Water Supply (Pipes and Fittings) By-laws

SECTION 11-WATER SUPPLY (PIPES AND FITTINGS) BY-LAWS TABLE OF PROVISIONS BY-LAW 1. Short title 2. Interpretation 3. British Standard need not be strictly complied with provided fitting otherwise suitable 4. Application of by-laws 5. Exemption 6. Material of pipes 7. Pipes of lead and lead alloy 8. Jointing in lead and lead alloy pipes 9. Pipes of cast iron or asbestos cement 10. Material of wrought iron or steel 11. Pipes of copper 12. Bends or curves in pipes 13. Support of pipes 14. Protection of pipes 15. Protection of water fittings 16. Accessibility of water fittings 17. Provision of stopcocks 18. Stopcocks on storage cisterns 19. Taps and sluice valves 20. Ball valves 21. Valves on storage cisterns 22. Air holes in valves 23. Prohibition of ball valve in hot water storage cisterns 24. Pipes to be used only to convey Commissioner's water supply 25. Flushing pipe on water closet 26. Cisterns 27. Mild steel cisterns 28. Domestic cisterns to be kept free from risk of contamination 29. Ball valves to be fitted 30. Capacity of cisterns 31. Requirements for cold water storage cisterns not exceeding 1,000 gallons 32. Requirements for cold water storage cisterns exceeding 1,000 gallons 33. Storage cisterns to be above ground 34. Certain supplies to be controlled by bib tap or stopcock 35. Requirements for geysers, etc. 36. Mixing valves, etc., not to be supplied with cold water direct from service pipe 37. Hot water pipes 38. Hot water taps S-12 Water Supply Cap. 144 Rev. 1985 Subsidiary Legislation 39. Requirements for hot water cylinders or tanks 40. Minimum water levels in hot water system 41. Requirements for baths, lavatory basins, sinks, etc. 42. Requirements for flushing apparatus for water closets and urinals 43. Prevention of waste from standpipes 44. Prevention of waste from watering-troughs 45. Disconnection of water fittings 46. Notice to be given of alterations 47. Penalty Legal Notices Nos. 59 of 1955, 19 of 1979 Short title 1. These By-laws may be cited as the Water Supply (Pipes and Fittings) By-laws. lnterpretation 2. In these By-laws, unless the context otherwise requires "British Standard" means a standard or specification issued by the British Standards Institution, a copy of which is available for inspection at the offices of the Commissioner; "capacity", in relation to a storage cistern, means the capacity of the cistern measured up to the water-line; "corrosion-resisting alloy" means an alloy which ( a) is highly resistant to corrosion by the water supplied by the Commissioner; and (b) has a tensile strength of not less than 11 tons per square inch of sectional area; "cylinder" means a cylindrical closed vessel capable of containing water under pressure greater than atmospheric pressure; "feed cistern" means any storage cistern used for supplying cold water to a hot water apparatus; "stopcock" includes stoptap, stopvalve and any other device for stopping the flow of water in a line of pipes at will; "storage cistern" means any cistern, other than a flushing cistern, having a free water surface under atmospheric pressure from which water supplied by the Commissioner is delivered for use otherwise than through a draw-off tap fixed to the cistern; "tank" means a non-cylindrical closed vessel capable of containing water under pressure greater than atmospheric pressure; "temporary purpose", in relation to the use of any pipe, means building, demolition or constructional work during such period as the work is in progress or any other temporary purpose during a period not exceeding one month or such longer period, not exceeding 3 months, as the Commissioner may approve in any particular case; "warning pipe" means an overflow pipe so fixed that its outlet end is in an exposed and conspicuous position where the discharge of any water therefrom may be readily seen; Cap. 144 Rev. 1985 Subsidiary Legislation Water Supply S-13 "water-line", in relation to a cistern, means the top water level at which the cistern is designed to work. British Standard need not be strictly complied with provided fitting otherwise suitable 3. Any requirements in these By-laws that a water fitting shall comply with a British Standard shall ( a) extend only to so much of that Standard as relates to the size, nature, materials, strength and workmanship of such fitting; and (b) be deemed to be satisfied, notwithstanding any departure from such Standard, if that departure does not adversely affect the efficiency or suitability of the fitting in relation to the purposes for which these By-laws are made. Application of By-laws 4.