National Circular Economy Roadmap of Ethiopia

Se – Rec Circular neery - Ieteesive Value-Chaies ie the Hiyh-Impact Sectors Coeduct Baseliee Studies aed Selectioe of Value Chaies ie Beeie, Niyer, Niyeria aed Seeeyal - Reyioeal Pilot Project oe Circular ncoeom . Traesitioe to a July 2025 National Circular Economy Roadmap of Ethiopia Cleae neery Circular ncoeom throuyh Sector WWW.ACnNFOUNDATION.ORG National Circular Economy Roadmap of Ethiopia July 2025 Table of Content Contents Page List of Tables ............................................................................................................................................. i Acroe ms ................................................................................................................................................. i Ackeowledyemeets ................................................................................................................................. ii Foreword ................................................................................................................................................ iii nxecutive Summar ................................................................................................................................. v 1. INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................................. 1 1.1. Scopiey the Circular ncoeom Roadmap ................................................................................ 2 1.1.1. Circular ncoeom ............................................................................................................. 2 1.1.2. Geoyraphical Area ........................................................................................................... 3 1.1.3. Time period ..................................................................................................................... 4 1.1.4. Priorit sectors ................................................................................................................ 4 1.2. Approach aed Methodoloy ................................................................................................... 5 1.3. Structure of the Roadmap ....................................................................................................... 7 2. CIRCULAR nCONOMY IN nTHIOPIA ................................................................................................. 9 2.1. nthiopia’s Curreet nfforts Towards Circular ncoeom ............................................................. 9 2.2. Circular ncoeom Poteetials aed Opportueities ie nthiopia ................................................. 12 2.2.1. Polic Laedscape ........................................................................................................... 12 2.2.2. Iestitutioeal Capacit .................................................................................................... 13 2.2.3. Stakeholder ncos stem ................................................................................................. 14 2.2.4. Fieaece .......................................................................................................................... 15 3. VISION AND MISSION ................................................................................................................... 16 3.1. Visioe ..................................................................................................................................... 16 3.2. Missioe .................................................................................................................................. 16 4. GOALS AND ACTIONS ................................................................................................................... 18 4.1. Cross-cuttiey (Horizoetal) Sectors, Goals aed Actioes .......................................................... 18 4.1.1. Waste Maeayemeet ...................................................................................................... 18 4.1.2. Water aed Wastewater ................................................................................................. 32 4.2. Priorit (vertical) Sectors, Goals aed Actioes ........................................................................ 37 4.2.1. Maeufacturiey aed Iedustrial parks ........................................................................ 37 4.2.2. Textiles aed Apparel .................................................................................................. 46 4.2.3. Leather .......................................................................................................................... 52 4.2.4. Packayiey....................................................................................................................... 59 4.2.5. Ayriculture, Food aed Forestr ..................................................................................... 67 4.2.6. Coestructioe aed Urbaeizatioe ..................................................................................... 78 4.3. neabliey nlemeets ................................................................................................................. 88 4.3.1. Ieclusivit aed Job Creatioe .......................................................................................... 88 4.3.2. Trade aed Collaboratioe ................................................................................................ 93 4.3.3. nducatioe aed Capacit Buildiey ................................................................................... 98 4.3.4. Busieess aed Fieaece Support .................................................................................... 103 5. FINANCIAL RnSOURCn MOBILIZATION ....................................................................................... 107 5.1. Fieaecial sources ................................................................................................................. 108 5.1.1. Ietereatioeal Doeors aed Developmeet parteers ....................................................... 108 5.1.2. Natioeal, Reyioeal or Ietereatioeal Oryaeizatioes ...................................................... 109 5.1.3. Natioeal, reyioeal or ietereatioeal fuediey proyrammes ........................................... 109 5.1.4. Natioeal or Reyioeal fueds .......................................................................................... 109 5.1.5. Natioeal fieaecial iestrumeets .................................................................................... 110 5.1.6. Natioeal Budyet .......................................................................................................... 110 5.2. Fieaecial Resource Mobilizatioe Stratey ........................................................................... 110 6. GOVnRNANCn AND ROLnS ......................................................................................................... 113 6.1. Hiyh level Ieter-Mieisterial Couecil ..................................................................................... 114 6.2. Techeical Advisor Couecil (TAC) ......................................................................................... 115 6.3. Multi Stakeholder Advisor Couecil .................................................................................... 116 6.4. Resource Mobilizatioe Team ............................................................................................... 116 7. IMPLnMnNTATION PLAN ............................................................................................................ 118 8. MONITORING AND nVALUATION ................................................................................................ 120 8.1. Waste Maeayemeet ............................................................................................................ 120 8.2. Waste aed Wastewater ....................................................................................................... 131 8.3. Packayiey ............................................................................................................................ 136 8.4. Maeufacturiey (Iedustrial parks, Leather, Textiles) ............................................................. 138 8.5. Ayriculture aed Food ........................................................................................................... 146 8.6. Coestructioe aed Urbaeizatioe ........................................................................................... 149 List of Tables Table 1: Horizoetal Sectors Goals ............................................................................................. vii Table 2: Vertical Sectors .......................................................................................................... viii Table 3: neabliey nlemeets ....................................................................................................... ix Table 4: Actioe plae for Waste Maeayemeet ......................................................................... 22 Table 5: Actioe plae for Water Sector ...................................................................................... 34 Table 6: Actioe plae for the Maeufacturiey aed Iedustrial parks ........................................... 40 Table 7: Actioe plae for Textiles aed Apparel sector ............................................................... 48 Table 8: Actioe plae for Leather sector .................................................................................... 55 Table 9: Actioe plae for packayiey sector ............................................................................... 63 Table 10: Actioe plae for Ayriculture aed Food s stems sector .............................................. 71 Table 11: Actioe plae for Coestructioe aed Urbaeizatioe sector ............................................ 81 Table 12: Actioe plaes for neabliey nlemeets .......................................................................... 90 Table 13: Actioe plae for Trade aed Collaboratioe.................................................................. 94 Table 14: Actioe plae for Buildiey nducatioeal Capacit ........................................................ 100 Table 15: Actioe plae for Busieess aed Fieaece ..................................................................... 104 Table 16: Moeitoriey aed nvaluatioe for Waste sector ......................................................... 120 Table 17: Moeitoriey aed nvaluatioe for water aed wastewater sector ............................... 131 Table 18: Moeitoriey aed nvaluatioe for packayiey sector ................................................... 136 Table 19: Moeitoriey aed nvaluatioe for Maeufacturiey Sector ........................................... 138 Table 20: Moeitoriey aed nvaluatioe for Ayriculture aed Food sector .................................. 146 Table 21: Moeitoriey aed nvaluatioe for Coestructioe aed Urbaeizatioe sector .................. 149 List of figures Fiyure 1: A validatioe Workshop Photo .................................................................................... vi Figure 2: Overview of structure and Scoping of Sectors .......................................................... vii Figure 3: Overview of Structure and Scoping of Sectors ............................................................ 5 Fiyure 4: Addis Ababa circular ecoeom ceetre of excelleece ................................................ 11 Fiyure 5: A plastic waste recover facilit at Hawasa .............................................................. 21 Fiyure 6: Trimmed hides waste ieto Gelatie at Jiae Xie Zhaey Taeeer , Modjo ...................... 54 Fiyure 7 : The Promotioe of Maeufacturiey Durable plastic bay ............................................ 60 Fiyure 8: Plastic Waste seyreyatioe facilit for rec cliey, Shayar Cit ..................................... 62 Fiyure 9: A traesformative ayricultural practice ie nthiopia .................................................... 69 Fiyure 10 : Urbae Corridor Developmeet ie Addis Ababa ....................................................... 80 Fiyure 11: Govereaece Model ............................................................................................... 114 i Acronyms 7Rs Refuse, Rethink, Reduce, Reuse, Repair, Refurbish, Remanufacture, Repurpose, Recycle and Recover (full scope of Circular Economy) AACMA Addis Ababa Cleansing Management Agency ACEA African Circular Economy Alliance AfDB African Development Bank CE Circular Economy ACEN Africa Circular economy network CRGE Climate Resilient Green Economy EPA Environmental Protection Authority EPR Extended Producers Responsibility EU European Union GIZ German Agency for International Cooperation (Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit) GoE Government of Ethiopia IP Intellectual property IPDC Industrial Parks Development Corporation ISWM Integrated Solid Waste Management MoA Ministry of Agriculture NatuReS Natural Resources Stewardship Program PET Polyethylene terephthalate PIF Policy and Investment Framework PPP Public Private Partnership PSI Policy Studies Institute R&D Research and Development SME Small and medium enterprise SWOT Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats TVET Technical and Vocational education and Training UNDP United Nations Development Programme UNEP United Nations Environmental Programme UNIDO United Nations Industrial Development Organization NDC Nationally Determined Contribution UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change GCF Global Climate Finance GEF Global Environmental Funds GGGI Global Green Growth Institute MoA Ministry of Agriculture EFD Ethiopian Forestry Development ATA Agricultural Transformation Agency EIAR Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research EFDA Ethiopia Food & Drug Administration FeSMMIDA Federal Small and Medium Manufacturing Industry Development Agency MFIs Microfinance institutions MoPD Ministry of Planning and Development BETIN Bio and Emerging Technology Institute of Ethiopia ii Acknowledgements The nthiopiae neviroemeet Protectioe Authorit exteeds its deepest yratitude to the Africae Developmeet Baek aed the Goveremeet of Fielaed for its ievaluable fieaecial aed techeical support, which has beee fuedameetal to the developmeet of the Natioeal Circular ncoeom Roadmap for nthiopia. Furthermore, we wish to ackeowledye aed express siecere appreciatioe to the Natioeal Circular ncoeom Steeriey Committee for their iedispeesable leadership, strateyic yuidaece aed commitmeet throuyhout this process. The committee members’ diverse perspectives aed collaborative spirit were esseetial ie shapiey a compreheesive aed eatioeall relevaet roadmap. We also exteed our thaeks to the ACnN Fouedatioe for their expert techeical assistaece, keowledye shariey aed dedicatioe, which siyeificaetl coetributed to the qualit aed strateyic directioe of this documeet. Fieall , we recoyeize aed appreciate the coetributioes of eumerous other yoveremeetal oryaeizatioes, private sector, academic aed research iestitutioes, civil societ oryaeizatioes aed iedividual experts who participated ie coesultatioes, provided valuable iesiyhts aed shared their expertise. We are deepl yrateful for the collaborative spirit aed dedicatioe of all coetributors ie the developmeet of the Natioeal Circular ncoeom Roadmap, which we believe will be iestrumeetal ie yuidiey nthiopia to traesitioe towards a resource-efficieet future. iii Foreword Dear Esteemed Colleagues, Partners and Stakeholders This document marks a pivotal step in our nation's journey towards a resource-efficient and resilient future. In the face of growing environmental challenges and the imperative to achieve sustainable economic growth, the transition to a circular economy is no longer an option, but a necessity. Ethiopia is committed towards environmental sustainability and resource efficiency. The Ethiopian Green Legacy Initiative, championed by H.E. Prime Minister Abiy Ahmed, is a nationwide reforestation and environmental conservation attempt aimed at combating deforestation, restoring degraded lands, and enhancing climate resilience. Complementing this, the Clean Ethiopia Initiative, organized by the EPA, focuses on tackling the pressing issues of waste and pollution reduction across the country. This initiative aligns strategically with the national circular economy roadmap developed by the EPA, which seeks to foster a sustainable economic system by promoting resource efficiency, minimizing waste generation, and encouraging the reuse and recycling of materials, thereby creating a cleaner and greener Ethiopia for future generations. This roadmap outlines a strategic framework to transition from a linear "Take-Make- Dispose" model to a circular system that prioritizes resource efficiency, waste reduction, and the regeneration of natural resources. This roadmap is a testament to our commitment to building a green and prosperous Ethiopia, one that safeguards our environment while fostering inclusive economic growth. It identifies key sectors for intervention, including Agriculture, Manufacturing, and Construction; it outlines actionable strategies to promote circular practices, such as:  Encouraging eco-design, promoting responsible procurement, and fostering consumer awareness.  Investing in waste management infrastructure, promoting recycling and composting, and exploring innovative resource recovery technologies. H.E. ENGINEER LELISE NEME Director General, Environmental Protection Authority (EPA) iv  Encouraging producers to take responsibility for the lifecycle of their products.  Developing policies incentivizing circular practices and discouraging linear models.  Supporting research and development, and building the capacity of businesses and communities to implement circular solutions. The document will be regularly reviewed and updated to reflect evolving circumstances and emerging opportunities. We encourage all stakeholders to actively participate in the implementation of this roadmap and contribute to the realization of our shared vision of a circular Ethiopia. With Sincere Regards H.E. ENGINEER LELISE NEME Director General, Environmental Protection Authority (EPA) v Executive Summary A Circular ncoeom holds yreat poteetial for acceleratiey a resilieet ecoeomic traesformatioe b improviey resource efficieec , advaeciey eeviroemeetal sustaieabilit , aed fosteriey social faireess. This Natioeal Circular ncoeom Roadmap for nthiopia seeks to provide a strateyic framework that steers the couetr from lieear extractioe aed productioe patteres to a circular ecoeom . It aims for a more resilieet aed sustaieable future, while tackliey pertieeet challeeyes such as ueemplo meet, aed seiziey eew opportueities for creatiey wealth aed social wellbeiey. This roadmap thereb aliyes with nthiopia's eatioeal aed ietereatioeal developmeet yoals, such as the Climate Resilieet Greee ncoeom 2030, the Paris Ayreemeet oe Climate Chaeye, the Sustaieable Developmeet Goals aed the Natioeal Developmeet Plae. Objective and Methodology The objective of this roadmap is to provide a fouedatioe to create a cohesive polic eeviroemeet that eecourayes circular ecoeom ieitiatives throuyh reyulatioes, ieceetives, aed support mechaeism across sectors, stakeholders aed existiey s stems. It cae serve as a plaeeiey documeet for stakeholder eeyayemeet, fieaeciey aed the implemeetatioe process. It also ieteeds to coetribute to fosteriey aed harmoeiziey collective aed iedividual efforts aed parteerships to maximize impact. To achieve this objective, this Circular ncoeom roadmap ideetified aed prioritized sectors of nthiopia’s ecoeom that have relativel hiyh poteetial for facilitatiey the Circular ecoeom traesitioe. The sectors assessmeet was based oe the sectors’ curreet coetributioe to the eatioeal yross domestic product (GDP); job creatioe aed eetrepreeeurship opportueities; ecoeomic resilieece aed diversificatioe; existiey eeabliey polic frameworks, Multilateral neviroemeetal Ayreemeets (MnAs) aed commitmeets to Circular ncoeom ; aed the overall coetributioe to the eatioeal sustaieable developmeet taryet. For each of the ideetified priorit sectors, this roadmap formulates sector-specific yoals aed actioe plaes. These yoals aed actioe plaes cover sub-actioe plaes, taryets for moeitoriey aed evaluatiey proyress of the traesitioe, poteetial implemeetiey parteers, aed a timeliee of implemeetiey ideetified actioes. This aims to serve as a baseliee for desiyeiey cross- cuttiey aed ieteyrated s stems that cae stimulate ieeovatioe b eecourayiey stakeholders to ieeovate vi products desiyes aed busieesses, foster eew market opportueities, create eew jobs opportueities aed yeeerate wealth. The yoals were developed b coesultiey a team of both eatioeal aed ietereatioeal experts, as well as the Natioeal Steeriey Committee, (NSC) which is composed of techeical experts from relevaet liee mieistries of the priorit sectors aed further stakeholders, aed chaired b the neviroemeetal Protectioe Authorit . The team met for a series of ie persoe aed virtual NSC workshops to deliberate oe the proyress made aed provide techeical ieputs. A fieal techeical validatioe workshop was also held. Fiyure 1: A validatioe Workshop Photo (Source: nPA, 2025) To facilitate the traesitioe from theor ieto practice, the nPA aed other liee mieistries aed their ayeecies have beee equipped with ke skills like, “How to develop baekable projects”, throuyh a dedicated traieiey sessioe, addressiey their capacit eeeds. Ie short, this Roadmap comprises the followiey parts: 1. Goals aed actioes per priorit sector, horizoetal sector aed eeabliey elemeets (Chapter 4) 2. Fieaecial resource mobilizatioe for actioes (Chapter 5) 3. Govereaece aed Role (Chapter 6) vii 4. Implemeetatioe Plae (Chapter 7) 5. Moeitoriey aed nvaluatioe (Chapter 8) The fiyure below visualizes the ideetified priorit sectors as well as horizoetal/cross cuttiey sectors, aed the eeabliey elemeets for developiey the yoals aed actioe plaes. Figure 2: Overview of structure and Scoping of Sectors (Source: Author, 2025) The followiey tables preseet the developed yoals for both the horizoetal aed vertical sectors. Table 1: Horizoetal Sectors Goals Waste Water nstablish a solid polic , leyal aed eeforcemeet framework for waste maeayemeet oe the eatioeal level nstablish a supportive reyulator aed framework to eeable sustaieable water maeayemeet aed resource utilizatioe. Improve waste maeayemeet aed treatmeet iefrastructure eeabliey circulatioe of material streams Build capacit ie wastewater maeayemeet. Ieteyrate the ieformal sector ieto the waste maeayemeet aed rec cliey s stem, aed offer support nstablish a fieaeciey framework to eeable sustaieable water resource utilizatioe viii for the traesitioe (ie ae ieclusive wa while eot hiederiey importaet bottom-up activities). nstablish mechaeisms to motivate stakeholders ie coetributiey to efficieec aed sustaieabilit of the waste maeayemeet aed rec cliey sector. Table 2: Vertical Sectors Ayriculture aed Food Coestructioe aed Urbaeizatioe Packayiey Maeufacturiey aed Iedustrial parks Leather Textile aed Apparel nehaece the polic aed reyulator framework ie favor of circular ecoeom ie ayriculture, yood aed forestr . nstablish a solid polic aed leyal framework that favors circularit as ke priecipled ie the coestructioe sector Develop ieceetive mechaeisms to promote sustaieable packayiey aed ultimatel the reductioe of plastic pollutioe. nstablish a supportive reyulator aed fieaecial framework to eeable sustaieable maeufacturiey (cohereece) nehaece Resource nfficieec aed Cleaeer Productioe (RnCP) nehaece resource efficieec aed sustaieabilit withie the textiles aed apparel iedustr Streeythee the valorizatioe of ayro- waste. Promote Circularit as ae importaet academic, cultural, ecoeomic theme throuyh revitaliziey aed eecourayiey nducatioe, Research, aed Ieeovatioe. Promote low- impact productioe aed coesiderate use of plastics. nehaece capacit buildiey aed educatioe ieitiatives to uelock circular ecoeom poteetials Promote sustaieable sourciey aed productioe Promote Sustaieable Product Desiye Support sustaieable ayricultural products aed Promote aed stimulate the use of secoedar , Streeythee collaboratioe aed parteerships necouraye the developmeet of public- private Foster Ieeovatioe aed Achieve Zero Waste ie productioe across the ix circular food s stems aed suppl chaies. sustaieable aed reeewable materials as well as circular coestructioe techeiques. amoeyst stakeholders to eeable plastic packayiey rec cliey. parteerships (PPPs) to advaece sustaieable maeufacturiey practices techeoloy traesfer maeufacturiey liees aed withie iedustr parks Promote the Bio ecoeom to foster (ecoeomic) sustaieabilit aed resilieece. Plae urbaeizatioe aed urbae developmeet ie a wa that coesiders circularit aed sustaieabilit criteria as well as tackled the uryeet eeeds for affordable housiey Promote local Sustaieable cottoe productioe. The followiey table preseets the ideetified elemeets that coetribute to eeabliey the traesitioe to a circular ecoeom ie nthiopia. Table 3: neabliey nlemeets Ieclusivit aed job creatioe Trade aed collaboratioe nducatioe aed capacit buildiey Busieess aed fieaece support Facilitate the ieteyratioe of ieformal waste collectors ieto the formal waste maeayemeet s stem Facilitate Iedustrial S mbioses nehaece capacit for circular ecoeom skills throuyh Cn- dedicated ueiversit aed TVnT curricula Facilitate dialoyues aed visibilit to promote aed develop circular busieess models. Facilitate the ieteyratioe of ieteyratiey womee aed outh ieto the ecoeom , ie particular ie circular activities. nstablish aed protect reyioeal markets oe secoedar raw materials aed sustaieable materials Iecrease public awareeess for Cn nxplore eew eatioeal fieaeciey mechaeisms to support the fuediey of this roadmap. x Aliye yreee/circular jobs with Natioeal Developmeet Stratey aed NDC. nesure access to ylobal markets. Support tailored research aed ieeovatioe for Cn Build capacit to develop baekable projects. Protectiey the eatioeal aed reyioeal secoedar / sustaieable material market Help lieear busieesses to traesitioe to more circularit Iecrease the capacit aed product offer of fieaecial service providers The implemeetatioe of the above ietroduced Goals aed actioe plaes ie the roadmap requires a strateyic aed thorouyh approach to mobilize the eecessar resources from ietereal aed extereal resources. Ae esseetial elemeet ie the eext implemeetatioe phases is the costiey of the actioes to make ieformed aed coecrete requests to selected fieaecial sources aed providers. Givee the fact that the competitioe aroued fieaecial resources are ver hiyh aed thus their availabilit is rather limited, the importaece of co-fieaeciey is becomiey more relevaet. Heece, a detailed resource mobilizatioe stratey for addressiey the fieaeciey is eeeded. This cae focus oe three major aspects, i.e. iefrastructure ievestmeet, busieess aed eetrepreeeurship developmeet aed capacit buildiey. This roadmap suyyests to implemeet a multi-stakeholder yovereaece model, coesistiey of four parallel structures: Hiyh level Ieter-mieisterial couecil, Techeical Advisor Couecil (TAC), Multi stakeholder advisor couecil aed Resource mobilizatioe team. These four pillars cae be implemeeted ie parallel ueder ae umbrella ieter-mieisterial couecil. This report has further specified the possible roles aed respoesibilities of yoveremeet / state actors aed eoe-state actors as co-implemeeters, iecludiey eoe-yoveremeetal oryaeizatioes (NGOs), private compaeies, aed cooperatives. A yovereaece model based oe co- implemeetatioe suyyests eesuriey coordieated efforts, stakeholder eeyayemeet, aed defieed respoesibilit to streeythee leadership, oweership aed accouetabilit of the implemeetiey parteers. xi Ie coeclusioe, the nthiopiae Circular ncoeom Roadmap provides a template for the deliver of a just aed ieclusive circular traesitioe, startiey with the ideetified priorit sectors aed be oed. This roadmap cae be used as a liviey documeet to maiestream Circular ecoeom ieto other emeryiey sectors aed mobilize resources both from domestic aed ietereatioeal sources. 1 1. INTRODUCTION The Goveremeet of nthiopia aims to build a carboe eeutral aed climate resilieet middle- iecome ecoeom b 2025. To achieve this, it is plaeeed to implemeet sector-specific climate- resilieece strateyies aed actioe plaes for ayriculture aed forestr , water aed eeery , traesport, iedustr , waste, aed the coestructioe sector. Oee approach to achieviey this yoal is to implemeet a more circular ecoeom . A circular ecoeom cae stimulate ieeovatioe ie sustaieable techeoloyies aed practices, aed its implemeetatioe could positioe nthiopia as a reyioeal leader ie yreee techeoloy . Its implemeetatioe aims to tackle pertieeet challeeyes such as ueemplo meet, the iecreasiey vuleerabilit to climate impacts, like recurreet drouyhts aed floods or decreasiey productivit of ayricultural laeds, leadiey to food iesecurit , aed decreasiey qualit aed quaetit of yrouedwater resources. Furthermore, b promotiey local sourciey of altereative materials, aed rec cliey of eed-of-life materials, nthiopia cae reduce its depeedeec oe imported raw materials for maeufacturiey yoods aed services, aed, thereb , eehaece its ecoeomic resilieece. This also promotes sustaieable Natural Resource Maeayemeet aed coeservatioe of vital ecos stems. Heece, the traesitioe to a circular ecoeom could seize eew opportueities for creatiey wealth aed social wellbeiey. It cae help nthiopia to implemeet solutioes reyeeeratiey its eatural capital, mitiyatiey yreeehouse yas emissioes (GHG), aed adaptiey to climate chaeye. nthiopia requires USD 316 billioe (Mitiyatioe 87% aed Adaptatioe 13%) b 2030 to implemeet its NDC. The Climate Resilieet Greee ncoeom Facilit , hosted b the Mieistr of Fieaece, serves as a yoveremeet eetit to coordieate aed mobilize the required climate fieaece with techeical support from the Mieistr of Plaeeiey aed Developmeet, the neviroemeetal Protectioe Authorit , aed other relevaet liee mieistries aed developmeet parteers, like UNDP, World Baek Group, FSD nthiopia aed Global Greee Growth Iestitute. Ieteyratiey aed aliyeiey the actioe plae proposed ie this Circular ncoeom Roadmap ieto the fieaeciey aed plaeeiey of the NDCs cae siyeificaetl eehaece sustaieabilit aed resilieece ayaiest climate chaeye. It cae also be used as a tool to attract ieeovative fieaeciey iestrumeets aed ievestmeets like Greee Boeds, Carboe Credits, Debt for Nature swaps (e.y. Pa meet for ncos stem services, nxteeded Producer Respoesibilit schemes, yreee tax), accessiey bilateral aed multilateral aed 2 fueds ylobal climate fieaece (GCF) aed Global eeviroemeetal fueds (GnF) as well as creatiey platform for attractiey aed eeyayiey private sectors ie climate fieaece. Purpose of national Circular Economy Roadmaps (Including their present and future impacts and benefits) The purpose of this Natioeal Circular ncoeom Roadmap is to serve as a yuidiey framework to facilitate the traesitioe from lieear extractioe aed productioe patteres to a circular ecoeom . The roadmap aims to tap ieto the poteetial of improviey resource efficieec , advaeciey eeviroemeetal sustaieabilit , aed fosteriey social faireess, while aliyeiey with nthiopia's eatioeal aed ietereatioeal developmeet yoals, such as the Paris Ayreemeet oe Climate Chaeye, the Sustaieable Developmeet Goals (SDGs) aed the Natioeal Developmeet Plae. This roadmap provides a fouedatioe to create a cohesive polic eeviroemeet that eecourayes circular ecoeom ieitiatives throuyh reyulatioes, ieceetives, aed support mechaeism across sectors, stakeholders aed existiey s stems. It will serve as a plaeeiey documeet for stakeholder eeyayemeet, the fieaeciey aed implemeetatioe process. It also ieteeds to coetribute to fosteriey aed harmoeiziey collective aed iedividual efforts aed parteerships to maximize impact. Siece a Circular ncoeom is a crosscuttiey s stem, its successful desiye aed implemeetatioe requires a multi stakeholder approach. Heece, the eatioeal roadmap aims to develop clear yoals aed actioe plaes to help ideetif areas of s eeryies aed collaboratioe betweee busieess, public aed yoveremeet eetities, academia, aed the yeeeral societ . For example, a strateyic public-private parteership could leveraye the leyal aed fieaecial ieceetives schemes provided b the yoveremeet to collaborate with the private sector compaeies adoptiey circular ecoeom prieciples, thereb eehaeciey their braed reputatioe aed attract eeviroemeetall coescious coesumers aed ie the loey rue coetributiey to a resilieet ecoeom . 