Ethiopia’s National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan 2015-2020

GOVERNMENT OF THE FEDERAL DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF ETHIOPIA ETillOPIA'S NATIONAL BIODIVERSYTY ACTION PLAN 2015-2020 ETHIOPIAN BIODIVERSITY INSTITU E Addis Ababa, GOVERNMENT OF THE FEDERAL DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF ETHIOPIA ETHIOPiA '5 NATIONAL BIODIVERSYTY STARATEGY AND ACTION PLAN 2015-2020 ETHlQPIAN BIODIVERSITY INSTITUTE 2015 Addis Ababa, Ethiopia Comoros Street P.o. Box 30726 Tel. +25 11 6612244 /610501 /615607 Fax. +251661372212542 E-mail.info@ ibc.gov.et Website. www.eb i.gov.et Addis Ababa Ethiopia © Et hi opian Biodiversity Institute. 2015 Foreword Ethiopian is endowed with diverse ecological and biological resources. The country is known as one of the twelve primary centers for origin and diversity of plant genetic resou rce~ in the World, and is al~o rich in faunal diversity. Culturally, Ethiopia is extraordinarily rich with over 70 languages spoken by nations, nationali t ies and peoples of different ethnic origins. The diverse cultural practices and lifestyles and management by local communities are important factors for the development, maintenance and use of the rich biological resources. Biodiversity plays vital and diverse roles in economic, ecological and social fabrics. For example, Arabica coffee, one of the indigenous species of Ethiop ia, has been the backbone of the Country's economy. It has been noted that biodiversity and its ecosystem services are the bases for the sustainable development. It can be conduded that biodiversity is the basis for ali ecosystem goods and services including providing food and clean water, regulating impacts of climate change, contributing to nutrient cycling and controlling the outbrea k of diseases and pests. In general. biodiversity is a fundamental build ing block of sustainable development as it is critical for reducing poverty, creating sust ainable livelihoods and helping communities adapt to climate change. Cognizant of this fact, biodiversity and health..,. ecosystems are featured prominently in the goals and targets of the Sustainable Development 2030 Agenda . However, attributed to different manmade and natural factors, Ethiopia has been experiencing an array of serious environmental challenges that event ually are leading to loss of biodiversity and ecosystem services. In order to reverse these, there is a need for better coordination and cooperation in the conservation of our natural resources in general and biodiversity in particular. ~urthermore, promoting sustainable utili2ation of biodiversity and public awareness raising on biodiversit'y' and it s ecosystem services are key issues to be addressed at al l levels. The Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia has deve loped and also began implementing a cl imate-resilient green economy strategy. One of the pil lars of this green economy strateg..,. is protecting and reha bilitating forests for t heir economic and ecosystem services, such as carbon stocks. We need to Increase conservation of our natural resources and promote their sustainable utilization. As a result, national biodiversity and ecosystem services have to be studied, valued, conserved and sustainably utilized in a way that they could bring fair and equitable benefits to all Ethiopians. This National Biodiversity Strategy and Action plan has been prepared to guide national efforts in the conservation, sustainable utilization and access and fair and equitable benefit sharing undertakings in the Country. It is important document that provides information on biodiversity resource bases and its values as well as ecosystem services. The document further provides information on the various threats to the country's biodiversity and ecosystem services, and analyzes institutional and legal frameworks that govern biodiversity resources of the country. Finally, I urge all relevant federal and regional institutions and other stakeholders to positively contribute towards successful implementation of this National Biodiversity ~~ Dr. shYferaw Teklemariam Minister Ministry of Environment Forest and Climate Change ii Foreword Ethiopia is an agrarian country and agriculture has been the leading sector in terms of contribution to the overall economic growth and devel opment by supplying food for domestic consumption and raw materials for the domestic manufacturing industries and primary export commodities which constitute as high as 86% of the total foreign exchange earnings. The main export agricultural commodities include coffee, oilseeds and live animals. Ethiopia's coffee is organic as more than 90% of the nation's harvested coffee is organically produced. Arabica coffee which is originated from Ethiopia has excellent and unmatched flavor and aroma. In addition to live animal export, Ethiopia also offers a wide range of processed and semi-processed hides and skins to the world market. Some of t he products such as Ethiopian highland sheepskin, which has gained int ernational reputation for making gloves, are well -known for t heir quality and natural characteristics. In general, the agricultu re sector accounts for 85% of employment, and supplies 70% of the raw material requirements of local industries. It has to be noted that Ethiopia is one of the world's important centers of genetic diversity and often referred as a major Vavilovian gene center. The Country is known to be a center of origin and diversity for many cultivated crop plants that have been playing significant roles in the national economy. It is a primary gene center for field crops such as Niger seed, Teff and Ethiopian mustard and a secondary gene center for crops such as Durum wheat, Barley, Sorghum, Finger millet, Linseed, Sesame, Safflower, Faba bean, Field pea, Chickpea, Lentil, Cowpea, Fenugreek and Grass pea. The indigenous land races of various crops, their wi ld relatives, and the wild and weedy species are all highly prized for their potential values as sources of important traits for crop improvement programs. Among the most important traits that are believed to exist in these land races are disease and pest resistance, nutritional qualit y, resistance to drought and other stress. The major challenge for agriculture is to ensure food security, adequate nutrition and stable livelihoods for all, now and in the future, by increasing food production while adopting sustainable and efficient agriculture, sustainable consumption of resources, and landscape-level planning to ensure the conservation of biodiversity. iii Therefore, there is high need to assess the status and trends of agricultural biodiversity, the underlying causes of change; identify adaptive management techniques, practices and policies; build capacity, increase awareness and promote responsible action, and mainstream agricultural biodiversity into national plans and strategies with the aim of ensuring conservation and sustainable use of our biodiversity in general and agricultural biodiversity in particular. Finally, I request all relevant federal and regional government institutions and non governmental organizations to mainstream biodiversity into their plans and actions and also support the implementation of the National Biodiversity strategy and Action Plan. Tefera Deribew Minister Ministry of Agricultu re and Nat ural Resources ;, Foreword Ethiopia is a country 01 great geographical and climatic divenity, wh ich hus given rise to many und varied ecological systems. Although much of the in terior of Ethiopia is dominated by highland plateau, these are interrupted by deep eorgcs and twclve major valleys formed by I .. rle rivers and their tribl,.lliuies. These landscape diversit ies have contributed to the rich biodiversity in Ethiopia. The COl,.lntry is not only rich in b iodiversitv but also known for having many endemic plants and animals. For exampl e, out 01 th e 6000 higher plants, abol,.lt 10% are end emic to the Col,.lntry. Our natioMI economy and the livelihoods of Ol,.lr loc')l comml,.l nities ute stronglv dependent on this biodiversity and its ecosystem services. Land degradation, habitat conversion for different uses, habitat f ragmentatkl ns and overutilil.ation of natural resources are among the major causes for b iod iversity loss. Eth iopia is commiUed to the implemen ta tion of the Convention on Biological Diversity 3nd therefore has put in pl;]ce relevant institu t ions and domestic legi5lations for the con5ervalion and susta inable utilil.<'Ition o f its biological resources. Furthermore, the Country declared th e green economy strategy called Climate·Resilient Green EconomV (CRGE) based on pilla rs that include: • improving crop and livestock production practices to increase food y ields, hence food security <lnd f,lrmC!r income, while reducing greenhouse gas emissions, and • protecting and re·habilitating forests for their economic and ecosystem services, such as ca rbon slocks For Ethiopia, grcl!n growth is a n&essity as well as an opportunity to be seized. II is al'\ opportunity to ruti l e Ethiopia's huge potent ial in renewable energy and .a necessity so as to arrest agro·ecological degradation that threatens our rich biological resources. Rehabilitation 01 de8raded lands using the area exclosure approaches and watershed management activities are key area s where we have achieved significant results. In order to mi tigate or reve rse land degradation, poor agricultural productivity and poverty nexus problems, the Ethiopian Sustainable land Management Investment Framework has been issued by government in the year 2010, with the aim 01 providing a compreilcnsive f ramework under which all sUkeholders and actors in Sustainable land Management eff&tively collabora te. The EStF underlines th e urgency of reversing the high level of land degradation through the promolion and up-scaling of proven SLM technologies and approaches through multi-sector partnership in which investments and de\lelopment efforts of the large number of stakeholders including Bilateral and Multilateral development partners and the Government of Ethiopia are effectivelv harmonized and coordinated. We strongly believe that conservation, restoration and sustainable management of ecosystems are cost-effective ar\d ensure cotlservatiof'l of biodiversity. contif'lued ecosystem services and carbon dioxide s.equestration. This National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan was prepared following p.articipatory process and the set of targelS are expected to bring transformation in our biodiversiw cOf'lservation and use endeavors. The Ethiopian government will continue allocating resources for implementing these targets. However, we are faced w ith challenges of limited financial resources and lack of human and Infr.lstructure capacity and therl!!fore, call upon our devl!!lopment partners, the GEF and other rc~vant stakeholders to support implementation of the Ethiopian Biodiversity Strategy and Action Pl<lf'I 2015·2020. Ethiopia reiterates its fi rm commitment to continue implementing strategies and targets that promote our sustainable development and biodiversity conservation. Finalty, I encourage alt stakeholders to posit ively contribute to the full and effective implement4ltion of thQ EthiQpian Biod iver~ i ty Str4ltegv 4Ind Action PIOtn. L& M inister MiniStryof l ivestock snd Fisheries Preface Biodiversity is directly linked to the livelihoods and economic wtll·bcings of most Ethiopians. It touches upon almost every ~spcct of li'le6hoods, including agricultural productivity, food security, building milteriOlls, human health and nutrition, culture, climate, water resources and aesthetic values for the Ethiopian people. Despite such high importance to the country and its people, Ethiopia's biodiversity and ecosystems are threatened by multiple factors. Habitat conversiOfl and land dearadation, over exploitlltlon, asricultural expansi<ms, invasive alien species and pollution remain the predominan t t hreats. Displacement of farmers' varic t ies/landraces and local breeds by exotics and their crosses, and unregulated use of agro- chemicals arC also among the major thrcats to our aero biodiversitY and ecosystems. Moreover, interactions of multiple threats including climate change have been increasing pressures on biodi'lersi ty and ecosystems thereby lead ing to their f",(ther declille, degradation and eventual loss. In light of the growing threats to and values of biodi'lersity and ecosystems to the coontry"s economic development and environment .. 1 sustainability, the Ethiopian g.overnment 15 committed to the conservation and sustainable utilization of the coontry"s unique biological resources for the benefit of present and future generations. Moreover, being a party to the CBD. Ethiopia has an obligation of de'leloping a national strategy for cOflservation and sustainable usc of its biodi'lersity .. nd Integrat ing conservation Into relev .. nt sectoral and cross-sectoral plans. The national DIodiversity strategy and Action Plan {NBSAPj was de'leloped following participatory proces$ In which all regional states and other relevant sUkeholders participated . Based on the nat ional stocktaking report, national capacities and priorities, draft national Biodiversity stratesy and action plan was developed and evaluated by stakeholders at different levels including three consecutive national workshops. After incorporating the feedbilcks, the NSSAP 2015- 2020 of Ethiopia comprising 18 national targets, 44 indicators and 58 actions has been produced and its implementation has officially started in January 2015 following the fi nal approval at the National stakeholders workshop. This NSSAP is built upon the achievements ond lessonslca rncd from implem entation of the previous Olle. It is a testimony of Ethiopia's continued commitment towards fu lfi lling its international obligations. The document provides a comprehensive account of the country'S biodiversity; indentifies threats to biodiversity. It sets out vision, m ission, principles. strategic goals. national targets .. nd their corresponding vi i indicators and actkms, and outlines implementation arrangement. The targels and their correspond ing actions of the strategic document take inl'O consideration concerns of conservation and susl,linable use of biodiversity and ecosystem service~, an d access and fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising from t he use of our genetic resources. The strategy will be implemented in collaboration with different stakeholders. I wou ld like to acknowledge sign ificant contributions of the N8SAP National Project Coordinator and technical team members. I am g(,(lteful to all federal and resional institvtioos and o ther relevant stak.eholders for thei r contributions to Ihls NBSAP. The prepara tIon of th is N8SAP was supported by the global Environment facil ity (GEF) and the United Nat ions Environment Program (UNEP) . I would like to express my thanks to UNEP- GEF for their financial and technical support. The continuous support and 8uidance of the convent ion on biologkal diverSity (CBD) secretariat is high ly appreciated. Finally, I request all relevant federal and regional institutions and other relevant stakeholders to mainstream biodiversity into thei r plans, implement the targets as appropria te and report on the achievemen ts. Director General Ethiopian Biodiversity Institute v; jj ACRONYMS ABS BMNP CBO CHM CoP CRGE CSA EBI EIAR EIPO EPA EWCA GEF HoPR IGAD JUCN PFM RARJs RBUs REDO SCBD SMNP Access and Benefit Sharing Bale Mountains National Park Convention on Biological Diversity Clearing House Mechanism Conference of Parties Climate Resilient Green Economy Central Statistical Agency Ethiopian Biodiversity Inst itut e Ethiopian Inst itute of Agricultural Research Ethiopian InteUectual Property Office Environmental Protection Authority Ethiop ian Wildlife Conservat ion Authority Global Environmental Facility House of People's Representatives Intergovernmental Authority on Development International Union for Conservation of Nature Participatory Forest Management Regional Agricultural Research Institutions Regional Biodiversity Units Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation Secret ariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity Semien Mountains National Park Ethiopia is II country of grell t gcoBrOlphic d ive rsity, ond macro- ond micro-climatic v~riability. The alt itudin<ll V,Jria t ion of the covntry r,Jnges from 126 meters below SCOil level in the Danakil Depression in Afar region to the highest peak of 4,620 mas! at Ras Oashen Mountain. The physio-geographic features of the country are composed of high and rugged mountains, f lat-topped pla teaus, deep gorges, i n cis~d river vallevs and roiling plains. As a result , Ethiopia is endowed with 10 ecosystems, and 18 major and 49 minor aero·ecological lones that are inhabited by great diversity of animal, plant and microbial genetic resO'-J rces that make the country one of the biodivcrsity hotspotS of the worid. The higher pl,Jnt species o f EIhiQPia is estimatecl 10 be 6000 of which 10% arc considered endemic. There are 75 breeds of cattle, sheep, goat, camel (dromedal"y) equ ines and chickens, and six species of honey bees. The species of \vild mammals, b irds, repti les, fishes, amphibians and arthropods thai have 50 far been recorded in Ethiopia iilre 284, 861, 201, 200, 63 and 1,225, respectIVely. Of Ihe wild faunal resolUces; 29 m3m~J, 18 bird, 10 reptile, 40 fish, 25 3mphibiOin and seven afthropod spccies are endemic to the country. The country is also believed to harbou r a wide diversity of mICrobial genetic resources. Ecosystems and biological divenity contained wi thin them have provisioning. supporting. regulatory and cultural services. In Ethiopia, biodiversity and ecosystem services are the bases for economic and social development. Agricu[t ure Is th e primary sector o f the economy contributing 40.2% to th e GOP and about 74.1% of export earnings. Biodiversity is also a source of tourism, and is a major inpu t supplier to the manufactur ing sector. Biodiversity iilnd the ecosystems of the cou ntry are facing multitudes of interlinked pressures which include h"bit ,(ll conversio n, unsustain<)ble u tilization, invasive alien species, cl im" te change, replacement of farmers' varieties/breeds and pollution. These resulted in eventual fragmentation and degradation of natural habitats;, d lsturb"nce of ecosystem functions and loss of biodiversi ty and c<osystem services. , To reverse this loss, and Increase the contribution of biod iversity and ecosystem servIces to national development, ensu rins conserva t ion and promoting sustai nable utilization of biodiversity, and ;)(cess ,md I..,ir <l nd eqI.Ji table sharing 01 benefits arising from the use o f genetic resources is of the utmost importance. The Govemment of Eth iopia recognizes the importance of biodiversity and has PI.J t in place nlXessary institutional and leeal frameworks that govern conservation, sustainable use and access to genetic resources and the fa ir and eqI.Jitable sha ring of benefit arising from their use. The country has rat ified international and regional treaties includine CBO, ITPGRFA, CITES, CMS, World Heritage, AEWA and acceded to the Nagoya Protocol. Uhiopia prepO,'lred the first National Biodiversity Stratcsy and Action PI .. n (NBSAP) that was implemented in the period between 200S and 2010. Following the term in<ltion of the fi rst NBSAP, the country has prepared the present Strategic Plan 2015-2020. The process leading up to th e preparat ion of th is revised NSSAP has involved broad particip;ltion of stakeholders from govcrnmeflts, local communities, acooemic institutions, civil society and NGOs in activities ranging from accessing the required information to participation In three national workshops organized to revieo.v the draft §trategy and its components. The Ethiopian NSSAP 2015-2020 document contains eieht chaptets. Chapter 1 de:!scribes variable physio-geographlc and climatic features of the:! COUntry. The5e are the bases for varied ecosystems and <lgro-ecological zones that are inhabited by diverse animal, plant and microbi.11 genetic resources. It a l~ describes administrative setup, populat ion and econo my of the country. Chapter 2 presents an o'Yerview of th e (esource base of the coun.try, namely: the ecosystem, plant, animal, microbial and cult ural diverSity. It also describes the protected area 5ystems and presen ts summary of majO( factors affecting the biodiversity resource base and c<:osystems of the country. Chapter 1 deals with values o f biodiversity and ecosystem services. It presents values of agricultural biodiversity and forest and its xi ecosystem services. The chapter also describes direct ec.onGffiic and indirect ecol08iC<lI values of the protected area systems. Chapter 4 treats direct and indirect causes of b iodiversity loss where habitat cooversion, ul'lsustainable utilization, invasive .. lien species, cl imatc change, rcplacement of ' .. rmers' variet iM ilnd breeds, 3f\d pOllution arc idenlifitd as direct lauses while demographic lh3nae-. pOverty, :tI'Id lack of awarel'l~s and coordination are identified as indi rect causes. Chapter 5 out lines inst itut ional al'ld legal framewor~s that govern co nservation, sustainable u l iliiation al'ld ilCCesS to gcnctic resources and associa ted community knowl~gc and '')ir .lind equitable sharing of benef its arising from their use. Chapter 6 describes lessons from the previous NBSAP and process of preparation of the present NBSAP. Chapter 7 provid~ vision, mission atld guid itlg pril'lcip1cS of the NOSAP 2015·2020 and out lines the National Biod iversity TargetS of Ethiopia. Implementation arra ngements for the revised NBSAP of Eth iopia are outlined in Chapter 8. The vision o f the presetlt NBSAP is " By 2050. Ethiopia'S biodiversi ty and ecosystems are conserved and sustainably utilized bV all sectors providing food security and contributing to poverty er .. dication and improved quali ty of life of the Ethiop ian people". The mission of this NBSAP is " BV 2020, a ..... areness of the general public and polley m akers on biodiversity C:lnd ecosystem services is raised, biodiversitY and ecosystem services are valued, pressures on biodiversitY and ecosystems are reduccd, status of biod iversity and ecosystem service arc improved and access to genetic resources and fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising from their use is ensured. To realile the vision and the mission, the goals of the global Strategic Plan 2011·2020 have been adopted and 18 nationaltargcts have been developed. The targets of the Ethiopia's National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan 2015·2020 are : xii Ta rget 1. By 2020, awa(en~s of public and decision makers on the valucs of biodiversity and ecosystem services is raised, and the steps they can take to conserve .md use them sustainably is improved T;a rget 2. By 2020, the existing biodiversity related laws, regulat ions ;;'Ind strategies, Including those associated with Incentives are reviewed and gaps are addressed T;arget 3. By 2020, biodiversity values and ecosystem services ;;'Ire communicated and integrated into national and ICKal development and poverty reduction slrategies and plans Ta rget 4. By 2020, habitat conversion due to e)Cpansion of agricu ltura l land is halved from the existing ra te of about 10% per year Target S. By 2020, unsustainable utilization of biodiversity and ecosystem services life reduced T;a rget 6. By 2020, the area inv.,ded by invasive species is reduced by 75% anel measures are in place to regulate and monitor invasive species, ir'l(;luding newly emerging ones Target 7. By 2020, area coverasc of ecologically representative and effectively maJ'lagcd PAs is incrcased from 14% to 20% Ta rget 8. By 2020, ex $ltu conservation 01 agro-biod iversity, wild plants, animals and microbes; with special emphasis on endemic, endangered, economically or ecologically important species and breeds Is Increased and standards of the existing ex situ conservation are improved Target 9. By 2020, in siru conservation si les for important species and breeds are increased and the standards of the existing in situ conservat ion are improved Ta rget 10. By 2020, the contribut ion 0 1 biodiversity and ecosystem services, including climate change adaptation and mit igation, is improved throuJh increasing lorcst cove( f(om lS% to 20% of the COUJ'ltry, increased designated total area of wetlands Irom 4.S% to 9.0% and doubling the area of restored deg ra ded lands xiii Target n . By 2020, the number of genetic materials accessed for research and devclopment. and fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising from their use are increued by 24% and 39". respect~1y Target 12. By 2020, women's access to and conlrol oYer biodiversity resources il nd ecosystem sef'\lkes <lre improved Ta rget 13. By 20'18, benef its Irom biodiversity are increased throueh value tlddit ion to at INst 12 agro-biodivcrsity species and products, and creating market linkages for f ive species of medicinal pl<ln ts; taking IntO account the needs of women .md local communit ies Target 14. By 2020. stakeholders' integr..,tion. including the particip..