Addis Ababa Climate Action Plan (2021-2025)

SECTION 1 presents the vision and intention of the CAP

SECTION 2 describes the context for climate action in Addis Ababa

SECTION 3 summarizes the key pieces of strategic technical evidence that were used as the baseline to inform the CAP development

SECTION 4 sets out the goals and targets that Addis Ababa has set for climate change mitigation and climate change adaptation, based on future projections of emissions and climate impacts and the need for ambitious action

SECTION 5 presents a holistic ‘Climate Action Roadmap’ for the key climate mitigation and adaptation sectors, setting out details of the prioritized actions and how they may be implemented

SECTION 6 describes the implementation strategy for the CAP, including the current system of climate change governance in Addis Ababa and how this will be utilized and strengthened in order to successfully implement the CAP, and the human resource and financing plan

SECTION 7 outlines the proposed approach to monitoring, evaluation and reporting of CAP actions and targets Finally, SECTION 8 addresses the challenges posed by the global COVID-19 pandemic, and how this links with climate action to ensure a ‘green recovery’. Addis Ababa Climate Action Plan 11 2 2. Context for climate change action in Addis Ababa 12 Addis Ababa Climate Action Plan 2.1. City Profile Addis Ababa Addis Ababa Ethiopia Addis Ababa is the capital city of Ethiopia and plays an important role in the economic development of the country while serving as a center of education, commerce, culture, urbanization, communication and innovation. The city had a population of 3.3 million as of 2016, accounting for approximately 17% of the country’s total population.5,6 With an estimated growth rate of 3.8% per year, Addis Ababa is anticipated to be home to around 9.8 million people by 2037.7 In addition to natural population growth, this is due in large part to high rates of rural- urban migration, as people come from all over the country to seek employment opportunities and services. The rapid increase is placing additional pressure on the city’s infrastructure and resources.8 Addis Ababa Population 3.3 million 3.8% Estimated growth (2016) rate per year 9.8 million (2037) 5 C40. (2020). Addis Ababa Rapid Climate Risk Assessment. 6 UN-Habitat. (2017). The State of Addis Ababa. 7 World Bank. (2015). Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: Enhancing Urban Resilience. 8 Kotebe Metropolitan University and Addis Ababa Environmental Protection Authority (2018). Addis Ababa City State of the Environment and outlook Addis Ababa Climate Action Plan 13 Addis Ababa Economic & industrial service industry industry agriculture contribution 63% 36% 1% Addis Ababa Contributes 38% GDP while employing only 33% unemployment 21% 15% per capita of the total workforce (2003) rate (2016) Addis Ababa is the main economic and industrial hub in the country. It contributes around 38% towards the national Administrative Gross Domestic Product (GDP) which per capita while only employing while 15% of the total workforce.9 The service industry dominates the GDP share in the city at 63%, followed Structure by industry at 36% and agriculture making up the remaining Governed by: 1%.10 The growth in GDP is associated with job creation whereby the city reduced unemployment from 33% to 21% City Council between 2003 and 2016. The Ethiopian Government has a national vision for Ethiopia to become a middle-income country by 2025, and the city of Addis Ababa is likely to play a 11 sub-cities crucial role in achieving this status.11 In terms of the administrative structure, Addis Ababa is 129 Woredas governed by the city council, and is further divided in to 11 sub-cities and 129 Woredas (districts). The city council itself is comprised of 18 bureaus, offices and authorities (for more information, see Section 6). As the capital city, Addis Ababa 18 bureaus, offices and authorities also hosts more than 92 embassies. 12 >92 embassies 9 World Bank. (2017). Country Partnership Framework for the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia for the Period FY18–FY22. 10 UN-Habitat. (2017). The State of Addis Ababa. 11 Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia. (2016). Growth and Transformation Plan II (GTP II) (2015/16-2019/20). Volume I. 12 http://www.ethiopia.gov.et/addis-ababa-city-administration 14 Addis Ababa Climate Action Plan Addis Ababa Climate Action Plan 15 A map of the administrative boundaries 16 Addis Ababa Climate Action Plan Figure 1: City Boundary, Sub-cities and Woredas Source: AA Planning Development Commission (2020) Addis Ababa Climate Action Plan 17 2.2. National Action on Climate Change When considering a city-scale climate response for Addis Ethiopia’s population, economy and environment to climate Ababa, it is important to account for existing national plans, change impacts. The Strategy is founded on 4 main ‘pillars’: strategies and targets. An overview is provided below. •Adopting energy efficient technologies in transport, The Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, as a signatory industry and buildings to the Paris Agreement, has committed to limiting its net •Expanding renewable electricity generation national greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by 53.5% by •Reducing emissions from the agricultural sector 2030 from the 2010 baseline in its updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC). The 53.5% encompasses a •Protecting and expanding forests 12% (unconditional) and 41% (conditional) reduction of GHG The National Adaptation Plan (NAP) aims at building the emissions compared to a BAU scenario. The updated NDC also adaptative capacity and resilience of the country to climate includes an adaptation component with about 45 prioritized change impacts in line with the CRGE Strategy and the national adaptation interventions. Second Growth and Transformation Plan (GTP II). The country’s mitigation and adaptation efforts are also reflected in the 10-Year Development Plan (2020/21-2029/30) and the Climate-Resilient Green Economy (CRGE) Strategy which sets out the country policy for low-carbon, climate resilient growth and development. The CRGE Strategy not only documents the development pathway for the country to reduce per capita emissions, but also highlights adaptation actions to improve resilience and reduce the vulnerability of Other relevant plans and strategies that have informed the development of this CAP are: 1. Ethiopia’s Climate-Resilient Green Economy Green 8. Addis Ababa Waste Management Policy (draft Amharic Economy Strategy (2011) Version) 2. Ethiopia’s Climate Resilient Transport Sector Strategy 9. Addis Ababa Structural Plan (2017 – 2027) (2017) 10. Ethiopian Transport Policy (draft) 3. Ethiopia’s Climate-Resilient Green Economy Climate 11. Addis Ababa Transport Strategy (draft) Resilience Strategy: Water and Energy (2015) 12. Ethiopian Panel on Climate Change (EPPC) First 4. Ethiopian Energy Authority Indicative Strategic Plan Assessment document (2019/20 - 2029/30) 13. Coverage Percentage, Assessment of Availability, Access, 5. Ethiopia’s Climate Resilient Green Economy Climate Distribution, Quality and Long Term Roadmap of Potable Resilient Strategy Agriculture Water Supply and Sewerage in Addis Ababa City 6. Climate Resilient Green Growth Strategy and Integrated 14. Other documents such as the 10 Years Perspective Plan for Climate Change Response Investment Plan Development transport, waste and energy, etc. for Addis Ababa (2014) 7. Central Statistical Agency Population Projections for Ethiopia (2007-2037) Box 1: Plans and strategies used to inform the development of climate actions 18 Addis Ababa Climate Action Plan At the city level, a number of activities have already been undertaken or are underway, which support or promote climate action. These were important context for CAP preparation, which builds on such existing initiatives – see Box 2. Major climate actions undertaken in Addis Ababa to date include: • Tree planting campaign and activities • Promoting Autonomous Adaptation at the Community Level • Greening of the city: Sheger beautification project • Development of the light rail transit system (LRT) • Development of the Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) – under construction • Car free days • Promotion of Walking and Cycling • Smart Parking as an Instrument to Improve Traffic Flow and Emissions Reduction • Implementation of 10% ethanol in fuel for gasoline vehicles • Development of an Air Quality Management Plan (AQMP) • Climate governance actions, such as: • Addis Ababa Environmental Protection and Green Development Commission (AAEPGDC) mandated to regulate the environment and climate change issues in the city • AAEPGDC assigning two teams to work on climate mainstreaming and climate smart technologies promotion Box 2: Addis Ababa climate actions undertaken to date For more information on how these relate to sector-specific actions, refer to Section 5. The development of the Addis Ababa CAP builds on the ongoing climate change work and initiatives at the national and city level to build a carbon-neutral and resilient nation by 2050. Addis Ababa Climate Action Plan 19 20 Addis Ababa Climate Action Plan 2.3. CAP Development Process 2.3.1. Overview 2.3.2. The Addis Ababa CAP has been developed as part of the Climate Action Planning Africa programme, which was Mitigation initiated in 2017 by C40 Cities Climate Leadership Group. As part of that programme, Addis Ababa signed up to C40’s Action ‘Deadline 2020’, pledging to reduce GHG emissions to net zero by 2050. This CAP responds to the specific requirements of the C40 Climate Action Planning Africa programme as it Development addresses the following: To develop GHG reduction targets and identify the actions •Pathways towards delivering GHG emissions neutrality needed to put Addis Ababa on a pathway to deliver its targets, by 2050 (at the latest) with interim targets for the year the city needed to identify current and future emissions, 2030. and the mitigation potential of different measures, before •Details of how the city will adapt, and build resilience, to prioritising actions for inclusion in the CAP. climate hazards and risks that may impact the city now and in the future. The process started with the development of the updated •The wider socio-economic and environmental co- GHG inventory and a long-list of existing city and national benefits derived from implementing the actions in this climate actions during a ‘strategic appraisal’ stage of the CAP, and ensuring these benefits are distributed to the CAP development. This was used as the basis for developing city’s residents and wider population. early emission reduction pathways and a long list of climate actions. Three planned workshops were conducted in the city. •The city’s governance and institutional arrangements, These actions along with the initial scenarios were validated powers and resources necessary for implementing this in the first in-city workshop (‘from vision to scenario planning CAP. for Addis Ababa’, October 2018), to also explore opportunities •The stakeholder engagement framework necessary for to enhance ambition and develop additional ambitious developing and implementing the key actions outlined actions. in this CAP. A second stakeholder workshop (July 2019) then assessed The actions presented in this Plan were selected through a these climate actions using a simplified multi-criteria analysis process that included reviewing existing plans and strategies (MCA) with scores and weightings for different action which is called the Strategic CAP Appraisal; development benefits, in order to develop a set of priority actions. A third of an emissions inventory and review of climate hazards; stakeholder workshop (October 2020) then further identified analysis of future emission trends and climate risks; and a the most ‘implementation ready’ actions via a survey process series of discussions and workshops with key stakeholders. and developed a set of road maps for these actions. These were used to identify and prioritise suitable responses to the challenges of reducing emissions and managing The process for the mitigation evidence base, action climate risks. Further details are provided below. identification and CAP development is summarized in Figure 2. Addis Ababa Climate Action Plan 21 GHG (GREEN HOUSE GASES) EMISSION INVENTORY COMPILATION • Data collection and inventory development • Climate change capacity building and vision planning • GHG inventory validation EMISSION REDUCTION •BAU scenario STAKEHOLDER WORKSHOP SCENARIO •Existing policies & actions identification #1 DEVELOPMENT •Modelling scenarios STAKEHOLDER EMISSION TARGETS •Identifying opportunities to enhance ambition WORKSHOP AND ABATEMENT •Prioritising a shortlist of actions using #2 POTENTIAL DEFINITION & multicriteria analysis PRIORITISING ACTIONS •Abatement potential of each action confirmed STAKEHOLDER IDENTIFYING •Roadmapping prioritised actions WORKSHOP #3 IMPLEMENTATION-READY •Strategy development ACTIONS •Benefits assessment Figure 2: Mitigation action development approach 22 Addis Ababa Climate Action Plan 2.3.3. Adaptation Action Development The adaptation actions in this plan started with a Climate Change Risk Assessment (CCRA). The CCRA was conducted via desk- based review of relevant documents on climate change and development in Addis Ababa and Ethiopia. Climate risks were studied, identified and discussed, and key adaptation actions were identified, prioritised and defined. Two workshops were held with a range of key stakeholders from the city. Stakeholders were identified through the CAP city team (including AAEPGDC team and C40 advisor) and engaged from project inception to ensure that the risk assessment conducted, and adaptation actions identified were salient, credible and legitimate. The process for the adaptation evidence base, action identification and CAP development is summarised in Figure 3. Assessment of climate risks •Literature review of future projections, Prioritising climate risks hazards, impacts and risks •Assessment of CCRA evidence on hazards, •Collation of data into the Climate Change 1 impacts and vulnerabilities Risk Assessment •Priorititisation of climate risks 2 Stakeholder workshop #1 Adaptation Planning 3 •Long-list of adaptation actions from existing Proritising adaptaton actions plans and benchmarking 4 •Reduced list of adaptation actions based on •Short-list of adaptaton actions via risk priorities stakeholder survey and multi-criteria analysis •Definition of actions Stakehol der workshop #2 Figure 3: Adaptation action development approach Addis Ababa Climate Action Plan 23 2.3.4. Prioritisation of Actions Prioritising actions is important to ensure that the Addis Ababa City Administration and other stakeholders target resources and fast-track those actions that will deliver the largest reductions in emissions or risks and deliver the greatest benefits. Criteria were used with stakeholders via surveys and participatory multi-criteria analysis processes in order to transparently prioritise climate actions for inclusion in the CAP, including assessing the most ‘implementation-ready’. The key criteria is shown in Figure 4 and 5 below. Mitigation Action Prioritization Criteria Stage one: Stage two: Criteria to prioritize actions Criteria to identify implementation-ready actions GHG abatement potential Technical skills available Adaption/resilience potential City ownership / control to implement Level of city power and capacity Within existing plans/policies Alignment with existing national policies/ plans Clear leadership and responsibilities Social acceptability Effective collaboration Political Acceptability Legal or regulatory framework in Ease of implementation Budget secure Sufficient resources Capital Cost System for management, monitoring and evaluation Operational cost Data available Environmental co-benefits Social co-benefits Figure 4. Mitigation Actions Prioritisation Criteria NOTE: Stage 1 of the mitigation action prioritization was undertaken during a facilitated in-person stakeholder workshop, using scoring sheets and an excel matrix Stage 2 of the mitigation action prioritization was undertaken via a remote ‘Mentimeter’ survey and then validated in a short stakeholder workshop 24 Addis Ababa Climate Action Plan Adaptation Action Prioritization Criteria Can reduce emissions Reduces drought induced impacts Can benefit vulnerable groups Reduces river flood induced impacts Avoided loss (infrastructure) Reduces surface flood induced impacts Potential for job creation Enhances or protect living (residential) conditions Benefits the environment Boosts tourism/visitors/ attract talent Potential for positive economic multipliers Aligns with principles of densification Potential pilot in the short term (<5 years) City power to steer/ progress Opportunity to scale/ ease of implementation Locally appropriate (culture, values and available skills and technology or solutions) Enhances local amenities Builds capacity and knowledge of climate change for Enhances mobility citizens Reduces heat induced impacts Figure 5. Adaptation Actions Prioritisation Criteria Addis Ababa Climate Action Plan 25 2.3.5. Summary of Actions The following provides a summary of the prioritized mitigation and adaptation actions. A small number of ‘additional’ actions were also identified, which although were not identified as a priority by stakeholders, were agreed to be necessary to achieve the emission reduction targets set out in the CAP. ACTION Priority Additional Action #M1 - Campaign to Promote the Waste Hierarchy Action #M2 – Construct Composting Facilities Action #M3 – Enhance Sewage/Wastewater Treatment System Action #M4 – Enhance Landfill Management and Install Gas Capture Facilities Action #M5 – Improving Vehicle Efficiency via Emissions Standards Action #M6 – Improve Public Transport Networks Action #M7 – Promote Modal Shift to Non-Motorized Transit Action #M8 – Enhancing fuel efficiency via switch to hybrid/electric vehicles or biofuels Action #M9 - Improve Permitting Process for New Buildings Action #M10 - Improve Energy Efficiency in Existing Buildings Action #M11 - Improve Energy Efficiency in Industrial Facilities Action #M12 - Increase/Diversify Renewables in Electricity Generation Action #M13 - Transition to Efficient cooking stoves Action #M14 - Upgrade Street Lighting Table 1: Priority mitigation actions 26 Addis Ababa Climate Action Plan Addis Ababa Climate Action Plan 27 ACTION Action #A1: Require new development permitting to account for increasing resilience to flood, drought and extreme temperatures Action #A2: Increase green vegetated buffers between urban settlement and hazardous areas prone to flooding, landslide and subsidence Action #A3: Ensure climate change representation on the dedicated Megaprojects Office Action #A4: Enhance urban greenery with heat and drought tolerant vegetation to combat the loss of green spaces Action #A5: Rehabilitate deforested areas/water sheds to reduce soil erosion, enhance biodiversity and offer better ecosystem resilience Action #A6: Provide water for irrigation of nature and greenspaces during heatwaves and droughts Action #A8: Technical and capacity building activities for urban agriculture farmers Action #A9: Improve water security through rainwater harvesting and irrigation management for urban agriculture Action #A10: Improve access to, and quality of, wastewater and sanitation infrastructure Action #A11: Awareness raising of public health and climate change issues Action #A12: Provision of preventative healthcare services in relation to vector-borne diseases (VBD) Action #A13: Update infrastructure design standards for improved resilience in order to undertake a programme of improvements to the infrastructure networks (e.g. transport, waste and sewage networks) Action #A14: Undertake more detailed hazard mapping of risk areas to infrastructure Action #A15: Improve the City's urban maintenance response and emergency response capacity Action #A16: Smart Grid to create energy efficient electricity distribution networks within the City Action #A17: River basin and watershed management to protect both hydropower potential and water resources Action #A18: Protecting rivers from solid waste, debris and harmful diffuse / pollution discharges Action #A19: Efficient wastewater treatment and stormwater management Action #A20: Accelerate urgently required water supply investments into water insecure and underserved areas Table 2: Priority adaptation actions 28 Addis Ababa Climate Action Plan 2.3.6. The Role of Stakeholder Engagement Stakeholder engagement has been deployed throughout the climate action planning process in Addis Ababa as a key element of modern administration and decision making. It is necessary to improve governmental transparency and the quality of decision- making, promote public trust and a sense of ownership in the process, and ensure the fairness and effectiveness of interventions. This approach is in line with the legal requirements for public participation in Ethiopia. Figure 2 and Figure 3 (above) highlight instances during the CAP development process where stakeholder engagement played a prominent role – most notably during the action prioritization process (described further in Section 2.3.4 above) A full list of stakeholders that were involved in the CAP process is set out in the table below. Table 3: Stakeholders involved in the CAP Process Addis Ababa City Level Institutions National Level Institutions • Construction Bureau • Central State Agency • Environmental Protection and Green Development Commission • Environment, Forest and Climate Change Commission • Ethiopia Academy of Science • Health Bureau • Ethiopia Energy Authority • Solid Waste Administration Agency • Ethiopian Electricity Utility • Transport Authority • Ethiopia Environment Forest Research Institute • Transport Bureau • Federal Transport Authority • Water and Sewerage Authority • Ministry of Trade and Industry • Watershed and Green Environment Development Agency • Ministry of Transport • Drivers and Vehicle Licensing and Control Authority • Ministry of Urban Development and Construction • Ministry of Water Irrigation and Energy • Finance and Economic Bureau • National Metrology Agency • Fire and Disaster Risk Management Commission • National Planning Commission • Housing Development Agency • Ethiopian Petroleum Supply Enterprise • Trade and Industry Development Bureau • Ethiopian Biodiversity Institute • Labor and Social Affairs Academic Institutions • Planning and Development Commission • Addis Ababa University • Resilience Project • Addis Ababa University (School of Chemical • River and Riverside Development Project Office and Bio Engineering) • Addis Ababa Science and Technology University • Ethiopian Civil Service University • Solid Waste Administration Agency • Kotebe Metropolitan University • The Ethiopia Institute of Architecture, • Transport Programme Management Office Building and Construction • Addis Ababa Women and Children Affairs Bureau • Addis Ababa Urban Productivity Safety Net Programme National/International NGOs • Addis Ababa Farmers and Urban Agriculture Development • Global Green Growth Institute (GGGI) Commission • Horn of Africa Regional Environment Centre • Addis Ababa Road Authority • Ramboll Group • Sub-cities Environment and Climate Change Focal Experts • ENDA Ethiopia • Population Health Centre Addis Ababa Climate Action Plan 29 Figure 6: Stakeholders at the Addis Ababa scenario planning workshop (October 2018) 2.3.7. An Integrated Climate Change Response As outlined above, the approach to developing actions differed slightly depending on whether the action primarily addresses mitigation or adaptation. Whilst this distinction is useful in some respects, the CAP views mitigation and adaptation as being integrated and complementary, identifying synergies and The C40 Air Quality team has also generated a more detailed interactions. This not only ensures that the CAP takes an report on the air quality impacts of the proposed actions, overarching, holistic perspective, but it is also important to which is summarised in Section 4.1.6. Further information is avoid any conflicts – such as ensuring the mitigation actions provided in Annex III. do not result in maladaptation, and adaptation actions do not increase emissions or cause ‘lock in’ to unsustainable solutions. It is also important to recognise that actions primarily aimed at addressing climate change can offer wider co-benefits with regards to air quality, biodiversity, water quality, human health, the economy, and so on. These co-benefits are discussed in Section 5.5. 30 Addis Ababa Climate Action Plan Addis Ababa Climate Action Plan 31 3 3. Strategic evidence for the CAP To ensure that the CAP responds to the challenge of climate change most effectively, it must be developed from a robust and city-specific evidence base. For Addis Ababa, the two key evidence documents that support local climate change action are: The 2016 Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory The 2020 Climate Change Risk Assessment This provides the baseline for understanding where This provides a city-specific assessment of the key climate- emissions are coming from in the city, how they may related hazards relevant to Addis Ababa, which will help change in the future, and which actions will be most target actions to reduce vulnerabilities. impactful. 32 Addis Ababa Climate Action Plan In addition to the evidence above, the strategic CAP appraisal helps to understand the existing city policies, strategies, governance and system structure to address climate change. These aid the identification of gaps and actions to address those gaps. Addis Ababa Climate Action Plan 33 3.1. and therefore not reported in emission inventories. If these emissions are included, they would have a significant impact GHG Emissions on the inventory total and the city’s emissions profile, adding 9.4 MtCO2e and making residential energy the single largest sector. This is important for future policy purposes and also Inventory for understanding the air quality impact of current and future energy use. The adjusted 2016 GHG inventory in the ANNEX I has formed the basis of Addis Ababa’s emission scenarios, to determine Addis Ababa has reported two city-wide GHG future emissions, goals and targets, explained further in inventories to date. The first was prepared for the year section 4.1.1. 2012 and published in 2015, while the second was prepared for the year 2016 and published in 2020. The 2012 GHG inventory for Addis Ababa showed that the city generated a total of 4.89 MtCO2e in that year. Per capita emissions for the city, which is home to a quarter of Ethiopia’s urban population, were found to be 1.6 tCO2e per capita. This equates to around 4,660 tCO2e per $US GDP. Question: The 2016 GHG inventory was undertaken using an updated Why did emissions increase so much from 2012 to 2016? methodology that is more relevant to cities like Addis Ababa.13 It includes a wider range of sectors and sources of emissions Answer: than the 2012 inventory. On this basis, in the 2016 GHG The increase in emissions is attributable to a few different inventory, total emissions were estimated to be 14.5 MtCO2e. factors. Per capita emissions were estimated at 4.3 tCO2e per year, or 2,169 tCO2e per $US GDP. This total includes several 1. Some changes are due to upward or downward sources that are generally considered outside a city’s scope trends over time. This is true for sectors such as road of influence (known as ‘BASIC+), but Addis Ababa has chosen transport, aviation, and waste, where emissions have included them within its GHG inventory for completeness. increased. These include aviation, road transport in and out of the city, 2. The 2016 inventory includes some new sectors, such livestock, and emissions from produce use for example. as open waste burning and incineration, that were not The breakdown of emissions from the 2016 inventory is considered in the 2012 GHG inventory. shown in Figure 7 and Figure 8. In the 2016 inventory, the 3. Finally, there were some differences in the transport sector was identified as the highest emitting sector, methodology and data sources used. accounting for 78% of total emissions, with 51% of total emissions coming from road transport. Aviation was the These types of changes are necessary to ensure that the second highest emitting sector, accounting for 26% of the total inventory provides the most complete, transparent, and emissions, followed by solid waste. Stationary energy (i.e. up-to-date understanding of emissions in the city. Although energy used in buildings and other facilities) was responsible it means that the numbers are not directly comparable, the for 8% of the total emissions. This level is relatively low, due key finding – that total GHG emissions have increased – is still to a very high level of renewable electricity generation in the considered reliable. For more information, see Annex II. country, and large consumption of biofuels, for which the CO2 emissions are considered ‘biogenic’ (biological origin) 13 The 2016 inventory followed the Global Protocol for community-scale GHG inventories (GPC), which is intended to be consistent with the IPCC Guidelines used for the 2012 inventory but adapted slightly to be more relevant to cities. Data and calculations were undertaken using the City Inventory Reporting and Information System (CIRIS) Tool developed by C40 Cities. 