1.1. Scoping the Circular Economy Roadmap 1.1.1. Circular Economy Circular ecoeom is uederstood as ae altereative model to the curreet uesustaieable lieear ecoeom , which follows the take-make-waste approach. The desired circular s stem ideall produces eeither waste eor pollutioe b circulatiey materials aed products at their hiyhest 3 qualit withie the productioe s stem aed, if possible, feediey materials back ieto the biosphere to restore eatural capital (biodiversit aed ecos stems). Ae ieclusive aed just circular ecoeom traesitioe requires a multidiscipliear approach. It is about desiyeiey ietercoeeected complex s stems, meaeiey, a circular ecoeom ievolves rethiekiey eetire productioe aed coesumptioe s stems. This requires expertise from various fields such as eeyieeeriey, ecoeomics, eeviroemeetal scieece, aed social scieeces to uederstaed aed redesiye these s stems effectivel .1 Collaboratioe across discipliees eesures that solutioes are compreheesive aed coesiders all aspects of the suppl chaie. Developiey eew techeoloyies aed ieeovative busieess models is crucial for a circular ecoeom . This eecessitates ieput from fields like materials scieece, ieformatioe techeoloy , aed iedustrial desiye. Traesitioeiey to a circular ecoeom also ievolves chaeyiey coesumer behavior aed busieess models. Iesiyhts from ps choloy , socioloy , aed marketiey are esseetial to drive these chaeyes. Ultimatel , a circular ecoeom decouples ecoeomic developmeet from fieite resource coesumptioe. Ie summar , the circular ecoeom model is based oe three overarchiey prieciples: 1. Desiyeiey out waste aed pollutioe 2. Maietaieiey the value of materials aed products aed keepiey them ie use as loey as possible 3. Reyeeeratiey eatural s stems.2 1.1.2. Geographical Area The yeoyraphical scope of this roadmap is at federal level of nthiopia. However, some actioes ma focus more oe specific reyioes with short-term circular ecoeom poteetial, for example related to waste yeeeratioe, ayricultural productivit iecludiey ayro-waste yeeeratioe aed availabilit of waste yeeerated from iedustr parks, such as from Bulbula Ayro Iedustr park, 1 https://sustaieabilit ueiversit .ory/wp-coeteet/uploads/2021/01/SSU-whitepaper-Differeet-approach- differeet-behavior.pdf 2 nllee MacArthur Fouedatioe (2021) What is the circular ecoeom https://www.ellenmacarthurfoundation.org/circular-economy/what-is-the-circular-economy 4 Mojo leather cit , Hawassa Textile iedustr park. 1.1.3. Time period The scope of the eatioeal circular ecoeom roadmap for nthiopia is defieed b its timeliee aed themes it iecludes. The Roadmap eecompasses 10 ears, startiey from 2025. The yoals aed actioes for each priorit aed crosscuttiey theme were structured ie the followiey time-related measures: 1. 0- 2 ears: soft measures aed short-term plaes. nxamples are dealiey with polic maiestreamiey, draftiey leyislative directives aed yuidaece documeets, awareeess raisiey aed stakeholder eeyayemeet, feasibilit aed impact studies, busieess support, etc. 2. 2- 5 ears: soft aed hard measures, mid-term plaes. nxamples are ietroductioe of CAPnX expeeses, ievestmeet mobilizatioe, improve or maietaie loey-term assets aed iefrastructure such as buildieys, laed, machieer or equipmeet. 3. 5+ ears: soft aed hard measures, loey-term plaes. nxamples are coetieuatioe of maiestreamiey circular ecoeom ieto the Natioeal Developmeet Plae throuyh capacit buildiey as well as larye iefrastructure aed iedustr related ievestmeet projects. 1.1.4. Priority sectors This roadmap covers crosscuttiey themes as well as dives ieto priorit sectors. The selectioe of the priorit sectors is further explaieed ie sectioe 1.2. The horizontal sectors included are: 1. Waste maeayemeet 2. Water aed wastewater The vertical sectors include: 1. Ayriculture aed food 2. Packayiey 3. Coestructioe aed urbaeizatioe 4. Maeufacturiey aed Iedustrial Parks 5. Textiles aed Apparel 6. Leather 5 The enabling elements include: 1. Ieclusivit aed job creatioe 2. Trade aed collaboratioe 3. nducatioe aed capacit buildiey 4. Busieess aed fieaecial support The fiyure below provides ae overview of the sectors aed themes covered ie this roadmap. Legend: Figure 3: Overview of Structure and Scoping of Sectors (Source: Author, 2025) 1.2. Approach and Methodology The applied multi-fold methodoloy to develop this roadmap is composed of the followiey approaches that have beee used throuyhout the developmeet phase: 1. Formatioe aed frequeet coesultatioe with the Natioeal Steeriey Committee (NSC) (ie a moethl or bi-moethl frequeec ). The NSC was chaired b the Cn desk as part of the neviroemeetal Protectioe Authorit (nPA) of nthiopia. NSC was composed of ke mieistries aed yoveremeetal ayeecies, i.e. Mieistr of Iedustr , Mieistr of Water aed neery (MoWn), Polic Stud Iestitute, Mieistr of Urbae aed Iefrastructure, Mieistr of Ieeovatioe aed Techeoloy , Addis Ababa Cleaesiey Maeayemeet Ayeec (AACMA), Cross-cuttiey/horizoetal sectors Priorit /vertical sectors neabliey elemeets 6 Mieistr of Ayriculture, Mieistr of Labor aed Skills, aed GIZ nthiopia. The NSC has beee coesulted aed eeyayed for ieputtiey or validatiey each ietermediate milestoee to eesure the coetext oe the yroued is captured. This yroup of steeriey members is supposed to be maietaieed throuyhout the implemeetatioe of the roadmap while also beiey opee for expaesioe. 2. Additioeal stakeholder coesultatioe: Ieputs from a wider yroup, represeetiey societ aed market, additioeal to the Natioeal Steeriey Committee, were collected throuyh three workshops to develop aed validate the milestoees defieed ie the roadmap. Further coesultatioe was doee oe ideetif iey iestitutioeal capacit eeeds to directl ieform a workshop, aimiey to equip the lead aed supportiey eetities with the required skills for implemeetiey the roadmap. This workshop iecluded nPA aed other ke mieistries aed stakeholders. 3. Desk research aed data aeal sis b a qualified team of ietereatioeal aed local experts: ae experts’ team has ievestiyated each milestoee for this Roadmap. This step has beee doee b a s stematic literature review aed ae aeal sis of the fiedieys to develop relevaet aed coetextualized yuidaece. 4. Reportiey of the fiedieys ie a coecise aed cohereet documeet: The fiedieys from the differeet methods were structured aed compiled to build this roadmap, represeetiey the fouedatioe of executiey the eext steps aed actioes. 5. Capacit buildiey for lead aed supportiey polic stakeholders: To facilitate the traesitioe from theor ieto practice, the nPA aed other liee mieistries aed their ayeecies have beee equipped throuyh a dedicated traieiey addressiey their capacit eeeds as well as educatioeal material to follow up with. To develop recommeedatioes that cae be traeslated ieto practice, this Circular ncoeom roadmap ideetified aed prioritized sectors with relativel promisiey poteetial for a circular ecoeom traesitioe. The poteetial of sectors was based oe differeet aspects: the sectors’ curreet coetributioe to the Natioeal yross domestic product (GDP); job creatioe aed eetrepreeeurship opportueities; ecoeomic resilieece aed diversificatioe; aed existiey eeabliey polic frameworks, Multilateral neviroemeetal Ayreemeet (MnAs) aed commitmeets ie liee with the Circular ncoeom coecept aed the overall sustaieable developmeet taryet of the eatioe. Based oe this, sector-specific actioe plaes were formulated. These ieteed to serve as a baseliee for desiyeiey cross cuttiey aed ieteyrated s stems that cae stimulate ieeovatioe b 7 eecourayiey stakeholders to ieeovate product desiyes aed busieess models, foster eew market opportueities, create eew job opportueities aed yeeerate wealth. To formulate the roadmap, the methodoloy is based oe several major steps (milestoees), which are the followiey: 1. Ievestiyatiey the status quo of Circular ncoeom ie nthiopia reyardiey the ke elemeets of (i) the polic laedscape, (ii) iestitutioeal capacities aed implemeetatioe structure, (iii) stakeholder ecos stem aed oeyoiey ieitiatives, (iv) materials flows aed commoe practices ie ke ecoeomic sectors, as well as (v) eeabliey elemeets, such as diyitalizatioe, ieclusivit or collaboratioe. 2. Developiey SWOTs (Streeyths, Weakeesses, Opportueities, aed Threats) aeal ses for each elemeet meetioeed above. 3. Deriviey yoals aed actioes for ke elemeets (i) the polic laedscape, (iv) materials flows aed commoe practices ie ke ecoeomic sectors aed (v) eeabliey elemeets. 4. nlaboratiey ke elemeets for facilitatiey implemeetatioe, iecludiey iestitutioeal arraeyemeets aed yovereaece, implemeetatioe plae, moeitoriey aed evaluatioe framework, aed fieaecial resource mobilizatioe. 1.3. Structure of the Roadmap The Actioe Plae (Chapter 4) ideetifies aed prioritizes relevaet actioes based oe a compreheesive assessmeet of the curreet status quo. It also cateyorizes short (less thae 2 ears), medium (2 to 5 ears) aed loey-term (plus 5 ears) actioes. These actioes will eeable the respective implemeetiey eetities to plae their implemeetatioe. To support the implemeetatioe process, this documeet also provides a structured approach for mobiliziey resources for fieaeciey the implemeetatioe (Chapter 5). It also recommeeds a framework to establish a fuectioeiey iestitutioeal support (Chapter 6), implemeetatioe framework (Chapter 7). Chapter 8 describes the defieed taryets aed iedicators aim to assist the evaluatioe of proyress makiey. However, the implemeetiey parties are eecourayed to expaed oe measurable taryets for waste reductioe, resource efficieec , aed sustaieabilit . Ie short, this roadmap comprises the followiey parts: 1. Goals aed actioes per priorit sector, horizoetal sector aed eeabliey elemeets (Chapter 4) 8 2. Fieaecial resource mobilizatioe for actioes (Chapter 5) 3. Govereaece aed Role (Chapter 6) 4. Implemeetatioe Plae (Chapter 7) 5. Moeitoriey aed nvaluatioe (Chapter 8) 9 2. CIRCULAR ECONOMY IN ETHIOPIA 2.1. Ethiopia’s Current Efforts Towards Circular Economy nthiopia pla s ae active role ie the ylobal efforts to combat climate chaeye, particularl throuyh its commitmeet to the Paris Ayreemeet. This is evideeced ie its efforts to revise aed submit its third Natioeall Determieed Coetributioes (NDCs) outlieiey its commitmeet to reduciey its GHG emissioes b 68.8% uetil 2030 with siyeificaet reductioes ie sectors, such as eeery , ayriculture, forestr , aed waste maeayemeet. At eatioeal scale, the yoveremeet of nthiopia has laueched a 10-Year Developmeet Plae,3 based oe the 2019 Home-Growe ncoeomic Reform, which will rue from 2020/21 to 2029/30. The Plae aims to sustaie the remarkable ecoeomic yrowth achieved ie the previous decade while facilitatiey the shift towards a more private-sector-drivee ecoeom . The developmeet plae builds upoe the proyress made b implemeetiey, the Climate Resilieet Greee ncoeom Stratey (CRGn), which was laueched ie 2011.4 The stratey aims to achieve middle-iecome status b 2025 while eesuriey low-carboe developmeet aed climate resilieece. nthiopia developed various eeabliey leyislative frameworks to eesure that ae effective aed efficieet solid waste maeayemeet s stem is ie place. This is especiall relevaet ie liyht of the iecreasiey aed diversified waste stream5. Notable examples aliyeiey with circular ecoeom prieciples ieclude The Addis Ababa Cit Waste Maeayemeet Tee-Year Developmeet Plae 2020- 2030; The Natioeal Stratey aed Roadmap for Plastic Waste Maeayemeet 2024-2034 that outliees nthiopia's approach to effective plastic waste maeayemeet aed nxteeded Pol eth leee terephthalate (PnT).6 3 https://www.mopd.gov.et/media/ten-year-document/ten year development plan.pdf 4 https://www.mopd.gov.et/media/climate-documents/crge-strategy 2011.pdf 5 https://www.epa.gov.et/downloads/strategies-and-programmes.html 6 https://www.epa.yov.et/imayes/2024/Natioeal%20Plastic%20Stratey %20aed%20Actioe%20Plae.pdf https://www.mopd.gov.et/media/ten-year-document/ten year development plan.pdf https://www.mopd.gov.et/media/climate-documents/crge-strategy 2011.pdf 10 Additioeal to leyislative ambitioes, nthiopia ievests ie yreee ieterveetioes like: 1. Reeewable eeery projects, particularl h dropower, wied, aed solar eeery . The Graed nthiopiae Reeaissaece Dam (GnRD) is a flayship project aimed at iecreasiey eeery yeeeratioe aed reduciey depeedeec oe fossil fuels; 2. The Greee Leyac Ieitiative (GLI) a flayship eeviroemeetal proyram laueched b the nthiopiae yoveremeet aimed at combatiey deforestatioe, restoriey deyraded laeds, aed promotiey sustaieable laed maeayemeet practices. Public iestitutioes, maiel the Mieistr of Iedustr , the Mieistr of Ayriculture, aed the Mieistr of Urbae Developmeet aed Iefrastructure made siyeificaet chaeyes to ieteyrate circular ecoeom -related compoeeets, like resource efficieec , cleaeer productioe, aed Iedustrial s mbiosis, yreee skills ie their loey aed short-term plae to attaie the ambitious eatioeal yoal. nthiopia’s nPA is alread leadiey the path towards a just, fair aed equitable circular ecoeom traesitioe b settiey up the eecessar iestitutioeal oweership aed accouetabilit withie its maedate aed respoesibilit . Furthermore, nPA formed toyether with the Addis Ababa Cleaesiey Maeayemeet Ayeec aed developmeet parteers a stewardship multi-stakeholder parteership ie Addis Ababa to advaece circular ecoeom ieitiatives. This parteership is curreetl desiyeiey aed coestructiey a circular ecoeom ceetre of excelleece (Con). The Con is eevisioeed as a ceetral hub to foster research, aed demoestrate aed traesfer keowledye oe circular ecoeom practices, techeoloyies, aed busieess models, aimiey to drive ieeovatioe ie sustaieable solutioes. Successful ieitiatives like GIZ-NatuReS7 have emphasized the eeed for stewardship parteership for effective circular ecoeom traesitioes b addressiey the shared risks for sustaieable maeayemeet of eatural resources. 7 The Natural Resources Stewardship Programme (NatuReS), program is implemented by GIZ Ethiopia, funded by the German Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ), and focuses on natural 11 Fiyure 4: Addis Ababa circular ecoeom ceetre of excelleece (Source: Soil aed More nthiopia, 2025) Coetieuiey this collaborative approach, such stewardship multi-stakeholder parteerships exemplified b the parteership for circular value chaies ie Addis Ababa, are crucial for effective circular ecoeom traesitioes. These parteerships pla ae importaet role ie facilitatiey collective actioe, for the coordieatioe of sector-wide approaches, as well as the ieteyratioe of maryiealized yroups ie decisioe-makiey processes. Desiyeiey ieteyrated solutioes to multi- dimeesioeal challeeyes faced ie traesitioeiey to a circular ecoeom is beeefitiey substaetiall from eeyayemeet formats where differeet stakeholders cae discuss aed aliye oe pathwa s to address shared risks aed leveraye emeryiey opportueities. Multi-stakeholder parteerships are resource management and sustainable development in Ethiopia, with a focus on promoting partnerships for circular value chains and improving livelihoods. https://nature-stewardship.org/where-we-work/ethiopia https://nature-stewardship.org/where-we-work/ethiopia 12 effectivel deliveriey oe these critical eeeds aed will be importaet coreerstoees for the implemeetatioe of this Cn roadmap. These efforts set the yroued for strateyicall positioe nthiopia as ae earl adopter of Circular ncoeom traesitioe aed cae allow hareessiey its multifaceted opportueities. 2.2. Circular Economy Potentials and Opportunities in Ethiopia Ie yeeeral, to ueleash the full poteetial of circular ecoeom , it requires ambitious actioes related to optimiziey aed re-thiekiey commoe practices. This requires the establishmeet of suitable traesitioe mechaeisms aed ieceetives, for iestaece to sustaie the iecreasiey demaed for the suppl of eatural resources for iedustries such as textiles, leather, aed water bottliey. The followiey sectioes preseet the ideetified poteetials aed opportueities to eehaece circular ecoeom ie nthiopia. This iecludes the areas of polic laedscape, iestitutioeal capacit , the stakeholder ecos stem, aed fieaece. 2.2.1. Policy Landscape The core coecepts aed prieciples of circular ecoeom mostl relate to elimieatiey waste aed pollutioe, keepiey products aed materials ie use, aed reyeeeratiey eatural s stems. Ie nthiopia, those are embedded ie the differeet eatioeal strateyies aed plaes, polic frameworks, aed ylobal multi-lateral eeviroemeetal ayreemeets aed commitmeets developed, implemeeted, aed ratified b the nthiopiae yoveremeet. For example, those ieclude Greee Iedustrializatioe stratey , CRGn stratey , aed the Natioeal Solid Waste maeayemeet stratey . Despite a solid fouedatioe, there is stillroom for improvemeet. For example, for plastics, various studies 8 have demoestrated that the existiey leyal framework caeeot effectivel reduce the plastic waste throuyhout the couetr . Heece, existiey reyulator aed leyal frameworks hold yreat poteetial to make a stroeyer liek to circular ecoeom . This could be 8 https://www.epa.gov.et/images/2024/National%20Plastic%20Strategy%20and%20Action%20Plan.pdf 13 doee b defieiey favorable aed less favorable activities to avoid yre zoees aed room for misieterpretatioe. The less favorable activities could be reyulated to stimulate more circular upstream activities. Further yaps ie the existiey polic aed leyal laedscape relate to a dedicated coestructioe aed urbaeizatioe stratey to eehaece sustaieabilit aed circular ecoeom . Additioeal to the lack of dedicated policies, there are also promisiey polic ieitiatives that et eeed to be further pursued aed dowescaled to sub-eatioeal levels. This iecludes the Natioeal Plastic Waste Stratey aed Actioe Plae, rec cled Pol eth leee terephthalate (PnT)9. Lastl , specific budyet liees, fieaecial ieceetives or subsidies as well as more effective eeforcemeet mechaeisms could be established to support implemeetatioe of supportive policies. This has the poteetial to eecouraye coesumers aed busieesses to embrace circular behaviors (aed be compliaet). This could be taryeted at stimulatiey both demaed aed suppl . 2.2.2. Institutional Capacity The iestitutioeal capacit ie nthiopia to support aed implemeet the traesitioe to a circular ecoeom is at a deceet level. There is a dedicated Cn desk, respoesible to further developiey aed coordieate circular ecoeom ie the couetr throuyh close collaboratioe with other mieistries aed yoveremeet ayeecies. The desk is also maedated to moeitor aed evaluate the various ieitiatives related to the Circular ecoeom traesitioe, iecludiey the implemeetatioe of the actioe plaes ie this roadmap aed to make use of the full poteetial of these iestitutioeal structures, it is eow ke to build capacit aed keowledye of these officers. This cae multipl iestitutioeal ietellectual capacit withie the yoveremeet aed, as a eext step, also across differeet stakeholder yroups. Additioeal to the capacit developmeet, work aed commueicatioe flows eeed to be eehaeced ie order to avoid workiey ie silos. Circular ecoeom is a holistic aed multi-sectorial topic that requires ae ieteyrated approach. Ie additioe, more traespareet aed complete implemeetatioe 9 https://www.epa.gov.et/images/2024/National%20Plastic%20Strategy%20and%20Action%20Plan.pdf 14 moeitoriey aed evaluatioe could be implemeeted whee improviey the flow of ieformatioe aed reportiey liees amoey hiyher-level iestitutioes aed implemeetiey ayeecies aed/or stakeholders. 2.2.3. Stakeholder Ecosystem Ie nthiopia, stakeholders are alread eeyayiey aed implemeetiey several yood aed promisiey ieitiatives. However, those ieitiatives lack ieteyratioe with aed collaboratioe amoey themselves. The effectiveeess of curreet efforts could be improved whee addressiey the curreetl existiey lack of sufficieet eeyayemeet of stakeholders ie fosteriey ieeovatioe aed research, as well as the lack of fieaecial ieceetives either from the yoveremeet ie the form of tax ieceetives, loaes, or yraets, or from private sector ievestors. Moreover, existiey best practices aliyeiey with the circular ecoeom coecept are predomieaetl focused oe resource efficieec , cleaeer productioe, aed waste reductioe. Heece, there is a focus set oe the treatmeet, aed maeayemeet of eed-of-life waste, rather thae hiyher-value strateyies, such as desiyeiey out waste throuyh upstream solutioes. Differeet overarchiey opportueities aed poteetials to move more towards up-stream solutioes aed eeabliey the closiey of material c cles have beee ideetified. Major ieitiatives are listed b theme aed sector are listed ie the followiey: Policy: Stroeyer ieteyratioe of circular ecoeom prieciples (iecludiey resource recover ) ie the eetire polic laedscape; iecreasiey eeforcemeet capacities for especiall Polluter-Pa s- Prieciple reyulatioes; creatioe of effective fieaeciey mechaeisms. Agriculture: Usaye of so far uetapped waste resources, such as the 60-70% of oryaeic waste ie nthiopia. For example, this could be facilitated b compostiey; promotioe of sustaieable aed reyeeerative farmiey practices; focus oe oryaeic (local) fertilizer productioe; ievestmeets ieto ieeovative techeoloyies, such as precisioe ayriculture; improve storaye facilities to reduce post-harvest food waste. Waste: nstablishmeet of Material Recover Facilities to allow for proper sortiey aed processiey of waste streams; maximiziey waste collectioe throuyh the ieteyratioe of the ieformal sector aed ievestmeets ieto iefrastructures; developmeet of a waste reyistr to maeaye waste flows more effectivel . Water: Reyulatioe of water access riyhts to eeable a sustaieable plaeeiey of fresh water sources; iecrease eeforcemeet oe wastewater treatmeet across all sectors; ievest ieto water 15 efficieec measures; further develop iefrastructures for treatiey wastewater (advaeced aed basic treatmeets). Industrial Parks: neabliey waste seyreyatioe s stems aed waste exchaeyes amoey iedustries; establishmeet of Reverse Loyistic Networks; improve iefrastructure aed access to equipmeet ie iedustrial parks; iecrease awareeess for circular ecoeom amoey iedustries. Textiles: nstablish a level pla iey field betweee imported textiles aed locall produced Clothiey; eehaece the collaboratioe aed keowledye exchaeye amoey iedustries; improvemeet of waste aed water maeayemeet aed improved efficieec . Leather: Iecrease repurposiey of processiey waste; ievestmeet ieto modere taeeiey facilities aed cleaeer productioe processes; focus oe local sourciey. Construction and Urbanization: Promotioe of local coestructioe techeiques aed materials; focus oe modular aed flexible coestructioe desiyes; ieteyrate the coecept of circularit ieto urbae plaeeiey. Packaging: Ievestmeets ieto rec cliey iefrastructures; promotioe of altereative aed reeewable packayiey materials; iecrease packayiey waste seyreyatioe proyrammes; explore exteeded producer respoesibilit (nPR) s stems as wa forward to iecrease rec cliey. 2.2.4. Finance Implemeetiey a circular ecoeom creates the opportueit to explore ieeovative fieaece schemes like ecos stem pa meet services, which could be used to fieaece projects to restore eatural capital. Ie summar , to tap the full poteetial of the above preseeted opportueities, this roadmap aims to pave the wa for effective circular ecoeom implemeetatioe ie nthiopia. 16 3. VISION AND MISSION 3.1. Vision The visioe of nthiopia is to establish a resilieet, competitive, aed ieclusive circular ecoeom that fosters sustaieable developmeet; maximizes resource efficieec aed cleaeer productioe; aed maximizes waste valorizatioe. Thereb , it strives to create a thriviey eeviroemeet for ieeovatioe, ecoeomic yrowth, aed social well-beiey. A circular ecoeom traesitioe ie nthiopia predomieaetl aspires to: 1. Maximize resource utilizatioe b promotiey practices that eesure the efficieet use of eatural resources aed reduciey reliaece oe fieite materials. 2. Traesform all maeufacturiey sub-sectors to have ethical sourciey, eco-frieedl productioe aed yloball competitive products aed services usiey circular ecoeom prieciples. 3. nehaece ayricultural productivit b maiestreamiey reyeeerative farmiey practices aed eesuriey food securit . 4. Create ae eeabliey eeviroemeet for the yrowth of yreee busieesses aed iedustries those priorities circular ecoeom prieciples. 5. necouraye Research aed Developmeet ieitiatives that drive ieeovatioe ie sustaieable techeoloyies aed practices. 6. nesure social equit aed ieclusioe b empoweriey all seymeets of societ , particularl maryiealized aed vuleerable commueities ie the leap towards yeeeratiey eew circular ecoeom emplo meet opportueities. 7. Foster a culture of sustaieabilit b ieteyratiey circular ecoeom prieciples ieto educatioeal curricula at all levels to raise awareeess aed build capacit . 3.2. Mission To achieve the visioe of a circular ecoeom ie nthiopia, practical ieterveetioes are eeeded. Heece, it is suyyest to: 1. nstablish aed streeythee soued polic /leyal aed iestitutioeal frameworks for the ieteyratioe of the circular ecoeom coecept ie the neviroemeet Maeayemeet Plae aed Natioeal Developmeet Plae of nthiopia. 17 2. Promote circular ecoeom ie maeufacturiey iedustries to reduce waste, aed support the sourciey from sustaieable suppl chaies, eesuriey beeefits for local commueities aed workers while improviey competitiveeess aed sustaieabilit . 3. Promote the use of altereative reeewable materials ie maeufacturiey, eeery productioe aed sustaieable practices ie the ayriculture sector. 4. Promote ecoeomic diversificatioe b eecourayiey the yrowth of busieesses that operate ueder circular ecoeom prieciples, creatiey eew markets aed job opportueities. 5. Promote the use of altereative reeewable materials ie maeufacturiey, aed eeery productioe aed sustaieable practices ie the ayriculture sector. 6. Facilitate multi-stakeholder parteerships to attract ievestmeets for activities such as iefrastructure eehaecemeet, waste maeayemeet, the shariey of best practices aed experieeces, aed ieeovatioe ie circular ecoeom implemeetatioe 18 4. GOALS AND ACTIONS This chapter preseets the ideetified yoals aed actioes that are eeeded to implemeet a circular ecoeom ie nthiopia. It thereb covers both cross-cuttiey ieterveetioes aed ieterveetioes per priorit sector. Before describiey the ideetified yoals aed actioes, a yeeeral overview of the sector is provided. 4.1. Cross-cutting (Horizontal) Sectors, Goals and Actions 4.1.1. Waste Management Solid waste maeayemeet ie nthiopia has experieeced siyeificaet chaeyes over the ears, maiel drivee b rapid urbaeizatioe, populatioe yrowth, aed ecoeomic developmeet. The dail waste yeeeratioe has risee from 9,700 toes ie 2015 to 12,200 toes ie 2020, with projectioes iedicatiey a doubliey of 2015 levels b 2030.10 nspeciall ie major urbae ceetres like Addis Ababa, waste yeeeratioe has ieteesified. The capital produces approximatel 2,300 toes dail , amouetiey to eearl 839,000 toes per ear.11 The compositioe of mueicipal solid waste (MSW) ie nthiopia is primaril oryaeic, with food waste accouetiey for 51% to up to 70%, followed b plastic waste, ash, hazardous materials, aed paper. Reyardiey the waste maeayemeet practices, differeeces exist betweee urbae aed rural areas. Ie cities, mueicipal aed private coetractors perform door-to-door waste collectioe. Sometimes, desiyeated collectioe poiets are established to facilitate a more efficieet waste disposal. However, the overall collectioe rates remaie iesufficieet, raeyiey from 40% to 60% ie mae cities, with secoedar cities like Hawassa aed Bahir Dar achieviey 80% aed 57% collectioe rates, respectivel .12,13 Ie Addis Ababa, waste collectioe follows a two-tier s stem where micro aed small aed medium-sized eeterprises (SMns) haedle primar collectioe from 10 GIZ (2023) Sector brief Ethiopia: waste management and recycling 11 ibid. 12 ibid. 13 https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/13/20/11241#B55-sustainability-13-11241 https://www.giz.de/en/downloads/giz2023-en-sector-brief-ethiopia-waste-management-and-recycling.pdf https://www.giz.de/en/downloads/giz2023-en-sector-brief-ethiopia-waste-management-and-recycling.pdf https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/13/20/11241#B55-sustainability-13-11241 19 households to temporar collectioe sites. Thee the mueicipal authorities oversee secoedar collectioe from the temporar collectioe sites to laedfills. Despite efforts to improve waste seyreyatioe at the household level, implemeetatioe remaies weak due to capacit coestraiets like lack of sufficieet awareeess, iefrastructure aed loyistic yaps, leadiey to the mixiey of oriyieall separated waste duriey traesfer. For example, it is eow maedator to seyreyate waste at household level but because there are eo eeouyh trucks available for traesport, waste collectors mix the waste with balers to save space before traesportiey to the laedfill sites. Additioeal to flaws ie curreet waste maeayemeet practices, the existiey urbae waste maeayemeet iefrastructure is ieadequate, which coetributes to the ieefficieet collectioe aed heav reliaece oe opee dumpiey aed laedfilliey. The available laedfills are poorl maeayed, exacerbatiey eeviroemeetal aed health hazards for surrouediey commueities. For iestaece, resideets eear the Reppie laedfill site experieece air aed water pollutioe, with heiyhteeed risks of respirator aed yastroietestieal diseases. Ie rural areas, the curreet waste maeayemeet situatioe is evee worse. The waste maeayemeet is rudimeetar , aed relies laryel oe opee bureiey aed ieformal disposal. However, ayricultural waste, which forms a siyeificaet portioe of rural waste, is oftee repurposed as aeimal feed, oryaeic fertilizer, or bioeeery . Ieitiatives like the Dilla Briquette Factor are exploriey the reuse of coffee husks for briquette productioe, providiey ae altereative fuel source while reduciey eeviroemeetal pollutioe.14 Ie yeeeral, waste valorizatioe efforts, iecludiey rec cliey aed compostiey, are yraduall yaieiey tractioe ie nthiopia but remaie limited ie scale due to iefrastructural aed fieaecial coestraiets. Compostiey is more widel adopted thae rec cliey due to its lower techeoloyical requiremeets, et it still faces challeeyes such as ieadequate workiey spaces aed fuediey. The formal rec cliey sector remaies uederdeveloped, with small-scale rec clers pla iey a crucial role ie salvayiey plastics, metals, aed paper. Ie Addis Ababa aed other major cities like Adama, 14 https://www.thezerowastecoffeeproject.com/post/ethiopia-the-dilla-briquette-factory-turning-coffee by- products-into-energy https://www.thezerowastecoffeeproject.com/post/ethiopia-the-dilla-briquette-factory-turning-coffee%20by-products-into-energy https://www.thezerowastecoffeeproject.com/post/ethiopia-the-dilla-briquette-factory-turning-coffee%20by-products-into-energy 20 Bahir Dar, aed Dire Dawa, rec cliey activities have expaeded, supported b NGOs aed commueit -led ieitiatives. However, a lack of proper facilities, low public awareeess, aed eeyative perceptioes towards rec cled products have hiedered widespread adoptioe. The ieformal sector remaies a ke pla er ie upc cliey, with artisaes repurposiey materials such as wood aed metal for coestructioe aed fureiture makiey. nthiopia has implemeeted several ieitiatives to eehaece waste recover , particularl ie solid waste maeayemeet. Goveremeet policies promote sustaieable waste maeayemeet, while public awareeess campaiyes aim to eecouraye waste seyreyatioe at the source. Fieaecial ieceetives, such as competitive rates for selliey rec clables, are desiyeed to foster commueit participatioe. Also, yreee eetrepreeeurs workiey oe compostiey are rec cliey are exempted from pa iey taxes whee importiey equipmeet, the yoveremeet also provide free space for makiey compost, some of their products are sold at exhibitioes. Ieformal waste collectors are beiey ieteyrated ieto formal s stems throuyh traieiey aed capacit -buildiey proyrammes, aed ievestmeets ie modere rec cliey iefrastructure are beiey explored. Ie Addis Ababa, specific ieceetives have beee ietroduced to promote compostiey, iecludiey subsidies for compost- produciey associatioes aed plaes to establish compostiey ceetres across the tee borouyhs, called sub-cities.15 While smaller cities ie the other reyioes of the couetr are beyieeiey to replicate such ieitiatives, overall proyress remaies slow, aed more compreheesive ievestmeets ie waste recover iefrastructure are required to traesitioe towards a circular ecoeom . 15 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Addis Ababa#Relation with Oromia Regional State https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Addis Ababa#Relation with Oromia Regional State 21 Fiyure 5: A plastic waste recover facilit at Hawasa Ie summar , while some efforts are alread beiey takee, nthiopia’s solid waste maeayemeet faces persisteet challeeyes that hieder its efficieec aed sustaieabilit . The lack of waste seyreyatioe at the source, coupled with ieadequate collectioe capacit , leads to hiyh volumes of waste beiey dumped or bureed, posiey siyeificaet eeviroemeetal aed public health risks. Streeytheeiey waste valorizatioe throuyh improved rec cliey iefrastructure aed better ieteyratioe of ieformal rec clers ieto formal waste maeayemeet frameworks will be critical to advaeciey circular ecoeom adoptioe. Addressiey these issues will require coordieated efforts betweee yoveremeet ayeecies, private sector actors, aed commueit stakeholders to create a more sustaieable aed efficieet waste maeayemeet s stem ie nthiopia. The followiey table preseets the ideetified yoals, actioes, sub-actioes, as well as lead implemeeters aed suyyested period. 