-(1) A person shall not, for the purpose of conveying, delivering, receiving, or using water supplied by the Commissioner ( a) use any water fitting which is of such a nature, or is so arranged or connected, as to cause or permit, or be likely to cause or permit, waste, undue consumption, misuse, erroneous measurement or contamination of water or reverberation in pipes; (b) use any water fitting which is not in accordance with such of the particular requirements of these By-laws as may be applicable to it; nor (c) arrange, connect, disconnect, alter or renew any water fitting in contravention of any requirement of these By-laws. (2) These By-laws shall not apply so as to require any person to alter or renew any water fitting lawfully fixed at the date when these By-laws come into force or to provide any addition thereto unless such fitting is so defective or in such condition or position as to cause or be likely to cause waste, undue consumption, misuse, erroneous measurement or contamination of water supplied by the Commissioner, or reverberation in pipes. Exemption 5. Where water supplied by the Commissioner is (a) discharged openly into a cistern from a point not less than 6 inches above the overflowing level thereof; and (b) conveyed therefrom for use in some industrial or research process, the following by-laws shall not apply in relation to any water fitting supplied with water from such cistern as used solely in connection with such process, in so far as the nature of that process renders compliance with the said by-laws impracticable. Material of pipes 6. Every pipe shall be of suitable material and of sufficient strength to withstand a test pressure not less than double the maximum pressure to which the pipe will be liable to be subjected under working conditions. Pipes of lead and lead alloy 7. Every pipe of lead or lead alloy shall ( a) comply (i) in the case of lead pipes-with British Standard 602: 1939 for lead pipes for other than chemical purposes; and S-14 Water Supply (ii) in the case of lead alloy pipes Cap. 144 Rev. 1985 Subsidiary Legislation (A) with British Standard 603: 1941 for lead pipes (B.N.F. ternary alloy (No. 2)); or (B) with British Standard 1085: 1946 for lead pipes (silver-copper lead alloy); and (b) in any case, be of not less than the minimum weight per linear yard specified in the relevant Standard as appropriate for the maximum pressure to which the pipe will be liable to be subjected under working conditions. Jointing in lead and lead alloy pipes 8.-(1) Every joint in a lead or lead alloy pipe shall be made by means of a water-tight wiped soldered joint of the type known as a plumber's joint or some other equally efficient and suitable water-tight joint. (2) Where any water fitting is connected to a lead or lead alloy pipe by means of a wiped joint not less than 1 ¼ inches of such fitting shall be included within the wiped joint. Pipes of cast iron or asbestos cement 9. Every pipe of cast iron (vertically cast), spun cast iron or asbestos cement shall (a) be of sufficient strength to withstand a test pressure not less than double the pressure to which the pipe will be liable to be subjected under working conditions; and (b) subject thereto, comply with the appropriate British Standard as shown hereunder: Material of pipe British Standard Cast iron (vertically cast) ................ 78: 1938 for cast iron pipes (vertically cast) for water, gas and sewage. Spun cast iron ...... ,........................... 1211: 1945 for centrifugally cast (spun) iron pipes for water, gas and sewage. Asbestos cement.. ............................ 486: 1933 for asbestos cement pressure pipes. Material of wrought iron or steel 10.-(1) Every pipe of wrought iron or steel shall (a) comply with (i) the requirements of pipes of steam (heavy) quality contained in British Standard 788: 1938 for wrought iron tubes and tubulars; or (ii) the requirements for Class C pipes contained in British Standard 1387: 1947 for steel tubes and tubulars, as the case may be; and (b) be efficiently protected against external corrosion and, unless forming part of a closed circuit from which water is not drawn, against internal corrosion. (2) Every malleable cast iron fitting used in connection with any such pipe shall comply with the relevant requirements of British Standard 143: 1938 or 1256: 1945 for malleable cast iron. (3) Cast copper alloy pipe fittings shall be efficiently protected against Cap. 144 Rev. 1985 Subsidiary Legislation Water Supply S-15 external corrosion and, unless forming part of a closed circuit from which water is not drawn, against internal corrosion. Pipes of copper 11.