Enhanced Nationally Determined Contribution

Article 3 of the Paris Agreement stated that as nationally determined contributions to the global response to climate change, all Parties are to undertake and communicate ambitious efforts as defined in Articles 4, 7, 9, 10, 11 and 13 with the view to achieving the purpose of this Agreement as set out in Article 2. The efforts of all Parties will represent a progression over time, while recognising the need to support developing country Parties for the effective implementation of this Agreement.

Article 9, 10 and 11 of the Paris Agreement specifically refers to Means of Implementation. The key elements of the Means of Implementation -- finance, technology development and transfer, and capacity building -- are integral part of the Agreement. To enhance the effectiveness and efficiency of means of implementation, finance, technology and capacity building should be coherently provided through cooperative and coordinated linkages among relevant entities. 6.1 . F INANCE Consistent with Article 9 of the Paris Agreement, developed country parties are requested to provide financial resources to assist mitigation and adaptation in developing countries, and taking the lead in mobilising climate finance from a variety of sources, instruments and channels. Indonesia’s unconditional and conditional commitment in achieving quantified target of GHGs emission reduction reflects the need for domestic and international sources of finance. National Development Planning Agency (BAPPENAS) reported that for the period of 2015 to 2019, Indonesia provides funding for the implementation of climate change actions and plans, including allocating a total of USD 55.01 billion. Indonesia will continue to set aside significant national funding for the implementation of mitigation and adaptation actions for the period of 2020-2030. Indonesia also receives international support through multilateral channels (such as GEF, World Bank, GCF, Adaptation Fund, and other financial institutions) and bilateral channels (Norway, Germany, Japan, USA, and others). During the reporting period of 2015-2016, Indonesia recorded to have received support of USD 1,237.41million in the form of loan and grant through bilateral and multilateral channels. Considerable challenge has been encountered in estimating investment needs for climate mitigation and adaptation. Budget tagging for climate change as the first attempt to address the challenge has been carried out since 2015. The first budget tagging focusing on mitigation was done to 2015 state budget, by clustering activities into two categories: first category includes activities which could deliver emission reduction and the second category covered supporting activities. The Ministry of Finance recorded in its Climate Mitigation and Adaptation Budget Report (Laporan Anggaran Mitigasi dan Adaptasi Perubahan Iklim 2018-2020) that there has been an increase in amount of budget allocation for activities categorised as mitigation from IDR 146.8 trillion (~ USD 10.49 billion) in 2017 to IDR196.3 trillion (~ USD 14.02 billion) in 2018. On adaptation, the Ministry of Finance recorded USD 227.4 million budget 18 allocation, based on budget tagging for adaptation in 2018. Results of the budget tagging has helped government in identifying activities in annual budget which can deliver mitigation and adaptation results. However, a lot of improvements need to be done to enable the budget tagging results to be used as the basis for estimating finance needs for NDC implementation. Furthermore, Indonesia welcomes bilateral, regional and international cooperation in the NDC implementation as recognised under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement, that facilitate and expedite technology development and transfer, payment for performance, technical cooperation, and access to financial resources to support Indonesia’s climate mitigation and adaptation efforts towards a climate resilient future. Projection of needs as a basis for developing financing strategy for the whole period of NDC implementation remains challenging. For example, Indonesia communicated through its 2nd Biennial Update Report (2nd BUR - 2018) an initial estimated finance needs from 2018-2030 of about USD 247 billion. In 2019, Indonesia carried out another estimation of finance needs of about IDR 4,520 trillion (~ USD 322.86 billion) for the implementation of mitigation actions in the NDC roadmap. The later estimated finance needs covered only mitigation actions (actions which directly generate emission reduction, it has not included the costs for creating enabling environments). The 3rd BUR (2021) estimated financial needs for conditional target from 2018-2030 about USD 285 billion and for unconditional target about USD 281 billion. Constrains has also been faced in estimating support needs, in particular in relation to methodological approach used to assess finance needs for mitigation and adaptation, data availability and reliability, and diverse perceptions of stakeholders on NDC financing. Despite challenges faced in projecting finance needs for NDC implementation, Indonesia has developed a number of innovative green financing, which may contribute positively to NDC implementation, for example, green sukuk, green bond, and public- private partnership through SDGs-One Indonesia Platform. In order to strengthen climate financing, Indonesia has established Indonesia Environmental Fund Management Agency (IEF/BPDLH). BPDLH is mandated to manage and mobilize finance for environment and allowed to mobilize climate finance from various sources both national and international sources, private and public sources, bilateral and multilateral channels. Since its establishment in October 2019, BPDLH has managed reforestation fund from domestic sources about/of USD 143.86 million (forest levy paid by private sectors) and initiated REDD+ result-based payment of USD 103 million and energy sector of USD 1.76 million from international sources. 19 6.2 . T ECHNOLOGY D EVELOPMENT AND T RANSFER Indonesia acknowledges the central role of science, innovation, and technology in tackling climate change. Together with human resource development, science and technology advancement has been set as one of the four pillars of “Visi Indonesia 2045”. Climate technology development will be aligned with this vision and guided by Law on National System for Science and Technology (Law No. 11/2019).