34 Addis Ababa Climate Action Plan 8,000,000 7,000,000 6,000,000 tCO2e 5,000,000 4,000,000 3,000,000 2,000,000 1,000,000 Figure 7: Addis Solid waste Aggregate sources and non-CO2... Commercial and institutional... Energy industries Railways Residential Buildings Biological waste Incinerated and burned waste On-road transportation Manufacturing industries and construction Wastewater Product use Aviation Livestock Agricutlure, forestry and 2016 GHG Emissions by sub-sector SUMMARY Name of City: Addis Ababa, Ethiopia Population: 3,353,000 Boundary: Basic Land Area (km2): 540 Figure 8: Addis 2016 GHG Emissions Inventory Year: 2016 GDP(us$ million): 6,677 by Sector tCO2e Basic+ Scope 1 Scope 2 Scope 3 tonnes CO2e 2,000,000 4,000,000 6,000,000 8,000,000 10,000,000 12,000,000 Stationary 1,115,659 537 Transportation 6,641,237 3 4,622,548 Stationary 1,116,195 Transportation 11,263,787 Waste 1,946,389 Waste 1,946,389 IPPU 11,434 IPPU 11,434 AFOLU 141,327 AFOLU 141,327 Other Scope 3 0 Other Scope 3 Total 14,479,133 Intensity Per unit land Per unit GDP Per capita Indicators area (km2) (US$m) Emissions 4.3 26,813 2,169 Addis Ababa Climate Action Plan 35 3.1.1. Addis Ababa Air Quality Air pollution and climate change are closely linked, and Addis It also included a non-modelled portion, which represents Ababa aims to understand the opportunities for co-benefits, sectors not included in the GHG inventory, sources located and to minimize trade-offs. By integrating air pollution outside the city that influence city air quality, and regional management and climate action planning, Addis Ababa can “natural” sources such as dust. This analysis showed that the enhance climate change mitigation ambition and identify co- major contributors to PM2.5 air pollution are residential fuel benefits for air quality and residents’ health. combustion, on-road transport, waste incineration and open burning, and industrial/construction sources, shown in Figure 9. In 2016, the baseline population-weighted annual average14 PM2.5 concentration for Addis Ababa was estimated to be 33 µg/m3. This concentration was apportioned to sources using the city’s GHG inventory, accounting for in-city emissions, and emissions associated with production of electricity used in the city. 3.6 5.4 2.7 0.9 14.8 5.6 Figure 9. Baseline PM2.5 concentrations (from scope 1 and scope 2 emissions) 15. 14 For simplicity, Pathways-AQ concentration estimates are often referred to as “annual averages“” throughout this document. The full technical term for what the concentration estimates represent is “population-weighted annual average concentration” since the model takes into account spatial patterns of population density within the city. 15 Scope 1 emissions (emitted directly within the city) and scope 2 emissions (resulting from production of electricity consumed within the city) are included. Scope 3 (indirect) emissions are not included in this analysis. 36 Addis Ababa Climate Action Plan 3.2. Climate Change Risk Assessment With a population of over 90 million people, it is projected In order to understand the specific impacts on the city, Addis that climate change may reduce Ethiopia’s GDP by up to 10% Ababa City Administration conducted a Climate Change Risk by 2045 16. Climate projections indicate a 1-2°C increase in Assessment (CCRA) during 2020. This has enabled the city to temperature by 2050 in a ‘Business as Usual’ (BAU) scenario better understand the current and projected future impacts of and this will have massive impacts on the agricultural climate change to support adaptation planning. productivity, livestock, infrastructure, economy, waste, water and human health among other impacts on critical sectors. 3.2.1. Past Climate Hazards in Addis Ababa Drought Intensity & frequency Reductions in rainfall, increases in the . 16 drought events in Ethiopia 1900- duration of periods between rainfalls and 2020, leading to the death of 402,367 rainfall variability all contribute to drought people and affecting around 77 million events in the City17 . Over the last 60 years, others20 . Addis Ababa has experienced 20 years . Severe drought in 2015 left 10.2 million of below average rainfall, which has led Ethiopians without food security21 . to significant water shortages. Drought also affects the health and wellbeing of . Addis Ababa suffered three disastrous Addis Ababa’s residents, and dependence events in 1974, 1975 and 2008, and on hydroelectric power means periods of three severe droughts in 1973, 1984 drought can result in supply failures18. The and 1999. economic impacts associated with drought vary and depend on the severity of events, however, it is estimated that recent major droughts have reduced Ethiopia’s GDP by Risk level for Addis Ababa between 1% and 4%19 . High probability with high consequences 16 Adamu (2020),Effect of Climate Change on Agricultural Output in Ethiopia 17 C40 (2020). Addis Ababa Rapid Climate Risk Assessment. 18 Worku. (2014). Climate Resilient Green Growth Strategy and Integrated Climate Change Response Investment Plan Development for Addis Ababa. 19 World Bank. (2020). Climate Risk Country Profile Ethiopia. 20 World Bank. (2020). Climate Risk Country Profile Ethiopia. 21 FAO. (2016). FAO in Ethiopia - El Niño Response Plan 2016. Addis Ababa Climate Action Plan 37 Flooding Intensity & frequency Flash or surface flooding and river flooding, . Flooding events in Addis Ababa were as a result of heavy precipitation events are reported in 2018, 2017, 2009, 2006, important hazards with the sub-cities of 200425 . Kolfie Keranio, Nifasilk Lafto and Adis Ketema . Between 2010 and 2017, 94 flooding at greatest risk of flooding22. Vulnerability to events in the City resulted in an estimated flooding in Addis Ababa is particularly linked 16 million Birr of damage to property and to rapid urbanisation, the location of poor- displacement of 387 households26. 30,000 quality housing and informal settlements in flood-prone areas, poor drainage, lack of solid . Between 2013 and 2018, there were a people waste collection, and loss of greenspace23. It total of 89 flood-related hazards with has resulted in loss of human life, and damage a particularly large increase in flood to property and infrastructure. In 2006, heavy hazards between 2017-201827 . are vulnerable to rains caused rivers to overflow and resulted flooding across the city (DPPC, 2015) in widespread flooding across the City, Risk level for Addis Ababa leading to the loss of more than 100 lives and the destruction of homes and livelihoods24. Combined with poor sanitation, flooding High probability with high also causes health impacts from waterborne consequences diseases and contamination from pollution. Landslides Landslides in Addis Ababa pose a significant Intensity & frequency risk, particularly residents in the sub-cities of . Flooding and extreme rainfall events Guele and Yeka28 . Extreme rainfall events can act as a trigger for landslides. The contribute to the risk of landslides and can frequency of flood hazards increased result in the loss of human lives. The Fire and between 2013 and 2018 with a high of 40 Emergency Prevention and Rescue Authority hazards occurring in 2018 has identified 26 areas across the City that are vulnerable to flood-driven landslides. Rapid urbanisation across the City is pushing housing Risk level for Addis Ababa and development further into marginal lands and it is estimated that loss of greenspace contributes to around 40% of landslides High probability with high (and flooding) in the City29 . The increase in consequences construction activity is further contributing to the risk. 22 Kotebe Metropolitan University and EPA. (2017). Addis Ababa City State of the Environment and Outlook. 23 Addis Ababa City Administration, Mayors Office and Global Resilient Cities Network. (2020). Addis Ababa Resilience Strategy. 24 Douglas et al. (2008). Unjust waters: climate change, flooding and the urban poor in Africa. 25 Addis Ababa City Administration, Mayors Office and Global Resilient Cities Network (2020). Addis Ababa Resilience Strategy. 26 Kotebe Metropolitan University and EPA. (2017). Addis Ababa City State of the Environment and Outlook. 27 C40. (2018). Strategic Climate Action Planning Appraisal Report. 28 Worku (2014). Climate Resilient Green Growth Strategy and Integrated Climate Change Response Investment Plan Development for Addis Ababa. 29 Addis Ababa City Administration, Mayors Office and Global Resilient Cities Network (2020). Addis Ababa Resilience Strategy. 38 Addis Ababa Climate Action Plan Heatwaves Intensity & frequency Heatwaves are a major climate hazard . Analysis of heatwaves indicates that for Addis Ababa30 . Given the compact and they have been increasing in frequency built-up nature of the City, with limited green and duration in Addis Ababa33 . space, heatwaves can be exacerbated by . Between 1971 and 2000, the average the urban heat island (UHI) effect31 . This can maximum duration of heatwaves in the result in the city experiencing temperatures City was 6 days. that are 2°C to 5°C higher than surrounding areas. Health of residents can be directly impacted by through heatstroke and dehydration, which particularly affects Risk level for Addis Ababa the urban poor who may be subject to poor quality housing or poor working conditions. Heatwaves also impact directly High probability with high on temperature-sensitive infrastructure and consequences result in an increased demand for water and energy. In combination, these impacts can reduce productivity and, therefore, have implications for the economy32 . Extreme hot days and hot Intensity & frequency nights . The average number of hot days per Similar to heatwaves, extreme hot days year in Ethiopia has increased by 73, and nights can have significant impacts on equating to an additional 20% of hot days, between 1960 and 200334 . the health of the City’s residents alongside impacts on water and energy supply, and . The rate of increase is greatest for summer, where the average number of infrastructure. They are, therefore, considered hot days for each month (June, July and to be a major climate hazard. The UHI effect August) has increased by 9.9 days over can exacerbate temperatures across the City, the same period, thereby affecting 32% thereby amplifying extreme hot days and of summer days. hot nights. . The average number of hot nights per year has also increased, affecting an additional 37.5% of nights, again most strongly in June, July and August. Risk level for Addis Ababa High probability with high consequences 30 C40 (2020). Addis Ababa Rapid Climate Risk Assessment. 31 The Urban Heat Island effect describes the effect whereby concrete, asphalt and other hard materials and surface prevalent in cities absorb heat during the day, and then release it at night. This leads to higher night time temperatures compared to green areas, and to higher temperatures overall compared to green areas. 32 Worku. (2014). Climate Resilient Green Growth Strategy and Integrated Climate Change Response Investment Plan Development for Addis Ababa. 33 Pauleit, S et al. (eds). (2015) Urban Vulnerability and Climate Change in Africa: A Multidisciplinary Approach, Future City book series. 34 McSweeney et al. (2009). UNDP Climate Change Country Profiles – Ethiopia. Addis Ababa Climate Action Plan 39 Rainstorms and variability of rain Intensity & frequency Rainstorms have increased in frequency in Addis Ababa over . Long-term precipitation trends are difficult to determine the 20th century35 . Rainstorms in urban areas, which have a given the strong inter-annual and inter-decadal high proportion of non-permeable land, poor drainage and high variability. population density, lead to a high risk of flash flooding36 . Heavy . Throughout the 20th century, heavy one-day and rains also contribute to soil erosion, erratic soil moisture heavy multi-day precipitation events have increased in content, altered infiltration rates and waterlogging, all of frequency in Addis Ababa39 . which have negative impacts upon urban agricultural crop yields. It is estimated that rain-induced soil erosion has reduced the country’s GDP by approximately 1%37 . Heavy rainfall can also lead to the formation of gullies, which affects Risk level for Addis Ababa drainage systems and reduces the amount of permeable soil, thereby impacting groundwater supplies and groundwater contamination38 . Sanitation systems can be overwhelmed, High probability with high consequences and other city infrastructure such as buildings or transport can also be damaged. Addis Ababa has four rainy seasons but there is evidence that rainfall is becoming more variable which is further exacerbating rainstorms, flooding and droughts. 35 Worku. (2014). Climate Resilient Green Growth Strategy and Integrated Climate Change Response Investment Plan Development for Addis Ababa. 36 Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, Ministry of Water Resources and National Meteorological Agency. (2007). Climate Change National Adaptation Programme of Action (NAPA) of Ethiopia 37 CGIAR (2018). Climate Resilient Green Economy Strategy. Sector-wise GTP II Implementation Monitoring Checklist. CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS), East Africa 38 Worku. (2014). Climate Resilient Green Growth Strategy and Integrated Climate Change Response Investment Plan Development for Addis Ababa 39 Worku. (2014). Climate Resilient Green Growth Strategy and Integrated Climate Change Response Investment Plan Development for Addis Ababa. 40 Addis Ababa Climate Action Plan 3.3. From Evidence to Action The key evidence on current emissions and past climate hazards in this section underpins the city’s strategy for reducing emissions and adapting to climate change.

Section 4 below uses this evidence to demonstrate how emissions and hazards might change over time across different sectors in Addis Ababa, and identifies the city’s priorities for action. Addis Ababa Climate Action Plan 41 4 4. Addis Ababa’s climate change goals and targets 42 Addis Ababa Climate Action Plan Addis Ababa has committed to ambitious goals and targets for both climate change mitigation and adaptation, underpinned by the achievement of a range of wider benefits that such goals are expected to bring. These goals and targets have been informed by a combination of baseline data on emissions and hazards as outlined in the above chapters, modelling of future pathways and potential actions, assessment of future impacts, and the scientific consensus on the need for ambitious reductions. This analysis to reach the goals and targets for the city is outlined here. What are goals and targets? Addis Ababa’s goals are the city’s broad objectives for mitigation, adaptation and wider benefits. Targets provide the specific, measurable objectives for the city over a defined time period. Addis Ababa Climate Action Plan 43 4.1. Mitigation Goals and Targets Addis Ababa’s overarching mitigation goal is to achieve carbon neutrality by 2050, consistent with the requirements of the Paris Agreement. To develop GHG reduction targets that would put Addis Ababa on a pathway to deliver this goal, the city identified current and future emissions, and the mitigation potential of different measures. This was used to develop a set of scenarios and associated actions, assess the abatement potential of measures and set targets. 4.1.1. Business-as-usual Emission Scenario Determining the likely future emissions provides the ‘baseline’ Using the C40 emissions scenario tool called ‘Pathways’, to understand the impact of future climate actions. This based on current levels of emissions and growth in population ‘business-as-usual’ scenario uses growth factors including and the economy and assuming no additional action, population and GDP to estimate the likely future growth emissions are projected to increase by around 300% by 2050. trend if no further action is taken. This would equate to total annual GHG emissions of over 78 MtCO2e by 2050, as depicted in Figure 10 below. Projection of future emissions based on population and economic Business as growth factors (GDP) in the different emission sectors, assuming no usual scenario additional climate action. This provides the ‘baseline’, from which to (BAU) assess the impacts of actions. 44 Addis Ababa Climate Action Plan Figure 10: Addis Ababa’s BAU scenario YEAR Air pollutant emissions are also projected to grow. Using the Pathways-AQ rapid scoping tool, under the BAU scenario, annual average PM2.5 concentrations are expected to increase by 71% between 2016 and 2030, 59% between 2030 and 2040 and 75% between 2040 and 2050 (Figure 11). 2016 2030 2040 2050 Figure 11. Baseline PM2.5 concentrations (from scope 1 and scope 2 emissions). 40 40 Scope 1 emissions (emitted directly within the city) and scope 2 emissions (resulting from production of electricity consumed within the city) are included. Scope 3 (indirect) emissions are not included in this analysis. Addis Ababa Climate Action Plan 45 4.1.2. GHG Emission Reduction Scenarios Three emission reduction scenarios, in addition to a business-as-usual scenario, were developed for Addis Ababa. These form the basis of the city’s climate mitigation targets to deliver the carbon neutrality goal. All scenarios were developed using a modified 2016 inventory 41 as the base year. Existing & A scenario based on existing policies and plans at the national and city level, Planned such as Ethiopian Climate Resilience Green Economy Strategy (CRGE/NDC) and Climate Resilient Green Growth Strategy, and the Integrated Climate action Change Response Investment Plan for Addis Ababa. Also includes other Scenario non-policy driven market trends like in the use of electric cook stoves or non- (E&PS) motorized transport. A scenario based on ambitious yet achievable actions, scaling up the Ambitious strategies and actions that the city is already planning to undertake and action also including new strategies and actions that are deemed feasible. Ideally, an ambitious scenario should enable the city to significantly shift emissions Scenario towards the goal of carbon neutrality by 2050 as required by the ‘Deadline (AS) 2020’ commitment, in order to maintain a 1.5 °C development pathway consistent with the goals of the Paris Agreement. Extended A scenario based on the strategies and actions that are required to achieve the carbon neutrality 2050 goal, but not yet achievable. This scenario action identifies the strategies needed conditional on the overcoming of present Scenario barriers to extended action, to close the gap between the ambitious action (ES) scenario and the Deadline 2020 emission reduction goal. The inventory was adjusted to exclude sectors that are outside the city’s control, such as aviation, and better reflect the emissions impacts of future trends 41 and actions, such as those relating to the use of biomass. 46 Addis Ababa Climate Action Plan The GHG emission reductions projected under the four scenarios are summarised in the table below. Year BAU E&PS AS ES 2016 19,261,071 - - - 2030 31,623,723 23% 41% 43% 2040 48,048,110 30% 60% 66% 2050 78,211,516 34% 76% 86% Table 4: Addis Ababa’s projected GHG emissions reductions in 2030, 2040 and 2050 under the different scenarios. These reductions are relative to the BAU scenario, from a 2016 baseline. 2030: 64% growth Existing and planned action scenario The Existing and Planned action scenario will reduce future emissions compared to the BAU, but will still 2040: 149% growth result in net emissions growth above the 2016 base year in all target years: 2050: 306% growth This scenario will also positively impact air quality and health in Addis Ababa by 2050, but not enough to lower PM2.5 concentrations to meet World Health Organization (WHO) ambient air quality guidelines. Ambitious action scenario 41% below the BAU scenario Addis Ababa recognises that it needs to go further to meet the city’s goal. Implementation of by 2030 76% transformational city-level climate actions under below the BAU the Ambitious action scenario is therefore expected scenario to reduce GHG emissions in Addis Ababa by: 60% by 2050 below the BAU scenario by 2040 Addis Ababa Climate Action Plan 47 Emission reductions in this scenario, based on the Pathways modelling, come from: Industrial Vehicle fuel Mode shift New building efficiency energy 23% switching 15% to public efficiency transit and 35% and fuel efficiency 14% 23% switching Water heating and Mode shift cooking fuel switching Recycling to cycling & and efficiency 3% walking 6% 2.4% This scenario results in significant reductions compared to the BAU, particularly in the short term, and net emissions remain around the level of the base year to 2050 (Figure 12). The Ambitious Actions scenario is also projected to deliver air pollution reductions that are twice as big as those expected under the Existing and Planned Actions scenario. PM2.5 concentrations from in-city emission sources are expected to decrease by 20 µg/ m3 in 2030, 43 µg/m3 in 2040, and 94 µg/m3 in 2050 as a result of ambitious scenario implementation. The largest reductions in emissions of PM2.5 and precursor pollutants are expected to come from the residential sector and on-road transport (Figure 13). 48 Addis Ababa Climate Action Plan Figure 12: Ambitious actions scenario 20 0 -20 -20 -40 -43 -60 -80 -100 -94 2030 2040 2050 Figure 13. Change in PM2.5 concentration per action for the ambitious scenario Addis Ababa Climate Action Plan 49 This scenario leaves an emissions gap of 24% (compared to These remaining emissions after ambitious actions are mainly the BAU) in 2050, which equates to 17.6 MtCO2e still being from on-road transportation, energy use across residential, emitted. commercial and industrial sector, and from wastewater. Remaining transport emissions are largely associated with public transport fleets. Options to further decarbonize these include: •Increased ambition in electrification for ALL types of buses (mini and microbuses as well as standard and BRT) •Encouraging the uptake of electric cars / motorcycles The largest emission reductions for Residential and Commercial energy are projected to be achieved through •Hot water heating and cooking improvements •Space heating improvements and insulation requirements in new and existing buildings •Additional small-scale renewables Box 3: Remaining emission reduction opportunities in the Ambitious actions scenario Extended action scenario The Ambitious action scenario does not achieve the goal 43% of carbon neutrality in 2050, due to various technological, 86% below the BAU scenario political, social and economic barriers. Addis Ababa has by 2030 therefore also developed an Extended action scenario with a below the BAU scenario by 2050 view to working with stakeholders in the city, nationally and internationally, to find ways to address these barriers in order 66% below the BAU scenario to reduce emissions further. The Extended actions scenario is by 2040 expected to reduce GHG emissions in Addis Ababa by: Figure 14: Extended actions scenario 50 Addis Ababa Climate Action Plan 4.1.3. Addis Ababa’s Pathway to Carbon Neutrality and City-wide Targets The Addis Ababa GHG emission reduction goal is to achieve Addis Ababa has adopted the Ambitious actions scenario carbon neutrality by 2050. To achieve this goal, the city will as the basis of the targets for this CAP, and the expected start to peak emissions each year and aim to achieve the emissions reductions in this scenario therefore represent target emission reductions for 2030, 2040 and 2050, through Addis Ababa’s unconditional emission targets. These targets implementing prioritized mitigation actions in the highest are ‘baseline scenario’ targets, which represent a reduction in emitting sectors. relation to projected emissions under the BAU scenario. The base year for Addis Ababa’s target is 2016, and it is based on the adjusted GHG inventory. 2016 2030 2040 2050 BAU emissions in target year (Mt CO2e) 31.62 48.05 78.21 Total Emissions in target year (Mt CO2e) 19.26 18.60 19.15 18.80 Ambitious action scenario targets (reduction from BAU) -41% -60% -76% Table 5: Addis Ababa’s climate mitigation targets To achieve these GHG emissions reductions, Addis Ababa has These actions are further outlined in Section 5, which will aim developed ambitious climate actions to tackle emissions from to deliver sectoral targets and major interventions needed in energy, transport and waste, to ensure that the city embarks each sector. Addis Ababa’s sectoral targets are summarized on a low carbon and resilient development pathway. below: Addis Ababa Climate Action Plan 51 Composting Recycling . To divert 70% of organic waste to compost by 2050. . Increase the proportion of paper . Reduce open dumping of and plastic waste that is recycled organic waste and amount from 0 % to 30% by 2050 going to landfill to 0% by 2050. Wastewater treatment Transport mode shift . Increase anaerobic treatment of wastewater from 0% in 2016 to 70% . Reduce mode share of private cars by 2050 from 10.8% (2016) to 1.2% by 2050 . Decrease use of latrines from 72% in . Promote mode shift from car/ 2016 to 5% in 2050 motorcycle/bus to walking: 80% . Decrease direct discharge from 16% in walking by 2050 2015 to 5% in 2050 Public transit vehicles Private/Freight vehicles . Improve the LRT and BRT . Motorcycles and taxis to shift away from to accommodate more petrol, aiming for 10% electric by 2050 passengers . Reduction in diesel use by freight vehicles, . Buses (standard/BRT) to be in favour of increased use of biodiesels 100% electric by 2050 and, when technology allows, switch to electricity. . Improve the efficiency of vehicles through emission standards New construction efficiency . In both residential and commercial Upgrade efficiency of properties, 100% of new builds to existing buildings use solar water heating by 2030 . 100% electric stoves in in newly . 75% of existing properties will use solar built residential properties by 2030. water heating by 2050 . 50% will use LED lighting by 2030 . 90% of residential and 100% of commercial properties will transition to electric stoves by 2050. Street lighting efficiency . Energy Audits (EAs) through incentivizing mechanisms for energy . 100% LED streetlights by 2030 efficient technologies in industries 52 Addis Ababa Climate Action Plan 4.1.4. Barriers to Achieving the Extended Actions Scenario As the Ambitious action scenario does not achieve the goal needed to deliver more ambitious targets and close the gap to of carbon neutrality in 2050, Addis Ababa developed the achieving the carbon neutrality goal. This scenario represents Extended action scenario to identify the level of intervention a ‘conditional’ target for Addis Ababa. 2016 2030 2040 2050 BAU emissions in target year (Mt CO2e) 31.62 48.05 78.21 Total Emissions in target year (Mt CO2e) 19.26 17.91 16.60 11.22 Extended action scenario Conditonal Targets (on business-as-usual) -43% -66% -86% Table 7: Addis Ababa’s Extended action scenario There are a number of barriers to achieving this target and the assumptions underpinning it in three key intervention areas, as follows: Existing residential cooking all upgraded to Industrial energy improvements (electrification Barrier 95% vehicles are electric electric by 2050 (rather and efficiency) 42 than improved wood) Policy required to ban or National policy required to stop industries moving out of Legal National policy will be required disincentive use of fossil fuels city to avoid relevant policies for cooking EVs are currently more Switching equipment which expensive than their internal has not yet reached end-of- Switching equipment which has not yet reached end-of- Financial combustion engine (ICE) life may not be economically life may not be economically attractive counterparts; overtime, this is attractive likely to change Social concerns e.g., ‘range Incremental changes may be Incremental changes may be preferred. Much of the Political & anxiety’, lack of infrastructure preferred. For cooking, many emission reductions for charcoal production are reliant social to charge vehicles and the cost people prefer cooking on gas on a large reduction in charcoal consumption. of investing in an EV instead of electric cook stoves Wide-spread electrification Wide-spread electrification increases the demand Practical Grid flexibility required, increases the demand for for electricity which will need to be met by increased increase demand on grid, and and development of adequate EV electricity which will need to electricity generation. It has also been assumed that technical be met by increased electricity there will be major improvements in the technology to infrastructure generation allow for such energy efficiency improvements. Table 8: Addis Ababa’s major barriers to delivering extended actions in major intervention areas 42 Includes 95% of industrial energy use converted to electricity by 2050; Manufacturing industries industrial efficiency increased to 60% improvement by 2050; Charcoal production efficiency increased from 42% to 60% by 2050 Addis Ababa Climate Action Plan 53 4.1.5. Residual GHG Emissions The Extended actions scenario is expected to deliver an 86% The City has committed to updating the GHG inventory every reduction in emissions from the BAU by 2050. This leaves 14% 2 years and revising and updating the CAP every 5 years. or 11.22Mt CO2e, which will remain if the Extended actions This will enable the city to adjust the plan to respond to scenario is delivered and the barriers removed. The city will new challenges and opportunities, and act on opportunities need to address these emissions in order to meet the carbon to further reduce these residual emissions to achieve the neutrality goal by 2050. Residual emissions occur mostly carbon neutrality goal by 2050. Residual emissions will be from the following sources: monitored and specifically addressed by Addis Ababa after 2030. This will give the city the ability to identify and plan •Residential and commercial stationary combustion: for technologies in those sectors and possibility of using Most remaining emissions are relating to the emission offset mechanisms as well such as afforestation, combustion of wood for cooking and space heating. reforestation, for instance. •Wastewater: In 2050, the majority (70%) of wastewater is expected to be treated anaerobically without biogas capture so there are significant emissions here. 5% and 20% of wastewater is being treated by latrines and septic tanks, respectively, and 5% is untreated; these treatment types also mean some emissions are remaining. 