-.tion of local commun it ies in biodiversi ty conservation and sustainable utilization, is suengthcned Target IS. By 2017, natlon;)1 biodiversi ty in formation system Is strenethened. information dissemination strategy is devised and Clea ring House Mechan ism is updated Ta rget 16. By 2020, knowledge and innovations related 10 biodivenity values, I!(;osystcm funct ioning. status and [rends, and t he con!>Cquences of its. loss are genera ted, reviewed, compiled and applied Target 17. By 2020. community knowledge, innova tions and practices of loca l commun it ies related to biodive rsity are documented, subject to th e national legislation, and relevant international obligat ions, and integrated Into the national development strategies wi th the fu ll and effective p<lrticipation of local communities T<;Irget 18. By 2020, mobilitation of fin;!ncial resources from internal and extern;)l sources required for effective implementation of the strategy is increased subst'antially xiv TABLE OF CONTENTS FOREWORDS PREFACE ACRONYMS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES LIST OF FIGURES CHAPTER ONE 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1. Physio-geographic and Climatic Features 1.2. Administrative Regions and Population 1.3. Economy CHAPTER TWO 2. BIODIVERSITY RESOURCE BASE 2.1. Ecosystem Diversity 2.2. Plant Biodiversity 2.2.1. Cultivated plants and their wi ld relatives 2.2.2. Wild plants 2.3. Animal Biodiversity 2.3.1. Farm animal genetic resources 2.3.2. Wild animal genetic resources 2.4 . M icrobial Biodiversity 2.5. Cultural Diversity Pages vii i, , " xviii xviii 1 1 1 2 3 4 4 4 16 16 22 26 26 29 35 35 TABLE OF CONTENTs, cont., CHAPTER THREE 3. VALUES OF BIODIVERSITY AND ECOSYSTEM SERVICES 3.1. Values of Agricultural Diversity 3.1.1. Crop genetic resources 3.1.2. Farm animal genetic resources 3.2. Forest and Its Ecosystem Services 3.3. Wildlife and Ecosystem Services in Protected Areas 3.4. Microbial Genetic Resources CHAPTER FOUR 4. CAUSES AND CONSEQUENCES OF BIODIVERSITY LOSS 4.1. Direct Causes and Consequences 4.1.1. Habitat conversion 4.1.2. Unsustainable utilization 4.1.3. Invasive species 4.1.4. Climate change 4.1.5. Replacement of farmers' variet ies and breeds 4.1.6. Pollution 4.2 . Indirect Causes and Consequences 4.2.1. Demographic change 4.2.2. Poverty 4.2.3. low level of awareness and lack of coordination CHAPTER FIVE 5. INSTITUTIONAL AND LEGAL FRAMEWORKS 5.1 . Institutional Frameworks 5.2. l egal Frameworks ~i Pages 37 37 37 37 39 40 42 42 44 44 44 44 44 45 47 48 49 50 50 50 51 53 53 53 53 TABLE OF CONTENTs, cont., CHAPTER SIX 6. LESSONS FROM PREVIOUS NBSAP AND PROCESS OF REVISING 6.1. lessons from Previous NBSAP 6.2. The Process of Revising NBSAP CHAPTER SEVEN 7. NATIONAL BIODIVERSITY STRATEGY 7.1. Vision 7.2. Mission 7.3. Principles 7.4. National Biodiversity Targets CHAPTER EIGHT 8. IMPLEMENTATION ARRANGEMENTS 8.1. Coordination 8 .2 . Resources Mobilization 8 .3 . Plans for Clearing House Mechanism 8.4. Monitoring and Evaluation 8.5. Reporting 9. REFRENCES 10. ANNEXES )(vii Pages 63 63 63 64 66 66 66 66 66 67 97 97 97 99 99 99 100 101 108 LIST OF TABLES Pages Table 1. Protected area systems of Ethiopia 34 Table 2. Economic value of Ethiopian coffee genetic resources 39 Table 3. Proportion of livestock sector export in 2011 40 Table 4. Gross annual values of major non-wood forest products 41 Table S. Annual production of wood products and their respective values 41 Table 6. Estimates of annual economic values of some forest ecosystem services Table 7. Estimates of values of different services of PAs in EWCA managed areas Table 8. Threats to Ethiopia's biodiversity and their root causes Table 9. Strategic goals, targets, actions, implementing agencies and period of implementation Table 10. Relationships between Ethiopia's Nat ional Biodiversity Targets and Aichi Targets LIST OF FIGURES 42 42 52 86 95 Fig. 1. Administrative setup of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia 2 Fig. 2. Relative importance of major direct threats by ecosystems 16 Fig. 3. Change in population size of cattle, sheep, goats and chicken 27 Fig. 4. Change in population size of horses, donkeys, mules and camels 28 Fig. S. Important Birds Areas of Ethiopia 31 Fig. 6. Distribution of PA types in Ethiopia 34 Fig. 7. Values of some agro-biodiversity in 20011-2013 38 xviii CHAPTER ONE 1. INTlIODUCTION 1.1. Phvslo.geographle and Climatic Featu,e, Ethiopia 1.locat,," In t~" !>orn 0/ Africa, bor"erlng Erltr"'" In the North, Djibouti and Som.IIJ In the East, KenyJ In the South, Jnd Sudan Jnd South Sudan In the wes,. The rountry >tretche, from 3°N of the equator to IS' N la"tude and from 33°e to 4SoE Iong;tude, and h;os an area of 1,127,127 ~m t. Elhlopia is a country 01 grut go>ographic d~r<lty. Ero<ion, volcanic erupllon., «<torne movem",," and .ub$ld .. nc. hove o<cu".d for centuri •• In the rountry ond "Itt rontinu" 10 o<cUr accenluating the unevenne .. of the .urlace. A> a result, EtMopia i> .ubje<:ted to wide altitudinal and phy.lo·te0graphic variation •. The altitudinal varlalion of the country range. from 126 meters below ..... le",,1 in the Danakil Dep'e,,'on In Afar r<won to the hlahest pea~ 0/ 4,620 mel"rs abo"" ..... le",,1 (masli on Mount R .. Dashen. The phl'$io·ge<:lg,.phk features are composed of high and "'BSed mountain., Aat-topped plateaus, deep IIOrgeo, Incised"""'" valley. and rolling plains. The Great Rift "'alley runs from Northeast to Southwest of the country .nd ..,p.rales the Western and Soulhe.".rn highl.nd •. ElIle",'"" .eml .rld lowland. in th .. EO<l, South and W.st ...... I .... lons of Ihes. highland •. Du. 10 the", phv"o·gCOllr~ph'c varl.tions, the rountry has variable climatic conditions within the close dl,,"net>. Ma<ro. and micro.cllm.tic condition< 01 lhe counlry a ... highly varlabie. Rainfall dlSlribution of the country Is ..... $On.l. The major r~lnv .., ... on Is from June to September followed by ,han rainy .eason that O<C~" betw ... n February and Ap'iI. The mean aMual rai~'all rante. from 500 mm to 2800 mm. Simil.rly, mean .nnual temperatures range from below 10 to above 30"C. 8ec:ause of lile combined effe<:ts of the above faclors, tile country I. endowed with di"",..., ecosysl""'S. It has 10 ecosystems, and IS m.jor and 49 minor agro KOlogic.1 ",ne. that are Inhabited by Ima.'ngly g'eO! di •• rslty of pl. nt, Inlmol Ind microbial genetic 'e.ourees. , Ethiopia i, comr><i,ed of nine "CiOM and two 6ty admini'trati"", (~ic"re I). Over tisn'y distina ~nsu.ets ha.inS ab<)l,lt lOO dialtcts art spoktn in the (Quntry, makine W.iopi. one of bio-<uitUf.lly ,id> count,je •. Am~'ic i. the worki", 1 .... u.8O of the Fedef.1 Govefnment. English I, u.e<l ln .,.demle .."d f ...... 'ch InstitUli"",. Ethiopi. harbourS a population 01 over 87.9 million, and about 83% 01 the people Iw. in rUfal are.S. Ethiopi. i. the se<ortd """t J>OPUIous ,<>untry in Afri<; •• next to Nige,io. With on onnuol popul.tion g,owth f.te of more Ihon 2%. Ethiopi. will "",,e "",fe thon 136 million people by 2029 (CSA. 20140). Arrtlara f AddIS Or(lfY'lia Ababa r Southern I r HararY ( Somali Oroma , 1.3. Economy ~'hlopia'. 8'0" dome .. ;'; produc' (GOP) h~. o.hown 8rowth by 11,. be'ween 2(11(1/2(111 and 2(113/2(114. ASncuitu'e 10 'he prima"! .ectoo" of ,he ecor.omV contributing 40.2" '0 'he GOP and accO'-'n'ed for appro.lmately 74.1" of expert. Contrlbu'ions of serylce sectors and Ind .... ry.o the GOP for the s.me period W1!re 46.2" and 14.3", respectIVely. Ethiopla's GOP per capita was USO 631.5 In 2013/2014. Major export Items Included coffee . ... same. leather. flowers. ,old and II"" animal .. To support II< growth, Ethlop;o's foreign dlre<t and oth er Inv"'tment nelS increa.ed from " round \wo binior> USO In 200912(11(1 to l .8 billla<> US!> In 2(11312(114 (MoHO. 2014) . , CHAPT£RTWO 2. 8100lVERSITY RESOURCE BASE 2.1. (cMv<lem Diversity The d"erslty of «<>.v<lem. of Ethlopl. h,.. been described In a ~umber of repo"' and ha. been Indica led 1""1 Elhlopla ha. 10 dl.llnct ecosv.lems (lee, 2009). CI ... ,I'cat'on of Ihe.e K o,ystem, Is ba.ed on Y"!Ietallon tl'l>"', Which describe domlnonl plO M sp",,~. composilion. The.e """'ys, .re 8Mvaphlcally locoI" d In d;tferenl akl,udes, and harbour unique and diverSe blolo!lcal r""'ufO .... Afroalplne and Subafroalplne Ecosystem AI"""'pi"" .nd Subaf'''''''pine EcOSYSlem .,,, .. or" found i>fthY<llen moun'aln rana'" of 3,200 and 4,620 ",.. ... They indudo! mountain "ope, and toP' of hiah"st moumoins such.s Sol" .nd Semien Mountains, and Me ... ·Gu. ". and Mount Guna. Some of the char.cteristlC planl spo-cie. of this ecosy"em Include !Veh<!mHlo eJlenb«k~, A ho~monnll, Erl<:o o,boreo, E. lfime"" E~p/lorI>lo dumo!l., H~nlo oby .. lnl<:o, HewnSlrell10 dentoID. Hypericum revoiulum /(nl/Of/a 10110.", tDbeIlo r1>ynchopetolum, Philipp;" keniensis, Rosu/orit> ."mien';" 71Iymu •• ehimpeft FeSluco 'p., . nd He/ichry.um ,p. A number of wild animal. including endemic .po-cle. ex;slln thi' ecosystem. Unique mom",..I, found In thiS eco.VSlem ore Ethiopian w,,'f (C"IlI. "men,I.). Gelldo Baboon (71ItfOplth«u. Qelodo). Wal,. lbel< (C"pro WIllie), Mount.'n Ny.,. (T,~phu. buxtonij, Abys';nl.n grass ral (AfVl<:onlhls obys.lnlcu.), KI'p'p"ge, (Ore<>rrogu. ore<>lfOgU'), Golden Jack., (Conis our ..... ), Serval Cat (tcproilurus servo/), "'r.<~1 (Waca/ <Draw/), Ra,~1 (MdfiVOfO ca/1<'n5lS), V~lIow .. po"~d Ro<k Hyrax (He!ero/lyrtlX bnKciPO(, Anubis ~boon (Popio onubilt C<esled Porcupine (Hystrix crlstara) ~nd Abyssinian Hare (lepu, ho-l:>n5lnkus). Some of the <Mracteristlc a .. an spo-cles of AI,ollplne and SYbaf'''''''pl"" EcosV5lem 1n<lude Blue.wlnged Goose (Cyan""""" <yonopt .... us), Wattle tbis (Sostry<hia • co,uncul%). Thjck·billed Rallen (CONUS "0 .. ;'0",1,), White·colla.ed Pigeon IColumbo olbitorq~.), .nd m.ny olhe. ra.e .nd comm"" bird. (IBe, 2005). Slotu, and ' ",nd. AfrOlllpine ~ nd Sub.frOlllpine e«ll~tem is under pres.ure. from .. owing human and I",estock P<lI>ulalio", of Ihe .urrounding a'u. and .ubsequent e' !><In.i"" of ag.i..,ltu.al and g ... ing land •. Effort. ~.e underway 10 imp ...... e Ihe "atus 01 some a.eas of Ihl. eCOS~lem. for e.ample. Ihe Bale Mou"'aln Nall""~1 Park (BMffP) I, lellali,ed, demarcaled, and manall"",enl and bu,ine .. pl.n, are de""loped for elf.o<;li"" and ..nicienl managemenl of the park. Other aClivil'" a.e also being conducted In 8MffP and i" surrounding. to imprOIle envi.onmentol management th'""gh ecosystem bo.ed .pp'O/ich. Semien Mounl.in National Park (SMNP) h •• been re ·dem.rcated by increasin, IIIe ,i'e of IIIe P"rk. furthermore, community man. ged p.ott<;ted Af.o. lpin<! .nd Sulnf'oolpine Ecosvstem •• uch a, Gu .... and Abune Yo.el a.e demarc.ted and legailled .. pa'k •. Surve~l.nce, 01 Mount thol<e . nd Gun. h."" been completed 10<" .ubsequent d""snation as pa"'" Wo,I« a.e beina conducted In olhe. Af.oalp;ne are .. with emphasis on ecosyslem and f.una .... e .. ch. m""itorina and conservation, redUCing 1M n .. !"live impacl of the interactio", belw~n human. and the Afrwlpint and Sub·Afroalpine wildlife, ,tr"ngthenlng of t,aditional ..... I.nd management ,yStem. (in Me n.d. awa.ene .... ;'i"g camp ... ", to f.rmers. and fea'ibility studies In Wello In two national !><I'~' so '" to a.nss their lourism potential. Activiti ... aimed at allevialing poverty. developina and manaslna the envi.onmenl and n.lural 'eSoYf(eS of IIIe Park. through maintaining il' wGr'ld he.itage "atu, and by enhandna it. i""ome gene'ation capaoity 10' the local oommunit .... are also being oonducted In Semien Mount. in Notlon.1 P.rk . A • • re,"~ of Ihese Intervention., a number of th.eat""ed and endemic mammals such .s Walla lbe. (in SMffP) and Ihe Elhiop;an Woll (in BMNPS .nd Gu .... ) are showing imp.o""menl< ove, lime. , Mont~ne G,~,,'~nd Ecosystem Montane Grassland Ecosystem I, Ioynd between 1,500 and 3,200 rna ... It occurs on t~ ~pI.nd. of Ctnt ' al, Nonh and WHlt,n Shtwa, MI, lilalt and 8OIl!". hlshland., Weste,n and Ea" e rn hl.hland, of Ha'erg" and Gojam. So~Ihe'n and Nonh",n hlshland. of Gonder and Wello; e'''e,n h;y.land. of Tiyay. and hl&hland. of Sid.ma and G~mo Gol •. Tre", and shrub, In'''''pers"d with 8r ... ", In 'hi' eco-;y>1em include .pecles .uch .. Acoc/o ol>ysslnlca. A. nepri~ A. plll.pirnJ. Acokonthero ><hlmper~ A/Iophylu. obrs>lnico, Buddt..jQ po/rs,ochyo, Co/p;nn/o oureo, Corioso .pinarum, C~Iti, a/Mono, Croton mocro.<tochyu;, Dovyo/is abyssinko, Oroc~o"o afran>Qfl'onum, fryrhrina br....,~ Eue/to rocfmosa. JunlPfrus "'OCf"', MOfSO lonceolo,o. Moy'""u, orouti/oIio, MUlftfio /e'rugirtf!<). MY',ine ofrit;tJfIQ, Oleo europaeo .ubop. cuspida,o, 1'odrxorpu. fokows, and Roso obyssiniCQ. Charac' e,lstic ,no.. gener~ of ,hi, eco-;y>1em Include AndropoSon, Cymb0!X>8on, Cynodon, E,a.,.,"", Hypa"henla, P'ni~m and Pennlselum. The eco'ys'em I, known to have hl&h bird d;'erslty, Including the endemic •. St.tu, and , .... nd. Mon'a ..... G'assland Eco'ys'em occurs In ....... wile .... human ",,'M'''' such a. crop cu~",ation and Ii"">tock hu.bandry ha"" been rna .. in'ense for years. U ...... 'ock densilv Is srea.", 'han Ihe carryl", """""ltv of Ihe """')'Stern. A •• r,,"ull, It has txper;e"'ed • cOMiderable habltal and land dewodallon. The main Ihre". 10 Ihi. ~'rstem emana'e f,om og,",ul,ur.1 e. p.nsion, o""'g .... ,ng and "...er haNe>1lng of .elec' ed .pecIH. Cu,""'tty, In TIS"V, Amh.,o, Oroml~ and Sou'her~ N~t ion., Nationalitle, and People, Regional Sta'e (SNN PRS), In'eBrated soil and watershed m''''Sement and area cio.u,e mea,ure. are belns undena~en to ""'.I);IIIa'., the de .. adedare ... Dry Ever, n Mon •• n. Fo ...... and E"",,~ Scrub Ecosv .. ~m Dry E • .,rw .... n Mon ....... Fa,,,", and E""" .... .,n Scrub Eco.ystem I, .IIuated be'w .... n altlludlnal rMaeS of I,SOO and 3,200 ma,i. It CO""" much of the hi8hland area. and mounlainous cltaln. of Oroml. (Shewa, Ani, Bale, 8o"",a and Harerge), Amh.ra • (Gojam, weUo and Gonder), ngra1 (E •• , and Wesl Tigray) .nd SNNPRS (Sldama and GamoGofa). CMracterlslk Irees and shrubs of O<y E"",~reen Monlane f<>.est and E""'8 ..... n Scrub Ecosyslem include Corissa splnarum. C~I;S ajrierma. Ek~rgia capen.; .. [uclM dMnorum, Euphorbia ampliphyllo. JunifMrus prouro. Mimusap. kumm~. Olta turOfJQt a subsS). cuWId<.:ra. ""docarpus takofus, PrUI1US otricano. and Rosa abysslnco. In same moist area •. the.e are patches 01 hi,hland bamboo (Arundinorio alpl",,). TIle common ,ra .. ,enero found in this e«>system include Hyponhenio. Erag..,.,i. , Panicu"," Sparabolu. and Pennisetum. Wild mommals lound In Ihi. ecosystem Include Mountain Ny"l. {1"n:rgelophus bUK/anol. Leo"".d (Panrhero pard"s). Menelik's Bushbuc:k (Tragelophu$ scripluS), Cornmon Warthos (Phococ~IVS atrit:onus). Bohor Reedbuck (Redunca ",duncal. Oli,", a.boon (""pi<> anubis). Grey Duiker (SyM<apra orimmia), and Spoiled Hyena (Cnxura "O<;UIO). Common bird species In<krde Harwood's Francolin (Fronco/;nus horwood.l, Blue·winged Goose (Cyo-noc""" CYOIWPleru.). Yellow·fronted PanOI (Pch:ephalus flavif""")' Prince Ruspolts Turoco (rourac<> ruspoUl). Nechl .. r NI,hl Jar (Caprimu/gu, s%lo). Abyss;".n calbird (Poropha.ma gali"~ril. Ab\'SSin;an Long a.w (M"""",!,>" flovicO/li.), Black· headed Siskin (Splnus nola/a), Yellow·throaled SeedUle, (Ser;nu. flavigulo) and Ankoboor Sor;n (Cord"eli' onkob"",,,,;.). Status ond trends Dry e ereen MQfOtane fore,t, and e",,'green Scrub ecosy,tem is under s~re .hrea. 0/ habi,a' canversion ""uoed by d<!loresmion I", wood products (especiallv far luel wood), fire. agricultural expansion and over,.. .. I"'. However, Ihe re,ional government< are takl", various rneuures to Improve the management SIal"" of this e-cosySle m. In Adaba Oodola 'woreda', Oromia. for example. Slale lares .. are liven on .:oncession and are administered by joinl management of sovernmenl and community through benefi"harine a rr~"iemen\$, carbon \tade and Other Incentive mea,ure>. These interventions are aimed at incrn,ing Ihe partkipation ond responSlbil;U" aflocal cammun!\;es I~ Ihe manasemenl aM conservation of naturol , r ....... "' .... mainly forests, Consequently, tile .talus of vegetation and associated fauna are sllowl"llimprovem""ts In some areas, Moist Montane Forest [ cosvstem Moist Montane Fo"m Eco.ystem I. found mostly on tile Sout~we.tern and Southe"'tern plateaus w~h altitudinal ranee between 800 and 2500 mast, ""d comprises th e hlah fore'" of the country, Cha,.cteristlc trees and shrubs found In this ecosystem Include Coffeo orotJ/ca, Cord/o ofrlcana, Cralan rnacrosfOClly,,", Erythrino I>fu/:;~, Galinl~ra soxi/roQo, 11<'1)/ mitis, MIlyienu. horenrllmsis, PoutMio ad<JIfi'/riM~dc~ Ralhmonnlo urulli/ormls, Sop;um emplle"m, Syzyglum guinet!n<e and Tee"'" nobili., The around fo,~er af Mal't Montane Forest Ecosystem I. ma lnl~ mode up of herbaceous plant< Including specie. of AcanthUS. Ju,tlcla, Plperorna, Impatlen" U"ico and several grass .pec;"s, The epiphyte. such as CaMrina. Orchid •• Scadol<u. and fern plant< such as Piatyce,ium, Dryna'i'. and mo ..... are found In the wettest pa". of thi' e<osystem, Thi. e<o<y .. em is known fa, its hi,lI level of endemicity, Haren. forHI, 10' ~mple, i, known fo' Its hi8h level of ""dem" planl. ,uch a. Salonuia horMMnM •• and for inlra 'Pf!<ific diver<ity In wild coff .... The Montane Moist Forest Ecosystem Is also home to • number of wild animals, La,se, wild mammals living in this e<osystem include lion (Ponthero "'a). leopard (Ponthffo por';".). s"",.1 cat (leplolluru. "'rvo/), Cammon Joebl (Coni. aureu.), Af,lcan Wild Dog (tycaon pletu.), Wild cat (Felis ,'MoStriS). 8u.1I Pi, (PolamcchO<!ru. 10""'lu.). Giant Forest HOS (HyIo<hO<!ru, meinerl,h~nn, Common Wa,,1'103 (PhacochO<!ro' 0fricanlJ.), Bu.h Buck (T,~laphlJ' .erlP'IJ.). Olive B.boon (Popia anubiS). G~y Dulcker (SyM<;OprO grimm/a). ~nd .everll speclH of Bu,h B.by, ArU, .uch ~. BonB~, Metu-Gore-Tep; and liro-Boter-8echo moist forem contain more than 15, 16 and 32 1118111~nd bird spec;"s, respect"ely, • Status a nd trends Human .<;ti.ities suth a. timber extr. <;ti"", wmmerdal toffee and tea plantations, .mall·""le ogrlwlture.nd gr •• ,,,, expon"on. and senlement ore the major threa .. to Moist M""lone ~o ..... t Etosvstem. The eco • .".tem Is dominate<! bV tree species w~h retakitrant seeds. Betause 01 Ih;'. it is su"'''ptible 10 climate thange. De.pite the above pre»ure., re,i"".1 rnment. ar" lakin, ""riou. mu .urn'O mo"ase and m.lntoin the Moi .. Montane Fete .. Etosystem. Some moist Montane forest veselatlon are al"" Bi""n "" ton<:e.slen for joint government and community m.Mg""",n. in whidllo.:al tommun~"" are organized and encouraged to werle .nd obt.in benefits f,om non ·timbe, fetest products (NTFPsj. Due to aw.rene .. "i'in, a~'ivi"es «Indu(ted by poniclpa,ory For" 't M"n",,,men' (PFM), people h".., willingly ,esettled out of .he fore .. ore ... ConseQuently. illes.1 .imber cuttin, . nd wood collettlon ha.e been mlnlmi,ed. Attributed to Inadequate da ••• how ...... r," ;s dimcu" to show trends 01 those forests representing this ecosys.em. Acaci. ,Com miphora Woodl. nd Ecosy"em Acaci.·Commiphofl Woodland Eco'ystem is found between 900 and 1,900 mul, and covers mainly pan. of Southern, Eastern .nd the Rift V.lley of Ommi., ""at, H"",i, Somali, and Southern Nations "no' Nati""alities and Peoples' (SNNP) "'eOon,,1 ... te .. The ch . .. cter"tir; woody .. "."ieo of ,hi. """,.".,em in<:lude At:ada ,enegal, A .eyel, A for/iii" A mellife'a, S05 1I1o mlt:rophyllo, S. negJec/o, Solanile. lHfIypf/oco, Commlplloro afrlcano, C. m'l'rllo, C. boronensl., C. cl"IoIO, C. monoico .nd C. "",rul%. The,e specie. are charatte,ized by eilhe, .m.1I deciduo"" CJ( leath~ry persi<tent leave,. Specie< of A<"yp~., Bar.."i., MfVa and AI"" are al.o «Immon in A,"cI~·Commlpho'~ Woodland EcosyStem. C~afa<;tefistic wild mamma" such ., Swavne's Hartebeest (Alceiophus lJIJ phu, sW)lll~'l, Leo.e, Kudu (Tragelapllus Imbl':,bil), Greater Kudu (Tro~pllus >/,ep';u,os), African Wild Ass (Eq"u. africanu,), Grflvy" Zeb,a (Equ,,", 9,e"l'l1, Waterbutk (Kobu. eI6p,iP'Ymnus), Serval Cot (t~plaI1u", • • et\lOI), Afritan 1iI",h Elephant ((o.>«>o'OI>/a o/ricono). African t;luff.,o (Sync"ru. colfer), Dibatag , jAm""'o'OfCGS c/orken. Ger~uk (Wocronlus woIler/), Ga .... le .~/ .... long·necked Anlelope. and 01"(>< specie •• In~aM t~is ecosystem. CharaCle~"", bird .pecie. include Oslr;':h (Slruthio <om#/us), Huntat'. Sunbird (Chokomitro hun"',/), Shining Sun bird (Clnnyrls ho~ .. lnl<""), Golden-b'e"led Sunllns (Em~'lto /loviWllfriS). Soh/.dorl'. Seed Eater (Sflrlnus xOn/l!moemus), Yellow-throated Seed Eater (Serlnu. !1<>VIsulat RuppeU', Wea",,' (Plouus IIO/bulo). White-headed Buffalo Wea""r {Dinemellio d/nem#lII1. Golden-bre.sted Slarling (Lomprolorn;s reg/us). White tailed Sw.llow (H/fllndo megoens/s) and Stre.emann's Bush Crow (Zavottorlom/s stre,monm). Statu. and trend. E"l"'n,jcn of large "ale commerci.1 agriculture for ,ugar une. cotton and bio-!uel plonlal;"n, are the majo' d""elopment ""tiv~ie. taking ~."" in AC"""'-Commipl1or. Woodl.nd Eco.ystem. Introduction of crop cult;....lion into this ...:osystem, especi.11y In seml-arid rangeland<, I •• recent development contribullng to land degradation and los, of biodiversity. Furtl\ermo"!, intensive firewood colle<tion and chore",,1 making, e.pan.ion of inva,ive alien ,pecie, su<h., "'osopis ;ulifloro and LOn/hono co"",ro. (e.peclally in eastern Elhiopia) have conlribuled to the '0 .. 01 specie. di""rsitv and habitat degradation of the ...:osystem. Similar'y. in Ihe BoreN Iow'and. the incr""", in belh density and «Ner of indigenous woody p'.nl< ha. cros.ed Ihe crit;':a' threshold .nd ente red inlo the encroached condition. A< the result; the e(OSVStem fs deterioratlna. Ie~dina to h.b~at Io$S that di"!(tly affects species di""rs<tv. However. meosur ... are being taken 10 minimi.e or halt the in . .. ;"n. especially that of Prosopl. from rangelands. Effort •• re also being made 10 designale some protected areo •. I\e·dem~realion Ktivitie •• uch a. Awa.h and Abij'la·Sh."~ Nationa' Pa"'. are other .ctivitie. that are ~ing carried oul to ensure effecti .... mlnagement. The state of disturbanc. of these protected a"!as varie< from low to moderate. Combretum· Terminalia woodland E"'''ystem Combretum·Termi nall. Wood r..nd Ecosystem oc~urs betwev> SOO.nd 1,90(1 m .. l. It I. foynd In different pans of an regions of Ihe country. The veBetallon In Ihls eco.ystem ha. developed under the innuence 01 fire .nd many 01 the tr"", haye thick corky b.lrk •. Ch3raCte6.tic Ir"'" and ""rub, incl ude An",,";«u. I~or"", Bo.weilia wpyrilera, Combrewm collinu,", tanneo 'Pp., o..yt<'tlQn/hera oby«inko, S.ertospermum kun.hianum and T~rminolio Ioxifloro (ISC. 2OOS; 2012a). ti ero..ceou • • pecle. of senu. Just«;;'. 80rlerl •. Eulophio, Chlorophytum. tiosoolundo. and ledeburia exist in Ihi. ecosystem. The grasse. include 'peel", 01 Cymbopogon, tiyp."henia, Echinochla. Sorghum and genni'''lum. Wild mammals sucll a. Swayne.' tianebeest (Ajcelap/lus IwK laphus sW)'M/). Tlang (Damallscus korrillum). Grant's sazene (Gazella gran.,). Greater Kudu (Tragelaphus .<.,ep.<;o"",,), and le,,,,,r Kudu (TrogelDp/lu.< imb<!rbi'), Ge",nuk (U''''''''niu. wolhml, lion (f>on/het'a leo), lw""rd (f>onrbero pardu.), Gi",lfe (Giraffa come!opordoli.), African Bush Elephant (La!