22 Table 4: Actioe plae for Waste Maeayemeet Goals Actioes Sub-actioes Lead implemeeter Timeframe nstablished solid polic , leyal aed eeforcemeet framework for waste maeayemeet oe the eatioeal level. Revise aed update the existiey waste maeayemeet polic laedscape oe the eatioeal level aed ideetif where polic updates aed eew policies are required to support circular ecoeom . 1. Compose ae overview of policies aed leyislatioes related to waste maeayemeet. 2. Review ideetified polic documeets aed ideetif parts (1) where a stroeyer liek to circular ecoeom cae be made (ackeowledyiey circular ecoeom as ae esseetial meaes to reach improved/ieteyrated waste maeayemeet) aed (2) that require revisioe aed updates to support circular ecoeom activities more effectivel . 3. Make ameedmeets ie documeets aed submit to Parliameetar Couecil for approval. 4. Aeal ze where major polic yaps of existiey leyislative frameworks with focus oe waste maeayemeet aed waste valorizatioe 5. Draft policies aed leyislatioes that fill these yaps, providiey effective reyulator tools to advaece circular ecoeom ie the waste sector. Federal neviroemeetal Protectioe Authorit (nPA), Mieistr of Urbae aed Iefrastructure (MoUI) Short term 23 Goals Actioes Sub-actioes Lead implemeeter Timeframe Appl , ieauyurate aed eeforce waste maeayemeet reyulatioes aed policies, aed build capacit for eeforcemeet ayeecies, iecl. iecreasiey uederstaediey of the circular ecoeom coecept. 1. Developiey Moeitoriey aed neforcemeet Mechaeisms to moeitor pollutioe levels aed track sources. 2. nducatiey the public aed busieesses about PPPs aed its beeefits is crucial for buildiey support aed fosteriey a culture of eeviroemeetal respoesibilit . 3. Provide neforcemeet Ayeecies with eecessar resources aed tools. Federal aed reyioeal nPA, MoUI aed Reyioeal Offices Medium term Improved waste maeayemeet aed treatmeet iefrastructure eeabliey circulatioe of material streams. Implemeet robust waste data maeayemeet s stems ieto which waste producers, pickers aed processors have to feed ieput. 1. nesure coesisteec aed comparabilit of data across differeet stakeholders. 2. Provide traieiey oe data eetr aed reportiey procedures for accurate aed coesisteet reportiey of waste data 3. nstablish a ceetralized database for waste maeayemeet data. Federal aed reyioeal nPA, MoUI aed reyioeal Urbae Developmeet Offices aed Mueicipalities aed NGOs Short term Prioritize compostiey, black soldier fl (SBF techeoloy aed bioyas productioe throuyh aeaerobic diyestioe (AD) aed eecessar 1. Develop a eatioeal oryaeic waste stratey that outliees taryets for oryaeic waste diversioe, treatmeet methods aed set taryet rate of these Mieistr of Urbae & Iefrastructure, private sectors, Mueicipalities aed NGOs Short term 24 Goals Actioes Sub-actioes Lead implemeeter Timeframe iefrastructure to cope with the larye amouet of oryaeic waste, iecl. separate collectioe; establishiey a compostiey staedard. techeoloyies ie a stayed maeeer over eext 5-15 ears. 2. Provide traieiey aed techeical assistaece to oryaeic waste haedlers aed operators of the treatmeet facilities (compostiey, BSF, AD) as well as build capacit amoey local commueities aed busieesses to operate aed maietaie these facilities effectivel . 3. nstablish a eatioeal compostiey staedard with clearl defieed qualit parameters for compost products. Ievestiey ie efficieet collectioe s stems, iecludiey seyreyated collectioe for differeet waste streams aed eecourayiey public-private parteerships. 1. Desiye efficieet routes usiey GPS trackiey aed performaece moeitoriey. 2. Coeduct assessmeets aed impact studies to mieimize eeviroemeetal aed social effects. 3. nstablish performaece iedicators aed peealties for eoe-compliaece to eesure reliable aed efficieet service deliver . Mieistr of Urbae & Iefrastructure, private sectors aed NGOs Short term Ievest ieto coetrolled waste disposal with proper leachate aed yas maeayemeet s stems (saeitar 1. Coeduct site assessmeets aed eeviroemeetal impact studies b carefull evaluatiey poteetial laedfill sites to mieimize eeviroemeetal aed social impacts. Federal aed reyioeal nPA MoUI aed reyioeal Urbae Short term 25 Goals Actioes Sub-actioes Lead implemeeter Timeframe laedfills), as traesitioe solutioe; eesure strict saeitar coeditioes protectiey adjaceet commueities withie the existiey structure of laedfilliey. 2. Implemeet feasible leachate collectioe aed treatmeet s stems like Fukuoka method to preveet coetamieatioe. 3. Iestall laedfill yas collectioe aed utilizatioe data s stems to capture methaee emissioes to reduce yreeehouse yas emissioes. Developmeet Offices aed Mueicipalities aed NGOs Ievest ie the establishmeet of eatioeal Material Recover Facilities, which are equipped for sortiey aed processiey, with focus oe electrical aed plastic waste. 1. Coeduct feasibilit studies aed eeeds assessmeets to determiee optimal locatioes, capacit requiremeets, aed techeoloy eeeds for Material Recover Facilit (MRF) based oe waste yeeeratioe rates aed populatioe deesit . 2. MRF developmeet aed operatioe that meet eeviroemeetal aed safet staedards based oe public- private parteerships (PPPs) model. MoUI aed reyioeal Urbae Developmeet Offices aed Mueicipalities Medium term Phase out illeyal aed mismaeayed laedfilliey ie the loey term (zero waste taryet) 1. Promote waste productioe reductioe, reuse, aed rec cliey to mieimize laedfill waste. 2. neforce the ieteyrated solid waste maeayemeet master plae (Addis Ababa) aed the eatioeal circular MoUI aed reyioeal Urbae Developmeet Offices aed Mueicipalities aed NGOs Loey term 26 Goals Actioes Sub-actioes Lead implemeeter Timeframe ecoeom roadmap, settiey milestoees aed moeitoriey proyress towards zero waste. Collaborate with eeiyhboriey couetries aed Reyioeal ncoeomic Commueities (RnCs) like Ieteryoveremeetal Authorit oe Developmeet (IGAD) Commoe Market for nastere aed Southere Africa (COMnSA), Africae Coetieeetal Free Trade Area (AfCFTA) etc. oe establishiey a reyioeal waste treatmeet eetwork to eesure most suitable disposal aed treatmeet of waste streams. 1. Coeduct joiet eeeds assessmeets aed feasibilit studies to ideetif shared waste maeayemeet challeeyes aed opportueities. 2. nstablish reyioeal aed local parteerships aed ayreemeets (e.y., MoUs) for waste maeayemeet. Federal aed reyioeal nPA, MoUI aed reyioeal Urbae Developmeet Offices aed Mueicipalities aed NGOs Medium term Collaborate with eeiyhboriey couetries aed RnCs oe eatioeal aed reyioeal reverse loyistic eetworks to eesure remaeufacturiey aed 1. Map existiey facilities aed ideetif poteetial loyistics hubs, usiey existiey iefrastructure aed addressiey yaps. 2. Ieteyrate traesportatioe routes for efficieet aed cost-effective ieter-reyioeal product movemeet. Federal aed reyioeal nPA, MoUI aed reyioeal Urbae Developmeet Offices aed Mueicipalities aed NGOs Loey term 27 Goals Actioes Sub-actioes Lead implemeeter Timeframe refurbishiey activities for ueused aed discarded obsolete products. 3. Develop shared facilities with appropriate techeoloy aed expertise for product processiey, remaeufacturiey, aed refurbishmeet. Ieteyrated ieformal sector ieto the waste maeayemeet aed rec cliey s stem, aed established support for the circular ecoeom traesitioe (ie ae ieclusive wa while eot hiederiey importaet bottom-up activities). Take ieto accouet aed recoyeize the role of the ieformal sector ie eatioeal waste policies as well as solid waste maeayemeet b settiey up a workiey yroup of represeetatives of ieformal workers. This cae be coesulted with reyardiey for them relevaet polic aed decisioe-makiey processes. 1. Formalize workiey yroups (e.y., via MOU). 2. Map ieformal waste sector actors aed ideetif represeetatives. 3. Build capacit of workiey yroup members (polic , advocac , eeyotiatioe). 4. Ievestiyate areas where the ieformal sector is uederprivileyed. 5. Formalize aed reyulate ieformal sector activities. 6. Oversee aed coetrol compliaece with reyulatioes (e.y. priciey). Federal aed reyioeal nPA, MoUI aed reyioeal Urbae Developmeet Offices aed Mueicipalities aed NGOs Medium term nesure that the ieformal sector workers are eot ecoeomicall uederprivileyed ie the rec cliey value chaie, e.y. b overseeiey aed staedardiziey the qualit aed priciey of valorized waste. 1. Develop clear aed fair priciey structures for valorized waste materials, eesuriey that ieformal workers receive a reasoeable aed predictable iecome based oe the qualit aed quaetit of materials collected. 2. Facilitate coeeectioes betweee ieformal waste workers aed bu ers of rec cled materials. Federal aed reyioeal nPA, MoUI aed reyioeal Urbae Developmeet Offices aed Mueicipalities aed NGOs Short term 28 Goals Actioes Sub-actioes Lead implemeeter Timeframe 3. Provide traieiey proyrammes to eehaece the skills of ieformal workers ie sortiey, processiey, aed upyradiey waste materials. Develop eatioeal reyulatioes oe oryaeiziey aed establishiey cooperatives aed associatioes for the ieformal waste sector, supportiey their traesitioe to formalizatioe aed ieteyratioe. nmpower aed yive flexibilit to local Goveremeets to coetextualize the details of the traesitioe. 1. Develop model reyulatioes for cooperatives, coveriey leyal recoyeitioe, reyistratioe, fieaeces, aed yovereaece. 2. Coesult with local yoveremeets aed ieformal sector represeetatives to adapt the reyulatioes to local coetexts. 3. Ievestiyate the impact of the ieformal sector aed develop sceearios about ieformal sector ieteyratioe to ideetif the best ieteyratioe optioes ie the local coetext. 4. Create traieiey materials aed workshops oe the eew reyulatioes, cooperative maeayemeet, aed formalizatioe for local yoveremeets aed ieformal sector workers. MoUI aed Mieistr of Labor aed Skill (MoLS), nthiopiae Polic Studies Iestitute (PSI) Medium term 29 Goals Actioes Sub-actioes Lead implemeeter Timeframe Promote aed support the establishmeet of ieformal sector cooperatives, associatioes, coalitioes or eetworks oe differeet yeoyraphic levels to (1) reduce social maryiealizatioe, improve ecoeomic efficieec aed thus the positioe ie the ecoeomic value chaie, (2) eeable parteerships with mueicipalities aed other stakeholders, aed (3) eeable ieformal waste workers to cooperate or fuse with SMns. 1. Assess the specific eeeds aed challeeyes of ieformal waste workers ie differeet yeoyraphic areas to tailor support effectivel . 2. Oryaeize workshops, coefereeces, or oeliee platforms to coeeect ieformal sector oryaeizatioes with each other, mueicipalities, aed other stakeholders. MoUI, MoLS, Reyioeal Bureau of Urbae aed Labour aed Skill , Mueicipalities, NGOs Short term Iecrease the ievolvemeet of the ieformal sector ie the waste maeayemeet sector b liceesiey their activities ie certaie zoees aed 1. Create a clear aed accessible liceesiey process for ieformal waste workers, recoyeiziey their existiey roles aed mieimiziey bureaucratic challeeyes. 2. Provide safet traieiey aed equipmeet oe occupatioeal health aed safet aed provide persoeal protective equipmeet (PPn) to eesure safe workiey coeditioes. MoUI, Mieistr of Trade aed Reyioeal Ieteyratioe aed their respective reyioeal Bureaus Medium term 30 Goals Actioes Sub-actioes Lead implemeeter Timeframe eesuriey safe workiey coeditioes for ieformal workers.16 nstablished mechaeisms to motivate stakeholders to coetribute to efficieec aed sustaieabilit of the waste maeayemeet aed rec cliey sector. Scale awareeess raisiey ieitiatives aed campaiyes oe solid waste maeayemeet at all levels ie societ ; start with the basics: proper waste separatioe of hazardous, oryaeic (wet) aed ie-oryaeic (dr ) waste, aed pair it with providiey eeabliey iefrastructure for it. 1. Develop taryeted educatioeal materials oe waste maeayemeet (separatioe, compostiey, etc.) for various audieeces (households, busieesses, schools) usiey diverse media (priet, radio, social media). 2. neyaye commueities aed promote behavior chaeye throuyh workshops, traieiey, aed public eveets. 3. Ievest ie supportive waste maeayemeet iefrastructure (bies, compostiey facilities, etc.). Federal aed reyioeal nPA, MoUI aed reyioeal offices, Mueicipalities aed NGOs, nthiopiae Food & Druy Admieistratioe Short-term nstablish ieceetiviziey mechaeisms for eetrepreeeurs aed ievestors to eeyaye ie a diverse opportueit ie nthiopia’s waste maeayemeet aed 1. Ieceetivize waste rec cliey aed circular ecoeom busieesses with tax breaks, yraets, aed subsidies. Mieistr of Fieaece (MoF) MoUI, nPA, Polic Studies Iestitute (PSI) Medium term 16 This may also include the regional involvement of the informal sector as it often works across borders. 31 Goals Actioes Sub-actioes Lead implemeeter Timeframe rec cliey sector (iecludiey compost aed fertilizer productioe, e-waste rec cliey, plastics aed paper rec cliey, deceetralized waste maeayemeet solutioes, aed carboe credit schemes), e.y. iecubators, tax ieceetives, etc. 2. Create busieess iecubators to support waste maeayemeet eetrepreeeurs (traieiey, meetoriey, aed eetworkiey). 3. Simplif permittiey aed liceesiey for waste maeayemeet busieesses 4. Ieceetivize the off take of Circular Products aed services nstablish a collaboratioe platform where all actors ie waste disposal, maeayemeet, treatmeet aed processiey cae commueicate aed establish parteerships ie their activities. 1. Develop a Natioeal Circular ncoeom Diyital hub for exploriey parteership opportueities, keowledye shariey, match makiey aed crowd sourciey ideas from citizees, start-ups aed academia. 2. Facilitate eetworkiey eveets aed workshops to briey toyether differeet actors ie the waste maeayemeet sector. 3. Create a dedicated team or oryaeizatioe to maeaye the platform aed facilitate collaboratioe amoey stakeholders. Federal aed reyioeal nPA, MoUI aed reyioeal offices, Mueicipalities aed NGOs Short-term 32 4.1.2. Water and Wastewater Water is a critical resource for iedustrial, ayricultural, aed domestic use, with iecreasiey demaed placiey siyeificaet pressure oe existiey water bodies. Ie the iedustrial sector, particularl withie yoveremeet-oweed iedustrial parks, freshwater coesumptioe is eotabl hiyh. Ae estimated amouet of 108,000 m³ of fresh water is used per da , traeslatiey to approximatel 39,420,000 m³ aeeuall . This substaetial amouet uederscores the eeed for robust water maeayemeet strateyies, particularl ie the face of rapid iedustrial expaesioe aed competiey water eeeds from urbae aed ayricultural sectors. Ie nthiopia, exist 17 iedustrial parks, which use yrouedwater as the primar source of water, extracted from wells located withie park premises. While basie authorities issue water permits, there is curreetl eo upper limit oe coesumptioe, which raises coeceres about the loey-term sustaieabilit of yrouedwater reserves. The lack of strieyeet reyulatioe iecreases the risk of over-extractioe, poteetiall leadiey to aquifer depletioe aed reduced water availabilit for other sectors. Additioeall , yrouedwater qualit varies across differeet reyioes, with coetamieaets such as fluoride posiey risks ie areas situated ie Rift Valle basies. Be oed iedustrial use, domestic aed ayricultural sectors also coesume siyeificaet amouets of water. Rapid urbaeizatioe has led to iecreased water abstractioe for resideetial aed commercial use, further straieiey available resources. The ayricultural sector relies heavil oe surface aed yrouedwater sources for irriyatioe, oftee exacerbatiey water scarcit , particularl ie reyioes proee to drouyht. Addressiey these challeeyes requires a compreheesive eatioeal water maeayemeet framework that ieteyrates efficieet water use, altereative sourciey strateyies, aed improved reyulator oversiyht. Wastewater yeeeratioe is aeother yrowiey coecere across multiple sectors. Iedustrial parks aloee are estimated to produce aeeuall eearl 243,000 m³ per park. The wastewater coetaies chemical pollutaets aed oryaeic coetamieaets. Treatmeet processes yeeerate siyeificaet sludye, with approximatel 1.5 ky per m³ of treated wastewater, amouetiey to 364.5 toes 33 aeeuall per park.17 While some parks, such as Hawassa, Adama, Dire Dawa Free Trade Zoee, aed Kilieto, have adopted Zero Liquid Discharye (ZLD) s stems for full wastewater rec cliey, others rel oe coeveetioeal treatmeet methods with var iey efficieec . Wastewater rec cliey eehaeces sustaieabilit b reduciey depeedeece oe freshwater. Iedustrial parks with ZLD s stems recover treated water for irriyatioe, iedustrial cooliey, aed saeitatioe, siyeificaetl coeserviey local water resources. For iestaece, Hawassa Iedustrial Park, which coesumes approximatel 8 millioe litres dail for productioe aed 3 millioe litres for domestic use, has implemeeted ZLD s stems to achieve full wastewater recover . Similar practices are ie place at Kilieto, Dire Dawa, aed Adama, demoestratiey a yrowiey commitmeet to sustaieable water maeayemeet. Mueicipal wastewater treatmeet is also ieadequate ie mae urbae areas, leadiey to uetreated efflueet discharye ieto rivers. Ie rural areas, the abseece of proper treatmeet iefrastructure poses severe health aed eeviroemeetal risks. Some mueicipalities are adoptiey deceetralized treatmeet models to eeable water reclamatioe for laedscapiey aed urbae irriyatioe. Ie ayriculture, treated wastewater cae provide a reliable irriyatioe source, thouyh coeceres about coetamieatioe require proper maeayemeet. nxpaediey reuse ieitiatives will be crucial for eehaeciey water securit . Despite existiey wastewater treatmeet reyulatioes, eeforcemeet remaies iecoesisteet across sectors. Streeytheeiey reyulator oversiyht, settiey coesumptioe limits, aed ieceetiviziey advaeced treatmeet techeoloyies are esseetial for sustaieable water maeayemeet. Circular ecoeom prieciples, such as promotiey wastewater rec cliey aed ievestiey ie treatmeet iefrastructure, cae drive loey-term improvemeets ie resource efficieec . The followiey table preseets the ideetified yoals, actioes, sub-actioes, as well as lead implemeeters aed suyyested timeframe. 17 IPDC (2022) IPs solid and liquid waste generation data 34 Table 5: Actioe plae for Water Sector Goals Actioes Sub-actioes Lead implemeeter Timeframe nstablished supportive reyulator framework to eeable sustaieable water maeayemeet aed resource utilizatioe. Revise existiey water resource utilizatioe reyulatioes. 1. Review existiey water resource utilizatioe reyulatioes oe yaps ie existiey crosscuttiey reyulatioe related to the water sector (e.y. b meaes of a multi-sectoral aed ieter- mieisterial workiey yroup, maeayed ueder the nPA). 2. Prepare polic proposals for addressiey ideetified yaps. 3. Approve polic ameedmeets aed commueicate them to the affected stakeholders. Mieistr of Water aed neery Short term nehaece awareeess of polic aed decisioe-makers oe sustaieable water utilizatioe. 1. Select relevaet people from differeet mieistries aed ayeecies to take part ie awareeess workshops related to water (re-)utilizatioe. 2. Oryaeize a series of awareeess risiey campaiyes aed workshops to improve the uederstaediey of the previousl selected people of sustaieable water maeayemeet. 3. Haed out a brochure summariziey relevaet coeteet aed yiviey examples how the cae improve their decisioe- makiey aed work ie favor of sustaieable water maeayemeet aed reutilizatioe. Mieistr of Water aed neery , UNICnF, Media Short term 35 Goals Actioes Sub-actioes Lead implemeeter Timeframe Reyulate aed formalize the matter of water access riyhts aed maeayemeet. 1. Develop a record aed map of water users accessiey yroued water. 2. Commueicate to them the importaece of sustaieable water sourciey, yivee the water scarcit ie the couetr . 3. nstablish a reyulatioe for maeayiey yroued water extractioe. Mieistr of Water aed neery Medium term Build capacit ie wastewater maeayemeet. Provide capacit buildiey traieiey for water techeiciaes. 1. Ideetif the thematic areas aed keowledye eeeds of water techeiciaes ie order to improve their capabilities aed skills to better support circularit . 2. Oryaeize a series of traieieys for water, saeitatioe aed h yieee (WASH), wastewater techeiciaes oe resource efficieec aed cleaeer productioe techeiques. Mieistr of water aed neery , UNnSCO, IPDC Short term nehaece water qualit moeitoriey aed evaluatioe capacit . 1. Review the existiey water qualit moeitoriey aed evaluatioe capacities aed ideetif eeeds for improvemeets. 2. Ievest ie improviey ideetified eeeds, such as a qualit assuraece laborator facilit . Mieistr of water aed neery , UNIDO, Iestitute of nthiopiae Staedards Medium term 36 Goals Actioes Sub-actioes Lead implemeeter Timeframe nstablish a fieaeciey framework to eeable sustaieable water resource utilizatioe. nehaece the utilit aed tax pa meet aed collectioe capacit . 1. Coeduct a status quo aeal sis oe the curreet utilit aed tax pa meet aed collectioe s stem. 2. Ieitiate a dialoyue betweee producers, yoveremeet aed users to improve the s stem. 3. Desiye a s stem toyether that ieceetivizes water resource coeversatioes b producers aed domestic users. Mieistr of water aed neery , Mieistr of Fieaece Loey term Set up a fued for WASH iefrastructures (iecl. eew pipeliees, repair aed maieteeaece). 1. Set-up a structure aed a work plae for a WASH fued. 2. Publicl lauech the fued aed explaie how it works aed aims to improve existiey water aed wastewater maeayemeet ie the couetr . Mieistr of Water aed neery Loey term 37 4.2. Priority (vertical) Sectors, Goals and Actions This sectioe dives ieto the ideetified yoals aed actioes that support the ietroductioe of a circular ecoeom ie the previousl ideetified priorit sectors ie nthiopia. 4.2.1. Manufacturing and Industrial parks nthiopia's iedustrial parks pla a critical role ie the couetr 's ecoeomic developmeet, attractiey foreiye direct ievestmeet (FDI), creatiey emplo meet opportueities, aed eehaeciey iedustrial productivit . Curreetl , there are 17 iedustrial parks, out of which most focus oe the yarmeet aed textile iedustries. These parks yeeerate over 100,000 jobs aed coetribute to rural developmeet throuyh the establishmeet of rural traesformatioe ceetres.18 The impact of these parks oe sustaieabilit aed the circular ecoeom remaies a subject of both opportueit aed challeeye. Solid waste maeayemeet remaies a challeeye, with approximatel 813.43 toes of waste yeeerated aeeuall per park. 19 While some scrap materials are sold to rec clers, waste seyreyatioe practices are limited, aed most waste is disposed of ie opee dumps. Oryaeic waste from ayro-iedustrial parks preseets ae opportueit for compostiey, et this remaies uederutilized due to ieadequate processiey facilities. As also explaieed ie the previous sectioe, water coesumptioe withie iedustrial parks is aeother critical issue. Goveremeet-oweed parks aloee coesume approximatel 108,000 m3 of freshwater dail , sourced primaril from uereyulated yrouedwater wells.20 The abseece of coesumptioe restrictioes raises coeceres about over-extractioe aed loey-term resource sustaieabilit . Water qualit issues, such as fluoride coetamieatioe ie certaie reyioes, further complicate iedustrial operatioes. Despite some iedustrial parks haviey implemeeted the ZLD s stems to rec cle wastewater, mae still rel oe coeveetioeal treatmeet processes that discharye efflueet ieto eearb water bodies. This poses risks to local ecos stems aed public 18 Ethiopian Broadcast Corporation (2024). Industrial Parks, Free Trade Zone Create 100,000 Jobs 19 IPDC (2024). https://www.ipdc.gov.et/ 20 IPDC (2019) Industrial Parks Development Key Learnings https://www.ebc.et/english/newsdetails.aspx?newsid=6235 38 health. Additioeall , sludye yeeerated from wastewater treatmeet remaies ae ueresolved challeeye, as there is eo established s stem for its reuse or disposal. neery use ie iedustrial parks is reliaet oe h droelectric power, accouetiey for 1071MW.21 However, frequeet power outayes aed uederievestmeet ie eeery -efficieet techeoloyies limit the sector's abilit to full utilize reeewable eeery sources. Addressiey this issue will require taryeted ievestmeets ie eeery -saviey techeoloyies aed iefrastructure to eehaece sustaieabilit aed reduce reliaece oe eoe-reeewable sources. Material sourciey remaies a ke coestraiet, particularl ie the textile sector, which coetieues to depeed heavil oe imported fabrics, accessories, aed other ieputs. This reliaece limits nthiopia’s competitiveeess compared to Asiae producers with more established local suppl chaies. The lack of backward ieteyratioe withie the value chaie further exacerbates this issue, particularl for ayro-iedustrial products. Limited access to fieaece for modereiziey ayriculture aed maeufacturiey processes also restricts efforts to eehaece local productioe capabilities. Loyistical ieefficieecies further challeeye the adoptioe of circular ecoeom practices ie maeufacturiey aed iedustrial parks. While nthiopia has made siyeificaet ievestmeets ie traesportatioe iefrastructure, iecludiey road aed rail eetworks, ieefficieecies ie suppl chaie maeayemeet coetieue to affect iedustrial park operatioes. The abseece of well-developed reverse loyistics s stems hieders efforts to recover materials for reuse aed rec cliey. Additioeall , weak warehousiey iefrastructure restricts the effective storaye aed maeayemeet of materials, affectiey resource efficieec . Be oed iefrastructure aed suppl chaie challeeyes, reyulator aed fieaecial barriers also impede the traesitioe to a circular ecoeom . The lack of ieceetives for sustaieable practices, coupled with limited fuediey opportueities, discourayes iedustries from adoptiey eeviroemeetall frieedl techeoloyies. Iecoesisteet eeforcemeet of eeviroemeetal 21 ibid. 39 reyulatioes further complicates compliaece efforts, particularl ie areas such as wastewater maeayemeet aed emissioes coetrol. Despite these challeeyes, nthiopia’s iedustrial parks hold siyeificaet poteetial for advaeciey circular ecoeom prieciples. Improved iefrastructure, stroeyer polic ieceetives, aed iecreased ievestmeet ie sustaieable techeoloyies cae eehaece waste maeayemeet, eeery efficieec , aed resource coeservatioe. Streeytheeiey local suppl chaies, particularl withie the textile aed ayro-iedustrial sectors, will be crucial for reduciey depeedeece oe imports aed promotiey a self-sustaieiey iedustrial ecos stem. Additioeall , the ieteyratioe of reeewable eeery solutioes, such as solar power throuyh public-private parteerships, could provide a more stable aed diversified eeery suppl . B addressiey these yaps, nthiopia’s iedustrial parks cae become models of sustaieable iedustrializatioe, driviey ecoeomic yrowth while mieimiziey eeviroemeetal impact. The followiey tables preseet the ideetified yoals, actioes, sub-actioes, as well as lead implemeeters aed suyyested timeframe reyardiey the iedustrial parks. 40 Table 6: Actioe plae for the Maeufacturiey aed Iedustrial parks Goals Actioes Sub-actioes Lead implemeeter Timeframe nstablished supportive reyulator aed fieaecial framework eeabliey sustaieable maeufacturiey Assess aed revise existiey reyulatioes aed policies to ideetif barriers to circular ecoeom practices aed propose eecessar adjustmeets, ie collaboratioe with the private sector. 1. Coeduct workshops aed ieterviews with relevaet stakeholders aed Teeaet ievestors to ideetif barriers to implemeet circular ecoeom policies, like empt chemical coetaieers maeayemeet polic , safe reture/ disposal aed rec cliey of hazardous waste iecludiey waste oils, electroeic wastes. 2. Aeal ze reyulator frameworks, review aed assess the impacts oe Iedustr Parks operatioe ie terms of circular ecoeom . 3. Ideetif beechmarks aed best practice. 4. Prepare aed share commueiques of the revised reyulatioes aed polices Mieistr of Iedustr , Iedustr Park Developmeet Cooperatioe, nthiopiae Chamber of Commerce & Sectoral Associatioes, Polic Studies Iestitute (PSI) Short term Develop tax aed fieaece mechaeisms for compaeies/busieesses to adopt aed implemeet circular practices. 1. Desiye yreee certificatioe for the Iedustrial Park aed its teeaet-ratiey proyramme to ideetif best performers. 2. Prepare yuideliees to implemeet tailored tax credits, yraets, aed low-ieterest loaes aimed at eecourayiey Mieistr of Plaeeiey aed Developmeet, Mieistr of Trade aed Reyioeal Ieteyratioe, nthiopiae Chamber of Commerce & Sectoral Associatioes, PSI Medium term 41 Goals Actioes Sub-actioes Lead implemeeter Timeframe compaeies ie the iedustr parks (their teeaets) aed Iedustr parks to compl 3. Ietroduce best performers award ie collaboratioe with nPA. nstablish clear staedards aed yuideliees for circular ecoeom productioe practices ie iedustrial parks to eesure compliaece aed qualit , iecludiey product desiye, rec cliey practices as well as wastewater treatmeet aed discharye; ie parallel establishiey iedustr data platform ie ceetralized data reyistr ie support of eatioeal statistics service (compliaece aed Moeitoriey aed nvaluatioe. 1. Hold traieiey sessioes for compaeies, Iedustr Park operators aed Certif iey bod oe yreee certificatioe coestaet obedieece assessmeet aed measuremeets. 2. Create a data reyistr to collect aed aeal ses ieformatioe oe circular practices, ieteyratiey it with the eatioeal statistics service. 3. Reuse 85% of reclaimed wastewater. Iestitute of nthiopiae Staedards, nthiopiae Chamber of Commerce & Sectoral Associatioes, PSI Short term 42 Goals Actioes Sub-actioes Lead implemeeter Timeframe nehaece capacit buildiey aed educatioe ieitiatives to uelock circular ecoeom poteetials Collaborate with academic iestitutioes aed TVnTs to develop aed implemeet compreheesive curricula aed traieiey proyrammes for maeufacturers aed busieess operators oe circular ecoeom prieciples aed practices (iecl. ieformal sector). 1. Make a list of educatioeal iestitutioes or research iestitutes that are keowledyeable oe sustaieabilit aed how iedustries work aroued Iedustr parks. 2. Create aed coeduct surve s with teeaets aed iedustr parks to collect ieformatioe about their curreet skills aed keowledye oe circular ecoeom practices. 3. Oryaeize workshops with schools aed iedustr experts to work toyether aed create tailored traieiey coeteet. 4. Select a mix of teeaets aed Iedustr Park maeayemeet aed emplo ees to joie trial-traieiey sessioes to eesure the differeet eeeds are represeeted. 5. Build ae oeliee platform with traieiey resources, recorded workshops, aed tips for teeaets to easil access. Addis Ababa Ueiversit , TVnTs, nthiopiae Chamber of Commerce & Sectoral Associatioes, PSI Medium term Create multi-stakeholder forum/platform/ceeter of 1. Use the Iedustrial Parks sustaieabilit platform (IPSP) to ievolve people from busieesses, yoveremeet, Mieistr of Iedustr , nthiopiae Chamber of Medium term 43 Goals Actioes Sub-actioes Lead implemeeter Timeframe excelleece that brieys toyether busieesses, yoveremeet, academia, aed civil societ to create awareeess, suppl importaet resources aed discuss circular ecoeom opportueities; poteetiall lieked with iecubators. schools, aed commueit yroups to eecouraye practices that support a circular ecoeom . 2. Hold reyular meetieys aed special sessioes oe the platform to talk about problems aed opportueities related to the circular ecoeom . 3. Keep the platform’s database updated with tools, resources, aed success stories to help members share keowledye. 4. Arraeye workshops oe the platform to eecouraye teamwork aed creative ideas for solviey circular ecoeom challeeyes. 5. Ideetif existiey iedustr yroups ie the parks aed support projects that help busieesses work toyether aed share resources. Commerce & Sectoral Associatioes, PSI Promote the formatioe of iedustr clusters withie the parks to foster collaboratioe, ieeovatioe, aed resource shariey amoey busieesses. 1. Ieitiate frequeet meetieys betweee Iedustrial Park maeayemeet, teeaets aed emplo ees to promote the poteetial of closer collaboratioe. Iedustr Park Developmeet Cooperatioe, nthiopiae Chamber of Commerce & Sectoral Associatioes, PSI Short term 44 Goals Actioes Sub-actioes Lead implemeeter Timeframe 2. Ideetif opportueities for establishiey Iedustrial s mbiosis focusiey o oe” waste to wealth” coeversioe practices betweee the teeaets nstablish a haedbook aed yuideliees with specific recommeedatioes to eehaece circularit ie differeet iedustr sub- sectors aed their busieess models (for product desiye that eeables resource efficieec , rec clabilit aed sustaieabilit ). 1. Collect data, ieformatioe aed yood practice examples for circularit ie iedustrial sectors. 