-(1) Every pipe of copper connected by means of screw joints shall comply with British Standard 61: Part I: 1947 for copper tubes (heavy gauge) for general purposes and every screw thread used in connection with such joints shall comply with British Standard 61: Part 2: 1946 for screw threads for copper tubes. (2) Copper alloy pipe fittings and copper alloy 3 piece unions for copper pipes screwed in accordance with Table 1 of British Standard 61: Part 2: 1946, shall comply respectively with British Standard 99: 1922 and British Standard 66: 1914. (3) Cast copper alloy pipe fittings, for copper pipes screwed in accordance with Table 4 of British Standard 61: Part 2: 1946 shall comply with the relevant requirements of British Standard 143: 1938 or 1256: 1945 for malleable cast iron and cast copper alloy pipe fittings. (4) Every pipe of copper to be connected by means of compression fittings or capillary fittings or by bronze or autogenous welding ( a) if laid under the ground, shall comply with British Standard 1386: 1947 for copper tubes to be buried underground; and (b) if not laid under the ground, shall comply with British Standard 659: 1944 for light gauge copper tubes. (5) Every such capillary fitting or compression fitting shall comply with British Standard 864: 1945 for capillary fittings and compression fittings of copper or copper alloy for use with light gauge copper tube, and every such compression fitting on any pipe laid under the ground shall be of Type B. Bends or curves in pipes 12. No bend or curve in any pipe shall be made so as materially to diminish the waterway or alter the internal diameter of the pipe in any part. Support of pipes 13. Every pipe shall be adequately supported and shall be so aligned as to avoid air locks. Protection of pipes 14.-(1) Every pipe laid under the ground shall be reasonably protected from corrosion and risk of injury and, when not beneath a building, shall, where practicable, be not less than 18 inches below the surface of the ground: Provided that this by-law shall not apply to any pipe which is used only for a temporary purpose. (2) No pipe shall be ( a) laid so as to pass into or through any sewer, drain, or cesspool, or any man-hole connected therewith, or into or through any ash pit or manure pit; or (b) except where unavoidable, shall not be laid through or allowed to remain in contact with any foul soil or any material of such a nature that it would be likely to cause undue deterioration of such pipe. (3) Where the laying of any such pipe through foul soil or injurious material cannot be avoided, the pipe shall be sufficiently protected from contact with such soil or material, either by being carried through an exterior corrosion-resisting tube or by some other suitable means. S-16 Water Supply Protection of water fittings Cap. 144 Rev. 1985 Subsidiary Legislation 15. Every water fitting, other than a warning pipe or other overflow pipe, laid or fixed in such a position, whether inside or outside a building, as to render it liable to damage shall be reasonably protected from such damage or injury. Accessibility of water fittings 16. Every water fitting within a building shall, so far as is reasonably practicable, be so placed as to be readily accessible for examination, repair or replacement. Provision of stopcocks 17.-(1) In addition to any stopcock fitted by the Commissioner every service pipe supplying water to any building, or to any part of a building the supply to which is separately chargeable, shall be fitted with a stopcock inside, and as near as practicable to the point of entry of such pipe into the building or part thereof. (2) Where the last mentioned stopcock has an internal diameter of less than 2 inches, it shall comply with the requirements for stoptaps contained in British Standard 1010; 1944 for bib, pillar, globe and stoptaps. (3) Where the said stopcock has an internal diameter of more than 2 inches, it shall comply with British Standard 1218: 1946 for sluice valves for waterworks purposes. (4) Where the said stopcock has an internal diameter of 2 inches, it shall conform with the requirements of one or other of paragraphs (2) and (3). Stopcocks on storage cisterns 18. A stopcock shall be fitted on every outlet pipe, other than a warning pipe, from a storage cistern, and as near to the cistern as practicable Taps and sluice valves 19.