<Odon1O ofricono). IIfric.n Buffala (Synaru. colfer!. Cheetah (Acinonyx juNlu.) and 0tylC 'pec"" ar" foynd in this eco.ystem. Characten'tic bij,d spe<:ie< of this «o.y.tem include Fo. Ke.t",1 (Foleo 0."). O'trich (SUolhlo come/u5), Red·pate Ci'tieota (Ci<ticolo ru/iup.), G",en·b""ked E .... mom"l. (Errmomelo co"e«"".), Bush Pelrani. (Pelro"io dM"'/o), and Block rumped w~.bill (fSfrildo 'roglodyte.). Statuund trend. Encroachment and expan,ion of small and large ",ole o"",ultu,,, foc crops ,,,,,h u .ugar cane. COlton. nAme. cite: . nd blo·f~el pl~nt.tlo'" are osgc ..... vely unden.ken In the Combretum·Te,mlnalia Woodland Eco.ystem. Funhermo,e, ove'sra,ln8 and 'hiltin2 cu~ivation a", deterio'"tin8 Ihe eCMV.lem. Consequently, many wild animal. (including lion, Cheetah. Giraffe and Buffalo) and unique plants .udl as Vi.el'oriQ paradoxa, O>cy(homlr~ro oby.sinko, and fIO,w;:llio papyrlfero .'" under ,h",at. n To address the threat., different effott. Including plaMatlon. Implementation of PFM, owa"," .... "i'ing, demarcotion and de,'gnation of protected ",N' ,uch a< Aloti.h, Qafta Shiraro, Anbe • .a Cho" and Gambella Nation.' Park •• re being made In ,hi. e<<»y>lem. lowland Tropical Forest Eco'ystem lowland Troploal Forest Ec<»votem i. oituoted in the lowland. of the Eo"ern Gambell. regIOn In Abo!>o-Gog 'wo",da', Md adjacent a",a. of South Sudan border. Characteri'tic plant .pecie. of this IOCOSv.tem are Bophia obyss;nlco and rOIW'O fischer/. Other tr .... and .hrubs of thl. lOCOSystem Include Mislonio tI<>oM-I, An!iorls !Oxicorio, Cem. gomphophtl/o, C. lOko, C.zenke,;, Dio.pyroo obt,,'nico, Leconiodi>c". ,rox;nljollu5, M%conlho o/nl/O/lo, MI/icio exct!/.o, rrif:hi~o p,/eureano, vepri. dolnellil and 10nrhoJ<ylum "'preuri. Statu. and trend. Lowland T,opical Fo,e.t Ecosystem i. facing ",e .. u,e emana'inl from .ettlements and agricu'tur.' e.pan.ioM. Furthermore, Indi«rimin.te fire, .hifting "",.iv.tion by land during which i, commonly performed through "ash and burn system h."" contributed to the .hrin~.ge of this """,ystem. Consequently, many wild animal, Includi,,!: large mammal •• ueh a. antelope •• re under threat. Con.e",alion me •• ure. that hI"" been tol<.en include lormulation of lo,e" 1.,«i.l.t""". prep .. ation of management plan, establl.hment 01 conse",.tlon I",a. and ImplemeMlng PFM. D~rt and s..ml-dewrtScrubland EeG'I".em Desert .nd s..mi-de.ert Scrubl.nd Ecosystem is found in Northeo"ern, Eastern and Southe,n lowland, of £!hlopil. It occurs i" the Alar Danak~ Depre .. ion, OCadel\ around loko! Chew Bahic.nd Omo v.lley. Desert and Seml·desert Scrubland Ecosystem hosts drought tolerant .peele. Includl,,!: woody .pecies such a • .4coclo brlccheWono, II. >luhlmonU, A. wolwcrlens1o.. Boswelli<> og<1<i1:n.ls, Commfphoro 'ongl~dicellolo, C. >lophy/eljolio, HyphoeM IMbolco, .nd <>the, species of 6oscia, Ca""ba, Mae,uI, G,ewia, Balanites and " Ziziphus. Gr ...... like Daclyloclenium oegypl;um and Pan/cum "'rgldlJm a. ~I •• ,u<OJlenl pl.nts .ueh ., Euphorbi."".e and Alo."".e are found in this """'VSlem. Wild m.mmalo thaI are found in D ... ert and Semi-<le ... rt Scrubland Ecosystem l"CIude Soemmerrlng'. Gazelle (Goze//cJ .oem"","I"I1h1. Grealer ~udu (Tnrge/cJphu. ",...p.ice""I. lesser Kudu (Troge/ophu. ;mberbi.). Granl', Gazelle (GozeNo grom~. Gerenuk (urocron!". walhNl). Lion (Pamh~'" ~I. Leopard (Pamhero pordu'l. C.hWah (Adnony.< jubolu.) and Orvx 'PK~. C.haracteristic bird sPKie. indude Ostrkh (S1,u.hio co"",I",I. Ko<i Bumud (Ardeol;, konl. Afabi.n Bust.rd (Ard...,.;. orob.l. Black·headed PI",,",r (Vone!lu. lee"'.). Temminck·. CoY .... r (CUISOf";US lemmin<:k;,l. Two·banded CoY ... er (Smu'<orni' africonu'l. Tawny Pipil (Anlhu. <ompeSl,;'I. Ch",'nu'·bellied Sand G,ou,. (Pt~rocl~. exustu'l. lich<ten<t;"n·, Sand Grou ... (Pterock. Uchfen"eini,l, Singing Bu,h lark (Mimlro contillon.), and Maol<ed tori< (SpllO<WY. pelSonotoj. Statu. and I<end. Oversra"ns. bu.h """roaehmenl and in ••• ''''' '",""ieo .... ch n Pf05<)pl. Juliflo'o and Acoc/o drflponolob/um In EaSiern and Soulhern low lands of Elhlopia Ofe amo", Ihe laclors threatenins the De.ert and Semi·desert Scrubland EcosVSlem. Exp.","", 01 .mall and '"'8e ""ale .,riculture .uch .. ,,",,1m lree, s08" cane and coli,," are m.jor 'Cli.~ie1o taking place in this e<:<»vstem. Furthermo,e, widespread fi~wood collection and charcoal maki"8 have contribUIe<! to the deterioration of this eco.ystem. Wet l. nd Ecosy""m Wetland Ecosvstem con.i.l. of area. of .womps. m .... he •• flood plain •• peat land 0< woter. whelher nalural or artifidat, permanent or lemporary. with water thaI i. ,,"';,: or Ilowins. I,esh, b".dr.ish 0< $'~, includint area, 01 marine water depth 01 which al low tide da... not e • .:ud .i. mele ... (Ramsar, 1971). Wdland. deliver a wide range of e<oov.tem ... rv~o thot contribute to human well·being ,uch as food, feed. con.tructlon materi.I •• water ,upply. wate' purification. climale regulation. flood <eilllatlO<'l and &<)-tollrlsm. ACcording to estimateS by Forum for environment (2009). Ethiop;~ II~. a wetlaond .re. of 22.6OOI<m'. Characte~"ic sp<'<ie' 01 wetland """')'Stem Include 'qu",ic macrophytes, common treft .pecie •• ",,11 as Acotio PO/y<>tOrllM. C~ltis o/ricono. O;O,pyrM m~spili/ormi<. fieu. ,yeomo",., Kif}':lia ojrkono, Mimu,op. kumm~l, Ph""nlx rtX/ino'a, 5)-'Yllium 9ulnuns~ and Tomarlndu. Indl,o . Wild mammal, such .. lilp~pot.mu, (Hip o,omu, omphlbiu.). Otter species and other vertebrates and invertebrate. ore common In thl' eco,ystem. Bird specl ... common to Wetland Ecosystem Include Spot-b<easte<l PkI .... r (Vonel/"s .m/onocepho/u,), Blu .... winged Goose (q.om:>ehe" cyonopte,usJ. Rouget's R.il (Rouget;u. """,~tii}, White winged Flultt.il (SorothfUfll Qyr<'</). Wattled Crane (Buf}':'<mus COTtJn<lI/oluSJ. Corn Croke (Cr~x '''"xl. st.OO!bm (Ba~ni«p, ,..,x ). 8t~ck wing~d Prabncole (Glareal<> nordmanm1, Gr~at :>nlpe (Gcmn090 medIO). and le .... r Flamln80 (Ph""nkoplefu, min"". ThO; <,<o.ystem I • • eNing., feedl"'- breeding and broodlns ,it ... for a la'lle number 01 resident and migrant bird" Stot"und t",nds Wetland Ecosystem Is under pressure emono"ng from uncontrolled con.e,,'on of tile ecosystem into oS'iCYlI"re (especially for ~ce production). over expklitation of wetland resources, deforestation, .oil eroskln and I.nd desradation, .,It.tion, settle"",n" climate change and pOllution. The Fegera and Chefa wetlands in Atnhar. reSion are, for e .. mple, hlShlv affected by ex",,«i ... use of swamp. and ~ood pl. in. for cultl.~\ion of rice and other horticultural crop •. Ethiop;a hod b~d experl~nce. regardi", totallcs, of lal<e liaramayo. Boye- ~ito wetland tll.t i, found aroond the town of Jimm •• nd la l<e Chelela~o fou~d In BI.hoftu town h."" .hTtJ~~ due to osric"lIural expansion and "rbani .. tio~. Effort. are beinS mode in some reSiO<'ls .""h .s Oromlo, Amh.r •• nd SNNPR te tackle the.., thre .... To m'''''Se Wichl wetland found in lIIuababor ZOne (Oromia region), for example, in~gr.'~ watershed ma""gement, livelihood improvement, and family plannins with the community ore being conducted. " AquaUc Eco.y>lem Eth;opian ><Iualic eCMv<lem 1J\Clw:le. r"",r" ,e.e"""rs and lake •. Thi. "cMy.lern harbours v.rious sp<!cies 01 m~mm. I .. birds, reptilts, amphibians, fishe-s and invertebrOle-s. S"verol .pede-s of pI.nktonlc and benthic I .... n. have been reported f,om diffe,ent rivers. lakts and reoe<VOirs of til<> counlry. Moreowor, many Imporunt mlcroorsanlsms such as bacle~a. lunBi, algae and p'OIozoa ",Ist In aquaUc eco • .,..tem. of Ethiopi •. The.e aqualic habitats are .1.0 ",Mnil" '""ding. b,eedinil ond b,ooding .il .... fo, a la'ge numbe, 01 ,e.ident .nd mi8,anl bird., espKi.l~ Lesse, flamin~o (PhoenkoJ>W'O' min",), Greater flamingo (Phcenkoplero, rono,), Duel< ond Pelican sp«its. SI.IUS and trends In UhlOpl., AquaOc ECOSystem 1$ hlfilh~ alfueted by varIOus anthropogenic Cllvitl" • • uch a. poll "'ion and owor e<ploitation of fI.h .tocks. Oarrroing and di"" .. ion of r;vers, channeling and building ",ater dimibuUon '.ci~lles, removal of riparian veS"lalion COYer, mining ond simil., .ct;.iti .... are plovin! dest,ucUve ,ole. in chaniling lhis KOSy:ltem. In .... ,"", specie, ,uch a, Wale, hyocinlh are becoming 0111<>, Ih,eats to aquatic eCMystem. of the country. eon"''''OIion effort, di'''':led to the eco • .,..tem ore minimal, and rift valley Io ke. in panieular are In ilreat danger. The curre nt tre nd around l.ake Abll~Ia, for example, show. that the I. ke could dry up In the near future. Relative importance 01 major direet thre ... by eco.v.tem. i. summarl,ed In ngUrR 2. Alrotlplre"" Sob¥r~\lInt ~!O .. Gr .. ,W Dryhtlveen ~!O" F""'lI""cL ..... """10 .. ~pho<. Wood'~.,j Cotrtltfl1J'" , .. mnor. \\'oocIond I.oIoIond '<opcoI """'1 Otltfl ,.,. \e0'klt!tfl ScrWlor>d W01\m1 2.2. Plan. Blod;'e rslty ...l......l.... ,--;--, , lInwll.iotIIlo ..m<01iof1 ' lIM<iotlPt<iK ' ","b ' CIImoIe(~ Hi&her pc..n.s 01 Ethiopi. con"il"'e .boul 6000 species of wtlich 10% are considered 1o be endemic. Wood1 plants con"ilute .bout 1000 species (ISC. 2012.). The nOlur.1 vqe'OIlon fs cl ... if",d Inl0 12 m.jor ..." .... Ion type, (F~i. ~/ 01., 2010). 0'" of these, ,i. are categori.ed • • for .. t veget.tion (IOC, 2012.). A. the r ... u~ of ~, d;'e ,se aIV0 .• coI08i ... , f.,mi ne 'Y""ms, soclo·eco",,",jc condition, and <uitu,,,.; ethiol)ia i. endowed with div",.e crop Ilenehc rOiOurc .... Thu" the eo<.rntry i, one 01 ,he V;>vilovian «nle" of origin and di...,,,tcy for various (rops (V.vilov, 1951) . 2.2.1. Cultivated plan .. and IIoe l. wild .eIOlI"". f ield creps Tef. oof&hum, wheal, boriey a"" mai,. are Ih. major «fe, I, grown In the counlry. Sisnifleanl len. tlc div. rslty e , i, .. In t . 1 (Erogr05f1. leI! which enables II 1o be ad. pted 10 v.,lou. aSfo-ecoiosical condition • . Many wild EraSfo .. ;. species Includina Er0grs05/;S <UlIMop;co, C. bicoIor, C. em"""".;.. C. cufWlo, E. m;""', C.popposo and C. eKicono which are believed to be dose relal""" or pr<>«enilors of the cu~lvaled leI .,." in Ethinpia (End .. "aw 8ek~le. 1973). Four motpholocitall.fmers' v.riet;", 01 Sorghum bicoIor (blco"", 9u;rrN , <audale and du,ro) are ,.own . nd . dapted to " different agro-ecolOflical condition. In Ethiopia. Many of the Intermediate form. a. well as several of ,he wild and weedy larm. ,uch as S. arundinac~"m and S. aethi<Jpitum.", .1«1 foond in ,he country. Simil.~v, wide variation, ""i" for wh .. t and biorley 8"rmpla.m and they . re known lor .,ronomi<ally imJ>Onant traits Includifljl adaptation to abiotic and biotic str~ ..... • uch u drought and di.use resistance. In addition, fa,me,,' varieties have 8ruter perform,,,,,,, in terms of biomass prod"'tion and yield unde<" marsinal condition. (Zeme<te Aslaw, 2000; Wortu Oenbel and Avele Badebo, 2012; Oejene K .... h"n, 2014). The 8enU' Hordeum c""'ain, about 32 'pe<:Ies and within the ,peei ... Hordeum vu/ga~, the~ are endemic varieties that evolved in [Ihi"" .. and have not b..,n reported Irom elsewhere. The pr ... ence 01 hiCh I""el 01 variation in morphology and phenology among barlev lar f$' varieti ... grown by .mallholder larme" I. rePOrted. Wide variation ex .. " olso lor tetraploid wheat {T,iticum ,uTflJdum ,ubop dUTUm, r tuTflldum ,ubop .bvsslnicum, T. d/coecUM- T. po/OIIk<im a"" T, compocrum) and the he .. plold wheat (TTillcum ""sfi\lvm). There Ife .1.0 w~dJweedy tetraplokl oat sped ... (Awna obyss/nita and A. vovl/"",Jona) which are endemic to Ethiopia. A. AlqssiT>lo i. cultivated in northern Ethiopia and is al.o a weed on the .,able la""" particularly in barley field •. Similarly, DrylO bot/hii and D. Iongi<lomin% a", the wild rel.tive. of rice that are fOund in the Wfltern plains and . round ta ke Tana, re.pe<;tively Ethiopia I. a center of diversity for many pulse crops and the pre.e""" of ~Ish dive"ity in variou. traits Is ,eported fo, faba bean, chickpea, lentiL Bra .. pea, cowpea and field pea. A uniq"" subspecies of lield pea known .s Pisum s.>!ivum ,ub.p. "byssinicum hu tVOlved in Ethiopia and wild and primitive lorm~ of field Pt. ar. also known to ex .. t in the higher elevati"", of the country. I.o/hyrus ptatensls and i. sp"",,,rlt:u. which ore wild relative. of gra .. pea are lound In upland 8 .. "lands of the country. (Gi>lGb ",,'pureu. sub.p. unciotu" the wild and sometimes cultivated sub specie. of (oi>lGb purpu~u .. and Vl9no w lll/Ia,a; • ",Iative of cowpea, .... Iound in many part. 01 the c01Jntry. Lens ervoides, the wild relative of lentil, is found In " nonh and cent,al Ethiopia and Cicer cuneolum, Ihe wild ",Iat;"e of chickpea, Is found in Northern Ethiopia. {thio""n mu.t.rd (Bro .. ko COrinolO), neug (Gulrotio obysslnko), se ... me (s,,50mum Irnlkum!and linseed WIIUm usflotlslmum) are oil se«I crops fOt" which Ethiopia I. con.ide,ed .. a unte, of "'isin 0' djye"'ity. 50" B,.ssica 'Pw"'lB. compestrls, B. eotlllOIO, B. Inreg'I/Ofjo, B. JUlleeo, B. nl9to and B. oIeroceo) are <ultill.ted In Ethiopia. Although the'e a", no complete ly wll<l.pecie. of Bra •• ica. there exist weedy forrm in the highland a",as of the ccyntry. Similarly. Gulzotla ha. a wild relatjye (G. Kab,a) that often g'ow. In the .ame field. with ",ltiv.Ied G. oby"llIlco. Sesomum Indkum I. also found in wild s'ate. Other species such as S. IolilO/ium, linuml>ol<tii, L. AenIMH, l. strictum and l. \rigynum var. s~bt:ti a'" among the ~poned wild rel.ti~S of s....mum and Unum that grow in Ethiopia. Simil.tly. the,e .'" indigenous ",It;"",ed and wild spe-cies of cotton. Gos'l'Plum herbocium var. aUri/oHum is b<!1~ to be domeJliuted in Ethiopia. The indigenous <ulti •• ted ,pecie. G. o'~m and G. he,bo<:eum are grown in home gar""n. and are imponantln t,.<litional handic'aft •. G. onomo/um subsp. sen.,ense, G. somoiense, G. b'lccheWland G. benodlrtmse "'e wild relatives of cotton found In the count", (Engels and Hawk .... 1991; IBC, 2012b). There arc .1<0 neglcctcdlunderutililed crop. which arc net widely g,own by f.,mer> In Ethlepl • . These Include ~Inger millet (Eleusf"" coroeano), Peorl millet l~nnl"'lum glaucum). Emme, wheat (Triticum dlcoccum). Pigeen pea (Cojono.eojoll), Hyacinth bean (Loblob pu,p"",u<t, Fenugreek (Tr~1o /oellum.graecumt. lupin (Lupillus olbu;) and Yam (Di<><coreo <p.). SUtUS and t<ends A"ributed to diHe"'nt factors, ,he number 01 farmers' varieties rn.intainM by fa,mer> h decre.,.ing over time. In Tigray region, for e .. mple, f.rme,s· varietieS of wheat I·Shehan'. 'Gerey' and 'Gomod'). borley ('Oemhoy' and 'Gun ... ') .nd so,ghum ('Gedal;!') a'e among the variet~ reported to h;JVe been Io5t due to cHmate Change " ~nd replaotment by hiah 1ieldi~ onei. Ourum whe~\ i, . >triOUIIy thre~tened (rOp from loss 01 diversity on farmers' field •. Climate (hanee and the threat. ~ poleS 10 the resilien(e of agricultural 1e(lor (:lI1i for a bet'er und" rstandinc of the POIenl;,,1 of farmers' variel >e. to pro";d" adaptation oplions.o lhe prevaili"! climatic condition. (Dere ... T. ef 0/ .• 2009; Conway ond Schipper. 2011; Delene Kossahun. 2014). Rare occurrence of durum wheat farmers' varieties during the main growing .eason i. reported by EOSA (007) from its SlJrvey in .elected zone. (west Shewa. Sidama and ArSi). The main re.son for this i. di,pl",,,,,,,,nt by bread whUt v.rietie. whkh took place 8 .. du.111 over. period 01 thr .... deades. Stud>e. on SOfghUm .. Northe,,,,,rn Ethiopi. II •• " .Iso ,hown that some importantlarm""" v.riet;'" have disappeared either locally or regionally In 30 yearS' time, and many other farmerS' varieties have i>e<ome marainalired IHailemi(hael Shewayrga tf (II .• 2(08). The factorS aflectlng tile ... . e 01 field crop genetic resources Include dlsplace"",nt 01 farmers' varieties by impr""ed on .... shift to ma"'et oriented crop production. di.e ..... and pe .... Irf<!uent drought. and unreliable rainfan. The later . ' MCts not onlV farm" rs' varieties but also improved one •. Mos' of the (fOP wild relative. are found growing a. wud. on mar,inal fieldS, " aditionally miOnaged agricuituralliOn(ls iOn(! in disturbed h, bi .. " .uch M roadsides. The " •• urol popUlation. of many .peeie. of crop wild relative. Of" increa,ingly at rl.~. They arc threatened primarllv bV hobitat loss, desr""'a.l."., . nd fragmenta.lon. elimate change Is posing significant impacts on spec;.,. distributions through redudng suitable habit ••• nd l"creMingthe rate of habitat fr.gmentation. In order '0 con ... "", and promote .ustainable utili ••• ion, E.hiopian Biodiversity In"itute (EBI) has con ... rved d;/feren. field crops In cold 'oom. The m.jor~v of plant spedes conserved In the geneban~ are field crops. To promote on·farm conservation actlvl~ .... over 12 community seed banks have been estal>/i.hed. out of .he ... elSht are in good ".tu •. The community .eed b<on~. obtain technical suPPOrt from EBI and EchlC-O'llanic Seed ""t;On (EOSA) '0 strengthen .h";' cap""ity and CMUr<, .he " continued <ullMllon of farmers' ~ari"'les. Re«nlly, addillonal five on,farm con,e .... a lion ,ite •• re being established In the SNNPRS, The eemmunily seed banks ore Inl""ded te .nhanc. Ihe a« ... to di"", ... crop s.netic , •• eu"'.'. In oddilien. Ethiopian BiodiversitV Instl'Ule i. now ~" of a 810bal Initiative called 'he Seed. lor Nee<!> Ihat W", Inlliated with Bi""efOitV International, The initiatNe aim. at undemanding the potent ial of genetic diversltV to adapt to climate change and to be reint,od<>ee<lln production .vstems (Gotor el 01 .• 2014). Horti<ultur~1 ClOpS Horticultural plantspeele. g'own In Ethiopia Include ,oot and tube' <,ops. f,uilS and vegelobles. stimulant and be>.-erage, .nd herb. and .piee •. The most Impo'tant root .nd tubet crops of Ethiopi. are "nset (fnoeM vt'nticosum), .nehol" (Coccinlo aby<s;,,",a). Ethiopian peta. e (PIe«romhu< Muli<) .nd yam. (Dio«o spp.). Anthote. en.et and Ethiopian potato a,e faund both In culti~ .. ed and wild <late., TIIere Is tremendous variation among enset va,ieties In morpholosieol characters. disease ,eslstanee. prodUCI quality and u.e ~alue. In Ethiopi • • Ihe genu. 91ectranlhus has 32 spe<ies. Among the.e, P. (JO",kef"'''' i, endemic to Ihe cOYntry. Out ollhe ten 'pe<ies of C(}(;cinio that a,,, faund in Elhiepia. only C. oby«inico i. cultivated for hum. n co,,",umption. O.h .... '00' c'ops .h. t <><C"' in the country include tOfO (CoIO<oslo esculento). tonnl. (Xonf/wso",.. soqlll!folium). ca .. av. (Mon/bot esculento). potato (SoIoIWm IUberosum) and sweel pota'" (I~o boralo<), Potato and sweet potato have limited Intra' spe<ific diversity while la'a and tannla .,e naluralited and diversified. About 38 f,ui, ~~n, ">e<;l .... ~'e culti.~ted in ~Ihiopia . Amon8 the .... pi".,~pple (Anonos como..,.). papaya (Co'lco popoyol. .weel o'an8e (Cirrus sinensis). mongo (Mon<)ljefO Indica). banana (Mu.o pofOdlsco) and .\lCCada (~l"Jeo omericano) a'e natu,alitedta ,he EI~iapian aIVOoe<alo!ie. and have many ~a~etie. (IBC. 21l12bJ. Widftly cultivated ves"'able .pe<ies include pepper. garlic, ..... UOI. ternate, .abbage. caffOt, beet'oot, pump~ln .nd ok, •. Ok'a (Allelmoschu. e.culentu.) Is believed to be domesticated in ~Ih",pia and ..... high diversity and Its wild r<>loti e. A. rlC~I""~ .. is 10"11<1 in w,me'n Ethlopi •. Cobbage toee (MOring" nenopetoio) i •• nother important vegetable Indigenous to EthlopOl with multiple .alue. such . s lood.. leed. medicine al1<l "'ade. The most impomn< stimul.nt .nd be""fl8e wed ... tha' .... found in Ethiopia Ofe coffee (CoHn> "rob/co). chat (C'Uh" Mull.). teo (C""'~I/<I ch'nen.'.) and shiny-leaf buckthorn (Rhomn~, prinoJde.). Arablco colfee In Ethiopia 1>0, eno'mous phenotypic diYel'Sity In both quantitall"" and qu.l~ati"" cNracters. There Is an extremel'( h;gh variab;t;ty In disease and pest resistance. liqueting q..alitv. caffeine content and other t",its. Reports (£ngels and Hawkes, 1991; IBC. 2011b) Indicate that Ethiop;a Is eitht'r a center 01 Ofi,in er diversitv fer spic .. > like Ethiopian ""'damom (AjromQmum c""o,;mo).1ons pepper (Pipe, /MgUm). block cumin (Nigel/a ,atlYa). cumin/b .. hop', weed (Carum IOOP';';um). cariand.r (C",/<Im/rum ,afivum). 'hyme {Thymu. ,chjmperl} • nd fenugreek (Trigonel/a Joenum-groecum). Statu. and trends In Ethiopia, ma/<>< threats to hortl""ltu,al plont .ped .... 'e d'ought. peSlS. dlsea.e. replacement bv food Brains and defo.-estatlon. Oeforestatlon mainly affects wild coffee and spices. The sene pool of CoJjeo "rol>l<o I. highly endansered by inc, .. asins settlement and OInd·u.e ptessu,," on the montane .. info,em. Enset is e>perieneins los. of Its populatlo", and diversity caused by lamll'( size lne,ement and land shortage that forces the household to COnsumt it at ea'l'( .. aies {Abraham S .... mbuIO.lI 0/ .• 20121. Importtd v.,letle. 01 hortlcultur.1 ~",p, are also bewmi", th,eat. to formers' v.,ietle •• Local ma",o v.,iety In WeUegll, fo' e .. mple. 1>0. been replaced by mango f,om Pakistan Which is hlshl'( susceptible to white skin disease. Ethiopian BiodJversity Institute has establIshed a number of field senebanks In as, ... O'OOIog;'all'( repre",ntat"'" partS 01 the country to con and promote <u<lainable utili,allon of hortltul'ural crops. CUffentl'(, <>vcr 6.~OO accessions of colfee, .pice •• and rool and ,ube, "01>' ore co ..... "'."lln ,h ... e field genebonk •. " 2.2. 2. Wild planlS for~" sene.'c r".c<.U<!. [thiop;a ha! 12.3 miliiOll hel:\al'e' of fo,esl$ compri.inR 01 natu,al and planted fo""t., woodland. with. coverage of all""t 15" of the country. T""", are also hug" .rU' that are covered by wooded ern" ond •. Apart Irom the natural and the plant~d forem. the Io<.st g~netic r....,urCfl of th~ country include .reeo outoide natur.' Io<em, which a,e mainly loond In "adi\lonal . g,o·forestry 'vstem. Planted fo,eolS con"itute ove, 972,OOOha (Mimon Beke"'. 20111. The a,ea coverase of tr ..... and .hrubs tllllt are found on farm land. i. not clearly known , The Elhiwlan Io<e." and woodlands are deposito<l". and sene 1>QOl. for ,e er. 1 domesticated .nd/or ImpOl"l. nt wild pla"lS and wild "" atlve. of domesticated plonts. Species rich"" .. . ,,'ed across lor.''''. depending on envl.onmental factors ch.racteri,ing the forests. Woodland. and shrub lands of Ethiopia comprise of diHe.enl veset.tion type. with d"'en. I • .., and .hrub .pee .... SUtu. and tr.nds Forest """"fte. of Eth iGpi. are seriously threatened by defore ... tion. hablt.t destruction and subsequent d",,'ine in ",sene.a.ion. ""P"nsion of exotic ond Invasive speel ..... grlcu~u.ol e.ponsion, for ... fire. and d.fo<eotation fo< lormlng and/o. senlement . The mo>l important threa .. to '0'." genetic diversity .re result. of deforestation and lorest I,osment.tion. A 101.1 of 103 If.e and shrub specie ... e consid., ed as endan«",ed speele. in the IUCN red list (Ann ... I). !IIesol loggins. fi'ewood collec~on, ove •• , ,,i"3 and inv •• ive .pe<;i ... ate Ih.u .. 10 fo.eots thmuth""t the country. \.a nd use change Including commercial f •• mlng ~nd population p. essu", ... othe, threa" to forest and rongelo nd plan ... In Bensh. ngul Gumu! region, 'or ... ample. fo, ... t and Olher vegetation cover .. reported 10 have declined f.om 80 to 50%. As a ,esult, /lo,,,,,,l/ja popy'ifero and O..,,","onll>/>,o allyssinico (Vekola Bamboo) a'e among the highly th'eatened specie. in ,"" .egion (MofED. 2011; IBe, 2(l12<1,d). " In order to Con~M .1>(1 promOte s~stalnable utll".tlon of IOfl!'lt ~nd r"ngeland pl~nt genetic ~ource,. ~ tot~1 of 2000 access""'. of 260 for*>t .pecie. a,e conserved ~t 8eneb~n~. of Et~lopl~n BIo<I;vefSlty Institute {EBI}. fo'ests ~'e also belns con.e ..... ed In Protec,ed A,ea. (PAs~ NatlOftal fOlest "'Io~ty A,eas (NfPA), and o,her;n "'lu con.e ..... atKln ";,e •• ""~ a. area closures, clturcll lorest<, sacred ts ond communl,y lores ... s..cou ... of t~e Int, .... ,.;na ~um.n.nd 11""'lock p,e.,"",. on I~e 'e.""rce bo"" and I.ck of .ust.ln.ble manogement; howeve', .he sta'u, of PAs, Including N.tlon~I fo'est Priority Area, (NFPAs) a'e dete'io,atlng. In '*>pOft.e. Ihe to,ests in Ya.,..., Kafa and Sheka have been designated as 8iosphere 'e.e ..... ". by UNESCO and Ilheen in situ si,es have been established by E81 in 8enshansul G~mu., SNNP and (}(omi. ,eaions. ReSional s"""rnmen" Ofe 'akin, vori"". mea,ure. '0 imp''''''' the monasemen' status of some lo,es" and ,a",eland plan .. In lhelr ,espective re"Oft" In iIroha,. ,e,ion, for example, a,ea closure I. playin, an Imporl'n! role In InC"''''ng ,~e na'ur.' bush land cover.,e of 'he re,ion. In Oroml> resion, forest. are Ii""n on conte .. ion to be adminl"",ed by joint management of reli""" "",ernment and community through benefilsh.ring .... ngemem •. <;;orbon trade .nd other intenlive me •• ur,... In order to incre .. e 'he ,ole. and re.pon,ibili,ie. of Io<;al ""mmun;ties in the management and co""' ....... ion of their natur.' resources; mainly forests, local ""mmunilies ",,,,,nd the Iorests are Of'8anlzed In,o associations and enS"ged In other Intome generating NOft,timbe< ~orest Prod""ts (NTfPs) act;vitles. Medl,'nal"lan .. Medicinal plants have significant role, In traditional hea~h care deli""", s,stem in Ethiopia, wher& mOre than 70% of human .nd 90% of ''''''stock population, dep<!nd on ,raddian. 