National Action Plan For Clean Cooking in Bangladesh (2020-2030)

5.3 MONITORING AND EVALUATION 44 ANNEXES 47 ANNEX 1: METHODOLOGY 47 ANNEX 2: RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN BIOMASS FUEL AND SALE OF IMPROVED COOKING STOVES (ICS) 48 ANNEX 3: LPG GROWTH 64 ANNEX 4: YEAR AND PHASE-WISE TARGET FIXATION FOR COOKING FUEL ALTERNATIVES 65 ANNEX 5: LIST OF MEMBERS OF HOUSEHOLD ENERGY PLATFORM 66 i|Page ii | P a g e List of Tables Table A: Targets for Different Cooking Technologies............................................................................ vi Table B: Interventions in Country Action Plan for Clean Cookstoves 2013 and their implementation status........................................................................................................................................................... ix Table 1: Key Demographic Indicators of Bangladesh ............................................................................ 1 Table 2: Source of Fuel for Cooking in Rural and Urban Areas and Different Divisions of Bangladesh in 2018 ......................................................................................................................................................... 4 Table 3: Time-series data of fuel usage for cooking from 2012-2018.................................................. 4 Table 4: Bangladesh Energy Balance for 2015 (in Energy Units - Picojoules) ..................................... 5 Table 5: Emission Rate Targets from Household Fuel Combustion by WHO...................................... 9 Table 6: Average Emission Factors for Household Stoves..................................................................... 9 Table 7: Stove Thermal Efficiency Applied by Fuel for Bangladesh .................................................... 10 Table 8: Access to Clean Fuels and Technologies for Cooking in 2016 .............................................. 11 Table 9: Different Tiers of Cook Stoves as per ISO Standards ............................................................ 13 Table 10: Stove Choices According to Consumer Segment ................................................................. 15 Table 12: Socio-economic Progression in Bangladesh ........................................................................ 21 Table 13: Electricity generation and Net Capacity ................................................................................ 27 Table 14: Funding Source and Users of Clean Cooking ....................................................................... 28 Table 15: Targets for Different Cooking Technologies ......................................................................... 31 Table 16: Description of activities, Time frame /Milestones, Indicator and Organizations Involved .................................................................................................................................................................... 33 Table 17: Estimated Cost for Achieving Clean Cooking ....................................................................... 43 Table 18: Monitoring Framework of the Clean Cooking National Action Plan.................................. 44 List of Figures Figure 1: Administrative System of Bangladesh ..................................................................................... 2 Figure 2: Population Pyramid of Bangladesh, illustrating the age and sex structure of the population ................................................................................................................................................. 3 Figure 3: Relevant policies of Government of Bangladesh related to clean cooking ......................... 8 Figure 4: SDGs Related to Clean Cooking .............................................................................................. 12 Figure 5: Projection of Different Fuel Usage using Linear Trend line ................................................ 31 iii | P a g e Acronyms BCC Behavioral Change Communication BCSIR Bangladesh Council for Scientific and Industrial Research BSTI Bangladesh Standard and Testing Institute BUET Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology CAP Country Action Plan for Clean Cookstoves CCA Clean Cooking Alliance (Alliance) CCAC The Climate and Clean Air Coalition CCEB Catalyzing Clean Energy in Bangladesh CO Carbon Monoxide CO2 Carbon Dioxide COPD Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease GACC Global Alliance for Clean Cooking (now CCA) GCF Green Climate Fund GHG Greenhouse Gas HAP Household Air Pollution HEP Household Energy Platform ICS Improved Cookstoves ICDDR-B International Center for Diarrheal Disease Research – Bangladesh IDCOL Infrastructure Development Company Limited ISO International Organization for Standardization IWA International Workshop Agreement LPG Liquefied Petroleum Gas MOEFCC Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change MOHFW Ministry of Health and Family Welfare MOPEMR Ministry of Power, Energy and Mineral Resources MoU Memorandum of Understanding PM Particulate Matter PO Partner Organization SDG Sustainable Development Goals SREDA Sustainable and Renewable Energy Development Authority TVC Television Commercial UN United Nations WB World Bank WHO World Health Organization iv | P a g e Executive Summary Background also mentioned in this National Action Plan, In the year 2013, to develop the Bangladesh with proposed names of relevant ministries clean cookstoves market, the first-ever Country responsible for different activities. Action Plan (CAP) for Clean Cookstoves was launched by the Power Division, Ministry of Clean Cooking Sector Power, Energy and Mineral Resources, In 2016, household air pollution was Government of Bangladesh. The CAP was responsible for 7.7% of global mortality. It is developed through involvement and inputs one of the key health issues in rural areas. from wider stakeholders of the sector and Indoor smoke or pollution contains a range of support from the Global Alliance for Clean harmful pollutants, such as small particles, Cookstoves (GACC), which is currently known carbon monoxide etc. There is consistent as The Clean Cooking Alliance (Alliance). As evidence that exposure to household air per the provision of the bi-annual review of the pollution can lead to acute lower respiratory CAP, in May 2018 a review workshop was held infections in children under five, and ischemic to capture the changing dynamics of the sector. heart disease, stroke, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and lung cancer in adults. During the CAP review workshop, the need to Women and children accounted for over 60% of revisit of the CAP 2013 was highlighted by the all the premature deaths from household air participants, to realign the plan with the pollution (HAP) in the year 20121. changes and developments in Bangladesh and the overall clean cooking sector. The review Despite progress towards universal access to report also indicates that not all planned cleaner cooking systems, about 40% of global activities were achieved as intended and the households (around three billion people), slow progress suggested that new initiatives especially in developing countries, are still should be taken to ensure 100% clean cooking dependent on traditional cookstove as the in Bangladesh by 2030. To facilitate the primary means of cooking and heating. Up to development of the new National Action Plan 34% of all the wood harvested for fuel is for Clean Cooking (2020-2030), SREDA formed unsustainable and contributes to a loss of an 11-member steering committee, involving woody biomass and climate polluting the relevant government bodies, development emissions2. This accounts for approximately partners and program implementers. Unlike the 2% of global emission3. previous CAP 2013, this National Action Plan focuses not only on cookstoves but also on Given the context, an urgent action to scale up issues related to different fuel options and access to clean cooking solutions through efficiency. policies, financing and technology development is needed to address the issue. The National Action Plan for Clean Cooking Without it, Bangladesh will fall short of (2020 – 2030) has been developed for the next achieving Sustainable Development Goal 7 and decade aligning strategies with the recent several other related SDGs, along with its own shifts in the sector in terms of different target of clean cooking for all by 2030. economic and social aspects of the country. Current fuel and stove usage in Bangladesh Targeted milestones and monitoring plan are 1 2 World Health Organization. Household air pollution Khan, M.N., B. Nurs, C., Mofizul Islam, M. et al. is a gender issue. Retrieved from: Environ Health (2017) 16: 57. https://www.who.int/life-course/news/household- https://doi.org/10.1186/s12940-017-0272-y 3 air-pollution/en/ accessed on 11 November 2019 Clean Cook Alliance. (2018). Clean cooking critical to addressing climate change. v|Page The energy mix in Bangladesh for cooking About 4,100,000 households are connected to mostly comprises of biomass, biogas, liquefied piped natural gas in Bangladesh4. However, the petroleum gas (LPG), natural gas, and government suspended providing new piped electricity. Depending on the socio-economic natural gas connections to households since status of the household, the cooking 2016-17, due to the fast-declining natural gas technology varies. Different types of improved reserve in the country. This led to an increase in cookstoves (ICS), gas stoves for natural gas, demand for alternatives such as LPG to meet stoves for LPG, electric rice cookers and daily cooking gas needs5. induction cookers are the regular type of technologies used for cooking. ‘Stove stacking’ Biogas is one of the most environmentally is a rather common phenomenon, where more friendly and clean cooking fuel options. In this than one cooking technology is used in a single country, most of the biogas is produced from household as needed depending on time, the manure of cows and chickens. 102,808 convenience and fuel cost. biogas digesters have been installed in Bangladesh till 2018. However, due to high There has been a progressive change in the initial investment cost and other specific energy mix for household cooking. Since the requirements, biogas is yet to be the first commercial import of LPG from 2011/12, the choice of people for cooking fuel. cooking fuel scenario in the country has shifted significantly. People from different socio- Pellet and briquette as fuel are not very popular economic background prefer LPG stoves in Bangladesh yet. Due to multiple factors, because of its convenience of usage. However, including the production and availability of biomass is still widely used in cooking in pellets and briquettes, comparatively high cost Bangladesh, especially in the rural and peri- of stoves, cooking behaviour of people etc. urban areas using the traditional mud stoves these fuel-based cooking solutions have and improved cookstoves. The thermal limited success. efficiency of biomass stoves is relatively low, and the emission of CO2, CO and PM are Proposed targets, activities, required funding significantly high compared to other fuel and monitoring plan options. Future targets based on the current situation is mentioned in the table below. Table A: Targets for Different Cooking Technologies Cooking Fuel Alternatives Actual: 2019/20 Target: 2029/30 4 5 Khan, M.F.R. (2018). BPC Study Report http://www.theindependentbd.com/printversion/de tails/31325 accessed on 11 November 2019 vi | P a g e Percentage Percentage of Type of Number in of total Number total Type of Fuel Cooking situ households in situ households Technology (million) (Total 39 (million) (Total 42 million) million) Traditional 29 74 - - Biomass Stoves ICS 2.7 7 16-21 38-50 Natural Gas 4.4 11 5.5 13-14 Fossil Fuel Stoves LPG Stoves 3.3 9 23-27 55-65 Induction & Mixed 1.0 2 3-4.5 8-10 electric stoves Different Other* 0.1 - 1.0 2-3 Stoves Total 40.5 103% 48.5-59 115- 140% * Renewable, Pellets/Briquette/ Biogas etc. This national action plan recommends different addressing clean cooking in all types of activities or interventions which will national policies, creating a functional ensure the achievements as per the targets and sustainable national platform and mentioned above. As the terminal year of the opening up windows for funding of the plan is 2030, this 10-year period has been state-of-the-art facility for testing and divided into three phases: certification of ICS etc. a) 2020-21: Initiation and start-up, • Awareness building and dissemination b) 2021/22- 2024/25: second and review - Awareness building is essential for phase, convincing households spread out in c) 2025/26-2029/30: third, evaluation and accessible areas with limited social way forward phase networking of the many beneficial aspects of ICS. All the action plans under nine thematic areas will be implemented in these three phases. • Reducing Household Air Pollution and Majority of the activities need to be initiated in keeping a national commitment with 2020/21 and then agreed upon with other regard to ICS - Bangladesh needs to implementing partners. The followings are the honour the commitment of zero- major activities proposed in this document emission to the international covering aspects such as enabling an community with respect to climate environment for clean cooking, leadership change, SDGs etc. roles, awareness building, sustainability and • Sustained Policy Support for LPG - different the important attributes in the clean The sector is poised for a robust cooking sector, brought under 9 thematic growth given the continuation of policy areas. support by the government. The • Playing Leadership Role - Achieving existence of mutually reinforcing clean cooking goal will require strong demand factors supporting supply- centralized leadership of a Government side business development condition body for enacting regulations, lends belief to its sustained growth guidelines and policies. over the long term. Safe and secured • Building Enabling environment - LPG cooking spreads to all areas of Enabling environment required for vii | P a g e Bangladesh except remote areas estimate of required investments