Article 10 of the Paris Agreement recognizes the importance of technology for the implementation of mitigation and adaptation, and the needs of developing country for support, including for strengthening cooperation on technology development and transfer at different stages of the technology cycle. Needs Assessment is an integral part of technology development and transfer. Indonesia embarked on First Technology Needs Assessment (TNA) in 2010 focusing on mitigation, then followed by the 2nd TNA in 2012 covering both mitigation and adaptation. The outcomes of ongoing TNA that has been carried out since 2019 will provide guidance for technology development and transfer to support NDC implementation. The role of endogenous technology, local wisdom and best practices will continue to be strengthened. Indonesia also calls for international support and collaboration in research, development and demonstration (RD & D) of innovative technologies. International support on technology development and transfer will also be directed to address possible risks of the selected technology and constraints in the implementation process of technology transfer and collaboration. 6.3 . C APACITY B UILDING Capacity building on climate change has been carried out for many years by government institutions, international organisations, NGOs, and private sectors. Nevertheless, collecting data and information on the areas of capacity building and its progress, experiences and lessons remains challenging, and that gaps and overlaps in capacity building activities have been unavoidable. The main challenges in capacity building, include: a) diversity in regional circumstances, progress in development, culture and literacy which need considerable process both in tailoring program and approach in implementation, b) Insufficient coordination among capacity building programs and activities, including the ones with international supports. c) Inconsistency of data and information on capacity building programs and implementation, and that difficult to draw experiences and lessons as well as gaps and overlaps. 20 Capacity building program on climate change will be aligned with Indonesia vision on education which will focus on: (a) human resources development to build strong character, (b) regulatory reform to increase effectiveness and efficiency of capacity building programs and activities, (c) Increase investment in human resource development, including revitalisation of vocational education, (d) creation of employment and business opportunities, and (e) use of technology to increase efficiency in capacity building. Capacity building program and activities on climate change is one among a number of approaches to address just transition and decent work issues in mitigation and adaptation, including gender and inter-generational needs as well as the needs of vulnerable groups. A preliminary assessment on capacity building needs was done in 2018-2019 as part of national capacity building and technology needs assessment (CBTNA), which can be enhanced as part of the capacity building road map. Two interrelated instruments of capacity building will be used to support NDC implementation. The first instrument (General Instrument) will focus on integrating climate change into the national system on education, training, and other forms of capacity building, while the second instrument (Technical Instrument) will focus on capacity building programs for various actors in mitigation and adaptation. The General Instrument covers, inter alia, the following efforts: a) Increase public awareness through outreach and campaign. b) Improve provision of information accessible for public with different level of knowledge on climate change. c) Enhance stakeholder engagement in climate policy formulation and actions. d) Enhance collaboration and network at the local, national and international levels. The Technical Instrument specifically deals with capacity building programs for both institutions carrying out capacity building on climate change and actors (state and non- state) implementing climate change mitigation and adaptation. Depending on the target groups of capacity building, the program aims at capacity enhancement at least in planning and implementation of mitigation and adaptation including climate financing strategy, access to finance and technology, GHGs inventory, and MRV of actions and supports or in a broader scope for the implementation of the transparency framework mandated by Article 13 of the Paris Agreement.

Article 11 of the Paris Agreement encourages collaboration in capacity enhancement of developing country in implementing the agreement, with developed country parties provides support for the capacity building. The Paris Agreement and its relevant decisions also emphasize the needs of developing country for capacity building in implementing transparency framework. Indonesia will use domestic resources and mobilize international support to enhance its capacity to support NDC implementation, including for further development of national system on transparency framework and to progress with transformational changes in capacity building. Indonesia has received support to strengthen institutional capacity to comply with transparency requirement of the Paris Agreement. The support covers 3 following areas: institutional capacity strengthening for climate transparency, development of robust systems for GHG inventory, MRV of GHG emission reduction, and strengthened NDC implementation and tracking progress. 21 VII. REVIEW AND ADJUSTMENT The NDC reflects the most recent data and information, analysis, and scenario for possible future, by the Government of Indonesia. As a developing country, Indonesia will likely experience dynamic changes due to national and global economic changes. In this regard, the NDC will be reviewed and adjusted, as necessary, considering national circumstances, capacity and capability, and the provision under the Paris Agreement. 22 Annex 1 23