1 mediOn e. Of the lotal medicinal planl 'pecie>, 2.7~ are endemic to Ethiopia; lInd most "re found in the wild (IBC, 20051. The exlent 01 specie, dive~it¥ and var~bility I>.s been described .nd documented for some """'Iili*>. From ,he total of no medlclnal plan, species Identlr.ed from an ...... """nt mode In Mana Angetu 'wored.', Southea$tern EthiOtlia. for example, 78.70. 11.74 and 9,57% are used as human med;clnes, l;vestock med;clnes, and for treating both human . nd live.tock ailment •• r""peC!ivety IErmias Luleka~ 2008). Similarlv, 74 veterinary medicinal plant spede •• hat were distributed among 64ge""r' and 37 famili ... were re<orded in Bale Mountain, National Pork IBMNP) . nd adjacent "'~., (Haile Yln~ger erol" 2007). Status and trends M'Jor~y of Ihe ",edkolnal plants uUHzed In Ethiopia are harvested from the Wild. Therefore. moS! of the threats to the foreS! and rangeland p!ants are also threats to medicinal plants. These Include ,"""ironmental de8radation, asr;cultural e>q»nsion, loss of forest. and woodland •• fire and cultivation of marginal lands. More"""r, uprootina and unsum'inable u!ililalion are <he major threiO" to med;cinol plan" in ~thlopia. Traditlon.1 medicines .uch.s ToWl"'''''o obyulnlco Is cr~i",,11y endangered due to overu.e. Specie. such as Hogc1>lo 01>'1 .. "''''0 and !>tun". ofrico~ wh;ch are also harve"ed lor non·med;clnal "alues such a. timber, luel wood and other purposes are subjected to multiple p<essu,..,.. Some efforts have been made to con ... "", and promote su"ainable utililation of "",dieinal plants in the country. For ~ • • mple, E81 has e".blished ex situ conservOliem sde. in repr"""nta.ive are •• of the <:cuntry, Includl"ll Wondo Genet and 8ale-Gob. medlclnal plants field gene bankS. Ran",'and and lorage ,enellc resoure ... There Is, wide ranae of foriOlle resource> that .re adapted '0 different ecosystems In the ccuntry. Ethiopia is knOWfl to be. centre of dive"lty for a number of imllOrtant for"lle speel"" In lhe ,enera TrIjoIlum ulgno, and Oollchos, wh;ch are Mrbaceous JeBumes, amanB others. Out of the 26 indiBeno~s species of Trifolium. eiSh! are Mdemic to Ethiopia. Major forage specie. of the country Include Slylosanthe< /rutit:os{J, NMllotooia wightii, and specleo of Aly<;carpus, Indigolera, Tephre<ia, Acacia, ~ry<hrin~. Pcnni.ctum, Rhynchos'" Trifolium, Medicaao, Brachi.ri" and Crotalorla. There are 159 genera wllh 569 Sl>"cles of gruses, lOS genera with 358 .pedes of le,umes and 179 species of tree. used by domestic .nlm.I •. Attributed to " ~arjous lactors. t>owever. many olt~ese I>.lIatabie spe<ies .re hlghty thrutened (IBe. 20(9). Stat.,<and trend. OVergra"ng and/or browsing. drought, Invasive spe<les and c.,.,ve"Ion of BrallnB land. to crop lands are the main threat' to I",age 'pee;" •. In~asion by non·pal.t.ble indigeno .. , spe<;>es .uth . s ACC<io fMllifrro, A. nubico, and other inva,,,", ali.n specie. ,uch as P~op;. ;ulipora and POrfhenium hY" ~raphoru, and """rllr.,ing h""e resulted in the loss 01 high Quality and polatable pl""ts in the rangel.nd •. According to data and In/or""'tion obtained from bureaus 01 ."leullure of Alar reBion, P. ;uli/loro .Ione covers about 51,000 ha 01 rangellrnd. of the reBion. Similarly, most of the g"'" and b .. ,h lands In the lowland area. of Oromi. region are invaded by P. ju/if/oro. In Amllara region, e.pan,ion of farmland, i, reported to he a major th",.t to its rangelands and f",agc 8.n~ti< resource • . Activities such as cleaMng Invasive specie •. selecting and multiplying ptoductive for.ge sped'" adaptable to .pecific area, testing indigenous tree .pet;" •• uitable for feed, banning open ara,ina and entiOlina ranaeland, are undertaken to uSe the pr",.ure on .. ngeland, .nd forage resources of the wr.mtry. Edible wild plant genetic re..,u<us Edible wild plants (EWP,) h""e suople"..."tary. se.,onal and emergency roles in the communities in Ethiopia. Some EWPs such a, 8erchemlo discolor, Ccrrlsso splr><>rium Amoromh.,. groer;;zo".. AmorpfIopholl.,. goll""",;', Dovyoli. obyssin;co and Mimusop' kum-'are also ""'" a. a source o! Income. A "",jew dncumented by Ermia. lulek.1 ~t 01. (lOll) indi<a,~d that 413 specie. of EWP. r~presentin8 224 ,ene .. and 77 f~milies h • ...., been identified >0 f~r. Among these, Foboceoe .. 'he most diverse family reptesented by 35 'peele. of EWP •. Statu. and trends In Ethiopia. studies conducted on EWPs <:over only about 5% 01 the country. lienee. the state of EWP. In Ethiopia Is not well known . The contribution of EWPs and ... oclated community knowledge to food se<urlty I. negleeted. Factors that threaten foreSt resou...:es are al.o the threatS to £w~ and .heir "a,ur, 1 e<oSYltems, resultine In a decrea ... In the diverslly of ~WPo from time '0 time. 2.). Animal Biodi.ersity 2.3.1. F.rm .nl ..... 1 lene,l< ' esou«<'o Ethiopia ha. """",d a. a gatew.y to domestic anim.l. from .... ia 10 Africa and the «>untry" diverse &<>IG8Y favored the diveniHcation Gf th ........ <Our"" •. In t. ,m. of ~ve .. ock populotion, Ethiopia .. and. Ii .. , in Africo and 10" in the wo~d. The mo .. .:ommon larm >nim.l, of Ihe courttry are "Iegorl,ed InlO mammal,. avian and hone\'bees. Cottle •• heep. goot" c.mels. donkey •• horses and mule. ore lhe major form animal. thai lie under the mammalian c. teserv. Under Ihe a .. an cate«ory It .. chicken, ostrich and turkey. Howe.er, the latter Iwo .... n ,peele< are not widely used in the <ountry. Accoral .... 10 EBI (2014) and IBC (2012<) the number of breeds of c.ttle, sheep, ,oat, camel (dromed.ry), donkey, horse. mule and <hic!<ens identified so far.re 28, 9, 8, 7, 6, 8, 2, and 7; re.pecti.ely (Annex II). As a result of breed <ha,a.cteri.ation and identifocation w()(ks being condUCIed In the country, the number of breed. of cattle, ,heep, goals. cornel. horse , and chicken show> .ome •• rl.tions from for"",,,' reporU (18C, 20(4). There ore fn.e !eosraphicoi race. of honeybees (4.01. mellil<1'O monrlcolo, .... m. )<men/rico. A. m. /Jondo>JI ..... m. 5Curelloro and .... m. woyl·gombelo) which ore economically Imponant In the country. Other Ihan ,he.e races of I>one \'bees, there 3(e bee specie. called stingless bee. (meliponini) or 'Tuirna nib', which make speei;>1 honey. AlthOU!" mojority of lhe E,hiopla" lI.estoc~ ore Indl!"""u, breeds, so"",,, eXOIle caUIe, .heep, «oats and <hlcken breeds haw been Introduced by different institulions in the la" four deead ... The number of breed. of cattle, .heep, .oat and thicken impOrted so far are 7, 7,3, ond 14, re.pectively (lee, 2004, 2012<). O<u 01 the exotiC~ Ho"t.in·frie1i~n. ~nd J. roey ""ttle. and their trOS~es with different indigenous breed. ~re tho mojority IISC. 1012c). (ro"breed. u>ed under medium Input production ystem ar" th.,.., produced from cros.;ngs betW<O<!n ".otic .ire. and fIVe indicenous dam breed<, n."",Iy: Boren •• Harro. FoCer •• ArSi ond 8egait. Slmlla,1y there are several e>«>lle pou~ry b,eeds and thel, cros .... ln the country. The currenl blood level composition of indigenous. hyb'id. and pure ""oties 01 p<>"ltry i. 96.83".2.37" and 0.80%, r ... Pf!ct ..... v ICSA. 2014b). lhu~ ........ 1101"". broil., and dual·purpose ..",iG chi<.ken breed. and hybrid •• r" bein;: u.ed by .man and la'\l'" scote commercial produce .. in urbon and ""ri'urban ore ... In o<!dilion. some oIlh,,;, cross". with Ind1senou. chicken are ...... d by rurol smallholders for IOU and meal p,oduction. St",u, and trend. Population of domestic animal. 01 the Nral sedentary area. of country lexcludinB three mobil. l>"'IO,oli'l 'On'" of Afa, and ,il< ,on • • of Somali re,ion') i. e.timated ~I 55.03 million ""Ule. 27.35 million sheep. 28.16 million loat<, 1.1 million ""mels. 51.3S mi ll ion d'kken •• 1.% million "Ofse •• 0.36 million mules and 6.95 million donl<ey' ICSA. 2014b). Trends In 'i...,>lock population (Wer the la" .0< yea ...... presented In flA"res 3 and 4. j: , .---t : ~ ~---.- :: X I: Cot, .. : • • • ~ " ~~, , 00 j 0.0: " • ,~, 1007/01J 00 10>M> 1011/11 10ll/>' ...... 'U,j'Nf. iii. I . Ckon&e" Ion ~,. of <0" .......... . " " I. I • --! :? -, : ~ 0" -, I" c.,,1< : I • ~-," : ~~ 1" -~~ • -, 1001/01 -" lOW" 20. 1/11 lOll/I< ~, '., • . 00 .... .. ..... ~,.01 -.... ........ <>d umtI. ThoIJgh Increase In popLII.tion .... <!oe<n', .... "''' ... il\l ,how ,he Slalu. Oof t he dem . .. ic onim.1 di •• r>ity In , .... country, .~n that the m.joIity Oof the IWMtock popLII.,ioM .~ ",dig<>nous brolOd<, il 'PP'""" 110 .. the ......... ,ce i. 'oovint IIICSA.. ~014b). Ide n1ifleolion and ,h .. Kleri •• Uon .ct",~;es con(lucte<l on Ilve'tocl< resource. of Ethiopia .re not e.haus~ve ...... result.. there 10 no complete . nd Up-lO·d.te bre<!<l level data fo< meSl of lhe breed •• and thi. mokes determination of the ,'.'U. ond 'rend. dj/f",cult. There .... hew .. ",. some indilenou. b'H d. which are """'"" to be found at different th",o, 1eve4 .. She"" (Ihe only U1unne breed in Eos, Africa) .nd FOleta cotl~ .ppear Ie be hithly Ih''''' ..... d IS • ""ult 01 int ... br....:linl wilh Olhe, local br ... 6< and eh .... , In the ",""""tiM ' y'tems. In addi.;",,; ~gaft, Ir<>l>, O .. den, Alar and ~ren. <at,,, breed.; Sinnar d""i<cy, and Af.r, Moo, and Gumu. lheep brff<ll.rt .11<) fwna v.rloUI d~rHI of thrNti. Ever inere .. i"! demand 'or e<poo1 (both Iee",~"" il le!~11 m.,ket 01 Clltle, !OilS, .heep ~ .... c~m"'. ""em. to threaten the fHOUrce •• in<e the sl,. a nd ~ection 01 • .,.", In i"",lo doe< not commen.urate tl>e off·,."" fate ".. ,he "><fitional breeding 'Y>'em •. Thi. can be demonstrate<! by tI>e Iltte propoo1ion 01 young Ind bteedin! animal, ,uppl .. d '0 II>e marl<etltlK, 20091. Some "<1"'~le. are underway .0 conserve domestic animal diversity. To promo.e conservation ~nd $u$"inable u.ili<a'ion of Io<:al b'e<!ds, ran(he. have be'!n establi.hed m diffe'ent p."" of 'he country fo' Repl', So'e"". Horro ~nd Fog"'" toltie bleed •. Furthermore. semen from Foge' •. Begall.. Sheko and Irob Indlge"<lu, cattle bree<ls h •• been collected and cryo-«>n ... rved. She~o. I.ob Begall.. Ma. and Bega~a <:aWe; Af., .heep. and Blac~ He.d Somali sheep; WoiIo-Guji .nd Abergele go .. ; ~undudo ho< ... breed, .s well as Mandu.a (hlcken breed. have bee" con ... rvedl" SIIu. In Elhiopia. major Clu.es of ,hrea, '0 ,he farm animal s"n"lic .... ource. are feed shortage, overgrazing.. encro<>chmen, by inva."'" 'petie. and e.panolon of crop cultiva,ion In.o bo,h g.a,ing land. in ,he highland. and marginal . ..... in the Iowfand •. Additional 'h'ea" emono'e from cro .. b' .... ding. interbleeding, di .... 'e. and ~.o.lte •• shonage of quollty d.lnking wote. ond ~ 1Io"'lng. Portloolo...,.. the gene pool of ",di,efIOuschicken b.e ed. I. under p .... "'.e lrom .eplacemeM by pu.e eootics and their h'jbricl. (IBe. 2012c.d). Due to dive .. " climatic condition. and .lch and dive .. " Horo, Ethiopi;l h •• 1"8e number of honeybe'! colonie •. Ethiopia po ..... 'e. over 10 mlll;"n be" colonies. Out olthe.e, aboYt fl"" 10 ... ven and h.11 million are e.tlmated '0 be hl.e<! while ,he rem.ining e ... , in ,he wild (CSA, 20(9). There are also three type. of beekeeping ' ystem> in Ethiopia. name ly: t.ad~io""I, t,.n,i.ion.1 and rno<Ie," system>. Howe""" more ,han 95% 01 bee·keepers use trad~;"n.1 sy5lem ItBC. 2012c). Major 'hr"", .. '0 hontybee. "'e ve¥elation loss. dise ..... and pest., p.e<! •• Ot •• and pesti(ide lind he.blcldes (tBC; 2004. 2005. 2012d). 2.3.2. Wild anima' !enetlc . esou,u, ~thiopi. """omp.sse •• blood 'o"1le of ec",~"em. with veat v.,letie, of h.bit.ts cont.lbutlng to the occu.rence of high faunat d;ve .. ~y. Data ond Inlo'matlon on the dl"" .. It~ of wild launa •• a whole Is not ~ complete . Ae«>rdlng '0 ,he eol .. lng d.". ,he Ethiopian wild fa"n. i, compr"ed of 284 m.mmal, 861 bird, 201 reptile. 200 ro.h, 63 amphibi.n and 1,225 .nh.opod (ou' 01 which 324 bu"erllyf 'pe<ie •. Of th. , e " faunal resourceo. 29 mammal. 18 blrd. 10 r"plile. 40 noh. 25 amphibia", and seven anhropods species are endemic to the country (USAID. 2008; 18C. 2009; Redeat Hab' ... e .... Ie. 2012). Tile .ariely of species and grea, propootion of endemicity ",i'hin 'he grouP. especially in 'he highland, is Ihe resull of the isolation <>f Ihe hiShiand arUS of Ihe country from other highlands with in and outsid<! the couniry by tile .urrounding lowland. ilBC. 2(05). McKee (2007) described. number of chari,matic nag,hip specie, of mammal, in ElhiO!>ia. most notably the Gelad. ian en""mlc genus and the "",rld's only .... ,ini' primate). the MOuntain Nyala, 'he EthiOpian Wolf and th e Wa l" Ibex (the later opecle. confined to ore ... in the Simien Mount.in,). Th ere are al.o remnant populations of Elephant (an e stimated 850, 1r>eludinS lS(l of (oxoo'"",o o/rl,,,,,,, """"M/). lions ian estlml ted 1.000) ond 10'Be unsu .. tes. Spott"" hyen .. 0'" .bYndanl. There I, .t least one or lwo isolated populalions of blo.ck rhino iIUCN, 2007 cited in US ... ,O. 2(08), b<JI it is ",idely belie .... d that this species might have cone "xlict. Ethloplo ho. olso 0 ~ch avifauna which Is about 40% of AI,Ieo's total . OUt of 861 species of I>;,ds, at lea" S96 Ofe ,e,ident ond 224 are regular se ... on.' migrants, inCluding 176 fr"", the Palearetlc; a fuothe, 13 are Shared with Er~rea .... remarkable 69 Import.nt Bird Are.s iIBM) were defi~d by the E, hiopian Wildlife .nd Nalu,., History Society. Th" ... ar" .. cover 41.757 km' . equivalent to . t lust 4.3'" of the I. "d area of tile country (Bird Ufe International, 20(1). The major IBA. of Ethlopl' ore presented In flsure S .nd t ~elr list Is auached as "'n~. III . .. , .. ,,,. ..... " •• .-."' ... . ' . -.~ ... · ......... ."oM. .... · ----• • ••• •• • .. • --." " . " •• • ." " ' .. .. . . " •• .. . " • ." .. ..... .. ., •. • · .. :0. .. • •• • .. " • • • "." , ! , In",cI>'''' dominant in aquatic and I"'~" ecosy;tem" and <>c<upy.n conceivable hablt'lS. However, "rthropOd f~un~ of ~thk)pta 1n(:ludlng Insect~ Is p(>(Irly known. Similarly, d iO tiO and inlormatk>n on amphibians of the COuntry Is very poor. A study on the Amphibia .. >pe<i .. c"mpos~i"n of lake Ta .. a .ub ba,in indicated thot the .ub b;o.in eomprl"" 17 ."""ie. of amphibi.n, beloniin, to nine gene r. and five familie., with three endemic opede •. Thirty five .pede. 01 ",pili .. belOlO$in, to t~r,"" "rde", 11 famm .. and 15 gene'a have so la' been ..... orde<! In the sub ba,ln, out of ""Md. two .'C endcmlc (5cyoum Meng;,tu 01 oJ., lOllS). The, ...... about 30 major lake>, ,ix maj'" ,ive , buln •• nd 0V@f'70 II.nd.thata,e beated in dilfe,e"t part< of the ,,,,",ntry. The number of fish, benthic and ...... t'" in ...... and ,ooplankton speci .. identilied from the aquatiC and lIand e<:osystems so 1>r is 200, 91, and 141, """""t"",ly (Abebe G",.hun and E<hete Dejene, 2012; Red.at Hobt .. e l .. ,i., 1012). .. The majO( threat! to aquatic and wetland animal. are habitat degradation, ""er· harveltine,. unbalanced water utili'alion, change in water flow (!Iow mO(!iliC;Olionl. .iltali"". mining. dr~ining of wetl~ndl for other land use and .,.,lIution. Th",e ~ctiv~ie. might couse extinction of fi,h and .ome other aqu.tlc blot. thot could not tolerate those ~ .. ures (Abebe Getahun and E.he1e Oejene. 2012). The fish diversity in Loke Abijata, for e •• mple, is hi8hly threatened by the incre.sinl water extraction, htsh ,iltatio<> and chang. in habitat. Loke Aw .... i. also highly polluted by municipal waite and • nearby ho.pital wa.te di,p(>S;Il, thre. tening the blodiwrsity ther";n. As 0 re.ult of the.e thruts. the .,.,pulation, 01 tilapia lrom lam Awn,a and Ziw y •• nd Nile perch from lake Chamo are e.hlblt"'g ,Ign, of owr explpitation (FAO, 2005; Assefa Mitike, 2014). The hithe"o elfp", for the conservation pi the aquatic eco')':Item. are very ~mite<l. SUtu. and trends Information on the statu' and trend. o! wild launo a. whGie is limited. According to the International Union for the Conservation of Nature'. (IUCN, 20(8) red lill, Ethiopia h •• five critk. 11y ~.nge'ed, 27 endangered. and 47 vulnerable .pecies of wild animol •. 01 tha total 284 mammalian 'pecies, lhose that require u'8Mt conservation action in(lude walia Ibex (Copro walle), Gelada Baboon (T~roplti>~us ~1"dDl, Mount.ln Nyala (rrogelophu. buxIOfIi), Ethiopian WGiI (Coni •• lmen,I.) and St.rck's Hore (Lepus Slorckil, Some of th ..... endangered .peele. ha"" ""ry restricted distribution, including Walia Ibex, which is Ihe most endangered mammalian 'pe(ie' in the world (1Be. 2005, 2(09). All wild mammals which occur In Ethiopia and raled a. «itically @ndang" red(CR),,,ndangf!,.,d(EN)o,vulneroble (VU)in thf! 2004 IUCN Red U" of thre.tened .nimals are pr ..... nled in Annex IU . ........ sments on the .tatu. of bird. in Ethiopia indicated that 31 bird "",(ie. of the country are faeina yariou. le""l. 01 Ih',,"I<. Five 01 these, namely: Soro/i>ruro oy""ii, Touroco rU$pQIii, Helefomiro/ro sido~"sis, Serious /IO.i9u/o and Serious onkobe<enm are critically end.ngered. 12 ,pecie •• uch a. Ayth)l<> nyrow, Aqui/o <IO"f}O. A. h~1I0"'. Foko noumonnl and 'rcmcollnu. horwoodl a' e endange,ed. and 14 ' ped ... ,uch a, P,ince Ru'polr, Tu,aco. G'eat .... Spotted eagle. lesse, Kest,el. Yel low th,oated Se'ln. Nechisa, Nlghtja, and Wattled C,ane are vu lnerable to e"lnctlon. Va,lou. migratory bOrd. c"".lde,ed a. endange,ed at the Inte,,,,,tlonal level "Iso v~lt about fofty ,Ite, In E.hlopia ~ry ~"'. Mo,eove,. part, 0' all 01 the th,ee Endemic 81,d Are .. (ea .... ) lie within Ethlopi • . The ... ,'e the lubb. and S~belle valley> EllA, .he South ethlwi • ., h~l.nds EBA and .he cent .. 1 Ethiopian highland' eM (BI,dUfe International. 2001). Ac<:o,dlng to IUCN (2008). the numbe, of th,eaten"" species (c'~ically endange,ed. enda",e,ed and wlne,able) of ~P1lle" &mphlblan., fi.he •• mollu.k. and othe, In ..... rte b .. t ... are 1. 9. l. l. and 11; "'we<:llvely. Arno", the 'ePtile,. J>Vthon ha, been crlt lcolly e nda",e'ed In the Lake Tona . ub buln du e to h<obltat f," smenUtion and 10 ... and partly due to persecutl"" by humans. Th,,,,, .peeles of "'pili .... ""mely: the Nile crocodile. Wate, .nake and Nile monitor that are found In the .ub b •• ln are rated a. vulnerable (Seyoum Menglstu et 0/., 2005). Some he,p' a,e facing high p,e .. u", and the", I. a pos,lbillty 01 e"in<:lloo due to habOtat de.tructl"" (Largen ond Sp;lwf" 2(06). In o,de, to coose"", the wildlife geneUc resources. Ethlopfa ha. establl,hed diffe.ent type, of protected a", .. (PA' I. Th<!se a,e national and ",sl""al park •. sanetuarles, ,e,erve., "'Kue tent"'., controlled huntlne area., botanlealgarden<, natlo""l lo.est priority a.en ~nd blO$phe~ ,eservH . There are also othe, tvPt. of PAS whith Include linds protected by belief .ystem., IOfeSt and pl3nt 'Cltn~lfi( !flea,ch p, oje"u. At pte.en!,the , I, e of the PA.I. estimated at 14" of the countr(' .. ea. Several PAs ,u<h a. such a. Alatl.~, Orno, Ma,e and Chebe,a Churchura ha"" bun gazened at ' " gio""l leYel, (YOUng. 2012) while seven ~'ion,,1 po.ks hive been g~zeued ot lede •• 1 leYel. All the Import3nt ecosy.tems in the country ore not ,ep,,,,ent"" In the existl", PM. This I. a major drawback 10' cOMervation of th,eatened endemic and unique .pecie •. Even the area. dedicated 10, wildhfe protection a,e faced w~1\ many p,oblems .uch as limited inst~ution.', lepl and financial capac~ies; population g'owth, delo,gtation, in~.'ive '~ie< and "pen aa:ess t" ,e"""c@,,'''''''''''Kln<>f natu,,1 h,!>;I.1 I" ag,icultural lands and ""erg,ning by I.,SI! Ij""$1"'~ popIJlotion (USAID/Af,ica, 2003; EWCA. 2009). Dlffe,ent PA s\'Slem. "f Ethiopia .,e presenled In Table 1 and figu,e 6. Table 1. P'''tecled . re. s\'Stems "I Ethiopia . ' , '--. .". 6. 0\>,,,,,,,,,,,,, 01 P,oI, ........ 1n 1'I0I0010 (V .. ucdenhh. oJ,. 2OU) 2.4. MlcroblaI8Iodl~ers~y Ethio"; Is believed to harbour ~ wide diversity of mi<robi. 1 ",.sources whith. I>cw .... er. are hardly e. plore d. colle<te<l. Identffied, chariOCterl,ed and co"",rved . .... mons the little known are those that a'e used Ito the ferment.tlon processes In tradilional foods .nd beve,.ges. diseases control. bioloaical pest control. 00;1 fenllity. ,eduction cf post·h.rvest losses. Impro"l". hum.n .nd .nlm.1 health, Improoing environment. 1 ,afely. redU(:lion of wa$lel and!or it, bioconve(liQn fnto useful product •. Researches on microb ... have been going on for the fa" four deades. Th ..... h .... been mainly driven to ,ene,ate data on some oumandinS agricultural and health problems and Initiated with the aim cf Identifyins and ch.racterizing microbe. with academic ,oals. Considerable numbers cf microbe, ha~e been Identified bv i",tituticns werking in the sedor. E~en though there e.lS\ limited <lat. on the number of cotlectlons held by the stakeholder In'tllutlon.. E81 h., Idenllf(ed and conserved 550 .pecles of b.cteria. fungi .nd microalgae in its genebank. Statu •• nd trends D.ta on the level cf Ihrea" to microbl.1 genetic resources of the country Is lacking. Ho-ver. all bctor< affetting ecosystem,. and plant and . nimol biod;ver<ity ore believed 10 affect directly or Indire<:tly the microbi.1 gcncti< re,ource base cf the country. Therefore. colle<lIng. Identifying and conserving .he mi<;robl.1 genetit resou, • .,. cf Ihe country will be • forthcoming major luk. 2.S. Cullural Ol~ersity Ethiopia I,. country of cultu,.1 mosaic. There e xls, ooer 80 dlfferen, ethni<; grouP"'. I.ngu~es. and d .. leets. whith are ... oclated with the e.iSlellCe of Inter· and Intra· elhnic OJilural dwer<ity ...... soci.ted with these dlver<e cullures. the country owns diver<e community knowledge and Innooalion, Includi". thai cf con"""ation and u,e cf biodiver"ty. Most of the rural communilies de~nd on community knowledge and inno~aticn\ for agricultur~1 prodvction. The farming tommunitOu and herders In " Ethiopia hove maintained d;verslfied crops, l;vestocl; and associated bkKIlvenity through their community knowledge and Innovation •. F,(m~(i, h~(d~'li, fiJherm~n,~ wild 100II 8~therer$ h'v~ dive'lit ~VilQm,ry I~Wi, whld\ hove been used 0< contribuled 10 the conserv.tiGn and .ustalnable use of nllural resourees of the eounlry. Ran«eland and other natural resources ma""aement strat"tlies of the 'Gada' .y.tem .mon." the Oromo people, partieulariy 80"",., the 'Gereb' herdinl and I""in& a .. ansements belween the Alar pastorali". and Ihe Tigrayan farmerS, the 'Oero' 'v.tem traditiona l " .. "and man.gement sV$tems used by Men, people In the Amh,r, regJon, and KOnso culturallandKaoe managemenl and the '~obo' svstem of Shek. (o<eit management In SNNPfIS are the most common traditional Instilutions Invoilt«l In biodiversity conservalion and sustainable utm.atiGn. Thi., to a lar"f:e extent, reflects the correlalion between blololical and cullural diversities. Stotu. and "en<ls Community knowledge .. sedated wilh the use of blodiversil-/ particularly "",,wledge of traditional medicine is eroding due to various factors. Genetic erosjon of plont and animal <pede<, weak inlegrotlon of Iradition.1 knowledge with mod. rn ",Ie""", negl""ting{und~rmining Indig~nou. knowledge .nd practice. ore some of lhe malo< fact"'s leading to Ie .. application of cultural practices relaled 10 biodiversity con.ervallGn and 'ustalnable use. Furtl\erm()(e, t,aditional institutions are weak""ed or undermi""d particularly by yoonser senerations and dev~loprnent .senei .... AII .... pl< ar~ beinQ made to ",udv and dotument <ommunity knowledge, parti<ul~rly those related to tradition.1 medicine and food, and edible wild planl< (EWPs). In Ethiopia, efforts a<e underway 10 reverse the d""lInlnS use of indigenous ~nowledee Ind cultural ptactl<:es. CHAPTER THREE 3. VALUES OF 810DIVERSITY AND ECOSYSTEM SERVICES E~QlYi\em1 ,n~ lhe t,>iQlQSklll lIiver:;ily ~QfI"inW wilhin lhem prqvide prqviliQning ~fGOd fresh water. fuel wood. fiber. blo<l>emic~ls. and genetic resourc ... ). suppo"ing (soH formal ion. nuUlent ~lil"\B. primary production). reaulalin& ~climale regulalion. di~a~ regulal"",. waler ~ulalion. wrlficalion and pollina,"",) and cultur.1 Ispiri.u.l. re ligiou.. r<,<rea'ion. "",,·,ourism. eS1he.ic. in.pira,i"".I. educa'ion.'