has been unjustified by private sector viability computed based on consumer financing, institutional investment funding requirements • Consideration for Induction Cooking - (public and private) and subsidy elements Considerations to households’ choice (government and donor financed) for different of modern induction cooking devices in types of clean cooking solutions. For achieving view of health consciousness, the clean cooking targets by 2030, the convenience, temperature fluctuation investment required in this sector is between and fine-tuning, cleanliness, space BDT 185.7 – 219.8 billion6. In terms of US$, the economization as practised in Asian total estimated cost is more than US$ 2 billion and other countries over a period of 10 years. • Reducing Leakages – Reducing leakages in Natural Gas for Cooking (technical and financial) With these innovative targets and planned activities, monitoring of progress will be • Supporting present trend of Fuel essential to successfully accomplish the goals. Stacking (main and alternative fuel It is recommended that the concerned usage) - This trend would continue so ministries will hold it's relevant/specific long income, the certainty of the agencies responsible to carry out the source, taste perception level of the monitoring tasks. A detailed monitoring households does not reach the level framework will be developed in the initiation which would allow them sole use of phase of the plan focusing on the major one fuel agendas, such as goal of leadership role, the • Data Collection to Strengthen/Modify role of international commitment, facilitation of Other Activities - Impact assessment LPG propagation by the private sector, showing for examining whether the reduction in considerations to households’ choice for HAP is contributing to reduced health induction cooking, reducing leakages of natural cost or better environment gas in cooking etc. As the monitoring plan was not strong enough in the previous country To support these activities and achieve the set action plan 2013, it is essential that this targets of clean cooking in Bangladesh, monitoring framework is followed rigorously to investments from government, different donor ensure the successful implementation of this agencies are crucial. In this action plan, an action plan. 6 The estimated cost is dependent on the current prices charged for the stove/device and connection costs, investment costs and subsidy elements. viii | P a g e About this Plan The first Country Action Plan for Clean Cookstoves (CAP) was launched in 2013, led by the Power Division, Ministry of Power, Energy and Mineral Resources, Government of Bangladesh, through involvement and inputs from wider stakeholders of the sector and support from the Global Alliance for Clean Cookstoves (GACC), which is currently known as The Clean Cooking Alliance (Alliance). It addressed necessary steps to kick-start and develop the Bangladesh clean cookstoves market with a provision for a bi-annual review of the CAP to capture the changing dynamics of the sector in terms of technology, consumer preferences, market reach, different prototypes and fuels. During the CAP review workshop in May 2018, the need of realignment of the CAP 2013 with the changes and developments in Bangladesh and the clean cooking sector was highlighted by the participants involving high-level government officials, private sector and NGOs active in the cooking energy sector. It is important to know the success or lack thereof of the planned activities to go forward. A review of planned activities under the Country Action Plan 2013 was discussed in the May 2018 report and it was clear that not all planned activities were achieved as intended. The brief review on the interventions mentioned in the Country Action Plan 2013 is presented below. The green highlighted boxes are fully achieved activities from CAP 2013. Table B: Interventions in Country Action Plan for Clean Cookstoves 2013 and their implementation status Intervention Intervention mentioned in CAP Implementation Status7 Comment/ Area 2013 Observation Strengthen Develop a national network of -IDCOL has been working with No National Supply suppliers in order to strengthen their network of PO’s and to Network was their capacity to produce and/or build their capacities to formed distribute cookstoves and their produce higher quality stoves ability to share best practices, -BBF’s network also has been challenges and innovation. working to produce/distribute stoves -CCEB has worked with private companies/manufacturers Add improved cookstoves, fuels -CCA funded pilot The pilots were and other clean cooking interventions with not scaled up appliances to existing non- RahimAfrooz and SMC cooking product distribution / -CCEB supported pilot with wholesale chains (such as JITA grocery shops etc.). Access to finance for clean -Various grant program of Manufacturers cooking SMEs. CCA in Bangladesh are not able to -Cookstoves enlisted in the access finance Green Financing scheme of systematically Bangladesh Bank -IDCOL/BBF’s subsidy/grants for their partners Work with private sector - CCA hosted workshops with No financiers to provide additional commercial private banks in breakthrough financing options. 2016-2017 to create linkages was made 7 Taken from Report of the Review Workshop on Country Action Plan on Clean Cooking Renaming the CAP as Bangladesh CAP for Clean Cooking (BCAPCC), Mizan R Khan, 2018 (pages 25-42). Comments in the next column are that of NAP consultants. ix | P a g e with the cookstoves and fuel companies Promote access and utilisation World Bank has received the Achieved of climate change and carbon first GCF funding for through the funds. cookstoves implementation -BBF previously sourced funds agency work from BCCTF and also carbon funds from Korean KTS Leverage Government fund to Ministry of women and No fruitful finance women-led businesses Children affairs approached results yet. in cookstove sector. several times. Lobby the Government and GOB funding the Household USAID left clean international donors to provide Energy Platform cooking sector. additional financing options at -Various International donors lower rates to address gaps in like World Bank, EnDev, RVO, Grameen current interventions and GACC (Now CCA) active Shakti, PKSF in the sector. stopped their involvement. Strengthen after-sales services Field partners/ The support is to consumers by developing manufacturers/ Partner mostly when guidance for cookstove and fuel Organizations provide after- programs are suppliers/distributors on sales service active. warranties, repairs and maintenance etc. Train producer entrepreneurs on Program-specific training how to improve quality of provided to partners by CCEB, products, better understand IDCOL, BBF consumer preferences and act . on their feedback, attract investment, market their products etc. Enhance Conduct a Bangladesh consumer CCEB and CCA conducted Achieved Demand preference study to determine consumer preference study the technology features and with WashPlus and IDE preferences of consumers, understand willingness to pay and identify marketing messages and techniques that may tap into the primary motivating factors (for both men and women) behind cookstove purchases, as well as determine the existing barriers to purchase. Launch a national awareness - HEP has facilitated through Sporadic events campaign. local administration for CHAP did not result in project in 16 Upazila of 8 a national districts awareness - Participated in schooling program program of SREDA in 8 districts covering over 70 schools. The programs of HEP were: rally, drama, manuscript reading & art competition, seminar etc. - Advertising in social media - IDCOL’s promotional activities including (TVC, school sessions, Upazila level x|Page meeting, surveying own activity- for increasing demand, ) -BIDS impact assessment survey -BBF’s promotional activities including TV shows -GACC’s community level BCC activities -CCEB’s promotional activities with manufacturers including a TVC -Various TVC/national campaigns of LPG companies -100% ICS for 3 wards of Satkhira Upazila Create a portfolio of open-source Open-source behaviour change and marketing materials are materials (videos, brochures, flip not available. charts, radio and TV commercials, billboards, etc.), as well as guidelines and best practices on effective marketing strategies and techniques, such as household-level demonstrations. Establish information center at Information the union level for consumers to centers at union learn about ICS, product options, level were not prices and benefits. established. Consumer Develop a series of financial CCEB organized a series of No such Finance instruments to increase workshops with PKSF to mechanism affordability for consumers introduce consumer finance. currently available. Form a national technical A sub-committee under HEP The committee committee on cookstove was established. does not sit standards and testing. regularly Establish a national cookstoves A sub-committee under HEP The committee testing and knowledge centre was established, BCSIR and does not sit BUET are both exploring regularly options to establish a national cookstoves and fuels testing National lab. IDCOL will be funding cookstoves BUET as part of their ICS testing and program knowledge center is not yet established. Develop and enforce a labelling No such system and/or serial numbers to labelling be used by stove producers to system was distinguish stoves that meet developed and standards (as certified by the testing centre). enforced. Fuels and Provide access to national Not much was done, local Sporadic Technology /global technologies and manufacturers meet activity encourage technology transfer. xi | P a g e sometimes to exchange knowledge. Promote research and HEP commissioned a handful Sporadic development on promising new research. IDCOL (involving activity technologies and fuel types BUET) and BBF worked separately for their product R&D. Monitoring Improving M&E system and - HEP has established M&E The national and develop a national M&E plan sub-committee M&E plan is not Evaluation -Committee is working on developed yet. national M&E plan Develop incentives for No progress encouraging M&E under the national plan. Build the Commission and disseminate No national level or The research Evidence research to build the evidence internationally recognized findings are still Base base on the relationship between assessment is done yet. not publicly cookstoves and health, ICDDR, B conducting two available. livelihoods, environment and separate health studies women’s empowerment. focused on the benefits of switching from traditional stoves to a clean fuel like LPG. . Champion Establish a partnership with No effective the Sector media to prompt discussion. partnership with media was established. Develop an online Bangladesh HEP has its website. Knowledge knowledge portal for collecting materials are and disseminating information not available on on impact based evidence, clean the website. cookstove technologies and fuels. Engage Launch and convene the Household Energy Platform Achieved National Household Energy Platform, led under SREDA, led by the Stakeholders by the Power Division Power Division was launched and GoB in 2016. Lobby and sensitize key national HEP has been engaged with Support from and regional political leaders, various Ministries (MOPME, other ministries Government stakeholders and MoWCA, MOH, DoE, Planning was limited. other Ministries on the benefits commission), political leaders of clean cooking for health, and Ministers. environment, gender and economy. Reduce or eliminate import HEP and SREDA has been No concrete tariffs for clean cooking advocating on the tax and achievement so technologies that meet tariff issue of the sector far. Government standards. MOC/NBR etc. Link into UN’s Sustainable UN’s SE4ALL not active in The opportunity Energy for All initiative and Bangladesh. is not taken leverage Bangladesh’s status as advantage of. a priority country. Work with the Climate and Clean DOE has been engaged with The action plan Air Coalition (CCAC) through the CCAC to develop an Action is not Ministry of Environment and xii | P a g e Forests to address black carbon plan for Short Lived Climate implemented and other climate issues. Pollutants (SLCP’s) yet. It was clear from the review of the CAP 2013 that new initiatives must be taken to ensure 100% clean cooking for all in Bangladesh by 2030. CAP primarily covered issues related to clean cookstoves, but other issues related to fuel were largely uncovered. It is, hence required to develop a new plan for the overall cooking sector in Bangladesh. To facilitate the development of the new National Action Plan for Clean Cooking (2020-2030), SREDA formed an 11-member steering committee, involving the relevant government bodies, development partners and program implementers. This committee decided that this new CAP should be named as ‘National Action Plan for Clean Cooking’ and to include intervention plans for different cookstoves and fuels for the period of 2020-2030, aligning with the national policies. This document, the National Action Plan for Clean Cooking (2020–2030), has been developed with the vision to ensure clean cooking for all by the terminal year 2030, which coincides with the Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) achievement year. Building on the CAP 2013, a pathway for the next decade has been curved in this document, aligning strategies with the recent shifts in the sector with regards to different economic and social aspects of the country. The National Action Plan also looked beyond cookstoves and discusses different fuel options for clean cooking. In the milestones and monitoring section, the consultants mentioned names of relevant ministries. During the approval process of the National Action Plan, the ministries will assign specific agency to carry out specific duties mentioned in the action plan. The Clean Cooking Alliance commissioned Innovision Consulting to support SREDA, the Power Division and relevant stakeholders in Bangladesh to develop and launch the National Action Plan for Clean Cooking (2020-2030). xiii | P a g e 1. Macro Environment