4,369,055 4,086,120 473,800 99,837 492.741 536,582 1,001,535 129,103 12,225 0 0 1,395 0 0 0 7,538 0 11,434 0 Figure 15: Remaining emissions after actions in the Extended actions scenario 54 Addis Ababa Climate Action Plan 4.1.6. Air Quality Benefits of the Scenarios By implementing Addis Ababa’s Existing and Planned action In both scenarios (Existing & Planned action and Ambitious scenario, the city can improve air quality by lowering annual action), residential sector climate mitigation strategies— average population-weighted PM2.5 by 43 µg/m3 by 2050. for instance, switching from unclean energy sources (such This cleaner air would prevent a significant number of early as in-home solid fuel combustion) to electricity—have high deaths each year. potential to mitigate GHG emissions and reduce air pollution Under this scenario, changes in the residential sector have the (both household air pollution and ambient air pollution), while most potential to reduce air pollution: improving buildings delivering significant benefits to health and well-being. Other and switching to cleaner sources of residential energy. climate mitigation strategies with potential to markedly improve air quality and reduce GHG emissions include: By implementing the Ambitious action scenario, the city could even more dramatically improve air quality, lowering annual . Shifting away from high-emitting on-road vehicles to average population-weighted PM2.5 by 94 µg/m3 in 2050. This walking and cycling reduction in air pollution would prevent 1,036 early deaths . Switching to cleaner on-road transport fuels in the city, in 2050 alone. The top PM2.5-reducing sectors in . Improving waste management infrastructure and the Ambitious action scenario are (in order from greatest to systems lowest potential to reduce air pollution): . Switching toward cleaner fuels in the commercial sector and in manufacturing industries . Residential energy efficiency for cooking and space heating in new buildings (as a result of moving away Details of which can be found in Annex III. from solid fuel use) . Industrial energy efficiency and fuel switching . Commercial energy efficiency . Conversion of buses from diesel to electric The majority of health benefits are expected to accrue from changes in new residential buildings (cooking and water heating improvements), from changes in new commercial buildings (space heating improvements), and from industrial energy efficiency measures. Addis Ababa Climate Action Plan 55 4.2. Adaptation Goals and Targets “Green, liveable, well managed and resilient Addis Ababa” This vision was co-created with stakeholders and provides a lens for the outcomes-based adaptation planning approach taken by the city in defining its adaptation goals and actions To ensure that Addis Ababa’s future development pathway From these, three key adaptation priorities were defined, and minimizes the future impact of climate change, the city’s a set of actions were developed that would enable the city to Climate Change Risk Assessment also identified priority achieve its adaptation goal. future hazards and impacts in priority sectors. 4.2.1. Future Climate Projections for Addis Ababa Studies show that Ethiopia and Addis Ababa city are Temperature extremes in Addis Ababa are also projected to projected to experience higher temperatures in the future43 increase as well as hot days and hot nights. Rainfall is also . Across all the models studied, compared to a 1971-2000 likely to vary in future. Most reports agree that Ethiopia will baseline at the Addis Ababa Observatory, maximum and see a gradual wetting trend, with increases in annual rainfall minimum temperatures in the City are projected to increase and frequency of extreme weather events by the end of the in magnitude and intensity up to the end of the century, with twenty-first century. the highest increases occurring after 2020. A summary of these projections across two of the scenarios is shown in. CanESM2 Temperature Projections Year RCP4.5 RCP8.5 2020s 0.1°C 0.1°C Maximum Temperature 2050s 0.4°C 0.6°C 2080s 0.5°C 1.2°C 2020s 0.0°C 0.0°C Minimum Temperature 2050s 0.2°C 0.4°C 2080s 0.3°C 0.7°C Table 9: Projected Changes in Addis Ababa Maximum and Minimum Temperature44 43 Feyissa et al. (2018) Downscaling of Future Temperature and Precipitation Extremes in Addis Ababa under Climate Change. 44 Source: Fevissa et.al. (2018) 56 Addis Ababa Climate Action Plan 4.2.2. Projected Future Climate Hazards Based on the climate projections for Addis Ababa, the city The assessment process and reporting followed the Global expects that future climate hazards will increase in intensity Covenant of Mayors for Climate & Energy recommendations and frequency under all scenarios immediately, in the short (as set out in the C40 Climate Change Risk Assessment term (2020-2025) and the medium term (2026-2050). Guidance45) and was refined to suit the City context in Addis Ababa. To understand how Addis Ababa is likely to be impacted by future climate hazards, the city undertook a preliminary The most relevant and most pressing future climate hazards qualitative analysis of the current climate risks in Addis for Addis Ababa are shown in below. Ababa. The magnitude of the impacts on each sector was assessed through a qualitative process with stakeholders. The impacts on each sector were compared with each other to give a qualitative order of magnitude. Climate hazards in Addis Ababa are expected to increase in frequency and intensity under all scenarios immediately, in the short term (2020-2025) and the medium term (2026-2050) Expected change in: Climate hazard Future climate Timescale expect Climate variable group hazard first changes by Frequency Intensity Heatwaves Immediately Temperature Extreme hot days Temp Immediately stress and nights Gradual temp Immediately increase Drought Immediately Water scarcity and subsidence Subsidence Not known Immediately Heavy rainfall Rainstorms Immediately Rainfall Flash / surface Immediately flood Flood and landslide River flood Immediately Landslide Not known Immediately 45 C40. (2018). Climate Change Risk Assessment Guidance. Addis Ababa Climate Action Plan 57 4.2.3. Future Climate Related Hazards and Priority Sectors Seven sectors already adversely affected by climate change were identified as priorities from the Addis Ababa CCRA. Through a qualitative assessment with stakeholders, the impact that the projected climate hazards will have on each of these sectors, and the magnitude of the impacts, was identified. Following this, the most important climate hazards and their expected impacts were agreed for each of the seven sectors. The results are shown in Table 11. Priority future climate-related hazards Priority future resultant climate impacts expected for Sector and primary impacts the sector Urban planning (including . Loss of land for built infrastructure and 1. Flooding (river and surface/flash) buildings) development 2. Gradual (chronic) temperature . Habitat degradation Critical ecosystems increase with associated instances of . Wildfire drought . Species loss . Crop failure 3. Temperature-related shocks: heat . Crop viability Food security wave and drought . Livestock survival/viability 4. Flooding (river and surface/flash) . Water quality / pollution influx-related impacts . Vector-borne disease Health 5. Flooding (river and surface/flash) . Pollution spread impacting vulnerable groups Infrastructure (waste 6. Flooding (river and surface/flash) . Pollution and debris spread management) . Disruption to motorised transportation Infrastructure (transport) 7. Flooding (river and surface/flash) . Disruption to non-motorised transit 8. Changes to rain seasons interspersed Energy . Hydropower production/viability with instances of drought 9. Gradual (chronic) temperature . Decline in water availability increase Water 10. Temperature-related shocks: . Increased demand for water for agriculture, heatwave and drought commercial uses & residences Table 11. Collaboratively identified priority climate impacts for Addis Ababa sectors 58 Addis Ababa Climate Action Plan 4.2.4. Adaptation Goal and Targets The major climate hazards in the city identified through the . Extreme heat/heatwave is related to temperature stress CCRA can be categorized into three key areas which form the and temperature change. city’s adaptation priorities: . Drought is related to the above factors of temperature . Flooding and landslide which is caused by high intensity and annual average rainfall. of the rainfall together with the nature of the city’s topography. Addis Ababa’s overarching adaptation goal is to reduce the impact of climate hazards such as flooding, heatwaves and droughts on different sector, with targets to reduce the vulnerability to hazards by 30% in 2030, 60% by 2040 and 100% by 2050 Whilst most of Addis Ababa’s adaptation actions and priorities are qualitative, there are a number of sectoral targets for adaptation in selected sectors, summarized below: Urban Planning Infrastructure 100% of new developments to be to be climate compatible/ Improve and mainstreaming of climate resilience future-proof to physical climate impacts by 2050 parameters to 50 % existing and 100% new infrastructure for current and projected climate change hazards by 2030. Increase in net green coverage by 10% in the short term (by 2025) and by 20% in the medium term (2030) Water Average litre per capita per day growth by 40% (89 l/c/d ,in Health 2016 to 133 /l/c/d by 2030) and balance the city’s daily water Maintain 30% allocation of city land for urban green spaces generation capacity by 2030. to reduce the urban heat island effect and flooding by 2030. Food Security Critical Ecosystems Increase the GDP share by 50% of the urban agriculture 30% of the city’s land area to be allocated to urban greenery production and productivity from the current 1% by 2030 and green space, and every resident living within 500 meters of a public green open space of at least 0.3 hectares by 2030 Energy Aligned with the mitigation actions targets (refer to Table 12: Addis Ababa’s sectoral targets Mitigation Actions) Addis Ababa Climate Action Plan 59 4.3. Goals and Targets for Wider Benefits Addis Ababa is committed to improve the living standards of The economic benefits are related to creation of new jobs, cost its residents by implementing actions that contribute to the savings for households, attracting tourism and other indirect Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The city has aligned economic benefits. Table 13 summarises the relationship its CAP priorities with the SDGs. When the CAP is implemented, between the SDG goals and the wider benefits of the CAP the city will benefit from climate change actions beyond a actions. reduction in GHG emissions, creating an economy that is resilient to current and planned climate change. Each of the actions included in this CAP (see section 5) considers the specific wider benefits to the environment, society and The major wider benefits from implementation CAP are economy, and ensures these benefits can be realized in an categorized into environmental, social and economic benefits. inclusive way. These benefits are also summarised in section 5.5. The environmental benefits include reduced pollution and increased green spaces, whereas social benefits are linked to community health, culture and job creation. Environmental benefits . Reduce air and water pollution . Utilize Compost over chemical fertilizer . Reduce Deforestation . Maintain ecosystem, wildlife & biodiversity SDG Goal 7 : Affordable and . Reduces the risk of runoff cleanenergy . Greening and restoration of natural resources Social benefits . Reduced health issues - vermin, disease, contamination . Health through better sanitation . Health through newer, safer, cleaner road infrastructure and SDG Goal 11 : Sustainable cities and vehicles . Increased thermal comfort communities . Improved reliability of energy supply for extracurricular benefits . Greater equality of opportunity e.g. access to education, water, electricity, . Access to cooling e.g. poor, vulnerable; Enhances local amenities . Reinforces local culture, values, and available skills and technology or solutions Reduce food insecurity . Job creation and benefit to vulnerable groups SDG Goal 13: Climate action Economic benefits . New employment opportunities . Creates new local industry and jobs . Improved connectivity . Biofuel production generating new industries and agricultural SDG Goal 17 : Partnerships for the income Goals . Cost savings from lower energy consumption and available for export . Potential to boost tourism/ visitors/ attract talent permanently . Potential for positive economic multipliers Table 13: Summary of wider benefits of the CAP 60 Addis Ababa Climate Action Plan Addis Ababa Climate Action Plan 61 5 5. Climate action roadmap The actions described in this CAP aim to Many build on measures already being transform the ways in which people in Addis pursued by the city, whilst others will Ababa travel, work and go about their lives, introduce actions that are not currently to deliver the goals of carbon neutrality and being implemented. Recommendations reduced vulnerability to climate impacts. for sub-actions designed to support the implementation of each high-level action The following chapter considers a range of have also been provided with an indicative actions, grouped within overarching themes resourcing plan (funding and financing), that are most relevant for reducing GHG indicators for monitoring, evaluation and emissions and/or improving climate change reporting (MER), and co-benefits identified. adaptation and resilience. 62 Addis Ababa Climate Action Plan . Climate strategy . Type of Action . Climate impact . Lead agency For each action, the CAP presents . Collaborating agency(s) or a summary of the key features and expected impacts, referred to as the stakeholder(s) ‘Action Blueprint’. These provide critical . Timeline information on the following: . Resourcing plan (funding & financing) . Level of city control . Alignment with Policies & Plans . Key performance indicators . Co-benefits . Sub-actions Addis Ababa Climate Action Plan 63 5.1. ACTION SUMMARY PRIORITISED MITIGATION ACTIONS Waste #M1 – Campaign to Promote the Waste Hierarchy #M2 – Construct Composting Facilities #M3 – Enhance Sewage/Wastewater Treatment System #M4 – Enhance Landfill Management and Install Gas Capture Facilities Transport #M5 – Improving Vehicle Efficiency via Emissions Standards #M6 – Improve Public Transport Networks #M7 – Promote Modal Shift to Non-Motorized Transit #M8 – Enhancing fuel efficiency via switch to hybrid/electric vehicles or biofuels Energy #M9 - Improve Permitting Process for New Buildings #M10 - Improve Energy Efficiency in Existing Buildings #M11 - Improve Energy Efficiency and Industrial Facilities #M12 - Increase/Diversify Renewables in Electricity Generation #M13 - Transition to Efficient Cooking Fuel #M14 - Upgrade Street Lighting 64 Addis Ababa Climate Action Plan PRIORITISED ADAPTATION ACTIONS Urban planning #A1: Require new development permitting (new building/ development codes) to account for increasing resilience to flood, drought and extreme temperatures #A2: Increase green vegetated buffers between urban settlement and hazardous areas prone to flooding, landslide and subsidence #A3: Ensure climate change representation on the dedicated Megaprojects Office #A4: Enhance urban greenery with heat and drought tolerant vegetation to combat the loss of green spaces Critical ecosystems #A5: Rehabilitate deforested areas/water sheds to reduce soil erosion, enhance biodiversity and offer better ecosystem resilience #A6: Provide water for irrigation of nature and greenspaces during heatwaves and droughts Food security #A7: Establish sustainable Agricultural Urbanism (AU) systems #A8: Technical and capacity building activities for urban agriculture farmers #A9: Improve water security through rainwater harvesting and irrigation management for urban agriculture Health #A10: Improve access to, and quality of, wastewater and sanitation infrastructure #A11: Awareness raising of public health and climate change issues #A12: Provision of preventative healthcare services in relation to vector-borne diseases (VBD) Infrastructure #A13: Update infrastructure design standards for improved resilience in order to undertake a programme of improvements to the infrastructure networks (e.g. transport, waste and sewage networks). #A14: Undertake more detailed hazard mapping of risk areas to infrastructure #A15: Improve the City’s urban maintenance response and emergency response capacity Energy #A16: Smart Grid to create energy efficient electricity distribution networks within the City #A17: River basin and watershed management to protect both hydropower potential and water resources Water #A18: Protecting rivers from solid waste, debris and harmful diffuse / pollution discharges #A19: Efficient wastewater treatment and storm-water management #A20: Accelerate urgently required water supply investments into water insecure and under-served areas Addis Ababa Climate Action Plan 65 Although the CAP presents actions separately for mitigation and adaptation, careful consideration of the synergies and trade-offs has been included in their development. Figure 16 summarises the major linkages between sectors and actions, and more detail on these is found in section 5.4. Improvements to core services, such as the sewage network and waste collection and treatment, will improve sanitation, enhance the cleanliness of waterways and improve health Resilience to be incorporated into the design of any new waste and transport infrastructure projects Waste Water Infrastructure Energy Transport Urban Energy Energy efficient lighting schemes and building Planning permitting go hand-in-hand with smart grid schemes to enhance energy resilience Aligning the permitting process for new developments to ensure energy efficiency and resilience Figure 16: Major sector and action linkages 66 Addis Ababa Climate Action Plan 5.2. Mitigation Actions Roadmap This section sets out the actions aimed at mitigating the effects of climate change. Actions are broadly grouped by topic area. Each topic area is introduced with a summary of relevant contextual information for Addis Ababa. 5.2.1. Re-thinking Waste and Wastewater Treatment The 2016 GHG inventory for Addis Ababa showed that the waste sector (including solid waste and wastewater treatment) represented 13% of total GHG emissions. Addis Ababa is home to more than 4 million people, who The rising population in Addis Ababa is also increasing produce around 3,000 tons of solid waste per day46 . pressure on the city’s wastewater infrastructure. Based on Waste generation in the city is rising by 5% per year, due the 2016 GHG inventory, it is estimated to account for around to a combination of population increase, higher incomes 21% of emissions from the waste sector. A challenge for Addis and changing consumption habits. Although the city has Ababa will be to reduce emissions from this sector while also introduced ambitious waste reduction targets, at present, expanding coverage, as only 10% of the population is currently solid waste management is a major challenge in Addis connected to the sewerage network. The city experiences Ababa. Nearly 55% of the population dispose of solid waste problems with the lack of appropriate services for desludging, primarily through open burning47 ; however, this has recently transportation and treatment of wastewater, along with been reduced due through action of the Waste Management unsafe containment and open defecation. Agency to control practices through legal enforcement. Of the solid waste that is collected, around 85% is directed to landfill (with no gas capture), while only 5% is recycled. The remaining 10% is uncollected and dumped in unauthorized areas such as open fields, ditches, sewers, and streets. In addition to creating environmental and health hazards, particularly air pollution, this results in significant GHG emissions48 . 46 Report from Addis Ababa Solid Waste Management Agency, 2020 47 Environmental Policy Review 2011: Waste Management in Ethiopia Byby Matthew Cheever link 48 Addis Ababa Solid Waste Management Agency ppt, 2020 Addis Ababa Climate Action Plan 67 Existing policies and plans The national CRGE Strategy acknowledges that rapid The measures that are being implemented include raising growth of cities will require large scale investment in urban awareness, setting penalties for unlawful dumping and infrastructure, including management systems for solid and open burning, and initiating a Construction Waste Recycling liquid waste. To this effect, Ethiopia has set out goals to use programme. Existing action on re-use and recycling requires landfill gas management technologies to reduce emissions strengthening as it currently stands at only 5%. from solid waste, reduce methane production from liquid waste, increase composting and recycling of solid waste and Regarding wastewater treatment, the CRGCP also outline to improve their wastewater treatment system. plans to improve wastewater treatment, with the aim of increasing coverage to 75% of wastewater by 2030. by In recent years, Addis Ababa has also undertaken significant increasing the length of sewer line and fixing misconnections. transformations of their solid waste management system, The city also aims to increase the proportion of wastewater in particular by rehabilitating Reppi-Koshe, a 50-year old that is reused, treated and recycled from 0% to 10% by 2025. major open landfill site. Relevant local plans are the Addis Other plans for action include introducing advanced Ababa Climate Resilient Green Growth Plan and Integrated treatment, promoting water reuse and recycling in industries, Climate Change Response Investment Plan (CRGCP) and the and source management. Addis Ababa Solid Waste Management Policy. To achieve its ambitious waste reduction targets, the city intends to promote the re-use and recycling of waste in households and commercial institutions, and increased composting of organic waste, which would require new facilities to be constructed. List of actions Stakeholders identified three top priority actions that are considered key to achieving the city’s waste targets, along with one supporting action. Priority actions: . Action #1 – Campaign to Promote the Waste Hierarchy . Action #2 – Construct Composting Facilities . Action #3 – Enhance Sewage/Wastewater Treatment System Additional actions: . Action #4 – Enhance Landfill Management and Install Gas Capture Facilities Further details are provided below. 68 Addis Ababa Climate Action Plan Addis Ababa Climate Action Plan 69 Action #M1: Campaign to promote the waste hierarchy Lead agency AA Solid Waste Management Agency (SWMA) Collaborating agency (s)/stakeholders NGOs, City Land Management, Urban Greenery This action will aim to reduce waste generation, increase re- use and recycling and improve waste management processes. Promoting re-use and recycling of waste in households and Potential Impact commercial institutions will reduce the amount of waste taken to landfills and the waste that remains uncollected. The Increasing recycling of paper from 0% to action will be supplemented by improvements to the City’s 30% by 2050 will reduce emissions by up to capacity to plan and manage waste streams. 704,120 tCO2e per year (in 2050). Increasing recycling of plastic from 0% to 30% by 2050 Creating awareness on proper planning and waste will reduce emissions by up to 800,870 management from the source is essential in handing waste. tCO2e per year (in 2050) The City Authority has plans to enforce policies and strategies of waste management towards zero-waste (means no waste that the goes to landfill either the waste will be composted, reuse/recycled or energy for waste to energy facility) by creating awareness and setting penalties to unlawful dumping and open burning and developing a Construction Waste Recycling program for all demolition and construction debris. This is considered as a high priority action for improving air quality, but also has implications for GHG emissions. Steps to Implementation <2 years 2-5 years >5 years Launch a public education and awareness campaign on waste reduction and segregation Encourage recycling companies to expand their services, including upgrading/procuring/ recruiting necessary equipment and staff Launch programmes to improve recycling capacity in the city Promote waste segregation at the household level Prepare, plan, tender and construct new waste transfer stations 70 Addis Ababa Climate Action Plan Action #M2: Construct composting facilities for the processing of organic wastes from domestic and commercial properties Lead agency AA SWMA Collaborating agency (s)/stakeholders NGOs, City Land Management, Urban Greenery This action aims to support construction of large-scale facilities for composting and processing organic waste (from both domestic and commercial sources), thus diverting it Potential Impact from landfill. This will also require waste segregation and collection. Composting actions will initially increase emissions, but by 2050 (70% of organic The city has plans to prepare compost from the organic waste composted) will reduce emissions component of the city waste, aiming to build four composting by 396,420 tCO2e per year by 2050. facilities by 2022. The current composting and recycling rate is around 5% of the total organic waste – the city needs to increase it composting activities as the city is aiming for a 100% reduction in waste by 2030. With this, the amount of waste directed to landfill will reduce from the 70% (current) to 10% by 2025. Steps to Implementation <2 years 2-5 years >5 years Select and organize microenterprises to be involved in composting projects Launch a public education and awareness campaign Launch training programmes for site staff Select appropriate sites for composting Facilitate integration of (and communication between) implementation organisations (MOUs) Supplying working materials to composting sites Create a market network Establish monitoring and evaluation system Addis Ababa Climate Action Plan 71 Action #M3: Improve the sewage network in Addis Ababa Lead agency AAWSA, AACRA and AASWMA Collaborating agency (s)/stakeholders NGOs, City Land Management, AA Health Bureau Replacing vacuum trucks with sewer lines, repairing sewer misconnections and the introduction of new regulations and policies to prevent waste dumping and waste burning. Potential Impact This action will include the replacement of vacuum trucks with sewer lines and repairing sewer misconnections. Without biogas capture, anaerobic The city also has plans to improve the centralized and wastewater treatment actions decentralized wastewater collection system. Currently, the will increase emissions by up to city has a centralized sewer system which is to be improved 230,834 (in 2050) tCO2e per year. by 75% by 2030 by increasing the length of sewer line and This action will also protect the fix misconnections. There is also a goal to increase per capita city against sanitation hazards. wastewater reused, treated and recycled from 0% (current) to 10% by 2025. This involves plans to implement anaerobic wastewater treatment and reduce use of latrines. Steps to Implementation <2 years 2-5 years >5 years Fix sewer misconnections Revise existing wastewater treatment regulations and enforce connection to sewage network Undertake capacity building programmes to address a technical skill and resourcing gap Design a payment modality for sewage connection Implement the expansion of sewage lines throughout the catchment Construct an additional new wastewater treatment facility Launch a public education and awareness campaign surrounding sewage network connection and use Undertake monitoring compliance to new regulations 72 Addis Ababa Climate Action Plan Action #M4: Enhance landfill management and install gas capture Lead agency AA SWMA Collaborating agency (s)/stakeholders NGOs, City Land Management, Urban Greenery The key focus of this action is rehabilitating existing landfill sites and constructing new ones. The Government of Japan has been supporting the Potential Impact rehabilitation of Reppi-Koshe using the Fukuoka Method of solid waste management, which reduces GHG emissions Prevent landslides and gas explosions at from landfills while also helping to prevent landslides and gas sites, combat the challenges and hazards of explosions. This action relates to that ongoing work, and also increasing waste and inappropriate disposal addresses the longer-term need to develop a new sanitary methods. landfill in Addis Ababa that can replace it. This will improve the urban environment by reducing smoke, bad odours and leachate groundwater penetration. The city also intends to operationalise gas capture and use at existing and proposed landfills which will provide further emission reductions. Steps to Implementation <2 years 2-5 years >5 years Complete the Fukuoka landfill system Operationalize the landfill gas capture Undertake efforts to expand the well-managed landfill capacity (with gas capture) of the city Addis Ababa Climate Action Plan 73 5.2.2. Transitioning to Clean Mobility in Addis Ababa In the Addis Ababa GHG inventory for 2016, transport was the highest emitting sector, accounting for 78% of the total GHG emissions. 