ml) (5x500ml) (2x500ml) 121. Anhydrous sodium sulphate (10x500gm) (5x500gm) (3x500gm) 122. CCl4 (6x500ml) (2x500ml) ----- 123. Dithiozonesolu�on (3x500ml) (5x500ml) ---- 124. NH4CNS (10x500gm) (4x500gm) ----- 125. AgNO3 Anhydrous (5x100gm) (5x100gm) (5x100gm) 126. K2HPO4 (5x500gm) (5x500gm) (1x500gm) 113 Drinking Water Quality Monitoring & Surveillance Framework 112 S. No. Name of Chemical State/ UT Lab District Lab Block/ sub – divisional Lab 75. Ammonium solu�on (10x100ml) (7x100ml) (5x100ml) 76. Mercury Sulfate (5x100g) (3x100g) (2x100g) 77. Silver Nitrate (10x250g) (7x250g) (5x250g) 78. Sodium bisulphate (5x100g) (3x100g) (2x100g) 79. Sodium Acetate (10x500g) (7x500g) (4x500g) 80. Zinc metal (5x100g) (3x100g) ----- 81. Potassium ferricyanide (5x100g) (3x100g) (2x100g) 82. Zincon (2-carboxy-2-hydroxy-5-sulfoformazylbenzene) (5x100g) (3x100g) ---- 83. Methanol (5x500ml) (2x500ml) (2x500ml) 84. Phosphoric acid (5x100ml) (3x100ml) (2x100ml) 85. Anhydrous potassium bi-iodate (5x100g) (3x100g) (2x100g) 86. Chloroform (7x500ml) (3x500ml) (2x500ml) 87. Ethyl ether (5x500ml) (5x500ml) (3x100ml) 88. Anhydrous potassium bromide (5x100g) (3x100g) ----- 89. Potassium ferricyanide (5x100g) (3x100g) (2x100g) 90. Alkylbenzene Sulfonate (LAS) solu�on (10x100ml) (4x100ml) ---- 91. Methylene Blue (5x10g) (3x10g) (2x10g) 92. Sodium phosphate, mono basic monohydrate (5x100g) (3x100g) (2x100g) 93. N-hexane (5x100ml) (3x100ml) (2x100ml) 94. Petroleum ether (5x100ml) (3x100ml) (2x100ml) 95. M-Endo Agar (3x500gm) (2x500gm) (1x500gm) 96. M-FC Agar (3x500gm) (2x500gm) (1x500gm 97. EMB Agar (3x500gm) (2x500gm) (1x500gm) 98. MacConkey Agar (3x500gm) (2x500gm) (1x500gm) 99. TCBS Agar (4x500gm) (3x500gm) (2x500gm) 100. XLD Agar (3x500gm) (2x500gm) (1x500gm) S. No. Name of Chemical State/ UT Lab District Lab Block/ sub – divisional Lab 101. Bismuth Sulphite Agar (3x500gm) (2x500gm) (1x500gm) 102. Salmonella Shigella Agar (3x500gm) (2x500gm) (1x500gm) 103. KF Streptococcus Agar (3x500gm) (2x500gm) (1x500gm) 104. Mannitol Salt Agar (5x500gm) (3x500gm) (3x500gm) 105. Lactose Lauryl Tryptose broth (3x500gm) (2x500gm) (1x500gm) 106. Ethyl Alcohol (10x500ml) (7x500ml) (4x500ml) 107. Rosolic Acid (5x100ml) (3x100ml) (2x100ml) 108. Bromocresol purple (5x100ml) (3x100ml) (2x100ml) 109. TT Csolu�on (5x100ml) (3x100ml) (2x100ml) 110. Brilliant Green Bile Growth (5x100ml) (3x100ml) (2x100ml) 111. E.C. Broth (5x100ml) (3x100ml) (2x100ml) 112. Luaryl Sulphate Broth (5x100ml) (3x100ml) (2x100ml) 113. Phosphoricacid5%H3PO4 (10x500ml) (5x500ml) ---- 114. Anhydrous KBrO3 (3x500gm) (2x500ml) ---- 115. Sodium arsenite (NaAsO2) (4x500gm) (2x500gm) (2x500gm) 116. Urea (10x500gm) (5x500gm) ----- 117. An�mony metal (5x1gm) (3x1gm) (2x1gm) 118. Choromo tropic acid (5x100 gm) (3x100 gm) (2x100 gm) 119. Devarda’salloy (10x10gm) (5x10gm) (3x10gm) 120. Borate buffer (10x500ml) (5x500ml) (2x500ml) 121. Anhydrous sodium sulphate (10x500gm) (5x500gm) (3x500gm) 122. CCl4 (6x500ml) (2x500ml) ----- 123. Dithiozonesolu�on (3x500ml) (5x500ml) ---- 124. NH4CNS (10x500gm) (4x500gm) ----- 125. AgNO3 Anhydrous (5x100gm) (5x100gm) (5x100gm) 126. K2HPO4 (5x500gm) (5x500gm) (1x500gm) 115 Drinking Water Quality Monitoring & Surveillance Framework 114 S. No. Name of Chemical State/ UT Lab District Lab Block/ sub – divisional Lab 127. KH2PO4 (5x500gm) (5x500gm) (1x500gm) 128. Potassium ferricyanide (5x500gm) (5x500gm) (1x500gm) 129. Azomethane (5x500gm) ------ ---- 130. Silverdiethyl-dithiocarbamate (3x500gm) (3x500gm) (3x500gm) 131. Ammonium or potassium sulphate (4x250gm) (3x250gm) ---- 132. 2-3 Diamino naphtheline (DAN) Solu�on (4x100 ml) (2x100 ml) ----- 133. Hydroxyl amine sulphate (5x500gm) (5x500gm) (2x500gm) 134. Sodium Nitroprusside (5x500gm) -- -- 135. Trisodiumcitrate (5x500gm) -- -- 136. Phosphate Buffer (3x500ml) --- -- 137. Ferro in indicator (3x250ml) -- -- * For tes�ng equipment’s, while procuring reagents, it should be ensured that they are compa�ble with them so that equipment’s can be used op�mally. Annex-XIA Sanitary Inspection form for piped water supply I. Type of facility: Piped water supply 1. General Informa�on: Zone: Area: 2. Code Number linked to scheme ID 3. Date of Visit 4. Water samples taken? …….. Sample Nos. ……… E.coli/ 100 ml.......... II. Specific diagnos�c informa�on for assessment (Please indicate at which sample sites the risk was iden�fied) Risk sample no 1. Do any stand posts²⁶ leak? Y/ N …………. 2. Does surface water collect around any standpost? Y/ N …………. 3. Is the area uphill of any standpost eroded? Y/ N …………. 4. Are pipes exposed close to any standpost? Y/ N …………. 5. Is human excreta on the ground within 10m of any standpost? Y/ N …………. 6. Is there a sewer within 30m of any standpost? Y/ N…………. 