1.1 — Demography

1.1 Demography Bangladesh is a country with a population of 165.57 million and a poverty rate of 21.8%8.This eighth most populated country in the world has on an average 1,116 people per square kilometer, living in 39.42 million households (considering average household size of 4.2). 63.4% of the people in Bangladesh lives in the rural areas. The current population growth rate is 1.09%9 and the total population is expected to be 245 million by year 2050, with average life expectancy of 78.9 years. Table 1: Key Demographic Indicators of Bangladesh Key Indicators Values st Population (1 January 2019 estimate) 165.57 million Number of Households 39.42 million Population Growth Rate 1.09% Sex Ratio (Male: Female) 100.2 Literacy Rate 73.2% Life Expectancy at Birth 72.3 years Household Size 4.2 Source of Light (Electricity) 90.1% Urban Population 36.6% Source: Compiled from Bangladesh Sample Vital Statistics 2018 and CIA World Fact book, Bangladesh 2018 Bangladesh is currently going through a demographic transition10, where the average age of population is 27.1 years. The benefit from the increasing proportion of the working age group can be observed in the recent economic developments of Bangladesh. The rural-urban migration is heavily concentrated in the capital city Dhaka. These demographic shifts also affect people’s preferences in lifestyle and necessities. 8 Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics (2018) Bangladesh Sample Vital Statistics 2018 9 CIA World Fact book, Bangladesh (2018) https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world- factbook/geos/bg.html (accessed on 11 November 2019) 10 The "Demographic Transition" is a model that describes population change over time. 1|Page

1.2 — Political environment

1.2 Political environment Bangladesh is a democratic country, with Prime Minister as the head of the government. The local government is widely dispersed and well-presented across the country. Bangladesh is divided in 8 divisions, comprising 64 districts, 8 Divisions 64 Districts 491 Upazilas 4554 Unions where all the districts are well connected via roads and highways. Divisions of Bangladesh With one of the high GDP growth Barisal | Chattogram | Dhaka | Mymensingh | rates in the world in the past Khulna | Rajshahi | Rangpur | Sylhet decade, the government of Smallest administrative unit Bangladesh continues to invest on Union major infrastructural projects to achieve higher economic growths Capital City in the coming years. Dhaka Most populated cities Bangladesh has been widely Dhaka, Chittagong, Khulna acclaimed as one of the forerunners in implementing Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). The country made Figure 1: Administrative System of Bangladesh outstanding progress in many areas, notably poverty alleviation, food security, child mortality rate. Bangladesh has been an active participant in the global process of the preparation of the Sustainable Development Goals and an early starter in implementing the goals. Special attention from the government, in terms of rigorous monitoring and tracking of the achievements against the targets plays a major role in the successful completion of these global goals. The support from the government in this National Action Plan for Clean Cooking will also be essential for conquering the national and global targets.

1.3 — Economic development

1.3 Economic development Over the past decade, the Bangladesh economy has been growing at a constant pace, with a GDP growth rate above 7%. The country is in the process of graduating from the Least Developed Countries (LDC) category and fulfilled graduation criteria for the first time in 2018, as per the United Nations11. The poverty rate in the country has reduced to 21.8%12, and the extreme poverty rate came down to 12.9%13. The GDP per capita of Bangladesh has reached to USD 1,698.2614(as of 2018) from $634.98 in 2008. The three key sectors – agriculture, industries and services provide occupation of 42.7%, 20.5% and 36.9% respectively. Bangladesh has been an agriculture-based nation, but over the years industries and service sector is gaining momentum and service sector is poised to become the largest sector in terms of providing employment to the people. The increased participation of women in the wage earner group in the society has had a positive effect on women empowerment, as well as the overall economy of the country. 11 https://www.un.org/development/desa/dpad/least-developed-country-category-bangladesh.html (accessed on 11 November 2019) 12 CIA World Fact book, Bangladesh (2018) 13 Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics. (2017). Bangladesh Statistics 2017. The ratio of males to females in a given population is usually expressed as the number of males per 100 females. In 2017, survey recorded an overall sex ratio of 100.2 males per 100 females. 14 World Bank. (2019) 2|Page The economic development also has a trickle-down effect on the people’s choice and affordability of pursuing clean cooking solutions. With the flourishing industrial sector, families opt for different/modern ways of living to adapt to urban environments. For instance, in the kitchen, families are probed to embrace modern cooking solutions, moving away from the traditional stoves in cities.

1.4 — Gender

1.4 Gender In Bangladesh, the male to female sex ratio is at 100.2.5 Male headed households are still a norm in the country, which is reflected in the high percentage (85.8%). However, the expansion of the Ready-Made Garment (RMG) industry has provided new opportunities for women to find paid work in the urban areas. Even though the value of women’s labor or wage rate has risen, the gender inequality is still persistent especially in the workplaces. While in the primary and secondary school enrolment rates are gender balanced, women representation in the higher education is very low. Impediments such as child marriage limits women’s access to education and employment. Traditionally in Bangladesh, women do most of the household activities including cooking, collecting firewood, cleaning, etc. Figure 2: Population Pyramid of Bangladesh, illustrating the age and Women are exposed to a high level sex structure of the population of household air pollution from (Source: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world- traditional stoves, because of factbook/geos/bg.html) women’s role in food preparation as part of social constructs and norms15. These women are more than twice as likely to suffer from Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) compared to women who use cleaner stoves, as traditional stoves16 emit much higher volumes of fine particulate matter particles17. The young children are also exposed to this health risk, since they spend a significant amount of time near their mother/grandmother near the cooking area inhaling toxic fume. Even though women do most of the cooking in households, and women empowerment is on the rise, but often times, men are the ones making purchasing decisions in general, e.g. cooking fuel and cookstoves, as they are the household heads in the family. In other words, the awareness on the benefits of clean cooking should be infiltrated among the whole family, not just women to ensure a sustainable change. Clean cooking programs focused on women as the receiver of technology. Women can also be viewed as change agents to promote clean cooking solutions among the neighbors and peers that would likely to increase diffusion. 15 World Health Organization. (2018). Household air pollution and health. 16 The traditional stove is usually a mud-built cylinder with three raised points on which cooking utensils rest and a hole is raised for fuel feeding. Source: IDCOL. (2013) 17 World Health Organization. (2018). Household air pollution and health. 3|Page

1.5 — Energy

1.5 Energy With the steady economic growth, 95% of the total population in Bangladesh have access to electricity with 351 million clients.18 81.28% of the people in the rural areas have access to electricity, including off-grid renewable electricity. The government has prioritized its vision regarding electrification of all the households in the country by 2021, with 10% of that electricity coming from renewable sources. In 2018 fiscal year, the per capita electricity generation (on grid) was 382 kWh and the per capita consumption was 336 kWh. For household cooking, the demand for energy is attributed to different sources, namely biomass, natural gas, liquefied petroleum gas, oil and electricity. About 73.8% of fuel source for cooking in 2018 are met by usage of biomass fuel such as straw/leaf (28.6%), husk/bran (4.0%) and jute stick/wood/bamboo (41.2%)19. This is a reduction on dependency on biomass fuel reported in the previous Country Action Plan for clean cooking in Bangladesh (90%)20 by 16.2%. The usage of fuel in urban and rural areas and division-wise breakdown as well as data from 2012-2018 is presented below. Table 2: Source of Fuel for Cooking in Rural and Urban Areas and Different Divisions of Bangladesh in 2018 Source of Fuel (%) Residence Divisions Chatt Mym Urba Baris ogra Dhak Khul Rajs Rang Sylhe ensin Total Rural n al m a na hahi pur t gh Straw/Leaf 28.6 43 11.3 22.5 27.4 25.8 24.8 48.2 31.1 13 34.7 Husk 4 4.6 3.3 2.7 4.3 2.5 5.2 4.9 5 2.4 5.7 Jute Stick/Wood/Bamb oo 41.2 45.6 36.1 55.1 39 25 53.3 29.3 48.5 46.3 52.3 Kerosene 0.3 0.2 0.4 0.2 0.2 0.5 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.1 Electricity 1.1 0.1 2.1 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.9 1.2 3.4 0.4 0.2 Gas 24.3 5.8 46.5 18.7 28.2 45 14.4 15.4 11.6 36.4 6.8 Others 0.5 0.7 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.5 1.2 0.7 0 1.2 0 Total 100 100 100 99.9 99.9 100 100 100 99.9 100 99.8 Source: Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics (2018) Bangladesh Sample Vital Statistics 2018 Table 3: Time-series data of fuel usage for cooking from 2012-2018 Source of Fuel (%) 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Straw/Leaf 40.2 36.3 36.3 30.7 31.1 30.2 28.6 Husk 4 2.8 3.7 3 3.8 3.5 4 Jute stick/Wood/Bamboo 42.4 44.4 42.8 44.2 42.5 41.3 41.2 Kerosene 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.3 Electricity 0.6 0.9 0.7 1.1 1 1 1 Gas 10.4 13.9 15.1 19.7 20.5 23.1 24.3 Others 1.9 1.3 1.1 0.9 0.8 0.6 0.5 Source: Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics (2018) Bangladesh Sample Vital Statistics 2018 18 http://www.powercell.gov.bd/site/page/d730f98d-8912-47a2-8a35-382c4935eddc (accessed on 11 November 2019) 19 Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics (2018) Bangladesh Sample Vital Statistics 2018 20 Fuel for Life: Household Energy and Health, WHO, 2006 4|Page The energy balance tables for Bangladesh that shows the consumption of all fuels in Bangladesh is presented below. The table shows the energy balance for the year 2015 in energy units. The biomass fuels data are from SREDA’s comprehensive assessment of the availability and use of biomass fuels for various end uses. All other data have been collected from either the annual reports or the official websites of the relevant organisations except for the coal data, which has been taken from the World Bank database (World Bank, 2019). Table 4: Bangladesh Energy Balance for 2015 (in Energy Units - Picojoules) Nat NG Cru Petrol Co Electr Total Hydro Renew Biom Total Tot ural L de eum al icity Comm. - ables ass Renew al Gas Oil Produ Energy electr (Solar, able Ene cts + icity Wind, Energ rgy LPG etc.) y PJ PJ PJ PJ PJ PJ PJ PJ PJ PJ PJ PJ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 (1+2+3+4 (8+9+ (7+ +5+6) 10) 11) A. Supply Primary 883. 19. 18. 921.45 2.04 1.18 660 663.22 158 Producti 25 95 25 5 on Import 46. 175.55 43. 12.17 278.23 278 66 85 Export - -2.08 -12.22 -12 10. 14 Stock Change s Total 883. 9.8 46. 173.48 62. 12.17 1187.46 2.04 1.18 660 663.22 185 Primary 25 1 66 10 1 Supply Percent 47.7 0.5 2.5 9.37% 3.3 0.66% 64.16% 35.66 35.84% 100 age of 3% 3% 2% 6% % % Total Energy Supply B. Transformation Refinery - - 55.34 -1 9.8 46. 1 66 Thermal - -46.73 - 165.01 -257 Power 357. 18. Stations 16 25 Primary 3.22 2.04 1.18 Electrici ty Losses -1.48 - - -0.55 - -22.36 -23 and 0.2 0.9 0.3 Own use 0 3 6 Total 526. 181.53 43. 154.81 905.89 660 156 Final 06 49 6 Supply C. Consumption Domesti 118. 20.09 79.98 219.04 442.2 661 c 97 0 5|Page Industri 299. 11.09 43. 51.99 406.34 151.8 558 al 77 49 0 Comme 9.98 14.40 24.38 66.00 90 rcial Transpo 43.1 112.63 155.82 156 rt 9 Agricult 35.80 6.39 42.19 42 ure Others 2.11 2.04 4.15 4 Non- 54.1 54.14 54 energy 4 Use Total 526. 181.71 43. 154.80 906.06 660 156 Demand 06 49 6 Percent 33.5 11.60 2.7 9.88% 57.86% 42.14 100 age of 9% % 8% % % Total Energy Consum ption Source: A Comprehensive Assessment of the Availability and Use of Biomass Fuels for Various End uses, compiled by Ijaj Hossain (2019) Approximate conversion to physical units: 1 picojoule = 0.99 billion cubic feet (natural gas); 1 picojoule = 0.006 barrels of oil (natural gas liquids); 1 picojoule = 42.70 million tons (crude oil, petroleum product and LPG); 1 picojoule = 27 million tons (coal); 1 picojoule = 0.0036 GWh (electricity, hydroelectricity); 1 picojoule = 1 million tons of biomass Sustainable Energy for All (SE4All) is a multi-stakeholder partnership between governments, private sector and civil society, UN secretary-general initiative, which has marked Bangladesh as a priority country for promotion of sustainable energy access.21 The initiative intends to make sustainable energy for all a reality by 2030. The shifts in the type of energy use for cooking in Bangladesh (as shown in table 3) also has a positive impact on the way this National Action Plan has been crafted. The movement towards cleaner cooking solution supports the empirical evidences of declining dependency on biomass fuel. It naturally maneuvers the plan towards a clean cooking future.