. and cultural heri,age) services ,ha, are essential '0 the econom ic prosperity and OIher a.pecl. of human welfare. However. da,~ and Information on ,he monetary ,.'ue. of biod;ve ... ity and eco'VSlem ",rvlce. are .canty in E,hiopi •. Therefor .. informal ion providfld in this chap'et on •• 'ue, of """'VS.em '@r'\IiCfland biodi""rsity 01 Ethiopi. i. ""ry limi,ed. l.l. Values of Aarlcultur.' Oiv . ... ,ty ~.1.1. Crop sene. ', r • • ou" ... Crops have vital rol ... "' agricultural p<odu<tlon a. a dri,er for """nomic growlh and food ",curily. Fi..e major ""real. lIef. wheal, mai.e, .orghum and barley) conlribule 29% 10 Ihe agri<ultu'al GOP, 14"'0 the 10lal GOP and 64" to Ihe calories con.umed IESSP, WI I). Pul .... contribute 9.3" '0 ,he ,01.1 8"in producti"" and .re sources of Income for smallholder larmers. as. hl&h.r·value crop ,hon cereal. and a. a low cos, source of protein tha, accDlJnlS for approximately 15" 01 prOleln Inla"". Pul.es ha"" .ignificanl ,ole in E,hiopia', economy gene,ating an expo" earning of USD 129 million per annum (MoFED, 20101. Earning. from collee c""lribule 4·5" 10 the GOP, about 20% to the 80Yemment revenue and 60% to the 'Ot~1 foreign exchanse. Ethio;>i. i, .Iso one of ,he major produce rs of natural ilUm •. In the yea, 2009110. for example. ,he counlry "'ned USD 12.68 million from Ihe expo" of !ums and Incense IMoFED, 2010). Revenue obtained f,om .a,lou. agricullural p'G<iucts e.ported in 2009110 is summa,i,e<! in figu'e 7 and economic value of Ethiopian coffee genelic resour<;.s i. pf1!sented in Table 2. " •• 7. V ...... of """" ...... -..'" In :!(Ill lOl) I Jl1l/l01l I JlUnOH I JlU/2Ol~ Though the value. of lenetlc di"""ity a", wjdely 'Kogni",d, mOMtal)' va lUlltion has been made oMy 10' few of tM'" "'$(Iurces. Anothe, impo"a", gap i. tM o:onlMbution 01 genetic di"""ity tor adaptation to climate change. Adaptation costs will be hilh and tile v.lu. of genetic di"""ity to adapt al,lcuttural .e<:tor to dlanli,.,. Mv;,onmMtol o:ondition. could be ""ry 'i",ificant (MoFSD, 20ll). Cont'ibut ion of the wild coffee genetic ",.ource. fo' the world coffee Industry in b'eedi,.,. P'08'amme. fo' dl.ea", ,e.;>t.nce, low caUeine contento and incre.",d yields I, e>timated 10 Ne In , onles betweM 0.5 and 1.5 ntillion USO!yel', In the cominS 30 years, Uto. value weuld Ie up as high as USO 1.45 brUlon (Heln Ind Ga"weHer, 2006; Gottwe!ler ef <>I .. 2007). Table 2. Economic ~alue 01 Ethiopian coli.., aenetic """'ul"<e. Soo'<e: ""--"",.t". l:roo') l. I .2. Farm anlmallonetlc re ..... "es Liv"'t<><:k play Important rol", In provldi"8 food, hou"ohold Income, drought, fa.myard manure and fuet ecololiUl and "",iol function •. In add~ion, li"".toc~ serve a. "'Ul"<eo of commodit'" for CXpoil such a. live animal., meat and meat product., hid ... and "'iM, and honey .nd bee. wax to earn Ioreian ex<h.nae. About ~ 01 Ethiopian f. ,mel"$ use animaltrattion to plough their fields. ACCotdlng to MoHO 12(09), the conl~buUon of IIve.tock 10 Ihe GOP, "",cludlng ploughi"8 service. i. 25". If Ihe v.lue 01 their ploughi"8 se<"Yic ... I. included, I\ow"","" their conlribution to 1M GOP will ~.e up to 45" llGAO, 2011), inCf"""i"8 the 0,,,.,, 11 role of '8rlcullure 10 Ihe nalio",,1 GOP. Uv"'t<><:k ha"" 01>0 "",10 economic values In different culture. seNlng a. In.urance to mitigale rl.ks and as indicatOl"S 01 socia l statu •. In the la.t two decades, hide. and . kln. provided on a""rase 90% 01 offICial ~"".tock sector ""pott., whereas Iwe animal. and meat provided 6" and 4", respectively. AI pte .. nl, tM tOlal value oIl/\Ie.l<><:k .nd their product. ".nd. a t about 20" of . 11 n"'ionol e.pon. llGAO, 2011, IBC 20120). In 2003/2009, household expenditure on live.t<><:k product. woo estim",e(! at 1.086 billion USD, and Ihe IIveSl<><:k .ector ""pott. contributed to earn mo<e than 229 million USO lIGAO, 2011) . The economic contribution of Iwe.lOtk and fi.h .ector ""pon. in the yea< 2011 is .umma,i.cd in Table l. In Ethiopia, about one In 10 smallholder. keep beeo. Nationa l annual production of honey i. e.timaled al 43,800 tones (CS .... 2014b). The total aMual catch •• 01 r..h from la ke, and ,e,eNoir< have p,oduc~on potenti.l. of aboul SO,OOO lonn ... ""'ar. " However, onl, . bout 15,000 tOnnO'S .re bei~ prwuoed (FAO, 20(5). Contribution of thO'Se resource. to foreign earni~ is pre."nted In Table 3. High poPUla~on. 01 crocodil ... are found in protecled are •• In most 01 their di.tribution ranges, in addition to Arl><lminch Crocodile Ranch, and ,,,nerate 1,605,000 usa per annum (~youm Me~is\U er 01., WOS). There i. all-O one newl, esti<blished private cror:wilt farm loate<! near lake Chamo. Many insects are 01 ,reat u>eto man~ind >inee they are the primary agents of pollination and In most communities they occupy Intermediat" positions .font the food chain (IBC, 200S). Tab!e 3. Proportion ollive.toc~ ... eto< export in 2011 ...... .,.,cu,"'''' ,04 A",-"('Olll 3.2. forest and its {co.ySlem Senile". fO'tlt resources 01 €Ihiopi. h;>ve been contribulina 10 e«lnamle, ecoloeical and social benef~. at nationol and loal levels. Their biod"'.rsity pl.y vita l and d .... "" role. in en,urinS food secur~y, 2<1d ..... t.in.ble livelihoods for millions of households throughout Ethiopia. fO'''''' contribute an estimated 4" to the GOP through the production 01 honey, fore.t coffee, and timber. Recent estimate. indi'ate that about l6·~ of the total coffee production of the coumry ori,inatH lrom wild ond sem~ m.naged coffee fore.ts. The v.lue of wijld coffee is e.tlmate<l at 130 million Usa/annum (Mutu, .... lemenih, 20(9). Ecosy.tem ,ervic ... provide<! by the lorest biod iversity inciude pr""i"""i".. fegula~"3, .upporting and cultu,al ........ "' • . The t« omic, ecolOflicloland ,oc;"1 value ol,ome foreSts Is estimated to be about 6.~82 tri lion USotannum (Table, 4. 5 and 6). Other NTfP, .uch •• Io .. ge, from fore.t largely seNe as the feed sou"e, of lIve'tock in the country. Fodder d~vinl from lorests provide, 10% and 60% of the livestock Iud in the wet .nd dry .e •• on, r~<pect;..ly. 1.1>10 4. Gross annual values 01 major non-wood forest product' of Ethiopia SOu,," ................... "0001 Simil",tv, many edible wild plants ha..,., ,upplementary, ,eason.1 and the ontv source ollood lor a "anille.nt number 01 "".1 population. durin. limes of critleal lood shortage. In Benshangul Gumu~ region, lor ~ample, edible wild pranl$ wnlribule 30 to 40% to food "",ur~y in nor .... 1 and at l ime. of food .hon.ge. Service. provided by other ecosystem. 01 lhe country Ire descnbed In the re.pective seclionslO>lpter 2). However. monetary value, of these ,ervlce. have not thus far been qu.nt~led . Table s. Annual p'oduction of wood product$ and thel' 'f"Spective •• tun SOu"'.: .......... ...-,~) " Table 6. Estimates of annual economic values of some forest ecosystem services No. Forest service type Values of Ethiopia's forest Ecosystems (in million USD) 1 Climate regulation 892 2 Water regulation 24 3 Water supply 32 4 Erosion control and sediment retention 980 5 Soil formation 40 6 Genetic resources 164 7 Recreation 448 8 Cultural 8 9 Nutrient recycl ing 3,670,000 Total 6,280,000 Source: Adapted from Forum for Environent (2009) 3.3. Wildlife and Ecosystem Services in Protected Areas Protected areas have both direct and ind irect values. Di rect values include generating fo reign currency, recreation, tourism and employment. In terms of ecosystem services, protected areas play pivotal roles in providing eco logical functions such as watershed protection, soi l stabilization and erosion control, provision of clean water and associated filtrat ion and storage functions, climate stabilization and carbon sequestration. These benefits contribute indirectly to the national economy. The annual economic value of PAs tha t are managed under Ethiopian Wildlife Conservation Authority (EWCA) is estimated at 1.5 billion USD (Tab le 7). Table 7. Estimates of values of different se rvices of PAs in EWCA managed areas Services type Values (in million USD) Biodive rsity 112 Watershed 432 Carbon sequestration 938 Total 1,482 Sources: Adapted from EWCA (2009) 3.4. Microbial Genetic Resources Microbes have both direct and indi rect economic va lues. However, data on values of microbial genetic resources in Ethiopia is limited. Microbes play pivota l rol es in 42 preparation of traditional foods and local drink. beth In t~e rural and urban area. of the country. Traditional food •• uch as Injera, Xocho. Sull. and C,,", ... e. Md local drink •• uch a. Tella, Tej, Borde, Cheka and Areke .'" the mean. 01 li ..... lihood . nd source. 01 income for million. 01 rural .nd urban commun~'e' of the country. In many pan of the country ....... er.1 .pecie. of mushroom .re considered.s delicious food. and curren,1y small scale mu.hroom farming Is emere;lng In urban area. benefiting thousands of low income ho .... ehokl. with KOnomic contrib<l!ion. With growth of 'gro.lndustrie •• udl as dairy, bever'ge, food and eth.n<>i production, and he. kh tor, contribution of microbial genetic ",.ouree. to nati""al economy i, increasing ""er 'ime. Pul .... are one of the moS! import.nt (tOP! th.t have .ignificant .... Iue. In the national and local economy. Yield. 01 pulse trops depend on available .oil nitrogM fixing micro~. Sjmllarly, role. of microbe. In biochemical proce.se, that contribute to improved plant nu!r'ent av.ilability .uch u mineralization. phosphate sOlubilization •• Ideropho",s production. plaM growth regulalion and Induced resistance have been repor1ed lor difl",en! farming systems, including EthiO!>ian coffee (Colfea arabica) and trad~ion.' '8ro·forestry sys'em (Diriba Muleta, 20071. " CHAPTER fOUR 4. CAUSES AND CONSEQUENCES Of BIODIVERSITY l OSS 4.1. tIlrect cau",. ud Con",quenoe. 4. 1.1. Habitat convel'$lon Conve";on of natuc.1 foce .... gc, 'ins land., woodland •• and wetl.nd. into ."i<ultur.llond and settlement ore >ome of the thrlOllt> to biodi"" .. ity of ftMopl •. In some af"NS, land use change resullO'd In the 10 .. of nearly all species 01 fauna and flo," on·site .nd led to i""",.sing lroemen13tion of th .. remainins ecosystems. A. a re,u~ 01 15" exp.noion 01 ",ricullu .. ' land in yea" 2005·2010. s"nificant portion, 01 high fo",.t •• woodland •• rang~and. and wetlands have been wnven<!d Into commercial agricultural farming ,uch as tu. rice. sugarcane. bio-fuel plants and coffee plantations. In o<der to .chl ...... target> set for the "Owth of 0Briculture sectOr for """" 2010 through 2030, land ">$><Insinn 013.9" per annum i. required. under "busine .. lOS usual- scen.rio. this will (ontinue to affect ecosystem. and biodi"" .. ;,y of the country. e.pe< ially of the high forest .nd woodland .ru.IMoFED. lOll). Att~buted to high population srowth. demand for arable land by small scale farme .. has also Incrused from time to t ime. AS the resuk. the gene pool of Co/fro oroblco is. foc example, highly endanger<!d by illCfn,inB human encroachment and la nd-u.e chanBe. Funh .... more. ever IncreaslnB human encroachment Into eale Mountains. Awash. Semien Mountains. and Abijata Shalla National Parks is affecting the eco.yOlem. of the.e parks. The negat;'e impact. 01 I.nd use c~ang .. in the.e PAs i"'lude degradation and .hrinkage of natural KosyOlem •• 10« 01 biodM!-r<itv and eCOSV.tem ..,rvOte .. 4. 1.Z. Un,ustalnable uti!l.ation Un.u".inable utili,otion 1000er.ruingfbrowsins. horv ... tins. hu~tinsl 01 bOoIogic.1 ,esources I •• malo< threat to biodi""rsity and O"CO.ystem services In EthiOpia. for example. unregulated and uncontrolled fishing. .Iong with other factors such as soil ero.ion ~nd un",,,.inabJe u tiiz~tion of water r".ourt'" for d"""topmen", ~ •• thr"~t<oned tabeobarbU$ f'>h In ta ~e Tana. Similarty, over horv"'tina h~. thr".t"ned timber tree .pee ..... uch as flo~n;" obys<mico and medicin.' plants .petie •• uch .. Tow.rniefo obys<inko. Overa,",in&/brow.;ng by live<todt ;n many c<o.vs.ems, Indud;". rangtlandS has also contributed to tht degradation (increased erosion, de<:reased \luaiw and I>'oouctillity of range .e.ourte., reduction o. elimination of the natural regeneration of woody .pecle. and highly palatable forage .~i ... ) of .angeland. and forest ecosystem •. The con'''<Iuence of these impacts includes ecclog .... , disturbance, loss of s~ie. and """,VStem "'M""S; thereby affecting ~velihood. of the local communi,ie •. Furthermor", over pumping or drainage of water f.om I. kes and wetland. has re.ulted In loss of hobit.,. and .pecie. o. i. ,he case for take Ha.amaya. The Incre .... In population In Ha.ar town and k'o the lake watershed r.ised hillh demand for municipal water .upply. Be.ides, f.,mers in the woterShed of the I. ke were pumpi". water mainly to ;rrigate commerci., crop •• uch a. that (Catha eduU.). Thew re.ulted in eventual di»ppe .. ance of the la ke, '''''''rely ,ff""ting the local communities whose livelihood. we.e ba.ed on the la~e resou.ces (Brook temm., 2011). 4.1.3. ln ••• I . .. . pecleo Inva.ille species cau.e biodiversity loss by compe"'" with native s~ies for leed and habit.t and .'tering the phy.ical environment in way. that exelude nat .... • petie •. About 35 alien and indlgen"". in.asive .petie. h.ve betn identified in Ethiopi •. These .pedes are negatively affecting agricultural land., rangel,nd., n.tlon.1 parks, water wovs, la~e., rivers, power d.ms, ro.d sides and urbon green spa"'" with huge economic IS well I. soti., consequence. on national ,",onomy ond local livehhoods. FunhetmO(e, Inva.ive ,pe<i~. ""ve I>o!en threatenin, local biod""rSity and ecosy<tem .ervices. Inva,lve ollen specie. Major inva.i .... alien spede. documented In Ethiopia in<lude me"'luite. (Pro"",;' julif/orol. ponhenlum w«d (POnhenlum hylltr()phon,Js). water hya(ln,h (~k""'nla C",.,/p..,-) and lan,"~ weed ((alllono comoroJ. Recent .urvey repon. Identified other 1"" .. lve alien specie. such as Oyploslegi<> grOMi/loro. Perk/Monlo «Weela.. Mimoso diplorolrlcflo and Nicolicno (Jiouco (Reoene F ... sehaie el 0/. 2012). Prruopi. ju/ij!ora has Men aUr ... """Iy I""ading rangeland, in many part. of th e coun.ry partil;ularly the Middle and UPper Awnh Valley. WeSte'" 00(1 h.,ern Horerle rone •• ond Afar 00<1 Som.11 'elion •. It I. replacl"1I more nutritive btowsing veset.tion. reduclnl the overall blodlvers~y of the areas; reduclns the carryinl capoeitie. of rangelands. IncrN.ing incidence of crop pests and couslng health problem. (damaging eye. and hoo"".) 01 both domestic and wild onimal •• eventually leading to dut .... Inlo,ma,'on from the Agricultural buruu 01 the Af .. region indleoted that .he total cove"le 01 P. julifloro on allriculturol land. and " "leland. wn 87.198holn 2012. Parthenlum hy.terophot .... I •• preadlng rapid ly In many .. ngeland .rea, and larmlond. of AI ... Somoli. O"""io. Amha .. and GamMlia ",.ions. causing enormous reduction in lorolle production. Yield 10 .. ". due to Parth" nlum weed In $Orghum reached 46·97". depending on thel"".tion.O<I year. Manual ",,",rol of Parthenlum by f.rmers ,e.ulted In develQlling .~in .lIerSie •• Itching. lever •• nd o"hm~ In .ome of lhe farmers who Involved In .uch weed control practices. Annual social """ of Partheo; um weed In Ethiopia was estlmaled to be about 4.365.057 USO (Re"'ne f .... ehaie,.' a/ .• 20ll; IBe. 2012dl. Eichorn'" cre.,lpes Is .1$0 bea)mlng' ... ,Iou. threat In the Awash bo.ln (Won)1 ~nd Koka reservoir areas) and lake Tana. !t obstructs 1"lsotion. affKtlng productiv~y and biodiversity of the aqualic ec"'ysterns. At Won~ Shewa SuS", Estate. impact ... e .. ment of water hyacinth infe.ted .reas of 116.411a of irrisation water reservoirs •• Kond.rv . nd tertiary irrigation water .... pplle ••• 0<1 border &nd centrol drain. revear.d that the weed Inflicted ""ces< 10< •• hat I. estimated In range. from " 393.660 to 2..945.16Om' of water, restrictlns water now, thereby Inc .. ,~ns '1ln<licont management cost lRe.ene Fess~hale et al .. 20121. Invasive s~lu s .. ch as Ar~mO"e me><kana, /.an'ana c"maro, CtypWS!i9mo grondi/oifo and Mlmoso sp. have ca .. sed .......... e clama", by ,educlns c'op and Io<at,e Vlelds, dl.pl.cln, Indlleno .... peeles ond .Idlns tile . pread 01 crop pe.ts. earmlne co<hlne.llDacly/<>piu. ''''<us ,o.tal, an In ... ct that wI< Introduced Into th. country in ~OOl 10< product"'" of cochineal dye [Tu/ave Belov and ~immermann, 20061. h .. been ,"u,illS heavy damase on ,octu, ,ped". IOwnti<> /lcus'indirolln Tisrav. IIOtthern Ethiopia. IndIIMo .. , woodv ,,"c,oache .. Encroachment of Indl",I10'" woodv .pecles ha. been a"""'8 tile malor th,eats to the li"e~hcods of pastorallSlS. biodiver"ty and «o<ystem ",Mce • . Some of the major woody enc,oach"n In Ethlopi. Include Ac",i<> dreponalobium, A. ""'la/a, A. mt/filt,o and C(}l1rmiphoro a/,j(;tma. These woody enc,aochers h.~ been dec,easi". 8' ....... nd ,,",ing land, ,,,.ullins in I.ck of 10f. ge fe,oUrc" • . funhefmo'e, enc",,"chment of the.e woodV plont. ho"" been c.u.InS lowe' lIe,b:teeou. biomass, alterl"ll soil carbon and nltroSen pools, and cont ~b .. tlns to loss 01 de.l, able {o<ase species (Gem""" Daile el a/ .. 2(06). 4,1.4. Climate chonge OVer the la.t decade •• temperature In Ethiopia Increa.ed It about 0.2"C per decade. The Incre .. " In minimum temperat""" Is more pronounced with ,ou!hIV 0.4"C per """ade. Precipitation, on the other hand, ",main"" lai~v .. abl~ O~r ,he I ... SO ~ars when a aged over the coun,ry. Howe~r. 'he Spatial and tempOral varlabiUly of pr""lpita1ion I. high (Keller, 20091. Climate change has cau.ed .dverse ~colo.l<aI. economic .nd .oclal Impacts In the country. One of th. impacts Is reduction in tM length of "owlns ... a.on< ,hat has r~sulted In tM los. of mony Ions dura'ion "orie'ie •. Moreover, i' ha. made lorge morBinal ogrloukur.1 .reu out of production. Information obt.ln"d from tM 8ur".u ., 01 Ag,iculty,,, of Ben,hangul Gumu. r"Sion indiGot .. that Kuncho, an improved va,ietv 01 tel, is atlKled by I"t" "in. Clim"le ch"nge "Iso "lters the underlying ag'c eco,y,'em, th,ough elevated lem ature, and CO, I,......r" leading to chonges In crops pest, and dl,use actMtle, and populotlon lewl,. Addillonally, climactic variables Influence the 'pread of wctor-borne diseases through delermlnlng the distribution and growth ,ale 01 vKtOrs and shortening the I~e cyde (H ... 1y and Clavid, 2001). The vnt genetic 'flOU'C'" of lhe ""untry and the p'e,ence 01 II :wapted varietie. are i""alu.ble .",",rce, of .dapt .... e traits that are important for .ustainable agrkulturol p<odu<tlon and adaptaliM to new cllmotlc: conditions. The Seed. fo' ~<>ed •• pproach Implemenled by EBI ond other r"",a"h Institution. in Ethiopia in .... I~bo,ation with Bio""r<ity Inte,national dearlv .how"" the potential of genetic d~r<itv to provide option. to adapt to climate chonge {Engel. am;! Kawlle., 1991, De)ene K.ssahun, 2D14J. Climate ch.nge also c.u .... ,lIort.ge of I ....... tock f<>ed., di,,,,,,,, outbreak, change In d~.... distribution and shrinkaS" of rangeland<.. Furthe,,,,or,,, it tau .... d ..... ,,;rIC. tiOn, 10'"'' lire, high "vopo·t'an,pi'ation, and d,ought. Fo' e .. mple, prolonged d'OUBhl Ihot oc<:u'red for consecutive years In Boren> ,one of O'omlo and Somali reBion. ha., '''portedly. , .... ulted In 10 .. of animal •• especially tIIttle. Du,ln! this time, rangelond. w .... e des'aded and there were .hortage. of ""ater and leed. In some places, c~mate change lavored bu.h encroachment .uch as Acocia dreponolobium 10 i""ade the rangeland •. Other ell"" .. 01 <Iimale .ha<\le include los. of t'aditio .... 1 instilulion. and •• so.~ted knowfedg<!/r>racti"" •. 4.1.5. Replacemenl 01 f.rme,,' variet ies and breed, Ae,iC~lt~,,,1 biod .... e'sity providts esunti,,1 ,~w m~teri,,1s fo, improvine Ihe produ<tivity and quality 01 crops, liwstock, fish ~nd other resource •. However, due to high .l1entlon to the Improved varieties m.ny f. ,mer" varie~ ... Ib<ee<l, of both plants and animal, have been replaced. According 10 the InlormatlM from the Bureau of Agriculture of TtvaV re!ion, farmers' varieties of wheat (locally caDed .. "Shehan". "Gerey" and "Gomad"). b.~ey ("Demhay" and "Guna,a") and wrghum ("Gedallt") h .... e been Ioc.olly lost due to VarlOY5 factors. Including wider use of improved ~arietie5. EOSA (2007) reported that about 77% 01 durum wheat has been replaced by improved varieties in E."e,n Shewa, mainly due to di.placement by bread whe;>( varieties which tool< place gradually in • time of three deude •. Sheko caltle breed I. amons Ihreatened loal breeds. resulllnS from Inte,breedln8 w~h the local .ebu breed and <honse. In the production system (IOC. 20(9). Similarly, chicken genetic "'sou""'s 01 the country are highly aff<><ted by replacement by exOtiCS and their c,o •• es. Generally, los. of agricultural blodillerslty re.ult. In 10 .. of ecoIOlli""l. economic. nutritional and cultur.1 benefits. and Increa.es ~ulne'.blllIY to climate change and food In.ecurity. 4.1.6. Pollution Imp'~, manaSemen! of wlid and liquid wastes Is one of lhe main cau .... of environmental ~Ilulion and deBradation in many pla<cs. Many of Ihese places lack wild and liquid wa.te dis~sal regulalion< and proper di,~sal facilitie., Including for h"mlul wa.te •. Such waSteS may be inlectiOus, toxi<: Or radioao:t;w,. Poor waSte management pose •• sre., cl>allenge to the bl<>dlversily. due 10 the polenliol of the wa"" 10 ~IIUI" water. land. oir and vegetallon. Potent",1 effects 01 ~lIutoonts on eC"'¥Slems and its biodiversity Include changes In the abundance of species, 10 .. of sp«ies. modification of habltals. reduction in $Oil. water and ,ir qualitv. and chan«<>< to the stability and ,esilience of eC"'y"em •. In rural are ... irription. run-off from farming actl"llle. contalnln, Insecticides, fertlli.ers and herbicides Ihat have been applied to crops are alfec~ing a<lua~ic and wetlond organi.m •. E"",,,ive draining of nl~rogen and phosphorous from ogrlcultural fields to fre.h water .vstenu ha. <Iused exce .. ;.,.e plant and alsae growth due to el't'ophieation that lead. 10 depletion of o><vgen as well as 10 othe, environmental problems. wtolcl\ In lurn will ~use 10 .. of specie •. Major cau .... 01 PO!lu~ion to aquat ic and wetlond eco.y.tem. In Ethiopia .re large and .mall scale faclorle. which have unregulated wa.te dlspo .. 1. They are cauolnS .. major damage to the nearby aqu"iC and wetl~nd l!(osystemSthrough dePOSition of hea"Y metals as is the case In Akaki !liver. and Aba",muel and ~oka reservoirs. MOj<>r I. rge·scale hum.n K tMtles producl", d.",erous pollutants In Ethiopia Include sarase •• petrol stations. tanne~e • . slausllter houses. market centres. breweries; te.,ile. chemical, tobacco, thread and &arment. and p.i ntlact<)(~.; hospitals, oil ond flour mills. metalwork, and carw .. ~ins. 4.1. Indirect Causes 4.1.1. Dem..,raphlc chanle POpUlation Vowth is dire<;lly corre l.,ed with incrUst in rflO\lr« consumption. Uncontrolled popUlation growth pUts undue pressures on all natural reoources of the country. At pre,ent. Etl\lop;,o's popUlation has ru cl>e<! to 87.9 million. The population has Incre .... d eve. the last th.ee decades. lrom 42.6 mill ion In 1984 to 53.5 mi l ion in 1994 and 13.8 million in 2007. and i. expected to readlll6 million by 2029 (CiA and ICF International, 2011; CSA, 2014). The population increase <Oust< expansion and inteMmeatiM of land u.e, ove. utili.otioo of bi<>icgicol . esou"" .. exploitation of marginal 10ndS . nd the weakening of lradition,' .esource· management .ystems. A> the resul,. il is putllng undue pressu.e. on.1I eeo.y .. em • • nd blcdivers~y of the coun,'¥. 