Annex 1 Enhanced Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) Republic of Indonesia MITIGATION Assumptions used for projected BAU and emission reduction (unconditional/CM1 and conditional/CM2 reduction) for all sector categories (Energy, Waste, IPPU, Agriculture, and FOLU) SECTOR: ENERGY No 2030 Mitigation Actions . BaU CM1 CM2 1 Renewable Energy (RE) - Additional RE in Power according to no additional RE PP Installed RE 20,923 Similar actions with RUPTL since 2010 MW CM1 but with further - Solar rooftop, PV *Wilus and Hydro no solar roof top Installed RE 15,483 enhanced/ expanded *Wilus, Off grid RE program MW utilisation of RE - Biofuel 400,000 KL FAME in 18 million KL FAME B-10 in B-40 - Cofiring no-cofiring program Biomass utilisation 9 Mton - Direct Utilisation of Biomass and no-direct utilisation 333,776 BOE Biogas for off-grid power generation program 2 Energy Efficiency - Enhanced Energy Management Oil fuel saving in 2010 oil fuel saving Similar actions with Mandatory will remain constant until 71 million BOE CM1 but with further 2030 enhanced/ expanded - Energy Efficiency Improvement of no EE improvement electricity saving mitigation in energy Equipment program 15,187 GWh efficiency measures - Electric Vehicle (EV) no EV Program 15,197,000 units - Street lighting with efficient lamp no EE program for street energy saving lighting 1,31 million BOE - Induction Electric Stove no induction electric 18,170,000 units stove program 3 Low Carbon Emitting Fuels - Oil Fuel Switching (from RON 88 to No Oil Fuel Switching 4,050,000 KL Similar actions with Higher RON) Program since 2010 CM1, with further - Kerosene to LPG Conversion Kerosene Use in 2010 8,247,000 Ton enhanced/ expanded - CNG for public transport No additional CNG for 1,029 MMSCFD mitigation through public transport program use of low carbon since 2010 emitting fuels - Gas Pipeline Network Expansion No Additional Expansion 10 million Program Since 2010 connections 4 Clean Coal Technology and Gas No Additional Clean 27,487 MW Further enhanced/ Power Plant Coal Technology and expanded clean coal Gas Power Plant Since and gas power plant 2010 5 Post Mine Reclamation No Additional Post Mine 81,069 Ha Further expansion of Reclamation Since 2010 post mine reclamation Note: *Wilus = electricity business region 24 Notes: 1. Energy Efficiency: Energy efficiency measures to be carried out by all energy consuming sectors (industry, commercial, transport, residential) through improvement of device efficiency and energy system efficiency including implementation of electric vehicle and its ecosystem. 2. Implementation of clean coal technologies in power plants: Clean coal technologies such as supercritical and ultra-supercritical coal-fired power plants and other technologies that will be implemented after they are commercially available. 3. Renewable energy in electricity production: Renewable power plants to be developed includes geothermal, hydropower, solar PV, wind turbine, biomass, and biofuel. Solar rooftop in residential, commercial and industry sectors 4. Implementation of biofuel in transportation sector: The main feedstock for the biofuel production will be palm oil. 5. Additional gas distribution lines (Gas pipeline for residential and commercial sectors): Construction of additional natural gas pipeline is intended to substitute the use of kerosene for cooking in residential and commercial sectors. 6. Compressed Natural Gas consumption (CNG fuelling station): CNG consumption is intended to increase gas consumption in transportation sector 25 SECTOR : A G R I C U L T U R E BAU CM1 CM2 Total use of land for low Total use of land for low 1. The use of low- No mitigation emission crops up to 902,000 emission crops up to 932,000 emission crops. actions. hectares in 2030*. hectares in 2030*. 2. Implementation of Implementation of water Implementation of water water-efficient No mitigation efficiency up to 2,583,000 efficiency up to 3,376,000 concept in water actions. hectares in 2030*. hectares in 2030*. management. No mitigation Application of organic fertilizer Application of organic fertilizer 3. Organic fertilizers actions up to 1,287,000 ton in 2030** up to 1,368,000 ton in 2030** 4. Manure Manure used for biogas will Manure used for biogas will No mitigation management for come from 166,000 cattle in come from 249,000 cattle in actions. biogas. 2030***. 