1.6 — Environment and Climate

1.6 Environment and Climate Bangladesh is a low-lying country with numerous rivers and a tropical monsoon climate. A dominant feature of Bangladesh is the annual cycle of overabundance of water in the monsoon and its scarcity during winter. It is one of the most vulnerable countries in the world to the effects of climate change.22 Every year, a larger number of people lose their land due to effects of flood, river-bank erosion etc. About 40% of the total global storm surges are recorded in Bangladesh with some of the deadliest ones with high number of mortalities.23 More frequent and severe cyclone and other natural disasters might occur due to increased effects of climate change. 21 http://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/commitments_se4all.html accessed on 11 November 2019 22 http://germanwatch.org/sites/germanwatch.org/files/Global%20Climate%20Risk%20Index%202019_2.pdf accessed on 11 November 2019 23 http://www.who.int/bulletin/volumes/90/2/11-088302/en/ accessed on 11 November 2019 6|Page With the climate change and population growth, the number of people affected will continue to increase in the near future.24 Because of the lack of significant urban planning and increasing rural to urban migration, the extremely dense urban areas have deteriorating-environment. Moreover, deforestation and burning of biomass are factors continuing to contribute to the climate challenge in Bangladesh. Pollutants such as black carbon and methane have significant consequences for climate. Black carbon is emitted due to the incomplete combustion of biomass25 while cooking. The black carbon particles absorb just about every ray of light that hits them heating up like dark clothing on a sunny summer day and warming the air around them.26 Meanwhile the second largest reason for climate change after carbon dioxide is methane emissions.27 It should be noted that improved cookstoves helps reduce the emission of greenhouse gases as the thermal efficiency of ICS are much better than the traditional stoves. The comparative assessments of different fuels is provided in section 2.1. The Ministry of Environment, Forests and Climate Change of the country developed the ‘Bangladesh Climate Change Strategy and Action Plan’ (BCCSAP) in 2008, which is treated as a ‘living document’, revised regularly to incorporate the ever-changing environmental, social and economic situation of the country.28 This strategy document was revised in 2009 through more involvement of relevant stakeholders, among others- the Bangladesh Agricultural Research Council and the Water Resources Planning Organization. The strategy includes 6 broad categories emphasizing on sustainable development, poverty reduction and increased wellbeing of all vulnerable groups with a special focus on gender sensitivity.29 A major aspect of this National Action Plan for Clean Cooking is to contribute positively towards the country’s climate change goals. The interventions designed to achieving clean cooking also acknowledge the challenges and the effects of climate changes in people’s lives and preferences. By the definition of clean cooking, achieving its goals also lies on the same pathway towards the climate change goals. 24 ADB, (The impact of demographic transition on socioeconomic development in Bangladesh) 25 http://www.ccacoalition.org/ru/slcps/black-carbon accessed on 11 November 2019 26 http://www.climatecentral.org/news/black-carbon-second-only-to-co2-in-heating-the-planet-new-study- 15465 accessed on 11 November 2019 27 http://www.epa.gov/ghgemissions/overview-greenhouse-gases accessed on 11 November 2019 28 https://www.adaptation-undp.org/resources/plans-and-policies-relevance-naps-least-developed- countries-ldcs/bangladesh-climate-change accessed on 11 November 2019 29 Bangladesh Climate Change Strategy and Action Plan 2008 7|Page

1.7 — Government’s Policy Framework

1.7 Government’s Policy Framework The following policy documents related to energy, environment, climate change and women development are relevant for the clean cooking sector in Bangladesh. The Ministry of Health through Directorate General of Health Services developed plans to improve peoples’ health by reducing non- communicable diseases where indoor air pollution reduction was identified as one of the priority areas. National Energy Policy • Provides a comprehensive outline of the energy issues in Bangladesh, some development options and the policies recommended to address them. This sets the scene for all other energy related policies. Renewable Energy Policy • Outlines the context for the establishment of the Sustainable and Renewable Energy Development Authority. Also outlines the aims of the Government in creating an enabling environment and legal support to encourage the use of renewable energy. National Women Development Policy • This policy outlines the GoB’s intention to improve women’s rights in Bangladesh, which aims to provide women's right in every aspect of life, e.g. property, health, education, training, information, inheritance, credit, technology and opportunity to earn etc. and enact necessary laws to put these rights into practice. Bangladesh Climate Change Strategy and Action Plan • This strategy document was endorsed by the Prime Minister and describes Bangladesh’s plans for the adaptation and mitigation of climate change. It offers a wide-ranging overview of the environmental challenges facing Bangladesh and also outlines the initial six pillars of interventions that have been identified. Sustainable and Renewable Energy Deveopment Authority (SREDA) Act • An independent authority to promote the development and use of renewable energy • Custodian of the National Action Plan for Clean Cooking Energy Efficiency Action Plan • Government guideline and vision on promoting household and industrial energy efficiency. Energy Efficiency and Conservation (EE&C) Rules • Government priorities and regulations on energy efficiency, including household aspects. National Action Plan for Clean Cooking • Provides current situation and plans to achieve clean cooking for all by 2030 Figure 3: Relevant policies of Government of Bangladesh related to clean cooking 8|Page 2. Clean Cooking Sector Scenario

2.1 — Defining Clean Cooking

2.1 Defining Clean Cooking Household air pollution is one of the key health issues in the rural areas. Indoor smoke or pollution contains a range of harmful pollutants, such as small particles, carbon monoxide etc. WHO has set recommended limits for health and harmful concentrations of key air pollutants in both outdoors and indoors. The guidelines by WHO from 2005 cover annual and daily concentrations of fine particulates, nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide and ozone. There is consistent evidence that exposure to household air pollution can lead to acute lower respiratory infections in children under five, and ischemic heart disease, stroke, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and lung cancer in adults. In 2016, household air pollution was responsible for 7.7% of the global mortality. The United Nations defines clean cooking as ‘universal access to clean and modern cooking’30, attributing to WHO’s ‘Guidelines for indoor air quality: household fuel combustion31. According to the definition, any type of combination of fuel-technology is regarded as ‘clean’ as long as the emissions meet the WHO Guidelines. The Clean Cooking Alliance adopted WHO’s definition for clean cooking. The WHO guideline makes strong recommendation that emission rates from household fuel combustion should not exceed the following emission rate targets (ERTs) for PM2.5 and CO. Table 5: Emission Rate Targets from Household Fuel Combustion by WHO Emission Rate Targets PM2.5 (unvented) 0.23 (mg/minute) PM2.5 (vented) 0.80 (mg/minute) CO (unvented) 0.16 (g/minute) CO (vented) 0.59 (g/minute) Source: https://www.who.int/airpollution/guidelines/household-fuel-combustion/IAQ_HHFC_guidelines.pdf The available literature demonstrates the persistence of household air pollution with wood, dung and crop residues. Table 6: Average Emission Factors for Household Stoves Emission Factors (g/Kg) Broad Fuel Type Fuel Stove Classification CO2 CO CH4 PM Biomass Traditional Unvented 1,610 52.8 8.9 2.5 Traditional Vented 1,560 23.6 0.6 1.5 Improved Unvented 1,580 42.4 8.8 2.3 Wood Improved Vented 1,592 48.8 2.8 3.5 Traditional Unvented 1,000.5 42.99 11.63 2.45 Dung Improved Unvented 1,056 24.6 3.4 3.4 Traditional Vented 2,005 68.7 6.2 3.2 Crop Residue Improved Vented 1,582 133.7 4.5 11 30 https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/content/documents/17465PB2.pdf accessed on 11 November 2019 31 https://www.who.int/airpollution/guidelines/household-fuel-combustion/IAQ_HHFC_guidelines.pdf accessed on 11 November 2019 9|Page Charcoal 2,559 Briquette Traditional Unvented 9 4.8 Fossil Fuel Kerosene Traditional Unvented 3,180 27.2 0.48 0.29 LPG Improved Unvented 2,532 14.2 0.04 0.35 NG Improved Unvented 3.440 0.3 0.04 0.16 Source: https://www.who.int/airpollution/guidelines/household-fuel-combustion/Review_2.pdf Pages 16-17 The following table provides information on thermal efficiency of stoves using different types of fuel in Bangladesh: Table 7: Stove Thermal Efficiency Applied by Fuel for Bangladesh Fuel Type Stove Thermal Efficiency Firewood 13.5% Charcoal Briquettes from Wood 17.5% Charcoal Briquettes from Bamboo 17.5% Non-carbonized Briquettes from Sawdust 29.9% Non-carbonized Briquettes from Crop 31% Residue Wood Pellets 53% Wood Chips 31% Ethanol from Sugarcane 53% Ethanol from Wood 53% Biogas from Dung 55% LPG 57% Source: Comparative Analysis of Fuels for Cooking: Life Cycle Environmental Impacts and Economic and Social Considerations, Eastern Research Group, 2016, Submitted to Global Alliance for Clean Cookstoves Considering the point of use, the current available options which are clean include electricity, natural gas, biogas, ethanol, solar and the highest performing biomass stoves. The improved cookstoves (ICS) are also considered with caution as it includes a wide range of performance in terms of efficiency and emission at the point of use. Although these options have varying thermal efficiency and emission factors, the health impact of the cook and people who are around are considered while setting clean cooking targets for 2030 (in section 4.4). In Bangladesh, this global definition for clean cooking can be considered as a base. The adapted definition for the country can be built further on these, by including additional specifications to accommodate the local consumers’ need and government targets. 10 | P a g e