-(1) Every bib, pillar, globe and stoptap of the ordinary screw-down pattern and of a nominal size not exceeding 2 inches shall comply with British Standard 1010: 1944 for such taps. (2) Every bib, pillar, globe and stoptap, not being of the ordinary screw-down pattern, shall be capable of resisting a pressure of at least 300 pounds to the square inch, and every valve, spindle, and other internal part and, where the nominal size of the tap does not exceed 2 inches, the body thereof, shall be made of a corrosion-resisting alloy: Provided that the requirements herein contained with regard to pressure shall not apply to a control valve on a closed circuit from which water is not drawn. (3) Every sluice valve of a nominal size of 2 inches or more shall comply with British Standard 1218: 1946 for sluice valves for waterworks purposes of Class 1 or Class 2 according to the pressure to which the valve will be liable to be subjected under working conditions. Ball valves 20.-(1) Every ball valve of the "Portsmouth" type and of a nominal size not exceeding 2 inches shall comply with British Standard 1212: 1946 for such ball valves. (2) Every ball valve, not being of the "Portsmouth" type, shall be sound and Cap. 144 Rev. 1985 Subsidiary Legislation Water Supply suitable and comply with the following requirements: S-17 ( a) every high pressure valve shall close against a test pressure of 200 pounds to the square inch, every medium pressure valve shall close against a test pressure of 100 pounds to the square inch, and every low pressure valve shall close against a test pressure of 40 pounds to the square inch, and (i) every such valve, not being a valve having an interchangeable orifice seating, shall have the letters "H.P.", "M.P.", or "L.P." respectively cast or stamped on the body of the fitting; and (ii) every valve shall, while held in the closed position, be capable of resisting a pressure of 300 pounds to the square inch; (b) every valve of the piston type shall be provided with a washer of suitable vulcanized rubber, or some other equally suitable material, and, for valves of nominal sizes not exceeding 2 inches, the washer shall be enclosed in an internally flanged cap screwed to the position; (c) for every valve of a nominal size not exceeding 2 inches (i) the body and the piston shall be of a corrosion-resisting alloy; (ii) the lever shall be a corrosion-resisting alloy or of copper and shall be of sufficient rigidity not to bend permanently under working conditions; and (iii) the float shall comply with the requirements of British Standard 1212: 1946; ( d) every valve of ferrous metal of a nominal size exceeding 2 inches shall (i) be provided with a flange on its inlet complying with British Standard 78: 1938, Appendix A, Table C; (ii) be protected against corrosion by dipping in accordance with the requirements of British Standard 1218: 1946 or by galvanizing in accordance with the requirements of British Standard 1387: 1947; and (iii) have all its working surfaces lined or faced with, and its orifice seating of, a corrosion-resisting alloy. (3) Every ball valve, when fixed to a cistern, shall have the size of the orifice, the size of the float and the length of the lever so proportioned to one another that, when the float is immersed to an extent not exceeding half its volume, the ball valve shall be water-tight against the higher pressure at which it may be required to work. Valves on storage cisterns 21. Every ball valve or float-operated valve fitted to a storage cistern shall be (a) securely and rigidly fixed thereto above the water-line; and (b) supported independently of the inlet pipe ( unless such inlet pipe is itself rigid and rigidly fixed to the cistern) in such a position that no part of the body of the valve will be submerged when the cistern is charged to its overflowing level. Air holes in valves 22. Where a ball valve or float-operated valve is provided with a pipe so arranged as to discharge water into a cistern below its overflowing level, an air hole shall be provided in the outlet chamber of the valve above such level of a size S-18 Water Supply Cap. 144 Rev. 198S Subsidiary Legislation sufficient to prevent siphonage of water back through the valve. Prohibition of ball valve in hot water storage cisterns 23. No ball valve shall be fitted to a hot water storage cistern. Pipes to be used only to convey Commissioner's water supply 24.