49 Road transport is the largest source of GHG emissions in Addis Despite success with the unprecedented expansion of the Ababa. According to the Drivers and Vehicles Controlling road and highway networks in Addis Ababa in recent years, Authority (DVCA) data, the number of vehicles in Addis Ababa traffic congestion, accidents, and emissions have increased. has grown by 79% in the past 6 years, and it is estimated To tackle these challenges, the city aims to promote a modal that Addis Ababa represents more than 60% of the vehicles shift to mass transit, implement monitoring of traffic flows registered in the entire country. Because such a large share of to reduce congestion, promote fuel switches and enact the city’s emissions come from transport, transformational enhanced fuel efficiency standards. actions in this sector will be critical to achieving Addis Ababa’s GHG reduction targets. They will also deliver a range of co- benefits to citizens, such as better air quality, road safety, and increased mobility. Existing policies and plans . Implementing standards to reduce emissions, noise, lighting and radiation pollution; . Implementing a system that encourages the use of modern, The Ethiopian government has developed several strategies efficient vehicles by setting vehicle age limits and replacing that are relevant to sustainable transport. The Climate long-used vehicles; and Resilient Transport Sector Strategy sets the framework . Establishing fuel quality standards. for the government to deliver an integrated, modern transport system, with a strong emphasis on multi-modal At a local level, the Addis Ababa Transport Systems transportation and customer service. The CRGE and CRGCP Improvement Project (TRANSIP) Project aims to improve the also propose further plans, for example to promote uptake traffic and safety management practices through measures of low emission technologies and increase the percentage of such as: biofuels in the fuel mix for both petrol and diesel vehicles. . Improving road and pedestrian safety interventions at The Non-Motorized Transport (NMT) Strategy 2020-2029 selected locations; outlines the measures the national government plans to . Strengthening the capacity of organisations such as the implement over the next 10 years to improve mobility and Addis Ababa City Roads Authority, the Federal Transport facilitate inclusive urbanization. It includes a specific aim of Authority (FTA) and the Anbessa City Bus Enterprise; and increasing the mode share of NMT to 60% or above. Similar . Supporting the Addis Ababa Road and Transport Bureau themes are addressed in the Ministry of Transport’s 10-Year (AATB) and the Transport Programs Management Perspective Plan, which addresses topics such as promoting Office (TPMO) to improve their business planning and walking and cycling, and improving public transport implementation. infrastructure and capacity. Currently, the city transport bureau is also preparing transport sector environment and air Overall, these plans and strategies are expected to help pollution strategy which will address GHG and air pollution. reduce transport emissions, but there is scope for these to be Moreover, the Ethiopian Road Transport Policy (draft strengthened and improved. report 2021) proposes specific solutions for developing an environmentally friendly transport system that include: 49 This figure includes aviation. Road transportation alone accounted for around 68 % of emissions under the BASIC reporting framework, which excludes aviation and other sectors outside the city’s scope of influence. 74 Addis Ababa Climate Action Plan List of actions Stakeholders identified three top priority actions that are Additional actions: considered key to achieving the city’s transport targets, along . Action #8 – Enhancing fuel efficiency via switch to hybrid/ with one supporting action. electric vehicles or biofuels Priority actions: Further details are provided below. . Action #5 – Improving Vehicle Efficiency via Emissions Standards . Action #6 – Improve Public Transport Networks . Action #7 – Promote Modal Shift to Non-Motorized Transit Addis Ababa Climate Action Plan 75 76 Addis Ababa Climate Action Plan Action #M5: Improving vehicle efficiency via emissions standards Lead agency Addis Ababa Transport Bureau Collaborating agency (s)/stakeholders AA EPGDC, AACA, Industry, AATMA This action aims to reduce emissions from vehicles by promoting the use of newer, more efficient models, and requiring routine maintenance, inspections and training. This action will involve setting emission standards for Potential Impact both new and imported vehicles, to be implemented via taxation and maintenance. The national government aims This action has the potential to to incentivize the uptake of newer cars through taxation and reduce about 10% of GHG emissions improve the efficiency of operating vehicles by carrying out from the transport sector. maintenance, inspections and training. The import of older cars will also be limited, and all vehicles will be subject to annual inspection and maintenance. Here it should be noted that vehicle age is not always a proxy for emission standards. Therefore, this action will need to be supported with emissions testing / inspection standards and consideration of import controls. Steps to Implementation <2 years 2-5 years >5 years Align new emissions standards with international benchmarks Identify the routes and types of vehicles to be covered by new regulations Develop programmes to enhance the capacity of regulatory bodies Prepare new vehicle emissions regulations to be enforced in the city Launch a public education and awareness campaign Begin the implementation and enforcement of new regulations Addis Ababa Climate Action Plan 77 Action #M6: Improve public transport networks Lead agency Addis Ababa Transport Bureau Collaborating agency (s)/stakeholders AA EPGDC, AACA, Industry, AATMA This action aims to reduce the use of personal motor vehicles by promoting mass transit, car sharing, and improved infrastructure. The promotion of mass transit will include road pricing via Potential Impact tolls, promotion of car sharing, improved regulation for buses, A shift towards mass transit has the expansion of light rail transit (LRT) and bus rapid transit potential to reduce emissions by over (BRT), and improved infrastructure. The public transport 8 MtCO2e per year by 2050. infrastructure will be improved so that BRT passengers increase from 150,000 passenger per day to 876,000 passengers per day in 10 years. Steps to Implementation <2 years 2-5 years >5 years Purchase new (conventional) buses to service existing demands Improve and develop transport infrastructure (e.g. depots, parking space) Launch a public education and awareness campaign to promote and encourage public transport use Design & implement improved regulations for buses Purchase new BRT buses Construct new BRT corridors/roads Develop and implement projects to expand LRT 78 Addis Ababa Climate Action Plan Action #M7: Promote modal shift to non-motorised transport Lead agency Addis Ababa Transport Bureau Collaborating agency (s)/stakeholders AA EPGDC, AACA, Industry, AATMA This action focuses on supporting a reduction in car use. This will involve improvements to footpaths, the construction of secure bicycle parking and cycling infrastructure, the introduction of bicycle purchase subsidies, car sharing, car free days and a supporting awareness campaign. It will align with, Potential Impact and support, the national Non-Motorized Transport (NMT) A shift towards NMT has the Strategy, which proposes measures such as: potential to reduce emissions by 1.4 MtCO2e per year by 2050. . Increasing the modal share of walking, cycling and public transport; . Reducing the use of personal motor vehicles; . Enhancing road safety; . Reviewing the existing Street Design Standards; . Improving street lighting to enhance safety and security; . Developing guidelines for mobility planning; . Fostering intersection improvements; and . Promoting car-free days and car sharing/pooling. Steps to Implementation <2 years 2-5 years >5 years Develop a programme that provides financial incentives for cycling and supports the upfront costs of bicycles Prepare legal frameworks that will support implementation of the NMT strategy Promote use of new technologies, bike share schemes and electric bikes Build a new cycling training ground Rehabilitate and build walkways to encourage walking and improve pedestrian safety Conduct research and studies that assess progress towards transport mode shift goals Launch a public education, awareness and capacity building campaign (e.g. promoting and creating cycle cultures in schools and different parts of the city via events, PR, through decision-makers, champions etc.) Build the appropriate infrastructure for walking, cycling, and parking, including undertaking feasibility studies, design and construction Develop a comprehensive city-wide green cycling / walking network Addis Ababa Climate Action Plan 79 Action #m8: Enhancing fuel efficiency via a switch to hybrid/ electric vehicles Lead agency Addis Ababa Transport Bureau Collaborating agency (s)/stakeholders AA EPGDC, AACA, Industry, AATMA This action will enhance vehicle efficiency by promoting a switch to electric vehicles. This will require the construction of charging stations, recognising that there are already two depots with charging stations. This action may include encouraging the substitution of imported fossil fuels with Potential Impact sustainable biofuels, where there are demonstrable lifecycle Switching to low- and zero-emission vehicles carbon benefits. It will be supported by the introduction of has the potential to reduce emissions by more stringent fuel efficiency standards (see Action #5). roughly 8 MtCO2e per year by 2050. This action will align with the national government’s aspiration for all buses to become electric, and to introduce 15 corridors. For instance 40 mass transit buses in one corridor. Addis Ababa will aim to increase their share of electric vehicles from 0% to 2% over the next 10 years. Steps to Implementation <2 years 2-5 years >5 years Engage with national government on alternative vehicle promotion and roll-out plans to ensure policy alignment Develop local policies and regulations for alternative fuel vehicles Identify priority existing transit routes and new routes for electrification of transit Identify community electric vehicle charging point needs (numbers and locations) Undertake planning and feasibility studies to understand requirements for electrification of transit Identify suitable sites for biofuel sales to vehicles Design and implement awareness raising and educational campaigns Design and implement financial incentives for purchase, lease or loan of EVs for public use Construct charging stations for electric vehicles Establish new storage and refilling facilities for sustainable biofuels (e.g. depots) 80 Addis Ababa Climate Action Plan 5.2.3. Energy Transition and Building Optimization Promoting power generation that is resilient to climate change impacts requires diversifying the energy mix, while enhancing energy efficiency measures and increasing access to off-grid energy. The energy sector in Ethiopia accounts for around 3% of the At present, available data suggests that energy use in total GHG emissions, which is far below the global average buildings, and the resultant GHG emissions, are mainly of more than 25%. This is because grid electricity production associated with electricity. However, fossil fuels such as is largely based on renewable technologies: hydropower wood, charcoal and biomass waste, kerosene and LPG (for contributes to more than 90% of the total power generation cookstoves) are also commonly used in commercial and capacity. There is also a significant contribution from wind, residential premises, and most commercial and industrial geothermal, solar, and biomass. Going forward, it will be facilities have a backup diesel generator for use during power important to ensure that all energy use can be delivered via outages. For manufacturing industries, the most commonly renewables. used fuel is furnace oil or heavy fuel oil. Existing policies and plans Also prioritized in the CRGE Strategy are plans to improve fuel efficiency by distributing 30 million improved cookstoves by 2030 nationally. If achieved, this would significantly reduce There are multiple existing policies and plans related to or eliminate the number of people consuming biomass at improving energy efficiency in buildings and delivering unsustainable rates, as well as providing a host of other a decarbonized energy system. For example, the CRGE health, productivity and emissions benefits. Strategy speaks to increasing renewables in electricity generation, aiming for 20% from wind and solar, 10% from Within the urban public realm, the CRGE Strategy and the EEA geothermal, and continuing to produce 70% of the country’s Indicative Strategic Plan outline goals to retrofit streetlighting energy from hydropower. The CRGE Strategy requires that with more efficient technologies. The Addis Ababa City existing buildings upgrade their water heating to solar water Roads Authority (AACRA) has embarked on a project to systems; if the national strategy is implemented, up to 19% of brighten the streets of Addis Ababa through installation of residential homes in Addis Ababa could have these systems new technology and replacing existing streetlights with installed by 2030. energy efficient lamps and LEDs. This is part of an initiative to provide a safer environment at night for both commuters and Energy efficiency in buildings is another one of the key CRGE pedestrians. In 2018, the Authority allocated 100 million Birr initiatives in the urban sector and is also targeted in the EEA towards this initiative. The new technology streetlights have (Ethiopia Energy Authority) Indicative Strategic Plan and the a longer durability time of up to 10 years, and cut the 240W CRGCP. The Ministry of Urban Development and Housing consumption of older lights by half, consuming only 120 W. (MOUDH) has set out a target of reducing national emissions by 0.5 MtCO2e per year from the implementation of energy efficiency building sector actions between 2020 and 2030. Addis Ababa Climate Action Plan 81 List of actions The city is targeting success by encouraging the uptake of Additional actions: small-scale renewables and energy efficiency improvements . Action #12 - Increase/Diversify Renewables in Electricity in existing buildings, as well as introducing improved Generation permitting processes (supported by Green Building Standards) for new buildings. There are various interrelationships . Action #13 - Transition to Efficient cooking stoves between these topics, but for the sake of clarity they have been divided into three priority actions and three supporting . Action #14 - Upgrade Street Lighting actions. Further details are provided below. Priority actions: . Action #9 - Improve Permitting Process for New Buildings . Action #10 - Improve Energy Efficiency in Existing Buildings . Action #11 - Improve Energy Efficiency in Industrial Facilities 82 Addis Ababa Climate Action Plan Action #M9: Improve permitting process for new buildings Lead agency AACA Collaborating agency (s)/stakeholders AA EPGDC, MoWIE, EFCCC The city is working towards improving the energy efficiency of new buildings through changes to the permitting process, including increasing the use of the ISO Certified Energy Efficiency Materials Green Building Standards. This has the potential to result in a 12-20% emissions saving in new Potential Impact buildings by 2030. Estimated emissions reduction of This action would create changes in the permitting process 20.7 MtCO2e per year by 2050. in order to address energy efficiency measures such as improving the building envelope, upgrading lighting to LED and promoting the use of energy efficient appliances. In the quest to enhance energy efficiency in new buildings, the city would also require all buildings to have necessary conditions and space to install solar water heaters and solar home systems, including efficient space cooling upgrades such as HVAC. Although this action would impact all new buildings, the city administration recognises the particular importance of taking a leadership role by implementing best practice standards in any of its own new facilities. This could include going above and beyond the improved requirements. Steps to Implementation <2 years 2-5 years >5 years Undertake a survey of buildings, building owners and construction companies to understand opportunities and challenges to permitting programmes for new buildings and current energy efficiency status and measures (<2 years) Design and undertake stakeholder engagement and awareness raising amongst building developers, construction companies, building owners/managers and with the public (<2 years) Development of a framework for energy efficiency permitting and standards, consultation and pilot, including roll-out of the timescale and requirements (<2 years) Begin implementation of new building standards for new developments (2-5 years) Begin monitoring and evaluation of compliance with new building standards (>5 years) Addis Ababa Climate Action Plan 83 Action #M10: Improve energy efficiency (and uptake of small- scale renewables) in existing buildings Lead agency AACA Collaborating agency (s)/stakeholders AAEPGDC, MoWIE, EFCCC This action involves assessing the energy efficiency of the existing building stock, and then identifying and delivering targeted interventions (e.g. aimed at specific building types, Potential Impact neighbourhoods, etc.) that can deliver benefits across the city. This aligns with the national CRGE Strategy requirements for Upgrading water heating could reduce existing buildings to improve appliance efficiency and upgrade emissions by 2.3 MtCO2e per year by their water heating to solar water systems. It has strong links 2050 and lighting upgrades could deliver with other actions related to increasing renewable energy reductions of 0.24 MtCO2e per year by 2050. uptake and reducing energy demand in new buildings (see Actions #9, #11 and #12). The city administration will also seek to demonstrate best practice standards when upgrading or retrofitting publicly owned buildings, wherever feasible. Steps to Implementation <2 years 2-5 years >5 years Identify and select potential renewable energy technologies and other energy efficiency interventions that might meet different community and housing types across the city Undertake a detailed planning and feasibility study of energy efficiency and renewable energy technologies to further define needs, requirements and methods for roll-out Launch a programme of stakeholder engagement and capacity building on energy efficiency measures, including media/ PR campaigns, and local training programmes for households and installers via community networks Identify and secure funding to support the roll-out of renewable energy technologies, including establishing a fund / financing schemes for householders and developers to low carbon finance measures Roll out implementation of measures across priority areas of the city, working with local installers and communities Launch a monitoring and evaluation programme to track implementation progress and savings (>5 years) 84 Addis Ababa Climate Action Plan Action #M11: Improve energy efficiency in industrial facilities Lead agency AACA Collaborating agency (s)/stakeholders AAEPGDC, MoWIE, EFCCC This action will focus on fuel switching and renewables, and is to be supported by training, capacity building, targets Potential Impact and incentives. Enhancing energy efficient technologies in industries will require the undertaking of Energy Audits Estimated emissions reduction of (EAs) and putting in place an incentivization mechanism for 9.3 MtCO2e per year by 2050. efficient technologies in industries. This will also include refining and putting in place a policy and implementation framework that increases the uptake of energy efficient equipment and appliances by major market players in residential, commercial and industrial sectors. Steps to Implementation <2 years 2-5 years >5 years Conduct a study / assessment of current energy efficiency status in different industries in the city, and opportunities/challenges for improvement Identify and scope out requirements for potential alternative resources via research and studies – includes both energy resources (renewables/fuel switching), efficiency measures, and financial and other resources required to assist a transition Conduct capacity building for all stakeholders – targeting key industry sectors in the city for engagement and training on possible improvements Strengthen institutional set up for compliance monitoring and control with industry bodies and permitting organisations Issue regulations, standards and guidelines on energy use in key emitting industrial sectors Create incentives and an uptake-mechanisms for the industrial sector, including financial, technological and capacity incentives and support Conduct compliance monitoring and control to ensure adherence to measures and track impact on energy & emissions Addis Ababa Climate Action Plan 85 Action #M12: Increase/diversify renewables in electricity generation Lead agency AACA Collaborating agency (s)/stakeholders AAEPGDC, MoWIE, EFCCC This action is intended to promote uptake of diverse renewable energy technologies. This action would provide expanded grid connections to communities that currently do not have them, while also ensuring that the electricity grid is supplied by renewable technologies to meet the changing demands. Potential Impact Helps to ensure continued energy As part of this, it will also be important to address the use security, sustainability and affordability of diesel back-up generators; this action aims to almost while reducing emissions. eliminate these by 2030. Steps to Implementation <2 years 2-5 years >5 years Support expanded grid connections in the city through identifying locations without existing connections, and working with the Ethiopian Electricity Company to upgrade these settlements Phase out diesel generators utilized for back-up power through design and implementation of regulations for use (to almost 0% by 2030) 86 Addis Ababa Climate Action Plan Action #M13: Transition to efficient, low emission cooking stoves Lead agency AACA Collaborating agency (s)/stakeholders AAEPGDC, MoWIE, EFCCC The key focus of this action is reducing emissions from domestic cookstoves. As mentioned previously, the CRGE Strategy outlines a plan to improve fuel efficiency by distributing 30 million cookstoves by 2030 nationally, which has the potential to reduce national GHG emissions by around Potential Impact 50 MtCO2e. This action aims to deliver those benefits locally Potential emissions reduction of to the residents of Addis Ababa, where most of the fuel 1.5 MtCO2e per year by 2030. used for cooking currently comes from biomass and other unconventional sources. This action will focus on existing buildings and prioritise low-income neighbourhoods. Steps to Implementation <2 years 2-5 years >5 years Distribution of improved stoves (100% by 2030) Action #M14: Upgrade streetlighting Lead agency AACA Collaborating agency (s)/stakeholders AAEPGDC, MoWIE, EFCCC This action aims to replace lighting technology with efficient models. This will require the phased roll-out of replacement bulbs and improvements in supporting technology, where necessary. It will also involve ensuring that the existing lighting Potential Impact systems in the public realm are adequately maintained. Potential to reduce energy demand by 148 MWh/year This supports the AACRA’s ongoing initiative aimed at by 2050. upgrading streetlighting across the city. Steps to Implementation <2 years 2-5 years >5 years Install (or replace with) LED streetlighting (target year 2022) Maintain existing streetlighting (target year 2022) Addis Ababa Climate Action Plan 87 5.3. Adaptation Actions Roadmap This section sets out the actions aimed at adapting to the current and projected effects of climate change. Actions are broadly grouped by topic area. Each topic area is introduced with a summary of relevant contextual information for Addis Ababa. 5.3.1. Urban Planning Sector Addis Ababa faces significant problems related to urban planning, primarily due to the rapid population growth. The urban planning sector of Addis Ababa has undergone several changes, whereby planning institutions have experienced frequent reshuffling of roles and responsibilities. The city masterplans developed by Addis Ababa’s City Government Planning and Development Commission demonstrate the long-term nature of this challenge. Existing policies and plans Another noteworthy policy, introduced by the city’s Environment and Green Development Commission, requires that large projects should allocate 30% of land for greenspace. The national Urban Planning Proclamation no 547/2008 This is relevant to various adaptation-related topics including establishes a legal framework to promote well-planned urban planning, critical ecosystems, and the health sector and -developed urban centres. The Environmental Policy of (due to the impacts on local temperatures/microclimate, Ethiopia (1997) has a sectoral policy framework addressing mental and physical wellbeing, and so on). forest, woodland and tree resources, with subsections concerning human settlement, urban and environmental health. The Ministry of Urban Development and Housing prepared the Climate Change Resilient Urban Green List of actions Development Strategy, as a roadmap to fulfil the urban population’s need in relation to urban green infrastructure . Action #A1: Require new development permitting to service provisions. account for increasing resilience to flood, drought and extreme temperatures The 2017-2027 Masterplan of Addis Ababa is based on . Action #A2: Increase green vegetated buffers between four planning principles that aim to ensure that major urban settlement and hazardous areas prone to flooding, environmental / greenspace components into are landslide and subsidence integrated into the City, namely: multifunctionality, green- grey interactions, connectivity, and social inclusiveness. . Action #A3: Ensure climate change representation on the The Masterplan requires socio-economic conditions to be dedicated Megaprojects Office considered in planning proposals, which contributes greatly to . Action #A4: Enhance urban greenery with heat and drought building the adaptive capacity to climate change. However, it tolerant vegetation to combat the loss of green spaces is worth noting that most developments carried out in the City are reportedly not complying with the masterplan principles Further details are provided below. or requirements. 88 Addis Ababa Climate Action Plan Action #A1: Require new development permitting to account for increasing resilience to flood, drought and extreme temperatures Lead agency Urban Planning and Development Commission, AA EPGDC Collaborating agency (s)/stakeholders Private sector, NGOs, Government Regulate all new developments across all public and private sectors, including in-situ upgrades, to be Potential Impact climate compatible/future-proof to physical climate impacts of extreme heat, flood and drought. This would This action will help to be addressed via implementation of new building / protect the city against development codes. It links with the mitigation actions flooding (river and surface/ set out in Section 5.2.3, particularly Action #M9. flash flooding), temperature stress and landslides. Steps to Implementation <2 years 2-5 years >5 years Define what the improved development permits are conditional on. Requirement for new builds to be adapted to future conditions and have more appropriate material selection for resilience, e.g. consider inclusion of green roofs and incentivise rainwater tanks. Test as a pilot on a select number of development applications, adjust the review/inspection/ approval process as needed, and plan for scale up. Addis Ababa Climate Action Plan 89 Action #A2: Increase green vegetated buffers between urban settlement and hazardous areas prone to flooding, landslide and subsidence Lead agency Urban Planning and Development Commission, AA EPGDC Collaborating agency (s)/stakeholders Private sector, NGOs, Government and Higher Education Institutes This action seeks to retain and reinstate vegetated green buffers between urban settlement and landscape features prone to natural hazards like flood. Potential Impact Note: This action links with Actions #A4 (urban greening), This action would help to #A5 (re-afforestation of watersheds) and #A6 (water for protect the city against greenspaces). flooding (river and surface/ flash). Steps to Implementation <2 years 2-5 years >5 years Develop guidelines on vegetation buffer widths for different landscape features (e.g. river buffers, steep slope buffers). Regulate the need for vegetated buffers and setback lines from sensitive/high risk areas like floodplains and steep areas. Delineate landslide and flood risk areas and set appropriate vegetation buffer requirements. Consider incentives (e.g. rebates) for private landowners to retain and maintain vegetated green buffers as green open spaces. Vegetate and maintain all buffers. 