2.2 — Global Context

2.2 Global Context Despite progress towards universal access to cleaner cooking systems, about 40% of global households (around three billion people), especially in developing countries, are still dependent on traditional cookstove as the primary means of cooking and heating. The global access to clean cooking fuels and technology and the scenario of South Asian and selected South East Asian countries is given below: Table 8: Access to Clean Fuels and Technologies for Cooking in 2016 Country/Region % of Population World (2016) 59.363 Bangladesh 17.72 Afghanistan 32.44 Bhutan 52.5 India 41.04 Nepal 27.62 Pakistan 43.32 Sri Lanka 26.33 Maldives 93.83 Myanmar 18 Malaysia 96.3 Thailand 74 Source: https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/EG.CFT.ACCS.ZS Due to exposure to smoke from traditional cookstoves around four million premature deaths occur annually. Women and children accounted for over 60% of all the premature deaths from household air pollution (HAP) in the year 201232. As many as 400,000 children under the age of 5 died prematurely due to HAP in the year 201633. Up to 34% of all the wood harvested for fuel is unsustainable and contributes to a loss of woody biomass and climate polluting emissions34. This accounts for approximately 2% of global emissions.35 The composition of biomass fuels consumed in 2015 in Bangladesh is -- tree residues 19.8%, agricultural residues 69.9% and animal residues 10.2%. Among the biomass fuels available in Bangladesh, agricultural residues are supplied by different crops seasonally and animal residues are supplied by livestock resources on daily basis. Therefore, they are available on regenerative basis. Unlike other countries in Bangladesh major portion (99.7 percent) of tree residues is supplied on a regenerative basis from the trees grown within homestead and 0.7 percent tree residues is supplied from forest lands36 (Section 3.5.3 of Biomass Fuel Report). Given the context, an urgent action to scale up access to clean cooking solutions through policies, financing and technology development is needed to address the issue. Without it the world will fall short of achieving Sustainable Development Goal 7 and several other related SDGs. 32 World Health Organization. Household air pollution is a gender issue. Retrieved from: https://www.who.int/life-course/news/household-air-pollution/en/ accessed on 11 November 2019 33 World Health Organization. (2018). WHO Social media toolkit for Air pollution and Child Health: Prescribing Clean Air Launch. 34 Khan, M.N., B. Nurs, C., Mofizul Islam, M. et al. Environ Health (2017) 16: 57. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12940-017-0272-y accessed on 11 November 2019 35 Clean Cook Alliance. (2018). Clean cooking critical to addressing climate change. 36 A Comprehensive Assessment of the Availability and Use of Biomass Fuels for Various End uses, SREDA, Table 8.5 11 | P a g e

2.3 — SDGs related to Clean Cooking

2.3 SDGs related to Clean Cooking 193 countries around the world adopted the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in 2015, to address poverty, inequality and climate change over the next 15 years. Among the 17 goals, ten SDGs can be addressed by ensuring global clean cooking. The use of open fires and solid fuels are major issues in health and environmental problems across the globe, where women and children are disproportionately affected through toxic smoke, time poverty, inter alia. With planned interventions and continuous focus, the clean cooking achievements can support a number of SDGs. The following figure gives a snapshot of how different sustainable development goals are related to clean cooking. Clean cooking is part of basic Clean cooking is essential to services necessary to lead a healthy addressing energy poverty and and productive life and saves ensuring sustainable energy households time and money. security for billions of people. Efficient cookstoves reduce the Energy access enables enhanced amount of fuel needed to cook, thus productivity and inclusive economic reducing the burden on families growth. The clean cooking sector who would otherwise have to collect offers many job opportunities. it, buy it, or trade their food for it. Reducing smoke emissions from Clean cooking addresses household cooking decreases the burden of and ambient air pollution, resource disease associated with household efficiency, and climate vulnerability. air pollution and improves well- being, especially for women and children. Children, particularly girls, are often Up to 58% of black carbon kept out of school so that they can emissions come from burning solid contribute to household tasks, like fuels for household energy needs. cooking and collecting fuel. Clean cooking solutions address the most basic needs of the poor, while also delivering climate benefits. Unpaid work, including collecting Up to 34% of wood-fuel harvested is fuel and cooking, remain a major unsustainable, contributing to cause of gender inequality. forest degradation, deforestation, and climate change. Figure 4: SDGs Related to Clean Cooking Source: Clean Cooking Alliance 12 | P a g e

2.4 — Clean Cooking Standards

2.4 Clean Cooking Standards In 2018 the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) published the first international standard for laboratory testing37 of cookstoves. Developed and approved by international experts from 45 countries, the new standard includes protocols to test and report the emissions, efficiency, safety and durability of cookstoves in a lab setting. The standard, which replaces an ISO International Workshop Agreement from 2012, is expected to serve as the basis for national policies and programs on cookstoves, while also incentivizing manufacturers and developers to improve stove quality and performance. An accompanying ISO technical report38 that benchmarks performance to voluntary performance targets, or tiers, and provides guidance on how to understand and interpret lab test results was also approved by member countries of the ISO Committee. This voluntary document provides a framework for organizations, countries and regions to adapt and implement the protocols, metrics, and targets based on their priorities over the coming months and years. ISO standards are reviewed and updated regularly, so these standards can be updated based on future research and on the progress in the cookstove and fuel market. ISO Technical Committee (TC) 285 also published a technical report39 in May 2018 that provides harmonized definitions to key terms and concepts used within the sector. In addition, the ISO TC 285 has also been developing guidance on field testing, and it is currently open in the final stage of approval and being published. There are 5 indicators covered by the targets: thermal efficiency, fine particulate matter emissions, carbon monoxide emissions, safety, and durability. For each indicator, lab test results are rated along 6 tiers (0: lowest performing to 5: highest performing). Tier 0 represents performance typical of open fires and the simplest cook stoves. Table 9: Different Tiers of Cook Stoves as per ISO Standards Tier Thermal Efficiency Carbon Fine Particulate Safety Durability % Monoxide Matter Emissions (Score) (Score) Emissions (milligram/mega (gram/mega joule delivered) joule delivered) 5 >=50 <=3.0 <=5 >=95 <10 4 >=40 <=4.4 <=62 >=86 <15 3 >=30 <=7.2 <=218 >=77 <20 2 >=20 <=11.5 <=481 >=68 <25 1 >=10 <=18.3 <=1031 >=60 <35 0 <10 >18.3 >1031 <60 >35 Source: https://www.cleancookingalliance.org/technology-and-fuels/standards/voluntary-performance- targets.html Bangladesh Standards and Testing Institute (BSTI) adopted these ISO standards as Bangladesh standards (BDS ISO/TR 21276:2019)40 and the adoption of the standards is voluntary. 37 https://www.iso.org/standard/66519.html accessed on 11 November 2019 38 https://www.iso.org/standard/73935.html accessed on 11 November 2019 39 https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:std:iso:tr:21276:ed-1:v1:en accessed on 11 November 2019 40 https://bstibds.com/single_product/4234 accessed on 11 November 2019 13 | P a g e 3. Clean Cooking in Bangladesh

3.1 — Household air pollution in Bangladesh

3.1 Household air pollution in Bangladesh Household air pollution is a significant public health problem in Bangladesh. It is mostly caused by incomplete combustion of traditional biomass fuels (wood, cow dung, and crop residues) for household cooking and heating. In Bangladesh, a vast majority of the population rely on inefficient traditional stoves to cook their food. Majority of the population still cook with wood (41.2%) or agricultural residues (32.6%)41 and the rest (26.2%) are currently using LPG, electricity, natural gas or biogas. Household air pollution from cooking with solid fuels contributes to 70,000 premature deaths annually in Bangladesh42. Every year, almost 6,000 children under five die from causes attributable to household air pollution43. During the household cooking process using wood fuel, the major pollutant released are the greenhouse gases (GHGs) like CO2, CO, PM 2.5 and methane. Besides these, other short-lived climate pollutants (SLCPs), such as black carbon, are also produced while cooking with biomass. Black carbon has been noted to be the second largest contributor to climate change after CO2. Up to 58% of global black carbon emissions are produced due to the burning of solid fuels for cooking, heating, and lighting in homes.44 This also leads to higher household air pollution in forms of particulate matter emissions; in poorly ventilated homes, the quantity of small particulate matter can be more than 100 times greater than WHO recommendations.45

3.2 — Cooking Technologies and Energy mix in Bangladesh

3.2 Cooking Technologies and Energy mix in Bangladesh The energy mix in Bangladesh for cooking mostly comprises of biomass, biogas, LPG, natural gas, and electricity. Solar cooker was tried at a very limited scale without much success so far. Heat retention technologies (like retained heat cooker) were tried by some donor funded projects to improve energy efficiency. The cooking technology varies from household to household, as it depends on the socio- economic status of the households. The common technologies are different types ICS, gas stoves for natural gas, stoves for LPG, electric rice cookers and induction cookers. Presence of more than one cooking technology in a single household (stacking) is also a very common phenomenon. People prefers to keep multiple cooking solutions to use as needed depending on time, convenience and fuel cost. The following table shows how the current cookstove preference changes across different socio- economic segments in the country. 41 Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics (2018) Bangladesh Sample Vital Statistics 2018 42 http://ghdx.healthdata.org/gbd-results-tool accessed on 11 November 2019 43 Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, 2017 44 IIASA GAINS 2017 45 WHO, 2014. Household air pollution fact sheet. 14 | P a g e Table 10: Stove Choices According to Consumer Segment Income Level Segment Location Current Stove Choices (Monthly) BDT 17,000– Decile 6 to 10 Urban and Peri Piped natural gas, LPG, electric rice cooker 25,000 (Middle Urban and induction cooker income) BDT 11,000– Decile 1 to 5 Urban and Peri Main - Traditional clay stove, 17,000 (Lower middle Urban Part time - two pot chimney ICS/ portable ICS income) (in tier-2 cities and peri-urban areas) or kerosene stove–part time (in tier-1 cities like Dhaka where biomass fuel is not easily accessible). BDT 6,000– Lower 5% Urban and Peri Main - Traditional stove 10,000 Urban Part time - Portable ICS BDT 17,000- Decile 6 to 10 Rural Main - Traditional stove, 25,000 (Middle Part time - ICS e.g. Bondhu Chula or two pot Income) chimney ICS/portable IDCOL ICS, Electric rice cooker, LPG. Low Income Decile 1 to 5 Rural Main - Traditional stove (Lower middle Part Time - Portable ICS or two pot chimney income) ICS Low Income Lower 5% Rural Main - Traditional stove Part Time - Portable ICS Source: Compiled by the consultants based on the income group classification from Household Income and Expenditure Survey, Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics. In terms of fuel for household cooking, there have been a progressive change in the energy-mix. The commercial import of LPG since 2011/12 has changed the cooking fuel scenario in the country significantly. Biomass: Biomass is widely used in cooking in Bangladesh, especially in the rural and peri-urban areas using the traditional mud stoves and improved cookstoves. People use wood, branches of tress, crop residue, dry leaves, dried cow dung etc. as biomass for cooking purpose. The thermal efficiency of biomass stoves is relatively low, and the emission of CO2, CO and PM is significantly high compared to other fuel options. LPG: Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) is obtained from natural gas processing or oil refining, which is eventually liquefied through pressurization. It is one of the cleanest sources of energy, as the thermal efficiency of LPG stoves are comparatively higher, and the emission levels of CO and PM are at a lower level. Natural Gas: Bangladesh is one of the few countries in the world to provide Piped Natural Gas (PNG) connections to households for cooking purposes. About 4,100,000 households are connected to piped natural gas in Bangladesh46. However, the government suspended providing new piped natural gas connections to households since 2016-17, due to the fast-declining natural gas reserve in the country. This led to an increase in demand for alternatives such as LPG to meet daily cooking gas needs47. Also, 46 Khan, M.F.R. (2018). BPC Study Report 47 http://www.theindependentbd.com/printversion/details/31325 accessed on 11 November 2019 15 | P a g e Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) is currently being imported by the government and supplied in the national network to meet the increasing demand. Biogas: Biogas is one of the most environmentally friendly and clean cooking fuels options. It is primarily a mixture of carbon dioxide and methane and is produced through anaerobic digestion of organic material that is biodegradable. In Bangladesh, most of the biogas is produced from the manure of cows and chickens. Since the initiation of biogas digester installations in the mid-’90s by the Bangladesh Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (BCSIR), 102,808 biogas digesters have been installed in Bangladesh till the year 2018. IDCOL runs the largest biogas program in Bangladesh. Pellet, Briquettes: Pellet and briquettes are compressed biomass and has a much lower emission of greenhouse gases. But Pellet and briquette as fuel is not very popular in Bangladesh yet. There were initiatives in the past to popularize pellet and briquette based stoves, but due to multiple factors (including production and availability of pellets and briquettes, comparatively high cost of stoves, cooking behavior of people etc.) the initiatives saw limited success. Ethanol: Ethanol gel based stoves were promoted by donor-driven projects, but did not gain popularity so far. Ethanol gel is made from molasses, a byproduct of sugar production. The supply chain of ethanol gel is yet to be established in Bangladesh for cooking purpose.