-(1) No service pipe or cistern used for the reception or conveyance of water supplied by the Commissioner shall be used, or so connected that it can be used, for the reception or conveyance of any water other than that supplied by the Commissioner: Provided that, where the water supplied from the Commissioner's mains to any cistern is discharged into the air not less than 6 inches above the top edge thereof, this by-law shall not apply to such cistern or to any pipe leading therefrom. (2) For the purpose of this by-law, water supplied by the Commissioner shall, after being used for any purpose, be deemed to be water not so supplied. Flushing pipe on water closet 25. No pipe, other than a flushing pipe leading from a flushing apparatus, shall deliver water to the pan of any water closet or to any urinal. Cisterns 26. Every storage cistern shall be water-tight, of adequate strength, properly supported and shall be constructed of suitable material. Mild steel cisterns 27. Every storage cistern of mild steel and having a capacity not exceeding 1,000 gallons shall comply with the requirements for grade A or B cisterns contained in British Standard 417: 1944 for galvanized mild steel cisterns, tanks and cylinders. Domestic cisterns to be kept free from risk of contamination 28. No storage cistern used in connection with a supply of water for domestic purposes shall be placed in such a position as to render the water therein liable to contamination, and every such cistern shall be (a) suitably covered, but not so as to be air-tight; and (b) so placed and fitted that the interior thereof can be readily inspected and cleansed. Ball valves to be fitted 29. The inlet pipe of every flushing cistern or range of flushing cisterns, not being automatic flushing cisterns, and of every storage cistern or range of storage cisterns, shall be fitted with a ball valve, a float-operated valve or some other effective means of controlling the inflow of water so designed as to prevent overflow. Capacity of cisterns 30.-(1) Every storage cistern not used as a feed cistern shall have a capacity of not less than 25 gallons, and if used both as a feed cistern and as a storage cistern for other purposes, shall have a capacity of not less than 50 gallons. (2) Every feed cistern supplying cold water to a hot water cylinder or tank not Cap. 144 Rev. 1985 Subsidiary Legislation Water Supply S-19 forming part of a self-contained water heating apparatus shall have a capacity of not less than 25 gallons. Requirements for cold water storage cisterns not exceeding 1,()()() gallons 31. Every cold water storage cistern of a capacity not exceeding 1,000 gallons and every flushing cistern shall comply with the following requirements: ( a) it shall be fitted with an efficient warning pipe and with no other overflow pipe; (b) the internal diameter of the warning pipe shall be greater than the internal diameter of the inlet pipe and in no case less than ¾"; and (c) the overflowing level of the warning pipe shall be set (i) below the top edge of the cistern at a distance of not less than twice the diameter of the warning pipe; and (ii) above the water line at a distance of not less than one inch or not less than the internal diameter of the warning pipe, whichever is the greater. Requirements for cold water storage cisterns exceeding J,()()() gallons 32. Every cold water storage cistern of a capacity exceeding 1,000 gallons shall comply with the following requirements ( a) it shall be fitted with an efficient overflow pipe, and, if such overflow pipe is not a warning pipe, shall also be fitted with an efficient warning pipe or some other effective device so arranged as to indicate when the water in the cistern reaches a level not less than 2 inches below the overflowing level of the overflow pipe; (b) where a warning pipe, but no other overflow pipe, is fitted the warning pipe shall comply with the requirements of (b) and (c) of by-law 32; and (c) where both a warning pipe and an overflow pipe other than a warning pipe are fitted, the internal diameter of the warning pipe shall be not less than one inch. Storage cisterns to be above ground 33. No storage cistern shall be buried or sunk in the ground: Provided that this by-law shall not apply if ( a) the water to be stored in the cistern is supplied by meter and is discharged into the air not less than 6 inches above the top edge of the cistern; and (b) the cistern is fitted with an efficient warning pipe or other effective device as required by by-law 32 or by-law 33, as the case may be. Certain supplies to be controlled by bib tap or stopcock 34. Where any boiler, geyser or other hot water apparatus, or any gas producer, gas engine, oil engine or other apparatus in or by which water supplied by the Commissioner is heated, is not supplied with cold water from a feed cistern, the supply shall be controlled by a bib tap or stopcock and shall not be connected directly to the water contained in the apparatus but shall be discharged into the air above the overflowing level of the apparatus: Provided