7. Has there been a discon�nuity in the last 10 days at any standpost? Y/ N …………. 8. Are there signs of leaks in the main pipes? Y/ N…………. 9. Do the community report any pipe breaks in the last week? Y/ N …………. 10. Is the main pipe exposed anywhere in the vicinity? Y/ N …………. Total score of risks ..../10 Risk score: 9-10 = Very high; 6-8 = High; 3-5 = Medium; 0-3 = Low III. Results and recommenda�ons: The following important points of risk were noted: (list nos. 1-10) Signature of surveyor: Comments: ²⁶ In case the village is having 100% tap connec�ons, 5% of the tap connected households can be surveyed along with standposts, if present. 115 Drinking Water Quality Monitoring & Surveillance Framework 114 S. No. Name of Chemical State/ UT Lab District Lab Block/ sub – divisional Lab 127. KH2PO4 (5x500gm) (5x500gm) (1x500gm) 128. Potassium ferricyanide (5x500gm) (5x500gm) (1x500gm) 129. Azomethane (5x500gm) ------ ---- 130. Silverdiethyl-dithiocarbamate (3x500gm) (3x500gm) (3x500gm) 131. Ammonium or potassium sulphate (4x250gm) (3x250gm) ---- 132. 2-3 Diamino naphtheline (DAN) Solu�on (4x100 ml) (2x100 ml) ----- 133. Hydroxyl amine sulphate (5x500gm) (5x500gm) (2x500gm) 134. Sodium Nitroprusside (5x500gm) -- -- 135. Trisodiumcitrate (5x500gm) -- -- 136. Phosphate Buffer (3x500ml) --- -- 137. Ferro in indicator (3x250ml) -- -- * For tes�ng equipment’s, while procuring reagents, it should be ensured that they are compa�ble with them so that equipment’s can be used op�mally. Annex-XIA Sanitary Inspection form for piped water supply I. Type of facility: Piped water supply 1. General Informa�on: Zone: Area: 2. Code Number linked to scheme ID 3. Date of Visit 4. Water samples taken? …….. Sample Nos. ……… E.coli/ 100 ml.......... II. Specific diagnos�c informa�on for assessment (Please indicate at which sample sites the risk was iden�fied) Risk sample no 1. Do any stand posts²⁶ leak? Y/ N …………. 2. Does surface water collect around any standpost? Y/ N …………. 3. Is the area uphill of any standpost eroded? Y/ N …………. 4. Are pipes exposed close to any standpost? Y/ N …………. 5. Is human excreta on the ground within 10m of any standpost? Y/ N …………. 6. Is there a sewer within 30m of any standpost? Y/ N…………. 7. Has there been a discon�nuity in the last 10 days at any standpost? Y/ N …………. 8. Are there signs of leaks in the main pipes? Y/ N…………. 9. Do the community report any pipe breaks in the last week? Y/ N …………. 10. Is the main pipe exposed anywhere in the vicinity? Y/ N …………. Total score of risks ..../10 Risk score: 9-10 = Very high; 6-8 = High; 3-5 = Medium; 0-3 = Low III. Results and recommenda�ons: The following important points of risk were noted: (list nos. 1-10) Signature of surveyor: Comments: ²⁶ In case the village is having 100% tap connec�ons, 5% of the tap connected households can be surveyed along with standposts, if present. 117 Drinking Water Quality Monitoring & Surveillance Framework 116 I. Type of facility: piped water with service reservoir 1. General Informa�on: Zone: Area: 2. Code Number linked to scheme ID 3. Date of Visit: 4. Water samples taken? …….. Sample Nos. ……… E.coli/ 100 ml.......... II. Specific diagnos�c informa�on for assessment (Please indicate at which sample sites the risk was iden�fied) Risk Sample No 1. Do any standpipes leak at sample sites? Y/ N …………. 2. Does water collect around any sample site? Y/ N …………. 3. Is area uphill eroded at any sample site? Y/ N …………. 4. Are pipes exposed close to any sample site? Y/ N …………. 5. Is human excreta on ground within 10m of standpipe? Y/ N …………. 6. Sewer or latrine within 30m of sample site? Y/ N …………. 7. Has there been discon�nuity within last 10 days at sample site? Y/ N …………. 8. Are there signs of leaks in sampling area? Y/ N …………. 9. Do users report pipe breaks in last week? Y/ N …………. 10. Is the supply main exposed in sampling area? Y/ N…………. 11. Is the service reservoir cracked or leaking? Y/ N …………. 12. Are the air vents or inspec�on cover insanitary? Y/ N …………. Total score of risks ..../12 Risk score: 10-12 = Very high; 8-10 = High; 5-7 = Medium; 2-4 = Low; 0-1 = Very Low III. Results and recommenda�ons: The following important points of risk were noted: (list nos. 1-12) Signature of surveyor: Comments: Annex-XIB Sanitary inspection form for piped water with service reservoir Annex-XIC Sanitary inspection form for hydrants and tanker trucks I. Type of facility: Hydrants and tanker trucks 1. General Informa�on: Zone: Area: 2. Code Number linked to scheme ID 3. Date of Visit: 4. Is water samples taken? …….. Sample Nos. ……… E.coli/ 100ml .......... II. Specific diagnos�c informa�on for assessment risk 1. Is the discharge pipe dirty? Y/ N …………. 2. Is the discharge water dirty/ smelly/ coloured? Y/ N …………. 3. Is the delivery nozzle dirty or in poor condi�on? Y/ N …………. 