3.3 — Overview of progress made

3.3 Overview of progress made In the clean cooking sector of Bangladesh, several development partners and donor organization have been working along with the Government to promote cleaner and more efficient cooking solutions. During the 70s and 80s, the Government of Bangladesh initiated developing improved cookstoves. Following the same notion, different NGOs such as VERC, Palli Karma Sahayak Foundation (PKSF), Bangladesh Bondhu Foundation, and Grameen Shakti initiated projects to disseminate ICS technology and other clean cooking solutions such as biogas for the households of Bangladesh. In 2012, the Clean Cooking Alliance (then Global Alliance for Clean Cookstoves) began to engage in Bangladesh and convened stakeholders to develop and launch the Country Action Plan for Clean Cookstoves. The sector further gained momentum through the inauguration of ‘IDCOL Improved Cook Stove (ICS) Program’ in 2013. The clean cooking sector got momentum when government permitted multiple companies to import and market LPG. Together with the postponement of piped natural gas connection, LPG companies quickly took the opportunity by reaching out to potential customers by developing nation-wide extensive distribution network. However, the efforts are yet to ensure full coverage of clean cooking to the households of Bangladesh. The Government of Bangladesh has set targets for all kitchens in Bangladesh to be smoke-free by 2030. The following diagram shows the journey and progress in achieving clean cooking through improved cook stoves in Bangladesh. Table 11: Year-wise Clean Cookstove and Clean Cooking Journey in Bangladesh Year Clean Cookstove and Clean Cooking Journey 1976 – 1987 - BCSIR initiated working on ICS - Clean cooking initiatives started by the Government of Bangladesh by introducing ICS - VERC launched its ICS program - EnDev launched its ICS program 2004-2006 - Grameen Shakti started its ICS program - Bangladesh Bondhu Chula Foundation started its ICS program 16 | P a g e 2010-2012 - Introduction of concrete-made ICS by GIZ/EnDev - Inauguration of IDCOL Improved Cookstoves Program - Clean Cooking Alliance started its journey in Bangladesh - Country Action Plan for Clean Cookstoves launched - LPG sector liberalized, number of LPG companies started bottling and marketing of LPG cylinders 2017 - One million ICS disseminated by IDCOL 2019-2020 - Launch of National Action Plan for Clean Cooking 2020-2030 - Electricity coverage throughout the country nearly complete (95%) 2021-2030 - IDCOL’s target of 4 million ICS installation since 2017 - Vision for Bangladesh Government to achieve 100% clean cooking solution by 2030 Source: Compiled by the consultants In the Country Action Plan 2013, a number of interventions were proposed to fulfill the target for achieving clean cooking in Bangladesh. The initiatives were focused on three major areas: a) enhancing demand, b) strengthening supply and c) enabling environment. To enhance demand for clean cooking in the country, under the previous CAP, a series of initiatives were undertaken by the Household Energy Platform and different development partners. Activities involving national awareness building campaigns were focused to create demand among the consumers. Campaigns through local government, school programs, TVC, social media etc. were conducted by HEP, BBF, IDCOL for ICS. LPG and other clean cooking solutions were also focused in few activities. In the clean cooking sector of Bangladesh, to strengthen the supply side, the CAP 2013 focused on involving financial institutions with the current suppliers of different clean cooking solutions. Unfortunately, this sector is yet to observe much success in this regard, as per the intervention mentioned in the CAP. However, a number of initiatives have been put forward by the Household Energy Platform (HEP) and other organizations. For example, HEP has proposed tax reduction on imported materials for ICS production, World Bank has received GCF funding for the sector, BBF is exploring carbon funds options, to name a few. The enabling environment section of the CAP 2013 focuses on the monitoring and assessment of the sectoral progress. The HEP was mentioned to have the monitoring system for the overall clean cooking sector in the country, for which an outline has been prepared. A web portal was launched by HEP to coordinate and disseminate information countrywide. The ICDDR, B is currently conducting a health study to capture the benefits of clean cooking, moving away from traditional stoves. HEP and SREDA have been advocating the tax issues with relevant ministries for the clean cooking sector in Bangladesh. Even though many interventions have been carried out as per the Country Action Plan (CAP) 2013, a lot more was left to address. The details of the planned activities in CAP 2013 and its implementation status is given in the annex. 17 | P a g e

3.4 — Success Stories and Learning

3.4 Success Stories and Learning Some of the success stories in the clean cooking journey for Bangladesh after the adoption of Country Action Plan in 2013 are given below. Establishment of the Household Energy Platform: The success of this sector is dependent on some major ministries and divisions, such as the ministries of power, health, disaster management, environment etc. To bring all these government stakeholders together, along with the donor agencies and NGOs in a single platform, the Household Energy Platform (HEP) was established in 2016. It is a Public-Private Partnership hosted by The Sustainable Renewable Energy Development Authority (SREDA) and functions as per dynamic needs of the sector, based on the broader understanding and interest from the stakeholders. Since its launch, the platform has had over 50 members, mostly NGO’s, various government bodies, development partners and few private sector companies. The objectives of the platform are to act as a knowledge hub, bring synergy, coordinate activities among the members etc. HEP has facilitated the Country Action Plan (CAP) 2013 review process in the past years. They have worked with Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (BCSIR) to establish a lab capable of testing cook stoves as per ISO standards. HEP organizes workshop for different stakeholders of the sector on clean cooking in SDGs and implementation strategies, prospects and challenges. They are currently conducting research on developing biomass-briquettes in larger scales in the country. IDCOL achievements (IDCOL Improved Cookstoves Program): The Infrastructure Development Company Limited (IDCOL) started its ICS program in 2012. Currently the program has around 61 POs to work with ICS in 300 upazilas of the country. Over the years, the program has successfully achieved its mandate on dissemination of ICS targets, sometimes even before the timeline. So far, over 1.7 million improved cookstoves have been disseminated during the past six years. IDCOL has come a long way in improving the cookstoves in terms of efficiency. Their ICS has upgraded from Tier 1 to Tier 3 thermal efficiency stoves, and they have recently introduced a tier 4 thermal efficiency cookstove in the program. This institute plays a big role in the country’s achievement towards meeting the vision of clean cooking for all by 2030. Bangladesh Bondhu Foundation: The Bangladesh Bondhu Foundation (BBF) was established as a nonprofit organization in 2015 to promote renewable energy technologies, especially improved cook stoves. It started its journey as a GIZ/EnDev initiative to promote improved cookstoves designed in 2012-2014, under the project ‘Market Development Initiative for Bondhu Chula’. The aim of the project was to create 5000 entrepreneurs, who will produce, sell and install Bondhu Chula as a part of their business. So far, they have distributed over 2 million cookstoves. As one of the earliest contributors in the sector, BBF has played a significant role in popularizing different types of ICS to various families in both rural and semi-urban areas. The entrepreneurship model to disseminate cookstoves in different parts of the country, has been a successful venture of GIZ/EnDev. Even though there have been issues with the consistency of the design of few ICS, but the overall response has been very much positive within their targeted areas. The organization currently has 200-unit offices, 68 district offices, 600 staffs and approximately 5000 partner enterprises (including micro enterprises). The contribution of BBF to the clean cooking sector is of significant importance in Bangladesh. 18 | P a g e Grameen Shakti Grameen Shakti was established in 1996, with the vision to empower the rural population of Bangladesh with access to green energy and income. As a part of their vision, they targeted around 20 million cookstoves to be distributed by 2015, including 2 million biogas plants. Under the program, the customers were provided with affordable financing options instead of subsidies. Technical and financial needs of the consumers were met, and training was provided on operation and maintenance of the biogas plants. For the improved cookstoves, seed capitals for the ICS manufacturers were provided to set up their businesses. The major success of Grameen Shakti was the elimination of dependency on subsidies and introducing financing in the clean cooking sector in the country. Behavioral Change Communication Campaigns In 2016, the Clean Cooking Alliance collaborated with Washplus and iDE to develop a marketing and behavior change strategy to increase the purchase of ICS by the consumers in Bangladesh. The strategy identified the consumer segment who were early-adopters for ICS and developed a marketing strategy by using classic marketing “4Ps model – Product, price, place and promotion” for each consumer segment. This campaign was a pioneer in the clean cooking sector and has been a great example of an inclusive marketing strategy for private sector actors. Such efforts brought two major positive change in the clean cooking sector of Bangladesh. Firstly, this allowed national and global stakeholders to learn the strategic lessons those arrive from the process of mixed-method market research and understand its critical role in developing a marketing strategy with the fundamentals of the marketing mix and human- centered design of it. Secondly, as one of the results from the assessments revealed very low willingness to pay by the consumers, the stove promotion activities in-country were focused on improving locally produced ICS instead of higher-end imported stoves. Clean Cooking Alliance (CCA) worked with Social Marketing Company (SMC) and Purplewood to implement behavioral change communication program in Barisal division. The people in the area learnt about the bad effects of traditional stoves in cooking and got interested in improved cooking solutions. Key Learnings There were also some hiccups along the way in promoting clean cooking in Bangladesh. Although LPG is regarded as one of the cleanest fuels for cooking, and there has been a significant growth in LPG usage in the past few years, the government has imposed Value Added Tax (VAT) on LPG in the 2019/20 budget. This VAT is likely to increase the retail price of LPG and slow down the growth at the household level. There is also a high level of import duty on different types of cookstoves. If these duties are eliminated or at least reduced, the cost burden to the final users will be lower and the adoption of clean cooking solutions will be much faster. The review of the planned activities from CAP 2013 (Annex 5) shows that many of the activities are either done partially or not done at all. Some of the pilot activities were undertaken, but those were not scaled up. There is no national network of suppliers of clean cooking at place, financial products for the manufacturers and consumers are not available, national awareness on clean cooking is still at a nascent stage, open-source materials are not available, information centers at Union level are not available etc. Taking these learning and non-action into consideration, the National Action Plan 2020-30 is developed with specific targets, milestones, responsible organizations and monitoring mechanism. 19 | P a g e 20 | P a g e 4. Achieving Clean Cooking in Bangladesh