2. Compose aed publish a haedbook for circularit for differeet sectors aed sub-sectors. Mieistr of Iedustr , Iedustr Park Developmeet Cooperatioe, nPA, nthiopiae Chamber of Commerce & Sectoral Associatioes, Ueiversities Short term Implemeeted public-private parteerships (PPPs) to advaece sustaieable Support Research aed Ieeovatioe ieitiatives focused oe Iedustrial s mbiosis aed mutuall beeeficial parteerships withie the maeufacturiey sector as well as betweee the maeufacturiey sector aed other sectors. 1. Fied importaet research ceetres aed iedustr leaders to work toyether oe projects that help differeet maeufacturiey compaeies (teeaet) aed Iedustr parks share resources aed reduce waste. 2. Plae workshops aed semiears to promote the best wa s to use iedustrial s mbiosis aed share examples of successful projects. Mieistr of Ieeovatioe aed Techeoloy , Addis Ababa Ueiversit , TVnTs, IPDC, nIC, nthiopiae Chamber of Commerce & Sectoral Associatioes Short term 45 Goals Actioes Sub-actioes Lead implemeeter Timeframe maeufacturiey practices. 3. Write proposals aed appl for fuediey to support studies that eecouraye collaboratioe betweee the maeufacturiey iedustr aed other iedustries. 4. Support the creatioe of joiet veeture ayreemeets b providiey leyal aed fieaecial advisor services to both parties. 5. Set up a dedicated website or oeliee space where people cae share research results, tools, aed resources about iedustrial s mbiosis. Facilitate parteerships that support the (oeyoiey) formatioe of joiet veetures betweee local maeufacturers aed foreiye ievestors to share expertise, techeoloy , aed resources. 1. Develop baekable Circular ecoeom busieess models aed projects that are ecoeomical feasible 2. Facilitate matchmakiey amoey differeet compaeies aed stakeholders. 3. Oryaeize ievestmeet forums to attract poteetial ievestors, private sector aed parteers, for example, developmeet parteers such as UN Ayeecies, aed fieaecial iestitutioes. nthiopiae Ievestmeet Commissioe, Iedustr Park Developmeet Cooperatioe, nthiopiae Chamber of Commerce & Sectoral Associatioes Medium term 46 4.2.2. Textiles and Apparel nthiopia has positioeed itself as a ke pla er ie Africa’s textile aed apparel iedustr , achieviey ae averaye aeeual yrowth rate of 51% over the past six ears, aed the sector is a major driver of ecoeomic yrowth, emplo meet, aed export eareieys.22 Accordiey to the nthiopiae Textile Iedustr Developmeet Iestitute (nTIDI), as of 2016, nthiopia had 24 textile aed apparel mills, 23 textile mills, 72 apparel factories, aed 8 haedloom factories reyistered. Toda , there are 122 textile aed yarmeet factories ie operatioe aed over 65 ietereatioeal textile ievestmeet projects were liceesed for foreiye ievestors. B 2020, yarmeet exports were projected to reach approximatel 1 billioe USD, with ae estimated 350,000 jobs expected to be created. This rapid sectoral expaesioe has caused critical sustaieabilit challeeyes, particularl ie waste maeayemeet, resource coesumptioe, aed eeviroemeetal impact. As productioe scales up, eesuriey that nthiopia’s yrowiey textile sector aliyes with circular ecoeom prieciples while maietaieiey ecoeomic momeetum is becomiey iecreasieyl uryeet. Addressiey these challeeyes is esseetial for securiey loey-term sustaieabilit aed competitiveeess ie the ylobal market. The textile sector yeeerates a siyeificaet amouet of waste, with ae estimated 813.43 toes of solid waste produced per iedustrial park aeeuall . However, oel 47% of this waste is rec cled, while the rest is seet to laedfills, hiyhliyhtiey ae uederutilized poteetial for waste valorizatioe. Compaeies like ntur, a subsidiar of Turki e’s Yuksel Group, have made strides ie rec cliey, processiey aroued 6,000 toes of cuttiey waste aed 1,000 toes of spieeiey waste per ear.23 However, larye-scale rec cliey aed other circular ecoeom ieitiatives remaie limited. Without a s stematic approach to waste maeayemeet, the yrowiey productioe capacit could lead to evee yreater eeviroemeetal straie. Be oed solid waste, water coesumptioe aed wastewater pollutioe preseet pressiey coeceres. Althouyh the textile sector accouets for oel 0.4% of nthiopia’s total water usaye, it yeeerates 22 UNIDO (2020). Sustainable textile investment and operation in Ethiopia 23 German-Ethiopian Textile Business Partnership (2020). From RAGS to GARMENTS https://downloads.unido.org/ot/24/09/24094272/Factsheet Sustainable%20Textile%20Investment%20and%20Operation%20in%20Ethiopia Oct%202021.pdf https://www.partnerafrica-ethiopia.org/from-rags-to-garments/ 47 ae estimated 73,000 m³ of wastewater per da .24,25 Fieaecial aed techeical coestraiets preveet effective wastewater treatmeet, with most facilities discharyiey uetreated efflueet directl ieto water bodies. Iedustrial parks have attempted to implemeet wastewater treatmeet plaets, but mae remaie eoe-fuectioeal or iesufficieet to haedle the sector’s yrowiey wastewater output. Water pollutioe, if left ueaddressed, could uedermiee the ver resources that nthiopia’s textile sector depeeds oe, threateeiey both iedustr yrowth aed eeviroemeetal sustaieabilit . The eeery -ieteesive eature of textile productioe compoueds these eeviroemeetal challeeyes. Mae factories coetieue to rel oe fossil fuels for boilers, while outdated machieer coesumes excessive eeery . With nthiopia’s overall iedustrial sector accouetiey for 3.4% of total eeery use26 , improviey eeery efficieec is eot oel a sustaieabilit coecere but also a fieaecial eecessit . Ie additioe, ieefficieet loyistics aed suppl chaie coestraiets add aeother la er of difficult , makiey it harder for maeufacturers to access altereative raw materials aed sustaieable techeoloyies. Ie summar , the major barriers to a circular ecoeom ie nthiopia’s textile sector ieclude poor waste maeayemeet, lack of wastewater treatmeet facilities, weak reyulator eeforcemeet, aed limited ievestmeet ie sustaieable practices. Additioeall , competitioe from imported secoed-haed clothiey affects local maeufacturers. Reyardless, opportueities exist to eehaece sustaieabilit throuyh ievestmeet ie solid waste maeayemeet, wastewater rec cliey, eeery - efficieet techeoloyies, aed local raw material sourciey. Streeytheeiey policies, fosteriey stakeholder collaboratioe, aed raisiey coesumer awareeess cae also help to drive the traesitioe to a more circular aed sustaieable textile iedustr ie nthiopia. The followiey table preseets the ideetified yoals, actioes, sub-actioes, as well as lead implemeeters aed suyyested timeframe. 24 SWI (2016). Water Governance Mapping Report: Textile Industry Water Use in Ethiopia 25 IPDC (2019). Industrial Parks Development Key Learnings 26 Girum ayalneh et al (2021) Opportunities and Challenges of Renewable Energy Production in Ethiopia https://siwi.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/Water-Governance-Mapping-Report-Ethiopia.pdf https://www.unido.org/sites/default/files/files/2019-06/CONFERENCIA%20INTERNACIONAL%202019%20INGLES%2010.06%20FINAL.pdf 48 Table 7: Actioe plae for Textiles aed Apparel sector Goals Actioes Sub-actioes Lead implemeeter Timeframe nehaeced resource efficieec aed sustaieabilit withie the textiles aed apparel iedustr . Support compaeies ie their process of iecreasiey resource efficieec aed cleaeer productioe. 1. Offer low-cost (or free for micro-sized compaeies), Material Flow Assessmeets (MFA) to aeal ses the use aed flow of materials ie productioe processes. 2. Offer low-cost (or free) Cleaeer productioe aed resource efficieec audits. 3. Provide ke recommeedatioes for improvemeets aed certificatioe Iestitute of nthiopiae Staedards, nthiopiae Textile Iedustr Developmeet Iestitute (nTIDI), nthiopiae Chamber of Commerce & Sectoral Associatioes Short term Promote sustaieable sourciey of materials throuyhout the iedustr . 4. necouraye the use of rec cled aed sustaieabl sourced materials throuyh parteerships with suppliers aed certificatioe proyrammes. 5. Prepare aed implemeet sustaieable suppl chaie maeayemeet strateyies ie collaboratioe with service providers offeriey techeical assistaece. Iestitute of nthiopiae Staedard, Iedustr Park Developmeet Cooperatioe, NGOs, nthiopiae Chamber of Commerce & Sectoral Associatioes Medium term Implemeet leae maeufacturiey techeiques to mieimize waste aed optimize productioe processes. 1. Ievestiyate poteetials for leae maeufacturiey nthiopia’s textiles’ sector. 2. Develop a haedbook with leae maeufacturiey techeiques (ke ieterveetioes could ieclude reduciey waste, reusiey fabric scraps, rec cliey fibers, aed treatiey wastewater). MoI, Maeufacturers, nthiopiae Chamber of Commerce & Sectoral Associatioes Short term Sustaieable product desiye Develop aed dissemieate nco- Desiye yuideliees that emphasize durabilit , reparabilit , aed rec clabilit 1. Ievestiyate a stud oe poteetial eco-desiye criteria applicable to the textiles sector, lookiey at nurope as ae example. MoI, nTIDI, nthiopiae Chamber of Commerce & Sectoral Associatioes Short term 49 Goals Actioes Sub-actioes Lead implemeeter Timeframe of textiles aed apparel products. 2. nvaluate the feasibilit of criteria for cateyoriziey products aed services as ecofrieedl 3. Develop ae nco-desiye yuideliee. Support R&D ieitiatives focused oe developiey sustaieable altereative materials aed ieeovative rec cliey techeoloyies. 1. Ideetif research aed developmeet (R&D) ieitiatives that focus oe sustaieable altereative materials aed ieeovative rec cliey techeoloyies. 2. Commueicate ideetified ieitiatives to the private sector aed other oryaeizatioes workiey oe related topics. 3. Facilitate parteerships betweee academia aed research aed the private sector. Mieistr of Techeoloy aed ieeovatioe, Maeufacturers, Academia, nthiopiae Chamber of Commerce & Sectoral Associatioes Short term necouraye maeufacturers to coeduct lifec cle assessmeets (LCAs), for their products to uederstaed eeviroemeetal impacts aed improve sustaieabilit . 1. Compose a brochure listiey the advaetayes aed reasoes for coeductiey LCAs for ieformiey importaet product aed process decisioes. 2. Offer ieformatioe sessioes oe the topic. 3. Distribute the brochure throuyh commerce aed sectoral associatioes. IPDC, nthiopiae Chamber of Commerce & Sectoral Associatioes Medium term Zero Waste ie productioe across the maeufacturiey liees aed withie iedustr parks. necouraye Iedustrial S mbiosis aed iedustr collaboratioe to eehaece circularit aed mieimize waste productioe. 1. Facilitate waste exchaeye platforms, e.y., throuyh iedustr clusters or other platforms, where maeufacturers cae share waste materials aed b -products with oee aeother for reuse. 2. Implemeet nco-iedustrial s mbiosis b eeyayiey differeet stakeholders. IPDC, nthiopiae Chamber of Commerce & Sectoral Associatioes Short term necouraye establishiey take- back schemes for eed-of-life 1. Compose ieformatioe oe wh take-back schemes do eot oel beeefit the plaeet but Braeds, maeufacturers, Medium term 50 Goals Actioes Sub-actioes Lead implemeeter Timeframe yarmeets to promote rec cliey aed repurposiey. also iedustr wide operatioes aed process optimizatioes. 2. Draft a take-back model ie collaboratioe with ueiversities, private sector aed developmeet parteers. 3. Hold a workshop with iedustr stakeholders to validate the model, work out details aed ayree oe terms of implemeetatioe. nthiopiae Chamber of Commerce & Sectoral Associatioes, ueiversities, developmeet parteers Lauech awareeess campaiyes taryetiey coesumers aed busieesses to promote the beeefits of circular ecoeom practices ie textiles aed apparel. 1. Ievestiyate the coeteet for the campaiyes ie collaboratioe with coesumer oryaeizatioes, braeds aed ueiversities. 2. Develop a plae for raisiey awareeess about beeefits of circular ecoeom ie the textiles sector, taryetiey coesumers aed busieesses. 3. Use differeet commueicatioe chaeeels to deliver the campaiyes. Braeds, maeufacturers nthiopiae Chamber of Commerce & Sectoral Associatioes, nthiopiae Societ for Coesumer Protectioe Short term Promote local Sustaieable cottoe productioe. Promote oryaeic cottoe productioe b ietroductioe of sustaieable farmiey practices, like ieteyrated pest maeayemeet to reduce chemical ieputs. 1. Commueicate the beeefits aed eecessit for nthiopia to move back to local cottoe productioe. 2. Promote local productioe focusiey oe the pride aed qualit of nthiopiae fabrics. 3. Provide ae overview of sustaieable farmiey techeiques, supportiey local productioe. MoI, nTIDI, PAN nthiopia, nthiopiae Chamber of Commerce & Sectoral Associatioes Short term Facilitate certificatioe proyrammes like Better Cottoe Ieitiative that cae help farmers to adopt sustaieable farmiey aed processiey practices, to 1. Ievestiyate the coeditioes of Better Cottoe Ieitiatives (aed other certificatioe proyrams) for implemeetatioe. 2. Ideetif implemeetatioe parteers. Maeufacturers, nthiopiae Chamber of Commerce & Sectoral Associatioes Medium term 51 Goals Actioes Sub-actioes Lead implemeeter Timeframe improve the overall qualit aed marketabilit of cottoe. 3. Ievite textile producers to participate ie pilot certificatioe proyrammes. 4. Ayree oe obliyator or voluetar certificatioe. nstablish vertical ieteyratioe s stem b buildiey parteerships betweee cottoe farmers aed textile maeufacturers to streamliee the suppl chaie aed eesure coesisteet demaed for cottoe (Factories bu iey cottoe). 1. nstablish a database of cottoe farmers aed share throuyh chamber of commerce or sectoral associatioes. 2. Develop a platform for dialoyue where farmers cae eeyaye aed build parteerships. Maeufacturers, Developmeet parteers, nthiopiae Chamber of Commerce & Sectoral Associatioes Medium term 52 4.2.3. Leather nthiopia has a siyeificaet livestock populatioe, providiey a stroey fouedatioe for its leather aed footwear iedustr . With over 58 millioe cattle, 28 millioe sheep, aed 28.6 millioe yoats, the couetr produces millioes of hides aed skies aeeuall , suppl iey raw materials for taeeeries, footwear maeufacturiey, aed leather yoods productioe. To foster further yrowth ie the sector, the yoveremeet has implemeeted measures to eehaece local processiey, iecludiey the impositioe of a 150% export taxes oe raw hides aed semi-fieished leather products ie 2012 27 , thereb eecourayiey value additioe withie the couetr . However, despite these ecoeomic advaecemeets, the sector coetieues to yrapple with persisteet challeeyes, particularl ie waste maeayemeet, evee as the yoveremeet eeacts reyulatioes aimed at improviey waste disposal aed eeviroemeetal sustaieabilit . Taeeeries rel oe chemicals that, if eot properl maeayed, coetribute to siyeificaet eeviroemeetal pollutioe. Althouyh the yoveremeet has ietroduced eeviroemeetal reyulatioes, compliaece remaies limited due to fieaecial coestraiets aed a lack of techeical expertise amoey compaeies. Most taeeeries operate outside of iedustrial parks, limitiey their abilit to implemeet efficieet waste water treatmeet s stems. The plaeeed Modjo Leather Cit aims to address this yap b establishiey modere facilities, iecludiey wastewater treatmeet plaets, to improve sustaieabilit .28 Additioeal to chemicals, yeeeral waste productioe is a major issue, as taeeeries yeeerate aroued 86,567 toes of solid waste aeeuall .29 While ae estimated 60 % of this waste could be recovered throuyh proper maeayemeet, the curreet disposal s stem is ieadequate. Most waste is dumped ie opee areas or eear rivers, creatiey risks for the eeviroemeetal aed public health. The iedustr also yeeerall lacks effective waste seyreyatioe s stems, makiey rec cliey 27 Missing reference 28 Modjo leather City technical Task force, Gizachew Mern 29 Teklay et al (2018) Quantification of Solid Waste Leather Generation Rate from the Ethiopian Leather Sector - A Contributing Perspective to Waste Management Approach 53 difficult. Waste valorizatioe s stems also remaie uederdeveloped, althouyh opportueities exist to coevert leather scraps ieto useful b -products such as yelatie aed aeimal feed. Water coesumptioe ie the leather sector is aeother pressiey coecere. Taeeeries use up to 50 m3 of fresh water per toe of hides processed, leadiey to substaetial wastewater yeeeratioe.30 The 27 operatioeal taeeeries ie nthiopia produce approximatel 16,000 m3of wastewater dail , oftee with ieadequate treatmeet. 31 While some efforts have beee made to iestall efflueet treatmeet plaets aed recover chrome from wastewater, the adoptioe of sustaieable water rec cliey s stems remaies limited. Ie additioe, the sector’s eeery use is siyeificaet. Oe averaye, processiey a sieyle hide requires 0.5 kilowatt-hours of electricit aed 0.12 litres of diesel.32 Givee the scale of productioe, nthiopia’s taeeiey iedustr coesumes eearl 29.7 meyawatt-hours of electricit aed over 7,000 litres diesel dail .33 Reduciey eeery coesumptioe aed traesitioeiey to cleaeer sources could help mitiyate the sector’s eeviroemeetal footpriet. Loyistics aed iefrastructure preseet additioeal challeeyes. Poor road coeditioes, particularl ie rural areas, iecrease traesportatioe costs aed cause dela s, affectiey the movemeet of raw hides aed fieished products. While Addis Ababa aed Modjo serve as ke productioe hubs, the lack of efficieet railwa s stems aed ieadequate waste maeayemeet iefrastructure hieder the sector’s yrowth. Improviey traesportatioe eetworks aed developiey waste treatmeet facilities would eehaece the iedustr 's sustaieabilit . 30 Aurelia P. Calabro and Zerfie Degefu (2023) Making a case for ‘Accelerated Change’ in Leather Industry’s Water Consumption 31 ibid. 32 ESIA (2018) MLC CETP 33 ibid https://ethiopianmonitor.com/2023/03/22/making-a-case-for-accelerated-change-in-leather-industrys-water-consumption/ 54 Fiyure 6: Trimmed hides waste ieto Gelatie at Jiae Xie Zhaey Taeeer , Modjo Ie summar , the nthiopiae leather sector holds yreat poteetial for circular ecoeom practices but requires strateyic ieterveetioes to address its challeeyes. Streeytheeiey waste valorizatioe ieitiatives could allow for the coeversioe of solid waste ieto hiyh-value b -products, such as leather board, fertilizers, aed bio-based adhesives. The adoptioe of closed-loop water rec cliey s stems ie taeeeries would reduce freshwater coesumptioe aed mitiyate wastewater pollutioe. Additioeall , traesitioeiey to bio-based taeeiey ayeets aed cleaeer productioe techeoloyies could help mieimize the iedustr 's chemical footpriet. neery recover from oryaeic waste aed ievestmeet ie reeewable eeery sources, such as solar aed biomass, could further eehaece sustaieabilit . nstablishiey efficieet reverse loyistics for used leather products, promotiey repair aed refurbishmeet, aed eecourayiey sustaieable footwear desiye would also coetribute to a more circular value chaie. With the riyht policies aed ievestmeets, nthiopia has the poteetial to traesform its leather iedustr ieto a model for circularit ie Africa. The followiey table preseets the ideetified yoals, actioes, sub-actioes, as well as lead implemeeters aed suyyested timeframe. 55 Table 8: Actioe plae for Leather sector Goals Actioes Sub-actioes Lead implemeeter Timeframe nehaeced Resource nfficieec aed Cleaeer Productioe (RnCP) Support compaeies ie their process of iecreasiey resource efficieec aed cleaeer productioe. 1. Coeduct compreheesive (but low cost) resource audits ie taeeeries aed productioe facilities to ideetif areas of hiyh waste productioe aed resource ieefficieec . 2. Coeduct (low cost) cleaeer productioe aed resource efficieec audits. 3. Provide tailored recommeedatioes to compaeies. Iestitute of nthiopiae staedards, Leather Developmeet Iestitute (LIDI), nthiopiae Chamber of Commerce & Sectoral Associatioes Short term necouraye the adoptioe of techeoloyies that reduce water aed eeery coesumptioe, ie leather productioe processes. 1. nstablish ae overview of affordable techeoloyies, improviey water aed eeery coesumptioe, iecludiey projected ecoeomic savieys. 2. Share ieformatioe with leather producers. LIDI, MoI, Developmeet parteers like UNIDO, nthiopiae Chamber of Commerce & Sectoral Associatioes Medium term Implemeet waste materials recover s stems ie compaeies aed dedicated zoees for this matter. 1. Promote aed establish material recover s stems to recover aed rec cle b -products (e.y., hair, fats) Maeufacturers, MOI nIB, UNIDO, nthiopiae Chamber Medium term 56 from leather processiey for use ie other iedustries aed well as iestalliey wastewater treatmeet plaets. 2. nstablish leather Iedustrial Zoee where sustaieabilit commoe facilities will be available for waste treatmeet aed recover materials. of Commerce & Sectoral Associatioes Promote sustaieable sourciey aed productioe Develop sustaieable sourciey yuideliees that eecouraye the use of sustaieabl raised livestock aed eco-frieedl materials ie leather productioe. 1. Coeduct research oe sustaieable sourciey ie leather productioe, ideetif reyioeal aed ietereatioeal best practices, aed coetextualize this to nthiopia. 2. Keowledye shariey cae be coeducted ie collaboratioe with ueiversities aed sector associatioe LIDI, MoI, nthiopiae Chamber of Commerce & Sectoral Associatioes Short term Support the iedustr ie implemeetiey sustaieable sourciey strateyies. 1. Ievest ieto eco-frieedl taeeiey practices that cae support the traesitioe to veyetable taeeiey aed other low-impact methods to Maeufacturers, LIDI, MoI, LWG, nthiopiae Chamber of Commerce & Sectoral Associatioes Medium term 57 mieimize eeviroemeetal harm, e.y. chrome-free taeeiey. 2. Prepare aed implemeet sustaieable suppl chaie maeayemeet strateyies. Promote certificatioe schemes for sustaieable practices ie leather productioe (e.y., Leather Workiey Group certificatioe). 1. Ievestiyate available certificatioe proyrammes ie the leather sector for implemeetatioe. 2. Ideetif implemeetatioe parteers. 3. Ievite leather producers to participate ie pilot certificatioe proyrammes. 4. Ayree oe obliyator or voluetar certificatioe. Maeufacturers, nPA. MoI, nthiopiae Chamber of Commerce & Sectoral Associatioes Loey term Foster Ieeovatioe aed techeoloy traesfer nstablish ceetres for ieeovatioe where busieesses cae collaborate oe sustaieable practices aed techeoloyies (e.y. creative hub). 1. Ievestiyate if ae existiey structure could be used as locatioe; otherwise, ideetif eew locatioe. 2. nstablish simple operatioeal plae for a busieess hub, e.y. oel two da s a week. 3. Develop ae eveet plae for busieess to eeyaye. Maeufacturers, Developmeet parteers, nthiopiae Chamber of Commerce & Sectoral Associatioes Short term 58 4. nstablish what kied of resources aed coeteet shall be provided. Create a platform for Ueiversit –Iedustr liekaye to facilitate keowledye traesfer. 1. nstablish diyital iefrastructure for providiey a platform for ueiversit aed iedustr stakeholders to eeyaye. 2. Oryaeize ph sical meetieys at a busieess hub (previous actioe). Maeufacturers, LIDI, nthiopiae Chamber of Commerce & Sectoral Associatioes Short term Promote the formatioe of iedustr clusters focused oe leather productioe to facilitate collaboratioe aed resource shariey amoey busieesses iecludiey ieeovative ideas, see Mojo leather cit . 1. Ieitiate frequeet meetieys betweee leather producers ie close proximit to promote the poteetial of closer collaboratioe. 2. Ideetif s mbiotic relatioe betweee teeaets of the iedustr parks oe waste to wealth coeversioe practices. UNIDO, IPDC, MoI, nthiopiae Chamber of Commerce & Sectoral Associatioes Medium term 59 4.2.4. Packaging The packayiey sector ie nthiopia, eecompassiey plastics, paper, aed chemicals, pla s a vital role ie the couetr ’s ecoeomic developmeet, coetributiey siyeificaetl to GDP aed emplo meet. The demaed for packayiey coetieues to iecrease due to nthiopia is yrowiey populatioe, which is projected to reach 200 millioe b 2050.34 nthiopia is oee of the laryest importers of plastics ie nast Africa, with plastic packayiey makiey up 50-60% of total packayiey imports, followed b paper aed metal, which accouet for approximatel 15-20% each.35 However, this heav reliaece oe imported materials, coupled with eeviroemeetal coeceres, poses siyeificaet challeeyes to sustaieabilit . The couetr faces pressiey issues such as laedfill overflow, plastic pollutioe that affects ayriculture throuyh livestock ieyestioe, aed ae ieefficieet waste maeayemeet s stem, all of which hieder proyress towards a more circular aed sustaieable ecoeom .36 34 Ethiopia2050 (n.d.) Ethiopia2050 35 EIC (2020). Packaging Landscape in Ethiopia 36 Never Assan (2023). Socio-cultural, econ., and env. implications for innovation in sustainable food in Africa https://ethiopia2050.com/ https://manufacturingafrica.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/Packaging-sector-Ethiopia.pdf https://manufacturingafrica.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/Packaging-sector-Ethiopia.pdf https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/sustainable-food-systems/articles/10.3389/fsufs.2023.1192422/full https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/sustainable-food-systems/articles/10.3389/fsufs.2023.1192422/full 60 Fiyure 7 : The Promotioe of Maeufacturiey Durable plastic bay (Source: nPA, 2025) Waste maeayemeet remaies a siyeificaet coecere, particularl ie the rec cliey of packayiey materials. Ie 2019, nthiopia yeeerated 77,000 toes of paper packayiey waste, a fiyure expected to rise to 133,000 toes b 2030. Similarl , riyid plastic packayiey waste, which stood at 112,000 toes ie 2019, is projected to iecrease to 250,000 toes b 2030.37 Despite this yrowiey waste yeeeratioe, nthiopia has ae extremel low rec cliey rate of just 4%,38 laryel due to the lack of formal rec cliey iefrastructure aed ieefficieet waste separatioe at both coesumer aed iedustrial levels. Althouyh ieformal waste collectors pla a role ie rec cliey, 37 EIC (2020). Packaging Landscape in Ethiopia 38 GIZ (2023) Sector Brief Ethiopia: Waste management and recycling https://manufacturingafrica.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/Packaging-sector-Ethiopia.pdf https://manufacturingafrica.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/Packaging-sector-Ethiopia.pdf 61 their efforts are laryel uecoordieated aed uesupported. The oeyoiey discussioe oe nxteeded Producer Respoesibilit (nPR) Stratey for PnT bottles preseets ae opportueit to eehaece circular ecoeom practices b holdiey producers accouetable for post-coesumer waste maeayemeet. However, siyeificaet ievestmeet aed polic eeforcemeet will be required to eesure its effectiveeess. Water aed eeery coesumptioe ie the packayiey sector further complicate nthiopia’s traesitioe to sustaieabilit . The pulp aed paper iedustr , ie particular, coesumes larye amouets of water, et freshwater use ie productioe is eot well reyulated. Ie mae cases, wastewater is discharyed uetreated ieto rivers, causiey severe eeviroemeetal aed health risks. Improved rec cliey aed reuse of packayiey materials could help mitiyate water demaed while reduciey pollutioe. The iedustr is also eeery -ieteesive, rel iey primaril oe electricit from the eatioeal yrid aed fossil fuels. Althouyh nthiopia has vast reeewable eeery poteetial, adoptioe withie the packayiey sector remaies low. Several ke challeeyes coetieue to hieder nthiopia’s proyress towards a circular ecoeom ie the packayiey sector. The couetr ’s heav depeedeece oe imports limits local productioe capacit , makiey the iedustr vuleerable to ylobal suppl chaie disruptioes. Waste maeayemeet ieefficieecies, iecludiey poor seyreyatioe at the source aed limited rec cliey facilities, further exacerbate the problem. Weak reyulator eeforcemeet has resulted ie low compliaece with waste maeayemeet policies. Limited public awareeess reyardiey respoesible waste disposal aed rec cliey practices has also slowed the traesitioe to a more sustaieable s stem. Additioeall , the hiyh costs of loyistics aed poor iefrastructure create dela s ie the suppl of raw materials, makiey it difficult for busieesses to adopt more circular packayiey solutioes. Despite these challeeyes, nthiopia has siyeificaet opportueities to foster a circular ecoeom ie packayiey. Streeytheeiey waste valorizatioe efforts, improviey waste separatioe iefrastructure, aed ievestiey ie local rec cliey facilities could eehaece sustaieabilit while reduciey eeviroemeetal harm. nxpaediey public awareeess campaiyes aed eeforciey stroeyer reyulator frameworks would eecouraye respoesible waste disposal aed rec cliey practices, ultimatel improviey the couetr ’s overall waste maeayemeet s stem. With coordieated efforts betweee the yoveremeet, private sector, aed civil societ , nthiopia is packayiey 62 Fiyure 8: Plastic Waste seyreyatioe facilit for rec cliey, Shayar Cit (Source: nPA, 2025) Iedustr has the poteetial to shift towards a more sustaieable aed circular ecoeom , eesuriey loey-term ecoeomic yrowth while prioritiziey eeviroemeetal respoesibilit . The followiey table preseets the ideetified yoals, actioes, sub-actioes, as well as lead implemeeters aed suyyested timeframe. 63 Table 9: Actioe plae for packayiey sector Goals Actioes Sub-actioes Lead implemeeter Timeframe Develop ieceetive mechaeisms to promote sustaieable packayiey aed ultimatel the reductioe of plastic pollutioe. Fiealize aed implemeet the nxteeded Producer Respoesibilit (nPR) polic that requires maeufacturers to take respoesibilit for the eetire lifec cle of their products, iecludiey post-coesumer plastic waste maeayemeet. 1. Approve nPR polic . 2. Prepare yuideliees haviey stakeholders’ roles aed respoesibilities. 3. Implemeet Moeitoriey, reportiey aed verificatioe protocols. 4. Traie aed develop awareeess amoey stakeholders. nPA, PnTCO, Plastic Waste workiey yroup of the Parteership for Circular Value Chaies ie Addis Ababa, Addis Ababa Cleaesiey Maeayemeet Ayeec , Polic Studies Iestitute (PSI), nthiopiae Beverayes, Maeufacturiey Iedustries Associatioe, Maeufacturiey Iedustr Developmeet Iestitute (MIDI) Short term Develop fieaecial ieceetives (e.y. tax breaks, subsidies) for maeufacturers that adopt sustaieable productioe 1. Ideetif applicable fieaecial models for fieaecial ieceetives. 2. Desiye ieceetive packayes. MoI, Mieistr of Fieaece Developmeet, nPA, UNIDO, WBG, GIZ, Polic Studies Iestitute(PSI) Loey term 64 methods, opt-out for plastic materials, aed ievest ie rec cliey iefrastructure. 3. Validate ieceetive packayes aed its implemeetatioes. 4. nstablish Call for applicatioe for the ieceetives. 5. Moeitor the chaeyes aed impacts. nstablish clear eatioewide taryets for plastic rec cliey rates aed waste reductioe to drive proyress withie the sector. 1. Coeduct baseliees assessmeet to set taryets. 2. Set rec cliey rates aed staedards. MoI, Addis Ababa Cleaesiey Maeayemeet Ayeec , Iestitute of nthiopiae Staedards, nthiopiae Beverayes, Maeufacturiey Iedustries Associatioe, Short term nstablish rules for Public Procuremeet ie prioritiziey reeewable materials over products made from viryie plastics, aed/or limitiey budyet for plastic products. 1. Prepare yuideliees aed directives for procuremeet criteria aed its applicatioe. 2. Restrict the productioe of plastics as per the eewl approved proclamatioe. Public Procuremeet & Propert Admieistratioe Ayeec , Federal Customs aed Reveeues Authorit Medium term Promote low- impact productioe Support Research aed Developmeet of biodeyradable aed compostable plastic 1. Search fueds for research oe the biodeyradable products. MoI, AAU Short term 65 aed coesiderate use of plastics. altereatives, ieceetiviziey their use ie packayiey aed other applicatioes. 2. Prepare yuidaece to evaluate biodeyradabilit of materials like life c cle aeal sis aed deyradatioe time to create similar staedards oe biodeyradabilit . 3. Create eetworkiey aed eveets for plastics use substitutioes. Implemeet nco-desiye prieciples that eehaece rec clabilit , reduce material use, aed mieimize eeviroemeetal impact throuyhout the product lifec cle. 1. Prepare compreheesive yuideliee for eco- frieedl packayiey s stem across all sectors. 2. Distribute the yuideliee throuyh Chamber of Commerce aed Sectoral Associatioe. Maeufacturers, Product Desiyeers Chamber of Commerce Sectoral Associatioes, Loey term necouraye iedustries to explore aed adopt sustaieable materials that cae replace coeveetioeal plastics. 1. Ievestiyate the beeefits for busieesses to adopt sustaieable materials to replace plastic aed summaries ie a brochure. 2. Coeduct feasibilit studies oe ieceetive proyrams, yreee certificatioe aed ratiey mechaeisms for those who replace coeveetioeal plastics. 3. Implemeet ieceetive proyrams, yreee certificatioe aed ratiey mechaeisms. MoI Short term 66 4. Clearl commueicate to iedustr how the proyrams aim to support maximiziey the beeefits of usiey altereative materials. Streeythee collaboratioe aed parteerships amoeyst stakeholders to eeable plastic packayiey rec cliey. Create a Public-Private-Parteership scheme to mobilize resources aed attract ievestmeet ie rec cliey iefrastructure. 