90 Addis Ababa Climate Action Plan Action #A3: Ensure climate change representation on the dedicated megaprojects office Lead agency AA SWMA, AA EPGDC Collaborating agency (s)/stakeholders Government, Private sector, Higher institutions, NGOs This action is encouraged with a view ensure that the climate resilience and adaptation narrative features in all mega project planning and that it is embedded into Addis Ababa’s major urban planning projects through representation on its dedicated Megaprojects Office. Potential Impact This action would help to protect the city against identified climate hazards and primary impacts. Steps to Implementation <2 years 2-5 years >5 years Identify sector specialists in (i) adaptation and (ii) mitigation to be represented / housed within Megaprojects office. Specify the mandate of these professionals, bestowing them with suitable powers of authority. Identify key projects for climate action inclusion. Add climate change to all development meeting agendas for consideration and inclusion in project and non-project discussions. Detailed vulnerability and impact assessment for the infrastructure sector and critical ecosystems sector. Addis Ababa Climate Action Plan 91 Action #A4: Enhance urban greenery with heat and drought tolerant vegetation to combat the loss of green spaces Lead agency AA Planning and Development Commission, AA EPGDC Collaborating agency (s)/stakeholders Private sector, NGOs and Government The loss of green spaces is estimated to contribute to 40% of flooding and landslides in Addis Ababa. The City needs to combat the loss of green spaces through greater protection measures for green spaces and plant more resilient and Potential Impact climate-tolerant urban greenery. Implementation of green This action will primarily space planning, elaborated in the master plan, will contribute protect the City against significantly to an increase in the net coverage of the City’s flooding (river and surface/ green space in the next ten years. flash flooding), temperature stress and landslides. Note: This action links with Adaptation Actions #A2 (green vegetated buffers), #A5 (re-afforestation of watersheds) and #A6 (water for green spaces). Steps to Implementation <2 years 2-5 years >5 years Set development controls relating to the loss of green space with a zero net-loss policy. Consider a 'one home one garden' campaign to increase green cover throughout the City by citizens, educating them on the benefits derived from gardens. Develop a scientifically researched catalogue of resilient, low maintenance urban tree and plant species and publicise. 92 Addis Ababa Climate Action Plan 5.3.2. Critical Ecosystems Sector Recently, Addis Ababa’s urban planning principles have strongly considered ecosystem-based planning in the foundational and structural planning/reimagining of the City. The City has adopted a linear greenspace development strategy whereby greenspaces will boost connectivity and the provision of ecosystem services across the cityscape. Implementation of the strategy’s principle of linear connectivity will: . Increase urban tourism through rehabilitating the riversides . Enhance the well-being of city dwellers by keeping river flooding in check and creating public spaces, parks, bicycle paths and walkways along the riverbanks, and . Enable an aspirant green economy by expanding green spaces that increase provision of ecosystem services, including for the benefit of tourism, talent attraction/retention and overall economic development. Existing policies and plans Other existing plans include the National Urban Green Infrastructure Standard of Ethiopia (2015) and the Addis Ababa Masterplan (2021-2027). The 2015 Ethiopian National Urban Green Infrastructure Standard proposed that there should be 15m2 public green open spaces per capita within the City boundaries and that every resident should live within 500 meters of a public green open space of at least 0.3 hectares, though this standard has List of actions yet to be implemented in the City. This will equate to 30% allocation of city land to urban greenery/green space, with . Action #A5: Rehabilitate deforested areas/water sheds to 40% allocated to built-up area, and 30% to street networks in reduce soil erosion, enhance biodiversity and offer better the City. ecosystem resilience . Action #A6: Provide water for irrigation of nature and Ethiopia’s CRGE Strategy incorporates economic and greenspaces during heatwaves and droughts ecosystem services (including carbon stocks) as one of the pillars in which more than 60 initiatives are identified and Further details are provided below. prioritised to achieve development goals whilst limiting GHG emissions. Some of these currently underway include: . Increased GHG sequestration through forestry, i.e., protecting, and re-establishing forests. . Green space planning, which is based on an ecosystem services approach, which contributes to the reduction of flood risk. . Incorporation of green space into the master plan of the City increases the total coverage of green area providing multiple ecosystem services. Addis Ababa Climate Action Plan 93 Action #A5: Rehabilitate deforested areas/water sheds to reduce soil erosion, enhance biodiversity and offer better ecosystem resilience Lead agency AA EPGDC EFCCC, Oromia regional state (EFCCCO Agency), MoWIE, AAU (Addis Ababa Collaborating agency (s)/stakeholders University), AAFDRMC (Addis Ababa Fire and Disaster Risk Management Commission) and AARPO (Addis Ababa Resilience Project Office) Re-afforestation of watersheds in Addis Ababa will provide a wealth of wider ecosystem and societal benefits in Potential Impact combination with better management of existing forested areas. This action will primarily protect the City against Note: This action links to Adaptation Actions #A4 (urban gradual (chronic) temperature greenery), #A2 (green vegetated buffers) and #A6 (water for increase with associated greenspaces). instances of drought. Steps to Implementation <2 years 2-5 years >5 years Identification and delineation of areas for rehabilitation on a prioritised basis, and mapping thereof. Consider an adopt-a-spot for rehabilitation efforts by community members, schools and/ or corporations. Re-afforestation of deforested watersheds, land and gullies to reduce soil erosion, absorb precipitation, sequester carbon and boost air quality. Increase involvement of indigenous and multipurpose tree species in parks and greenery areas to foster ecological function, increase climate amelioration and reduce species loss. Introduce more stringent, regulated protection and management of existing forested areas. Communication and citizen involvement plan for the re-afforestation of watersheds. 94 Addis Ababa Climate Action Plan Action #A6: Provide water for irrigation of nature and greenspaces during heatwaves and droughts Lead agency AA EPGDC and AA WSA Collaborating agency (s)/stakeholders NGOs, Private sector and Volunteers This action is designed to avoid habitat degradation, wildfire, species loss and wider loss of refuge/shade/cooler space for species and urban dwellers. During extreme drought and Potential Impact heatwave events, this action seeks to ensure natural areas have access to enough water. This can be achieved through This action will primarily protect the City city-wide management interventions, supported by increased against gradual (chronic) temperature increase rainwater collection and runoff retention. and reduced rainfall regime, with associated instances of drought. Note this action links to Adaptation Actions #A4 (enhance urban greenery), #A2 (green vegetated buffers) and #A5 (re- afforestation of watersheds), and #A9. Steps to Implementation <2 years 2-5 years >5 years Develop city-wide management protocol for water conservation and irrigation of natural areas during drought and heatwave events. Enhance awareness of city maintenance teams with respect to extreme heat-related events, i.e. how to anticipate, prepare for, and guard natural areas against these events. Train and amend working schedule for maintenance officials to cope with hot working conditions. Boost access to water for irrigation through rainwater capture in strategic areas, retention ponds, etc. Addis Ababa Climate Action Plan 95 5.3.3. Food Security Sector Urban agriculture plays a key role in contributing to urban food security and has been identified as one of the key sectors for enhancing resilience in Addis Ababa. Overall, 13.9% of the City’s land area (7,175 ha) has been identified by local government and committed as agricultural land. The Addis Ababa City Development Plan (2002-2012) indicated that the livelihoods of 51,000 families in Addis Ababa were associated with farming. About 60-70% of fresh milk, 40-50% of egg, 30% of vegetables and about 3% of food grains consumed within the city are supplied from urban and peri-urban farms in/around Addis Ababa. However, food security is at risk from factors such as water pollution and urban encroachment, while urban sprawl and housing projects have displaced many farmers. Existing policies and plans List of actions The absence of policy in urban agriculture has resulted in . Action #A7: Establish sustainable Agricultural Urbanism poor land use planning in terms of land allocation for urban (AU) systems agriculture in the City. This is supported by evidence that most urban agriculture practices take place on waste lands and . Action #A8: Technical and capacity building activities for riverbanks. urban agriculture farmers . Action #A9: Improve water security through rainwater While the master plan of 2017-2027 has integrated urban harvesting and irrigation management for urban agriculture agriculture into current planning, urban and peri-urban agriculture does not feature in the planning tools for regulating Further details are provided below. the actual implementation of the plan (i.e., Strategic Development Framework, Strategic Development Action Plans; and Local Development Plans). Recently, and as a result of historical encroachment, the designated agricultural areas under the latest master plan (2017-2027) have been handed to a newly established institution called the Addis Ababa City Government Farmers and Urban Agriculture Development Commission. 96 Addis Ababa Climate Action Plan Action #A7: Establish sustainable Agricultural Urbanism (AU) systems Lead agency Farmers and Urban Agricultural Development Commission Collaborating agency (s)/stakeholders City Land Administration and Urban Food Security Agency Agricultural Urbanism (AU) aims to integrate food and agricultural activities into planning and development considerations to improve resilience through food security, and access to knowledge. It encourages approaches that would Potential Impact provide space for the City to grow sustainable foods and boost This action will primarily livelihoods without being subjected to encroachment or poor/ protect the City against risky environmental conditions. both temperature-related shocks (heatwave and Note: This action links to Adaptation Action #A8 (AU drought) and flooding capacity building). (river and surface/flash). Steps to Implementation <2 years 2-5 years >5 years Regulate and promote Urban Agriculture through updates to the Strategic Development Framework, Strategic Development Action Plans, and Local Development Plans. Identify, subsidise, educate and promote use of proven technologies and use of more resilient plant varieties Increase the number of city farms and gardens in parks, on vacant lots, school grounds, and other appropriate and available areas. Promote AU as a business so that it can effectively contribute to income generation, achievement of sustainable livelihoods and poverty reduction. Local and National governments (and other stakeholders) to consider new budgetary provisions to institutionalise UA. Identify the predicted demand for urban farmed food and recommend location and distribution of UA and urban agricultural institutions. Strengthen the infrastructure necessary for widespread, sustainable urban food production. Recycle organic waste from urban agriculture to create compost (for reuse and also possible sale). Develop a plan that will promote healthy, local, and, where possible, organic food production, and include multiple stakeholders currently involved in food production and job training. Addis Ababa Climate Action Plan 97 Action #A8: Technical and capacity building activities for urban agriculture farmers Lead agency Farmers and Urban Agricultural Development Commission Collaborating agency (s)/stakeholders Urban Food Security Agency Strengthening urban farmers’ skills and knowledge, including on climate change risks, to enhance productivity, food security, Potential Impact and the overall resilience of vulnerable urban dwellers. This action will primarily protect the City against both temperature-related shocks Note: This actions links to Adaptation Action #A7 (sustainable (heatwave and drought) and flooding (river Agricultural Urbanism) and #A9 (AU rainwater harvesting and and surface/flash). irrigation). Steps to Implementation <2 years 2-5 years >5 years Develop appropriate and tailored training/ capacity building materials. Identify training service providers and deliver trainings. Provide ongoing technical support and capacity strengthening in sustainable urban production to farmers through agricultural extension agents. Build the capacity of local growers and city residents how to grow food and drought- tolerant crops/species Identify funding accessible to farmers/co-operatives/small businesses. Explore synergies between key stakeholders through appropriate information exchange and ongoing learning and knowledge-sharing platforms. Effectively coordinate interventions in education and training in the safe use of pesticides especially for fresh vegetable production. Increase awareness of climate change impacts on food production and security. 98 Addis Ababa Climate Action Plan Action #A9: Improve water security through rainwater harvesting and irrigation management for urban agriculture AA Construction Bureau and the Farmers and Urban Agricultural Development Lead agency Commission Collaborating agency (s)/stakeholders Urban Food Security Agency and Ministry of Innovation and Technology Implementation of measures to sustainably secure water resources for agricultural activities during periods of low rainfall or drought (whilst minimising use of poor-quality Potential Impact water for irrigation). This action will primarily protect the City against Note: This action links with Adaptation Actions #A6 (green temperature-related shocks space irrigation), #A7 (sustainable Agricultural Urbanism) and (heatwave and drought). #A8 (AU capacity building). Steps to Implementation <2 years 2-5 years >5 years Investigate and incentivise water harvesting and storage structures for supplemental irrigation. Identify subsidy and funding mechanisms (and convey to the public). Undertake a campaign on rainwater harvesting. Research, plan for and support the development of small-scale irrigation schemes. Introduce interventions such as safe irrigation techniques, improved shallow wells and boreholes that will minimise health risks in the use of marginal quality water. Adaptation of vertical irrigation technologies via Ministry of Innovation and technology to most/all of residents for securing fruits and vegetables supply at household level Addis Ababa Climate Action Plan 99 5.3.4. Health Sector The health sector has wide-ranging thematic and practical forms of critical social infrastructure, the health system is links to other environmental, social, and economic issues that likely to be impacted by climate change. have already been discussed in this CAP. Within Addis Ababa, public health is a major concern. This is due to a combination The increase in spread of communicable diseases in cities with of factors, including but not limited to poor sanitation and poor sanitation and drainage reduces the adaptive capacity wastewater management, air and water pollution, and to climate change. Other significant health related issues others. Informal settlement areas are particularly affected. can arise with increased flooding. Adaptation strategies associated with public health issues in Addis Ababa are There are currently 48 hospitals in Addis Ababa. The majority integrated with strategies for other sectors and services. of general hospitals and health institutions belong to the Such strategies need to promote “co-benefits” to ameliorate private sector, which has reportedly improved access the existing and usually unequally distributed urban health to health services at neighbourhood level, although hazards, and to reduce vulnerability to climate impacts. affordability is an issue. On average, each health centres in the city serves approximately 35,000 inhabitants, which is better than the standard of 1: 40,000 adopted by Health Bureau of Addis Ababa City Government. However, like all Existing policies and plans List of actions The master plan of the City proposed improvements to the . Action #A10: Improve access to, and quality of, wastewater health sector, which focus on increasing and upgrading and sanitation infrastructure the number of health centres and the number of health professionals. As the health of urban dwellers is also affected . Action #A11: Awareness raising of public health and climate by water quality, waste disposal and food security, policy and change issues planning require cross-sectoral co-operation. . Action #A12: Provision of preventative healthcare services in relation to vector-borne diseases (VBD) Public health is linked with multiple other topics, particularly waste and wastewater management. For a description of Further details are provided below. existing policies and plans for those sectors, refer to Section 5.2.1. There are also cross-cutting issues that relate to urban planning and land use which are described in Section 5.3.1. 100 Addis Ababa Climate Action Plan Action #A10: Improve access to, and quality of, wastewater and sanitation infrastructure Lead agency AAWSA, AACRA and AASWMA Collaborating agency (s)/stakeholders NGOs, City Land Management, AA Health Bureau Poor health in the City is often linked to weaknesses in other services that are important for public health, such as water Potential Impact supply and sanitation. Improvements to these core city services, and infrastructure will be key to increasing resilience. This action will primarily protect Note: This action strongly links with Mitigation Actions #M3 the City against flooding (river and and #M4. Refer to Section 5.2.1 for further details. surface/flash). Steps to Implementation <2 years 2-5 years >5 years [See Actions #M3 and #M4] Action #A11: Awareness raising of public health and climate change issues Lead agency AA Health Bureau Collaborating agency (s)/stakeholders NGOs, Stakeholders and Community Ensuring the City’s population is informed of the potential Potential Impact health risks and the links with climate change will increase awareness and influence behavioural change. Note: This This action will primarily action links to Adaptation Action #A10 (improved waste and protect the City’s residents sanitation infrastructure) and Action #A12 (vector-borne from the indirect impacts of diseases preventative healthcare). flooding (river and surface/ flash). Steps to Implementation <2 years 2-5 years >5 years Identify most effective means of communication around technical health matters (e.g. consider a mobile app, printed media, etc.). Identify funding for implementation. Increase public education on disease prevention for vector-borne diseases and other diseases that could increase as a result of climate change. Raise awareness on prevention strategies across various platforms. Share lessons learned across sectors. Addis Ababa Climate Action Plan 101 Action #A12: Provision of preventative healthcare services in relation to vector-borne diseases (VBD) Lead agency AA Health Bureau Collaborating agency (s)/stakeholders NGOs, Stakeholders and World Health Organisation Rolling out of vaccination programmes to prevent vulnerability Potential Impact to disease (e.g. yellow fever, malaria) and expanding systems to monitor disease, while researching opportunities for new This action will primarily measures, combined with awareness raising activities. protect the City’s residents from the indirect impacts of Note: This action links to Adaptation Actions #A10 (improving flooding (river and surface/ access to water and sanitation services) and #A11 (public flash). health and climate change awareness raising). Steps to Implementation <2 years 2-5 years >5 years Specific vectors to be identified for Addis Ababa and prevention measures identified (e.g. vaccination). Boost existing vaccination programmes. Strengthen effective climate-sensitive disease surveillance and prevention programmes. Ensure effective surveillance systems for known diseases and potential diseases moving into the area, and act upon disease prevention and prepare healthcare system to respond. Promote Action #A10 to boost disease prevention. Introduce new prevention measures or increase existing prevention measures and spread awareness throughout the City (consider printed media, etc.), linked with Adaptation Action #A11. 102 Addis Ababa Climate Action Plan 5.3.5. Infrastructure Sector Recently, the process of master plan development (a preliminary step in infrastructure development in Addis Ababa) underwent multi-stage planning through engagement with different sectors and institutions. Considering the overarching vision of making Addis Ababa “Africa’s diplomatic capital”, the plan’s blueprint is based around five guiding principles: . Compact and green development with good balance between open and green spaces and the built form . Work on mixing society among income groups, housing typologies and land uses . Balanced growth through appropriate distribution of housing, economic activities and infrastructure . Efficient use of land in the City centre, along mass transit and renewal of informal neighborhood . Environmental sustainability through protection of the natural ecosystem. Existing policies and plans List of actions Many of the existing policies and plans relevant to sustainable . Action #A13: Update infrastructure design standards for infrastructure are targeted at transport; these are described improved resilience in order to undertake a programme of in Section 5.2.2. Notable among these is the Climate Resilient improvements to the infrastructure networks (e.g. transport, Transport Sector Strategy which explicitly addresses waste and sewage networks) resilience topics; for the most part, the other strategies to not deal with climate adaptation or resilience directly. . Action #A14: Undertake more detailed hazard mapping of risk areas to infrastructure The adaptive capacity of infrastructure is intrinsically linked . Action #A15: Improve the City’s urban maintenance with other topics such as urban planning and the protection response and emergency response capacity of green spaces/ecosystems, which are addressed in Sections 5.3.1 and 5.3.2 respectively. Further details are provided below. Addis Ababa Climate Action Plan 103 Action #A13: Update infrastructure design standards for improved resilience Lead agency AAWSA and AACRA AA Construction Bureau, AATB, AAWSM, ETHIO Telecom, AA EPGDC, Local Collaborating agency (s)/stakeholders Communities This action seeks to update infrastructure design standards and technologies used to advance urban adaptation and resilience across key sectors such as transport, waste and Potential Impact sanitation. This action will primarily Note: This action links to various other actions such as protect the City against Mitigation Actions #M2, #M3, #M4, #M6 and #M7, flooding (river and surface/ Adaptation Action #A14 infrastructure hazard mapping and flash). #A15 emergency response capacity. Steps to Implementation <2 years 2-5 years >5 years Undertake a study of all city-managed infrastructure to ascertain appropriately future- proof design standards and proven, modern technologies and/or materials which can be used to help the City cope with increased flood severity. Repair of all sewer misconnections (consider installation of technologies such as sensors to detect faults). Replace vacuum trucks with sewer lines. Update transportation design standards to cope with both flooding and heat stress (e.g. roads and road drainage design). Policies to prevent waste dumping and open burning. 104 Addis Ababa Climate Action Plan Action #A14: Undertake more detailed hazard mapping of risk areas to infrastructure Lead agency AA Fire and Disaster Risk Management Commission Collaborating agency (s)/stakeholders AAWSA, AA Health Bureau It is envisaged that this will entail detailed GIS-based hazard mapping for the City. This will serve to delineate and identify no-go areas for infrastructure in terms of current and future developments/networks, as well as identify areas Potential Impact for buffering of developments from risk areas (to inform Adaptation Action #A2 green vegetated buffers) and serve This action will primarily to identify pockets of infrastructure that require managed protect the City against retreat. flooding (river and surface/ flash). Note: This action links to Adaptation Action #A13 infrastructure design standards and #A15 emergency response capacity. Steps to Implementation <2 years 2-5 years >5 years Research, ground truth and map natural hazard zones in the city. Make the map open source for wide access by city officials and complementary organisations. Ensure that the city master plan accounts for (avoids) the newly mapped hazard zones. Addis Ababa Climate Action Plan 105 Action #A15: Improve the city’s urban maintenance response and emergency response capacity Lead agency AA EPGDC Collaborating agency (s)/stakeholders AA Construction Bureau, AAWSA, AACRA, AATB Establish and update a climate resilience emergency response plan for the City across all infrastructure sectors. Potential Impact Note: This action links to Adaptation Actions #A13 This action will primarily infrastructure design standards and #A14 infrastructure protect the City against hazard mapping. flooding (river and surface/ flash) but will also help alleviate impacts from higher temperatures. Steps to Implementation <2 years 2-5 years >5 years Protection/strengthening of critical evacuation routes (contingency emergency evacuation route planning) Identification risk management drills and response procedures Develop/revise public emergency announcement protocols 106 Addis Ababa Climate Action Plan 5.3.6. Energy Sector See Section 5.2.3 sets out a range of mitigation actions aimed at the energy sector. Those actions complement the energy-related adaptation actions described below. As most renewable energy sources are affected by a changing climate, Addis Ababa will be vulnerable to climate change. In particular, changes in the rainfall regime will impact the capacity to generate hydropower. The City is targeting a strategy to diversify energy sources, which will boost the adaptive capacity and energy independence of the community in relation to climate change. Other actions to improve adaptive capacity for Addis Ababa include updates to utility lines, better access to electricity for all, and upgrading of infrastructure in unplanned settlements. Existing policies and plans List of actions Relevant policies and plans related to energy are set out in . Action #A16: Smart Grid to create energy efficient electricity

Section 5.2.3. Although these are primarily aimed at climate distribution networks within the City change mitigation, going forward their implementation will also need to account for climate change adaptation and . Action #A17: River basin and watershed management to resilience. protect both hydropower potential and water resources Further details are provided below. Addis Ababa Climate Action Plan 107 Action #A16: Smart grid to create energy efficient electricity distribution networks within the city Lead agency MoWIE Collaborating agency (s)/stakeholders EEA, EEU, AA EPGDC, World Bank and GCF (Green Climate Fund) Retrofit power grid with energy efficient, smart technology (e.g. smart meters), beginning with a short-term ‘pilot’ of energy efficient lighting. Efficiency measures and a smart grid will work to reduce overall consumption and demand on the grid; increasing access to clean energy for more people and businesses. The action will reduce the reliance on backup Potential Impact diesel generators by increasing the number of buildings connected to an electricity supply, which will provide a wealth This action will help increase access to a of benefits, including through improved access to information clean, reliable source of electricity. and to communication channels that allow for improved adaptive capacity during extreme events. A smart grid will also enable more control of re-routing or switching supply and balancing the grid as a response measure during flood or droughts. As part of this action, it will be important to establish a link to Adaptation Action #A17 protect hydropower potential and water resources, along with Mitigation Actions #M9: Improve Permitting Process for New Builds; Mitigation action #M10: Improve Energy Efficiency (and Uptake of Small-Scale Renewables) in Existing Buildings; Mitigation action #M14: Upgrade Streetlighting. Steps to Implementation <2 years 2-5 years >5 years Retrofit of the electricity grid with smart technology for more efficient distribution Consider a pilot project which tests the design and implementation of innovative financing mechanisms to support uptake of energy-efficient lighting by low-income households, and partnership with champion institutions to roll out lighting retrofit projects. 108 Addis Ababa Climate Action Plan Action #A17: River basin and watershed management to protect both hydropower potential and water resources Lead agency AA EPGDC, AAWSA Collaborating agency (s)/stakeholders World Bank, GIZ, GCF and WASH A feasibility study to ascertain resilience thresholds of hydropower supply affecting Addis Ababa; develop/update Potential Impact catchment management plans for improved resilience and develop contingency plans should dam levels ever fall below This action will primarily energy producing levels. protect the City against changes to rain seasons Note: This links to other actions in the water sector. Refer to interspersed with instances