4.1 — Structural Transformation of the Economy

4.1 Structural Transformation of the Economy Bangladesh is attempting to realize the Vision 2021 and attain the SDG agenda 2030 for building a happy and prosperous nation. The country targets to become a high middle-income country by 2030 and a high-income country by 2041. To this end, successive governments have been considering many fundamental changes bringing about structural transformations in the country. Table below exhibits major changes brought about in the country roughly during last fourteen years (2005/06 to 2019/20) Table 12: Socio-economic Progression in Bangladesh Major socio-economic Unit Situation as of Current Situation parameters 2005/06 2019/20 Economic Size of GDP billion US$ 72 302.4 Per capita income US $ 543 1,909 Investment as % of GDP % 26 31.5 Debt/GDP Ratio 44 32 Social and Demographic Literacy rate % 53.7 73.9 Primary school drop-out rate % 50 18 Percentage of People receiving % 2 17 technical education Infant mortality Per 1000 live births 45 24 Life Expectancy years 65 72.8 Energy and Power Power generation capacity MW 4,385 21,629 People’s access to electricity 47 94 Gas Supply million cubic 1,443 2,746 feet/day Petroleum Product Consumption Million MT 3.639 6.948 Digitalization Internet connection million - 90 Digital centers number - 5,000 Source: Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics, CIA World Fact book, Bangladesh Petroleum Corporation & Hydrocarbon Unit of MoPEMR The table above reveals progress materializing in many different sectors of the economy. To note a few, real per capita income has increased 3.5 times over the period and now stands at US$ 1,909. The size of country’s GDP increased 4.5 times to US$ 302.4 billion. The power generation capacity has increased almost five times to 21,629 megawatts. The share of the population enjoying electricity connection increased from 47 percent to 93 percent. Gas supply increased from 1,443 million cubic feet to 2,746 million cubic feet per day. 5,000 digital centers have been established in all the unions and municipal areas in the country. About 23,500 km optical fiber cable was installed throughout the country to create uninterrupted access to internet. The number of internet users has crossed 90 million. Similar progress is noted for the social and demographic sectors. Community clinics have been established across the country. The poverty rate has dropped from 40 percent in 2005 to 21 percent in 2019. Extreme poverty dropped from 25 percent to 11 percent. Inflation has been kept at a tolerable level despite the sustained high growth rates in the economy. Targets of Millennium Development Goals 21 | P a g e (MDGs) have been achieved surpassing the performance of countries in the similar growth paths. Bangladesh has elevated itself from the status of a poor, least developed country to that of a lower middle-income country. Urbanization Trend Historically known as a rural-agrarian country, Bangladesh today is experiencing a rapid transformation towards an urban society. However, the style and nature of urbanization are not necessarily similar to those in other countries. There is an extraordinary mix of urban-rural functions and traits in both metropolitan cities and rural towns as well as in villages. More importantly, the urban rural growth differential in terms of the annual exponential growth rates has averaged a sizeable 4.25 per cent in the last 37 years illustrating the transformation of the country towards urbanization at a remarkable pace. For the first time in Bangladesh, the absolute increase in population in the decade 2001-11 was more in the urban areas than that in the rural areas. Now, population growth in Bangladesh is largely an urban phenomenon, and by 2047, 50 per cent of Bangladesh’s population is estimated to live in solely urban areas. The share would be much larger if population living in semi-urban, peri-urban, rural growth centers and rural commercial centers are considered. SDG and Achievements In Bangladesh, clean cooking has strong inter-linkages with other Sustainable Development Goals. Here inefficient cooking is a root cause of poverty, poor health, gender inequality, environmental degradation, air pollution, and contributes to climate change. Universal access to clean and modern cooking is integral to reducing poverty and advancing human dignity. Progress in clean cooking means simultaneous achievement of SDGs for holistic development of the country.

4.2 — Clean Cooking in Emergency Context

4.2 Clean Cooking in Emergency Context During the influx of Rohingya population in the 90s, very little initiatives were taken to meet the demand of cooking fuel and technology for the displaced people. The emergency response organizations supplied some improved cookstoves and briquettes to use with those improves cookstoves to a small number of Rohynga communities and did not continue that effort. In 2017, over 750,000 Rohingya people fled Myanmar and took refuge in Cox’s Bazar, Bangladesh. In the 1990s, over 350,000 Rohingyas were forcibly displaced and living in Bangladesh since then. The Government of Bangladesh and donor communities tried to provide necessary food, shelter and safety to these forcefully displaced people, 55% of whom are children while 42% are adults and 3% elderly. During the initial period, the Rohingyas destroyed a vast area of forest land to meet their shelter and cooking needs by collecting branches and wood from nearby forests. As the available biomass fuel were not enough to serve the need of the large number of people, in addition to the existing demand of the host community in Cox’s Bazar, it created enormous tension between the host community and Rohingyas. Government and donor community responsible for the management of the forcibly displaced Rohingyas decided to support the cooking need of Rohingyas by supplying them with LPG cookstoves and cylinders. There are approximately 200,000 Rohingya households in all the camps and so far, the donor community supported 145,000 households with LPG cookstoves and cylinders. In addition to supporting Rohingyas, 45,000 host community households were also planned to be supported with free LPG cookstoves and cylinders. So far, 18,000 host community households received this support. Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) did a supply-demand assessment of wood fuel for Rohingya and host community and came to the conclusion that use of wood for cooking is not sustainable. United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), International Organization for Migration (IOM) and other development partners decided to provide LPG cookstoves and six free refills per household per year. Together with this, the donor community provided safety training on usage of LPG cooking set to the beneficiaries. This support helped reduce the use of wood as cooking fuel to a 22 | P a g e large extent. The development community has introduced usage of pressure cooker to further enhance energy efficiency. The LPG usage success was possible because LPG companies had the capacity to supply the cookstoves and cylinders immediately and the supply chain was well established. In addition to supporting large number of households with LPG, small initiative from Community Partners International (CPI) is also there to provide pellet and briquette based improved cookstoves. CPI provided 2000 households with pellet and briquette based cookstoves and 25 households with solar cookstoves. They are also supplying pellets and briquettes to the households. There are similar small- scale initiatives for clean cooking by other NGOs like Action Aid, BRAC, Christian Aid etc. The lessons from the response to Rohingya community after the 2017 influx gives indication for the national guideline for clean cooking in emergency situation. In an emergency response, the following steps should be built in to consider the clean cooking requirement: • Assessment of the fuel need of the people • Identify the best possible clean cooking solution based on the available supply strength • Ensure uninterrupted supply of clean fuel for cooking • Monitor the behavior of people in using clean fuel for cooking to ensure sustainability in the long-term Bangladesh as a country faces regular natural catastrophe in the form of flood and cyclone. The Ministry of Disaster Management and Relief has developed commendable plan in disaster preparedness that is visible through relative low loss of life and resources in recent times. But cooking is still not part of the disaster preparedness and response plan. The dry food supplies distributed by the government to the affected families need cooking. The Government can plan to provide clean cooking solution to distressed people in the form of improved cookstoves and cooking fuel (pellet, briquette etc.) or LPG. In addition, the dry rations distributed by the government to the affected families need cooking. So, the relief items can include clean cooking technologies to cook the ration. In addition to providing clean cooking solution during the period of disaster, people also need to be taught on the process and safety aspects in using clean cooking solutions.