4.1.1. Po""rtv i'<nIerty, ""rtlcul.rIy In situadons where people depend di'eC1ly u~ eonsumption of biodiversity or othe. natural ' e rce s for survival. Is one of the causes of blodiversl,y 10 ....... Poverty prevents peopie and nations Irom . ssu .... "'lonS·'e.m economic on<! environmenlO l attitudes. There exist • • vicious circle of poverty. reoource dogodation ond furthor impo""rishmetl' In Ethiopia. Poor farme,.. fishermen, ",,<lora Ii'" and other "",rs "",ract wholtYer they can from the envi'onmenll0 support their families. ACeo.dinS to 1 data from CSA (20140), the notlon.1 poverty heod count Indice. and inequ.l;ty h •• reKhed 26% (Mof~D. 2014), th is together with ~18h unemployment '~'e 0' 17.4% In a tles (CSA. 2014c). ore creatine huee p.essu.e on ,he countrYs biodiversity and eeosys,em services. 4.l.l. low level of awarene .. and lac~ of coordination Contribution of biodm.rsity and """'y>lem .ervic,,", to the national """n<>mv and ~u~t.in.ble development are underv.lued due to low level of ~.~ne-s~. Decision makers and local c<>mmunille-s oft"" toke actio"" thai ne~liv"ly affeci iv"rslty and ecosy>tem ... ",ices. la<k of ,elevant and timely information to the public . nd de<i.ion makers I. another ract'" fo, 10 •• or blodm.rsitv and un ... stalnable utili'atlon or re~Ource~. Biodiversity and eco~y'tem ~ervice~ are not well main~tre.med into the formal e<luCiltion .y>tem and other relevant 0 ... Community knowled$e on biodl~rslty" lIS cultural practice. In the management of biodi ..... iW and eco.yst""" are not well !>'emoted and appHed. The,e are .eve,.1 s,.kehoklers (in~titutio"". researchers. policy maker~ and publOc) working on biodi~rsity con ... "'ation and .ustainable utili •• tion. However. further st'engtlK>ni~ of coo,dlnatlon of the "a~el>oldcrs I. ,equ""d for tlK> effective con.e",.tlon and ... stalnable utlll,ation of biodiversity and eco.ystem •. Summary of th,eats '0 Ethiopia", biodive,.~y and thei, root causes are pre,ented in Table 8. " "' .. ' ... " . ......... ' ... L " ~-..,,- ."" .. --.... ~ CHAPTER FIVE 5. INSTITUTIONAL AND LEGAL FRAMEWORKS 5.1. In<lituI;on. 1 F",mework. Ethiopia 1Ia. taken a number of fundamental meas"",. on biodm.rsity conse",ation and promolion of .u5lainable ulili.ation includina putting in place domes"c le8i.'alions and upvadin«tM lormer Plant Genetic Resource. (en"e 10 Elhiopian Biodive"ity In<lilul" <0 that il can ""01 with plont, animal ond microbi., biodiVOlr"ly and tMir ",.pe<:tiV<! ecosvstem, ., we ll •• associated community knowledge. The counlry has been working toward. Integrated Implementation of the Ihree objective. of the Convention on Biolo.lcal Diversity (C80) and 10 thai effect. mandated the EIhiopian o;odive"ity Inst~ute to coordinate and implement these objecIives In ""nSUltalion with all rele.anl stakeholders Including rea;onal stal .... Major .ctors In biodiversity Ind eco.ystem seNice. related acli.itle. Include MOrtlstry of Agriculture and Nawral Re.ource •• Ministry of Uvestock and FI.he.i .... Ethiopian Instilule of Ag.O<ullu •• ' Resea.ch, Elhiopian Wildlife Conse",ation Aulhority, Mini" .... of En";rooment, fo..", and Climate Change (1M then EPA), HigM. ~arning In"~utioo., Mini" .... of Cultu.e and Touri,m, Regional Bu.eau. of Ag,'cultu.e, ond Envi.onmenl and Fo .... , o. II a. For ... , and Wildlife, and p. storal Agencle. of the .eglon •. The aCIMlie. of these a.e financed by Ille budge" allocaled from the feder.1 and .egiONI ,ovemments. 8eskle •• there are several InlernaHonaL ",«ional and local NGO. thaI are involved in biodm.rsity related aCli"~i ... in £thiopia. S.2. 1.<>.01 f.am .. worl, ethiopia I. 54'" slgnato .... to tile C80 and .atined tile c"""enllon in 1994 (Negaril Gazeua, 98/1994). Elhiopia is .'so signal",..,. to multilateral biodiversity related agreements and convenlion .... ch a . CITES, CMS, workl He~t'8e and A£WA. Tile following are m~jo' lesal f,"mewor~. Iholgover" Ihe CO""""'Olion, .u"~ln.ble u.e ond access to senetic resources and the fa ir and equitable s","'ing of benefits " arl"ng from utlli>atlon of the genetic resource, and ... oclated community knowledge in E'hiopi~. Constitution 01 the f ederal Democratic Republic 01 Ethiopia The Con.titution I. 'he ,upreme law 01 ~II laws (Negaril Guetta, 1/1995). Con.titUlion 01 lhe Fede",1 Oemocralic Republic 01 EtMopia ha. " 'egraled eM/lronmcnlallaws which address CO",.,NaTion and sUS1ain~ble developmenl. The envlronmenlal rights pro .... ed under Ihe Constitution require Ihat human. animal and ellVironmenUI health of lhe country be prol""led. Ethiopian Climate Re ,i lient Gree n Economy strategy (ZOIl) A, set lorth In the Growth and Transfe<mation Plan. reaching the planned middle income sta"" before 2025 will require Ethiopia 10 boo<t its .gr;a.llural productivity. ""'"gIMningthe Indu"rial base. and lo .. erlng export growth. Ethiopia i •• Iso aware 01 !he impo<tant r<>le that developing counlri ... play in li1Ih1l"g climate change, and h .. conseQuenlly laken on a constructive role in Interna1l0mll climate negOlia1l0n .. Ethlopla's ambition 10 become a "green economy fronl·n,,"ner" Is an expression of ils polential for and beliel in • su'tai ... ble model of Browth . If [thiDl>i. we", 10 pursue. convenUonaleconomJc development path 10 achieve Its amb~lous tarBet., the ""ulling negative environmen,"1 impact. of. intM olio. veenhw,e g •• emi"ion would lollow the patlern. observed .11 .round the globe. Therefo",. Ethio"," ',,1< devi,ed a strat"llY lor Climate Re,men, Green Economy (CRGE) tha' will allow. green growth palh and fosters development and .u"ainabilily. The CRGE in~ial;'e follows a .ecloral apP'OIch, and as p~rt of Ihe strategy. Ihe !OVernmenl I>as .. I""ted four inilial;. ... namely: exp'oitin! the vast hydropower potenlial; 1",«<,' $C"~ promotion ol.<I\I.nced rural cooking I""hnolo,''''; elficiency improvements 10 the li""<lode val .... choin; and Reducing Emi,,'on< I,om OefOll!"aHon and i'<Ire" Degradation (REDO) • • 1M be .. chance. 01 promoti"ll !,:rOWlh Immediately, <3pturl"ll I.rge a!>atement potentl •••• and a"rac,ing eli"",'e finance lor !heir Implemenlal ion. .. Growt~ ~ nd Tr~n.form~tlon PI. n (~0101 The Growth and Tronsfo,mation Plan (GTP) i. b3sed on • pre .... ou' ~.n, namely, a Plan fo' Accele 'j\td and Sustained Dtvtlopment to End Poverty (PAS[)£P), the guiding plan for 2005/D6-~009/1O straleeic Ir.mewo<k and w.s built up on Sustainable Development and Poverty Reduction ProSrlmme (SDPRP). GTP is 0 five vear pl.n (2010/11·2014/15) and I. directed toward, .chie .... ng Ethiopia', long te,m ..... ion and sustaining the rapid iOnd b'ood b3std economic growth anchored on the e.perience. thot h .. been dr"wn Irom implementing development policie. and ",atesfel; and undert.~lng pol icy me.,ure. lor \he challenge. Ih.\ hI. ~n SlJrhced In the course of Im~ement.tion, The overriding development agenda 01 G~ Is 10 SlJst.in rapid ond brood·based growth palh witnessed during the past several ve.rs and eventually end poverty, Ethiopia', >lrolegy 10< su>lalnln! lhe rapid and brood-based srowth path hlns.s on seven plll. rs, namely: ,uSlalnlns loster and equitable economic growth, maintaining aB'icullu,e as a major sou,,,,, 01 economic B,owth, creating la"",able condilions 10< Ihe industry 10 play key fole in Ih" economy, e nhancing expan,ion ond quolitv of inlrutr""ture d ... elopment, e nhandng exp.nsion ond quality 01 ,,,,,i.1 development, building capacity and d« pen sood governo",e, ond promoting women ond youlh empowerment ond equitable boner-t. The obJective. Ind actlvitl'" of GTP .re, In/er olia, linked to enllironmentll issue, In Ethiop;" Nationallesal Irlmeworl<s, National Economic ne •• lopme nt Str. t.gy (19~3) The 8uiding stralegy unde, the National Economic Development is known os the Ai:ncultural Developm~nl led-!ndustriali'allon (AOU). This 'IraleiY funher developed In\o """Ioral ,\ra\egle. Ihol include ogrlcullure, indu.\ry, mining. population srowth, technological prosre .. , and economic ond social inf" ",,,,,,ure. Th~ Con~",alion S"al~1V 01 Ethiopia (1997) The eonse",ation Strategy 01 Ethiopia (eSE), approved by the Council 01 MinlOlers in 1996, provides a comprehensive and ratiooal approach 10 enlliloom ental management In a very broad ""nse, e"""'ing natfonal and regfonal SIr.teale" setto,"1 and eros< ,ectoral policies, action plan, and P"'8,"mme, a, well ., providing the ba,i. 10( development 01 appropri.te in<titutional and legal f,ameworb lor 'he Implementa'ion. I, abo deol. w<,h !>,ovOding ... ro'egie frameworl< for In'egratlng envlronmen,al planning In,o a new and e,.;,tlng policie. and projects. It m.I"I~ I«ognl,es the Importance of incorporatinS environmental factors into d"""lopment actn.itie. Irom the beginning $0 that plan"",. may take Into accounl envl,,,,,mental prot&Ilon a, an essential component of e,,,,,omk:. soci.1 and cultural development. [nvircnme"tal Policy (1997) The Envll"O<1menlal Policy of £thfopia 1Ia. an overall loalto ImPfove Ihe health and q..ali .... of the Iii" of 311 EthiOj>iaM. and !>'ornOte sustainable <acial . nd ~onomic d"""lopmen! by adopting environmental management principles. TIle policy Include, Imporl.nt requlremen .. for envlrcnmentallmpact .,,,,,.,ment (EIA) such . , recognition of the need for EIA to acldress social. soc",' eecnomic, politicol and cultu,al Impact<, In .dd~ion Ic physical and bietoeicol Impacts; i"",,,,,,,ation of impact containmen, mea.u"'s w<thin the de'ign Pfocess, ond for miliaaHon mUSureS and contingency plans to be Incorporated within w vironmental imp, ,, ... temen,,; e",atlon of a legal frameworl< f", the EIA proces •. Including a coordinated In"~ution.1 framework for the "."cullen and awroval of EIAs and environmental audits; development of delalled t&hnl ... 1 ""ctoral «ul<lell"". lor EIA and environmental auditing; and EIA and audiling capacity and capabilities within the Minist,.., 01 Environment. Forest and Climate Change Ithe then EPA). ,eetoral minfstri .. ond .genc .... a. well o. in the regfon •. Proclamation on (nvlre~m en'.llmp.ct A,,.,.om,,,,, (No. 299/2002) Thi. p.ocl.m""'n m.~". (nvironmen,.1 Impa" "'..,,,men, (EIA) mandatory f," ope<lfIe<l O"'e80~f!1; of ot,n.i,ie, "ndenaken elth .... by the pUblic or private .""t"". The EIA, mu" be prepared b~ the proponent, and .""iewed by either the Mini",.., of Envl.onment, Foreot and Climate CIIange or "'glonal bureaU'S/asend"" dependi~a on the .ituation. The EIA guidelil\fl ""t the projet,> into th'ff cotegori .... n.mely: proJeas that may ha ..... "BIIlntant en"'rot\mental Impact. and therelore require det.iled field In"""ig.tion .nd • full EIA Schedule. proje<.'> who ... type. "".Ie or other relev.nt char.cteristics have potenti., .0 cause «>me 'iBI!ificant environmentlllimp/l(;l, but are not likely to warrant full env"onme n'allmpaClltudy and tho ... ",ojea. whkh generally do not require en"'ronmental analysi. bKau ... • hey h ...... negligible IX mlnim.1 direct di"urb.nce on the environment. Pro"amalion On Environm""tal Poilu lion COnlrollNo. :roo/2oo2) This proclam.tion provide. the N.;, for Ihe d ..... lopmenl of rele .. ant environmental .. andard. and 10 m.ke violatiot\ 01 tM'" standard, • punishable act b .... d on the polluter pays principle. Envlronmen,,'lnspe(;lO'" a.t to be n slened by tM Mlnl,try of (","ronm,""t.. For .. t and C~matt Change (the then EPA) or regional e n .. ironm ent office. and thre.holds No ..... been .et for Industri.l •• gr;cullural and dome"'" "'."e. IEPA, 2003). in<lust,,,,1 Pollullon ~e8ulatlon (No. 159/2008) The Councif of Mini>ler< .ppro,",d ~e8ul.tion No. 159/2008 to pre ..... nt indu'trial pollution In >''''''dance ",~h Anlcfe 20 of .he (n"'ronmental pollution con"oi Procl.mation No. 300/2002. The ~egul.tion provides a , ... t.t ion period of rove ye ... for e,i"lng Industrle. <lurln, whlth they .re e"l>"Cle<I to .educe the strength of their effluents 10 lie wilhin the indu.tri., "andard, IEPA. 2003). Rural land Admlnl.".tlon and U",IProc:l.mation No. 456/2005) This law define. tM .tate ownership of ru.al land and Ihe lenure .iShl. of the land O<:CuP~nt In(I""lng rights to 'prOPerty p.oour:ed on his land'. rightS of Inter gener.tional tenure t.onsfe •• and riehts 10 e",hange land ond limited leasing .ight>. Provislot\. are m.de for t~e registration an<l cef1;f,cation of t""ure righlS. lhe rural land administr'lion and lond u ... ,. .'" be;ng Implemented by the ,egional ... tes. " Developm ..... t, Con.eNation and Utilization of Wildlife ("'oclamatlon No. 541/2007) The m'iQf obieo;li.ei of the Proo;l,m"ion ~re to wnl'Ne. mf"llBe. okvel911 ,n~ property utm.e the wildlife reSO<Jrce. of Etlliopla; to create cOtld~lons necessary for discharsins sovernment ol>!iS3tion. assumed under resional and international treatie, reg.rdi", conservation, de""lopment, and utili •• tion of wildlife, .nd to promote wildlif@.ba,edtourismandtoencoura8eprivatein",,"ment . Natlonall'ol!cy on 81od1""",lty Con,eNation and Research (1998) The Nalion.1 Blodi""rsitv Conservation and Research PolicV (1998) provide, $uidelinM for conservation, developm.nt and ,uslainabl@ us. 01 biod;"'ersitv. The policy obJecti .... are en.u,lns that senet", ' ..... u": ... and .... enti.1 e<:<>.y>tem. of the CO<Jntry .re wnserved. developed and .u".lnably used .... efllns natlon.1 soverel!ntv over genetic resources. enriching Ihe country's biological 'esources through restoration. inlograting biodiversitv conservation with SKt",.1 and eros." se<lo(31 ,,,.tet"" .nd programme •• recogni'ing and protecti". community knowledge. ensurina that the 1oc. 1 (Ommuni,ies ,hare benefil' a'ising f,om Ihe use of ae"",ic r<tSOU,Cfl and community know!.dg@ and ",omoling regional and Inte,natlonol cooperation . Access to Genetic R ..... u'ee. and Communitv Knowledge. and Communitv Rights Proclamation (NO. 482/2006) and Regulation (16,/2009) Afte, ratifylOS the Convention on 810lOSieal [);ve,"ty (C80) and Inte,national Treatv on Plant Genetic "",,sou,ces for food and Ag,kYlture. as well I. adopting International mod .... la and guideline., Ethiopi. has issued Access to Genetic R ... ource< and Communitv Knowledg~. and Community RighI< Proclamalion (NO. 482/2006) and RegulOtiOO (169/2009). The country has also . <:ceded to the Nagoya Prolocol. which is ai d al pfOmOlinSlhe lai, . nd O<!uitable sharing of Ihe bf!nefils ~'I'in8 f,om the utilization of the seneti< ,.,..ouree,. '" Plan\ 8reede rs Rlgh\ (Pro<lomo\lon NO. 481/~(06) Plant Breeders RigM wa. one of the 'i@:nirocanl developmen" for lile con"'rvation ~nd '~StaiMble ~tili".tion of the OO~ntry's pl~nt eenetil; 'eso<m:es. The proclamation deals. Infer 0110. with 'he p'otection of their comm~nity knowlellge that I. relevant to the plaM !enetic 'Kou,ce •. obtalnln! an equitable .hare of benef~. from ,he u'" of pI.nt genetic 'Kource" exchanging and "'lIing fa'm· ... ved d 0' p'opaeatlng m"te,lal of the f",me,,' . ",Ielle.; '" well as the new pl.nl variet>e-. prote<tlns under b'eeders' ,ight., and to colle<;tlvely .we, u.e, multiply and prace .. I.'m· .... ed .eed of p,otected v., leties. Ethiopia .. Waler Resou""" Mana,emenll'<llity (1998) (tMoplon Wale' ResOU'Cfl Manogement Policy do""rnent outll ....... eve .. 1 policy obJectl ...... of whk:h c"",ervlns.. !>'otectlng and enhancl"ll Water re.ource. and the ove,an aquatic environment on ''''13lnable ba", .,e can";de,ed .s the majo, On"". A water Suwly and Sanitation Ma.ter Plan framework was completed il> 2003. which. """"'! othe, aspect, re",ewed the target. of the Wate, Se<ta, Developm""t Programme and developed <I,otetie. fO( p,io'~i,atlan bued 00 analysl, of apportun~les and conSI", ln" In physical, financial and InstitutiOnal "ss>ects. federat fore" Proclamation (lesl.latlon 542/2001) The government of Ethiopi" h". PUt In place fo,e.t development, wn..,,,,,,tion and utili .. ti"" Proclamation. The objective of the P,oclamation i. to meet public demand In fo'est p'odu'U ~nd lost .. , the COftt,lbution of forests in .. nh~nclng the economy of the country thl"OUBh c"".ervatlon and de..eJopment of fo, .. " ,e.ource, . P,ovlsion. of the Proclamation are designed, am.",. othe", to encourage the development of fo,,"". by Indl",dual" <><ganl,.tlons and governmenl and Ihe de"gnation of protected forem and productive fores .. to be O<!mlnlster. d in . "O(dance with law. to be enacted for each. The Proclamatl"" furthe' provitles for growing .... tlve tree .pe<ies and thel, utlll,.,I"" a. well •• Identify;ng useful e>otlc .pee .. ,.nd g,owinl seedlings of such trees for wide dissemination. ResIOn ' fo<en l.esl.laUon. Regional .tote. ha...., i .. ~e<! .heir own provi.ion. to fill existing gapS in forestry sector. In Oroml., Proc'amatlon th.t e.tabll.he. forest and Wildlife Enterptlse w •• is.ued In 2009. This procl.matlon Is Seared towards conservatlo<>, !>'oductlon . nd ."sUinable utilization of forest and wildlife of the region. Similar legal provi.ion. have been in~d by other regionSS~<h.s SNNPR5. !!ensll.ngul Gumu •• nd Am .... r •. f isheries Oevelopment . nd Utiliutlon lP,oclam. tion No.nS/2oo}) The object;....,. of Fisherie. D""elopment . nd utili .. tion Proclom.tion ore to conserve fi.h bIodlve ... lty and Its environment.s well u to prevent . nd control over exploitation of the fisheries re'''''tee. to increase .upply of safe and good quality fish and to en'u,e a ,u ... inable contribution of the fishe,ie. towa,d. the food security and.o expand aquaculture. National ... qu.cult~'" Development 5t •• ",. y 01 ethiopia (2009) The over.U objective 01 Nation I Aqu.wlt~'" Development Str'tegy of Ethlopi. is to define. "'Bul.tory framework and build. mong basi. fo< the development 01 'qua",ltu", in the country. The .. r.tegy se.>~SIO integrate the 'quacultu", indu'try into the 'B'icultu,.1 .e<1o, and to faci lit.te de...elopment of vi,ble 'quaculture pl,no. It .Iso .Im, .0 provide. fr.meworl< In which the aquacult~re Industry con be develope<! in an economically. oocially and environmentally sustainable manner. Aquaculture development i. to be targeted .. an activity to en'"re food seeur~v, .11 .... i.te poverty of ",ral farmers.nd to p,o';de fis~ for domestic consumption and industry. Prod.mat!on on Blcsalety (NO. 655/20(9) The objective of this Procl.motlon I, to protect human and anlm.1 he.lth, biological diversity .nd in general the elWironment.. local communities and the country at large by prevent;"s Or at I"",,, manaains down to levels of insisnificanoe the adverse effects of modified o<g.onismo. Na,o~a 'rOlo<ol on ""'te .. 10 Ge netic Reoourte. and fair and Equitable Shorln, of 8enelll$ Ar'.'n! from Utilization oil"" Genetk Reoource. Ethiopia ~a, aC«ded 10 the "'alloya Protocol. and thl, will ""entually enhance Implemenlalion of the domestic proclamation on ""'te .. to Genetic Resources and Community Knowledge and Community Rights (482/1993) by creatins tonduc: .... e condili"", 10' cooperalion between partie,. At p,e,ent, E81 has /o,mulated Code 01 Conduct to ae<:e •• i", genelie ,esou'ce. and community knowledge and benefit sharing .• further to elf""' ...... u ... 01 the Proto<ol. Re-e"abllsloment and Rest,uetu'in! of Elhloplan 8lodl\le"lty Institute In 2013. Coon<il of Ministers of the Federal Oemo<r.lH: RepUblic of Elhiopia i .. ued a recul.tion /or Ihe ,e-e.tablis/1menl of tile Ethiopian Biod .... e"ity Institule. Ihe forme, Institute of Blod .... ersity Con.ervation {Regulation No. 291/2013). Acco,di", to the Regul.tion, Ihe obieclive of the In$litute 1$ to en.ure Ihat the COUntry'. biodiversity and the a .. o<iated community knowledge are properly con d and 1ustainably ulill.ed. and il$ tommunlti" get fair and equilable .l\are of benefit> On1in8 from their utilization. One of the step. taken by E81 to effl>C1ivelV Implementi" mand.,e of con,ervation, .u,rain.1>Ie Ulm •• tjon and acce .. lo genetic resou,ces and the fai, and equitable sharing of benefit< ari,inl from lh";r u.e i1 re51ructunng of in te<hnbl wlnl Into Directorate • . The ... are Crop .nd Horticulture 81od1verslty. Forest and Ra",el.nd Plants Biodiversity. Animal Biodiversity, Microbial Blodive .. ilV and Acee .. and Benefit Sha~n! DirectOrale •. Moreover, the Institute has sisned memorandum of underslandins, with different nallonal .M intemational unive,sitie. wQtki", on biod .... ersitv and inte,national in$lit ullon •• uch •• ICARDA th31 will make the .i1I;nalofie. work tolether in re .... rch and development of biod .... e"ity related them .... l 't3bli,hm.nt of Relio"al Blod;ve"ity Units ami C.ntr., To ensure effective con ........ llon and .ustain.ble ",ili.otion of blod .... ersity. ond access to genetic ,....,.,,,, ... and Ihe fai, and equitable !ha,i"fJ of benefits a'i';", I'om the i' u ... . t the S''". root level.; 'egional biodiversilY units have been .. established in nine regions and Dire Dawa CiIV Council. Furthermore, the I .... tllute has established Seven biodivers;ty «nueS in representative bio·geogr. phkal regions of the c"'"'nt'Y. lstabli.hment of Minl.try of Envirt>nm"nt, FOr ... t and Climat. Chanl" Establishment of Mini.try of Environment and Forest h<I. been protlalmed to amend the proclamation on the definition 01 powers and duties 01 the e><ecut;"'e orBOn. of the Federal Democratic Republic 01 Eth iopia (Proc. No. 803{2013). The Proclam.tk>n transfers r<aMs and obligations 01 the Environmental ProteGtion Authority re· e"abli,hed unde< Prt><lamation No.l9S/200S and powe" and duti ... of Ministry 01 ~iCUltu'" 'h<lt are ",I~ted to forestry to the Mlnl"ry. " CHAPTU SIX '.lESSONS fROM PREVIOUS NilSAP AND PROCESS Of REVISING 6.1. Lessons from Previous NBSAP The li"t ElhOopian Natio",,' Biodive"ity S"otcgy and AttOon Plan (IBC, 2005) wa. devl,ed 10 serve a, a roadmap to enhance lhe contribution 01 blodlverslW 10 overall development of the country. It outlined the statu. of biodiversity and the environment at I.r,e. It .,.0 pointed 0,"" the root cau'es of biodiversity to ... nd their impacts. Revfew 01 its implementatOon sta t ... indiUlted that .ome 01 the plonned ocliviti ... ,uch a> afforR5Iaion, collection ot germpla,m, area closure, prov!$lon. of policy and Iql$lalion., and "".,"! pubt;c aworene •• 01 lede",'. resOonal and local levels; part"ulorly, in the .reu of PAs h.ve been implemented, thousll not .atl,lactory. It I, understood Ihat the aclion, pla""ed to be Implemented within t~e time frome were tOO m.nv to be aChieved. MOfeover. most of these action. were planned with the ""pectation 01 fund. from e"ernal .ourc ... . Furthermore. the .trate,ic do<;ument did not put in place any m""han;,m or •• ystem that would realize timely mobililation 01 e pected re,ouree, from both internal .nd e",ernal ,ouree,. The document , Iso locked claritv on the mech.nl .... of coordination 01 the implementation. lack of a!rHd upon bindin! Instruments, I.ck of monitori"! and evaluatfon as well the absence of reportln. meChanisms and tow efforts on ow""ne •• " i.ing., feder.l, regional and I""allevels were other factOf' ,hlot have eon1fibut" d to low level o f implementatfon. The planning p<oce« ot th e cu(fent NBSAP takes inlo account "'"ons from the 1''''",00' e . erei .... and con.Ode" those p<iorily i,.un ident~ied bV the .takeholde" ., critically im""",ant. Selection of tarse .. Irom the p<Oorily i"ue. wa. based on their all",ment with the top government prOorit'" so that lhe action. ot eorrespondin« t.rgets can easilv be main.treamed Into the forthcomi"! rove ye.rs ~deral and reaJonaol pians. Althou'" e. «!rnal lunding 1$ ",qulred lor the effe<:tlve implementation ot the NB$AP, the current "ralegy h .. nol enli",iy been based on ~h~ a .. umptions that . he planned .ction. would be impl~mtn.ed by the e <ternal funding. Therefore, mos. 01 the .ctiv~ie> are planned to be mainstreamed into governmenl actillitie •. AClion. OUllined wilhin the curre nt NSSAP have been di.cusse<! wilh the st.~eholde .. al Ihree con ... cutive national WOf~.hop .. te.d 'n""Ullon. h.ve agreed on Ihe aCllons they would be re.ponslble lor the Implemenlallon. t"8ally ~nding In.truments. monitoring and ""aluation as well a, reponing me<hanism. will be in place for Ihe lollow up of the implemental ion , Mor...,,,,,r, sep .. ale financi., r".ources mobm,.