4. Are there any leaks close to the riser pipe of the hydrant? Y/ N …………. 5. Is the base of the riser pipe for the hydrant sealed with a concrete apron? Y/ N …………. 6. Is the tanker ever used for transpor�ng other liquids? Y/ N …………. 7. Is the inside of the tanker dirty? Y/ N …………. 8. Does the tanker fill through an inspec�on cover on the tanker? Y/ N …………. 9. Is there direct contact of hands of supplier with discharge water? Y/ N …………. 10. Does the tanker leak? Y/ N …………. Total score of risks …./10 Risk score: >8/10 = Very high; 6-8/10 = High; 4-7/10 = Intermediate; 0-3/10 = Low III. Results and recommenda�ons: The following important points of risk were noted: (list nos. 1-10) And the authority advised on remedial ac�on Signature of surveyor: Comments: .............................................................................................. 117 Drinking Water Quality Monitoring & Surveillance Framework 116 I. Type of facility: piped water with service reservoir 1. General Informa�on: Zone: Area: 2. Code Number linked to scheme ID 3. Date of Visit: 4. Water samples taken? …….. Sample Nos. ……… E.coli/ 100 ml.......... II. Specific diagnos�c informa�on for assessment (Please indicate at which sample sites the risk was iden�fied) Risk Sample No 1. Do any standpipes leak at sample sites? Y/ N …………. 2. Does water collect around any sample site? Y/ N …………. 3. Is area uphill eroded at any sample site? Y/ N …………. 4. Are pipes exposed close to any sample site? Y/ N …………. 5. Is human excreta on ground within 10m of standpipe? Y/ N …………. 6. Sewer or latrine within 30m of sample site? Y/ N …………. 7. Has there been discon�nuity within last 10 days at sample site? Y/ N …………. 8. Are there signs of leaks in sampling area? Y/ N …………. 9. Do users report pipe breaks in last week? Y/ N …………. 10. Is the supply main exposed in sampling area? Y/ N…………. 11. Is the service reservoir cracked or leaking? Y/ N …………. 12. Are the air vents or inspec�on cover insanitary? Y/ N …………. Total score of risks ..../12 Risk score: 10-12 = Very high; 8-10 = High; 5-7 = Medium; 2-4 = Low; 0-1 = Very Low III. Results and recommenda�ons: The following important points of risk were noted: (list nos. 1-12) Signature of surveyor: Comments: Annex-XIB Sanitary inspection form for piped water with service reservoir Annex-XIC Sanitary inspection form for hydrants and tanker trucks I. Type of facility: Hydrants and tanker trucks 1. General Informa�on: Zone: Area: 2. Code Number linked to scheme ID 3. Date of Visit: 4. Is water samples taken? …….. Sample Nos. ……… E.coli/ 100ml .......... II. Specific diagnos�c informa�on for assessment risk 1. Is the discharge pipe dirty? Y/ N …………. 2. Is the discharge water dirty/ smelly/ coloured? Y/ N …………. 3. Is the delivery nozzle dirty or in poor condi�on? Y/ N …………. 4. Are there any leaks close to the riser pipe of the hydrant? Y/ N …………. 5. Is the base of the riser pipe for the hydrant sealed with a concrete apron? Y/ N …………. 6. Is the tanker ever used for transpor�ng other liquids? Y/ N …………. 7. Is the inside of the tanker dirty? Y/ N …………. 8. Does the tanker fill through an inspec�on cover on the tanker? Y/ N …………. 9. Is there direct contact of hands of supplier with discharge water? Y/ N …………. 10. Does the tanker leak? Y/ N …………. Total score of risks …./10 Risk score: >8/10 = Very high; 6-8/10 = High; 4-7/10 = Intermediate; 0-3/10 = Low III. Results and recommenda�ons: The following important points of risk were noted: (list nos. 1-10) And the authority advised on remedial ac�on Signature of surveyor: Comments: .............................................................................................. 119 I. Type of facility: Gravity-fed piped water 1. General Informa�on: System name: 2. Code Number linked to scheme ID 3. Date of Visit 4. Water samples taken? …….. Sample Nos. ……… II. Specific diagnos�c informa�on for assessment (please indicate at which sample sites the risk was iden�fied) Risk Sample No 1. Does the pipe leak between the source and storage tank? Y/ N …………. 2. Is the storage tank cracked, damaged or leak? Y/ N …………. 3. Are the vents and covers on the tank damaged or open? Y/ N …………. 4. Do any Standposts leak? Y/ N …………. 5. Does surface water collect around any Standpost? Y/ N …………. 6. Is the area uphill of any Standpost eroded? Y/ N …………. 7. Are pipes exposed close to any Standpost? Y/ N …………. 8. Is human excreta on the ground within 10m of any Standpost? Y/ N …………. 9. Has there been discon�nuity in the last 10 days at any Standpost? Y/ N …………. 10. Are there signs of leaks in the main supply pipe in the system? Y/ N …………. 11. Do the community report any pipe breaks in the last week? Y/ N …………. 