that this by-law shall not apply in the case of ( a) a thermostatically controlled electric storage water heater of a capacity S-20 Water Supply not exceeding 3 gallons; Cap. 144 Rev. 1985 Subsidiary Legislation (b) a gas geyser or multipoint heater of a capacity not exceeding 3 gallons, fitted with an inlet valve automatically controlling both gas and water so that no gas can be released (otherwise than through a by-pass) by the apparatus unless water is flowing through the geyser or heater, and not fitted with a packed gland or spindle through which any leakage between the gas and water spaces could occur, if (i) in either case, the apparatus is not thereby subjected to a working pressure higher than that for which it is designed; and (ii) every draw-off point is in the open air above the overflowing level of any bath, lavatory basin, sink, or other appliance supplied th~refrom. Requirements for geysers, etc. 35.-(1) No geyser or other hot water apparatus connected to a service pipe shall have any connection on its outlet side with any water fitting containing water supplied otherwise than through the geyser or other hot water apparatus. (2) Where cold water is supplied to any geyser or other hot water apparatus from a feed cistern ( a) the outlet from the cistern to such apparatus shall be 2 inches above the bottom of the cistern, or such greater distance as may be made necessary by the mode of construction of the cistern; and (b) water shall be delivered therefrom to the hot water apparatus only. (3) Where a feed cistern, in addition to supplying cold water to a geyser or other hot water apparatus, is used as a storage cistern for other purposes, any outlet for those other purposes shall be at the same level as the outlet to the hot water apparatus. Mixing valves, etc., not to be suplied with cold water direct from service pipe 36. No mixing valve or combination tap assembly in which hot water and cold water are mixed, other than any such valve assembly forming part of an electric or gas water heater permitted by by-law 35 to be connected directly to a service pipe, shall be supplied with cold water directly from a service pipe. Hot water pipes 37. Every pipe used for conveying hot water shall be of galvanized steel or galvanized wrought iron, lead, copper or of some corrosion-resisting alloy: Provided that this by-law shall not prohibit the use of ( a) cast iron pipes of not less than 2 inches internal diameter, if suitable provision for their expansion is made; or (b) non-galvanized steel or wrought iron pipes, if they form part of a closed circuit from which water is not drawn. Hot water taps 38. No tap used for the purpose of drawing hot water shall be fixed at a greater distance (measured along the axis of the pipe by which the tap is supplied) from a hot water apparatus or hot water cistern, cylinder or tank, or from a flow and return system, than the distance appropriate to the largest internal diameter of any part of the said pipe as shown in the following table: Cap. 144 Rev. 1985 Subsidiary Legislation Water Supply TABLE Not exceeding ..................................................... . Exceeding ¾ inch but not exceeding ................. . Exceeding ........................................................... . Largest Internal diameter of pipe ¾ inch 1 inch 1 inch Requirements for hot water cylinders or tanks S-21 Distance in feet 40 25 10 39.-(1) Every hot water cylinder or tank not forming part of self-contained water heating apparatus shall be ( a) of such a size that it will hold not less than 25 gallons; (b) constructed of suitable material; and (c) adequately supported: Provided that, in the case of a hot water system comprising more than one hot water cylinder or tank at different levels, the requirements of this by-law as to size shall apply only to the lowest cylinder or tank. (2) Every hot water cylinder or tank of such a size that it will hold not less than 25 gallons shall ( a) if made of mild steel, comply with the requirements for cylinders or tanks, as the case may be, of British Standard 417: 1944 for galvanized mild steel cisterns, tanks and cylinders; and (b) if made of copper, comply with British Standard 699: 144 for copper cylinders for domestic purposes (grades 1, 2 and 3). Minimum water levels in hot water system 40. No tap or other means of drawing water (other than a tap with a removable key for emptying the system for cleaning or repair) shall be connected to any part of a hot water system below the top of the hot water storage cistern, cylinder or tank in such a way that the level of the water in the cistern, cylinder