~ion "r.,el'! will be d""i.ed '0 f.dli','e ,he implement"ion . It h., been agreed tha, ,he Foe.' Ir"tilu,e wit! lake fun respon'ibility lead 10 coordinate lhe Implementation and malnstrnmlna of Ihe NBSAP Ot.1I politica l and B .... roct levels. S.2. The Process of R""i.lnl NBSAP The de""lopments of NBSAPs are provisions of Article VI of the eon""ntion on 6iological O""rsilV (C60), and the need lor its r""i,ion was ba.ed on Deci,ion X/2 01 Conference 01 the Parties (COP)., Nagova in Oclober 2010. The a8reement referred to ., Str,'eli, Pion ~011-~0~0 The Plan c.lI, for effective implementation 01 ,he Con""ntion through "raleglc . pproach comprising 01. ,hare<! vision. mission, BOlIls and Alchl Biodillersity Targets. !!;Ised on .he abo"", ~.hiopi. req""sted .ht Secret.ria, of th~ CBO (SCBO) 10 commence prep.ration of the NSSAP. The prepar.,ion ph .... included nominal ion of the Na'ion.1 Cocr<linalor and buildina the "pacltV of Ihe Coordinator through participating in consecutive regional capacity building work<t1""s thaI were conducted betwetn 2012 and ~014. s<mil~ ~V, other req"iremen\$ from the implemen,inll agency (UN~P). project funding """,h.ni"" (GEF) ond.he go""rnment of Elhlo~l. (MoF~O) were fulfilled. Parallel to the above, the Foc.' In"~ute org'ni,ed 3n ad hoe Expert Group to develop Annual Work PI.", (AWP) for th~ NBSAP prepar •• ion period. Simil.rly, No,ionol ProjeCl Stee ring committee (NPSC) th., ove" ..... """ran 'Clivi,i ... of the NBSAP and a Tedlnical Team (TT} that would be In.oI.ed in stocktaking and svnth"ilin, stocktaking report, draftine national torgeu, de~loping the "tioM, the action pl.n .nd d tvi, ing implementation a .. angemen" to Ihe NSSAP were establi.hed. AccordingII', the NPSC membe,. from 10 critlc. 1 .t.keholder instilutlon. conducled their firsl meeting on 22'" June 2012 and approved Ihe AWP, and iMtitutioMI and technic.1 composition of the n rnl>mberL Twenly foUt TT membe .. were roominaled from .even stakeholder Institution • . Belore launching the NBSAP preparation, Ihe TT ...... mbe .. were trained on Ihe NBSAP revi,ion processes. After the "aining, the n members were diVided Into thru groups and oonducted stocktaking at Ie<leral and regionalle~ls. Then, the n compiled group report. InlO • national stocktaking report and prepared draft National BiodiVersitv StroteBY. The draft National Biodiversity Straten which contained 16 target. w .. presented at I"" First Nation", SUkeholders W()(k,hop h",d between 26 and 28 June lOll. Afterwards, the TT incorporated the leed""'ck. and p'opo'5ed largeU, in<!itators and action. for the draft National 6iodiversity Slfatesv and presented It at the Seoond Nallo,,"1 Stakeholde .. Work.hop held between 7 and 9 March 2014. Then, Ihe n r.nali.ed the draft dOOJment by irl<orporating comments and propose<lthe implementotion period, implementation aBe"" .... and implementalion .", nBementS. The final draft NSSAP waS .hen presented at lhe Third National Stakeholde,. Workshop held between 26 and 2B December 2014. Aflet inoorporatinB the fee<lback., IIIe NBSAP conlain"'g lB largel<. 44 ind;a,torS and SB act;on, w"' produood. Finalty, Ih~ Slrateg .. document wa. endOr$e<I by the g~rnmen' an<! s~bm~ted '0 the SCBD. " CHAPTER SEVEN 7. NATIONAL 81001V[RSITY STRAnGY BV 2050, Ethiopia', biod;...e ... ~v 3<'1d eco'ystems are cOMerved a ......... tllinably utill,ed by ~Q .e<:tors prov~ln, toOO secufitv and contflbutlng to pow!rtv e<adicatlo" and impfoved qualitv of life of the Ethlop"n people. 1.2. Mission BV 2020. aWOrene •• ot Benefal public and policy makers on blodive ... lty and ecosystem "'rvice< is .. ised, blod ..... "ity a.... """system <erviGes afe valued, Pfe .. Uf,,' on biod;...""ity and eC05Yst""" ar" ..,duced, "atu' of biodiv""ity and eC05v5lem ",rYlce •• .., Improved. and at<:e>. to genetic "''''ufCes and fal' and equitabie sharing of benefit< .flslng ffom theif use Is ensufed. 1.3. P,inciple . The following ore !>a,i. p<incipl ... "nde~vi,,! Ethiopia', 2015·2020 NBSAP. • We worl< hard to live in M,mony wilh nalure • We acknowledge and ""pe<:1 the cul'u,e. value., innovati""s, p,actices and knowledge oIloc.1 ""mmunilie. • We 'emain alert to ""ntrol the .pread and Int,oduction of Inv •• I"" spe<:le. • We pay due .ttenti"" to ge .... er equity in our endeavor. of ""n,ervation and .u<taln.ble utill.atlon 01 ou, blod"" ... lty • We adaPt to and mitigate clim.te change through proper con",rvatlon, development and utili •• tion 01 our biodiversity • We ocl<.nowIedlle ~ctive participation of locol communi,i ... lor effective """"erv'lion and suslainable utilit.lion 01 our biodiversity, and aCcess to genetic resources and Ihe f.ir and equitable sharing of benefits .ri.ing lrom their "'" • We strive fo, enhancing contribution of biodi""rsity '0 food ..,curity and poverty",.dication • We promote rese~rth'ba",d b;od;"'ersity conserV3tion 7 .4. N~tion.1 Biodi"" .. lty T~r,e1' Development of Ethiopia', National Biod"", .. ity Tafgets and "ctions has been base<! on the anoly.i. 01 the existing situation. 01 the country .uch a. level 01 threats, 8"""rnment priorities, existing capacity, le-s<on$ from Ihe hitherto impl" m" nlation e. ~rience. on Ihe Ihr« pilla .. of the C6D, and nwciated global provi.ion. 01 the Strategtc PI.n 2011-2020. Accordtngly, Ethiopia ha. de""lo~d the following 18 Nallonal Blodiw .. ity Targets that would be implemented between 2015 and 2020. These are outlined under the ro"" Strategic Goal. of the Global Strat"!lic pron for 8iodi.e .. ity 1011·2020. Indi"",OIS, OClkm., imj>lemenWion period and implementi,,!! agencies 01 the Ethiopian Biodi.e .. ity Ta'get> ore presented in Table 9 . The ,"Iatlon.hlp. of the Tareets to the Alchi 8iodiwr-sitv Ta'eet> ha." be<>n presented in Table 10. SIr.te,ic Goals and Aichl 2011,2020 Biod .... e .. ity T.rsets .r. presented In An""x V. Strategic Goat A: Add ..... the underlylns tause. of blodl"" .. lty los. by malnstreamln, biodive .. ity " ...... ,overnment and <ocletv Target 1. By 10lO, awareness of public and dlUl,ion make .. on the ~.Iues of blodlve .. lty and ecosyS",m services Is raised, and 'he st"P. 'hev can lak" to conserve and use them .... taln.bly Is Improved Technical rationale In Ethiopia, loul oommunities and mo.t ded.ion make .. have limited knowledge and aworene .. on biodi"" .. ~y and KO'yStem service • . Therefore. policy make .. ore occupied with poverty 'eduction ~nd development is.u ... th<ot may ha"" .hort te,m eains. bul will harm biod"", .. ity in lhe lon, term. Similarly, .ome of lhe investmenl act .... itie. ""'Y have advef5e effect on biodiversity. Elhiopia has been undertakina vario,," aclioos in a,..,a. r&latod to education and public awaren&ss on biod .... e .. itv con.erv.tion .nd sustainable utili.ation. Further efforts are, hOW1!""" re'luirod 10 Increase ove .. 11 awareneSS of communitie •• policy mal<ers, development part"" .. and pri.ate sectors on the importance of blodiwrsity and ecosys'em .ervices. The,efof"<!. therc isa ~i&lt n""" to rai ... aW.f"<!"",sat diffe,ent level. in order to brine " po$iti~ <h~ng", and to c ... ~te mOIl! (Qmmi,menl 01 8<>Vernmenl 10' elle<li~ implementation of the th,ee cb/e<li~s 01 lhe (on.enlion on Biological o;IIe"ity. Impltmtntation ",att 8Y A s"ategy fo, Ihe Implemenlation 01 Ihls ta'get ,elies mainly on. use 01 mass medl. I,adio, TV, p,int), biodille"ity fo,ums "' sel",,'ed schools, uni"""iti", and community, .... i" to la'llet g'oup> 10 selected p'ot""'ed a'e •• (PAs), and O'lloni, ing elle"" to local communities to exchange e"!>erlen<e •• nd .h.re Inlo,malion, inciudillil 0'llanizi!\fl National Blod;';ersity Days and wo,kshops. Mile.tone. • By W15, no'ionol b •• "line data wiD be colle.""d and comprehensive national st'alqles to p,omote awareness of gene .. ' publ ic and policy m.~e" on Ihe values 01 biodiverSity and ecosysl<!m ..,rv;c"s ore f>(epared and adopted • By 2015, public .wa,enes. campaigns on biodiversity and ecosystem services, and tN! ""I>< peopl .. un ,.~ .. 10 p,otect Ihem "e initi.ted • By 2016, ""evant educalion" curricula ha"" been ", ... sed and implemM,ed • By 2016, awa",ne .. rai'inC is in"'i,",ed InlO tN! ex",nsion .nd .dult education • By 2020, I""el of awa",ne .. is evaluated, and ,,,,," , 01 impr"O'lement i, reported Target 2. By 2020,Ihe ex,,,I,,,, blodl"" .. ity rel •• ed laws, regul • • lon • • nd ",.tegie .. ' nciudinB th""e associated with Incentive. a,e ,,,,,,ew,,d and Bap •• ,e .ddr,..,sed Technlc.1 r.,lon. le L1IC~ 01 h.,moni,ation of laws, "'Bulation. and ,',al'Bies, peN .. "" Incentives and absence of regul.tion. and Buideli"", in .ome areu of biodiversity h~e resulted in loss of the ..,me. ThetefOle. there i. a need to review and fill Ihe sop. of the exl>ll"8 law .. "'Bulallo<ls and "'alesle., and 100mul.te new 0""', as .pproptl.te. Moreover. Ihere is a need fOl capacily buildins Ihat will enable Ihe enforcement of Ihe exi"in, legal f'ameworks. Impleme ntation strat"IV St'ategy for the Implemenlalion of Ihi' targel will be based on identifying and filling lhe ~ps In the exl'tina laws, ,e~ulatlons and strale~ie', Includlna t!lose associated wilh the incenl;"",. The need fo, harmonization of t~e P,oclamalion on Access 10 Genetic Resou,u< and Commun~y Knowledte and Community Ri&M &nd the corresponding Regulation wilh ,he Naaoya P'Oto<:ol On O«eSS'o genellc Il!SOU'(fl and .he f.i, and equitable ,ha'ing of benefits a,isinil f'om Ihei' use i. one of the aalvitie, fo ' the Implantation of Ihi' targel. There I, also» need to ,edute/elimlnate peNerse inc .. ,I1;"", that ca""e 10 •• 01 blod;vefSily and encou,age lhe posil;"" ones. Mainslreaming of the ,evised and/o, fo,mulaled laws, "'gulalion< and ",",egie, i. anolhe, c,...:ially important part olth& st,alegy fo, the ,ea!ilO.ion ollhi. ta'Se'. Milestone. • BV 2015, laws, ,,,,ulations, guidelin'" and 5I'at"gi'" ..... aled to biodiVersity (;On",,,,ation, sustainable utili,ation, and acee" 10 g"""lic "'sou,ces and fai, I nd equitable sha'ing of benefits ari,ing f,om t""" use are 'eviewed and gal» a'e idemif",d • By 2017, d,afted/li .. moni~d 10 , ,&Sulations and st,atogie. are app",."ed • BV 2020, ca"""ilV fo, the enfor<:ement of law" 'egulalion' and ,,,alegi ... related 10 biodiversity co"","'a,ion, use, d~lopment and ,hadng of benefi(s .«"",d f'om thei' use is "'engthened • By 2020, app'oved law" 'egulations and '''a'egle, a'e main",eamed an<;! implemented Targel 3. BV 2020, biodiversity values and ecosVSlem seN,,,,,, are commUni<aled .~d 1~I~t,al~ Inlo ~.tlonal .nd Io<al development ud poverty reduction .. ,a'ee'e. and p!.~. TKhnlul , .tlonale like in many othe, devek>pinS coontrle., I~e importance of biodive,,~v, e.""daUy of e«ISvstem seNices are ~ot widely reflected In declsk>~ maklns processes In Ethiopia, resultlns from the absence 01 reliable and comprehensive data on economic and non-economic values of biodiversity ilnd the e<:osysttm stNices it underpins. There/ort. the objective 01 thi. target is to en.ure the dive" e v~lue. 01 biodive,,~y ilnd opportunities derived from Its con..,Natlon and ,u".lnable u.., .re recosnl.e<! and reflecte<! In ali ,elevant public ond private decls.ion-maklng processes such IS nation.1 .nd 1oc.1 development .nd p<wertv reduction .... tegi .... Implement'" ion >!rateJY En'<Jrin& the recosnilion of diverse .... Iues of b<odiversity .nd opportunities derived Irom its con..,rvation and ,u<l.in.ble use, and makina them rellKIe<! in all relevant public and ",",vate deci"on-making pro"" .. "s .uch a. the ""tionol and locol development and poverty re<!UClion "rategie. and planning require>. inler olio. c.pacity bu~dln8. Therefore. Implementation of thl. t''!Iet will start with relliewins the outcomes 01 biodiversity and ecosystem seNic ... valuation studie< that h .... " so far been c""ducted In the country as well as the outcomes from OIher relevant t , raets of Ihe this NBSAP. This will be lollowed by de",ina , strateav for communicating and imegrating the contributions of biodi""'''ty and ecosystem "'''''ces Into nationoland local development and poverty re duttion >tr.te" .... Milestones • By 2015, r ... ul .. of the hithen" .. udie. "" valu.tion 01 birxliv"rsity and eco.ystem ..,rvlces are reviewed • Bv 2020, values 01 b<odiver<ity and KOSystem ..,rvic ... If<! communicated and Intevoted Into local and natl""ol development and poverty reduttlon .trategles and plan, s".t~,1< Goal 8: R~duc~ t~~ dlr~ .. pr~"'rfi On blodIY~r$lty and promo.~ It, .ustalnable u.e Tar8'" 4. By 20Z0, "abitat o:on ..... "'lon due to upanslon of agricultural ' a.d I. ~alved from .~e "","i"ll ra ... of about 10" p<!r yea< Tec~.iul ration ole lIabitat conYersi"" i. one of the major fac.ors of biodi""",ily los. in E.hiopia. ~i.i"ll deman'" for food and other asricu""r. 1 products, amons others. h;we resulted In <leari"ll of n •• u .. 1 habita .. for asricullur .. lands; and e-conomic, demosraphic and social pre .... 'e. are likelV to put further press"re on habOtat • . The,efo,e, there is an urgent n .... d to d"",rea.e the .. t" of such ",paMi"" in,o forest ond oth..,. e<o.vstems. Projections indica'e, for e. ample, 'mot unless appropri.'e mu",'e. ore in p!;,c .. to ch. nse 'he ,roditio",,1 de ..... IO!>men. path. an .r ... of \I million ha might be defore.ted for asricultu,e between 2010 . nd 2030. OVer ,he same period. annual fuel wood cOMump'ion will rj", by 65", leading to additional fo,est dcsradation to generate more than 22 million tonne. of woody biom .... Moreover, both fede,al ond r~aional ao ..... mm~nl POI;';i". and law' ar" 'ilent '~aardin8 ...... 1I.nd protWion. A •• result, many eco'ys,em, .""h •• we,l. nd. and high fo'e", h ...... been converted 10 farmland., and there is an ursent need to prevent the loss of .he ... eco.ystems. Implementation str.teIY Habitat loss un be add,essed through con ...... at"'" of """ently viable ecosystem. and ,,,.to,.tloo of deg'aded one •. Though '''<toration a<;tiviti". un restore many of .he ... ribu.e. of poim.ry e<OS1stem., Ihey <.nno' t>e re sed '0 .hek ongin.1 .... e. In the .hort to medium term. So. the e mph .. i. of .hi. t.r,et I. preventing the 10 •• of hlSh-blodlversity value hab~ats .uch .. p~mary forests and wetlands and rehabOlitation of del,aded ecosystem •. Reduct"", In the role of loss and de,rada'ion of natufal habOtats un be achieved by adopti"ll technol0aies and innovations that increase produc,;vi,,,,. of .mall holder fa<mers. Thi' will help in i""re o.ing yitld. of crops per un;. input. which will eventu. 11y re",k in. de<fe .... ;n r<!Quirements for new ag"cul.u,alland,. The othe, "heme I. crealing all .. "",I"e ~velill<>od, fo, local (ommunilie-s to redUGe pre-ssur" "" Ihe ecosyMems. Mlle.lone. • BV 2020. lechnologie-s and Inno ati"", fo' irlc,ea.l". prodUC,;y;tv of .mallholder fa,mers and pastorall,,, are .dopted • BV 2020. p,o"jolon. of allemolillll livelihood .. Including /Cbs and ol'e,na'''e ene,gy ,ource. and u.e of ene,gy efflCienl technol0Bfes for local commun~le. are improved Target 5. By 2OZ0, un,umllnab~ u,III,.lIon of blO(Hversl,y and eeosY'tem s"Nlce. a,e ,educed Technlul r •• lo"al" Un.u'tainable UlilllOIion 01 biolOflic.11 resource. i. one 01 Ihe major Ihreats to biodiversily In EIhiopia; contribuli". 10 deg,adation of ,angelands, fo,esl e<:P>vst"m •. wetland, and aquatic "COSyst""", Therefore, .us.ainable land and water resource man.gement I. required to achieve ''''''''tv conse<Vation and ,u .. alnable utill.aUon. Implemen •• • lon ..... eev EcosY'tem based approaches 01 re,ou,ces manatemenl are required to conserve and ,ustainably ulilize bi<>dive,s<IV and ecosystem •. To achieve Ihis la'get, ,u"ainable management of re"'urCes wch a< participalory for ... I managem""I, ,u>tainable rangeland and aqua,,,, .. eo.votem, management prattice> need '0 be adopted. 111 ... e require development and Implementation of reguTation. and g ... ldellne.,o control open acce •• over resource< on 8r .. ln, lands, aquatic, wetland and community forest •. Mile"one. • BV ~017, regulation and guideline. to promote .ustainable utill •• tion of ,esou,ces 011 ..... Ing land., 'quatic, wetland .nd olhe, communal land •• ,e developed and Implemenled " • 8y 2020, ,ustainable ulili,aHon of Weiland" aqualic ecosyslem" fore,ts and .. n,.,land, planl. i. imprayed • 8y 2020 aquacullure and aff()(enalion praclice' are expanded, use of rIOn· wOO<! loren prodUCl' i. promoled Tar",1 6, 8y 2020, Ihe a,ea Invaded by Invasive spede, Is ,educed by 75" a nd mea'Ur'" a,e In place 10 "'Iulate and manila' Invulve specl" s, Indudinl newly emerging On"" Techn ical 'ationale In.a,ive .pecie, are Ihreats 10 b",dive~1V and ecosystem .ervices. Inv •• ;'" .pede. are 'pte.ding r.p;dly "'10 I.rm I.nd., .q ... lic eco'yslem, .nd rangeland' 01 Elhiop;a, Qus;ng loss of biodiversity, ,eduction. in «op, fI,h and fora", ~eld., They are displacing indigen"", !pe<i"" of natural ecosv,tem •. Though lhe e.l ent of these damage. mo. not been well documented, they are I~re",ening fOO<! 'e<:ur~y, livelihood., and human and animal heallh. Hence, Ihey nee<! 10 be conlrolled and eventually eradicated, Implementa'ion "'a'e", Diffe,enl .pecies are identified •• irwa,;'e in different reiion, of Elhiopia, Iii, nece$$3ry 10 priorili.e control .nd er.dication measur"" on those ,peci"" with the grUI ... 1 impa" on b"'diversity. Therefare, it is important la revise Ihe eX;'ling ,"alegi"" 10 add,,,ss problem, of inva,;'" specie, effectively, When laking action. to meet thl, target, It I. worth con'ide'ing Ihe ""pe'ience. of .ome ptoject. which contributed in the development and implemenlation of control musure' on ,orne inva.ive spec;"", II i> also crud.1 la PUI in pia"" mea,ures to "'Iulate and monilar Irw •• I." 'pecles, Inciudlng newly emerging one" Mile"an". • By 2016. SI.IUS, Irend. ond ImpaCI> of mojo< Irw .. ive species are reviewed and control "ralegles are revised " • By 2020, revised cOtltrol m ateBies on major invasive species Is are implemented • Bv 2018, measures to regulate and monitor inva"ve species, including newlv ~merBing one. are in pia", and implemente<l • By 2020, are. covered by the inv.sive .pecies is reduced by 75" Strateslc Goal C: Improve the sUtu. 01 blodlversllv by ""'guardlns «osystems, species and genetic diversity Tarset 7. By 2020, area C(lve ... se 01 ecoloslully repr,.,.en ... "'" a nd effectively "",nased PM Is Increased from 14" to 20% Technical ra.lonale Well governed and effectively managed protected area. (PAs. are proven methods for ... feguarding both h.bOta" and popu""tion. of .peaes and for deHverina impo"ant eCOsystem se",.,es. About 14" of the country's arta is designated as PAS. However. mo.t the PAS do not have lesal staws. and are inadequately protected and th is is more p<onc>unced 0tI wetlands and water bodi ... There Is a need to increase the coverage of PAs, with due attention to their eco.ystem repre ...... t.tlon .. well .. effectiveness In terms of management. ~ck of law enforcement. facility and infr."""ture, absence of networks between PAs .nd wildlife oonido .. , po(>/" coordinat;on, and weak capacity and low awareness at dilferent levels art some of the pro~em'lhat need to be .ddre,suI in this "'lIet. Econc>mic ".Iuation 0tI PAs i, another i«ue that need. to be addre,,,,d to ..,ali,e the t .. g .... Implementation stratesv To implement this target, some of the selected PAs will require re-dema"ation and development of ncw man,scmcnt p""ns. Furthermorc, there is . """d to eSlablish new PAs. The PAs have 10 be managed in close c"'laboralion with local communities recognl'ing their rilhls. The.., cammunit ;.,. should be empo red 10 lully enpge in 8OW1rning and manaSins Ihe ~As and should sharf! fair and equitable benefilS ari' ins from thel' lISe. C:mVing.«1t eeonomle ~3lu3tlon on seleded PAs Is also Important to " live we.ter .i.ibility am"",.t policy make .. and Inteerate benem. from P .... Into p~rty allevialion and development plan. $0 a$ to en~ure ~uslainabilily. MIIe510nH • By 2017, eleven P"'s Ire re·demarcated Ind m.nogement plln< are developed • By 2020, additional ecoiosicaily repre.entative P .... are "'tabhsl>ed • By 2020, Konomic v.l"atlo~ for seve~ P .... I.conducted • By 2010, be~"fiu lrom PAs are integr.ted into poverty .11" .... tion and overall national clevelopme~t plans T." ... I. By 1010, u situ «>nseNation of agro-blodive"';,y. wild plant •• animal. and ml«obe.: with .pecl.1 emphul. on endemic, end.ngered, Konomlcally or uolollcally Important specl", and breeds Is Increased .nd $l.~d.rds 01 the e.istin. ex situ conse ...... tlon .re ImprOlted Tuhnlcal ra,lonale The diversity of crop. Ind their wild rel31ives, .nim.ls, lo""t Ind rangeland pI.nts and mkrob"l genetic re.o""". have been contributing '0 na,i"".1 economy and local I;'elihood Improvements of Ethiopian communitie •. liowev"r, they Ire decllnl~a due to direct .nd Indirect p<essures. In Ihe loee 01 cllm.le chan!e .nd OUlbrelks of eme'lli~g dise.ses and pests, «>nse<VOng thes" resource. prOltid", lulure lood .ecurity option< for the .:auntry. The ex <itu conse ...... tion aeli ... lie, ore in~dequate ~nd e ncountering different m~n.semem problems. Thus, "reng'heni"ll th e ex <i1U con.eN.tion of asro·bio<live .. ity, loren .nd ran8e land plants .• nim." .~d microbes: with spK .. 1 emphlSis on endemic. endanaered .nd economically or e.:ologkally important specie, and breed, i. the emph .... of the t''lIe! . Implement.llon Slrote" Assessment of e"",ervoti"" ... tu' of 'gro.biodiverSity, fo"," and r. nge land plants, onimoh and microb'" ~re 'he mo;or act;'iti", r~<luired '0 implemen' 'hi' tar8et. Subsequently, .:ollect""'s of priotity germpl.sm, herbarium .nd .nim.1 spedmen need 10 bt Sttenathentd. MoreOvtr, ,he St.tuS of conservation of the existing ex jltu conservation si .... , wilh full panlcipalion of local communities ""SIO be Improved. Mil~.ton~. • Bv 2017, C<IfIserv.tion oriorities .re idenlified and set for sQ«ie •. wilh sQe<:ial emph .... on .pecie. that are endemic, endangered. and/or of economic Ot' ecological imponance • By 2019, Natural HISlory Mu.eum and National Herbarium are eSlablished • By 2010, e. situ collection •• re locre • • ed and Slatus of the e.ISling .. ,e. are improved • By 2010, number of Botanical Gardens .re Incre.sed Target 9. By 2020, In sllu cOMeN,tlon ,he. for ImpOn.nt Sj>ecle. and breed •• re In(fused and the standards of the exhtlng In ,Iou <onse", •• lon .re Impro""d TKhnlc.1 rotlon.l. The diversi.y of crops andlheir wild relatives, animal., forest and rangeland plants and microbial 8""etlc re.ource. have been contributing to national economy and loul livt lihood improvements of the (ommunitit s. Howe""r, they . re declining due to direct and indirK t ",es,ure •. In the fa", 01 dim •• e ch'''8e and outbrea fcs 01 emerging di.use • • nd pests, conserving the.e resourc... provides fUlure food secu~tv option. fOt' the coun.ry. The In situ conservation actlVl. ies . re Inadequate and encounte,in« diffe'''''t man"llemen' problem •. Thus, """,,,henina the In Jltu conservation of .gro·bk>di"""itv. forest and ra"8e land pl.nts, . nima" and mlc,obes; wilh special empha,i, on endemic, enda"8ered and economltll'ly Ot' ecoloeltlilly Important specie. and breeds Is the empha.ls of Ihe tar«el. Implement.tion str.t~ AcUons requ ired 10 Implement this ,afeel are a ....... "8 crop. and Ihel, wild 'elati ..... animals, fore .. and ,.nleland plants and microbial «enetlc , esources followed by identiffCotion and priorili.a';"n of potential In Mlu .i ..... Moreov~r, S.ps " In the existing /n siru slt~ are identified. Then, new /n Situ sites fll! establisrn.d and stat~s of the existing ones Is Improved. with full partlcl!»tlon of Joe., communitl~. Mile<tone. • By 2017. <rops and their wild relatives. fore" and rangeland plants. animal and microbial genetic resource'S .re a .. esse<!. and in situ COf'servatlon prioritle. ore •• • By 2020. In situ con ........ tlon sites are Increa~ and manasement plan. are delleloped Slratesl< Go.1 D: (nhanee the benefi .. to aU frem biodiversity and ecosystem ',,<vlce. far • • t 10. By 2010, the contribution of biodiversity and . co.yst.m .ervl"" •• Including climate change adaptation and mlll,.'lcn, Is Improved througlo In<rea,ln, Iorest COile, from 15% to 20% 01 the country. Increased de.i'nat .... total area 01 wetland. from 4.5% to 9.0% and doub!in, the area of restored de,r3ded I.nd, Technlca' "'IoMI,, Con,ervation, resteratlon and .ust.iMble utili,.tion of 10 .... 