12. Is the main supply pipe exposed anywhere in the system? Y/ N …………. Total score of risks …./12 Risk score: 10-12 = Very high; 8-10 = High; 5-7 = Medium; 2-4 = Low; 0-1 = Very Low III. Results and recommenda�ons: The following important points of risk were noted: (list nos. 1-12) Signature of surveyor: Comments: ........................................................................................................ Annex-XID Sanitary inspection form for gravity-fed piped water Drinking Water Quality Monitoring & Surveillance Framework 118 Annex-XIE Sanitary inspection form for deep borehole with mechanized pumping I. Type of facility: Deep borehole with mechanized pumping 1. General Informa�on: Supply zone: Loca�on: 2. Code Number linked to scheme ID 3. Date of Visit: 4. Water sample taken? …….. Sample No. ……… E.coli/ 100ml.......... II. Specific diagnos�c informa�on for assessment risk 1. Is there a latrine or sewer within 30m of pumphouse? Y/ N …………. 2. Is the nearest latrine unsewered? Y/ N …………. 3. Is there any source of other pollu�on within 30m? Y/ N …………. 4. Is there an uncapped well within 100m? Y/ N …………. 5. Is the drainage around pumphouse faulty? Y/ N …………. 6. Is the fencing damaged allowing animal entry? Y/ N …………. 7. Is the floor of the pumphouse permeable to water? Y/ N …………. 8. Does water forms pools in the pumphouse? Y/ N …………. 9. Is the well seal insanitary? Y/ N …………. Total score of risks …./9 Risk score: 7-9 = High; 3-6 = Medium; 0-2 = Low III. Results and recommenda�ons: The following important points of risk were noted: Signature of surveyor: Comments:................................................................................................................... 119 I. Type of facility: Gravity-fed piped water 1. General Informa�on: System name: 2. Code Number linked to scheme ID 3. Date of Visit 4. Water samples taken? …….. Sample Nos. ……… II. Specific diagnos�c informa�on for assessment (please indicate at which sample sites the risk was iden�fied) Risk Sample No 1. Does the pipe leak between the source and storage tank? Y/ N …………. 2. Is the storage tank cracked, damaged or leak? Y/ N …………. 3. Are the vents and covers on the tank damaged or open? Y/ N …………. 4. Do any Standposts leak? Y/ N …………. 5. Does surface water collect around any Standpost? Y/ N …………. 6. Is the area uphill of any Standpost eroded? Y/ N …………. 7. Are pipes exposed close to any Standpost? Y/ N …………. 8. Is human excreta on the ground within 10m of any Standpost? Y/ N …………. 9. Has there been discon�nuity in the last 10 days at any Standpost? Y/ N …………. 10. Are there signs of leaks in the main supply pipe in the system? Y/ N …………. 11. Do the community report any pipe breaks in the last week? Y/ N …………. 12. Is the main supply pipe exposed anywhere in the system? Y/ N …………. Total score of risks …./12 Risk score: 10-12 = Very high; 8-10 = High; 5-7 = Medium; 2-4 = Low; 0-1 = Very Low III. Results and recommenda�ons: The following important points of risk were noted: (list nos. 1-12) Signature of surveyor: Comments: ........................................................................................................ Annex-XID Sanitary inspection form for gravity-fed piped water Drinking Water Quality Monitoring & Surveillance Framework 118 Annex-XIE Sanitary inspection form for deep borehole with mechanized pumping I. Type of facility: Deep borehole with mechanized pumping 1. General Informa�on: Supply zone: Loca�on: 2. Code Number linked to scheme ID 3. Date of Visit: 4. Water sample taken? …….. Sample No. ……… E.coli/ 100ml.......... II. Specific diagnos�c informa�on for assessment risk 1. Is there a latrine or sewer within 30m of pumphouse? Y/ N …………. 2. Is the nearest latrine unsewered? Y/ N …………. 3. Is there any source of other pollu�on within 30m? Y/ N …………. 4. Is there an uncapped well within 100m? Y/ N …………. 5. Is the drainage around pumphouse faulty? Y/ N …………. 6. Is the fencing damaged allowing animal entry? Y/ N …………. 7. Is the floor of the pumphouse permeable to water? Y/ N …………. 8. Does water forms pools in the pumphouse? Y/ N …………. 9. Is the well seal insanitary? Y/ N …………. Total score of risks …./9 Risk score: 7-9 = High; 3-6 = Medium; 0-2 = Low III. Results and recommenda�ons: The following important points of risk were noted: Signature of surveyor: Comments:................................................................................................................... 121 Drinking Water Quality Monitoring & Surveillance Framework 120 I. Type of facility: Borehole with hand pump 1. General Informa�on: Supply zone: Loca�on: 2. Code Number linked to scheme ID 3. Date of Visit: 4. Water sample taken? …….. Sample No. ……… E.coli/ 100ml.......... II. Specific diagnos�c informa�on for assessment risk 1. Is there a latrine within 10m of the borehole? Y/ N …………. 