Section 5.2.1 and 5.3.7. of drought. Steps to Implementation <2 years 2-5 years >5 years Establish catchment / watershed management to enhance the visibility of issues and ownership/piloting of response actions. Consider basin-level study to understand risks to future hydropower production against all future climate scenarios to end of century. While major schemes are developed (such as Gerbi dam), consider additional energy options/contingencies for critical city sectors and vulnerable groups. Addis Ababa Climate Action Plan 109 5.3.7. Water Sector Despite significant efforts achieved over recent decades, access to safely managed and reliable water services continues to be a major challenge for the city. Rapid population growth coupled with higher living standards has resulted in increased water demand and per capita consumption. Water demand from industrial, commercial and construction sectors is also on the rise fuelled by a rapidly expanding economy and an unprecedented construction boom. Meanwhile, the availability and supply of water is decreasing from groundwater depletion, natural resource degradation and climate change. Current water supply in Addis Ababa is 523,000 m3 per day, while the demand is 930,000 m3 per day. The percentage of water lost in the distribution system due to aging and poorly maintained infrastructure is 37%. As a result of these shortages, there are pockets of the City that receive water in shifts, with some residents receiving water only twice a week, which negatively impacts public health and economic productivity. Residents in low-income areas are disproportionately impacted as they have limited alternative sources of water. Existing policies and plans List of actions The national government is working to secure Addis Ababa’s . Action #A18: Protecting rivers from solid waste, debris and future water supply through the implementation of major harmful diffuse / pollution discharges improvement projects in the short-term including the Sibilu and Gerbi dam projects. . Action #A19: Efficient wastewater treatment and stormwater management At a local level, Addis Ababa’s Water and Sewerage Authority . Action #A20: Accelerate urgently required water supply (AAWSA) recently launched mega projects with the aim of investments into water insecure and underserved areas doubling its daily water generation capacity and introducing citywide water rationing. In addition, the 2017-2027 Further details are provided below. Masterplan of Addis Ababa has set goals to protect surface and groundwater resources while reducing water pollution. 110 Addis Ababa Climate Action Plan Action #A18: Protecting rivers from solid waste, debris and harmful diffuse / pollution discharges Lead agency Government and AAWSA Collaborating agency (s)/stakeholders EEU, AA EPGDC, Bureau of Finance (BoF) and NGOs This action promotes awareness-raising and new policies for the control of water pollution. Modernisation of the water service/supply sector in Addis Ababa, on which so many Potential Impact people depend, is also proposed. This action will primarily protect the City When implementing this action, it will be important to: against flooding (river and surface/flash). . Establish a link to Adaptation Actions #A19 wastewater treatment and stormwater management and #A20 water supply investments; and . Establish a link to Mitigation action #M2: Construct Composting Facilities. Steps to Implementation <2 years 2-5 years >5 years Grow the City’s skilled manpower. Improve reach of built sewer line (as captured in other actions) Improve engagement between city government of AA and Oromia region. Develop an awareness-raising campaign around river-health. Enforce the polluter pays principle for industries. Modernise waste management (as captured in other actions). Manage sewage waste (as captured in other actions). Leverage data collected from an accredited environmental pollution monitoring lab and data management system to inform environmental policy design and implementation, particularly for river pollution management. Addis Ababa Climate Action Plan 111 Action #A19: Efficient wastewater treatment and stormwater management Lead agency Government and AAWSA Collaborating agency (s)/stakeholders EEU, AA EPGDC, BOF, EFCCC, NGOs This action proposes significant improvements to sewage and stormwater management in the City for improved water Potential Impact quality and overall service provision. This action will primarily protect the City against both gradual (chronic) temperature increases as well as temperature-related shocks (heatwave and drought). Action #A20: Accelerate urgently required water supply investments into water insecure and underserved areas Lead agency Government and AAWSA Collaborating agency (s)/stakeholders EEU, EFCCC, BOF, AA EPGDC and NGOs As was achieved successfully during Covid-19 risk management interventions, this action proposes the deployment of water tanker trucks in areas with water scarcity problems to ensure that households are able to Potential Impact practice proper hygiene and protect themselves from ill- health, dehydration and so forth. This action will primarily protect the City against While this is a short-term emergency response measure, both gradual (chronic) longer-term water access issues must be addressed on a temperature increases prioritised basis for the City’s most vulnerable residents. as well as temperature- related shocks (heatwave Note: This action links to link to Adaptation Actions #A18 and drought). protecting rivers from waste and #A19 wastewater treatment and stormwater management. Steps to Implementation <2 years 2-5 years >5 years Keep updated records of vulnerable communities (for support on a prioritised basis Deploy water tankers to these vulnerable areas during times of water shortage as an emergency response procedure Consider additional water supply options such as boreholes or bulk supply transfers to boost longer term water security for the most vulnerable residents. 112 Addis Ababa Climate Action Plan 5.4. Links between Mitigation and Adaptation Actions The CAP recognizes that there are many actions which For such actions, care should be taken to minimise emissions make both climate mitigation and adaptation contributions. relating to activities, which might include incorporating Actions in energy, infrastructure, water, waste and urban renewable energy or energy efficiency measures into planning sectors in particular have broad alignment to across building/infrastructure designs and ensuring use of low- adaptation and mitigation, by way of reducing emissions carbon alternative materials. Some mitigation actions could and reducing risks through, for example, improving waste also cause maladaptation or increase risks, such as reliance management and sanitation, resilient and low carbon energy on hydropower, or exacerbation of urban heat island effects. supply, and the construction of resilient and lower carbon transport infrastructure. Other actions, such as those relating Taking a holistic approach and identifying synergies and to urban greenery and critical ecosystem restoration, can linkages between mitigation and adaptation options helps to assist in carbon capture and storage mitigation strategies. ensure that mitigation actions are climate-resilient and that Such priority adaptation actions should be considered and adaptation actions are consistent with a pathway towards coordinated alongside priority mitigation actions. low GHG emissions. Other adaptation actions with a broad link to mitigation may Addis Ababa’s CAP has sought to do this, identifying synergies have a negative impact on emissions; these largely include and alignment between adaptation and mitigation actions, actions involving building or development of infrastructure. outlined in Table 14. Addis Ababa Climate Action Plan 113 Priority Adaptation Links to mitigation action Explanation action #A1: New development The permitting process for new development (the Green #M9: Improve Permitting Process for permitting should Building Standards) should include energy efficiency and New Builds account for resilience. resilience #A10: Improving Improvements to core services, such as the sewage network, access to and #M3: Improve Sewage Network will improve sanitation and therefore health. quality of wastewater Promoting the waste hierarchy and constructing new #M1: Campaign to Promote Waste and sanitation composting facilities will improve the core city service of Hierarchy infrastructure waste collection and treatment. Improving the sewage network will involve new or updated #M3: Improve Sewage Network infrastructure, which should be designed to include resilience Resilience should be incorporated into the design of any new #M2: Construct Composting Facilities composting facilities. #A13: Infrastructure #M4: Enhance Landfill Management Resilience should be incorporated into the design of any new design standards to and Install Gas Capture landfill gas capture systems. include resilience #M6: Improve Public Transport Resilience should be incorporated into the design of any new Networks public transport networks. #M7: Promote Modal Shift to Non- Resilience should be incorporated into the design of any Motorized Transit (NMT) schemes to promoted modal shift to NMT. The permitting process for new development (the Green #M9 Improve Permitting Process for Building Standards) should include energy efficiency and New Builds resilience. #A16: Smart #M10: Improve Energy Efficiency (and The adaptation action specifically mentioned energy grid and energy Uptake of Small-Scale Renewables) in efficient lighting, which is included within mitigation action efficiency Existing Buildings #10. The adaptation action specifically mentioned energy #M14: Upgrade Streetlighting efficient lighting, which is included within mitigation action #14. #A17: Protect Protecting hydropower infrastructure is key to ensure that #M12: Increase/Diversify Renewables in hydropower and the mitigation action to increase renewable electricity Electricity Generation water resources generation can be met. #M1: Campaign to Promote Waste Both of these waste-related mitigation actions will support #A18: Protecting Hierarchy improved waste management in Addis Ababa, and therefore water ways from help the aim of the adaptation action which is to protect waste pollution #M2: Construct Composting Facilities rivers from waste pollution. #A19: Efficient wastewater Improving the sewage network will directly improve the #M3: Improve Sewage Network and stormwater efficiency of wastewater treatment in Addis Ababa. treatment Table 14. Identified links between priority adaptation and mitigation actions 114 Addis Ababa Climate Action Plan 5.5. Wider Benefits of Climate Actions The actions in this CAP all detail the specific benefits that will This will be core to the implementation of the actions. A be generated across environmental, social and economic summary of the major benefits that are expected to result categories. Ensuring the CAP actions deliver benefits, and from the actions are summarized in the table below. deliver them equitably and inclusively is critically important to Addis Ababa. Environmental Benefits Climate Actions Code Reduce pollution such as air, soil &water #M1, #M4, #M5, #M7 to M13, #A16, #A18, #A19 Utilize compost over chemical fertilizer #M2 Reduce deforestation #M13 Maintain ecosystems, wildlife & biodiversity # A1, #A3, #A5 Reduce the risk of runoff and flooding # A1, #A5, #A10, #A13 Greening and restoration of natural resources # A2, #A4, #A6, #A7, #A8, #A17 Social Benefits Health benefits through newer, safer, cleaner road infrastructure and #M5, #M6, #M7, #M14 vehicles Increased thermal comfort #M9, #M10 Improved reliability of energy supply for extracurricular benefits #M10, #M11 Greater equality of opportunity e.g. access to education, reduced health #M1, #M3, #M12, #A5, #A10, #A11, #A12, #A13, issues (vermin, disease, contamination and sanitation), water, electricity, #A14, #A16, #A17, #A19, #A20 increase women’s free time Enhance local amenities e.g. access to cooling to the poor, vulnerable #A1, #A4, #A5, #A8, #A18 Reinforce local culture, values, and available skills and technology solutions #A6 Reduce food insecurity #A9 Job creation and benefit to vulnerable groups #A15 Economic Benefits New employment opportunities, new local industry and jobs #M1, #M2, #A1, #A2, #A4, #A7, #A8 Improved connectivity #M6 Generating new industries and agricultural income #M8 Cost savings from lower energy consumption and available for export #M9, #M11, #M12 Potential to boost tourism/visitors/attract talent permanently #A2, #A5, #A9 Potential for positive economic multipliers through decreased sensitivity of infrastructure, damage, sustainable access to water and energy, productive #A3, #A5, #A6, #A10, #A11, #A12, #A16, #A20 workers Table 15: Summary of the benefits of climate actions Addis Ababa Climate Action Plan 115 6 6. Implementation strategy 116 Addis Ababa Climate Action Plan 6.1. Existing Institutional Arrangement and Governance Structure Addis Ababa City is administratively divided into 11 sub-cities and 129 woredas within the sub-cities. Woredas are the smallest units of administration. The City Administration is led by the Mayor. It has different levels of institutions at the city, sub-cities and woredas level. The Mayor should form 18 cabinets who are heads of the bureaus at the city level which are accountable to the Mayor. Most bureaus have executive organs at the city level, offices at sub-cities and sometimes at Woreda’s level. Figure 17 below50. 50 Addis Negari Gazeta of The City Government of Addis Ababa, 2012 Addis Ababa Climate Action Plan 117 Addis Ababa City National and Administration AAEPGDC International Partners (Mayor) and Stakeholders Public Relationship Deputy Mayor and Consultants Supporting Botanical Team Garden Municipality (City Mayor Sub-cities Bureaus Green & Manager Office) Office (11 Sub-cities) Watershed Executive Executive Executive Woredas Organs I Organs II Organs III (129) Environment and Natural Resources Climate change Monitoring and Department Licensing Department AAEPGDC Environmental Green Development, Mine Licensing Pollution and Climate Mining and Management change Directorate Controlling Directorate 6 teams 3 teams 3 teams Figure 17: AA EPGDC in the City Structure The main types and levels of institutions are described below: Mayor’s Office: Executive Organs include the Environmental Protection and Green Development Bureaus: There are about 18 bureaus in the city Commission, Park Administration, Fire and Emergency structure. These are land development and administration, Rescue Hazard Commission, Police Commission and housing, construction, women and children affair, Licensing Organization. transport, trade and industry, health, micro enterprise, culture and tourism, labour and social affair, youth and Sub-cities: there are 11 sub-cities in the city and each sport, communication, economic and finance, public sub-city has woredas (the smallest unit administration services, education, planning, and TVET agencies. level). Municipality Office: The municipality is led by the National and international partners and City Manager’s office. The Office has executive organs under it, the main ones being the Water and Sewerage stakeholders: The AA EPGDC receives support from national government institutions, mainly the Authority, Beautification and Cemetery, Solid Waste Environmental, Forest and Climate Change Commission. Management Agency, and Slaughter Enterprise. It is supporting the city through capacity building, training, workshops, and exploring the possibility of supporting Executive Organs: Offices which are found at with funds through the CRGE finance facility. the city level which are accountable either to a Bureau, Municipality or Mayor’s Office. Most Bureaus have Executive Organs which are the agencies and authorities that are accountable to it . For instance, the Transport Bureau includes the traffic management agency, public transport enterprise, city bus transport services, drivers and vehicles licensing and controlling authority etc. 118 Addis Ababa Climate Action Plan 6.1.1. Current Climate Change Governance System The Addis Ababa Environmental Protection and Green The Environmental Pollution and Climate Change Directorate Development Commission (AA EPGDC), directly accountable has six teams, of which two teams are dedicated to working to the Mayor, is mandated to govern the environment and on climate action mainstreaming and promoting climate climate change issues of the city. The location of the AA EPGDC smart technologies. These two teams work in line with other in the city’s structure is shown in Figure 17. It is responsible city institutions in planning, measurement, monitoring and for establishing the monitoring of GHG emissions data and reporting of climate action. The AA EPGDC has focal persons climate action, working with other relevant institutions in the at the sub-city level to cascade climate actions at the sub- city. city level. Vertical integration with sectoral focal points at national level, such as Environment, Forest and Climate Figure 17 also shows the structures within the AA EPGDC, Change Commission, aligns well, since these sectors have a including: common mission of coordinating, planning and implementing climate actions. . The two institutes within its control: the Addis Ababa The AA EPGDC is accountable to the City Administration Botanical Garden, and the Green and Watershed and reports regularly to the Mayor’s Office on a monthly, Development Agency. quarterly and annual basis. The EPGDC also has horizontal . The two departments: the Environment and Climate integration with other city departments which are working in Change Department and the Natural Resources Monitoring the different sectors including transport, waste and education and Licensing Department. among others. o These two departments incorporate three directorates, mandated to manage the city’s issues environment and climate change. o One of these is the Environmental Pollution and Climate Change Directorate. Addis Ababa Climate Action Plan 119 6.1.2. Proposed CAP Steering Committee The Climate Change Mainstreaming Team, under the City-wide climate change steering committee HoDs: Environmental Pollution and Climate Change Directorate, has developed a planning and reporting system within Addis Ababa Farmers and Urban Agriculture Commission selected city departments. However, there is currently Addis Ababa Roads Authority no city-level Steering Committee that oversees the Addis Ababa Water and Sewerage Authority planning and implementation of climate change measures Addis Ababa Trade and Industry Development Bureau which makes it difficult for departmental heads to plan, Addis Ababa Waste Management Administration implement and report on any climate related work. There Addis Ababa Food Security and Development Security are many sectors that are required to report their progress Addis Ababa Planning Development Commission on different parameters, but most of them intermittently Addis Ababa Housing Development Administration Bureau do this. As such, it will be important to set up a Steering Addis Ababa Women and Children Bureau Committee of Heads of Departments (HoDs) to better Addis Ababa Education Bureau coordinate climate change in the city. Addis Ababa Construction Bureau Addis Ababa Transport Bureau A Steering Committee will support CAP implementation following its launch. The proposed steering committee will have the following sectoral departments within it: CAP climate change steering committee (CCSC) To supplement the existing governance of the city, the 1. Roads and Transport Bureau AAEPGDC has plans to create a CAP Climate Change 2. Construction Bureau Steering Committee (CCSC) which will be composed of 3. Water and Sewerage Authority relevant sectoral institutions to execute the climate change 4. Watershed and Green Environment Development Agency mitigation and adaption and technologies in the sectors. 5. Industry Development Bureau 6. Health Bureau The Climate Change Sectoral Steering Committee 7. Solid Waste Administration Agency members will include: 8. Planning and Development Commission 9. Finance Bureau 120 Addis Ababa Climate Action Plan 6.1.3. Other Proposed Activities to Strengthen Climate Governance in the City 1. Establish a Technical Steering Committee at city level. The Committee will have a mandate of Immediate monitoring the planning and implementation of CAP actions in the city. The Steering Committee will be (within 1 year) led by City-wide climate change steering committee HoDs. It will have Technical Advisory Committee from the Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs), private and civic organizations. 2. Increase the city participation and engagements with international institutions which can Short- medium technically and financially support the implementation of priority climate actions for Addis tapping into term (1-5 years) knowledge that comes through from technical assistance offered by these institutions. 3.AAEPGDC should play a key role in coordinating the capacity building activities required by the Short term Steering Committee and Sectoral Departments on knowledge and planning for climate change. This (starting within especially includes tracking GHG emissions and climate risk vulnerability assessments using various 1 year) tools to support the process, such as the GPC Standard and CIRIS. 4. Strengthen communication systems between the AA EPGDC with other institutions, partners Short term and stakeholders. It may be through creating a platform to exchange data and information about city (starting within climate action. This could also be through launching a website or forming continuous monitoring and 1 year) evaluation (M&E) meetings to track and give feedback during CAP implementation. 5. Strengthen the vertical integration with national level institutions mainly with the Environment, Short- medium Forest and Climate Change Commission and with other levels of lower governance to reach grass root term (1-3 years) civics and community organizations and individuals such as sub-cities and Woredas. 6. Strengthen the capacity of AAEPGDC in coordinating and mobilizing resources for climate action for the city. This can be achieved by strengthening the practical experience of staffs through on-job Short- medium training, workshops among others to acquire additional skills and practice required. The AAEPGDC term (1-3 years) will have the responsibility to develop the Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) for city institutions to achieve in climate action implementation such as GHG emissions reductions and reduction of climate vulnerability. Medium term (2-5 years) 7. Incorporating key climate actions in Environmental Impact Assessments (EIAs) during project and business approvals. Short term 8. Integrate climate action with other cross-sectoral development initiatives which have similar (starting implementation actions such as air quality actions. within 1 year) 9. Build the capacity of institutions in the preparation of proposals that will mobilize city, national, Short- medium private, public and international finance. term (1-3 years) 10. Liaise with and support key sectors and institutions to ensure that they report to AAEPGDC in a Short term timely manner (quarterly, bi-annually and annually) to understand the performance and the possible (starting within capacity building activities required to implement climate action in the city and enable the AAEPGDC to 1 year) meet their reporting requirements to the Mayor’s Office. 11. Update the GHG emission inventory within 2 year intervals, and update the climate risk assessment Medium term within five-year time intervals. (2-5 years) Addis Ababa Climate Action Plan 121 6.2. Financing Strategy and Resource Mobilization Access to finance is often a key barrier to implementation The AACA has bureaus and organs that allocate capital and of climate actions; however, there are significant sources of operational budget to the city’s institutions. The main organ finance available to explore. Financing of the CAP will involve which plans and disburses the annual budget for the city is the drawing upon a combination of sources that can be internal Finance and Economic Bureau. It allocates budget for climate (including finance raised through taxes, user fees, transfers action from the treasury of government, along with funds and bonds within the municipality and through other spheres from loans and donors. The bureau disburses the budget to of government) and external (including international and local respective institutions per the city plan approved by the city sources such as bilateral and multilateral donors, concessional council. Thus, it is responsible for the resourcing of any given finance and funds, as well as co-financing through private- plan which includes the resourcing of climate action. public partnerships, market-based approaches and private sector investments). There may also be opportunities to In cases where external sources of funds are sought, it is leverage funding from other related policies and strategies critical that actions are designed and structured in such a where the actions directly align, such as the Air Quality way that they can meet the requirements of donors and Management Plan (AQMP). financiers. Understanding the external funding options and their requirements is a prerequisite for securing finance. Where possible, the Addis Ababa City Administration (AACA) Lastly, the city also needs to strengthen its relationship with will seek to access funding from its own sources (internal the national government to access financial resources, and financing). It will also seek to ensure that the city’s budget ties with international partners like C40, in order to further prioritization process aligns with the goals and targets of support both climate actions and institutional actions. For the CAP, a process known as budget mainstreaming. This instance, the city has received technical and financial support is critically important as it will ensure that CAP actions are in preparing this CAP document, and in filling data gaps funded, and that investments which may lead to carbon lock- through the ‘Empowering Cities with Data’ project. in and maladaptation are avoided. Water-aid Financier Industry Owner sand Etc Fundamental Communities GCF Ministry Of Agriculture Monetary Ministry Urban Development NGOs Uk-dfid African Dev't Bank C40 Climate Leader Group Climate Adaptation Fund Less Commitment Eu Fund Resource Green Climate Fund Redd Plus In Our Organization Dev't Bank Of Ethiopia World Bank Fund Loans Who The Government Only With Aid Government And Sectors Government EPA International Bodies Loan Local Insurance Companies Others Donor The Funding Source Is African Development Bank Community Traders And Stakeholders Imf Climate Promise Fund Health And Education Cdkn USAID NGO Sida Non Governmental Organization Partners And Experts Private Organization C40 Climate Leadership Society Etc Donors Private Public Wb City Government Mainly Public Revenue Food agricultural Organizing Undp Transport Sector Crge Project International Donors Public Organization Construction Fund Off Waste Sector Figure 18: Word cloud of Addis Ababa’s potential climate finance landscape, developed by stakeholders during the climate adaptation workshop 122 Addis Ababa Climate Action Plan 6.3. Human Resources Delivery of the CAP will require a collaborative effort with all In addition to human resources described above who directly relevant institutions. It is important therefore that the design participate in climate action planning and implementation, of actions includes not only details of the costs and funding the table below summarizes the potential human resource sources, but also a leading institution for implementation that could be available51 in each of the lead agencies listed, (and the human resources needed to ensure the delivery of to support CAP implementation. These staff represent the Plan). individuals engaged in the delivery of activities that will directly or indirectly support the CAP goals. This may The human resources that directly contribute to climate action be through the delivery of activities in their respective implementation at the city level consists of about 40 experts departments that are supportive of or align to the CAP actions found at different hierarchies of the city administration. They and goals, or through active engagement in taking forwards can be categorized into the following: sectoral actions in sectoral plans. . AAEPGDC Structure: The Climate Change mainstreaming team, which has role coordinating climate actions in the city, within the AAEPGDC. It has about 10 experts. . Sub-cities Structure: Climate change experts have been hired in the 11 sub-cities (1 for each sub- city). . Sectoral Structure: A non-formal structure created by the climate change mainstreaming team, by assigning one focal person for the CRGE strategy within sectoral institutions in the city (about 20 experts). Potential staff that could be available to Lead Agency Total number of staff support the CAP implementation Addis Ababa City Administration 144,418 36 Addis Ababa Solid Waste Management Agency 288 15 Addis Ababa Transport Bureau (AATB) 128 10 Addis Ababa Construction Bureau (AACB) 276 15 Ethiopian Energy Authority 105 15 Ministry of Water, Irrigation and Energy (MoWIE) 400 20 Addis Ababa City Roads Authority (AACRA) 1853 15 Table 15: Staff available across the city that may participate in the delivery of climate actions in Addis Ababa The potential human resource reflects the staff that could be available in each agency, reflecting for example, attendance and engagement in CAP workshops and 51 events and alignment of action delivery. Addis Ababa Climate Action Plan 123 6.4. City Power and Authority Analysis The city powers and capacity to implement climate action in The city power is shared between the federal and city key sectors have been reviewed in relation to whether the city government. Almost all bureaus, authorities and agencies at owns / is responsible for key infrastructure and operational the city level have line offices in the federal government. There systems where such action could be focused, and whether it are actors at the city and federal government levels which has the