1< and rangeland plants, woodlands, wetland. and other ecesystem, are the mean, to s-eque->ter <arbon dlo.lde and reduce the effect of ,r"""house sases. There/ore. maintaining these ecosystems helps to ensure the continuation of arbon .equestration as well as many other ecosystem se"'ice<. Restored ecosystems GIIn h."" improved re,We""" and "n <ontribVle to dimate change adaptation and generate additional IanefitS fer the people. in particular wi communities. Implementation , .. atelY There are already huge eflor .. in Ethicp;" for forest ecosystem resto,"ti"" through area closures and m .. ,i"" tree plantings. lne",a.ing forest colier. desi!nation 01 wetlands and re"oralien of degraded areas are th~ major activiti~. ",q~ired ,e re~li'e this target. P~ rti(ipatory Forest M~nagem",,', whi(h is underway in dilferent n parts of th~ country, will be strengthened th'''''gh 2020. More"""" climate change mitie~ion "ti. iti" •• u,h as REDO. and CRGE st.;otegy willl>e widely implemented. Milestones • By 2020. th~ national a .... a unde, fo,est cave, and desilMte<l weliand. i, .. ised ta 20 " and 9%, and .... S\a'@ddee,aded a.eai'daubled • By 2020, inceoti~ 10' the IoclII communities through <arbon trade from hi,h fo.em. woodland. and l .. d~io",,1 .s,o·for".lry or" ,ener.led Ta'let 11. 8V 2020, Ihe numl>e, of ",netic mate,lals KCes..,d fot ,e.ea"h and development, and fal. and equItable .h . . .... of benefit, •• ;'il\l f. om .hei. u ..... e In<rease<l by 24" .ncf 3g" , .e.pecti",,1y Technieal,ationoTe The concept of Acce .. '0 Genelic Re."""e, and Fai •• nd Equil.~e .hari"$ of Benerou .rlsin, from thel. use (ABS) e me',ed du.ing the neBOI~tions on Ihe Cenvenlion on 8lologlcal O",,,,,lly In Rio de lanal.o. 1992. Due to limited copacny and lad< of effect",e enforcemenl and follow up mechanism, on the AOS, Ihe lovern"",n' of Ethiopi. and ,he 1oc.1 communities ha.., """ been adequately bener.te<l from .«eos to lhel. genetic .,,",ou'ce •. Thl. h"" '''''trlbUled 10 Ihe degradation of the country'. ~odive"lty. The,efore. coneen"d eflon. a.e required 10 ma. imi", benefit< f,om atee .. to polenti.lgenetic mate,ial •. Implementa.ion ",,'eBY Implementation of this ta.,el will 'equi,e identificatiM of potential ",netic l'tiOU,ces 10' access (bio.p,o.pecting), ma.ket promotion, ,apac~v buildi"., Iw.rene .. r~ising M ASS at ya.iou. leveh, imJ>lemenli". .he N.goV~ P.o'owl . n<f .ccommcd~tin, Its principles Into the national laws to en'ure fal. and equitable .ha.i"$ of benefits a'i"ng f,om Ihe u'" of genetic resou,ces. ,. MileSlone. • By 2(}20, genelic materiol, aa:",sed for r ...... rch .nd development, and fair ~nd "",ultable .moring of benefits .rlslng from Iheir u .... re increased by 24% and 39%, ,e'pe<llvely • By 2()2(), number of b~I>'",~ed species and ... ocialed community kn<>wle<l", . re InC ...... ed by 167% Target 11. By UllO, women', "«e .. to and <ontrol over biodiversity . esources and ecosystem service,.re Improved Technical rationale The government of Ethiopio dee.n't discriminate eili",n. on the bHis of gender, bYl in practice gende, imbalance exists in .,e., of biodiversity conservalion and .USl.inable u ... , 8iodiversitv con ... "'allon cannOi be .ustained without Ihe Involvement of Mferent secl"" of the societies, Women are the primary con ... "",rs and promoters of biodiversity, However, they don't ilave equII rights wilh their men counlerpa"s ln u'ing wh.t Ihey have conserved, There I, also lack of cie.r guideline th.1 help. to m.in,tream roende' inlO biodjye"ily conservation and management, Implementallon ",ateu Re<;08niting and ,upPO"ing gender w.ualitv, and focu'ing on women and their contribution to con ....... tlon and sust.lnable ...... of biodiversity . re Ihe main activities req~ired to ensure women', access to and con"ol <Ner biodiversity resource, of the c""ntry. This will, Inter olio, requ ire est.bli.h lng and s"engtheni". of netwo""to promote gender moinstreamine within bOodiVf!r<jty co~rv.tion and .USl.inable use, Therefore, preparation of rqulation. and ,uidcline., and their implementation 10 promote awareness and Involvement of women In.1I blodlve~w prosr.mmes and project< .re the major act;';tie. that will help to realite thl' ""et, Milestone. • By 2015, b .. eline dot. on the level of Women'. aa:ess 10 and control over bOodiversity ",souree. Ind eco.votem ... ",ices are generated • 81 <020, n.tionol g~nd~r m.in$tr~.m i ns g"id~line on biodiverSity r~ou'Ot. and eco'Vslem seNices are de"eloped and Implemenled • 81 2020, Ihe level of improvement of women'. a<;<fi. and control over biodiversity resources and eco.y .. em services Is evaluated Targe. 13.lIy 2018, ~nefit. from biodiversity are Ino",.,ed .hrou,h value addi.lon 10 01 least II a" ... blodlve,.lty speeles and products. and c","I", market IInh,es fo, five species 01 medicinal planlS; laking Into accounl .he n""", of women and local com munili ... Technical rallonale Smallholdefl and p •• torali ... are <u5tOOians of biodiversity. Nevertheless. biodiversity i. in da",er of disappea'ing. Finding niche ma,kets for selected specie. and Iheir product< is ene possible way of ensurin, Ihe survival 01 biodiversity and enabling people who ccn ... "'e them to earn more. The.e con be achieved through .... 'Ohlns local. natienal and international markets and enhancl", Informllion on Ihe markeling channels to InCfea.e the value of genetic resource •. Altheugh value addition and findin. niche markets have been initiated for .ome .V ... biodi" ..... ity. m,m communities have net yet been benefited. Thu. , value addition and finding niche markets wm be strensthened. Implementation ",. tecv Implementatien 01 this I.,get will requi,e identification of ","'cted .pec;"., focusin, on farmer, ' varietie" breeds ;ond non'limbe' forut produ"s (NTFP$) wilh hiah market potential and those that are ef • priority for <on ... "'ation. Improving production. proce .. lna. value .<kMion. prOOuct certification and .... rching fa<: niche ma,kets are the mest lmportant activities pursued I .. achieve ,he ta,,,,I. Mile.tone. • 8y lOIS, value addition. ;o ,e conducted for.1 lust II .sro·biodiversity $.pecie. ~nd Iheir prod""s, and Iheir value ch~in$ art Slud~ • By 2020, niche markets lor the value ad<led alld fi"" species 01 medicinal plant len"'ic resou"",. ore c .... ate<! Slroteslc Goal (, Enhance Implementation Ihrotlsh partlclpatol'{ pl.nnl"" knowledge manage ment and capacity building Target 14. By 2010, .. akeholders' Integration, Including the participation oIl0c:01 communitie.1n biodiversity conse"'atlon and .ustalnable utill'atlon, I. strengthened Technical raUonale StakeholderS working in the .re", 01 biodiven<ty con,e ... ation alld .ustainable utlll,alion In Ethiopia lack inlegratlon and collaboration in Ihelr activitle •. A""rt from .poradlc con.ultal ion al projo-ctJprosramme Inll"'tlon ph ..... , many .takeholders wOlklng In the ,ame area olso lack interest to fuliV e",aBe local communitie •. These, together with the poor In5\itutlonal set up<, make effort. Inefficient and uncoordinated in th e .""tor. A> the result. their efforts have been unsucce .. ful in reducing lhe los. of biodiversity and eco.ystem .e",lceo. Implementation strategy There a.... many actors includl", government Instituhon<, NGOo, bu,iness communities alld ind;"idual, who are makini effort. toward. con",,,,ation, ,u,,,lnable utlllUtlon of biod;"ersity and climate change mit igation. Implement4tion of this target need< to Integrate <>ctlvitieoand cctlabaratlon. of.1I the stakeholders. Moreo""r, making 1GC31 communities to fully participate in the community-ba.ed manasement pi"'" and implementati"" activities will ha.e more impact to <>chi ... e the target. Establish'", and strengthening 8iodive,,~y units of ~Ions. In(ludins Olre Oaw~ City Council ~nd Blod;""rslty Cent"rs at represent~t;"e blo-geo8'"~phic~1 reBIen. of the country are required to material;!" this tarB<!t. Milestone • • By 2015. National fl;odl""rsity Council and l'Iation~1 BlodPierslty Techr>ic~1 Committee are In place • By 21l20. III Bjodiversily Unit> al dilferenl regiom and seven Centres al repr....,nl3live bjo'Reosraphical re&ion, of the country are establi.hed and strengthened Tareet 15. By 11l17. national biodiversity Informalion system Is strentthened.. Information dissemination stratelY Is d""ised and Clurin, House Me<;hanl'm 1< updated Technical rationale Wu~ Inform»tjon exchange mechani,m, and stralegle, among Ihe ,\a~eholders »re affecllng lhe effectiveness of con.ervallon and sustainable ulili •• Hon of biodivers;ty in Elhjop;a. Thus. strengthem"B informalion exchan8e mechanisms including information di ... minalion and updaling of the Clearing Hou", Mech. ni,m (CHMj are the mun, 10 implemenllhl' lorget. Implementation strategy S,"~eholOe,,' Irwolvemem Ihrougl\ool Ihe process of de,ignlng. planning and implementatjon of NBSAP i. """nli.llo en ... r" thai Ihe plan< would be effectivelv communiC3ted ond implemMled. Thus; "eoting naljonal dala bo"" d"""ing nelworking str. te' ..... updaling lhe CHM and .".bli,hing ABS Cleoring House Me<:I>a"',m (A85-CHM) are Ihe key activiti", 10 strengthen Informa\lon exchange. Milestones • By 2015. CHM is u"",aled and AB5-CHM Is "'Iabll'hed • By 2017. nalional biodiversity database i, in ploce • By 2018, infor"",tion r>etworki", "ra,e,i" ar. devised Tarlet 16. By ZOZO, knowledle and Innovations related to blodi""rslty values, eco.ystem functlonl"., .tatu. and trends, and the consequences 0)/ Its loss are ,enerated. revle ..... ed. complied and applied Te<:hnl<a' rationale In Ethiopia. there is no suffielent Information on values of biodioersity and ecosystem ,ervices. The "atu" trend, and con""1uence, of blodi""rs~y los, are al.o not well studied. Therefore, thefe 0$ hllilh need 10 compile the e.iti~ information and ,,,,,erate new knowledge in order to identify status. teods. threats and determine .alues. and set priorities for conservation and sustainable utili,.tion. Full implementation of this target will also contribYte to the achievements of the other target. outlined in the StrategK: Plan 2015·2020. Effective implementation of the tor,et will also str"""hen the policy-science Integration through information a«ess. Implementation slratelY 1ITll>lemenntion of this target require. liIenefation and compilation of knowledlile related '0 Kosvstem lunctionins. statu. and Iren<l<. and causes and con.equences of los. of biodiversity a, well a, val."" of biodi ..... rsity and e<:osystem servOtes. 1\ al,o requires Integr.tion of the knowledge into biodi ..... r.ity conservation and sustainable utili .. ,ion str.tegies. Therefore. more investment on research i, critical for ,he lull implementation of the tarset. Mile<tonu • By 2020. valuation studies on a,IU"two fore" ond r.~elond Kosvstem •• nd 11 specles/bre<>ds/v .. ielies ore condUCled • By 2020. information on sta'u •• ,rend. ond thints of biodiversity. ecosystem functioning.nd service., and ASS related losue, are gen ..... ted.nd applied for further resear~h and de ..... lopment " fa""t 17. 8y 2020 • .:omm"nlty knowledV!. Innoyation. and pr.,tI,,,, of local ,ommunitl~. r~lat~d to biodi""",ty .r~ d""um~nted •• ubJect to the na.lon.1 le,I.I •• lon •• nd rel ...... n. In.ernational oblltj:a.lon.. and Inte"ated Into the national develot>ment strate,i'" with the full and effectllle part,,'patlon of local communiti", TKhnkol ro.lonale Ethiopia I. a country with more th.n 54 ettlnlc g'oup' The.e ethnic group. Inhabit In diffe,ent .gr ..... ,olo,i<31 'one< .nd thei, iMeraclion wilh diye ... if",d biophyslc.1 environmem. ,,,,,,I'ed in dive ... e community knowledge rela.ed to biodi.e .. ity. Ne""rthe"'". comm"nity k""wledge ha. ""t been well cIoc"mented and "sed In conserv.,lon and .ustalnoble utll',otlon of I"" ... ~y. Moreover. Ihe knowledge h •• not !>nn int"llrated imo national development and poverty .llevlolion SI'3te8i"'. Therefore. lurth", efforts .re required to d""ument knowledge. Innovations and pra",lce. of local communities. There Is also a need to Integrate and apply the knowledge into ""tional development "'ategie'. with the full participation of 1"".1 communities. Implementation strategy In Ethiopia, documented community k""wledge, In""vations and practiu, 'elevant to conservation and ..,stainable "tili.ation of biodi""rs"y a,e s,o"" and Iraamented. The,elo,e. Implementation of thl. tarset will st.rt with ,e"';ewlng lhe "" .. tlng d""uments, and re<:ording the undocumented one •. ~v"ing a strategy fo' communicating and inlegra'ing the knowledge. innovations and practices of ,,,,,,1 communltie. Into the nation.1 and Ioc,' dellelopmenl and poverty alleviation .trateg ... I. another activity ,equlred to Impfement thl. target. Milestone • • By 2018, e,i$ling kt1owfedge. Innovations and pra""ces of lOCal communities ,elevant to biodiversity . nd ecosystem services a'e ,e.lewed, cIocumented and commun icated • By 2020, knowledge, Innovations and prrolee. of local communi,I". relevan, te een ... ",at~ alld sustainable utlll,aHen ef bicdiverslty a,e eemmunkated, and integ,ated inte natiMal and local dav"lopmant and pov"rty alle";at"'n """"SOH Ta,,,,t 18. By WZO, mobill,alion 01 financial ", •• ",,·us 110m Inte,nal and ".ternal sources ",qulred 10' etl V<! Implementation of the st,atelY Is Incru ... d ,ubstanli.lly Technlca, ,alionale One 01 the majo' ob.,acle. I", the implement.ti"" of Ihe "",";ou. NBSAP ..... limitation In f,n.""I.1 resource'S. The gove,nment of Elhlopla Is hlshly committed to support biodiverSity conuNat",n and sustainable utili .. ,iM endavourS. In light of multipl" (halleng .. s biodiverSity and rKOsystems a'e fa<:ina. howeve'. Ihe financial '",ou'u. frem the emmem alone canno, .uPport fu ll rnplemenl""'n of Ihe eurr"nt St'.'este Plan. The'efo'e, moblli,"I"" of substantl.1 amount of Inle'nal and e. le,nal fund. i. critically ''''Iui,ed 10 effect;'ely implementth .. St,ate,ic Plan 2015· 2020. Implementation motety Effec,ive implemen,,,iOtl of the cu,,,,nt NBSAP requi'''' full .uPPOrt and coope'.''''n of the st.kehoiderS and the gove'nment of Ethiopi •. Mo'eove', it ,equi'e. substantial lina""lng bolh f,om national and Inte,national sou,ces. The,efo,e, the foealln.tilule ,hould develop fin.ncl., ,esourc" . mobilization strategy. MUestone. • By 2015. Competent project ptoposalslor ..... kinS funds a,e developed • By 2015. fin.nc .. 1 ",sources mobilization strategy Is In place " ... ........ " , . , , ..... ... --.. ..- .. - ...... " ... ..... ... oj ''0 ... ''' >co" .... ......, ... ... ~ ' ,", ....... .. ......... " ... /00".. ,, ... .. -" ... ---.......... ---... -............ ,-~-~ • .- .. ,~ ......... " . 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'6,",1000 ~ • I, ~ ~ < • , , - • I I •• ~ .. = ~::l ~l I ! f! d~ i UP it .1 II Ii fIp , ·I'il I" i j i,j h Pil , i h' t I In. ,Ii' ' .l' WII "'1 1 .taw "I I " " ·'I! .,1' l" [ . .• ! ., f' tt l i "I " .. . , ' .o !L I W d' ;i id~ • • !! .. ~ :::i - - :!! £ • I , • ! !I " !.d Hi nl I ' I I. ; ~ 1 • i iii lei Ii · i j" ! ! . !!H !iH Ih!H lhhiH i I i i j i i i i j ! i} i i J } f f I !i 1 t f iql !il ",ILs; \:il • 'obI!lo.lItbtion,n;,. -.. (tIOopj.'~ fIIiopin-~""""'!InOoJk GooII:I ~I! .. ", lion"""""''''''', "' I~b, t,,,,, waPKl'l-' I¥&<I 14, ., 101O, .... ~ IS ( ~.Iion, i<I<IIIIq ................ 01 100 oitr,",, ..., otii>"*"~"'~ ' .... ,,, ... l~ '" lOll, I 1':''''"" W...-;,. i)'Il,"" ~ "'....-, ,;00 I".., ~., 2020, ~ ,..; ;, : '.,.,.. .... to bIocI4nity..,..,. .. flo""" ... ,,,,,. ""' ....... "" ""' "'''"'' ... , 0/ Os 1><1 ... ,. .... otOd, . ~ ood UI.I! 'Pl'IOd II l¥&<Ill • ., 2020,,,,,,,,,,,",, 100 ... 1. ,.,.. ""~ ...... ,,"'" ", 01 to ~ ... -...,;;;ea to lilt .. ~ltd .. """'1ion • .,.; .... l1Od ........ "' .. bp, ... "~.tfCit> .... "" 101.,.; pornopolionol ,,,,",,,,,,,;o, ,"" I.,.. 'l., 2020, ... 0/ """" ......... ;'o;MoI"';"""'; .. ,..,;red lot ...... 11 .... "''''''~itI<rNoH .. b>wliI .. • CHAl"TER EIGHT 8. IMPlEMENTATION ARRANGEMENTS 8.1. Ceo,dinatl"" The Ethiopian Biod" ... sity In<t~ute i. responsible for the cons ..... ation and . ustainable util""ti"" of blodlve,sll'(, and ensu'ing acc"," to genetic ,esou,ces and the f." and equitable sharing of benefit< arising from their u .... It I, also the Fonlln,,'tute to the C"".ention"" Biolocical Di ..... ity (C8D). Th ... ef<>re, the In"itute will take the 0 ..... 11 responsibiill'( of coo,dlnating the Implementation of the Strategic 91an 2015·2020. The focal IMtitute will facilitate the establishment of Nati""al Biodiversity Technical Committee and National 8ied"e"il'( Ceuneil. It will al.o organi •• biannual Nationa l Biedi.ersity Te<hnical Cemm~t.e as well as annual stakehelders . nd Nationa l Biedi.ersil'( Technical Committee meetinls. The Institute will also formulate binding inst,ument that should be .greed upon by the con«<ned lead and coIl.borating instituti"",. National eied~,sitv Ttd>nlcal Committee Natl""al Biodi.ersil'( Technical Committee INBTC) is a technical wing that shall foHow up the implementation of the N65A? It is composed of heads of ReUs of all ' egional states including Dire Dowa 01'( Council, • representative from each implementing lead agency. and a rep'esentative from EeF, IPaES, N;oHGnal Chamber of Cemmerce, local and international NGOs and Ministry of Information Cemmunicalion. The Chairperson of the NBTe wil l be the Depul'( Director Gene,al of the Coordinating Ins\itu\e, and the vice chairperson and the s«retary will be elected by the Technical Committee from~. members. The NSTC shall con.en. its meeting ""'ry si. m""tM I yea" In forsl weeks of January and July. " The major ta,k af the NSfC is evaluati", pro,r.""" af implement.tion of the NBSAP. It< other tasks include app,alling various formats and mategi.s such a, communication, education and public awarene .. and financial ,e,aurce, mobili •• tlon m.teSie. ; manitorinJ: and ""aluation, and ,eporti", formats"' well., detailed tasks outlined for the actions of the Slratelic Plan. Mor.".....,., the NSfC Is responsible to carry·out oth ... activ~ie, that may be advised b1 the National Biodivers ity Council . The finding' on the progress of implementation ,eported from both NBrc meetings will be pre ... med to the .nnual Nati",,"1 ,tak.hold ... ' workshop and Nati"".1 Biodive,sity Coonc~ by the chairpe,son af the NSTC. Upon the can by ~. chai,person, the NBTC ma1 convene ur,e," meetins/meeti"", a, the c . ... m31 be, in addition to their planned biaMU"1 m""tinl" N.tional Biodin"ity Council Nat ional 8iodinrsit1 Council (N8C) is the highest body thjl OW!rseeS the Implemenm ion of the NBSAP, and provide, strategic di,eerion. Members of the NBC will be ' epresentjlin' from HoPR" E8I, MoANR, MoLF. MoEFce. EWCA. MoE, MoWCA. MoFEO, and MoST. LOcal and inte'/l31ional NGOs. and National Chambe, of Commerce wiU be represented bv one member each. The ch. irpe<son of the N8C will be the Ministe, of Ministrty of En.i'QfIment, Fore.t and Climate C~,,,,&e and the vice Chairperson will be a person f,om the approp'ilote Standi"8 Committee of the Hou.e of the people's Representatins of the Federal OemO(,jlic Republic of Ethiopia . The secretary of the committee wil be the Oiteaor Gene,,1 of the Ethiopian 8iodinrsity Inst~ute. The NBC .han meet onre a year, immedi.tety altc' the .takeholders" workshop. B .... d on the summary of the frndi"8' f'om both N8TC meet ing. and annual ,ta1(ehold ... workshop, the NBC will provide strategic directions to the NBTC, inctudi"8 revisitin, Ihe pI~n. If Mcessary. Upotl (he caoH (hroogh i(S chairperson. (he I'IBC m3v convene ' n u'gent mee~ngJ meeti,,!, In add ition to its .nnual meeti",. 8.2. RtSOUft8 MobHiution Most of the action, ",t In the I'IBSAP are planned in • wav tMt they can be ma instreamed Into different ,ectoral and croSS-!.eCto .. 1 plans, and will be implemented wi(h go.ernmen( budse(s ,lIoc~ted (0 the sectors. To effec(iveiy .cwmplish (he 'ctio"" ~nd tilrgeu ouUined In (he I'IBSAP. however. subs(~n(i.1 SUP$lOr1 from bo(h Inwn"I.[\(! e><lem.1 fundi". sou"e, I< r~"ired. 10 Ucure (lieu fund .. , <ep,r'te por1foliO of funding , trategy will be develOped bV the Focal ln,ti(ute, The stra(tgy will .Iso contain the disbursemtn( component to rele~se lund< ,.cured Irom different sources /0, t"" Implementing atencio<, The "JOdin, " .. ter;\' will serve .. the oper.tional "'tion.1 ".nding document for lundi", mechani'm for tht implem entat ion period 01 201S throUllh 2020. 8.3. Plan< /0, durin, House Me<hanism On. of tht mO" impoert,nt d,.wWcks Of th. previau. I'IBSAP of "hlepia w" lack of respoen,ible notianll coordin.Un, system thot resulted In we.k Information e><thange. The CINrin. House Me<Mnism (CHM), which WI< est.blished bV the SCBO worldwide /0, the P'Jrpc,"" of ••• ilin, in/orm.tion to Interested par1ies, is one of the cruci.1 tools to fiU 'uch gap' and thl< should be suppoOr1ed by networki"ll nation.I .Ukeholders ,nd AIIS.(HM (hat shall be e.Ubli,hed.t the be,;nnin, 01 lhe implemenWion period. In addition to updati". the CHM, est.blishment of inform.tion networks need to be exp.nded through regions and institutions. ,.4. Monitoring and [valuation Monitoring and ev.luation sh.1I be conducted by , group of expert, from diflerent di>Ciplin<!s set bV I'IIITC and ~. outcome' shaH be repoerted to N81C. ,(akeholden ' nd the NBC in a step by Mep manner, based on the a"eed upon format and worl< plan. MonitorillJl and evaluation IormalS will be Iormulated by the Focalln>!itute. 8.S. Reporting The' R8Us and It~d agtrl(ies are required to submit their respCdIw! implementation progress reports to the 10(;11 instiMe on quarterly basis. These reports will be rompiled and presented to the N8TC.t ~s biannu~1 meetings by the Foc;ol Institute. The N8TC m«lings will be COl1dutled in January and July. In the c.se of July meeting. the findings of both N8TC meetings will be synthesiztd itId presented to annu.l stakeholde~ wor~shop that win be condutled • week liter from the July NBTC meetin,. The outtome of both N8Te meetings and nation~ 1 SUkehoiders' workshop wi. be synthesized and submitted to coordinating Institute, and then will be p,esented to N.tion,1 9iodive~ity Cou",il (NSC) by Diretlor Gener.1 of the coordinating tnstiM e. The outcomes of the meetings and stritegic directions of the NBC will be communicated to the respect ive stakeholders through roordinaling Instijutt . In ' ddition. the annua l progress report and the outcomes of the implementation will be communicated to the concerned international bodies such as the SC80 by the coo'din'tinllnstitute . • 00 , . 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A$sessmeM Prepared by the 8iod1W!r!lty ANlysis ,nd Technical Suppon Te,m. V"vilo. I. (1951), Tilt origin, .,,'i3tion. immunity 3nd breeding of culti."led planlS, Translated from the Ru"i.n by K. S. Chester. Ronald Press Co. New York. USA. V~u&denhil 0" Vreugdenhil A. M" T"mi," "I"hun, Anteneh Shime~s, ZelelOlem Te~r" (2012). Gap aAnlysi. of the Protected Are • • of Ethiopia, fWCA,Add;. Ababa Ethiopi •. Worku Denbel and Avele Badebo (2012). Valuable SOU" ... of "",starKe in the W,iopOan durum wilt" l.ndrilGes to UG33 and other stem rust r. ces. Inter~ion.l journ.1 of Asronomy and Plant Production. Vol ., 3 (6), 19H9S. You,,& 1. (2012). [thiopO.n P,otected AreM .. ·Snapshot'. A ~lerence guide for f"tu~ Slr3tegic pt3"ning lind project fundina by Ethiopi3n Wild lile Autl\ority. Zemede AsflOW (2000). Tilt barleys of Ethlopi ... ln: 58. Brush (ed). Genes In the field: on. farm conservation of crop d;ve~~y. l"tern3tiGn,,1 Development Research Cent~ .nd Intern.tio",,1 PI"nt Genetic Resources Inst itute. '" ..,.N[X!S . 1, T ... ,fd inof. ....... nd ot!~ ,. u. ,.,.,.. • . h d~ , .......... 0IIc oIIwnIIy Io ... U . .... ,ptdt< 0I!.....,.. "" .......... -. h .. ' ...... • AlIi, ~ ,,~ DOrttII, WI!, lot Ido, Hot/. • Got.,~ ........ AI .... "" ... . .. '-'- ~ .-. Itoo, JW, .. ,. ... . ...-........ Ab<""" .... . ~ SiIJoIoo, Si>ort4"~-' W .. IIor ... ....,..-. , ..,....AI ... -.GumIJ, . G K<fI~ ..,;.0. AlIotttlIo. ">t. • lfsIoIon<!Gooo, ....... 100>0II Goo\>. , ............. AI"."" ..... ~.Opdeoond 6 -, ~ (ponyl. lot ..... Horro.lO!t .. SIwIJo I (ci>n"' 0f;A<I0I~"" -- .... I 1Ior ... follli/lol .. I~t:orno.... 1 ..... ~ Sout<o,PIC.20Uc; 2004) '" JiOImill-FritIiIn, 1ttItT,Il<own .~" ............ .... SiomI!oIoI AwoooI, . --. ""' ..... Ootpet ........ ~ .. I,a, oM,' .... bd. l<CfoOrn, u ...... """" CobI>SQO,F-"",- Booo .. "010",, .. -. 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