2030*** Up to 6,942.000 of ruminants Up to 8,075.000 of ruminants 5. Feed supplement for No mitigation in 2030 will be supplied by in 2030 will be supplied by cattle. actions. feed supplement**** feed supplement**** Note: * The use of best available technology will increase crop productivity and lead to the decrease of land use change for agricultural purposes. ** The application of synthetic nitrogen fertilizer will reduce by 0.15 ton for every one-ton organic fertilizer *** With assumption that government’s subsidy will continue taking into consideration its high cost of investment). **** For CM1, it is about 27.4% of big ruminant population and 20% of small ruminant population and for CM2 it is about 37.4% of big ruminant population and 20% of small ruminant population. A. The index for paddy in and outside Java in 2030 will reach 2.2 and 1.7 respectively. It is assumed that most of paddy fields outside Java Island has been facilitated with irrigation system, while in Java most of irrigation system is working optimally (currently only 60-70% working optimally). B. Assumption used for crop index: for seasonal crop, the cropping Intensity or crop index is a ratio between the area of harvesting and the area of crop planted. Hence, the IP is 2 when the areas biannual planting cycle. For perennial crop, the crop index refers to crop fraction that harvestable (under productive ages). C. Assumption used for population/GDP and livestock: all projection scenarios for GDP employ the same livestock population. The set target for self-supporting meat is difficult to reach, and even the demand for meat would not be easily met. The livestock population growth follows historical data, which is lower than the rate of the meat demands. 26 S E C T O R : F O R E S T R Y A N D O T H E R L A N D U S E S ( F O L U ) A. Deforestation rate - Deforestation rate under BAU scenario for 2013-2020 is in line with the 1st FREL for REDD+, which is about 0.920 million ha/year, and consist of planned and unplanned deforestation. The rate for planned deforestation was calculated under existing development scenario. - For both CM1 and CM2 scenarios, it is assumed that the rate of unplanned deforestation is low and the total of planned and unplanned deforestation would not exceed 0.450 million ha. - Rate of deforestation for BAU 2021-2030 assumed to be 0.820 million ha/year, with scenario of CM1 comes into 0.359 and 0.175 million ha for CM2, respectively. BAU CM1 CM2 Note 2013-’20: 920 2013-’20: 459 2013-’20: 300 Total (000 ha) The total rates of 2020-’30: 820 2020-’30: 359 2020-’30: 175 deforestation are inputs and 1. Unplanned 2013-’20: 387 2013-’20: 209 2013-’20: 68 unplanned deforestation is Deforestation 2020-’30: 235 2020-’30: 146 2021-’30: 57 calculated as (Total 2. Planned Deforestation-Planned 2011-’30: result 2011-’30: result 2011-’30: result Deforestation Deforestation) from model from model from model (from the model) Forest Degradation Avoiding degradation of natural forest through controlling the illegal logging and increasing the production of timber plantation by accelerating the establishment of timber plantation and productivity. Assumption for wood production: 1. Some literatures recorded that the rate of wood extraction from sustainable natural forest ranges from 20 to 35 m3/ha. This work took an assumption of 50 m3/ha for wood extraction in 2010 (the difference between literature and assumption taken is from illegal logging. Rate of sustainable extraction is assumed to be 30 m3/ha 2. Target for wood production from natural forest under CM1 and CM2 scenarios follow Long-Term National Forestry Planning (Rencana Kehutanan Tingkat Nasional/RKTN) (MoF, 2011), while the BAU is higher, using data from the Association for Indonesian Forest Concessionaire (APHI). 3. The rate for establishing industrial forest plantation under BAU follows the historical data, with the percentage of feasible areas for planting is about 63% (Assumption from APHI, 2007) 4. It is assumed that all forests cleared would leave zero waste, and all woods from these areas would be useable. 5. Utilisation of wood from oil palm and rubber trees at the end of its cycle is at medium rate or about a half of the total production. Assumption for annual growth rate of natural forest: 1. Annual growth rate of plants in ton C/ha/year for natural forest was calculated based on the diameter growth in m3/ha/year with conversion factor of: a. Biomass Expansion Factor (BEF): 1.4 b. Wood density for natural forest: 0.7 t/m3 2. The estimated annual growth rate of natural forest based on the above assumption is 0.3 tC/ha/year to 0.33, representing the BAU rate. Under the CM1 and CM2, the rate is increased to 0.52 tC/ha/year and 0.98 tC/ha respectively. 27 3. The estimated growth rate for natural forest is lower than other published articles and also IPCC default ranged from 1 tC/ha/year and 3.5 tC/ha/year for logged forest >20 years and <20 years respectively. By adjusting or increasing the growth rate of natural forest through enrichment planting, capacity of Indonesian forest in sequestering carbon will increase significantly, thereby increasing emission reduction. B. Land Rehabilitation (afforestation/reforestation/timber plantation) 1. Increasing carbon sequestration in CM1 and CM2 from the BAU is conducted by increasing land rehabilitation program (afforestation and reforestation) and accelerating the establishment of timber plantation in unproductive lands (about 11.5 million ha in total) 2. The annual planting rate of timber plantation in CM1 and CM2 will reach 320 thousand ha per year (in total 6.4 million ha by 2030) 3. The annual planting rate for land rehabilitation will reach 280 thousand hectare per year (in total 5.6 million ha by 2030) Assumption for growth rate of timber plantation: 1. The rate of Industrial Plantation Forest (HTI) in ton C/ha/year was calculated based on data of measurable wood production volume in m3/ha, with BAU, CM1 and CM 2 in 2010 about 120 m3/ha and has been increased respectively to 134, 140 and 144 m3/ha in 2030 with the role of technology intervention. The intensification is in every 10 year and correction factors are as follows: a. BEF: 1.67 (IPCC Default) b. Wood density