or tank can be lowered more than one-fourth of its depth: Provided that ( a) in the case of hot water systems in which water is heated only by thermostatically controlled gas or electricity and the storage cistern, cylinder or tank has a capacity of not less than 200 gallons, this by-law shall apply with the substitution of the fraction "three-fourths" for the fraction "one-fourth"; (b) in the case of a hot water system comprising more than one hot water cylinder or tank at different levels, this by-law shall apply only to the lowest cylinder or tank; (c) this by-law shall not apply in the case of an open vessel in which water is directly heated. Requirements for baths, lavatory basins, sinks etc. 41.-(1) Every inlet to a fixed bath, lavatory basin or sink shall be distinct from, and unconnected with, any outlet therefrom and every outlet for emptying such bath, lavatory basin, or sink shall be provided with a well-fitting and easily accessible watertight plug or some other equally suitable apparatus. (2) Such bath, basin or sink shall also be provided with an overflow. (3) The level of the point of discharge of the hot or cold water to a fixed bath, lavatory basin, or sink shall be above the level of the overflow. S-22 Water Supply Cap. 144 Rev. 1985 Subsidiary Legislation Requirements for flushing apparatus for water closets and urinals 42.-(1) Every water closet and every urinal shall be provided with a flushing cistern or with some other equally efficient and suitable flushing apparatus. (2) Every flushing cistern serving a water closet shall be so designed as to give a flush of 2 gallons, with a permitted variation of plus or minus 5 per cent and, subject thereto, shall comply with British Standard 1125: 1945 for water closet flushing cisterns. (3) Every hand operated flushing cistern serving a urinal shall be so designed as to give a flush of one gallon per stall or per 2 feet, 3 inches width of slab, with a permitted variation of plus or minus 5 per cent and, subject thereto, shall comply with British Standard 1125: 1945 for water closet flushing cisterns. Preventjon of waste from standpipes 43. Every standpipe which is used by the occupants of more than one house shall be provided with a non-concussive self-closing or other suitable waste preventing tap. Prevention of waste from watering troughs 44. Every pipe supplying water to a watering-trough for animals shall be fitted with a ball valve or some other effective means of controlling the inflow of water, so designed as to prevent overflow, fixed in a separate compartment and protected by a cover. Disconnection of water fittings 45. Where any water fitting is to be permanently disconnected, so much of any pipe which supplies water to that fitting only and is not required to supply water to any other fitting, shall also be disconnected. Notice to be given of alterations 46. Before fixing or altering ( otherwise than by way of repair or renewal) any water fitting in connection with any existing supply of water from the Commis sioner, a person shall give to the Commissioner at least 3 days' notice in writing of his intention so to do. Penalty 47. Any person who contravenes any of the provisions of paragraph (1) of by-law 4 shall be guilty of an offence and shall be liable, on conviction, to a fine not exceeding $400 or to imprisonment for a term not exceeding 6 months, or to both such fine and imprisonment. (Substituted by Legal Notice 19 of 1979.) Cap. 144 Rev. 1985 Subsidiary Legislation Water Supply SECTION 11-WATER SUPPLY (SHIPPING) BY-LAWS TABLE OF PROVISIONS BY-LAW 1. Short title 2. Readings of existing meters 3. Charge to ships 4. Repeal S-23. Legal Notice No. 33 of 1984 Short title 1. These By-laws may be cited as the Water Supply (Shipping) By-Laws. Readings of existing meters 2. The charges fixed by these By-laws shall apply in respect of all readings of existing meters made on or after 1 April 1984. Charge to ships 3. The charge for water supplied to ships is ( a) in respect of a Fiji registered ship-either (i) 31.80 cents a cubic metre or part of a cubic metre; or (ii) 31.80 cents a tonne (of 1000 litres) or part of a tonne, whichever shall apply, as measured by meter or otherwise determined by the Commissioner for Water Supply; and (b) in respect of other ships-either (i) $1.41 a cubic metre or part of a cubic metre; or (ii) $1.41 a tonne (of 1000 litres) or part of a tonne, whichever shall apply, as measured by meter or otherwise determined by the Commissioner for Water Supply. Repeal 4. The Water Supply (Shipping) By-Laws 1980 (published as Legal Notice No. 157 of 1980) are repealed.