power and capacity to control, implement, influence have a role in the different climate governance categories or promote changes in this infrastructure / these operational (Table 16). Moreover, it should be noted that the AAEPGDC systems. has a role to play in each of the city level actors. Categories City Level Actors Federal Level Actors Decarbonizing the electricity grid No City Level Actor MoWIE, EEU, EEP, EEA Ministry of Urban Development and Optimizing energy use in buildings AA Construction Bureau Construction, Environment, Forest and Climate Change Commission Ministry of Transport, Federal Transport AA Roads and Transport Bureau and Authority, Planning Commission Enabling next-generation mobility Its executive organs, AA Planning Commissioner, Ethiopian Railways Commission Cooperation Improving Solid Waste Management AA Solid Waste Administration Agency No line office at federal Enhancing resilience of water and AA Water and Sewerage Authority and Ministry of water, irrigation and electricity, sanitation systems AA Health Bureau Ministry of Health Addis Ababa Fire and Disaster Risk National Disaster Risk Management Manging disasters and flooding Management Commission Commission AA EPGDC (natural resource and utilization directorate, AA City Environment, Forest and Climate Change Enhancing the resilience of natural Government Beautification, Parking Commission, Ministry of Agriculture, capital and Cemetery Development and Ministry of Trade Administration Agency, Addis Ababa Trade Bureau Table 16: Assessment of power for delivering the CAP, at city government and federal government level 124 Addis Ababa Climate Action Plan 6.5. Potential Barriers or Challenges There are numerous potential challenges that Addis Ababa Some actions may rely on technologies or techniques may encounter when implementing this CAP. A brief overview that incur prohibitive capital or operational costs, such as is provided below, with challenges broadly grouped by theme. renewable power generation, modern cookstoves, and new waste collection systems. The city also needs to strengthen its Knowledge, awareness, and commitment: Potential relationship with the national government in order to access challenges could include, for example, ensuring adequate financial resources. commitment from officials, political leaders, partners and stakeholders; lack of relevant expertise in different sectors to Jurisdictional arrangements: Some projects will require deliver or oversee projects; and low levels of public awareness collaboration between the city and other administrations, of the importance of climate change and environmental businesses, private landowners, tenants and/or other issues. stakeholders. This can create challenges, particularly if there are competing priorities and ambitions relating to land use Administrative control and coordination: For most of or development opportunities, which may impact the design the actions proposed, there is at least a moderate level of of the actions themselves. An example of this would be in control at the city level. However, where major projects have the informal settlement areas, where it may be difficult to national stakeholders/implementers, it will be necessary change the land use, buildings, or infrastructure. Another to ensure strong coordination among the various sectors or example would be related to Addis Ababa border issues stakeholders. In these circumstances, barriers can potentially and the complex interrelationship between the city and the arise due to weak interactions or poor communication. It government of the Oromia region. can also be difficult to establish the correct bureaucratic and administrative procedures for complicated projects. Other external challenges: Finally, it is acknowledged that there could be challenges associated with events such as Access to funding and other resources: There may be natural disasters, or regional/local civil unrest. challenges associated with securing financial funds for CAP implementation, or human resources for delivering projects. To ensure implementation of the CAP, the city will work to address barriers as and when they arise. This will be a matter of priority. The appropriate response will vary depending on the precise circumstances, but could include activities such as improved capacity- building among city staff (e.g. to address issues relating to knowledge or awareness), developing communication or administrative structures to facilitate closer engagement with the national government or other local administrations, and other forms of stakeholder engagement. Addis Ababa Climate Action Plan 125 7 7. CAP monitoring, evaluation & reporting framework 126 Addis Ababa Climate Action Plan Fundamental to delivering this CAP is the development of an integrated and comprehensive framework for monitoring, evaluation and reporting (MER), to measure the impact and effectiveness of both mitigation and adaptation actions set out in the CAP. With a climate action planning MER system, Addis Ababa will: » Improve accountability and transparency » Provide relevant information to a wide range of partners and city dwellers » Continue to make the case for (or against) other possible climate actions » Assess progress and effectiveness and adapt Addis Ababa Climate Action Plan 127 7.1. CAP Monitoring and Reporting This section summarizes the existing MER system in the city The final Addis CAP will be fully integrated into the city’s of Addis Ababa and some recommendations on how this can 10-Year’s Perspective Plan through the approval of the AACA. be strengthened. The city has already included the GHG emissions reduction plan adopted in the CAP in the city’s 10-Year’s Perspective Plan, Note that terminology varies slightly depending on the which in turn draws from the national 10-Year’s Perspective context. MER-related activities are sometimes referred to Plan. The Addis CAP process has been fundamental in as monitoring, reporting and verification (MRV), monitoring informing the city’s 10-Year’s Perspective Plan by detailing key and evaluation (M&E) or monitoring and reporting (M&R). climate actions and setting out an implementation plan with For clarity and consistency, in this CAP, MER is used as an clear timelines. umbrella term. AAEPGDC and the city sectoral departments AAEPDGC with the city administration and the city planning commission The AAEPGDC also has an MER system with horizontal city sectoral departments, institutions, bureaus and agencies. Addis Ababa Environmental Protection and Green This MER system will provide opportunities to review the Development Commission (AAEPGDC) is responsible for city sectors’ accomplishments towards the implementation coordinating environment and climate change actions in of the CAP. It is important to note that there exists no formal the city along with the associated MER activities. The task is MER system between AAEPGDC and other city sectoral specifically allocated to the GHG inventory team within the institutions horizontally. The city sectoral institutions will be Climate Change Coordination Directorate (CCCD), which is designated with different mandates with regards to the CAP tasked with handling both climate change mitigation and implementation by the City Planning Commission. As such, it adaptation/resilience. is important that that this informal MER system is formalized and strengthened in the light of implementing the CAP. AAEPGDC will lead the CAP MER in collaboration with the proposed CAP Steering Committee which will be formed AAEPGDC and the national environment, at the city level. The Steering Committee will include forest and climate change commission members from selected city sectoral institutions, and will play a big role in following up on the MER on the CAP (EFCCC): implementation. The MER system will involve following up with the implementation of key priority climate actions The national EFCCC coordinates national climate actions in highlighted in key sectors in the CAP against a set of Key line with the Paris Agreement while the AAEPGDC does the Performance Indicators (KPIs). The City Planning Commission same at the city level. The EFCCC currently provides technical (CPC) will be responsible for following up with the assigned support to the city of Addis through trainings and capacity lead institutions on the implementation of climate actions. building activities on issues of climate change. There exists no AAEPGDC, the City Planning Commission and the AACA will MER system between EFCCC and AAEPGDC, and therefore work together to oversee the execution of key climate actions. the national and city climate action coordination is lacking. The AACA should create a linkage to contribute to the national At the moment, AAEPGDC reports its work and activities efforts in implementing the NDC and take a leading role as the formally to the Addis Ababa City Administration and the capital city to encourage other cities to take initiative in the City Planning Commission. AAEPGDC’s MER entails weekly, implementation of the CRGE Strategy and the NDC. The MER monthly and annual reporting. The same reporting structure framework for the CAP is intended to link closely with the will be deployed in reporting and tracking progress of the national climate action planning process, enabling vertical CAP. The main actors in this MER system will be the Climate integration between the city and national government. This Change Mainstreaming team, the Planning and Budget will ensure alignment with the strategic national climate Supporting team and the MER team. The MER team is usually objectives, such as those set out in Ethiopia’s CRGE Strategy instituted and convened within the AAEPGDC at the end of and other city level plans such as the Addis CAP. every Bi-annual Accomplishment Plan. 128 Addis Ababa Climate Action Plan The AAEPGDC should strengthen its ties to the Climate CAP key performance indicators (KPIs) Resilient Green Economy Facility (CRGE Facility) which is the national level institution coordinating the efforts towards its The monitoring aspect includes the development of Key 2030 CRGE targets. The Facility was established to address Performance Indicators (KPIs) to enable an objective overview financial and technical issues. The facility is managed by of the state of implementation of the climate actions (see Environment, Forests, and Climate Change Commission Annex I). A Monitoring and Progress Report, framed around (EFCCC) and the Ministry of Finance (MoF). EFCCC is playing these main KPIs, will be periodically published, and serve as role in programmatic and technical whereas MoF is playing an interim opportunity to evaluate progress at key dates, so the financial and budgetary aspects of CRGE implementation. that steps can be taken to adapt and revise implementation CRGE directorates/units or case teams have been established strategies, as necessary. The city may choose to focus on in almost all relevant line Ministries. reporting and evaluating progress towards select priority actions and then expand as the CAP develops. The Monitoring AAEPGDC and CDP reporting & Progress Report or CAP updates will, for those actions that have been fully implemented, evaluate the action according Addis participates in the Carbon Disclosure Project (CDP) to its monitoring indicators and against the action’s targets. process every year. The city discloses environmental data to manage emissions, build resilience and protect people and ecosystems from climate impacts. AAEPGDC collates data from different departments to generate the emissions inventory, which is how the city currently measures, discloses and tracks its GHG emissions. Progress on the CAP implementation will therefore be monitored and reported in line with the CDP reporting. Addis Ababa Climate Action Plan 129 7.2. Learning and Evaluating of Impact The MER system in the city sets a robust framework for the . Societal impacts: relating to hazards impacts on people’s evaluation of CAP actions implementation. The periodic health/wellbeing. review meetings and reports will ensure that prioritized actions can be tracked and adjusted accordingly based on . Economic impacts: relating to loss, damage or repair changing technologies and approaches on how to reduce costs associated with assets or the disruption to economic emissions and climate impacts. services. The City’s GHG inventory represents a crucial requirement in . Environmental impacts: negative effects caused by the evaluating the impact of mitigation actions. Each mitigation hazard towards environmental quality. action is to be linked to a sector detailed under the Global Protocol for Community-Scale Greenhouse Gas Emission The Environment and Climate Change Coordination Inventories (GPC) Standard, as to where emission reductions Directorate working under the AAEPGDC has a Climate may be realised. In select cases, it may be necessary to, in Change Mainstreaming Team that is mandated to coordinate addition to absolute emission reductions, track trends in the climate change actions in the city. The team has organized emission intensity by sector or industry. This is to be termed training for selected focal persons from city institutions and as the ‘inventory indicator’. Each mitigation action is also distributed manuals that explain some of the adaptation and allocated a series of ‘monitoring indicators’, specific to the mitigation baselines and climate actions expected from the action detailed. If the action is associated with a target, institutions to reduce GHG emissions and build resilience in the monitoring indicators should link to, or facilitate the Addis. The team is building a reporting and evaluation system calculation of whether the target is achieved. with 15 selected sectors in the city. The team has already been receiving monthly reports from some of these sectoral MER for adaptation uses the assessment of climate hazards institutions on how they are mainstreaming climate change as its fundamental basis. Each of these hazards interact in their sectoral plans. with several components, including exposure, physical or socio-economic vulnerability and existing adaptive capacity, combining to an overall risk. Whilst the monitoring and evaluation of mitigation actions can be focused towards reduction in GHG emissions, adaptation actions cannot be readily measured by any single metric and requires a more expansive approach. The logic model is designed to explicitly state the consequential chain of steps between an action being taken and reduced climate risk. By considering the chain, monitoring indicators can be situated along each step to track progress. Indicators may be developed to assess the outputs and impacts of an action. Output indicators depend on the nature of the adaptation action, but should be a direct result of the action, measured from a set baseline. Outcome indicators should measure the change from the output with reference to the hazard considered. Impact monitoring indicators shall consider tangible elements (e.g. people, assets or the environment) and shall be categorised according to: 130 Addis Ababa Climate Action Plan 7.2.1. Monitoring, Evaluation & Reporting Recommendations The Climate Change Coordination Directorate is in its infancy The AAEPGDC needs to determine the capacity and systems and its current capacity to drive and deliver climate action required for implementation of an effective MER system for is not sufficient. In addition, the bureaus, responsible for its climate change response activities at a city-wide scale, delivering projects, need to integrate climate action in their so that the benefits of all sectoral actions can be tracked plans and report the status. Most institutions can report but and reported. Capacity is improving, but the capacity of the so far are not doing so due to lack of institutional capacity. individuals staff working in the city needs to be built further. 7.2.2. Reviewing and Updating the Climate Action Plan The Addis CAP document is a ‘living’ document which will In addition, the CAP will ensure it aligns with other related undergo periodic review and assessment. The CAP will be work, including integration with the Air Quality Management updated based on the city planning cycles which occur every Plan52 . 5 years. The GHG inventory baselines, targets and trajectories will also The CAP is aligned with the city’s 10 Years’ Perspective Plan be updated based on the implementation of the CAP actions which will run from 2020 to 2030. This is updated in 5-year factoring in key changes in methodologies, techniques, intervals. The generic contents of the CAP are included in the technologies and approaches in cutting down GHG emissions city’s 10-Year’s Perspective Plan in different sectors with the and climate impacts. The continuous review and updating of main target of reducing GHG emissions and creating a more the CAP, GHG inventory and CCRA reports will ensure that the resilient city to current and future climate change. The CAP city moves towards a carbon neutral, resilient, equitable city will be updated based on the achievement and lessons learnt by 2050. from the 10-Years’ Perspective Plan implementation. The proposed MER reporting structure is summarized as The CAP review and update will take evidence from the follows: ongoing review and update of the GHG emissions inventory which will be done every 2 years and the Climate Change Risk Assessment report will be updated within 5 years. Categories Monitoring Evaluation Timing Quarterly Yearly Scope Indicators of the activities, outputs and outcomes Outcome indicators AAEPGDC, AACA, City Planning and Development External evaluators/facilitator, project staff, donors, Main participants Commission & Sectoral CRGE institutions, as well as stakeholders steering committee Regular meetings, interviews, monthly and quarterly High-level meetings, additional data collection exercises, Process reviews, etc. etc. Evaluation report with recommendations for changes to Written outputs Regular reports monthly, quarterly reports projects presented in workshops to various stakeholders 52 For instance, the AQMP requires an air pollutant emission inventory to be created. This will ensure consistency between the two and will be more cost-effective, and ensure actions can be aligned to maximise co-benefits. Addis Ababa Climate Action Plan 131 8 8. Covid-19 recovery strategy in Addis Ab 132 Addis Ababa Climate Action Plan The COVID-19 pandemic has severely disrupted the world economy and, as a result, countries are actively seeking to rebuild their economies from the disastrous impacts of the pandemic while focusing on key sectors which have been severely impacted including energy, transport, water and agriculture. Climate change continues to cause unprecedented risk to humanity with increased climate risks brought about by extreme weather events which enhance the gap between the rich and the poor, jeopardizes food security and enhances the spread of diseases. Now in the face of COVID-19, many people around the world are struggling to cope and survive in both crises which have tremendous impacts on health, well-being and livelihoods especially for the vulnerable urban populations. Channeling investments in these sectors will help boost jobs and jumpstart recovery. Steering the recovery process towards a sustainable path requires integrating climate action planning tools into the economic recovery process. Integrating climate change mitigation and adaptation strategies into the process fosters a recovery that will promote the creation of green jobs, improve public health and enhance food security. The Addis Ababa Health bureau is updating the resident with COVID 19 information such as precaution to the pandemic, number of laboratory tests, death rates, the recommendation etc. The bureau with the lead from the city administration coordinating various social and economic impact by the pandemic. COVID-19 in Addis is impacting the urban poor in tremendous ways. With about 1.9 million self-employing businesses in Ethiopia’s cities including Addis Ababa, 750,000 jobs could be lost due to the COVID-19 crisis. Loss of jobs is anticipated to affect about a quarter of the population in the city, most of whom working in the informal sector. Those in the informal sector normally live hand-to-mouth, and loss of jobs could translate into many people being unable to put food on the table and cater for other basic needs. baba The city administration in coordination with Addis Ababa Health Bureau has therefore put in place the most ambitious Urban COVID-19 Response Plan that focuses on the screening of the most vulnerable, commissioning a city administration resource mobilization committee and mobilizing funds from the Urban Safety Net kit. Addis Ababa Climate Action Plan 133

Annex I: KPI, Type of Actions and Resource Planning Priority CAP Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) Type of Action Lead Agency Resource Planning Actions . Waste production (tonnes/year) Addis Ababa Addis Ababa City #M1: Campaign . Recycling rates (tonnes per type/year) Solid Waste Administration (AACA), to promote waste Programme / Policy . Amount of waste dumped and burned (tonnes/ Management NGOs hierarchy year) Agency . Waste production (tonnes/year) . Recycling rates (tonnes by type/year) Addis Ababa #M2: Construct . Composting rates (tonnes/year organic waste Solid Waste composting Project / Programme AACA, NGOs treated) Management facilities . Number of composting facilities (up to 4 Agency facilities are proposed) . Number of misconnected sewers fixed (no. repairs/year) . Amount of sewage collected (m3/year) #M3: Enhance Addis Ababa . Volume wastewater treated (m3/year) sewage/ Solid Waste . Length of new sewer line installed (km/year) Programme / Project AACA, NGOs wastewater Management . Number of vacuum trucks (number treatment system Agency operational/reduced/year) . Number of households connected to sewage network (households/year) #M4: Enhance . Finished construction of a ‘Fukuoka’ landfill Addis Ababa landfill . Quantity of leachate generated and treated Solid Waste Government of Japan, Project management and (m3) Management JICA, AFD install gas capture . Quantity of gas collected and utilized (m3) Agency . Number of cars replaced per year with more efficient model (vehicle registrations/licensing #M5: Improving Financing from AACA – numbers/year) vehicle efficiency Addis Ababa and Government, . Amount of fuel reduced (litres fuel sold or Policy / Programme via emissions Transport Bureau potential overlap with consumed/year) standards C40-funded projects . GHG emissions (tCO2e/year - from GHG inventory II.1.1 road transport) . Personal motor vehicle (PMV) use (Vehicle Kilometers Travelled – VKT/year) #M6: Improve . BRT use (no. of passengers/year; average Addis Ababa public transport Programme AACA, NGOs, donors journey length) Transport Bureau networks . LRT use (no. of passengers/year; average journey length) #M7: Promote modal shift to non- . Mode share walking (%) Addis Ababa AACA, NGOs, CRGE Programme motorized transit . Mode share cycling (%) Transport Bureau Facility (NMT) . Share of hybrid and electric vehicles (% vehicle #M8: Enhancing sales/year) fuel efficiency via Addis Ababa AACA, NGOs, CRGE . Number of charging stations installed per year Programme switch to hybrid/ Transport Bureau Facility . Amount of fossil fuel reduced (liters consumed electric vehicles or sold /year) 134 Addis Ababa Climate Action Plan . Solar water heating (% homes with technology installed; number of new units installed/year) . High efficiency appliances (% homes with technology installed; number of new units #M9: Improve installed/year) permitting process Budget from . Advanced building envelope (% homes for new builds: international donors, with new technologies installed - retrofit enhancing ISO Project AACA national programme undertaken; number of homes Certified Energy Government retrofitted/year) Efficiency Green . LED lighting (% homes with LEDs installed; Building Standards number homes upgraded/year) . HVAC upgrades (% homes with high efficiency HVAC systems installed; number HVAC systems upgraded/year) . Solar water heating (% homes with solar systems installed; number installed/year) #M10: Improve . High efficiency appliances (% homes with high energy efficiency efficiency appliances installed; number sold/ (and uptake year; number appliances traded in or recycled/ National Government, Policy/Programme AACA of small-scale year) NGOs renewables) in . LED lighting (% homes with LED lighting existing buildings installed; number of bulbs by type sold/year) . Grid connectivity (% homes connected to the grid; number of new connections/year) . Uptake of energy efficiency equipment (spend/ #M11: Improve sales per year) energy efficiency . Energy consumption in industrial sector (MWh Programme/Policy AACA EEA / AACA, AAEPGDC in industrial or litres fuel/year) facilities . Energy efficiency of production (energy use/ unit output) #M12: Increase/ . Diesel generator use (% buildings recording diversify usage; total fuel consumption/year for renewables generation) Policy AACA EEA / AACA, AAEPGDC in electricity . Coverage of grid connections (total area (ha); generation expansion of new connection areas in ha/year) #M13: Transition Federal Government to efficient, low- ,AACA . Number of efficient stoves distributed Programme AACA emissions cooking Initiatives (World Bank fuel etc.) AACRA, Public tender #M14: Upgrade . LED streetlights installed (% total streetlights; Programme/Project AACA (bidding by private streetlighting number installed/year) firms) #A1: Require new development . Reduced flooding of properties (trend in $ value permitting insurance claims/ city repairs required) (new building Urban Planning . Enhanced/net increase in urban green space . AACA / development and Development (10% net increase by 2025: 20% by 2030) Policy / Programme / · NGOs codes) to account Commission, . Improved access to clean and potable water (% Planning /Action · UNEP for increasing AAEPGDC population) · World Bank resilience to . Reduced incidence of heat stroke (No. incidents/ flood, drought mortalities) and extreme temperatures . Increase in net green coverage by 10% in the short term (by 2025) and by 20% in the medium term (2030) . Reduced: #A2: Increase - Incidence of flooding and flood related loss in $ green vegetated - Property damage ($ value insurance claims/city Urban Planning buffers between repairs) -AACA and Development urban settlement - Loss of human life (% decrease year on year) Policy / Planning / · NGOs Commission, and hazardous - Land degradation (e.g. % land cover lost to soil Action · UNEP AAEPGDC areas prone to erosion) flooding, landslide - Water pollution levels across all water quality and subsidence variables measured - Improved food security (fewer incidences of malnutrition, hunger and mortality recorded) . No. permanent jobs created Addis Ababa Climate Action Plan 135 . Representation on / composition of mega #A3: Ensure projects office (No. individuals in Megaprojects · National climate change office with a climate-related adaptation/ Addis Ababa Government,AACA representation mitigation/dual mandate) Solid Waste Planning /Action · NGOs on the dedicated . Content of meeting agendas and minutes Management · World Bank Megaprojects . No. of project plans and outcomes with climate Agency, AAEPGDC · UNDP Office action . % green coverage stable or increasing #A4: Enhance . Lower incidence of flooding and flood related · AACA urban greenery loss in $ AA Planning and · NGOs with heat and . Reduced water pollution levels across all water Development · UNEP drought tolerant Policy / programme quality variables measured Commission, · World Bank vegetation to . Improved food security (fewer incidences of AAEPGDC · Green Development combat the loss of malnutrition, hunger and mortality recorded) Fund green spaces . No. permanent jobs created #A5: Rehabilitate · NationalGovernment deforested areas/ budget, AACA water sheds . No. of planted trees · Donors to reduce soil . Planted tree survival rate (%) · Corporate social erosion, enhance . Area of rehabilitated land (target 100% Programme / Project AAEPGDC responsibility funds biodiversity rehabilitation of deforested areas by 2030) · Community and offer better . No net loss of forested areas mobilization ecosystem · PPP resilience #A6: Provide . No. water collection/rainfall collection systems water for irrigation AAEPGDC, · National in place of nature and AA Water and Government,AACA . Area maintained (in hectares) Programme / Action greenspaces Sewerage · NGOs . Access to well maintained, viable green spaces during heatwaves Authority · Community (% population) and droughts #A7: Establish . Area (ha) of urban agriculture systems Farmers and sustainable . Local (city-level) agricultural production output Policy / Planning / Urban Agricultural · AACA Agricultural (in $ or tonnes) Programme / Action Development Urbanism systems . Reduction in % poverty levels Commission #A8: Technical and Farmers and · AACA capacity building . No. of urban farmers trained on climate risks, Urban Agricultural · Aid organisations activities for weather monitoring and sustainable and Programme / Action Development · Private corporations urban agriculture climate-friendly farming Commission (CSR budgets) farmers #A9: Improve AA Construction water security . No. rainwater collection systems in place Bureau and · AACA through rainwater . % population with/serviced by rainwater tanks Policy / Programme Farmers and · Aid organisations harvesting . Reduction in No. water mains dedicated to the / Action Urban Agricultural · Private corporations and irrigation use of urban agriculture/irrigation Development (CSR budgets) management for Commission urban agriculture . Water quality metrics AAWSA (Addis . Decrease in diseases related to poor sanitation Ababa Water #A10: Improve and hygiene (water-borne diseases) and Sewerage access to, and . Access to sanitation constructed Authority), AARA · AACA quality of, . No. of drains available Planning / (Addis Ababa City · World Bank wastewater . No. of landfills constructed for utilization Programme / Action Roads Authority) · Other NGOs and sanitation . Length of sewer line constructed and AASWA Addis infrastructure . No. of misconnections repaired Ababa Solid Waste . % of population with access to sanitation Management services Authority) . No. of people educated on vector-borne #A11: Awareness · AACA diseases (VBD) raising of public · NGOs . No. of people educated on water-borne Programme / Project Health Bureau health and climate · CRGE Facility diseases change issues · Other - TBD . Case numbers 136 Addis Ababa Climate Action Plan #A12: Provision . No. of individuals from target groups of preventative vaccinated healthcare Planning / · AACA . Real time reporting tool established Health Bureau services in relation Programme / Action · NGOs . Reduction in no. of cases of vector-borne to vector-borne diseases diseases #A13: Update infrastructure design standards . No. of/coverage of installed sensors on sewage · AACA for improved network · World Bank resilience in order . Proven effectiveness of updated design Project / Action AAWSA, AACRA · Community to undertake a standards/technologies/materials used · NGOs programme of . No. of design standards updated to include · Africa Bank improvements to climate change resilience the infrastructure networks #A14: Undertake . Appropriate identification of risks and risk areas AA Fire and more detailed . No. of risk areas addressed Disaster Risk · AACA hazard mapping Project / Planning . Area of unplanned and planned built Management · Donors of risk areas to development in risk areas Commission infrastructure #A15: Improve . % of critical evacuation routes protected or the City's urban strengthened maintenance . Number of maintained infrastructure assets Planning / Project AAEPGDC AACA response and . Performance of critical infrastructure during emergency extreme events response capacity . Timeframe for response to emergency calls #A16: Smart Grid to create energy . LED lighting (% homes with LED lighting MoWIE (Ministry efficient electricity installed; number of bulbs by type sold/year) · AACA Programme / Project of Water, Irrigation distribution . Grid connectivity (% homes connected to the · NGOs and Energy) networks within grid; number of new connections/year) the City #A17: River basin . % coverage of watershed and watershed . % of catchment management plans including management · NationalGovernment options for improved resilience Policy / Planning / to protect both AAEPGDC, AAWSA -AACA . Area of restoration and maintenance of natural Action hydropower · NGOs resources surrounding basins and sheds potential and . Frequency of contingency options used water resources #A18: Protecting rivers from solid . Reduction in concentration/amount of harmful waste, debris pollutants entering the watercourses Policy / planning / Government and · AACA and harmful . Reduced amount of debris in the water Programme / Action AAWSA · NGOs diffuse / pollution . % of uncollected waste discharges #A19: Efficient . Concentration of harmful pollutants entering wastewater the water Government and · AACA treatment and Programme / Project . Reduced amount of debris in the water AAWSA · NGOs stormwater . % of uncollected waste management #A20: Accelerate · AACA urgently required . % of population with access to potable water · Bilateral and water supply . % of population in different vulnerable groups Government and multilateral investments into with access to potable water Programme / Action AAWSA cooperation water insecure . Increase in new businesses in water stressed · NGOs and underserved areas areas Addis Ababa Climate Action Plan 137