2. Is there a latrine uphill of the borehole? Y/ N …………. 3. Are there any other sources of pollu�on within 10m of borehole? Y/ N …………. (e.g. animal breeding, cul�va�on, roads, industry etc) 4. Is the drainage faulty allowing ponding within 2 m of the borehole? Y/ N …………. 5. Is the drainage channel cracked, broken or need cleaning? Y/ N …………. 6. Is the soakage pit missing or ponding ? Y/ N …………. 7. Is the apron less than 1m in radius? Y/ N …………. 8. Does spilt water collect in the apron area? Y/ N …………. 9. Is the apron cracked or damaged? Y/ N …………. 10. Is the handpump loose at the point of a�achment to apron? Y/ N …………. Total score of risks …./ 10 Risk score: 9-10 = Very high; 6-8 = High; 3-5 = Medium; 0-3 = Low III. Results and recommenda�ons: The following important points of risk were noted: Signature of surveyor: Comments: Annex-XIF Sanitary inspection form for borehole with hand pump Annex-XIG Sanitary inspection form for protected spring I. Type of facility: Protected spring 1. General Informa�on: Supply zone: Loca�on: 2. Code Number linked to scheme ID 3. Date of Visit: 4. Water sample taken? …….. Sample No. ……… E.coli/ 100ml.......... II. Specific Diagnos�c Informa�on for Assessment Risk 1. Is the spring unprotected? Y/ N …………. 2. Is the masonry protec�ng the spring faulty?. Y/ N …………. 3. Is the backfill area behind the retaining wall eroded? Y/ N …………. 4. Does spilt water flood the collec�on area? Y/ N …………. 5. Is the fence absent or faulty? Y/ N …………. 6. Can animals have access within 10m of the spring? Y/ N …………. 7. Is there a latrine uphill and/or within 30m of the spring? Y/ N …………. 8. Does surface water collect uphill of the spring? Y/ N …………. 9. Is the diversion ditch above the spring absent or non-func�onal? Y/ N …………. 10. Are there any other sources of pollu�on uphill of the spring? (e.g. solid waste) Y/ N …………. Total score of risks …./10 Risk score: 9-10 = Very high; 6-8 = High; 3-5 = Medium; 0-3 = Low III. Results and recommenda�ons: The following important points of risk were noted: Signature of surveyor: Comments: 121 Drinking Water Quality Monitoring & Surveillance Framework 120 I. Type of facility: Borehole with hand pump 1. General Informa�on: Supply zone: Loca�on: 2. Code Number linked to scheme ID 3. Date of Visit: 4. Water sample taken? …….. Sample No. ……… E.coli/ 100ml.......... II. Specific diagnos�c informa�on for assessment risk 1. Is there a latrine within 10m of the borehole? Y/ N …………. 2. Is there a latrine uphill of the borehole? Y/ N …………. 3. Are there any other sources of pollu�on within 10m of borehole? Y/ N …………. (e.g. animal breeding, cul�va�on, roads, industry etc) 4. Is the drainage faulty allowing ponding within 2 m of the borehole? Y/ N …………. 5. Is the drainage channel cracked, broken or need cleaning? Y/ N …………. 6. Is the soakage pit missing or ponding ? Y/ N …………. 7. Is the apron less than 1m in radius? Y/ N …………. 8. Does spilt water collect in the apron area? Y/ N …………. 9. Is the apron cracked or damaged? Y/ N …………. 10. Is the handpump loose at the point of a�achment to apron? Y/ N …………. Total score of risks …./ 10 Risk score: 9-10 = Very high; 6-8 = High; 3-5 = Medium; 0-3 = Low III. Results and recommenda�ons: The following important points of risk were noted: Signature of surveyor: Comments: Annex-XIF Sanitary inspection form for borehole with hand pump Annex-XIG Sanitary inspection form for protected spring I. Type of facility: Protected spring 1. General Informa�on: Supply zone: Loca�on: 2. Code Number linked to scheme ID 3. Date of Visit: 4. Water sample taken? …….. Sample No. ……… E.coli/ 100ml.......... II. Specific Diagnos�c Informa�on for Assessment Risk 1. Is the spring unprotected? Y/ N …………. 2. Is the masonry protec�ng the spring faulty?. Y/ N …………. 3. Is the backfill area behind the retaining wall eroded? Y/ N …………. 4. Does spilt water flood the collec�on area? Y/ N …………. 5. Is the fence absent or faulty? Y/ N …………. 6. Can animals have access within 10m of the spring? Y/ N …………. 7. Is there a latrine uphill and/or within 30m of the spring? Y/ N …………. 8. Does surface water collect uphill of the spring? Y/ N …………. 9. Is the diversion ditch above the spring absent or non-func�onal? Y/ N …………. 10. Are there any other sources of pollu�on uphill of the spring? (e.g. solid waste) Y/ N …………. Total score of risks …./10 Risk score: 9-10 = Very high; 6-8 = High; 3-5 = Medium; 0-3 = Low III. Results and recommenda�ons: The following important points of risk were noted: Signature of surveyor: Comments: 123 Drinking Water Quality Monitoring & Surveillance Framework 122 I. Type of facility: Rainwater collec�on and storage 1. General Informa�on: Supply zone: Loca�on: 2. Code Number linked to scheme ID 3. Date of Visit: 4. Water sample taken? …….. Sample No. ……… E.coli/ 100ml.......... II. Specific Diagnos�c Informa�on for Assessment Risk 1. Is rainwater collected in an open container? Y/ N …………. 