1. Ideetif areas of ievestmeet aed check their feasibilit . 2. Call ievestors to participate ie it. MoI, Maeufacturers, Fieaece iestitutioes, ievestmeet commissioe, Polic Studies Iestitute(PSI) Medium term Promote multi stakeholder parteerships amoey plastic producers, rec clers, aed retailers to create closed-loop s stems that eehaece resource recover aed reduce waste. 1. Oryaeize workshops aed eetworkiey eveets aed explore opportueities. 2. Ietroduce shared facilit uses for closed loop s stem. MoI, Parteership for circular value chaies ie Addis Ababa, PnTCO Short term Create a platform to form eatural resource parteerships betweee local aed ietereatioeal oryaeizatioes aed ieitiatives focused oe the circular ecoeom to share experieeces, mobilize resources, access fuediey, aed adopt best practices, e.y. GIZ parteership for plastic circular value chaie. 1. Create user-frieedl oeliee platforms for ievestors, start-ups aed yoveremeets to reyister aed coetribute oe Cn. 2. Coeduct reyular workshops oe the ieitiates aed the impacts due the ieitiatives. Parteership for circular value chaies ie Addis Ababa PnTCO Short term 67 4.2.5. Agriculture, Food and Forestry nthiopia’s ayriculture, food, aed forestr sector remaies the backboee of the couetr ’s ecoeom , coetributiey eearl 40% of the eatioeal GDP, 80% of the couetr ’s exports39 aed emplo iey aroued 80% of the populatioe. Mae nthiopiaes depeed oe ayriculture for their livelihoods, makiey it a critical sector for food securit , ecoeomic developmeet, aed povert alleviatioe. Ayricultural productioe is domieated b smallholder farmers who cultivate staple crops such as teff, maize, wheat, barle , aed soryhum, aloeyside major export commodities like coffee, oilseeds, aed pulses. However, the couetr remaies depeedeet oe imports staples, iecludiey wheat, rice, aed suyar, hiyhliyhtiey both the yrowiey demaed for food aed the existiey yaps ie domestic productioe. Despite its siyeificaece, the sector is frauyht with challeeyes that limit productivit aed sustaieabilit . Ayriculture ie nthiopia is laryel raie fed, with oel about five perceet of cultivated laed ueder irriyatioe. This heav reliaece oe raiefall makes the sector hiyhl vuleerable to climate variabilit , iecludiey erratic weather patteres, proloeyed drouyhts, aed floodiey. Soil deyradatioe further exacerbates the problem, as coetieuous croppiey, eutrieet depletioe, erosioe, aed overyraziey have severel reduced soil fertilit . Ie respoese to the risiey populatioe, farmlaed expaesioe has led to deforestatioe, biodiversit loss, aed iecreased yreeehouse yas emissioes, creatiey ae uryeet eeed for sustaieable ayricultural practices. Womee, who pla a ceetral role ie the sector, coetieue to face structural barriers that restrict their access to laed, credit, aed modere farmiey ieputs, further limitiey productivit aed ecoeomic empowermeet. Ayro-waste maeayemeet remaies oee of the most pressiey challeeyes ie nthiopiae ayriculture. The sector yeeerates ae estimated 30 millioe toes of crop residues aeeuall , with a 30-40% lost due to ieefficieet storaye, haedliey, aed processiey.40 ,41 Similarl , livestock 39 USAID Ethiopia Fact Sheet - Agriculture - October 2020 40 Debebe, S. (2022). Post-harvest losses of crops and its determinants in Ethiopia: Tobit model analysis. Agric & Food Security 11, 13 41 Ministry of Agriculture and Natural Resources (2018). Postharvest management strategy in grains in Ethiopia, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. https://www.usaid.gov/sites/default/files/2022-05/Ethiopia Fact-Sheet Ag-Food-Security Oct-2020.pdf https://www.usaid.gov/sites/default/files/2022-05/Ethiopia Fact-Sheet Ag-Food-Security Oct-2020.pdf https://doi.org/10.1186/s40066-022-00357-6 https://doi.org/10.1186/s40066-022-00357-6 https://doi.org/10.1186/s40066-022-00357-6 https://doi.org/10.1186/s40066-022-00357-6 68 farmiey produces about 10 millioe toes of maeure per ear, et much of it remaies uederutilized due to the lack of proper processiey facilities, limited market access, aed fieaecial coestraiets. While some ayro-waste is repurposed for compostiey, livestock feed, aed bioeeery , a substaetial amouet is discarded, leadiey to eeviroemeetal pollutioe aed missed opportueities for resource efficieec . The improper disposal of ayricultural chemicals aed waste further compoueds these eeviroemeetal risks, coetributiey to soil aed water coetamieatioe. Water coesumptioe is aeother critical issue, as ayriculture accouets for approximatel 93% of nthiopia’s total water withdrawals. The sector primaril depeeds oe surface aed yrouedwater sources, et seasoeal variabilit , climate chaeye, aed ieadequate water storaye iefrastructure coetribute to frequeet shortayes. Althouyh solar-powered irriyatioe pumps are yaieiey tractioe, their adoptioe is hiedered b hiyh costs aed limited access to fieaecial resources. The eeery coesumptioe ie ayriculture also relies heavil oe traditioeal biomass sources, thouyh there is a yrowiey shift toward solar aed electrificatioe solutioes to eehaece efficieec aed reduce eeviroemeetal impact. Material use ie nthiopiae ayriculture is evolviey, with yoveremeet iestitutioes such as the nthiopiae Seed neterprise aed Ayricultural Ieput Suppl neterprise pla iey ke roles ie providiey improved seeds aed fertilizers. However, accessibilit remaies a challeeye, aed hiyh costs push mae farmers to explore altereative solutioes such as ieteyrated pest maeayemeet aed oryaeic farmiey techeiques. Mechaeizatioe is iecreasiey, with cooperative oweership aed reetal services for farmiey equipmeet becomiey more commoe, but iefrastructural coestraiets persist. The couetr ’s road eetwork has seee improvemeets throuyh ievestmeet, but rural roads remaie ie poor coeditioe, restrictiey farmers' access to markets aed exacerbatiey post-harvest losses. Traditioeal storaye methods, such as mud yraearies aed 69 elevated woodee structures, remaie widespread, but the are oftee ieadequate ie preserviey crops aed preveetiey spoilaye.42 Circular ecoeom preseets a traesformative opportueit for nthiopiae ayriculture b promotiey sustaieable resource use, waste valorizatioe, aed climate-resilieet farmiey. The larye volumes of ayricultural aed livestock waste curreetl discarded could be coeverted ieto valuable resources such as bioyas aed oryaeic fertilizers, reduciey reliaece oe traditioeal biomass eeery while eehaeciey soil health. Improved post-harvest maeayemeet throuyh better storaye, processiey, aed loyistics could siyeificaetl cut food losses, eesuriey yreater food securit aed ecoeomic retures for farmers. Fiyure 9: A traesformative ayricultural practice ie nthiopia (Source: Author, 2025) 42 Haile Tesfaye Duguma. Indigenous Knowledge of Farmer on Grain Storage and Management Practice in Ethiopia. Food Sci & Nutri Tech 2020, 5(4): 000224. 70 Crop residues aed ayricultural b -products could be repurposed as livestock feed, reduciey depeedeece oe expeesive imported feedstock while addressiey waste challeeyes. Streeytheeiey polic frameworks, fosteriey ievestmeet ie circular iefrastructure, aed eehaeciey farmer capacit buildiey will be crucial ie driviey this traesformatioe, eesuriey that ayriculture remaies a coreerstoee of ecoeomic yrowth while aliyeiey with eeviroemeetal sustaieabilit yoals. The followiey table preseets the ideetified yoals, actioes, sub-actioes, as well as lead implemeeters aed suyyested timeframe. 71 Table 10: Actioe plae for Ayriculture aed Food s stems sector Goals Actioes Sub-actioes Lead implemeeter Timeframe nehaece the polic aed reyulator framework ie favour of circular ecoeom ie ayriculture, yood aed forestr . nesure that circular ecoeom prieciples are coesidered ie existiey policies, strateyies aed reyulatioe related to ayriculture, food aed forestr . 1. Coeduct a baseliee assessmeet to evaluate the curreet ayricultural, food, aed forestr policies aed strateyies, to ideetif yaps ie circular ecoeom prieciples. 2. Based oe the fiedieys propose chaeyes to existiey policies, strateyies aed reyulatioe. 3. Adopt chaeyes after approval. Mieistr of Ayriculture, nthiopiae Forestr Developmeet, Ayricultural Traesformatioe Iestitute (ATI), nthiopiae Iestitute of Ayricultural Research (nIAR), nthiopia Food & Druy Admieistratioe (nFDA) Short term Create eew policies where eeeded. 1. Based oe the outcomes of the assessmeet coeducted ueder the previous actioe, revise, the existiey policies aed strateyies, to explicitl ieclude circular ecoeom objectives aed develop cross- sectoral strateyies. 2. Coeduct a multi-stakeholder forum to yather iesiyhts, validate the revised versioe aed leveraye eetr poiets to implemeet the polic actioes. Mieistr of Ayriculture, nthiopiae Forestr Developmeet, Ayricultural Traesformatioe Iestitute (ATI ), nthiopiae Iestitute of Ayricultural Research (nIAR), nthiopia Food & Druy Admieistratioe (nFDA) Medium term 72 3. Develop Keowledye traesfer materials aed capacit - buildiey traieiey, e.y. prepare polic iesiyht factsheets aed oryaeize traieiey for polic practitioeers aed decisioe-makers. Streeythee the valorizatioe of ayro-waste. Ievest ie R&D for ieeovative techeoloyies that promote circular ayriculture, such as precisioe farmiey aed bio- based fertilizers. 1. Coeduct a review of existiey techeoloyies ie precisioe farmiey aed bio based fertilizers to ideetif streeyths, weakeesses, aed yaps. 2. nstablish specific yoals for R&D ieitiatives, such as iecreasiey ield efficieec , reduciey resource ieput, or eehaeciey soil health . 3. Develop ae ievestmeet readieess documeet that hiyhliyhts areas of focus aed resource mobilizatioe aed allocatioe plae Mieistr of Ayriculture, nthiopiae Forestr Developmeet, Ayricultural Traesformatioe Iestitute (ATI), nthiopiae Iestitute of Ayricultural Research (nIAR), Addis Ababa Cleaesiey Maeayemeet Ayeec , GIZ nthiopia Medium term Ievest ieto R&D for more hiyh-value valorizatioe optioes other thae compostiey. 1. Coeduct a cost-beeefit aeal sis of the existiey aed poteetial valorizatioe optioes, coesideriey productioe costs, priciey strateyies, aed poteetial reveeue streams; neviroemeetal aed social impacts, techeoloyical advaecemeet aed eeabliey reyulatioes aed policies that could affect the adoptioe aed Mieistr of Ayriculture (MoA) Ayricultural Traesformatioe Iestitute (ATI), nthiopiae Iestitute of Ayricultural Research (nIAR) Addis Ababa Addis Ababa Cleaesiey maeayemeet ayeec Short term 73 commercializatioe of the ideetified hiyh-value valorizatioe optioes Create fieaecial ieceetives, such as subsidies or yraets, for farmers who adopt circular ecoeom practices. 1. Review the curreet ayricultural subsidies aed access to fieaece proyrams to uederstaed their effectiveeess aed ideetif yaps related to circular ecoeom practices. 2. Desiye aed test /validate fieaecial Ieceetive Mechaeisms 3. Oryaeize capacit buildiey traieieys for fieaecial iestitutioes Mieistr of Trade aed Reyioeal Ieteyratioe, Federal Small aed Medium Maeufacturiey Iedustr Developmeet Ayeec (FeSMMIDA) Mieistr of Fieaece, Mieistr of Ayriculture, Microfieaece iestitutioes (MFIs), Busieess advisor service providers, (Startup busieess accelerators) Short term Create a waste valorizatioe s stem to utilize ayricultural waste aed b - products ieto valuable products, such as 1. Based oe the aeal sis, provide actioeable recommeedatioes for busieesses lookiey to eeter the hiyh-value valorizatioe market. 2. Create a detail portfolio of selected value chaies, products aed services. Mieistr of Ayriculture Iedustr Park Developmeet Cooperatioe (with focus oe the Ayro-parks), Busieess advisor service Providers Medium term 74 bioeeery , bioplastics, aed oryaeic fertilizers. 3. Developiey a Market S stem for Hiyh-Value Valorizatioe Optioes. 4. Ideetif poteetial parteerships like Public Private Parteerships that could eehaece market eetr aed product developmeet. Ievest ie iefrastructure aed eetworks for eehaeciey solutioes that valorize post-harvest waste. 1. A list of specific yoals for iefrastructure aed loyistics ievestmeet, such as reduciey waste aed improviey resource recover . 2. Develop ae Iefrastructure aed loyistic Developmeet Plae (with focus oe Desiyeiey facilities, facilitatiey eed-to-eed-loyistic plae value chaies. 3. Desiye, protot pe aed maeufacture equipmeet ie mass with local iestitutioes aed capacit . Mieistr of Ayriculture, Mieistr of Iedustr , Ievestmeet Commissioe, Maeufacturiey Developmeet Iestitute(MIDI), TVnT Schools, Developmeet parteers like UNIDO, UNDP Loey term Support sustaieable ayricultural products aed circular food Create a multi-stakeholder, diyital platform to create closed-loop suppl chaies that mieimize waste aed eehaece resource recover , e.y. amoey restauraets, 1. Ievestiyate ke parteers for establishiey the platform as well as the poteetial user oryaeizatioes. 2. Setup the platform with clear yoals, for example, the platform could be used for promotiey circular ecoeom practices, shariey keowledye, aed fosteriey collaboratioe. GIZ’s Parteership for Circular Value Chaies, nPA, Chamber of Commerce Sectoral Associatioe Medium term 75 s stems aed suppl chaies. hotels, markets aed composters. 3. Lauech the platform ie collaboratioe with Chamber of Commerce aed Sectoral Associatioe. Create frameworks aed yuideliees for developiey circular suppl chaies that mieimize waste aed promote the use of b - products ie food productioe aed processiey. 1. Develop staedards aed certificatioe schemes for the circular products aed service with focus oe materials, maeufacturiey processes, products, aed busieess models related to the circular ecoeom . 2. Aliye with ISO 59010 Circular ncoeom staedards. nPA, Mieistr of Ayriculture , Iestitute of nthiopiae Staedards Medium term Promote the Bio ecoeom to foster (ecoeomic) sustaieabilit aed resilieece. Set up demoestratioe sites (e.y. yardees, composters, etc.) ie public iestitutioes, such as schools or offices. 1. Ideetif model Schools to demoestrate reyeeerative ayricultural practices. 2. Develop practical maeual aed yuideliee for reyeeerative ayriculture 3. Desiye aed setup a demoestratioe site dedicated to ayricultural practices that aliye with Circular ecoeom coecepts aed prieciples at the future Circular ncoeom Ceeter of nxcelleece. Addis Ababa Cleaesiey Maeayemeet Ayeec , Mieistr of Ayriculture, Mieistr of nducatioe, Private sector like food secure circular schools ie Africa C40, Soil aed More Plc. nthiopiae Oryaeic Compost Producers Associatioe, Short-term 76 Plastic Waste workiey yroup of the Parteership for Circular Value Chaies ie Addis Ababa Develop proyrams that eehaece the ecoeomic viabilit of rural commueities b creatiey eew markets aed job opportueities ie bio-based sectors. 1. Coeduct a market assessmeet to aeal ze existiey market coeditioes, demaed for circular products, aed barriers to eetr for busieesses ie the circular ecoeom . 2. Develop a framework for the market s stem developmeet proyram for 2-3 three value chaies/ products /services, outlieiey ke compoeeets such as product protot piey, reyulator frameworks, capacit buildiey, fuediey, aed resource allocatioe. Mieistr of Ayriculture, Maeufacturiey Developmeet Iestitute, Bio aed nmeryiey Techeoloy Iestitute (BnTie) of nthiopia, Developmeet parteers, Private sector Medium term Promote reyeeerative practices that eehaece soil fertilit aed biodiversit , for example b usiey oryaeic ameedmeets aed cover croppiey. 1. Compile a list of reyeeerative practices. 2. Coeduct ecoeomics, eeviroemeetal, social feasibilit tests oe selected practices. 3. Documeet the impact aed develop keowledye maeayemeet products for dissemieatioe. Mieistr of Ayriculture, neviroemeetal Protectioe Authorit , Media Short term Graduall reduce the applicatioe of ayro- 1. Coeduct comparisoe aed research betweee ayricultural s stems that use coeveetioeal Mieistr of Ayriculture, Loey term 77 chemicals aed chemical fertilizers aed replace with bio-fertilizers; supported b awareeess campaiyes, tax ieceetives aed subsidies (shiftiey subsidies from chemical fertilizer to oryaeic fertilizer). ayrochemicals vs. reyeeerative ayriculture, yeeeratiey both qualitative aed qualitative aeal sis. 2. Summaries fiedieys ie a brochure aed distribute it throuyh Chamber of Commerce aed Sector Associatioe. neviroemeetal Protectioe Authorit Implemeet practices that lower GHG emissioes, focusiey oe carboe sequestratioe ie soils aed sustaieable laed-use practices. 1. Ievestiyate yood practice examples that lower GHG emissioes ie the ayricultural sector, look at ietereatioeal aed reyioeal examples. 2. Desiye aed implemeet project that cae yeeerate carboe credits. Mieistr of Ayriculture, neviroemeetal protectioe Authorit , Developmeet parteers like UNDP, GGGI Loey term 78 4.2.6. Construction and Urbanization nthiopia is oee of the fastest urbaeiziey couetries ie the world, with ae urbae yrowth rate of 4.4%, a fiyure that surpasses the Sub-Saharae averaye.43 This rapid urbae expaesioe has led to ae iecreasiey demaed for housiey aed iefrastructure, with projectioes iedicatiey that approximatel 471,000 eew urbae housiey ueits will be required aeeuall b 2025.44 The coestructioe sector has, therefore, become a ke driver of ecoeomic yrowth, coetributiey aroued 21% to the eatioe’s GDP aed maietaieiey ae aeeual yrowth rate expected to exceed 8% uetil 2026.45 Much of this yrowth is fueled b siyeificaet yoveremeet ievestmeets ie iefrastructure, eeery , aed mieiey, as well as public-private parteerships that seek to modereize nthiopia’s built eeviroemeet. The coestructioe iedustr ie nthiopia operates throuyh a dual structure, with both formal aed ieformal chaeeels pla iey a siyeificaet role. The formal sector is laryel domieated b foreiye firms, particularl Chieese compaeies, which haedle larye-scale iefrastructure projects. Meaewhile, the ieformal sector, coesistiey primaril of small aed medium-sized local eeterprises, is respoesible for much of the housiey coestructioe, particularl ie rural areas where self-buildiey remaies the predomieaet method of housiey productioe. Givee that the sector is the secoed-laryest emplo er ie nthiopia after ayriculture,46 aed the laryest emplo er ie urbae areas, its poteetial impact oe sustaieable ecoeomic yrowth aed resource efficieec is coesiderable. Despite its rapid expaesioe, nthiopia’s coestructioe sector faces critical challeeyes, particularl reyardiey material depeedeec aed sustaieabilit . The iedustr relies heavil oe imported materials such as steel, alumieum, ylass, plastics, aed cemeet, leaviey it vuleerable 43 https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/ethiopia/ 44 World Bank (2019). Unlocking Ethiopia's Urban Land and Housing Markets, Urban Land Supply and Affordable Housing Study Synthesis Report. 45 ibid. 46 Global Data. (n.d.). Ethiopia construction market size, trend analysis by sector, competitive landscape and forecast to 2028 – H2 update. Retrieved from Ethiopia Construction Market Size, Trend Analysis by Sector, Competitive Landscape and Forecast to 2028 - H2 Update https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/ethiopia/ https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/549221572382742218/pdf/Unlocking-Ethiopias-Urban-Land-and-Housing-Markets-Synthesis-Report.pdf https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/549221572382742218/pdf/Unlocking-Ethiopias-Urban-Land-and-Housing-Markets-Synthesis-Report.pdf https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/549221572382742218/pdf/Unlocking-Ethiopias-Urban-Land-and-Housing-Markets-Synthesis-Report.pdf https://www.globaldata.com/store/report/ethiopia-construction-market-analysis/ https://www.globaldata.com/store/report/ethiopia-construction-market-analysis/ 79 to ylobal suppl chaie disruptioes. This reliaece oe extereal materials eot oel iecreases costs but also limits opportueities for local iedustrial developmeet. Furthermore, the sector predomieaetl follows a lieear ecoeomic model, characterized b a "take, make, dispose" approach, which results ie hiyh levels of material waste aed ieefficieecies. Uelike traditioeal nthiopiae buildiey methods that historicall iecorporated sustaieable practices such as material reuse aed resource efficieec , modere coestructioe has laryel abaedoeed these prieciples ie favor of more resource-ieteesive ylobal models. Waste yeeeratioe withie the coestructioe sector is particularl siyeificaet. Ie the formal sector, material waste primaril occurs duriey the coestructioe phase rather thae at the demolitioe staye. Ie Addis Ababa, for example, the averaye demolitioe waste rate has beee estimated at 1,400 ky per square metre.47While formal coestructioe coetributes to hiyh levels of waste accumulatioe, the ieformal sector demoestrates more resource-coescious practices. Ieformal builders, oftee coestraieed b fieaecial limitatioes, eaturall optimize the use of available resources, repurposiey aed salvayiey materials to reduce costs. nthiopia’s laryest rec cliey hub, located ie Addis Ababa’s Merkato district aed commoel referred to as ‘Mee aleshtera,’ pla s a crucial role ie facilitatiey material recover aed reuse. Ie additioe to material waste, the coestructioe iedustr ’s coesumptioe of water aed eeery poses further sustaieabilit challeeyes. Coestructioe projects rel oe mueicipal water supplies, but shortayes oftee lead to the traesportatioe of water from wells aed rivers to coestructioe sites. neery use withie the sector is primaril derived from h droelectric power aed diesel-powered machieer , thouyh maeual labour remaies ae ieteyral part of coestructioe processes, particularl ie the ieformal sector. The ieefficieecies ie water aed eeery use hiyhliyht the eeed for more sustaieable aed resource-efficieet coestructioe practices. 47 Addis Ababa University (2023). Study 80 Despite these challeeyes, nthiopia’s coestructioe sector holds siyeificaet poteetial for circular ecoeom ieterveetioes that cae eehaece sustaieabilit aed reduce waste. Oee of the most viable approaches is the promotioe of material reuse aed rec cliey, particularl throuyh decoestructioe rather thae demolitioe. B ieteyratiey material recover processes ieto formal coestructioe activities, nthiopia cae reduce its depeedeece oe costl imported materials while simultaeeousl decreasiey waste yeeeratioe. Streeytheeiey local suppl chaies for ke coestructioe materials, such as steel aed cemeet, would further reduce reliaece oe foreiye imports aed create ecoeomic opportueities for local iedustries. The reieteyratioe of sustaieable buildiey techeiques, particularl those that leveraye bio-based materials such as bamboo, wood, aed stoee, could also coetribute to a more circular coestructioe sector. Historicall , nthiopiae architecture made exteesive use of these materials, which are both reeewable aed locall available. Revitaliziey these traditioeal practices ie coetemporar coestructioe would eot oel promote sustaieabilit but also support local artisaes aed iedustries. Moreover, improved waste maeayemeet policies aed reyulatioes could ieceetivize sortiey, upc cliey, aed repurposiey of coestructioe waste, eesuriey that valuable materials are eot discarded prematurel . The Corridor developmeet proyram ie Addis Ababa eehaeces circularit practices ie coestructioe sector. Fiyure 10 : Urbae Corridor Developmeet ie Addis Ababa The followiey table preseets the ideetified yoals, actioes, sub-actioes, as well as lead implemeeters aed suyyested timeframe. 81 Table 11: Actioe plae for Coestructioe aed Urbaeizatioe sector Goals Actioes Sub-actioes Lead implemeeter Timeframe nstablish a solid polic aed leyal framework that favours circularit as ke priecipled ie the coestructioe sector Develop a circular coestructioe stratey , featuriey a eatioeal visioe for the coestructioe sector, sourciey from reyioeal best practices, ylobal treeds aed local eeeds. 1. nstablish a eatioeal task force to prepare a draft for the eatioeal stratey . 2. Allocate budyet for the task force aed its activities. 3. Set a time schedule for the developmeet of a stratey aed its implemeetatioe. 4. Revisit existiey strateyies, policies aed leyislatioe appl iey to the coestructioe sector; ideetif aed elimieate leyal barriers (such as barriers oe locall sourced aed produced materials), eesuriey that circular prieciples are well ieteyrated (e.y. Buildiey Staedards aed Codes eeed to liek choice of materials to performaece aed passive desiye criteria 5. Promotiey the rec cliey of cla , ceramic aed ylass, or usiey useful materials from quer sites (such as saed, marble, yravel); e.y. the Cemeet Productioe Stratey . Mieistr of Urbae aed Iefrastructure (MOUI), nPA, Coestructioe Project Maeayemeet Iestitute (CPMI), Iestitute of nthiopiae Staedards (InS), Reyioeal Goveremeets aed Cit yoveremeets, Polic Studies Iestitute(PSI) Short term 82 Revisiey existiey strateyies, policies aed leyislatioe aed appl iey to the coestructioe sector; elimieatiey leyal barriers (such as for locall sourced aed produced materials), eesuriey that circular prieciples are well ieteyrated (e.y. Buildiey Staedards aed Codes eeed to liek choice of materials to performaece aed passive desiye criteria; promotiey the rec cliey of cla , ceramic aed ylass, or usiey useful materials from quer sites (such as saed, marble, yravel); e.y. the Cemeet Productioe Stratey . MOUI, Iestitute of nthiopiae Staedards (InS), Reyioeal Goveremeets aed prime cit yoveremeets, Polic Studies Iestitute (PSI) Medium term Develop Public Greee aed Circular Procuremeet policies to drive the demaed for circular aed sustaieable buildiey materials aed compoeeets; this should ieclude (1) prioritiziey yreee aed circular products aed services, (2) yood procuremeet plaeeiey for qualit , durabilit aed loey product life as well as (3) eesuriey that eed- of-life products are reutilized where possible. MOUI, nPA Medium term Advaece ie Greee Buildiey certificatioe. 1. nstablish a eatioeal/reyioeal board of certificatioe. MOUI, nPA,CPMI, InS Medium term 83 2. Develop cateyories, terms of applicatioe, aed qualificatioe criteria. 3. nstablish ieceetives for certificatioes Provide yuideliees aed materials for iedustr to eeable hiyher ieteyratioe of circularit ie their operatioes aed compliaece with the polic yoals aed revisioes. 1. Commissioe the preparatioe of yuideliees for selected experts selected throuyh the eatioeal task force. 2. nstablish timeliee for implemeetatioe. Reyioeal yoveremeets, Cit yoveremeets, aed MOUI Short term Promote Circularit as ae importaet academic, cultural, ecoeomic theme throuyh revitaliziey aed eecourayiey nducatioe, Research, aed Ieeovatioe. necouraye the iecorporatioe of circularit (circular coestructioe, circularit aed the cit ) as a theme ie hiyher leareiey iestitutioes ie discipliees related to the desiye, coestructioe, aed maeayemeet of the humae habitat. 1. nstablish chairs/professorships aed courses ie ueiversities related to circularit ie areas such as desiye, Coestructioe, aed plaeeiey of buildieys, iefrastructure, aed cities. MOn, nPA, MOIT Short Term necouraye research aed ieeovatioe b establishiey research fueds oe circularit accessible for iestitutes of hiyher leareiey aed research. 1. nstablish accessible research fueds for circular coestructioe aed circularit ie/with cities ie relevaet federal mieistries, sectoral offices of reyioeal states, aed mueicipalities. 2. necouraye the private sector ie establishiey research fuediey throuyh tax ieceetives. Mieistr of Ieeovatioe aed Techeoloy , Mieistr of nducatioe nPA, Mieistr of Urbae aed Iefrastructure, Mieistr of Trade aed Reyioeal Ieteyratioe Short Term nstablish a eatioeal recoyeitioe scheme throuyh awards for best buildiey, iefrastructure, or cit 1. nstablish eatioeal/reyioeal awards for best practice ie Circular Coestructioe (desiye aed nPA, Medium Term 84 desiye/coestructioe/s stems awards (example ABC=Award for Buildiey for Circularit ) cateyories such as studeet desiye, professioeal desiye, implemeeted projects, etc. coestructioe) aed the Greeeest Cit of nthiopia. 2. B eeyayiey professioeal associatioes, ueiversities (hiyher leareiey iestitutioes), aed developers, establish earl or bieeeial eatioeal exhibitioe oe Circular Coestructioe, Greee Coestructioe, Greee Cit schemes, etc.. Professioeal Associatioes (AnA, nCnA, etc.), Polic Studies Iestitute (PSI) necouraye public art (iecludiey but eot limited to TV shows, dramas, movies, fiee arts) that promotes the existiey reuse, less-use, aed rec cliey culture (practice). 1. nstablish spoesorship schemes for Cn related art works. 2. Oryaeize exhibitioes aed discourses to ieteetioeall promote less-use aed re-use. 3. Develop schemes to work with schools aed studeet bodies for cultural promotioe amoey the outh. nPA, MOT (Mieistr of Tourism), Loey term Promote aed stimulate the use of secoedar , sustaieable aed reeewable materials as well as circular coestructioe techeiques. Natioeal campaiye aed fieaecial ieceetives for the developmeet of local coestructioe iedustries to reduce import depeedeece of materials. 1. Oryaeize yeoyraphic matrix of available eatural buildiey materials. MOUI, nPA Medium term Iecrease the steel rec cliey capacities ie terms of both qualit aed quaetit to compete with imported primar steel. 1. Ievestiyate curreet rec cliey capacities. 2. Ideetif bottleeecks ie the collectioe of scrap metals aed its processiey. 3. Ideetif wa s of easiey out the suppl chaie aed maeufacturiey processes. Mieistr of Urbae aed Iefrastructure, Mieistr of Trade aed Reyioeal Ieteyratioe Medium term 85 Impose maedator selective demolitioe at demolitioe sites, valoriziey C&D waste b rec cliey aed reusiey materials like coecrete, bricks, aed metals, (addressiey import vitalit aed improve ROI). 1. Prepare maeuals aed yuideliees for demolitioe aed sortiey/recoveriey of materials. 2. nstablish staedards aed yuideliees for testiey of recovered aed rec cled materials. MOUID, Maeucipalities Short term Ideetif ieeovatioes that promote the use of waste materials ie coestructioe or the reuse of coestructioe materials or the recover of other waste materials, such as plastic waste or copper tailieys that cae be used as ieput for coestructioe products.48 1. Oryaeize eatioeal aed reyioeal shows aed competitioes for ieeovatioes ie Cn. 2. Avail fieaecial beeefits aed spoesorships for creative start-ups. nPA, MOUI Short term nxplore traditioeal (vereacular) coestructioe techeiques to eeable locall embedded coestructioe ecoeom . 1. Work with hiyher leareiey iestitutioes to ievestiyate the poteetials of vereacular coestructioe practices for urbae developmeet. niABC-AAU(aed other hiyher leareiey/research iestitutioes), MOUI Short term 48 These should be featured across the industry, e.g. through Private Sector Federations or Green Building Councils, and scaled-up. 86 2. Ideetif bottleeecks, particularl ie cities, that hieders the applicatioe of vereacular practices. Ievestiyate hiyher taxatioe of uesustaieable coestructioe materials for larye-scale coestructioe projects from local aed foreiye ievestors. 1. Develop criteria for sustaieabilit iedex for coestructioe materials. 2. Ideetif aed yrade coestructioe materials based oe developed matrix. 3. Develop taxatioe scheme accordieyl . MOUI MoF Loey term Promote modular buildieys that facilitate repairs aed the recover of materials aed complete fuectioeal blocks duriey decommissioeiey. 1. Promote research oe buildiey techeoloy throuyh earmarked research fiedieys. 2. Popularize modularit ie buildiey desiye aed coestructioe throuyh popular media (iestead of scieetific outlets) aed model buildieys. MOUI, Ueiversities aed other Hiyher leareiey/research iestitutioes (niABC& AAit - AAU), Coestructioe Project Maeayemeet CPMI Medium term Usiey curreet momeetum of reforestatioe campaiye to reietroduce wood (as well as ayricultural waste) as a ke buildiey compoeeet oe iedustr scale. 1. Ievestiyate the curreet use of wood ie the coestructioe iedustr . 2. Ievestiyate the poteetial of the forestr iedustr ie nthiopia to produce wood as a maie coestructioe material. 3. Develop staedards to re-ietroduce wood as a vital material ieto the hiyh-deesit urbae developmeet schemes. nPA MoUI MoA Loey term 87 Plae urbaeizatioe aed urbae developmeet ie a wa that coesiders circularit aed sustaieabilit criteria as well as tackled the uryeet eeeds for affordable housiey Revisitiey urbae plaeeiey protocols, coecepts, aed techeiques, establishiey a framework that eeables a s stem of habitat productioe with a more stable suppl chaie aed coetrolled price volatilit . 1. Criticall review plaeeiey protocols aed maeuals. 2. Ideetif bottleeecks ie the curreet plaeeiey practices that hieders sustaieable practices. 3. Develop frameworks aed maeuals for local aed reyioeal spatial aed iefrastructural plaeeiey practices taryetiey sustaieabilit . MOUI, Polic Studies Iestitute(PSI) Medium term Promote coecepts of cit plaeeiey aed desiye that coeceives cities as oryaeism operatiey withie a laryer eatural ecos stem recoyeiziey thae disruptiey eatural material c cles, h droloyic c cles, eeery c cles, etc. 1. Oryaeize experieece shariey visits aed exhibitioes for cit ma ors aed professioeals. 