Annex II: Adjustment to the GHG Emissions Inventory for Addis Ababa for Scenario Development Addis Ababa’s 2016 GHG inventory has informed the 2. Adjustment of stationary energy in order to include biogenic mitigation elements of this plan, as follows: emissions from wood and charcoal within the projections: It is standard practice to exclude biogenic CO2 from inventory Base year emissions: the ‘adjusted’ 2016 GHG inventory totals to avoid double counting of emissions with the land The Addis Ababa 2016 inventory has been used as the use changes sub-sector. However, for policy purposes, given base year for the emission scenarios developed in this CAP. the level of wood and charcoal consumption in Addis Ababa However, it was necessary for the inventory to be adjusted to and the importance of actions to address this which would better support scenario planning. This was in two main areas: not be otherwise reflected, biogenic CO2 is being reported as non-biogenic CO2 in the modelling for Addis Ababa’s CAP. This 1. Exclusion of international emissions from aviation and has a significant impact on the inventory totals and emissions scope 3 transport emissions (road transport crossing the profile for 2016, adding 9.4 mtCO2e. boundary). This is because they are outside of the control and scope of the city and of the modelling tools available. The net change is that the adjusted 2016 inventory for International aviation is also considered an item outside the Pathways is 4.8 mtCO2e higher than the official inventory, scope of national action, and as Addis Ababa is a major airport going from 14.5 mtCO2e to 19.3 mtCO2e. hub for Africa, it would not be feasible for the city at this time to set targets and actions for aviation. Total BASIC+ emissions IPPU 0% AFOLU 1% Waste 10% Stationary energy 55% Transpor- tation 34% Figure 19: Addis 2016 adjusted GHG Emissions by Sector 138 Addis Ababa Climate Action Plan

Annex III: Addis Ababa CAP-AQ Technical Annex Summary Air pollution levels in Addis Ababa negatively affect residents’ Pathways-AQ then uses spatial analysis from an external health and exceed World Health Organization ambient air tool, the InMAP (Intervention Model for Air Pollution) quality guidelines. Many sources of air pollution are also model54 , to convert emissions of PM2.5 and other precursor sources of climate pollutants, so reducing these sources can pollutants into an annual average PM2.5 concentration within have the dual benefits of improving air quality and mitigating the area of the city’s boundary. Finally, Pathways-AQ uses climate change. By implementing its CAP, Addis Ababa has baseline population health data from the Global Burden of the opportunity to improve air quality, while contributing to Disease Project, coupled with relative risk curves, to estimate global climate change mitigation and ensuring the well-being city-wide mortality from six diseases that are linked to air of its citizens. pollution (PM2.5). Addis Ababa’s CAP actions and scenarios were analyzed Currently, the four largest contributors to annual average using Pathways-AQ, a rapid, accessible scoping tool created PM2.5 concentrations in Addis Ababa are 1) the residential to understand the air quality and health implications of sector, which includes solid fuel burning for cooking and city climate policies. Pathways-AQ is a combined GHG and heating; 2) on-road transport, including high-emitting cars air quality scoping tool. It creates an air quality emissions and buses; 3) the waste sector, including waste incineration inventory by applying air pollutant emission factors to and open burning; and 4) manufacturing and construction “activity” (fuel use) data. In addition to modelling emissions emissions. of carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2e), it models direct emissions of PM2.5 along with four pollutants that combine Addis Ababa can improve its air quality by fully implementing in the atmosphere to produce PM2.5: nitrous oxides (NOx), its climate action planning scenarios, averting hundreds sulphur dioxide (SO2), ammonia (NH3), and volatile organic of premature deaths each year through climate actions compounds (VOC). that benefit air quality as well (Table 17). The estimated changes in air pollution and premature mortality presented To calculate emissions, Pathways-AQ uses a bottom-up in Table 17 provides an indication of the reductions in PM2.5 approach to model activity within the city for the residential, concentrations and the associated premature deaths over the commercial, industrial, transport and waste sectors, then modelled time horizons, under the existing and planned and multiplies each activity by an emission factor (emissions per ambitious scenarios. unit of activity) to estimate the mass of pollutants generated53. Change in air pollution (Annual average Change in premature mortality (Deaths reduction in PM2.5 concentration) avoided per year) Existing and Planned Scenario 2030 13 µg/m3 212 2040 23 µg/m 3 284 2050 43 µg/m3 142 Ambitious Scenario 2030 20 µg/m3 364 2040 43 µg/m3 712 2050 94 µg/m 3 1036 Table 17. Estimated changes in air pollution and premature mortality associated with implementation of Addis Ababa’s Climate Action Plan scenarios 53 Note, importantly, that only emission sources included in the GHG inventory are reflected in this analysis. Pathways-AQ generates mass emission estimates for GHGs as well as PM2.5 and precursor pollutants. This analysis does not include all emission sources within the city. 54 Tessum et al., 2017. See also Thakrar et al., submitted. Addis Ababa Climate Action Plan 139 In both scenarios (E&P and ambitious), residential sector Under the existing and planned scenario, Addis Ababa can climate mitigation strategies—such as switching from unclean reduce its annual average population-weighted PM2.5 by 43 energy sources (solid fuel combustion) to electricity—have µg/m3 by 2050 (for PM2.5 attributable to sectors included in high potential to mitigate GHG emissions and reduce air Pathways, the climate action planning modelling tool) (Figure pollution. Other climate mitigation strategies with potential 1), preventing 142 early deaths in 2050 (Figure 2). The actions to markedly reduce both air pollution and GHG emissions that will be particularly helpful in improving air quality under include: shifting away from high-emitting on-road vehicles this scenario are related to improving buildings and switching to walking and cycling; switching to cleaner on-road to cleaner sources of energy, in the residential sector. transport fuels; improving waste management infrastructure and systems; and switching toward cleaner fuels in the commercial sector and in manufacturing industries. 140 131 120 100 80 74 88 (43) 60 47 51 (23) 40 33 34 (13) 20 0 2016 2030 2030 Reductions 2040 2040 Reductions 2050 2050 Reductions -20 Figure 20. Air quality implications of climate actions in the E&P scenario The top numbers show the projected baseline PM2.5 concentrations in a given year. The lower numbers represent the PM2.5 concentration expected after implementation of the E&P scenario. The difference between the top and lower numbers equates to the reduced PM2.5 concertation in a given year and is represented in brackets next to each lower number. 140 Addis Ababa Climate Action Plan 3 644 3 502 (142) 2 403 1 563 2 119 (284) Current burden = 935 935 1 351 (212) premature deaths/year Figure 21. Health implications of climate actions in the E&P scenario The top numbers show the projected baseline premature mortality due to ambient PM2.5 exposure in a given year. The lower numbers represent the number of premature deaths expected after implementation of the E&P scenario. The difference between the top and lower numbers equates to the premature deaths avoided in a given year, and is represented in brackets next to each lower number. Implementing the ambitious scenario is projected to reduce measures, and commercial energy efficiency, followed by annual average population-weighted PM2.5 by 94 µg/m3 in conversion of buses from diesel to electric. The majority 2050 (Figure 3); which would prevent 1036 early deaths in of health benefits are expected to accrue from changes 2050 (Figure 4). The sectors that have the highest potential to in new residential buildings (cooking and water heating reduce PM2.5 in that year are new residential energy efficiency improvements), new commercial buildings (space heating for cooking and space heating, (as a result of decreased solid improvements), and as a result of industrial energy efficiency fuel use), industrial energy efficiency and fuel switching measures. 140 131 120 100 80 74 60 47 40 33 37 (94) 31 (43) 27 (20) 20 0 2016 2030 2030 Reductions 2040 2040 Reductions 2050 2050 Reductions -20 Figure 22. Air quality implications of climate actions in the ambitious scenario The top numbers show the projected baseline PM2.5 concentrations in a given year. The lower numbers represent the PM2.5 concentration expected after implementation of the Ambitious scenario. The difference between the top and lower numbers equates to the reduced PM2.5 concertation in a given year and is represented in brackets next to each lower number. Addis Ababa Climate Action Plan 141 40 00 3 644 3500 3000 2500 2 403 2 608 (1036) 2000 1 563 1500 1 691 (712) Current burden = 935 935 premature deaths/year 1000 1 199 (364) 500 0 2016 2030 2030 Reductions 2040 2040 Reductions 2050 2050 Reductions Figure 23. Health implications of climate actions in the ambitious scenario The top numbers show the projected baseline premature mortality due to ambient PM2.5 exposure in a given year. The lower numbers represent the number of premature deaths expected after implementation of the Ambitious scenario. The difference between the top and lower numbers equates to the premature deaths avoided in a given year, and is represented in brackets next to each lower number. Importantly, the analysis finds that PM2.5 concentrations Although air pollution may seem like a future issue, the reality could increase if residents shift from using motor cars to using is that it is creating health effects and causing early death diesel buses, highlighting the importance of establishing now. As Addis Ababa grows, air pollution does not need to get vehicle emission standards and policies that promote electric worse. Taking action now will prevent early deaths every year. or low-emitting buses. Mainstreaming air quality work across all relevant city departments will encourage better coordination and effective use of resources to accomplish the city’s stated air quality management and climate change-related goals. With a steering committee responsible for implementation of both the Climate Action Plan and Air Quality Management Plan (AQMP), Addis Ababa can serve as an example of the effectiveness of co-managing air quality and climate change action to realize health benefits for residents while meeting ambitious environmental goals. 142 Addis Ababa Climate Action Plan Abbreviations & Acronyms AA CA Addis Ababa City Administration AA CB Addis Ababa Construction Bureau AA CRA Addis Ababa City Roads Authority AA EPA Addis Ababa Environmental Protection Authority AA EPGDC Addis Ababa Environmental Protection and Green Development Commission AA HDAB Addis Ababa Housing and Development Administration Bureau AA SWMA Addis Ababa Solid Waste Management Agency AA RTB Addis Ababa Road and Transport Bureau ACCP African Clean Utility Platform AA TIB Addis Ababa Trade and Industry Bureau AFOLU Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use AFD Agence Française de Dévelopment BAU Business-As-Usual BMUB German Ministry for the Environment, Nature, Conservation, Building and Nuclear Safety BRT Bus Rapid Transit CAP Climate Action Plan CCRA Climate Change Risk Assessment CIRIS City Inventory Reporting and Information System CRGCP Integrated Climate Change Response Investment Plan CRGE Climate Resilient Green Economy EAs Energy Audits EE Energy Efficiency EEA Ethiopian Energy Authority EEPCo Ethiopia Electric Power Corporation EEU Ethiopian Electric Utility EFCCC Environment Forests, and Climate Change Commission EPA Environmental Protection Authority GDP Gross Domestic Product GHG Greenhouse Gas GPC Global Protocol for Community-scale Greenhouse Gas Emission Inventories GTP Growth and Transformation Plan HoDs Heads of Departments HVAC Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning INDC Intended Nationally Determined Contribution ITCZ Inter Tropical Convergence Zone IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change IPPU Industrial Processes and Product Use JICA Japan International Cooperation Agency KPI Key Performance Indicators LEDs Light-emitting diodes LRT Light Rail Transit MCA Multi-Criteria Analysis MoF Ministry of Finance MoUDH Ministry of Urban Development and Housing (MoUDH) MoWIE Ministry of Water, Irrigation and Energy M&E Monitoring and Evaluation MER Monitoring, Evaluation and Reporting MPR Monitoring and Progress Report MRV Monitoring, Reporting and Verification NAP National Adaptation Plan NDC Nationally Determined Contribution NGO Non-Governmental Organization NMT Non-Motorized Transport Strategy SEA Sustainable Energy Africa SDGs Sustainable Development Goals SLCPs Short-Lived Climate Pollutants TCO2e Tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent TRANSIP Transport Systems Improvement Project TVET Technical and Vocational Education and Training Agency FTA Federal and Transport Authority PMV Personal Motor Vehicles VKT Vehicle Kilometres Travelled WASH Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (UNICEF) UNEP United Nations Environment Programme UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change Addis Ababa Climate Action Plan 143 Glossary of Terms Adaptation capacity. ‘Technical and financial ability and willingness of the city’s key stakeholders at various levels - local, regional, and national - to cope with the adverse impacts of climate change. A quick measure of institutional awareness is the presence of a comprehensive analysis of climate risks for the city and corresponding adaptation and mitigation initiatives. 55 Adaptation options. The array of strategies and measures that are available and appropriate for addressing adaptation. They include a wide range of actions that can be categorised as structural, institutional, ecological or behavioural. Abatement potential. A measurement of the potential to decrease greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from a particular sector or through an action. The abatement potential is measured in GHG emissions (e.g. tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent). Also referred to as Emission Reduction Potential. Baseline scenario goal. Mitigation goal that aims to reduce emissions by a specific quantity relative to a projected emissions baseline scenario or forecast. BASIC level of reporting. The GPC Protocol inventory reporting level that includes all scope 1 sources except from energy generation, imported waste, IPPU (Industrial Processes and Product Use) and AFOLU (Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use), as well as all scope 2 sources Business-as-usual (BAU) scenario. A baseline scenario projecting GHG emissions based on a set of reasonable assumptions and data that best describe events or conditions that are most likely to occur. This scenario is used to understand future emissions in the absence of city mitigation activities and based on historical data, including GDP, population and sectoral energy intensity. Base year. A historical datum (e.g. year) against which a city’s emissions are tracked over time. Base year emission goal. Mitigation goal that aims to reduce or control the increase of emissions relative to an emissions level in a historical base year. Carbon neutral. A city that has achieved and demonstrated in a given year, net-zero GHG emissions from: . Fuel use in buildings, transport, and industry (scope 1) . The use of grid-supplied energy (scope 2) . The treatment of waste generated within the city boundary (scope 1 and 3) And, where a city accounts for additional sectoral emissions in their GHG accounting boundary, net-zero GHG emissions from all additional sectors in the GHG accounting boundary. Also referred to as Emissions Neutral, Net-Zero Emissions or Net-Zero Carbon. CO2 equivalent (CO2e). The universal unit of measurement to indicate the global warming potential (GWP) of each GHG, expressed in terms of the GWP of one unit of carbon dioxide. It is used to evaluate the climate impact of releasing (or avoiding releasing) different greenhouse gases on a common basis. Climate action. Any policy, programme, project or activity initiated with the intention to provide some contribution to climate mitigation or adaptation. Climate change. A change in the state of the climate that can be identified (for example, by using statistical tests) by changes in the mean and/or the variability of its properties and that persists for an extended period, typically decades or longer. Climate change may be due to natural internal processes or external forces such as modulations of the solar cycles, volcanic eruptions and persistent anthropogenic changes in the composition of the atmosphere or in land use. The UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), in its Article 1, defines climate change as: ‘a change of climate which is attributed directly or indirectly to human activity that alters the composition of the global atmosphere and which is in addition to natural climate variability observed over comparable time periods’. 56 Climate adaptation. In human systems, the process of adjustment to actual or expected climate and its effects, in order to moderate harm or exploit beneficial opportunities. In natural systems, the process of adjustment to actual climate and its effects; human intervention may facilitate adjustment to expected climate and its effects. 55 Mehrotra et al. (2009). Framework for City Risk Assessment 56 IPCC (2018). Annex I: Glossary. In: Global Warming of 1.5°C 144 Addis Ababa Climate Action Plan Climate hazard. The potential occurrence of a natural or human-induced physical event or trend that may cause loss of life, injury, or other health impacts, as well as damage and loss to property, infrastructure, livelihoods, service provision, ecosystems and environmental resources. Climate-related hazard. ‘Hazards affecting the whole city, including all communities. Hazards may include meteorological, climatological, hydrological, geophysical, or biological events and should acknowledge variability in hazard exposure across the city’. Climate impact. The consequences of realised risks on natural and human systems, where risks result from the interactions of climate-related hazards (including extreme weather and climate events), exposure, and vulnerability. Impacts generally refer to effects on lives; livelihoods; health and well-being; ecosystems and species; economic, social and cultural assets; services and infrastructure. Impacts may be referred to as consequences or outcomes and can be adverse or beneficial. Climate mitigation. A human intervention to reduce emissions or enhance the sinks of greenhouse gases. Climate projection. A climate projection is the simulated response of the climate system to a scenario of future emission or concentration of greenhouse gases (GHGs) and aerosols, generally derived using climate models. Climate projections are distinguished from climate predictions by their dependence on the emission/concentration/radiative forcing scenario used, which is in turn based on assumptions concerning, for example, future socioeconomic and technological developments that may or may not be realised. Climate risk. In broad terms, climate risk is generally described as the ‘Risk results from the interaction of vulnerability (of the affected system), its exposure over time (to the hazard), as well as the (climate-related) hazard and the likelihood of its occurrence’. Risk at an urban scale can also be defined as the potential for adverse consequences on lives, health, ecosystems, economic, social and cultural assets, services, and infrastructures. In general, three broad risk categories are usually used: acceptable risks, tolerable risks, and intolerable risks. The uncertainty of this probability increases considerably with climate change. Major risks lie in the failure to adapt to changes in the environment, leading to instability and insecurity of economic system(s) threatening adequate level of societal welfare. Climate change risk depends on climatic factors as well as decisions (intentional or unintentional) of agents governing interdependencies among climatic and socio-economic-environmental systems. Inadequate decisions (adaptation) can cause systemic risk propagating through all systems. Emission factor. A multiplier that converts activity data into GHG emissions data (e.g., kg CO2e emitted per litre of fuel consumed, kg CO2e emitted per kilometre travelled) or other outcomes (beyond GHGs) such as PM2.5, SO2, NOx , NH3, etc. Global Protocol for Community-Scale GHG Emissions Inventories (GPC). The GPC is a protocol developed by C40, World Resources Institute and ICLEI-Local Governments for Sustainability. The GPC outlines standards for developing a GHG emission inventory, establishing a base year, ensuring consistent methods for reporting, enabling aggregation at the national level and facilitating benchmarking Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Gases that trap heat in the atmosphere by absorbing and emitting solar radiation within the atmosphere, causing a greenhouse effect that warms the atmosphere and leads to global climate change. GHGs include seven gases: carbon dioxide (CO2); methane (CH4); nitrous oxide (N2O); hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs); perfluorocarbons (PFCs); sulphur hexafluoride (SF6); and nitrogen trifluoride (NF3). Mitigation measures. In climate policy, mitigation measures are technologies, processes or practices that contribute to mitigation, for example, renewable energy technologies, waste minimisation processes and public transport commuting practices. Resilience. The capacity of social, economic and environmental systems to cope with a hazardous event or trend or disturbance, responding or reorganising in ways that maintain their essential function, identity and structure while also maintaining the capacity for adaptation, learning and transformation. Vulnerability. In general terms, vulnerability is described as ‘the propensity or predisposition to be adversely affected. Vulnerability encompasses a variety of concepts and elements including sensitivity or susceptibility to harm and lack of capacity to cope and adapt’ 57. As it relates to facing a [urban] climate hazard, people and infrastructures are exposed to the same potential losses but are not vulnerable in the same way. Vulnerability depends on physical, socio-economic, the availability of services, governmental and cultural factors and can be quantified by the degree of loss resulting from a hazard, and the capacity to recover from an event. 57 IPCC. (2018). Annex I: Glossary. In: Global Warming of 1.5°C Addis Ababa Climate Action Plan 145 146 Addis Ababa Climate Action Plan Acknowledgements The development of the Addis CAP has been a journey that has required a lot of collaboration with various local, national and international experts to deliver this ground-breaking plan which showcases the city’s dedication to tackling climate change. The impacts of climate change have clearly been felt in the City of Addis with increased climate hazards and risks that have had profound negative effects on people’s lives, livelihoods, ecosystems and the economy. The unceasing support of the Mayor of Addis, Honorable Adanech Abiebie, in the current administration and other Mayors in previous administrations who have showcased their utmost dedication throughout this process has been extremely fundamental in the successful delivery of this plan. Special appreciation to the ministries of transport, waste and energy which have actively participated in the entire CAP process from action prioritisation to action definition phases of this work. The continued support provided by C40 Cities Climate Leadership Group has been crucial to the successful delivery of the CAP especially from the C40 Africa Team: C40 City Advisor of Addis Ababa (Tibebu Assefa), C40 Technical Advisor for East Africa (Elizabeth Mwangi), Head of the CAP Africa programme (Paul Jorgensen), C40 Regional Director for Africa (Hastings Chikoko), C40 Deputy Regional Director for Africa (Gifti Nadi). To the consultants who have supported us throughout this work, including Ricardo Energy and Environment, and Sustainable Energy Africa (SEA), who have actively provided their expertise on mitigation planning, and Mott MacDonald who have played a critical role in the climate hazard and risk assessment in Addis including the adaptation action planning work that complements the mitigation work for the city - while highlighting the urgency needed to address climate change impacts. We acknowledge the support of Addis Ababa City Administration (AACA) and departments and more so those the Addis Ababa Environmental Protection and Green Development Commission (AAEPGDC) sectoral leads and teams who have continuously supported the development of this CAP, by dedicating their technical expertise, energy, precious time and leadership to facilitate the successful delivery of this plan of action. Big thank you to our funders the Danish Ministry of Foreign Affairs (DMFA) and the Department of Business, Energy and Industrial Energy (BEIS) who have made everything possible. We thank all the participants including city staff, academic institutions, business community and other organizations including the city residents who have supported this process unceasingly and provided invaluable feedback and insights in all engagements that have been undertaken in developing this CAP. Technical Assistance: Financial Support: Addis Ababa Climate Action Plan 147 Design by: Resolution Studio, Addis Ababa www.resolution.studio | +251 1929 112596 | hello@resolution.studio Addis Ababa CLIMATE ACTION PLAN (2021-2025)