2. Are there visible signs of contamina�on on the roof catchment? (e.g. plants, excreta, dust) Y/ N …………. 3. Is gu�ering that collects water dirty or blocked? Y/ N …………. 4. Are the top or walls of the tank cracked or damaged? Y/ N …………. 5. Is water collected directly from the tank (no tap on the tank)? Y/ N …………. 6. Is there a bucket in use and le� where it can become contaminated? Y/ N …………. 7. Is the tap leaking or damaged? Y/ N …………. 8. Is the concrete floor under the tap defec�ve or dirty? Y/ N …………. 9. Is there any source of pollu�on around the tank or water collec�on area? Y/ N …………. 10. Is the tank clean inside? Y/ N …………. Total score of risks …./10 Risk score: 9-10 = Very high; 6-8 = High; 3-5 = Medium; 0-3 = Low III. Results and recommenda�ons: The following important points of risk were noted: (list nos. 1-10) Signature of surveyor: Comments: ............................................................................................................ Annex-XIH Sanitary inspection form for rainwater collection and storage Annex-XI(I) Sanitary inspection form for piped water supply with service reservoir and mechanised pumping I. Type of facility: Piped water supply with service reservoir and mechanised pumping 1. General Informa�on: Supply zone: Loca�on: 2. Code Number linked to scheme ID 3. Date of Visit: 4. Water sample taken? …….. Sample No. ……… E.coli/ 100ml.......... II. Specific diagnos�c informa�on for assessment risk 1. Does the pipe leak between the source and storage tank? Y/ N …………. 2. Does surface water collect around any Standpost? Y/ N …………. 3. Can animals have access within 10m of the reservoir Y/ N …………. 4. Does open defeca�on is prevalent or ca�le-dung is observed within 50 m of the reservoir? Y/ N …………. 5. Is there a sewer within 30m of any tap stand or reservoir? Y/ N …………. 6. Are the pipes corroded? Y/ N …………. 7. Are there signs of leaks in the mains pipes? Y/ N …………. 8. Are the reservoirs used for human and ca�le bathing? Y/ N …………. 9. Are the buried pipes ever checked for leakage? Y/ N …………. 10. Are storage tanks are cleaned at specified intervals? Y/ N …………. Total score of risks …. /10 Risk score: 9-10 = Very high; 6-8 = High; 3-5 = Medium; 0-3 = Low III. Results and recommenda�ons: The following important points of risk were noted: (list nos. 1-10) Signature of surveyor: Comments: ........................................................ 123 Drinking Water Quality Monitoring & Surveillance Framework 122 I. Type of facility: Rainwater collec�on and storage 1. General Informa�on: Supply zone: Loca�on: 2. Code Number linked to scheme ID 3. Date of Visit: 4. Water sample taken? …….. Sample No. ……… E.coli/ 100ml.......... II. Specific Diagnos�c Informa�on for Assessment Risk 1. Is rainwater collected in an open container? Y/ N …………. 2. Are there visible signs of contamina�on on the roof catchment? (e.g. plants, excreta, dust) Y/ N …………. 3. Is gu�ering that collects water dirty or blocked? Y/ N …………. 4. Are the top or walls of the tank cracked or damaged? Y/ N …………. 5. Is water collected directly from the tank (no tap on the tank)? Y/ N …………. 6. Is there a bucket in use and le� where it can become contaminated? Y/ N …………. 7. Is the tap leaking or damaged? Y/ N …………. 8. Is the concrete floor under the tap defec�ve or dirty? Y/ N …………. 9. Is there any source of pollu�on around the tank or water collec�on area? Y/ N …………. 10. Is the tank clean inside? Y/ N …………. Total score of risks …./10 Risk score: 9-10 = Very high; 6-8 = High; 3-5 = Medium; 0-3 = Low III. Results and recommenda�ons: The following important points of risk were noted: (list nos. 1-10) Signature of surveyor: Comments: ............................................................................................................ Annex-XIH Sanitary inspection form for rainwater collection and storage Annex-XI(I) Sanitary inspection form for piped water supply with service reservoir and mechanised pumping I. Type of facility: Piped water supply with service reservoir and mechanised pumping 1. General Informa�on: Supply zone: Loca�on: 2. Code Number linked to scheme ID 3. Date of Visit: 4. Water sample taken? …….. Sample No. ……… E.coli/ 100ml.......... II. Specific diagnos�c informa�on for assessment risk 1. Does the pipe leak between the source and storage tank? Y/ N …………. 2. Does surface water collect around any Standpost? Y/ N …………. 3. Can animals have access within 10m of the reservoir Y/ N …………. 4. Does open defeca�on is prevalent or ca�le-dung is observed within 50 m of the reservoir? Y/ N …………. 5. Is there a sewer within 30m of any tap stand or reservoir? Y/ N …………. 