for HTI: 0.4 t/m3 2. Rotation of six years and survival rate of more than 85%. C. Peat water management Improvement of water management in peatland, i.e. by increasing water level up to 50 cm from the surface will reduce the decomposition of the peatland, The implementation of improved water management are in palm oil and timber plantation. It is targeted that in 2030 its implementation in palm oil plantation under CM1 and CM2 will reach 892,000 ha respectively while in timber plantation it will reach 329,000 ha and 548,000 ha respectively. D. Peatland Restoration Reducing emission from degraded peatland are carried out through rewetting and revegetation (peatland restoration). Under the BAU, it is assumed no restoration activities. Under CM1 and CM2, peat restoration will reach 2 million ha by 2030. Assumption for peatland restoration Rate of peat decomposition is assumed to be zero in the restored peatland as the peat condition will be the same as/closed to natural condition. Successful rate of peatland restoration is assumed to be 90% for both CM1 and CM2. 28 S E C T O R : W A S T E SUB-SECTOR: D O M E S T I C SOLID WASTE BAU CM1 CM2 1. LFG recovery and No LFG The implementation of Landfill The application of Landfill Gas utilisation Recovery Gas (LFG) recovery which is (LFG) recovery which is supported with the supported with the rehabilitation of an open rehabilitation of an open dumping TPA into a sanitary dumping TPA into a sanitary landfill and equipped with landfill and equipped with methane gas utilisation. methane gas utilisation. 1.5 million ton CO2-eq 1.5 million ton CO2-eq reduction comes from LFG reduction comes from LFG utilisation for >5,900 utilisation for >5,900 household and >45 MW LFG household and >45 MW LFG power. power. 2. Waste utilisation by No additional Treatment of waste by Treatment of waste by composting and activities or composting 3.7 million ton composting 3.7 million ton 3R (paper). enforcement MSW and 3R paper to MSW and 3R paper to on reuse/recycle paper up to 3.7 reuse/recycle paper up to 3.7 composting million ton. million ton. and 3R The facilities include: The facilities include: - Waste bank 762 unit - Waste bank 762 unit - TPST 2857 unit (1469 - TPST 2857 unit (1469 unit unit is integrated with is integrated with composting) composting) - TPS3R 3018 (1703 unit - TPS3R 3018 (1703 unit is is integrated with integrated with composting) composting) The target is to eliminate 4.8 The target is to eliminate 4.8 million ton CO2-eq million ton CO2-eq Utilisation of waste by Utilisation of waste by 3. PLTSa/RDF (Refuse converting to energy through converting to energy through Derived Fuel) RDF (in industry) or as RDF (in industry) or as No effort on implementation renewable energy source in renewable energy source in waste-to- energy PLTSa; PLTSa; Note: PLTSa = Pembangkit The PLTSa/RDF facilities is to The PLTSa/RDF facilities is to Listrik Tenaga Sampah treat 4.6 million ton MSW to treat 4.6 million ton MSW to avoid 1.9 million ton CO2-eq avoid 1.9 million ton CO2-eq No Utilisation of waste is Utilisation of waste is further 4. Utilisation of waste direction further enhanced with enhanced with additional to switch from on zero additional waste-to-energy waste-to-energy or MSW landfill disposal to landfill or MSW recovery & recovery & utilisation facilities zero landfill disposal utilisation facilities that treat that treat 10,2 million ton MSW disposal in 2060 10,2 million ton MSW in in 2030 to avoid 6.2 million ton 2030 to avoid 6.2 million ton CO2-eq CO2-eq 29 SUB-SECTOR: DOMESTIC LIQUID WASTE Management No Centralised / Integrated IPAL (city Centralised / Integrated IPAL (city of domestic mitigation /communal/region scale) operated /communal/region scale) operated liquid waste. actions. using aerobic system using aerobic system IPLT to treat sludge removal from IPLT to treat sludge removal from septic system septic system Biodigester and utilisation of Biodigester and utilisation of biogas biogas SUB-SECTOR: INDUSTRIAL WASTE BAU CM1 CM2 Management No mitigation Utilisation of WWTP sludge and Utilisation of WWTP sludge and of industrial actions. industrial solid waste through industrial solid waste through waste. composting, reuse as raw material, composting, reuse as raw material, use as energy, etc use as energy, etc Wastewater treatment in palm oil, Wastewater treatment in palm oil, pulp & paper, fruits/vegetables & pulp & paper, fruits/vegetables & juices processing, and other juices processing, and other industries: to implement methane industries: to implement methane capture & utilisation (biogas). capture & utilisation (biogas). The previous target of 3 million The previous target of 18 million ton ton CO2-eq is enhanced up to CO2-eq is enhanced up to 28 million 26 million ton CO2-eq ton CO2-eq (equivalent to 1.3 million (equivalent to 1.2 million ton ton CH4 recovery) CH4 recovery) 30 SECTOR: IPPU No. Mitigation Actions 2030 BaU CM1 CM2 1 Cement Industry GHG emission reduction target is GHG emission reduction 2.75 Mton CO2 target is 3.25 Mton CO2 Increase blended cement by 81% clinker to 70% clinker to cement ratio 65% clinker to cement ratio increasing the portion of cement ratio alternative material for reducing clinker to cement ratio1 2 Ammonia Plant GHG emission reduction target GHG emissions reduction is 3.95 Mton CO2 target is 4.65 Mton CO2 Projects for ammonia plant no renewal or Construction of 3 new plants2 to Further plant improvement, revitalisation to reduce plant improvement replace old plants (specific