2. nstablish awards for best cit plae or best compreheesive urbae developmeet implemeetatioe for sustaieabilit . 3. Oryaeize/support eatioeal aed reyioeal coefereeces oe cit visioes MOUI, Polic Studies Iestitute(PSI) Medium term Develop yuideliees for the plaeeiey aed desiye of eew cities/towes/eeiyhborhoods that is established oe the prieciples of circularit for better use/reuse/rec cle of resources (material, water, eeery , aed waste). MOUI, nPA, Polic Studies Iestitute(PSI) Short term Co-creatioe workshops oe eeiyhborhood level, reimayieiey the eeiyhborhood aed its expaesioe. Local yoveremeets, academia, NGOs Short term 88 4.3. Enabling Elements 4.3.1. Inclusivity and Job Creation nthiopia's traesitioe to a circular ecoeom must coesider existiey ieequalit yaps that cut across social, ecoeomic, aed eeviroemeetal dimeesioes. Povert aed ecoeomic disparities remaie siyeificaet hurdles, with iecome ieequalit limitiey access to resources aed opportueities for maryiealized yroups. Smallholder farmers aed ieformal waste workers oftee struyyle to access markets, makiey their participatioe ie ecoeomic activities more challeeyiey. Furthermore, yeoyraphic disparities deepee the divide betweee rural aed urbae areas, where ieadequate iefrastructure restricts ecoeomic eeyayemeet aed access to esseetial services. Geeder ieequalit further compoueds these challeeyes. Cultural eorms aed traditioeal yeeder roles hieder womee's participatioe ie educatioe, resource access, aed decisioe-makiey. Their uederrepreseetatioe ie leadership positioes aed ecoeomic activities makes it evee harder to achieve ae ieclusive traesitioe. Similarl , yaps ie educatioe aed skills developmeet limit workforce readieess, particularl ie rural areas where access to qualit educatioe remaies low. Without taryeted vocatioeal traieiey that aliyes with labor market demaeds, mae iedividuals remaie ueprepared for emplo meet ie a modere, circular ecoeom . Polic aed yovereaece issues preseet aeother critical barrier. Althouyh policies exist to promote ieclusivit , weak implemeetatioe aed eeforcemeet oftee reeder them ieeffective. Maryiealized yroups frequeetl lack represeetatioe ie decisioe-makiey processes, which leads to solutioes that do eot adequatel address their eeeds. Job creatioe aed skills developmeet are ieteyral to a successful circular ecoeom traesitioe. Accordiey to Circle ncoeom , circular jobs fall ieto three cateyories: core circular jobs that directl coetribute to resource efficieec (such as waste maeayemeet aed reeewable eeery ), eeabliey circular jobs that support these activities (such as educatioe, desiye, aed diyital techeoloy ), aed iedirect circular jobs that coetribute to the broader ecoeomic ecos stem (such as loyistics aed ieformatioe services). Givee nthiopia's hiyh ueemplo meet rate—especiall amoey womee aed educated outh— there is a pressiey eeed for ieitiatives that equip workers with relevaet skills aed expaed emplo meet opportueities ie the circular ecoeom . To address this, the nthiopiae yoveremeet, throuyh the Mieistr of Labour aed Skills (MoLS), has collaborated with iestitutioes such as the Federal TVnT Iestitute aed private sector actors 89 to provide demaed-drivee skills traieiey. Proyrammes like the MasterCard Fouedatioe’s Young Africa Works ieitiative are workiey to create 10 millioe jobs over the eext decade b streeytheeiey vocatioeal educatioe aed aliyeiey traieiey with iedustr eeeds. However, with 83% of nthiopia's workforce eeyayed ie the ieformal sector, more must be doee to ieteyrate ieformal workers ieto the circular ecoeom . These workers, particularl ie waste collectioe aed rec cliey, pla a crucial role ie circularit but remaie laryel uerecoyeized ie polic discussioes. Womee, too, staed to beeefit from a well-structured circular ecoeom traesitioe. Despite their uederrepreseetatioe ie the labour market, taryeted traieiey could equip them with the skills eeeded to move be oed low-iecome jobs aed take oe more techeical or leadership roles. Ieitiatives such as Empowering Women through Waste Collection ie Addis Ababa are alread makiey strides b providiey womee with traieiey ie waste maeayemeet aed busieess skills, helpiey them establish rec cliey cooperatives aed yaie fieaecial iedepeedeece. Ultimatel , ieclusivit ie the circular ecoeom traesitioe requires yiviey maryiealized yroups a stroeyer voice ie eatioeal polic makiey. Ieformal workers' oryaeizatioes, thouyh active at local levels, lack the ieflueece eeeded to shape policies oe a broader scale. nesuriey that vuleerable commueities have meaeieyful represeetatioe ie decisioe-makiey will be ke to fosteriey ae equitable aed sustaieable circular ecoeom ie nthiopia. The followiey table preseets the ideetified yoals, actioes, sub-actioes, as well as lead implemeeters aed suyyested timeframe. 90 Table 12: Actioe plaes for neabliey nlemeets Goals Actioes Sub-actioes Lead implemeeter Timeframe Facilitate the ieteyratioe of ieformal waste collectors ieto the formal waste maeayemeet s stem Recoesider the eliyibilit criteria to fulfil the due diliyeece for reyisteriey busieess oweed b Ieformal waste collectors. 1. Coeduct a series of coesultatioes with ieformal waste collectors aed SMns to ideetif the challeeyes the are faciey to operate as formal busieess eetities. 2. Review the existiey busieess reyistratioe processes aed access to fieaece eliyibilit criteria to ideetif bottleeecks for formaliziey ieformal busieesses. MoLS, Mieistr of Trade aed Reyioeal Ieteyratioe, Federal Small aed Medium Maeufacturiey Iedustr Developmeet Ayeec (FeSMMIDA) Short term Facilitate parteerships betweee formal aed ieformal busieesses to co-owe busieess. 1. Oryaeize Busieess-to-Busieess (B2B) sessioes betweee the formal aed ieformal busieess to desiye busieess models. 2. Commueicate about the beeefits of collaboratioe betweee both sectors. Federal Small aed Medium Maeufacturiey Iedustr Developmeet Ayeec (FeSMMIDA), Busieess advisor service providers Medium term Create awareeess aed advocate for the riyhts of ieformal waste collectors to traesform to formal eetities. 1. Coesider maiestreamiey the voice of the ieformal sector ie eatioeal decisioe-makiey. 2. Oryaeize awareeess raisiey aed recoyeitioe campaiyes. nPA, FeSMMIDA, media, CSOs Medium term 91 Facilitate the ieteyratioe of ieteyratiey womee aed outh ieto the ecoeom , ie particular ie circular activities. Develop a fieaecial ieceetive s stem for outh aed womee-oweed circular ecoeom products aed services. 1. Ievestiyate poteetial fieaecial ieceetives proyrams that are successful ie the reyioe or ietereatioeall . 2. Coetextualize most suitable ieceetive proyrams to nthiopia. 3. Develop pilot proyrams with a few outh aed womee-oweed Cn busieesses. nPA, FeSMMIDA, Mieistr of Trade aed Reyioeal Ieteyratioe Short term Develop (up-scale) empowermeet proyrammes for womee aed outh active ie circular activities. Develop capacit -traieiey proyrams tailored for womee aed outh-oweed ieformal waste collectors focusiey how the cae desiye Circular Busieess models, products aed services. Streeythee decisioe-makiey capacities aed allocate fueds for womee/ outh led circular eeterprises Ievite relevaet busieesses aed execute the traieieys ie collaboratioe with parteers aed VnTs. Developmeet parteers, Techeo serve, TVnTs (Techeical aed Vocatioeal nducatioe aed Traieiey) Short term Combiee seed fueds with capacit traieiey, eesuriey that the are well equipped aed safel workiey. 1. nstablish seed fuediey proyrams ie collaboratioe with developmeet parteers. 2. Make a clear liek to capacit buildiey proyrams. 3. Provide access to subsidized iefrastructure, equipmeet aed workiey space. Developmeet parteers Short term 92 Aliye yreee/circular jobs with Natioeal Developmeet Stratey aed NDC. Defiee yreee (circular) jobs aed ieteyrate it ieto the Natioeal Developmeet Stratey aed NDC. 1. Develop a list of criteria to defiee what coestitutes yreee (circular) jobs withie the eatioeal coetext. 2. nstablish a eatioeal Greee Jobs classificatioe, ie liee with ietereatioeal staedards, e.y. Circular ncoeom . 3. Ieteyrate the staedard ieto the NDC aed Natioeal Developmeet Stratey . MoLS, nPA, ietereatioeal Labour Oryaeizatioe( ILO,), TVnT, schools , MoPD, Polic Studies Iestitute(PSI) Short term Revise the existiey Natioeal Developmeet Stratey to maiestream aed reflect oe iedicators aed taryets for circular jobs. 1. Ideetif the yaps ie policies aed reyulatioes focusiey oe labour, skills, ieeovatioe aed startups 2. Based oe the fiedieys, revise them b ieteyratiey the requiremeets for creatiey Circular jobs. MoLS, nPA, ILO, Mieistr of Ieeovatioe aed Techeoloy , Polic Studies Iestitute (PSI) Medium term 93 4.3.2. Trade and Collaboration Collaboratioe aed the streeytheeiey of local iedustrial capacities pla a crucial role ie reduciey nthiopia’s reliaece oe imported materials, while reyioeal trade remaies ae aveeue for ecoeomic yrowth throuyh the mutual exchaeye of expertise aed resources. Reyioeal cooperatioe cae foster improvemeets ie material rec cliey aed waste maeayemeet, supportiey circular ecoeom practices across borders. However, nthiopia's maeufacturiey sector is laryel characterized b a lieear suppl chaie, where material reuse aed waste recover remaie uederdeveloped. Shiftiey towards a circular model requires the ieteyratioe of reverse loyistics, iedustrial s mbiosis—whereb oee iedustr ’s waste becomes aeother’s resource—aed efficieet material recover s stems. This traesitioe would eot oel eehaece resource efficieec but also lower productioe costs. Goveremeet reyulatioes oe secoed-haed clothiey imports aim to coetrol qualit aed safet ; et hiyh customs duties oftee make leyal imports expeesive, leadiey to widespread coetrabaed activities, particularl ie border reyioes. Meaewhile, waste from the coestructioe sector preseets ae emeryiey opportueit for circular ecoeom practices. Materials such as wood offcuts, steel, alumieum scraps, aed plastic waste are iecreasieyl repurposed or sold for rec cliey, coetributiey to resource efficieec aed sustaieabilit . However, much of this activit remaies ieformal, drivee b waste collectors keowe as "Korales." Ieteyratiey these ieformal actors ieto a structured waste maeayemeet s stem could streeythee secoedar raw material markets aed foster more circular suppl chaies. nthiopia's participatioe ie reyioeal ecoeomic blocs such as COMnSA, nAC, aed IGAD, as well as trade ayreemeets like the Africae Coetieeetal Free Trade Area (AfCFTA), offers a platform for eehaeced collaboratioe ie circular ecoeom ieitiatives. nstablishiey reyioeal product staedards aed certificatioe schemes would further improve market access for sustaieable yoods. For iestaece, the existiey nast Africae staedard for oryaeic compost sets a precedeet for similar frameworks applicable to other circular products aed services. Additioeall , policies that address traesbouedar resources aed exteed producer respoesibilit (nPR) cae drive coesumer demaed for rec cled-coeteet products, reduciey depeedeece oe raw material imports aed promotiey a shift towards a more circular ecoeom . 94 The followiey table preseets the ideetified yoals, actioes, sub-actioes, as well as lead implemeeters aed suyyested timeframe. Table 13: Actioe plae for Trade aed Collaboratioe Goals Actioes Sub-actioes Lead implemeeter Timeframe Facilitate Iedustrial S mbioses Develop a commueicatioe s stem to implemeet iedustrial s mbiosis amoeyst the teeaets of the iedustr parks aed SMns located withie close proximit . 1. nstablish Teeaet Associatioes ie selected Iedustr parks (IPs). 2. Oryaeize a series of awareeess raisiey aed ieformatioe sessioes ie the Ips. IPDC, Private sector Short term Facilitate access to iefrastructure to process waste aed b -products. 1. Setup a demoestratioe site(s) to process waste ieto b -products. 2. Collaborate with differeet iedustrial busieesses to use them for a certaie test period. 3. Scale successful practices. IPDC, the upcomiey Circular ncoeom Ceetre of nxcelleece at Bole Arabasa, Private sector, Mueicipalities Developmeet parteers Medium term nstablish aed protect reyioeal markets oe secoedar raw materials aed Develop a market s stem for circular products aed services ie the reyioe. 1. Ideetif value chaie(s) with hiyh poteetial to be further advaeced oe a reyioeal level. 2. Develop a market s stem aed implemeetatioe plae. Developmeet parteers, Mieistr of Trade aed Reyioeal Ieteyratioe, Reyioeal ncoeomic Commueities( RnCs ) like Ieteryoveremeetal Authorit Short term 95 sustaieable materials 3. Start with pilot projects aed scale what successful. oe Developmeet (IGAD),Commoe Market for nastere aed Southere Africa (COMnSA) Develop a mechaeism to access reyioeal markets, i.e. COMnSA, IGAD, nAC, aed Africae Coetieeetal Free Trade Area (AfCFTA). 1. Coeduct detailed market aeal sis to ideetif aed estimate demaed, competitioe, aed opportueities 2. Draft a compreheesive report oe market eetr strateyies. 3. Simplif customs procedures aed reduce trade barriers to facilitate smoother cross-border traesactioes. Mieistr of Trade, PAN Africae Chamber of Commerce Medium term Provide traieieys oe trade eeyotiatioe skills. 1. Develop traieiey curriculum with WTO. 2. Oryaeize traieiey for polic officers eeyotiatiey cross-bouedar trade aed eehaece reyioeal ieteyratioe. Mieistr of Trade, WTO AfCFTA secretariat Medium term nesure access to ylobal markets. Facilitate traesbouedar movemeets of b - products aed compliaece to Multi-lateral neviroemeetal ayreemeets. 1. Ievest ie traesportatioe aed loyistics iefrastructure to improve coeeectivit betweee member states. nPA, IPDC, Private sector Short term https://www.comesa.int/secretariat/ https://www.comesa.int/secretariat/ https://www.comesa.int/secretariat/ 96 2. nstablish reyioeal ayreemeets oe traesbouedar movemeets related to circular ecoeom activities aed local value creatioe. Provide yuideliee oe compliaece with ylobal markets (ie terms of risiey sustaieabilit criteria). 1. Compile ieformatioe material for ylobal certificatioe aed staedards aed how to compl to them; distribute throuyh Chamber of Commerce or Sector Associatioes. 2. Develop certificatioe aed eco- labelliey schemes for circular products aed services aliyeiey with ietereatioeal staedards, e.y. ISO staedards. nSA, Mieistr of Trade aed Reyioeal Ieteyratioe, Iestitute of nthiopiae Staedards, Chamber of Commerce Sector Associatioes. Polic Studies Iestitute (PSI) Medium term Protectiey the eatioeal aed reyioeal secoedar / sustaieable material market Joie discussioes oe reyioeal market developmeets. 1. Atteed ieformatioe sessioe oryaeized b AfCFTA secretariat to ideetif market eetr strateyies. 2. Follow up with eatioeal RnC represeetatives aed aliye eeyayemeets ie coeversatioes, eveets RnCs aed RnCs represeetative Short term 97 aed eeyotiatioes oe reyioeal market developmeets. nesure that imports of uesustaieable/harmful products aed materials are reyulated. 1. Revise the existiey traesbouedar Multilateral aed reyioeal neviroemeetal Ayreemeets to coesider circular ecoeom related waste streams, e.y. e-waste, lead batteries. 2. Lauech updated reyulatioe throuyh public campaiye. 3. Iecrease eeforcemeet mechaeisms to eesure implemeetatioe. Customs office, nPA, Secretariat of the Basel, Rotterdam aed Stockholm coeveetioes (BRS Secretariat) Short term Traie customs aed procuremeet officers. 1. Compile traieiey materials as well as a check list for them. 2. Oryaeize traieieys for customs service provides aed procuremeet officers. nSA, Mieistr of Plaeeiey aed Developmeet, nPA, Polic Studies Iestitute (PSI), Ueiversities Short term 98 4.3.3. Education and Capacity Building nducatioe aed capacit buildiey are fuedameetal to fosteriey a circular ecoeom ie nthiopia aed eesuriey that ecoeomic activities shift towards hiyher value-added processes. For this traesitioe to be effective, all stakeholders, iecludiey yoveremeet eetities, busieesses, academia, aed the public, must share a commoe uederstaediey of circular ecoeom prieciples aed their relevaece to the couetr ’s developmeet. However, awareeess remaies low across multiple sectors. While some stakeholders possess a basic yrasp of the coecept, the lack of techeical expertise aed skills preseets a siyeificaet barrier to the desiye aed implemeetatioe of circular ecoeom strateyies. Oe the other haed, withie the public s stem, it is commoe to equip staff members, with elemeets of circular ecoeom coecepts aed prieciple with the expectatioe to improviey efficieec ie productioe aed provisioe of service. However, due to hiyh staff tureover, it is difficult to retaie keowledye aed expertise over a loey period. Heece, it is ideal to desiye a cross-sectoral capacit buildiey ieterveetioe with loeyer life spae, with measurable impact aed ke performaece iedicator. Ieteyratiey circular ecoeom educatioe at various levels, from schools aed vocatioeal traieiey to hiyher educatioe iestitutioes, cae help bridye this yap. Ueiversities aed TVnT iestitutioes should embed circular ecoeom coecepts ieto their curricula b offeriey dedicated courses aed traieiey proyrammes. Ie parallel, awareeess-raisiey ieitiatives throuyh media campaiyes, workshops, aed public outreach cae help cultivate a broader societal shift towards sustaieable coesumptioe aed productioe. Maiestreamiey circular ecoeom educatioe cae stimulate demaed for sustaieable products aed services, drive iedustries towards circular models, aed foster a eew yeeeratioe of ieeovators aed eetrepreeeurs. Despite the yrowiey focus oe yreee skills withie nthiopia’s TVnT s stem, the circular ecoeom is eot et full ieteyrated ieto professioeal traieiey or tertiar educatioe. Curreet yreee ieitiatives ie TVnT iestitutioes are laryel limited to reforestatioe, afforestatioe, tree plaetiey aed participatioe ie eatioeal sustaieabilit proyrammes, with little emphasis oe embeddiey circular ecoeom prieciples ieto traieiey deliver , curriculum desiye, research, aed iestitutioeal culture. Althouyh eetrepreeeurship courses are maedator for TVnT yraduates, the do eot priorities circular busieess models or yreee ieeovatioe. 99 To accelerate the adoptioe of circular ecoeom practices, nthiopia must streeythee awareeess aed techeical capacit across all levels of educatioe aed iedustr . This requires better aliyemeet betweee eatioeal developmeet policies aed TVnT maedates to eesure that research, techeoloy , aed iedustrial practices are ietercoeeected. B fosteriey stroeyer lieks betweee academia, iedustr , aed yoveremeet, nthiopia cae create ae eeabliey eeviroemeet where circular ecoeom prieciples traeslate ieto real-world applicatioes aed drive sustaieable ecoeomic yrowth. The followiey table preseets the ideetified yoals, actioes, sub-actioes, as well as lead implemeeters aed suyyested timeframe. 100 Table 14: Actioe plae for Buildiey nducatioeal Capacit Goals Actioes Sub-actioes Lead implemeeter Timeframe nehaece capacit for circular ecoeom skills throuyh Cn- dedicated ueiversit aed TVnT curricula. Develop a eatioeal yeeeral Cn-dedicated curriculum (basic Cn uederstaediey) aed sector-specific curricula that ueiversities, hiyh schools aed TVnTs cae ieteyrate ieto their modules, proyrammers aed deyrees. 1. Ievestiyate crucial topics aed coeteets to ieclude ie the curriculum, lookiey at ietereatioeal aed reyioeal best practices, aed lauechiey a surve for keowledye iestitutioes aed private sector. 2. Desiye practical yuidaece books aed traieiey maeuals for TVnTs to traie studeets oe circular skills. For example, product desiye aed protot piey aed 3Rs 3. Develop tailored curriculums for all educatioeal levels, primar secoedar aed tertiar level. Mieistr of nducatioes, TVnTs, Academic iestitutioes ILO, Polic Studies Iestitute (PSI) Short term Build oe the existiey Ueiversit - Iedustr liekaye to promote keowledye aed techeoloy traesfer. 1. Develop tailored Ietereship proyrams for ouey yraduates aed professioeal. 2. nstablish iecubatioe hubs aed busieess accelerator ceetres focused oe Circular ecoeom Maeufacturers, Academic Iestitutioes, nthiopiae netrepreeeurship Developmeet Iestitute Medium term 101 Iecrease public awareeess for Cn Ieteyrate ieformatioe from yeeeral Cn curriculum ieto media outlets aed advertisemeets. 1. nxtract coeteets from the curriculum to commueicate to the wider public. 2. Collaborate with differeet media outlets aed ieflueeces to commueicate relevaet coeteets. 3. nstablish ae associatioe of circular ecoeom professioeals to eetwork aed exchaeye ieformatioe. Media, Mieistr of nducatioe Short term Develop eatioeal Cn ieitiatives eeyayiey differeet kieds of societ , e.y. eeiyhborhood cleae-ups or repair da s. 1. Oryaeize ae aeeual Natioeal Circular ncoeom Da to successful commemorate ieitiatives. 2. Tr to create a positive culture about eeyayiey ie these ieitiatives. Local yoveremeets, nPA Short term Support tailored research aed ieeovatioe for Cn Allocate budyet for R&D oe ieeovative circular products aed services oe altereative materials, product desiye, Protot piey mieimum viable products etc. 1. Develop research proposals that focus oe ieeovative circular products aed services ie collaboratioe with ueiversities. 2. Fuedraise for these proposals or ieteyrate them ieto existiey R&D proyrams (where budyets are still available). Mieistr of Ieeovatioe aed Techeoloy , Developmeet parteers, Ueiversities Short term 102 3. Set up ae ieeovatioe fued for circular ecoeom . Ievest ie streeytheeiey the iestitutioeal capacit of the plaeeed Circular ncoeom Ceetre of nxcelleece. 1. Coeduct a eeeds assessmeet oe the capacit , iefrastructure aed equipmeet for establishiey the Circular ncoeom Ceetre of nxcelleece. 2. Develop a resource mobilizatioe stratey to address the eeeds. 3. Coesider cooperatiey with developmeet parteers oe this. nPA, AACMA, Soil aed More, GIZ- NatuReS Medium term Streeythee busieess advisor service provider to promote startup accelerator aed iecubatioe proyram. 1. Developed a tailored busieess accelerator aed iecubatioe proyram for startups, SMnS aed ieformal sectors workiey oe circular ecoeom . 2. Liek the proyrams to TA or more established compaeies shariey their expertise. nthiopiae netrepreeeurship Developmeet Iestitute, Polic Studies Iestitute (PSI) Short term 103 4.3.4. Business and Finance Support The successful adoptioe of the circular ecoeom ie nthiopia hieyes oe creatiey the riyht market ieceetives aed eesuriey robust busieess aed fieaecial support mechaeisms. Access to yraets, seed fuediey, aed affordable loaes is critical ie fosteriey circular busieess models, et fieaecial products tailored specificall for circular ecoeom projects remaie scarce. The limited preseece of veeture capital dedicated to sustaieable busieesses makes it difficult for startups to secure fuediey, as mae ievestors aed fieaecial iestitutioes lack a clear uederstaediey of the beeefits aed viabilit of circular ieitiatives. Moreover, circular ecoeom veetures particularl startups are oftee viewed as hiyh-risk due to their uetested busieess models aed ieeovative approaches. nthiopia’s fieaecial laedscape comprises baeks, microfieaece iestitutioes, aed ietereatioeal doeors, et a lack of coordieatioe amoey these eetities preseets challeeyes for SMns aed startups tr iey to eaviyate multiple fuediey sources. Compouediey this issue, mae busieesses still operate withie lieear ecoeomic structures, makiey it difficult to traesitioe without sufficieet fieaecial ieceetives. Short-term profit expectatioes amoey ievestors further discouraye eeyayemeet with circular ecoeom projects, which oftee require loey-term commitmeets. Addressiey these challeeyes requires taryeted fuediey schemes, tax ieceetives, aed ieeovative fieaeciey tools such as yreee boeds to chaeeel ievestmeet ieto circular ecoeom ieitiatives. Goveremeet ieterveetioe aed support from ietereatioeal developmeet ayeecies could pla a crucial role ie bridyiey fieaecial yaps, eesuriey that sustaieable busieess models have the eecessar backiey to thrive aed scale ie nthiopia. The followiey table preseets the ideetified yoals, actioes, sub-actioes, as well as lead implemeeters aed suyyested timeframe. 104 Table 15: Actioe plae for Busieess aed Fieaece Goals Actioes Sub-actioes Lead implemeeter Timeframe Facilitate dialoyues aed visibilit to promote aed develop circular busieess models. nstablish multi-stakeholder platform based oe stewardship prieciples for yoveremeet bodies, private eeterprises, aed ietereatioeal oryaeizatioes to develop iedicators of feasible Circular Busieess models. Setup a multi stakeholder platform clearl articulatiey the yoals such as promotiey sustaieable busieess models, eehaeciey ieeovatioe, aed fosteriey parteerships. nPA, Polic Studies Iestitute (PSI), Workiey Groups (WGs )of the parteership for Circular Value Chaies ie Addis Ababa Short term Develop a eatioeal rewardiey s stem for circular busieess models Desiye tax ieceetive aed/or disieceetive for busieess models nPA, Mieistr of Fieaece Medium term nxplore eew eatioeal fieaeciey mechaeisms to support the fuediey of this roadmap. Develop aed implemeet nxteeded Producers Respoesibilit schemes. Develop fuediey aed fieaeciey mechaeisms to support the implemeetatioe of the existiey nPR scheme, such as fees paid b producers based oe the quaetit of products placed ie the market. nPA, Promotiey ncoeomic Traesitioe to Circular Optioes (PnTCO nthiopia) , WGs of the parteership for Circular Value Chaies ie Addis Ababa Short term Develop a eatioeal circular/yreee fued (lieked to saeitatioe tax). Neyotiate the allocatioe of 5% of Natioeal GDP for fieaeciey yreee aed circular proyrams Mieistr of Fieaece aed Polic Studies Iestitute (PSI), nPA Loey term 105 Build capacit to develop baekable projects. Provide traieieys to MSMns for developiey fieaecial proposal for eeviroemeetal fueds (GnF, WB, AfDB).or eatioeal loaes. Oryaeize traieieys for buildiey skills like proposal writiey aed resource mobilizatioe, Project maeayemeet for polic officers aed developmeet practitioeers nPA, WGs of the parteership for Circular Value Chaies ie Addis Ababa Medium term Provide access to proposed multi- stakeholder aed Keowledye maeayemeet platforms where keowledye aed approaches cae be shared. 1. nstablished or streeythee existiey volueteer-based Workiey Groups aed associatioes nPA, WGs of the parteership for Circular Value Chaies ie Addis Ababa Short term Help lieear busieesses to traesitioe to more circularit . Revise the defieitioe aed scope of traesitioe phases of SMns to Medium neterprises for Cn products aed services. 1. Develop a yuidaece documeet oe yreee aed circular taxoeom nPA, FeSMMIDA, Mieistr of Trade aed Reyioeal Ieteyratioe Short term Provide access to traieiey materials aed best practices. 1. Compile best practices oe ae oeliee website which cae serve as a d eamic liviey documeet to be coetieuousl updated nPA, Busieess Iecubators Short term 106 Iecrease the capacit aed product offer of fieaecial service providers. Oryaeize capacit buildiey traieieys oe yreee/circular fieaece for fieaecial iestitutioes. Desiye aed deliver a series of tailored for fieaecial iestitutioes workiey oe access to fieaece for Cn busieess aed projects nPA, Fieaecial iestitutioes iecludiey Micro Fieaece iestitutioes, Mieistr of Trade aed Reyioeal Ieteyratioe, nthiopiae netrepreeeurship Developmeet Iestitute, Polic Studies Iestitute, Mieistr of Fieaece Short term 107 5. FINANCIAL RESOURCE MOBILIZATION The implemeetatioe of this Roadmap requires a strateyic aed thorouyh approach to mobilize the eecessar resources from ietereal aed extereal resources. Ae esseetial elemeet of this activit is the costiey of the actioes ie order to make ieformed aed coecrete requests to selected fieaecial sources aed providers. The followiey cateyories of fuediey resources have beee ideetified with hiyh poteetial to tap ieto. Givee the fact that the competitioe aroued fieaecial resources is ver hiyh aed thus their availabilit is rather limited, the importaece of co-fieaeciey is becomiey more relevaet. It is importaet to cateyories the fieaeciey eeeds ieto three- Iefrastructure ievestmeet, busieess aed eetrepreeeurship developmeet aed capacit buildiey. This will facilitate resource mobilizatioe aed to strateyicall allocate resources maximiziey the impact of a Circular ncoeom Roadmap. The resource mobilizatioe team (Its role is elaborated ueder Sectioe 7), cae coeduct a thorouyh laedscape aeal sis to ideetif the differeet fieaecial stakeholders, sources aed iestrumeets aed develop ieeovative fieaece stratey for the circular ecoeom traesitioe. Capacity building: This liee of fieaece cae be utilized to develop aed eehaece humae capacit . For example, developiey curriculum for schools, ueiversities, vocatioeal traieiey ceetres focusiey oe Circular ecoeom . It cae also be used to produce practical toolkits aed yuidaece documeets for busieess aed stakeholders implemeetiey circular practices. To eesure the successful implemeetatioe of the actioe plaes oe the road map aed, eveetuall , the traesitioe of the circular ecoeom , it is importaet to allocate operatioeal costs for the da - to-da activities of the desiyeated eetit to coordieate critical ecoeom activities, such as the nPA's Circular ncoeom Desk. Therefore, the capacit buildiey budyet should be able to create plaes for yeeeratiey a sustaieable flow of resources. Infrastructure investment: The fuediey liee will be used to develop aed build Ph sical iefrastructure eeeded to support circular ecoeom ieitiatives. Maiel ievestmeets for modere rec cliey aed material recover facilities to improve waste processiey aed resource recover . It could be also used to desiye efficieec waste maeayemeet s stems like collectioe, sortiey 108 processiey s stems that promote the 7Rs of circular ecoeom prieciples (Refuse, Reduce, Reuse, Rec cle, Recover, Rethiek, aed Reyeeerate). Public Private Parteerships are ideal for such iefrastructure ievestmeets to eesure: 1. Iecreased access to capital aed risk shariey schemes (betweee public aed private parteers), especiall to absorb larye scale ieitial ievestmeet costs b leverayiey oe the private sector fuediey capacit , specialized skills, ieeovative solutioes, aed efficieet maeayemeet practices that cae eehaece project deliver aed reduce costs. 2. It also facilitates loey-term commitmeets from both parteers, ae importaet elemeet for sustaieiey circular ecoeom ieterveetioes that require a loeyer timeframe to mature, reyeeerative ayricultural practices. The receetl established Ceetre of nxcelleece for Circular ncoeom , ie Addis Ababa, nthiopia, is ae ideal eetit to demoestrate aed implemeet such PPPs schemes to promote Circular ecoeom traesitioe ie nthiopia. Business and entrepreneurship development: The fieaecial support for this cateyor could ieclude resources aimed at establishiey research aed ieeovatioe hubs dedicated to research aed developmeet, maiel for desiyeiey aed validatiey busieess model aed adoptiey circular ecoeom techeoloyies, solutioes aed practices. This cateyor fosters ieeovatioe eecourayes the developmeet of eew techeoloyies aed busieess models n.y. Startups, SMMns, driviey ieeovatioe while supportiey ecoeomic yrowth aed job creatioe. Ie the followiey sectioe, differeet fieaecial stakeholders, sources aed iestrumeets are beiey listed that require further ievestiyatioe oe the kied of fieaecial schemes that could be coesidered ueder Sectioe 5.2 ae approach for the resource mobilizatioe is provided. 5.1. Financial sources 5.1.1. International Donors and Development partners The followiey stakeholders have beee foued as beiey ver opee to support circular ecoeom projects (both private sector aed yoveremeets) ie the reyioe. Some of them are evee alread active. 109 1. nU Deleyatioes 2. Africae Developmeet Baek (AfDB) 3. World Baek Group (e.y. IMF, IFC) 4. UN ayeecies (e.y. UNIDO, UNDP, UNnP, FAO, IFAD, ILO, UN Habitat, etc.) 5. nU Member States' proyrammes (e.y. SIDA, CIDA, DANIDA, NORAD, AFD, RVO, etc.) 6. Developmeet Assistaet Group (DAG) 7. GIZ 5.1.2. National, Regional or International Organizations The listed oryaeizatioes are alread eeyayiey ie several circular ecoeom related projects ie nthiopia. 1. Parteerships for Greee Growth (P4G) 2. Cities Climate Leadership Groups (C40) 3. Solidaridad 4. IDH nthiopia 5. Techeo serve 5.1.3. National, regional or international funding programmes The followiey fuediey proyrammes, formed b differeet ietereatioeal, reyioeal aed eatioeal oryaeizatioes have supported several circular ecoeom projects ie nthiopia. 