6. Are the pipes corroded? Y/ N …………. 7. Are there signs of leaks in the mains pipes? Y/ N …………. 8. Are the reservoirs used for human and ca�le bathing? Y/ N …………. 9. Are the buried pipes ever checked for leakage? Y/ N …………. 10. Are storage tanks are cleaned at specified intervals? Y/ N …………. Total score of risks …. /10 Risk score: 9-10 = Very high; 6-8 = High; 3-5 = Medium; 0-3 = Low III. Results and recommenda�ons: The following important points of risk were noted: (list nos. 1-10) Signature of surveyor: Comments: ........................................................ 125 Drinking Water Quality Monitoring & Surveillance Framework 124 I. Type of facility: Dugwell (Ringwell) 1. General Informa�on: Supply zone: Loca�on: 2. Code Number linked to scheme ID 3. Date of Visit: 4. Water sample taken? …….. Sample No. ……… E.coli/ 100ml.......... II. Specific Diagnos�c Informa�on for Assessment Risk 1. Is there a latrine or sewer within 30m of the dugwell? Y/ N …………. 2. Is the wall of the well lined properly and the well covered adequately? Y/ N …………. 3. Is open defeca�on prevalent or ca�le-dung found within 50 m of the ringwell? Y/ N …………. 4. Does the well is used for bathing and washing of clothes? Y/ N …………. 5. Is there any water drainage facility available around pla�orm of the well and does the drainage facility leads to water stagna�on within 30 m of the wall? Y/ N …………. 6. Does the well have fixed stainless steel/aluminium buckets with chain pulley for drawing water? Y/ N …………. 7. Is the well deep? Y/ N …………. 8. Does the water of the well appears visibly clean? Y/ N …………. 9. Is there any other source of pollu�on within 10 m of the well? (e.g. animal breeding, cul�va�on, roads, industry etc) Y/ N …………. 10. Was the well chlorinated during last 7 days Y/ N …………. Total score of risks ….../10 Risk score: 9-10 = Very high; 6-8 = High; 3-5 = Medium; 0-3 = Low III. Results and recommenda�ons: The following important points of risk were noted: (list nos. 1-10) Signature of surveyor: Comments: ............................................................................................................. Note: The above-men�oned ques�onnaire of the sanitary surveys is sugges�ve. States/UTs may develop their ques�onnaire as per local needs. All the sanitary survey formats should have the Surveyor's signature and Pradhan/Sarpanch/ Chairman VWSC of the concerned Gram Panchayat. Annex-XIJ Sanitary inspection form for the source of dugwell (ringwell) Annex-XII Criteria for rating of laboratories S. No. Checklist Yes No 1. Whether the laboratory is properly spaced? 2. Whether the laboratory has dedicated lab in-charge? 3. Whether the laboratory has sufficient Human Resource (HR)? 4. Whether the laboratory has Generator/ UPS for uninterrupted power backup? 5. Whether the laboratory has adopted sufficient safety measures? 6. Whether the equipment in the laboratory is properly calibrated? 7. Whether the laboratory staff have been trained on ISO 17025:2017? 8. Whether the records are properly maintained? 9. Whether Backup facility of the laboratory test report is available? 10. Whether necessary statutory clearance for se�ng the laboratory obtained? 11. Whether the data have been properly uploaded in IMIS? 12. Whether the data have been properly uploaded in WQMIS? 13. Whether the equipment’s/ instruments have AMC? 14. Whether proper Waste Management is in place? 15. Whether the stock register of chemicals/ reagents is maintained? 16. Whether the material safety data sheet is maintained? 17. Whether relevant IS standards / Manuals is kept? 18. Whether safety signages /SOPs display arrangementsis done? 19. Availability of safety items like: lab coat, gloves, mask, safety goggles, shoes 20. Whether first aid box and list of first aid items duly approved and maintained? 21. Whether quality manual is prepared and kept? 22. Internet facility in laboratories 23. Washroom to be iden�fied separately for male and female 24. Whether the laboratory is NABL accredited? 25. Whether the laboratory performs sample tes�ng in compliance with drinking water quality framework document. 22-25 : 5 star • 18-21 : 4 Star • 12-17 : 3 Star • 6-11 : 2 star • 1-5 : 1 star 125 Drinking Water Quality Monitoring & Surveillance Framework 124 I. Type of facility: Dugwell (Ringwell) 1. General Informa�on: Supply zone: Loca�on: 2. Code Number linked to scheme ID 3. Date of Visit: 4. Water sample taken? …….. Sample No. ……… E.coli/ 100ml.......... II. Specific Diagnos�c Informa�on for Assessment Risk 1. Is there a latrine or sewer within 30m of the dugwell? Y/ N …………. 2. Is the wall of the well lined properly and the well covered adequately? Y/ N …………. 3. Is open defeca�on prevalent or ca�le-dung found within 50 m of the ringwell? Y/ N …………. 