natural with specific natural gas natural gas consumption (specific natural gas consumption decreases from consumption 35 GJ/ton NH3 intensity gas consumption 45 to 40 GJ/ton NH3 in 2030) in 2030 45 GJ/ton NH3) Revamping of ammonia no revamping Revamping of several ammonia Additional plants for plants (increase plant plants revamping efficiency & reduce IPPU emissions) CO2 utilisation no CO2 emissions CO2 utilisation as feedstock for Further enhancement in the utilisation Na2CO3 production CO2 utilisation 3 Aluminum Industry CWPB (center Maintain improved plants operation - work pre-bake cell (automation of feeding system / tech.) hardware improvement from CWPB to bar-brake tech). GHG emissions reduction target is 0.1 Mton CO2-eq 4 Nitric acids industry no mitigation for Technology improvement (with Additional Installation of N2O and continue EF 8 - 9 Kg N2O/ton HNO3) and catalyst for N2O destruction. using existing installation non-selective catalyst GHG emissions reduction technology used reduction (NSCR) for N2O target is 0.2 Mton CO2-eq) since 2010 (with destruction (EF 2.5 Kg N2O/ton EF 10-19 Kg N2O HNO3). per ton HNO3) GHG emissions reduction target is 0.1 Mton CO2-eq) 5 Iron and Steel Industry no mitigation Improvement of smelter Further mitigation activities processes and scrap utilisation. in process improvement of Both will result in low GHG smelter and scrap emissions intensity. utilisation. Both will result in The GHG emissions reduction further GHG emissions target is 0.6 Mton CO2-eq) reduction. The GHG emissions reduction target is 0.9 Mton CO2-eq) Total IPPU Emissions 7 Mton CO2-eq 9 Mton CO2-eq Reduction, Mton CO2 31 Notes : 1. Green Industry Standard for Cement Industry require industry to reach clinker to cement ratio of 65% 2. The replacement of three old plants with the new ones had been carried out from 2015 to 2020. It should be noted that current world BPT (best practice technology) has natural gas consumption rate of 32 GJ/ton NH3 while the European best available technology (BAT) has 31.8 GJ/ton NH3, the world BAT has 28 GJ/ton NH3 (IEA, 2015), some of ammonia plants in Indonesia have 33-35 GJ/ton NH3 3. Computerisation process for automatic feeding system to reduce PFC and CO2 emissions losses through system software and hardware improvements and incorporating new algorithms in the control system that can reduce AE frequency, duration, and over voltage. REFERENCES ENERGY SECTOR o National Energy Policy (KEN) 2014, o Electricity Supply Business Plan (RUPTL) 2016-2025, o National Energy Plan (RUEN) 2016. AFOLU SECTOR o RKTN (Rencana Kehutanan Tingkat Nasional 2011-2030/Long-Term National Forestry Plan 2011-2030), o Industri Minyak Sawit Indonesia Menuju 100 Tahun NKRI/Indonesian Oil Palm Industry toward 100 year (GAPKI), o The Roadmap of Indonesia’s Forest Business Association (APHI) 2050, o Strategic Plan for Plantation/estate crops (including scenario for livestock), o Introduction Study on RPJMN 2015-2019 (BAPPENAS, 2013). WASTE SECTOR o Act No. 18/2008 regarding Solid Waste Management, o Government Regulation No. 81/2012 regarding Management of Domestic Solid Waste. 32 Annex 2 33

Annex 2 Enhanced Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) Republic of Indonesia ADAPTATION Key programs, Strategies, and Actions to achieve climate resilience targets (economic, social and livelihood, and ecosystem and landscape) Economic Resilience Climate change presents significant risks for Indonesia’s natural resources that will in turn affect the production and distribution of food, water and energy. As the population grows, there will be increasing pressures on Indonesia’s already limited resources. As a response, Indonesia plans to transform to low carbon economy and build resilience into its food, water and energy systems through the following key programs, strategies, and actions: KEY STRATEGY ACTION PRIORITY NOTE PROGRAM FIELD 1. Sustainable • Mainstreaming / • Identification, development Food • Potential agriculture and integrating and implementation of best synergy with plantations climate change practices for farmers’ implementation adaptation into economic empowerment. of UNCCD agricultural • Enhancing management and Food, • Potential co- sector, especially provision of ecosystem ecosystem benefit to for strategic services in agricultural mitigation in commodities. sector. AFOLU • Development of financing Food scheme for agriculture. • Development • Improve agricultural crops Food and protection from pests and implementation diseases. of climate • R & D to produce high Food adaptive quality (genetically technologies for improved) seeds and cultural sustainable techniques to increase production of productivity. agricultural crops • Improved water and plantations. management systems for Food, increasing resilience to ecosystem climate change. • Application of integrated Food cropping calendar 2. Integrated • Enhancing • Implementation of integrated Water, Potential synergy watershed synergy across upstream and downstream ecosystem with implementation management sectors and approach in forest of UNCCD regions in rehabilitation and watershed restoration, watershed management. management planning, and protection of terrestrial water resources. 