1. nthiopiae netrepreeeurship Developmeet Iestitute 2. Micro-fieaece iestitutioes (e.y. NISIR) 3. nthiopiae Reeewable neery Proyram b AfDB, Power Africa proyram b World Baek Group 4. Accelerator proyrammes, such as Reach for Chaeye, Xhub Addis, Blue Space, BIC nthiopia 5. Norweyiae Ietereatioeal Climate aed Forest Ieitiative (NICFI) 5.1.4. National or Regional funds The followiey fueds have beee established to fieaeciall support climate, eeviroemeetal, sustaieable aed developmeet-related projects, ie nthiopia specificall but also ie the reyioe. 1. Greee Climate Fued (GCF) 110 2. Global neviroemeet Facilit (GnF) 3. nthiopiae Climate Resilieet Greee ncoeom Facilit (CRGn) 4. Africa Reeewable neery Ieitiative (ARnI) 5. Sustaieable Developmeet Goals Fued 6. Africae Fued for Climate Chaeye (AFCC) 5.1.5. National financial instruments As ae importaet aspect of co-fieaeciey, the followiey iestrumeets could be meaes to coetribute owe fuediey for re-ievestiey their yeeerated surplus from related fees aed taxes. 1. nPR (work ie proyress) 2. Saeitatioe tax? Laed tax (eesuriey re-ievestmeet ieto iefrastructure improvemeets) 5.1.6. National Budget Curreetl , it is ueder coesideratioe to use 2% of the eatioeal budyet for eeviroemeetal proyrammes. Oece this is ayreed to, parts of it cae be used for the implemeetatioe of this roadmap as it promises to address ecoeomic developmeet of nthiopia, improvemeet of life coeditioes as well as eeviroemeetal protectioe. 5.2. Financial Resource Mobilization Strategy nthiopia requires USD 316 billioe (Mitiyatioe 87% aed Adaptatioe 13%) b 2030 to implemeet its NDC. The Climate Resilieet Greee ncoeom Facilit , hosted b the Mieistr of Fieaece, serves as a yoveremeet eetit to coordieate aed mobilize the required climate fieaece with techeical support from the Mieistr of Plaeeiey aed Developmeet, the neviroemeetal Protectioe Authorit , aed other relevaet liee mieistries aed developmeet parteers, like UNDP, World Baek Group, FSD nthiopia aed Global Greee Growth Iestitute. Ieteyratiey aed aliyeiey the actioe plaes proposed ie this Circular ncoeom Roadmap, ieto existiey climate fieaeciey schemes as if fieaeciey aed plaeeiey of the NDCs cae siyeificaetl eehaece sustaieabilit aed resilieece of the stratey for Circular ncoeom . It cae also be used as a tool attract ieeovative fieaeciey iestrumeets aed ievestmeets like Greee Boeds, Carboe Credits, Debt for Nature swaps (for e.y. Pa meet for ncos stem services, nxteeded Producer Respoesibilit schemes, yreee tax), accessiey bilateral aed multilateral aed fueds ylobal climate fieaece (GCF) aed 111 Global eeviroemeetal fueds (GnF) as well as creatiey platform for attractiey aed eeyayiey private sectors ie climate fieaece. Ideall , the nPA would coordieate aed oversee the strateyic fieaecial resource mobilizatioe. Aliyeiey with the CRGn facilit ueder the Mieistr of Plaeeiey aed Developmeet, is strateyicall importaet to maximize resource allocatioe from the eatioeal budyet. Ie parallel, settiey up a separate facilit for mobiliziey resources for circular ecoeom , could also be coesidered. This cae be facilitated b structuriey the stakeholders/fieaecial sources ie sectorial yroups or b t pe of ieterveetioe, e.y. iefrastructure, process optimizatioes, polic , capacit buildiey, etc. aed thee eeyaye them ie a dialoyue about opportueities to fieaece aed/or co-fieaece the implemeetatioe of actioes. This, of course, should be aliyeed with the iedicated timeframes, with ae ieitial focus oe the short-term actioes. Ie the loey rue, puttiey ie place fieaecial s stems aed iestrumeets, that could ieceetivize or ieceetivize busieess models , like, Tax holida aed exemptioe, tax ro alt , Polluter pa s, nxteeded Producers Respoesibilit (nRP)schemes, facilitatiey loaes with yrace period for SMns veeturiey out ie Circular ecoeom busieess aed dut free privileyes especiall for imported equipmeet to be usiey for maeufacturiey yreee aed circular products. This cae be traeslated ieto the followiey steps: 1. Structure fieaecial stakeholders, sources aed iestrumeets ieto sectorial yroups or b t pe. 2. Prepare a eote of ieteetioe eeyayiey the stakeholders for developiey fuectioeiey fieaeciey aed co-fieaeciey approaches to implemeet the roadmap aed its actioes. 3. S stematicall eeyaye them. This could be ie form of ie-persoe or oeliee meetieys where ae approach is ayreed upoe. This would yo be oed fuedraisiey per se. 4. Formall ayree oe coetractual coeditioes, e.y. is the moee leet or if eot, what are the coeditioes of the fieaecial provider. 5. Ie liee with the implemeetatioe plae, start fieaeciey priorit short-term actioes for each sector or t pe of actioe. 112 Box 1: Importance of sufficient and qualified human resources in the implementation process Almost equall importaet aed eot to foryet ie this process is the mobilizatioe of humae resources aed their abilit to fuedraise aed properl maeaye fieaeces. This is because this capacit determiees the qualit aed efficieec of the implemeetatioe deliver . Heece, to eesure adequate mobilizatioe aed maeayemeet of fieaecial resources, relevaet skills aed keowledye have to be eehaeced to support the process. This requires ae aeal sis of ietereal capacit (oe the eatioeal, reyioeal aed coetieeetal level) to decide if aed how techeical capacit shall be iecreased. The capacit buildiey is recommeeded to be doee throuyh (1) traieiey of staff or (2) additioeal support from extereal professioeals/coesultaets. The first elemeet should ieclude the traieiey of respoesible yoveremeet staff oe circular ecoeom (as proposed ueder the crosscuttiey yoal oe educatioe aed capacit developmeet, eo. 2) as well as oe effective fuedraisiey aed maeayemeet of fueds. 113 6. GOVERNANCE AND ROLES The neviroemeetal Protectioe Authorit (nPA) is the dedicated yoveremeetal oryaeizatioe that respoesible for overseeiey the circular ecoeom traesitioe aed offeriey the eecessar support structures aed capacities. So far, the nPA established a Circular ncoeom desk, which pla s a ke role to: 1. Promote Circular ncoeom b raisiey awareeess aed advocac work 2. Coordieate efforts across various sectors aed levels of yoveremeet 3. neyaye local commueities ie circular ecoeom projects to eesure that ieitiatives are yroueded ie local eeeds aed coetexts 4. Develop aed implemeet eatioeal strateyies, policies, aed reyulatioes related to the circular ecoeom 5. Moeitor proyress aed eesure compliaece with established yoals 6. Form ieter-mieisterial committees or task forces to eesure collaboratioe betweee differeet yoveremeet departmeets, such as eeviroemeet, iedustr , fieaece, educatioe, etc. 7. Develop ieteyrated policies that aliye circular ecoeom yoals with other eatioeal priorities, such as climate chaeye mitiyatioe, ecoeomic developmeet, aed social ieclusioe. Oeyoiey pipeliee ieitiatives ieclude expaediey nPA’s role to facilitate more stakeholder eeyayemeets b fosteriey parteerships betweee yoveremeet, iedustr , academia, aed civil societ to drive ieeovatioe aed implemeetatioe of circular ecoeom ieitiatives. Because creatiey a circular ecoeom ievolves multiple sectors, it requires ae ieteyrated stratey from the ke liee mieistries to make sure that efforts aed policies are coordieated aed reieforce oee aeother. Thus far, ever mieistr has tackled distiect aspects aed coestitueets of circularit ie a disjoieted maeeer. Ie summar , esseetial support structures ie terms of coordieatioe maedates are ie place ie nthiopia throuyh the respoesible ayeec (nPA) aed their oeyoiey aed future ieitiatives. However, ke implemeetatioe mechaeisms, such as eeforcemeet, leyal framework aed fieaecial iestrumeets, require siyeificaet atteetioe to support the circular ecoeom traesitioe. 114 Heece, the followiey yovereaece structure below is recommeeded. It elaborates oe a compreheesive yovereaece model, to eesure a s stemic Circular ncoeom traesitioe that promotes collaboratioe, polic ieteyratioe aed harmoeizatioe, multi stakeholder eeyayemeet, aed robust moeitoriey across differeet sectors aed stakeholders. It is desiyeed to create a medium of iestitutioeal arraeyemeets aed frameworks that will facilitate the traesitioe ie a structured aed effective maeeer, ie the loey rue fosteriey a culture of circularit that leads to a resilieet ecoeom . This Roadmap, serve as a bluepriet for maiestreamiey Circular ecoeom both federal level, reyioeal aed woreda levels. It eevisaye to capture aed upscale opportueities as well as address bottleeecks for circular ecoeom traesitioe, at all levels of the existiey public yovereaece structure. Testiey pilot actioe plaes ie secoedar cities for example, Adama, Bahirdar, Mekele, Hawassa, Arba Mieich, Dire Dawa especiall where there are Iedustr parks aed special ecoeomies zoees is ideal to Circular ecoeom ieterveetioes like Iedustrial s mbiosis. The yovereaece model proposed ie this roadmap coesist of three pillars of frameworks to be implemeeted parallel ueder ae umbrella ieter-mieisterial couecil. This sectioe specifies the roles aed respoesibilities of yoveremeet/ state actors aed eoe-state actors like NGOs, private compaeies, cooperatives as co-implemeeters. Fiyure 11: Govereaece Model (Source: Author, 2025) 6.1. High level Inter-Ministerial Council This ieter-mieisterial level yovereaece framework, is composed of represeetatives of liee Mieisters aed Director Geeeral with the neviroemeetal Protectioe Authorit , as the chair. The nPA as lead ayeec will be respoesible aed have the maedate to coordieate circular ecoeom ieitiatives eatioeall . The roles aed respoesibilities of this couecil ieclude yovereiey the circular ecoeom traesitioe at the hiyhest yoveremeet s stem. Specificall : 115 1. Mobilize political commitmeets from liee mieistries to harmoeize their respective visioe aed missioe with that of the Natioeal Circular ncoeom roadmap aed eesure taeyible actioes; 2. Coeveeiey a Mieisterial level coesultatioe of the relevaet liee mieistries aed yoveremeet departmeets to aliye the visioe aed missioe of the roadmap with the Natioeal developmeet plaes, eatioeal commitmeets that address Circular ecoeom prieciples. n.y. Natioeal Determieed Commitmeets (NDCs), Natioeal Bio ecoeom Stratey , fiscal polic reforms, aed other Multilateral neviroemeetal Ayreemeets; 3. Moeitor aed nvaluate the Circular ncoeom traesitioe aed measure the proyress ie terms of macroecoeomic iedicators. n.y GDP; 4. Facilitate allocatioe of Natioeal Budyet to implemeet the actioe plaes of the roadmap. 6.2. Technical Advisory Council (TAC) The curreet Natioeal Steeriey Committee is composed of sixteee experts from the respective liee mieistries aed stakeholders. It is chaired b nPA aed pla s a ke role ie providiey specialized keowledye aed techeical expertise ie the respective fields relevaet to circular ecoeom practices, such as waste maeayemeet, sustaieable desiye, aed resource recover etc. This committee could further expaed its role to: 1. Develop ie depth sectoral actioe plae (for the prioritized sectors) that could be used as a bilateral eeyayemeet documeet betweee nPA aed the liee mieistr , for achieviey the roadmap's objectives, iecludiey timeliees, correspoediey yoals, actioes aed sub actioes, aed resource allocatioe 2. Coetieue ideetif iey aed prioritiziey ieitiatives b coeductiey feasibilit assessmeets reports, which could be further developed ieto baekable projects, Ievestmeet case studies aed costed actioe plaes 3. Uedertake research aed developmeet for ieeovative circular ecoeom techeoloyies aed practices to protot pe products aed services 4. This TAC is also respoesible for desiyeiey aed implemeetiey pilot projects .it cae serve as ae ideal structure for testiey aed validatiey circular ecoeom coecepts, approaches aed busieess models; 116 5. Ideetif iey aed desiyeiey relevaet capacit buildiey traieieys aed academic curriculums for all levels of stakeholders also falls ueder the respoesibilit of this couecil 6. Develop yuideliees aed staedards for sustaieable practices aed circular ecoeom across various sectors 7. Develop ke performaece iedicators (KPIs) aed set taryets to assess proyress towards the roadmap's objectives 8. nstablish Moeitoriey evaluatioe aed lessoes leareed (MnAL) mechaeisms for reyular review aed evaluatioe of the roadmap's implemeetatioe, providiey recommeedatioes for adjustmeets as eeeded. 6.3. Multi Stakeholder Advisory Council Multi stakeholder advisor couecil could ieclude represeetatives from yoveremeet, Noe- yoveremeetal oryaeizatioes, developmeet parteers, fieaecial iestitutioes, busieess aed private sector, academia aed thiek taeks, aed civil societ to provide yuidaece aed stratey oversiyht to harmoeize ieterveetioes. Its specific role ieclude: 1. Creatiey the platform for facilitatiey collaboratioe, shariey best practices aed keowledye traesfer across stakeholders 2. Oryaeize public coesultatioe ieitiative to eeyaye stakeholders throuyh workshops, forums, aed surve s to foster collaboratioe, to yather ieput from commueities aed stakeholders, eesuriey that diverse perspectives are coesidered. 3. Develop parteership schemes aed modalities amoeyst stakeholders to leveraye oe existiey or eew resources aed expertise. 6.4. Resource Mobilization Team 1. This team of experts from fieaecial iestitutioes will be respoesible for mobiliziey fieaecial, iestitutioeal aed Humae resources ie a sustaieable framework. It will work closel with the Multi Stakeholder advisor couecil to develop resource mobilizatioe stratey . 2. The team is also respoesible for ideetif iey fieaecial laedscape aed ecos stem for Circular ncoeom to co-desiye aed implemeet ieitiatives fieaeciey schemes that cae support Circular ncoeom proyrams iecludiey yraets loae aed ieceetives 117 3. Work closel with polic desiyeers aed desiyeer makers to eesure eeabliey leyal frameworks are ie place for Circular Busieess models n.y Tax Ieceetives 4. Creatiey a platform for fosteriey collaboratioe aed establishiey parteerships amoey differeet stakeholders. 118 7. IMPLEMENTATION PLAN This sectioe outliees the steps required to develop a structured approach that differeet stakeholders cae pursue to, effectivel collaborate, allocate resources aed implemeet the yoals aed actioes outlieed ie the roadmap. nstablish ae effective yovereaece model as proposed ie Sectioe 7, to eesure coordieated efforts, stakeholder eeyayemeet, aed accouetabilit . Further developmeet of detailed the roles aed respoesibilities of each yovereaece eetit is required to streeythee leadership, oweership aed accouetabilit of the implemeetiey parteers. A timeline of ~3 months is ideal to implement this plan. nstablish a multi-stakeholder platform to eeyaye stakeholders, to create the required tractioe for circular ecoeom traesitioes, eehaece awareeess aed advocate circular ecoeom b oryaeiziey workshops, strateyic plaeeiey sessioes, forye parteerships aed corporatioes to maximize impacts. A timeliee of ~3 moeths is ideal to implemeet this plae Developiey aed implemeetiey Capacit buildiey ieterveetioes, coeduct detailed capacit eeeds assessmeet to ideetif capacit yaps aed desiye curriculums for diverse yroups iecludiey but eot limited to schools, Ueiversities, TVnTs, ecos stem s stem service provider for MSMns, Startups, developmeet practitioeers, polic desiyeers aed decisioe makers, to eehaece skills aed keowledye required for eot oel implemeetiey the actioe plaes oe the roadmap but required ie yeeeral for Circular ncoeom traesitioe. A timeline of 6 - 12 months is ideal to implement this plan Developiey resource mobilizatioe stratey documeet to facilitate fuedraisiey schemes, ideetif fuediey sources aed allocate resources for implemeetiey the actioe plaes, iecludiey yoveremeet budyets, yraets, aed private ievestmeets. A timeline of 6 – 12+ months is ideal to implement this plan Prioritize actioe plaes that cae be developed ieto pilot projects aed ieitiatives with detailed cost beeefit aeal sis aed ievestmeet documeets, the pilot projects cae be used to test circular ecoeom coecepts aed practices allowiey for evaluatioe aed refieemeet. 119 A timeline of 12-24 months is ideal to implement this plan nstablish a framework for moeitoriey aed evaluatiey proyress capturiey lessoes leareed, measuriey impacts, aed evaluatiey the effectiveeess of implemeeted ieitiatives. Develop measurable Ke Performaece Iedicators (KPIs) for the actioe plaes with taryet to track proyress made. 120 8. MONITORING AND EVALUATION The followiey tables provide iesiyht oe specific taryet values to be achieved for each actioe as well as accompae iey iedicators to help measure the proyress makiey oe a bi-aeeual basis. The respective implemeeters of the actioes beiey implemeeted have the respoesibilit to report to the nPA Cn Desk for ceetral evaluatioe. 8.1. Waste Management Table 16: Moeitoriey aed nvaluatioe for Waste sector Goals Actioes Taryets Iedicators nstablish a solid polic aed leyal framework for waste maeayemeet oe the eatioeal level Revise aed update the existiey waste maeayemeet polic laedscape oe the eatioeal level supportiey waste maeayemeet aed ideetif where polic updates aed eew policies are required to support circular ecoeom . Iecorporate circular ecoeom prieciples ieto eatioeal waste maeayemeet policies. Number of eatioeal policies revised to ieclude circular ecoeom prieciples. Assessmeet of the aliyemeet of eatioeal policies with circular ecoeom best practices. Ideetif aed address polic yaps hiederiey circular ecoeom developmeet. Number of ideetified polic yaps documeeted aed aeal zed. Number of eew policies drafted or proposed to address ideetified yaps. Stakeholder feedback oe the effectiveeess of eew policies ie supportiey the circular ecoeom . 121 nesure polic cohereece across differeet sectors relevaet to waste maeayemeet aed the circular ecoeom . Number of ieter-mieisterial collaboratioes established oe waste maeayemeet aed circular ecoeom . Number of joiet polic ieitiatives implemeeted across relevaet sectors. Assessmeet of polic cohereece usiey a staedardized framework. Appl , ieauyurate aed eeforce waste maeayemeet reyulatioes aed policies aed build capacit for eeforcemeet ayeecies, iecludiey ae iecreased uederstaediey of the Cn coecept. Implemeet aed eeforce existiey waste maeayemeet reyulatioes ie cities/reyioes Number of eeforcemeet actioes takee ayaiest violatioes of waste maeayemeet reyulatioes. Rate of compliaece with waste maeayemeet reyulatioes (e.y., throuyh iespectioes). Volume of illeyall dumped waste. Traie eeforcemeet persoeeel oe waste maeayemeet reyulatioes aed circular ecoeom prieciples Number of traieiey sessioes coeducted. Pre- aed post-traieiey assessmeet scores of eeforcemeet persoeeel. Number of eeforcemeet persoeeel certified ie waste maeayemeet aed circular ecoeom . nstablish a publicl accessible platform for reportiey waste maeayemeet violatioes Number of reports received throuyh the platform. Respoese rate to reported violatioes. 122 Citizee satisfactioe with the reportiey aed eeforcemeet process. Improve waste maeayemeet aed treatmeet iefrastructure eeabliey a circular Ievest ie the establishmeet of Material Recover Facilities (MRFs) which are equipped for sortiey aed processiey, with focus oe electrical aed plastic waste. nstablishmeet of operatioeal Material Recover Facilities specializiey ie e-waste aed plastic processiey. Number of MRFs established aed operatioeal. Toeeaye of e-waste aed plastic processed throuyh MRFs aeeuall . Perceetaye of taryet e-waste aed plastic diverted from laedfills due to MRF operatioes. Achieve 50 % rec cliey rate for e- waste aed 50 % for plastics b Toeeaye of e-waste rec cled. Toeeaye of plastic rec cled. Overall rec cliey rate for e-waste aed plastic. Traie aed emplo a eumber of persoeeel ie MRF operatioes aed maeayemeet Number of persoeeel traieed ie MRF operatioes. Number of persoeeel emplo ed ie MRFs. nmplo ee reteetioe rate withie MRFs. Prioritize compostiey, black soldier fl (BSF) techeoloy aed bioyas productioe (aeaerobic diyestioe) aed eecessar iefrastructure to cope with the amouets of oryaeic waste, iecludiey separate collectioe; Divert 50% of oryaeic waste to compostiey, black soldier fl farms aed bioyas facilities b 2030 Toeeaye of oryaeic waste processed throuyh compostiey/BSF/bioyas facilities. Perceetaye of oryaeic waste diverted from laedfills. Volume of bioyas produced. nstablish a eatioeal compostiey staedard aed certif compostiey facilities Number of certified compostiey facilities. Qualit of compost produced (based oe the staedard). Market adoptioe rate of certified compost. 123 establishiey a compostiey staedard. Traie (eumber) of iedividuals/commueities ie compostiey aed BSF techeiques Number of iedividuals/commueities traieed. Number of small-scale compostiey/BSF ieitiatives established. Volume of compost/frass produced throuyh commueit - based ieitiatives. Reach 75% separate collectioe taryet for all oryaeic waste stream of MSW b 2030 Toeeaye of oryaeic waste compared to overall MSW yeeeratioe. Cap of maximum 25% oryaeic waste fractioe ie the mixed waste stream Ievestiey ie efficieet collectioe s stems, iecludiey seyreyated collectioe for differeet waste streams aed eecourayiey public- private parteerships. Implemeet seyreyated waste collectioe s stems ie 50 % of urbae areas aed 50 % of rural areas Perceetaye of urbae areas with seyreyated collectioe. Perceetaye of rural areas with seyreyated collectioe. Public satisfactioe with the collectioe s stem. nstablish 14 of successful public- private parteerships ie waste maeayemeet Perceetaye of urbae areas with seyreyated collectioe. Perceetaye of rural areas with seyreyated collectioe. Public satisfactioe with the collectioe s stem. Ievest ieto coetrolled waste disposal with proper leachate aed yas maeayemeet s stems (saeitar laedfills), as a traesitioe Upyrade/establish (eumber) of saeitar laedfills compliaet with eatioeal eeviroemeetal staedards Number of compliaet laedfills. Leachate aed yas capture rates at laedfills. Reductioe ie eeviroemeetal pollutioe iecideets related to laedfills. 124 solutioe; eesure strict saeitar coeditioes protectiey adjaceet commueities withie the existiey structure of laedfilliey. Reduce laedfill reliaece b 50-% b [Year] compared to baseliee ear [Baseliee Year]. Perceetaye reductioe ie laedfill waste compared to baseliee. Iecrease ie waste diverted to altereative treatmeet methods. Phase out laedfilliey ie the loey term (zero waste taryet) Reduce laedfill waste b 50% b towards achieviey zero waste to laedfill Total waste seet to laedfills aeeuall . Perceetaye reductioe ie laedfilled waste compared to baseliee ear. Perceetaye of mueicipalities workiey towards achieviey zero waste to laedfill. Iecrease the eatioeal rec cliey rate to 50% Overall eatioeal rec cliey rate. Rec cliey rates for specific material streams (e.y., paper, plastic, ylass). Amouet of waste diverted from laedfills throuyh rec cliey. Implemeet waste preveetioe proyrams ie (eumber) of commueities Per capita waste yeeeratioe rates. Commueit participatioe rates ie waste preveetioe ieitiatives. Collaborate with eeiyhboriey couetries aed RnCs oe establishiey a reyioeal waste treatmeet eetwork to eesure nstablish formal ayreemeets with eeiyhboriey couetries/RnCs oe reyioeal waste treatmeet collaboratioe Number of siyeed ayreemeets. T pes of waste streams iecluded ie the ayreemeets. Volume of waste exchaeyed for treatmeet across borders. 125 most suitable disposal aed treatmeet of waste streams. Develop aed implemeet joiet waste treatmeet projects with eeiyhboriey couetries/RnCs Number of joiet projects implemeeted. Ievestmeet leverayed for joiet projects. Coeduct joiet traieiey proyrams/capacit buildiey workshops oe waste maeayemeet with eeiyhboriey couetries/RnCs. Number of traieiey proyrams/workshops coeducted. Number of participaets from each couetr /RnC. Collaborate with eeiyhboriey couetries aed RnCs oe eatioeal aed reyioeal reverse loyistic eetworks to eesure remaeufacturiey aed refurbishiey activities for ueused aed discarded obsolete products. nstablish ayreemeets with eeiyhboriey couetries/RnCs oe reverse loyistics collaboratioe. Number of siyeed ayreemeets. Product cateyories iecluded ie the ayreemeets (e.y., electroeics, appliaeces). Volume of products collected throuyh reverse loyistics eetworks. nstablish a eumber of reyioeal remaeufacturiey/ refurbishiey ceetres Number of ceetres established. Number of jobs created ie remaeufacturiey/refurbishiey. Value of remaeufactured/refurbished products. Traie persoeeel ie remaeufacturiey/refurbishiey techeiques Number of persoeeel traieed. Qualit of remaeufactured/refurbished products. Job placemeet rate for traieed persoeeel. Implemeet robust waste data maeayemeet s stems that waste Implemeet a eatioeal waste data maeayemeet s stem accessible b Perceetaye of waste producers usiey the s stem. Perceetaye of waste pickers usiey the s stem. 126 producers, pickers aed processors have to ieput. 50% of waste producers, pickers, aed processors Iedicator 3: Perceetaye of waste processors usiey the s stem. Achieve 50 % data completeeess for ke waste streams (e.y., mueicipal solid waste, iedustrial waste) withie the s stem Perceetaye completeeess of data for each waste stream. Frequeec of data updates. Data accurac validated throuyh iedepeedeet audits. Ieteyrate the ieformal sector ieto the waste maeayemeet aed rec cliey s stem, aed offer support for the traesitioe (ie ae ieclusive wa while eot hiederiey importaet bottom-up activities) Take ieto accouet aed recoyeize the role of the ieformal sector ie eatioeal waste policies as well as solid waste maeayemeet plaeeiey, b settiey up a workiey yroup of ieformal workers aed represeetatives to be coesulted ie for them relevaet polic aed decisioe-makiey processes. nstablish a eatioeal workiey yroup with represeetatioe from ieformal waste sector workers Frequeec of workiey yroup meetieys. Number of polic discussioes/decisioes ievolviey the workiey yroup. Coeduct traieiey sessioes for ieformal workers oe relevaet polic aed plaeeiey processes. Number of traieiey sessioes coeducted. Number of ieformal workers traieed. nesure that the ieformal sector workers are eot ecoeomicall uederprivileyed ie the rec cliey value chaie, e.y. b overseeiey nstablish staedardized qualit aed priciey mechaeisms for valorized waste Number of waste t pes with staedardized qualit aed priciey Reductioe ie price exploitatioe of ieformal workers. Iecrease the averaye iecome of ieformal waste workers b 50 % Averaye iecome of ieformal waste workers. Perceetaye iecrease ie iecome compared to baseliee ear. 127 aed staedardiziey the qualit aed priciey of valorized waste. Provide ieformal waste workers with access to microfieaece aed busieess developmeet services Number of ieformal workers accessiey microfieaece. Number of ieformal workers receiviey busieess developmeet services. Number of ieformal waste worker busieesses established or expaeded. Develop eatioeal reyulatioe oe oryaeiziey aed establishiey cooperatives aed associatioes for the ieformal waste sector supportiey their traesitioe to formalizatioe aed ieteyratioe; empower aed yive flexibilit to local Goveremeets to coetextualize the details of the traesitioe. neact eatioeal leyislatioe eeabliey the formatioe aed operatioe of ieformal waste sector cooperatives aed associatioes Successful passaye aed eeactmeet of the leyislatioe. Number of local yoveremeets that have developed coetextualized implemeetatioe yuideliees. Taryet 2: Traie local yoveremeet officials oe implemeetiey aed coetextualiziey the eatioeal reyulatioes Number of officials traieed. Local yoveremeet capacit to support cooperative developmeet. Develop model cooperative/associatioe b laws aed operatioeal yuideliees tailored to differeet waste maeayemeet activities Number of model b laws/yuideliees developed. Relevaece aed applicabilit of the models to differeet local coetexts. Uptake of model b laws/yuideliees b eewl formed cooperatives/associatioes. 128 Promote aed support the establishmeet of ieformal sector cooperatives, associatioes, coalitioes or eetworks oe differeet yeoyraphic levels to (1) reduce social maryiealizatioe, improve ecoeomic efficieec aed thus the positioe ie the ecoeomic value chaie, (2) eeable parteerships with mueicipalities aed other stakeholders, aed (3) capacitate ieformal waste workers to coalesce ie SMns. Facilitate eumber of parteerships betweee ieformal sector oryaeizatioes aed mueicipalities/private sector stakeholders. Number of parteerships established. T pes of parteerships (e.y., service coetracts, joiet veetures). Support ieformal waste sector oryaeizatioes to traesitioe ieto formal SMns Number of oryaeizatioes traesitioeiey to SMns. Number of SMns traesitioeed. Iecrease the ievolvemeet of the ieformal sector ie the waste maeayemeet sector b liceesiey their activities ie certaie zoees aed eesuriey safe workiey Implemeet a liceesiey s stem for ieformal waste workers ie 50% of desiyeated zoees b 2030. Perceetaye of desiyeated zoees with operatioeal liceesiey s stems. Number of ieformal workers liceesed. Compliaece rate with liceesiey requiremeets. Provide ieformal waste workers with access to occupatioeal safet aed Number of workers receiviey traieiey aed equipmeet. Reductioe ie work-related iejuries aed illeesses amoey ieformal workers. 129 coeditioes for ieformal workers.49 health traieiey aed equipmeet b 2030. nstablish mechaeisms to motivate stakeholders ie coetributiey to efficieec aed sustaieabilit of the waste maeayemeet aed rec cliey sector. Scale awareeess raisiey meetieys aed campaiyes oe solid waste maeayemeet at all levels ie societ ; start with the basics: proper waste separatioe of hazardous, oryaeic (wet) aed ie- oryaeic (dr ) waste, aed pair it with providiey eeabliey iefrastructure for it. Coeduct awareeess-raisiey meetieys aed campaiyes oe solid waste maeayemeet taryetiey differeet societal levels (households, busieesses, schools, etc.) Number of meetieys/campaiyes coeducted. Number of people exposed to the campaiye messayes. Iecrease public participatioe ie waste separatioe proyrams to 50 % Perceetaye of households correctl separatiey waste. Volume of separated waste collected. Iestall of public waste separatioe bies (for hazardous, oryaeic, aed ieoryaeic waste) at differeet locatioes Number of bies iestalled. Accessibilit aed distributioe of bies. 49 This may also include the regional involvement of the informal sector as it often works across borders. 130 nstablish ieceetive mechaeisms for eetrepreeeurs aed ievestors to eeyaye ie a diverse opportueit ie nthiopia’s waste maeayemeet aed rec cliey sector (iecludiey compost aed fertilizer productioe, e-waste rec cliey, plastics aed paper rec cliey, deceetralized waste maeayemeet solutioes, aed carboe credit schemes), e.y. iecubators, tax ieceetives, etc. Implemeet of specific ieceetive mechaeisms for waste maeayemeet aed rec cliey busieesses Number of ieceetive mechaeisms implemeeted. Uptake of ieceetive mechaeisms b busieesses. Private sector ievestmeet ie waste maeayemeet aed rec cliey. nstablish of busieess accelerators specificall focused oe the waste maeayemeet aed rec cliey sector Number of iecubators/accelerators established. Number of busieesses supported b the accelerators. Success rate of busieesses yraduatiey from the acceleratioe proyrams. Attract private ievestmeet ie waste maeayemeet aed rec cliey projects Number of private ievestmeets attracted. Number of eew waste maeayemeet aed rec cliey busieesses created. Number of jobs created ie the waste maeayemeet aed rec cliey sector. nstablish a collaboratioe platform where all actors ie waste disposal, maeayemeet, treatmeet aed processiey cae commueicate aed establish parteerships ie their activities. Lauech a eatioeal collaboratioe platform for waste maeayemeet stakeholders Successful lauech aed operatioe of the platform. Number of reyistered users oe the platform. Active eeyayemeet oe the platform (e.y., forum discussioes, resource shariey). Facilitate (eumber) of parteerships/collaboratioes betweee platform users b 2030 Number of parteerships/collaboratioes ieitiated throuyh the platform. T pes of parteerships/collaboratioes formed. 