4. Does the well is used for bathing and washing of clothes? Y/ N …………. 5. Is there any water drainage facility available around pla�orm of the well and does the drainage facility leads to water stagna�on within 30 m of the wall? Y/ N …………. 6. Does the well have fixed stainless steel/aluminium buckets with chain pulley for drawing water? Y/ N …………. 7. Is the well deep? Y/ N …………. 8. Does the water of the well appears visibly clean? Y/ N …………. 9. Is there any other source of pollu�on within 10 m of the well? (e.g. animal breeding, cul�va�on, roads, industry etc) Y/ N …………. 10. Was the well chlorinated during last 7 days Y/ N …………. Total score of risks ….../10 Risk score: 9-10 = Very high; 6-8 = High; 3-5 = Medium; 0-3 = Low III. Results and recommenda�ons: The following important points of risk were noted: (list nos. 1-10) Signature of surveyor: Comments: ............................................................................................................. Note: The above-men�oned ques�onnaire of the sanitary surveys is sugges�ve. States/UTs may develop their ques�onnaire as per local needs. All the sanitary survey formats should have the Surveyor's signature and Pradhan/Sarpanch/ Chairman VWSC of the concerned Gram Panchayat. Annex-XIJ Sanitary inspection form for the source of dugwell (ringwell) Annex-XII Criteria for rating of laboratories S. No. Checklist Yes No 1. Whether the laboratory is properly spaced? 2. Whether the laboratory has dedicated lab in-charge? 3. Whether the laboratory has sufficient Human Resource (HR)? 4. Whether the laboratory has Generator/ UPS for uninterrupted power backup? 5. Whether the laboratory has adopted sufficient safety measures? 6. Whether the equipment in the laboratory is properly calibrated? 7. Whether the laboratory staff have been trained on ISO 17025:2017? 8. Whether the records are properly maintained? 9. Whether Backup facility of the laboratory test report is available? 10. Whether necessary statutory clearance for se�ng the laboratory obtained? 11. Whether the data have been properly uploaded in IMIS? 12. Whether the data have been properly uploaded in WQMIS? 13. Whether the equipment’s/ instruments have AMC? 14. Whether proper Waste Management is in place? 15. Whether the stock register of chemicals/ reagents is maintained? 16. Whether the material safety data sheet is maintained? 17. Whether relevant IS standards / Manuals is kept? 18. Whether safety signages /SOPs display arrangementsis done? 19. Availability of safety items like: lab coat, gloves, mask, safety goggles, shoes 20. Whether first aid box and list of first aid items duly approved and maintained? 21. Whether quality manual is prepared and kept? 22. Internet facility in laboratories 23. Washroom to be iden�fied separately for male and female 24. Whether the laboratory is NABL accredited? 25. Whether the laboratory performs sample tes�ng in compliance with drinking water quality framework document. 22-25 : 5 star • 18-21 : 4 Star • 12-17 : 3 Star • 6-11 : 2 star • 1-5 : 1 star 127 Drinking Water Quality Monitoring & Surveillance Framework 126 Note: Note: 127 Drinking Water Quality Monitoring & Surveillance Framework 126 Note: Note: Drinking Water Quality Monitoring & Surveillance Framework 124 Development of portable water quality testing devices Drinking Water Quality Monitoring & Surveillance Framework 124 Development of portable water quality testing devices 4�� Floor, Pandit Deendayal Antyodaya Bhawan, CGO Complex, Lodhi Road, New Delhi - 110 003 Page 1 Page 2 Page 3 Page 4 Page 5 Page 6 Page 7 Page 8 Page 9 Page 10 Page 11 Page 12 Page 13 Page 14 Page 15 Page 16 Page 17 Page 18 Page 19 Page 20 Page 21 Page 22 Page 23 Page 24 Page 25 Page 26 Page 27 Page 28 Page 29 Page 30 Page 31 Page 32 Page 33 Page 34 Page 35 Page 36 Page 37 Page 38 Page 39 Page 40 Page 41 Page 42 Page 43 Page 44 Page 45 Page 46 Page 47 Page 48 Page 49 Page 50 Page 51 Page 52 Page 53 Page 54 Page 55 Page 56 Page 57 Page 58 Page 59 Page 60 Page 61 Page 62 Page 63 Page 64 Page 65 Page 66 Page 67 Page 68 Page 69 Page 70 Page 71 Page 72 Page 73 Page 74 Page 75 Page 76 Page 77 Page 78 Page 79 Page 80 Page 81 Page 82 Page 83 Page 84 Page 85 Page 86 Page 87 Page 88 Page 89 Page 90 Page 91 Page 92 Page 93 Page 94 Page 95 Page 96 Page 97 Page 98 Page 99 Page 100 Page 101 Page 102 Page 103 Page 104 Page 105 Page 106 Page 107 Page 108 Page 109 Page 110 Page 111 Page 112 Page 113 Page 114 Page 115 Page 116 Page 117 Page 118 Page 119 Page 120 Page 121 Page 122 Page 123 Page 124 Page 125 Page 126 Page 127 Page 128 Page 129 Page 130 Page 131 Page 132 Page 133 Page 134 Page 135 Page 136 Page 137 Page 138 Page 139 Page 140 Page 141 Page 142 Page 143 Page 144 Page 145 Page 146 Page 147 Page 148