34 KEY STRATEGY ACTION PRIORITY NOTE PROGRAM FIELD • Creating enabling Water, environment for integrating ecosystem, of Natural Disaster Risk disaster Management into business models and practices • Mainstreaming/I • Development of ecosystem Water, ntegrating services in watershed ecosystem climate change management. adaptation in • Identification, development Water watershed and implementation of best management to practices in watershed reduce risks/loss management. as a result of • Integrating watershed Water, climate-related management into Local ecosystem natural Spatial Planning disasters. 3. Reduction of • Mainstreaming/I • Strengthening Ecosystem Potential co-benefit deforestation ntegrating implementation of to mitigation in and forest climate change deforestation reduction AFOLU degradation adaptation in efforts, forest • Sustainable utilisation of Ecosystem management to non-wood products by local support and adat communities. mitigation • Identification, development Ecosystem actions and and implementation of best enhancement of practices and local wisdom economic in utilisation of natural resilience of forest resources. communities living in/surrounding forests. • Development • Creating enabling Ecosystem and environment for EFT. implementation • Facilitate, oversight, of enforcement and compliance Ecosystem environmentally on the implementation of friendly EFT. technologies (EFT) in production forest management. 35 KEY STRATEGY ACTION PRIORITY NOTE PROGRAM FIELD 4. Land • Avoiding • Integrated rehabilitation of Water, Potential synergy conservation conversion of degraded land and soil and ecosystem with implementation productive lands water conservation. of UNCCD for other uses. • Facilitate, oversight, Ecosystem enforcement and compliance to spatial plan. • Strengthening Ecosystem implementation of regulations relating to Spatial Planning • Development • Application of soil and water and conservation technology Water, implementation using mechanic and ecosystem of climate vegetation methods. adaptive • Identification, development technologies to and implementation of best Ecosystem support practices in land utilisation sustainable land and management. management practices. 5. Utilisation of • Integrated • Rehabilitation of degraded Energy, • Potential degraded land program on land with species suitable for ecosystem synergy with for renewable rehabilitation of energy. implementation energy degraded land • R & D to support sustainable Energy, of UNCCD and development biomass energy plantations ecosystem • Potential co- of biomass and the bio-energy benefit to energy industries. mitigation in AFOLU 6. Improved • Enhance • Energy efficiency campaign. Energy energy awareness of all efficiency and stakeholders on consumption the adaptation patterns benefits of mitigation through improved energy efficiency and consumption patterns 36 Social and livelihood resilience Climate change also affects the day-to-day lives of all Indonesians, but most severely Indonesia’s most vulnerable populations. Climate change-induced natural disasters will impact a greater number of people living below the poverty line, preventing asset accumulation. Rising food, water and energy prices, which often follow drought, floods, and other disasters, will drive the poor further into poverty. Socio-economic disparity will potentially contribute to political instability in regions most affected by climate change. To prevent further disparity, Indonesia plans to build social and livelihood resilience through the following key programs, strategies, and actions: KEY STRATEGY ACTION PRIORITY NOTE PROGRAM FIELD 1. Enhancement • Reducing vulnerability • Development of Early Disaster Potential of adaptive through improved Warning System (EWS). synergy capacity. capacity on social- • Capacity enhancement for Disaster with economy and all stakeholders in implemen livelihood. responding EWS. tation of • Awareness campaign, Disaster SFDRR education and training ? • Responding to climate • Addressing drivers of Health change impacts and vulnerability to climate managing risks change impacts. including health. • Enhance stakeholder Health participation at all levels in building climate resilience, including in health protection and waste management • Enhance Community Health capacity in reducing Climate Change impact on health 2. Development of • Enhancing community • Awareness campaign, Ecosystem Potential community capacity in natural education and training. Sinergy capacity and resource management with participation in as a source of income, implemen local planning including capacity in • Identification, development Ecosystem, tation of processes, to risk management and and implementation of best disaster CBD, secure access sustainable utilisation practices UNCCD, to key natural of natural resources. and resources; SFDRR • Strengthening • Development and Ecosystem community implementation of engagement in appropriate mechanisms for development planning community participation, process at all levels, taking into account gender taking into account participation, gender equity gender participation, and gender balance and gender equity and vulnerable groups (diffable, gender balance and children and elders), and vulnerable groups , cross intergenerational cross inter-generational needs needs 37 KEY STRATEGY ACTION PRIORITY NOTE PROGRAM FIELD • Facilitate and oversight to Ecosystem ensure community interests, including gender, are accommodated in development plan. 3. Ramping up • Increase effectiveness • Development and Disaster Potential disaster of natural disaster maintenance of natural sinergy preparedness preparedness and post disaster control with programs for disaster recovery infrastructures. SFDRR natural disaster program. • Revitalisation of climate Disaster risk reduction; related natural disaster control infrastructures based on climate change analysis. • Protection of cultural and Disaster historical sites • Empowering • Awareness campaign, Disaster communities in natural education and training disaster preparedness and post disaster recovery. 