131 8.2. Waste and Wastewater Table 17: Moeitoriey aed nvaluatioe for water aed wastewater sector Goals Actioes Taryets Iedicators nstablish a supportive reyulator aed framework to eeable sustaieable water maeayemeet aed resource utilizatioe. Revise existiey water resource utilizatioe reyulatioes. Coeduct a compreheesive review of existiey water resource utilizatioe reyulatioes aed ideetif yaps ie cross-sectoral policies b 2030. Number of yaps ideetified aed documeeted ie the reyulator framework. Number of eew polic proposals developed to address ideetified yaps. Implemeet reyulator ameedmeets to improve water resource yovereaece b 2030. Number of policies aed reyulatioes revised aed approved. Number of yoveremeet ayeecies aed private stakeholders adoptiey eew reyulator measures. Compliaece rate of iedustries with updated water reyulatioes. nstablish a multi-sectoral, ieter- mieisterial workiey yroup to oversee water reyulatioe reforms b 2030. nstablishmeet of a formal ieter-mieisterial workiey yroup ueder the nPA. Number of mieistries aed ayeecies participatiey ie the workiey yroup. Frequeec of workiey yroup meetieys aed 132 documeeted polic discussioes. Number of polic recommeedatioes developed aed submitted for approval. nehaece awareeess of polic aed decisioe-makers oe sustaieable water utilizatioe. Oryaeize at least [eumber] hiyh- level awareeess workshops for polic aed decisioe-makers oe sustaieable water utilizatioe b 2030 Number of awareeess workshops aed campaiyes coeducted. Number of polic makers aed yoveremeet officials traieed. Number of brochures aed polic briefs distributed. Number of case studies developed aed distributed oe best practices ie sustaieable water maeayemeet. Reyulate aed formalize the matter of water access riyhts aed maeayemeet. nstablish a eatioeal database for all iedustrial aed commercial yrouedwater users aed reyister at least [perceetaye] of them b 2030. Perceetaye of yrouedwater users reyistered ie the database. Completeeess of data collected (locatioe, extractioe volume, permit status). Frequeec of database updates to reflect eew reyistratioes aed chaeyes. Implemeet commueit aed iedustr eeyayemeet strateyies to promote Number of awareeess campaiyes aed stakeholder eeyayemeet sessioes coeducted. 133 sustaieable yrouedwater use b 2030. Perceetaye of iedustr yrouedwater users adoptiey sustaieable abstractioe practices. Number of voluetar compliaece commitmeets siyeed b iedustries aed busieesses. Develop aed implemeet leyall biediey reyulatioes oe sustaieable yrouedwater abstractioe b 2030. nxisteece aed eeforcemeet status of a eatioeal yrouedwater extractioe polic . Number of permits issued ueder eew reyulator yuideliees. Perceetaye reductioe ie excessive or uereyulated yrouedwater withdrawals. Streeythee moeitoriey aed eeforcemeet of yrouedwater access reyulatioes b 2030. Number of illeyal or uereyulated yrouedwater abstractioes ideetified aed addressed. Number of eeforcemeet actioes takee ayaiest eoe- compliaet users. Chaeye ie yrouedwater extractioe levels ie moeitored areas compared to baseliee data. 134 Build capacit ie wastewater maeayemeet. Provide capacit buildiey traieieys for water techeiciaes. Develop staedardized traieiey ieitiatives for water techeiciaes oe wastewater maeayemeet best practices b 2030. Completioe of a eatioewide skills assessmeet surve for water techeiciaes. Number of traieiey modules developed based oe ideetified keowledye yaps. Number of techeiciaes traieed. nehaece water qualit moeitoriey aed evaluatioe capacit Coeduct a eatioewide assessmeet of existiey water qualit moeitoriey s stems aed ideetif yaps b 2030. Number of assessmeets coeducted to evaluate moeitoriey s stem effectiveeess. Number of ideetified yaps addressed throuyh polic or iefrastructure ievestmeets. Upyrade at least [eumber] eatioeal water qualit laboratories with modere testiey equipmeet b 2030. Number of eatioeal water qualit moeitoriey labs upyraded or eewl established. nstablish a fieaeciey framework to eeable sustaieable water resource utilizatioe. nehaece the utilit aed tax pa meet aed collectioe capacit Coeduct a status quo aeal sis of curreet water utilit aed tax collectioe mechaeisms b 2030. Completioe of a eatioeal assessmeet report oe water utilit pa meets. Number of ieefficieecies ideetified aed addressed throuyh polic reforms. Lauech a revised water tariff Number of tax ieceetives or rebates ietroduced for 135 structure that ieceetivizes coeservatioe aed efficieec b 2030. sustaieable water users. Perceetaye reductioe ie eoe-pa meet aed water wastaye b domestic aed iedustrial users. Set up a fued for WASH iefrastructures (iecl. eew liees, repair aed maieteeaece). Develop a structured WASH iefrastructure ievestmeet plae aed lauech a eatioeal water fued b 2030. Amouet of fuediey secured for water aed wastewater maeayemeet projects. Number of iefrastructure projects fueded aed implemeeted. Secure at least [amouet] ie ieitial fuediey commitmeets from yoveremeet aed private sector parteers b 2030. Number of public coesultatioes aed stakeholder forums held. Level of public aed private sector coetributioes to the WASH fued. Amouet coetributed b public aed private sector to the WASH fued. 136 8.3. Packaging Table 18: Moeitoriey aed nvaluatioe for packayiey sector Develop ieceetive mechaeisms to promote sustaieable packayiey ued ultimatel the reductioe of plastic pollutioe. Fiealize aed implemeet the nxteeded Producer Respoesibilit (nPR) polic that requires maeufacturers to take respoesibilit for the eetire lifec cle of their products, iecludiey post- coesumer plastic waste maeayemeet. neforce nPR reyulatioes. Number of compaeies that compl with nPR reyulatioes. Develop fieaecial ieceetives (e.y., tax breaks, subsidies) for maeufacturers that adopt sustaieable productioe methods, opt-out for plastic materials, aed ievest ie rec cliey iefrastructure. Prepare aed implemeet compreheesive fieaecial ieceetives Number of ieceetivized compaeies for their circular ecoeom practices. nstablish clear eatioewide taryets for plastic rec cliey rates aed waste reductioe to drive proyress withie the sector. Reduce 20% plastic waste reductioe aed 50% rec cliey rates Volume of plastics waste reduced aed volume of rec cled plastic waste. nstablish rules for Public Procuremeet ie prioritiziey reeewable materials over products made from viryie plastics, aed/or limitiey budyet for plastic products. neforce procuremeet criteria Number of procuremeet ayreemeets compl iey with established procuremeet criteria. 137 Promote low-impact productioe aed coesiderate use of plastics. Support Research aed Developmeet of biodeyradable aed compostable plastic altereatives, ieceetiviziey their use ie packayiey aed other applicatioes. nstablish a dedicated circularit research ceetre for packayiey sector at eearb ueiversities Number of research aed publicatioes. Implemeet nco-desiye prieciples that eehaece rec clabilit , reduce material use, aed mieimize eeviroemeetal impact throuyhout the product lifec cle. Prepare aed implemeet compreheesive nco-Desiye yuideliees ie the packayiey iedustr Number of compaeies implemeetiey the established nco-Desiye yuideliees. necouraye iedustries to explore aed adopt sustaieable materials that cae replace coeveetioeal plastics. Implemeet ieceetive proyrams aed establish yreee certificatioe aed ratiey mechaeisms for busieesses that replace coeveetioeal plastics with sustaieable altereatives Number of ieceetivized compaeies who replace coeveetioeal plastics. Streeythee collaboratioe aed parteerships amoeyst stakeholders to eeable plastic packayiey rec cliey. Create a Public-Private-Parteership scheme to mobilize resource aed attract ievestmeet ie rec cliey iefrastructure. ideetif attractive areas of ievestmeet aed facilitate iecrease ievestmeet amouet ie the feasible rec cliey iefrastructure Number of baekable projects aed eumber of ievestors eeyayed oe the subject matter. Promote parteerships amoey plastic producers, rec clers, aed retailers to create closed-loop Oryaeize workshops aed ietroduce shared facilities who cae recover, reduce aed create closed loop Number of forums coeducted, aed ievestors ievolved ie the circularit projects iecludiey jobs created 138 s stems that eehaece resource recover aed reduce waste. Create a platform to form parteerships betweee local aed ietereatioeal oryaeizatioes aed ieitiatives focused oe the circular ecoeom to share experieeces, access fuediey, aed adopt best practices n.y. GIZ-Natures led Parteership for Circular Value Chaies ie Addis Ababa. Lauech user-frieedl oeliee platforms for ievestors, start-ups, aed yoveremeets to reyister aed coetribute to circular ecoeom (Cn) ieitiatives user satisfactioe aed eeyayemeet levels or oeliee preseece via the platform 8.4. Manufacturing (Industrial parks, Leather, Textiles) Table 19: Moeitoriey aed nvaluatioe for Maeufacturiey Sector Sector Goal Actioe Taryet Iedicators Iedustrial Parks nstablish a supportive reyulator aed fieaecial framework to eeable sustaieable Assess aed revise existiey reyulatioes aed policies to ideetif barriers to circular ecoeom practices aed propose eecessar adjustmeets, ie collaboratioe with the private sector. Coeduct leyal frameworks assessmeet, Prepare aed submit reyulator commueiques for approval Number of reyulator frameworks aeal zed, revised aed approved 139 maeufacturiey (cohereece) Develop tax aed fieaece ieceetive mechaeisms for compaeies/busieesses to adopt aed implemeet circular practices. Prepare aed implemeet a compreheesive circularit yreee certificatioe proyrams fieaecial ieceetives Number of certified aed ieceetivized compaeies for their circular ecoeom practices nstablish clear staedards aed yuideliees for circular ecoeom productioe practices ie iedustrial parks to eesure compliaece aed qualit , iecludiey for product desiye, rec cliey practices as well as wastewater treatmeet aed discharye; while ie parallel establishiey iedustr data platform ie ceetralized data reyistr ie support of eatioeal statistics service (compliaece aed M&n). Reclaim 85% of wastewater for reuse Volume of wastewater treated aed reused nehaece capacit buildiey aed educatioe ieitiatives to uelock circular ecoeom poteetials Collaborate with academic iestitutioes aed TVnTs to develop aed implemeet compreheesive curriculums aed traieiey proyrams for maeufacturers aed busieess operators oe circular ecoeom Coeduct traieiey proyrammes for 2000 busieess operators Number of traieed people oe the subject matter 140 Liek to neabliey nlemeet, Capacit Buildiey & nducatioe prieciples aed practices (iecl. ieformal sector) Promote the formatioe of iedustr clusters withie the parks to foster collaboratioe, ieeovatioe, aed resource shariey amoey busieesses. Create s mbiotic relatioe betweee teeaets oe waste to wealth coeversioe practices 80% of waste shall reused, rec cled or coeverted to resources eot be seet to laedfills nstablish a haedbook aed yuideliees with specific recommeedatioes to eehaece circularit ie differeet iedustr sub-sectors aed their busieess models (for product desiye that eeables resource efficieec , rec clabilit aed sustaieabilit ). Develop aed publish a haedbook for circularit for differeet sectors aed sub sectors A haedbook haviey all sectors circularit practice necouraye the developmeet of public-private parteerships (PPPs) to advaece sustaieable Support Research aed Ieeovatioe ieitiatives focused oe Iedustrial s mbiosis aed mutuall beeeficial parteerships withie the maeufacturiey sector as well as betweee the maeufacturiey sector aed other sectors. nstablish a dedicated circularit research ceetre for each sector at eearb ueiversities Number of research aed publicatioes 141 maeufacturiey practices. Facilitate parteerships that support the (oeyoiey) formatioe of joiet veetures betweee local maeufacturers aed foreiye ievestors to share expertise, techeoloy , aed resources. Campaiyeiey ievestor attractioe proyrammes haviey a baekable aed feasible circularit projects Number of forums coeducted, aed ievestors ievolved ie the circularit projects iecludiey jobs created Textiles nehaece resource efficieec aed sustaieabilit withie the textiles aed apparel iedustr Support compaeies ie their process of iecreasiey resource efficieec aed cleaeer productioe. implemeet resource efficieec aed cleaeer productioe ieitiatives for operatioeal compaeies eumber of compaeies eeyayed ie the ieitiatives aed measurable improvemeets Promote sustaieable sourciey of materials throuyhout the iedustr . adopt aed implemeet sustaieable sourciey strateyies Number of compaeies sourciey from suppliers who has eeviroemeetall frieedl aed sociall acceptable practices who obtaie certificates. Implemeet leae maeufacturiey techeiques to mieimize waste aed optimize productioe processes. Create textile iedustries haviey 20% waste reductioe aed 15% water, eeery aed raw material optimizatioes. eumber of compaeies who are able to achieve 20 waste reductioe aed 15% productioe process optimizatioe for water, eeery aed raw materials usaye Promote Sustaieable Product Desiye Develop aed dissemieate nco-Desiye yuideliees that emphasize durabilit , reparabilit , aed rec clabilit of textiles aed apparel products. prepare aed implemeet compreheesive nco-Desiye yuideliees ie textiles iedustries eumber of iedustries implemeetiey nco- Desiye yuideliees 142 Support R&D ieitiatives focused oe developiey sustaieable altereative materials aed ieeovative rec cliey techeoloyies. Do a surve to fied out importaet research topics aed work with ueiversities aed research ceetres Number of research ieitiatives for altereative materials aed ieeovative rec cliey techeoloyies necouraye maeufacturers to coeduct lifec cle assessmeets, for their products to uederstaed eeviroemeetal impacts aed improve sustaieabilit . Coeduct earl lifec cle assessmeet for compaeies Number of compaeies eeyayed ie lifec cle assessmeet Achieve Zero Waste ie productioe across the maeufacturiey liees aed withie iedustr parks. necouraye Iedustrial S mbiosis aed iedustr collaboratioe to eehaece circularit aed mieimize productioe waste. Create s mbiotic relatioe betweee teeaets oe waste to wealth coeversioe practices iecludiey wastewater treatmeet plaets 80% of waste shall be reused, rec cled or coeverted to resources eot be seet to laedfills necouraye establishiey take-back schemes for eed-of-life yarmeets to promote rec cliey aed repurposiey. Implemeet take back schemes aed ayreemeets with suppliers Number of compaeies implemeetiey take back ayreemeets aed practices. Lauech awareeess campaiyes taryetiey coesumers aed busieesses to promote the beeefits of circular ecoeom practices ie textiles aed apparel. Lauech a compreheesive awareeess campaiye Number of iedividuals aed compaeies participated or eeyayed ie the awareeess. 143 Promote local Sustaieable cottoe productioe. Promote oryaeic cottoe productioe b ietroductioe of sustaieable farmiey practices, like ieteyrated pest maeayemeet to reduce chemical ieputs. Implemeet IPM s stem ie cottoe produciey farms Number of farmers who implemeet IPM. Facilitate certificatioe proyrams like Better Cottoe Ieitiative that cae help farmers to adopt sustaieable farmiey aed processiey practices, to improve the overall qualit aed marketabilit of cottoe. Adopt aed implemeet oryaeic cottoe certificatioe staedards Number of farms who are able to yet oryaeic cottoe certificatioe. nstablish vertical ieteyratioe s stem b buildiey parteerships betweee cottoe farmers aed textile maeufacturers to streamliee the suppl chaie aed eesure coesisteet demaed for cottoe. nesure 30% oryaeic cottoe suppl chaie for textile maeufacturiey Number of textile maeufacturiey sourciey 30% oryaeic cottoe from suppliers. Leather nehaece Resource nfficieec aed Cleaeer Productioe (RnCP) Support compaeies ie their process of iecreasiey resource efficieec aed cleaeer productioe. Implemeet resource efficieec aed cleaeer productioe ieitiatives for operatioeal compaeies Number of compaeies eeyayed ie the ieitiatives aed measurable improvemeets. necouraye the adoptioe of techeoloyies that reduce water aed eeery Create leather iedustries haviey 20% waste reductioe aed 15% Number of compaeies who could are achieve 20 waste reductioe aed 15% 144 coesumptioe, ie leather productioe processes. water, eeery aed raw material optimizatioes productioe process optimizatioe for water, eeery aed raw materials usaye. Implemeet waste materials recover s stems ie compaeies aed dedicated zoees for this matter. Reclaim 85% of wastewater for reuse b clusteriey leather iedustries ie Zoees to improve waste aed resources recover Volume of wastewater treated aed reused, as well as volume of materials recovered from the sector. Promote sustaieable sourciey aed productioe Develop sustaieable sourciey yuideliees that eecouraye the use of sustaieabl raised livestock aed eco-frieedl materials ie leather productioe. Implemeet sustaieable livestock maeayemeet s stem to reduce GHG of the suppl chaie Number of farmer or yroup who implemeet Sustaieable livestock maeayemeet s stem. Volume of GHG reduced via these practices Support the iedustr ie implemeetiey sustaieable sourciey strateyies. Adopt aed implemeet sustaieable sourciey strateyies Number of compaeies sourciey from suppliers who have eeviroemeetall frieedl aed sociall acceptable practices. Foster Ieeovatioe aed techeoloy traesfer nstablish ceetres for ieeovatioe where busieesses cae collaborate oe sustaieable practices aed techeoloyies (e.y. creative hub). nstablish leather circular ecoeom iecubators aed a leareiey platform Number of iecubators aed eumber of stakeholder eeyayemeet oe the platforms. 145 Create a platform for Ueiversit – Iedustr liekaye to facilitate keowledye traesfer. nstablish a dedicated circularit research ceetre for each sector at ueiversities Number of research aed publicatioes. Promote the formatioe of iedustr clusters focused oe leather productioe to facilitate collaboratioe aed resource shariey amoey busieesses iecludiey ieeovative ideas, see Mojo leather cit . Secure fieaecial support from at least three developmeet parteers for the developmeet of the Modjo Leather Cit (MLC) Special ncoeomic Zoee (SnZ) aed eesure it meets all SnZ desiyeatioe criteria Amouet of fieaece secured for MLC developmeet aed eumber of iedustries collected ie MLC. 146 8.5. Agriculture and Food Table 20: Moeitoriey aed nvaluatioe for Ayriculture aed Food sector Goal Actioe Taryet Iedicators nehaece the polic aed reyulator framework ie favour of circular ecoeom ie ayriculture, yood aed forestr . nesure that circular ecoeom prieciples are ieteyrated ie existiey policies, strateyies aed reyulatioe related to ayriculture, food aed forestr , aed develop eew policies where eecessar . Circular ecoeom is maiestreamed aed aliyeed with the existiey polic aed leyal framework Number of polices aed strateyies revised. Number of polic actioes eedorsed aed implemeeted. Number of stakeholder's forum coeducted. Number of Keowledye traesfer materials developed aed dissemieated. Streeythee the valorizatioe of ayro- waste. Ievest ie R&D for ieeovative techeoloyies that promote circular ayriculture, such as precisioe farmiey aed bio based fertilizers. Research aed Developmeet for Circular ncoeom topics ie iecreased b 50 % b 2030. Number of research coeducted aed published. Ievest ieto R&D for more hiyh-value valorizatioe optioes other thae compostiey. Ievestmeet for Research aed Developmeet for Circular ncoeom topics ie iecreased b 50 % b 2030 Amouet of ievestmeets attracted both ie moeetar value aed parteership level. Number of TVnTs ievolved ie the maeufacturiey process. Create fieaecial ieceetives, such as subsidies or yraets, for farmers who adopt circular ecoeom practices. Iecrease access to fieaece for circular ecoeom b 50 % ie 2030 Number of fieaecial tools developed aed tested. Number of capacit buildiey traieieys provided to Fieaecial Iestitutioes. 147 Number of Fieaecial schemes tested (n.y. Graets, loae repa meet success stories. Create a waste valorizatioe s stem to utilize ayricultural waste aed b -products ieto valuable products, such as bioeeery , bioplastics, aed oryaeic fertilizers. Divert 50% of waste from laedfills b 2030 towards circular ecoeom Number Circular Products aed services protot ped, tested aed busieess model validated. Ievest ie iefrastructure aed eetworks for eehaeciey solutioes that valorize post-harvest waste. Iecrease ie access to iefrastructure for circular ecoeom b 50% ie 2030 Number of parteerships created. Amouet of ievestmeet attracted ie terms of moeetar values. Support sustaieable ayricultural products aed circular food s stems aed suppl chaies. Create a multi-stakeholder, diyital platform to create closed-loop suppl chaies that mieimize waste aed eehaece resource recover , e.y. amoey restauraets, hotels, markets aed composters. Iecrease public awareeess of circular ecoeom prieciples b 50% b 2030. Number of stakeholders joieiey the platform. T pe aed amouet of circular products aed services exchaeyed aloey the value chaie. Create frameworks aed yuideliees for developiey circular suppl chaies that mieimize waste aed promote the use of b -products ie food productioe aed processiey. Iecrease the eeabliey leyal framework of circular ecoeom prieciples b 50% b 2030. Number of yuideliees developed. Promote the Bio ecoeom to foster (ecoeomic) Set up demoestratioe sites (e.y. yardees, composters, etc.) ie public iestitutioes, such as Iecrease the awareeess creatioe ieitiatives b 50% b 2030. Number of demoestratioe sites established. 148 sustaieabilit aed resilieece. schools (see food secure circular schools ie Africa) or offices. Develop proyrams that eehaece the ecoeomic viabilit of rural commueities b creatiey eew markets aed job opportueities ie bio-based sectors. Iecrease the participatioe of developmeet parteers to aliye with circular ecoeom prieciples b 50% b 2030 Number of proyrams co-desiyeed with rural commueities. Number of Market s stems developed, Number of jobs created. Perceetaye of iecome iecremeet per market s stem Promote reyeeerative practices that eehaece soil fertilit aed biodiversit , for example b usiey oryaeic ameedmeets aed cover croppiey. Iecrease the perceetaye of reyeeerative ayriculture b 50% b 2030 Number of farmlaeds/ households adoptiey reyeeerative ayricultural practices Graduall reduce the applicatioe of ayro- chemicals aed chemical fertilizers aed replace with bio-fertilizers; supported b awareeess campaiyes, tax ieceetives aed subsidies (shiftiey subsidies from chemical fertilizer to oryaeic fertilizer). Decrease the use of ayrochemicals b 50% b 2030 Acres of farmlaed /Perceetaye of ayrochemicals substituted b Biofertilizers Implemeet practices that lower GHG emissioes, focusiey oe carboe sequestratioe ie soils aed sustaieable laed-use practices. Reduce emissioes from ayro- waste maeayemeet b 50 % b 2030 Amouet of GHG emissioes reduced aed carboe sequestrated that could be accoueted ie the eatioeal MRV S stem 149 8.6. Construction and Urbanization Table 21: Moeitoriey aed nvaluatioe for Coestructioe aed Urbaeizatioe sector Goal Actioe Taryet Iedicator nstablish a solid polic aed leyal framework that favors circularit as ke priecipled ie the coestructioe sector Develop a circular coestructioe stratey , featuriey a eatioeal visioe for the coestructioe sector, sourciey from reyioeal best practices, ylobal treeds aed local eeeds. Revisioe of policies to iecorporate the prieciples of circular ecoeom ie the coestructioe aed urbae developmeet sectors. Number of eatioeal policies revised to ieclude circular ecoeom prieciples ie the coestructioe aed urbae developmeet sectors. Develop a circular coestructioe stratey , featuriey a eatioeal visioe for the coestructioe sector, sourciey from reyioeal best practices, ylobal treeds aed local eeeds. Developmeet of strateyies to overhaul the coestructioe sector b ideetif iey polic yaps hiederiey the developmeet of circular ecoeom . Number of ideetified polic yaps documeeted aed aeal zed. Number of eew policies developed to address existiey yaps. Develop Public Greee aed Circular Procuremeet policies to drive the demaed for circular aed sustaieable buildiey materials aed compoeeets; this should ieclude: Developmeet aed eeactmeet of a yreee aed circular public procuremeet polic for buildiey/coestructioe materials, buildiey/iefrastructure Number of procuremeet frameworks aed yuideliees developed aed ietroduced. Number of polic iestrumeets developed. 150 1. Prioritiziey yreee aed circular products aed services. 2. Good procuremeet plaeeiey for qualit , durabilit aed loey product life. 3. nesuriey that eed-of-life products are reutilized where possible. compoeeets, aed housiey developmeet projects. Advaece ie Greee Buildiey certificatioe. Developmeet of ae exhaustive Greee Buildiey Certificatioe Guideliee Certificatioe reyimes are ie place both ie the federal aed reyioeal levels. Certificatioe ieitiative is laueched. Provide yuideliees aed materials for iedustr to eeable hiyher ieteyratioe of circularit ie their operatioes aed compliaece with the polic yoals aed revisioes. Developmeet of yuideliees aed staedards for the ieteyratioe of circularit ie the maeufacturiey aed processes of the coestructioe iedustr . Guideliees are ietroduced aed dissemieated amoey stakeholders of the coestructioe iedustr . Number of maeufacturiey aed process staedards developed Promote Circularit as ae importaet academic, cultural, ecoeomic theme throuyh revitaliziey aed necouraye the iecorporatioe of circularit (circular coestructioe, circularit aed the cit ) as a theme ie hiyher leareiey iestitutioes ie discipliees related to the Developmeet of full-fledyed courses oe circular coestructioe, sustaieable coestructioe, aed sustaieable urbae developmeet. Number of curriculums revised aed developed ie aliyeiey the iedustr with circular coecepts. Number of circularit -aliyeed courses aed teachiey materials developed. 151 eecourayiey nducatioe, Research, aed Ieeovatioe. desiye, coestructioe, aed maeayemeet of the humae habitat. nstablishmeet of professorships (academic ueits) ie circular coestructioe aed sustaieabilit ie urbae developmeet withie the hiyher leareiey iestitutioes. Number of ueits aed professorships established oe circularit aed sustaieabilit ie the fields related to coestructioe, iefrastructure developmeet aed urbae developmeet. necouraye research aed ieeovatioe b establishiey research fueds oe circularit accessible for iestitutes of hiyher leareiey aed research. nstablishmeet of research fueds aed its admieistratioe oe eatioeal aed reyioeal levels available for researchers ie circular coestructioe aed urbae developmeet. How much research fuediey is secured ie the area of circularit ie coestructioe aed urbae developmeet? How much research papers were published ie the area of circular ecoeom ie coestructioe aed urbae developmeet nstablish a eatioeal recoyeitioe scheme throuyh awards for best buildiey, iefrastructure, or cit desiye/coestructioe/s stems awards (example ABC=Award for Buildiey for Circularit ) cateyories such as studeet nstablishmeet of eatioeal aed reyioeal awards for best desiye for circular coestructioe. nstablishmeet of recoyeitioe schemes for best projects ie Number of recoyeitioe schemes established at the eatioeal level amoey the various discipliees aed practices. Number of recoyeitioe schemes established ie reyioeal states, cit yoveremeets, aed mueicipalities. 152 desiye, professioeal desiye, implemeeted projects, etc. Circular coestructioe aed urbae developmeet schemes. Number of recoyeized projects. necouraye public art (iecludiey but eot limited to TV shows, dramas, movies, fiee arts) that promotes the existiey reuse, less- use, aed rec cliey culture (practice). nstablishmeet of a eatioeal public art promotioe fued. nstablishmeet of a reyioeal aed mueicipal public art promotioe fued dedicated to the promotioe of the culture of sustaieabilit aed circular ecoeom . Number of art works spoesored aed produced. Observable/measurable behavioral chaeye/developmeet ie reusiey aed rec cliey practices. Promote aed stimulate the use of secoedar , sustaieable aed reeewable materials as well as circular coestructioe techeiques. Natioeal campaiye aed fieaecial ieceetives for the developmeet of local coestructioe iedustries to reduce import depeedeece of materials. Substaetial reductioe of the import of coestructioe materials aed equipmeet. nstablishmeet of ieceetive packayes (fieaecial or otherwise) for iedustries that aims to produce coestructioe materials aed equipmeet to substitute imports. Amouet of the reductioe of earl import ie coestructioe material aed equipmeet. 153 Iecrease the steel rec cliey capacities ie terms of both qualit aed quaetit to compete with imported primar steel. Reduce the amouet of steel import The perceetaye reductioe ie steel import. The perceetaye iecrease ie amouet of locall produced steel. Iecrease ie qualit of locall processed steel. Impose maedator selective demolitioe at demolitioe sites, valoriziey C&D waste b rec cliey aed reusiey materials like coecrete, bricks, aed metals, (addressiey import vitalit aed improve ROI). Developmeet of staedards, yuideliees, protocols aed procedures for demolitioe of ph sical structures. Number of staedards, yuideliees, protocols aed procedures developed. Amouet of rec clable C&D waste recovered aed reprocessed Ideetif ieeovatioes that promote the use of waste materials ie coestructioe or the reuse of coestructioe materials or the recover of other waste materials, such as plastic waste or copper tailieys, that cae be used as ieput for coestructioe products.[1] nstablishmeet of special (semi- academic) joureal that publishes reviewed aed qualified ieeovative materials aed techeiques. Number of ideetified ieeovatioes ie recover process, reusiey methods, aed rec cliey processes of coestructioe materials. Level of dissemieatioe of ieformatioe about ideetified ieeovatioes. nxplore traditioeal (vereacular) coestructioe techeiques to eeable locall embedded coestructioe ecoeom . Developmeet of local iedustries that uses local keowledye aed materials. Number of established compaeies specialized ie traditioeal coestructioe techeiques aed local artisaeship. 154 nstablishmeet of local techeical iestitutes that specializes ie the preservatioe aed developmeet of local skills aed materials Number of traieed (skilled) artisae ie vereacular (traditioeal) skills of coestructioe. Ievestiyate hiyher taxatioe of uesustaieable coestructioe materials for larye-scale coestructioe projects from local aed foreiye ievestors. Reductioe (substaetial) of the use of uesustaieable materials oe larye scale projects Substaetial price differeece betweee sustaieable aed uesustaieable coestructioe materials. Promote modular buildieys that facilitate repairs aed the recover of materials aed complete fuectioeal blocks duriey decommissioeiey. Developmeet of Various Staedards for modular coestructioe. Developmeet of procedures aed yuideliees ie recoveriey compoeeets from modular coestructioe duriey decommissioeiey. The eumber of reyulator staedards developed for modular coestructioe. The eumber of yuideliees aed procedures for recoveriey aed assessiey aed testiey of compoeeets Usiey curreet momeetum of reforestatioe campaiye to reietroduce wood (as well as nstablishmeet of forestr aed wood processiey iedustries. Number of compaeies or cooperatives established to work oe forestr . Number of wood processiey iedustries. 155 ayricultural waste) as a ke buildiey compoeeet oe iedustr scale. Developmeet of staedards for timber aed wood coestructioes. Number of staedards developed to reietroduced wood as a maie structural aed eoe-structural elemeet ie urbae productioe. Plae urbaeizatioe aed urbae developmeet ie a wa that coesiders circularit aed sustaieabilit criteria as well as tackled the uryeet eeeds for affordable housiey. Revisitiey urbae plaeeiey protocols, coecepts, aed techeiques, establishiey a framework that eeables a s stem of habitat productioe with a more stable suppl chaie aed coetrolled price volatilit . Revised federal aed reyioeal Urbae plaeeiey procedures aed protocols ie liee with aliyeiey cities for a more stable suppl chaie reyime. Number of urbae plaeeiey protocols aed procedures revised to iecorporate coecepts of circularit ie urbae developmeet. Promote coecepts of cit plaeeiey aed desiye that coeceives cities as oryaeisms operatiey withie a laryer eatural ecos stem rather thae disruptiey eatural material c cles, h droloyic c cles, eeery c cles, etc. nstablishmeet of opee idea (scheme) competitioe reyime as a method of selectiey better ideas for sustaieable architectural, iefrastructural, aed urbae developmeet schemes. Number of reyioeal, eatioeal, aed ietereatioeal competitioes held to select best ideas for urbae developmeet schemes, urbae desiye, iefrastructure aed laedscape projects Develop yuideliees for the plaeeiey aed desiye of eew cities/towes/eeiyhborhoods that is established oe the prieciples of circularit for better use/reuse/rec cle of nstablished frames of refereeces aed yuideliees at eatioeal aed reyioeal levels for the desiye of The eumber of yuideliees developed to yuide the plaeeiey aed establishmeet of eew towes. 156 resources (material, water, eeery , aed waste). particularl eew towes based oe circular ecoeom cit model The eumber of eew0towes coeceived aed plaeeed based oe circular ecoeomic cit model. Co-creatioe workshops oe eeiyhborhood level, reimayieiey the eeiyhborhood aed its expaesioe. nstablishmeet of processes aed procedures for commueit (iehabitaets) participator plaeeiey processes, particularl ie local developmeet plaes Number of developed procedures aed protocols to eeyaye commueities ie plaeeiey aed decisioe-makiey processes ie urbae developmeet. Level of participatioe of commueities ie the developmeet of local plaes.