4. Identification of • Development and • Strengthening Information Ecosystem, Potential highly utilisation of System on vulnerability disaster synergy vulnerable information system index (Id. Sistem Informasi with areas in local and data provision on Data Indeks Kerentanan/ Sendai spatial and land vulnerability, risks, and SIDIK) Framewo use planning impacts of climate • Integration SIDIK with other Ecosystem, rk DRR efforts. change. related systems regarding disaster and vulnerability , risk and UNCCD impacts of climate change 5. Improvement of • Mainstreaming • Climate awareness Health, Potential human adaptation into spatial campaign, standard ecosystem, synergy settlements, planning and enforcement and oversight disaster with provision of strengthening in human settlement SFDRR basic services, compliance in the development, including and climate implementation of building and environmental resilient spatial plan. health. infrastructure development. • Integrating adaptation • Increase compliance to in infrastructure carrying capacity related Energy, development and regulations in infrastructure disaster maintenance. development. • Improve water resource management including soil Water, water, measures to deal with ecosystem disaster emergency. 6. Conflict • Strengthening • Implementation of complain Disaster prevention and coordination and and redress mechanisms. resolution. communication in policy formulation and implementation. 38 Ecosystem As an and country archipelagicLandscape Resilience with high biodiversity, Indonesia’s highly diverse ecosystems and landscapes provide various environmental services such as watershed protection, carbon sequestration and conservation, and disaster risk reduction. In order to build climate resilience, Indonesia protects and sustain these environmental services by taking an integrated, landscape-based approach in managing its terrestrial, coastal and marine ecosystems through the following key programs, strategies, and actions: KEY PROGRAM STRATEGY ACTION PRIORITY NOTE FIELD 1. Social forestry • Enhance • Awareness campaign Ecosystem Potential engagement of on the important role synergy with local and adat of forest and forest CBD and communities in areas in ecosystem UNCCD social forestry resilience. development process. • Strengthening • Facilitate, oversight Ecosystem implementation and compliance to of landscape sustainable principles approach in applied to each social forestry scheme of social forestry • Implementation • Creating enabling Ecosystem of EFT in social environment for EFT. forestry. • Identification, development and Ecosystem implementation of best practices applicable for social forestry 2. Coastal zone protection • Mainstreaming • Implementation of Ecosystem Potential adaptation into ecosystem-based synergy with policies and adaptation in coastal implementation programs on zone development. of Ramsar coastal zone • Implementation of Ecosystem Convention, and ocean. integrated CBD, SFDRR, management of and UNCCD mangrove ecosystem. • Enhance coastal zone Ecosystem and ocean pollution control, including marine litter and plastic debris. • Development of • Increase Ecosystem, climate resilient communication, disaster coastal zone. Education and Public Awareness (CEPA)on the important role of coastal ecosystem protection in natural disaster impact reduction 39 KEY PROGRAM STRATEGY ACTION PRIORITY NOTE FIELD • Restoration of Ecosystem degraded coastal zone as essential ecosystem. • Improve livelihood of Ecosystem communities living in or depending on coastal areas. 3. Ecosystem conservation • Enhance • Development and Ecosystem Potential and restoration ecosystem, implementation of in synergy with species and situ and ex situ implementation genetic conservation. of Ramsar conservation. • Prevention and Ecosystem Convention, eradication of invasive CBD, SFDRR, alien species. and UNCCD • Protection of existing and development of Ecosystem new marine protected areas. • Improve • Restoration of Ecosystem, functionality of degraded mangroves water integrated and peatland ecosystem to • Enhance conservation Ecosystem ensure education, including improvement of engaging adat essential communities for services. indigenous knowledge and local wisdom. 4. Integrated watershed • Developing • Improve watershed Water, Potential management climate resilient management planning ecosystem, synergy with watershed by taking into account disaster implementation ecosystem climate vulnerability, of Ramsar management. risks and impacts. Convention, • Developing policy CBD, SFDRR, instruments and tools Water, and UNCCD to assess climate ecosystem, vulnerability, risks, disaster and impacts to national priority watersheds. 1. Climate resilient cities. • Promote • Awareness campaign Ecosystem, development of on the importance of disaster climate proof integrating climate cities. vulnerability, risks and impacts in city planning and development. • Capacity building and Disaster institutional energy strengthening 40 KEY PROGRAM STRATEGY ACTION PRIORITY NOTE FIELD • Revitalisation of city Ecosystem, infrastructure to disaster increase adaptive capacity and resilience to climate change impacts. • Increase urban forest Disaster area and other green energy open spaces -- o 0 o -- 41