4.3 — Strategies for Scaling up the Sector

4.3 Strategies for Scaling up the Sector The learning and experience of implementing the previous Country Action Plan for Clean Cook Stoves calls for some new strategies to speed up the adoption of clean cooking in Bangladesh across all consumer segments. Following strategies are considered in drawing-up the country’s Clean Cooking Action Plan. 1. Assigning leadership role to a competent authority Achieving clean cooking needs strong national stewardship by a government agency both during planning and implementation period. Currently, Ministry of Power, Energy and Mineral Resources (MoPEMR) assigned SREDA the task of clean cooking under the mandate of developing a sustained and renewable energy source for cooking. SREDA or a different government agency in the future can achieve clean cooking goals through guidance, cooperation and coordination among diverse stakeholders. Further, SREDA as a hub of knowledge on clean cooking can engage in the task of building-on as well as in sharing of knowledge–capital on clean cooking to stakeholders. The desire to scale-up one or more cooking fuels requires an enabling environment. There is need for an enabling environment to create a sustainable market, tackling supply and demand side issues in an integrated manner, awareness building, seeking both technical assistance and financing etc. 2. Incomplete tasks on ICS and re-formulating the strategy Despite long years of improved cook stoves program in the country, there is a lack of awareness building on clean cooking. Awareness of the health hazards and a consequent shift to better fuels and/or renewable energy could reduce such emissions. Implementing clean biomass 23 | P a g e cooking solutions can lead to better health, reduce poverty, generate greater gender equality, and create less pressure on the local and global environment. Currently, there are two major players namely Infrastructure Development Company Limited (IDCOL) and Bangladesh Bondhu Foundation (BBF) that implement ICS programs. The target set in 2013 was for 30 million stoves by 2030. As of 2019, 2.7 million stoves have been sold (less than 10% of the target) and actual usage of these stoves is much lower (because of stove stacking nature of people, their preference and convenience). There are several reasons why experience of ICS programs in Bangladesh is not one of high hope and enthusiasm. Most in the value chain, namely, producers, wholesalers, and retailers are more concerned with sales maximization than actual use48, The households cite various design defects on certain kinds of stoves like improper height of the stove (a matter of age of the main cook and habit in the way of cooking); mismatch of the size of the stove-mouth and their pots, non-availability of appropriate type of fuel wood, etc. With availability of LPG–option, households, even the poorest ones desire to have LPGs because of their convenience, cleanliness, compatibility with brick-built cemented housing, economization of space for fuel-storage, peer pressure, social status etc. In the supply-side, the commercial market of all type of ICS is not well established. There are very limited numbers of retail outlets in marketplaces and growth centers even in the districts which are often singled out for ICS-success. Some manufacturers of ICS conceded that competition from LPG have been limiting demand for improved cook stoves. Findings from International Center for Diarrheal Disease Research, Bangladesh (ICDDR, B) show that ICS do not fully control household air pollution. Only impact of ICS in bringing about thermal efficiency is established. In such circumstances, reformulation of the strategy is required for directing the country to appropriate technology and fuel choice. In view of previous discussions and given the dynamics of economic transformation to a higher income trajectory, development, market forces and availability of modern fuels like LPG and electricity, biomass cooking existing in the lower end of the market will gradually decline. This trend is evident from the experience of neighboring countries like China, India, and Indonesia etc. In the prevailing circumstances, improved biomass cooking will become a dominant mode for achieving thermal efficiency, some control on household air pollution, and improved environment mainly in areas not reached by LPGs, natural gas, electricity and other options in the long run. Specifically, ICS will persist in remote and inaccessible areas in chars, coastal islands, mangrove and rainforest areas, hill tracts etc. where fuelwood, tree leaves and cross-residues are abundant and the areas are away from commercial centers for LPGs to exist, because of high transport cost, wide dispersion of households making cost recovery to private dealers and traders difficult. For expanding ICS (basic model) to this market, there is need for concerted efforts like the following: Mainstreaming gender. Experience shows that behavioral change is the most critical aspect inhibiting shift to a new technology like ICS especially for rural women. Along with present dissemination drives, there is need for utilizing the experience of housewives who actually use ICS in providing the benefits of using ICS. Secondly, rural housewives indicated that physicians /doctors (especially women), advising on adverse effects of traditional stoves would carry more weight. Therefore, a sustained campaign by Health Ministry/ Directorate General of Health Services etc. in this line is likely to bring fruits. 48 Actual usage of stoves is likely to be lower than number currently estimated considering 5/6 years of working life. 24 | P a g e Incorporating Health Ministry’s Multi-Sectoral Action Plan for Prevention and Control of Non- communicable diseases (2018-25)49 for reduction of household air pollution. The activities would include: • working within SREDA’s multi-sectoral national coordination mechanism for a whole of government, private sector, Civil Society Organizations (CSO), and NGOs; • institutionalizing public/private/NGOs’ awareness, prevention and control program; • advocating media coverage of news on health hazards of traditional cooking stoves, • advertisements on TVs, radios, roadside and hospital, civil surgeon office advertisement, leaflets, dramas and role plays for a sustained national campaign. One obvious and significant use of ICS would be in humanitarian and philanthropic cases. Refugees, migrant and floating people (disaster affected populations etc.) usually rely on firewood for cooking and heating. This results in large scale deforestation in surrounding areas. The relief materials that are distributed to such type of populations do not include firewood, forcing the refugees to cut down trees from government forests. Supply of ICS to these groups will reduce the trend towards deforestation. Government’s Test Relief (TR) and Food for Works Program entitled “Kabikha” (Food in exchange for Work) is a potential area of introducing ICS. Under the program Government is constructing houses for the hardcore poor (around 800sft brick-built with tin roof) along with attached kitchen and toilets. For 2019, around 22,000 houses are planned to be built and the target for next 5 years is 450,000. Discussions with Ministry of Disaster Management revealed that there are prospects of installing ICS in the kitchens provided cemented floor is not affected by the heat and smoke is flown out of the house through chimneys. Although distribution of ICS through the relief programs might distort the market, this support will be mainly for the poor rural households unable to possess LPG. Subsidy to this segment is thus justified for the sake of clean cooking. 3. Ensuring Level Playing Field for LPG Government patronage in terms of lower tax rate on LPG plants, tax holidays etc. combined with vibrant private sector desiring to fully exploit the potential of the newly emerged market and sustained demand, has driven LPG to attain a robust growth. LPG attained extraordinary growth in its initial years and now has stabilized with around 8-10% annual growth. One impact of LPG intrusion has been reduction in use of biomass specially crop residues in cooking implying, wood relatively preferred fuel than crop residues are still being used at old levels50. Only further LPG expansion can reduce further use of wood as fuel. ICCDR’B study on comparing health effects of LPG based cooking and ICS reveal that the former has significantly lower household air pollution levels in terms of CO and PM. Only thermal efficiency of ICS has been scientifically proven, but health impacts of ICS are insignificant, according to studies conducted by ICDDR, B and all known international research. The poorest households were observed to reveal their preferences for LPG than ICS. The reasons cited by the women belonging to the poorest households in favor of LPGs were user-friendliness, convenience, economy of space, cleanliness, women empowerment, peer pressure etc. They expressed their desires to procure these cooking devices once these are within their purchasing capacities. Household income in real terms is likely to reach nearly three times higher by 2030. Moreover, LPG supply chain is characterized by longstanding business relationships between importers, distributors and retailers posing LPG as one of the most potential cooking fuel for Bangladesh. 49 Developed by NDCP program of DG Health. “Multi-sectoral Action Plan for Prevention and Control of Non- communicable diseases (2018-25)”, NDPC, Directorate General of Health, 2018 50 UNDP (2019) A Comprehensive Assessment of the Availability and Use of Biomass Fuels for Various End uses with Special Attention to Power Generation under SREP Gen Project of UNDP Bangladesh 25 | P a g e Also, Bangladesh is experiencing the highest rate of urbanization in south Asia. Available predictions cite that Bangladesh will have around 50% urban population by 204551. Considering semi-urban, peri-urban, rural growth centers or commercial centers linked by all-weather roads, this figure would be around 80% by 2045 or 60-70% by 203052. The LPG sector is likely to grow endogenously along with the momentum gathered so far. Government policy should be one of ensuring level playing field and refraining from market distortions, like providing subsidy to competing fuels, directly or indirectly restricting sector growth etc. It may be noted here that LPG penetration in cooking is 95 per cent in Malaysia; 80 per cent in Thailand and 65 per cent in the Philippines53.In India nearly 80 per cent of Indian households now have access to LPGs, although actual use of the fuel is unclear. The country attained 56 per cent growth within a span of three years. Given the similarity of some of the Indian states and Bangladesh, such phenomenal growth is quite possible.54. The current focus placed on LPG by no way should downgrade country’s commitment for using renewable energy for cooking solution in the long term. Under this mandate, fossil fuel LPG is only a bridging technology for the period 2020-2030 Based on assessment of the present condition of the LPG sector, following need to be achieved as the sector is posed for rapid growth: • LPG companies need to have inland shipping vessels for carrying LPG to remote Haor, Baor and coastal areas as far as possible • ZINC Coating and Powder Painting would be required in cylinders for rust proof in the face of humid climate and exposure to rain. • LP Gas Cylinder need to be made preferably as per the American Standard Specifications (DOT-4BA-240) using quality raw materials ensuring maximum body thickness, optimum safety during transportation and movement. • LP Gas cylinders during manufacturing process are made to pass through a series of tests like physical, chemical, tensile, burst, x-rays for maintaining best quality of the product. • Perfect weight should be guaranteed to the consumers • LPG cylinders are regularly re-tested and run through proper maintenance procedures • Date and details of maintenance should be engraved on the body of each cylinder to ensure cylinder safety. • Consumers need to be aware of the safety protocol in using LPG cylinders. 4. Considering Case for Induction Cooking Increase in health consciousness, technological advancements, rise in disposable income, energy-efficiency of the cook stove / energy consumption, better safety features, need for specialized cookware, and adoption of smart household kitchen appliances are impacting both Bangladesh and the global household induction cook stove market. In China, residential biomass use has been declining 6% per year since 2010, largely replaced by natural gas, LPG and electricity demand especially in urban areas driven by policy efforts targeting clean cooking.55 Given that electricity coverage will be attained by 2030 (both in terms of generation, transmission capacity and reliability) facilitated by Ruppur Nuclear Power Plant (expected to be commissioned by 2024/25), general fascination of people for electricity cooking (as evidenced from possession of rice cookers), target for induction cooking level of Bangladesh for 2030 is set in accordance 51 CUS, DU (2018) Urbanization in Bangladesh: Recent Trends and Challenges, Professor Nazrul Islam, Centre for Urban Studies, Dhaka University 52 It may be noted here that the slogan of the present government is “My Village is My Town” (“Amar Gram Amar Sohor”) 53 What’s cooking? Indonesia’s kerosene to LPG conversion program: Abdul Rahim Abu Bakar and Fariza Hashim VOL. 1 NO. 1 2011, pp. 1-9, Q Emerald Group Publishing Limited, ISSN 2045-062 54 The Economic Times, May 8, 2018 55 Data for these estimates comes from nationally representative census and surveys in the WHO Household energy database, as well as analysis by IEA (WHO 2017 and IEA 2017) 26 | P a g e with findings from middle income Asian countries56 as well as target of electricity generated through renewable sources. Approximately 300,000 households carry out electric cooking57. The following table provides information of government’s plan for electricity generation and net capacity. The projected demand by 2030 will be 41,890 MW. Table 13: Electricity generation and Net Capacity Year Additional Generation Total Capacity Demand (MW) Capacity (MW) (MW) 2018 4485 18961 13,260 2019 5210 24171 15,041 2020 1547 25718 17,015 2021 4066 29784 19,034 2022 5152 34936 21,193 2023 6497 41433 23,417 2024 7871 49304 25,762 2025 6300 55604 28,231 2026 5300 60904 30,765 2027 3710 64614 33,398 2028 2900 67514 36,106 2029 2000 69514 38,946 2030 4545 74059 41,890 Source: Power Planning Cell, Bangladesh Power Development Board and Annual Report 2018- 19 of Power Division The additional net capacity of generated electricity can easily be used for household cooking purpose and more so if it is generated through renewable sources. This will, however, require, targeted promotion among the consumers and incentive to private sector so that the required induction cooker and cooking utensils can reach the consumers easily. 5. Reducing leakages in natural gas for cooking (technical and financial) The government has a road map for developing the gas sector into a direction where domestic production is maximized, infrastructure is developed, and import is facilitated. However, there are a number of political decisions and uncertainties. Notably, the results of exploration programs are known after about 6-8 years. By 2023/2024, government will likely to have a much deeper knowledge about the gas potential in the country58. However, discussions with informed sources reveal that there are high prospects of lifting natural gas from off-shore drilling sites and other locations that would ensure a growth trend nearly similar to that of the past allowing some expansion of piped natural gas connection to the high rise apartments (considered risky for LPG fuel) in urban, semi-urban and peri-urban areas. Along with this marginal expansion, reducing wastage through installation of pre-paid metering and right pricing of the gas (considering high affordability of prospective consumers residing in metropolitan areas) should go side by side ensuring sustainability of this vital clean cooking fuel. 6. Decision-making on multiplicity of factors rather than on singularity 56 World bank (2013): Asia Sustainable and Alternative Energy Program: Case of Indonesia and Department of Energy (2016): Energy Statistics of the Philippines 57 Practical Action. (2017). Poor People’s Energy Outlook 2017: Financing Practical Energy Access: A bottom-up Approach 58 MOPEMR (2017) Gas sector Master Plan, Government of Bangladesh 27 | P a g e Household selection of cooking fuels is generally determined by affordability, availability, accessibility, reliability, safety, cultural acceptability etc. and less on health or environmental benefits. Additionally, access to cooking solutions is affected by factors such as variations in type, quantity and quality of fuel used, different cooking practices, and the size of the kitchen and the degree of ventilation, number of persons to be entertained, perception on resultant taste of the food cooked by the fuel in question, climate change impact etc. Different cooking practices like time-bound cooking is achieved with rice cooker whereas slow and diminishing temperature cooking is achieved with pellet /briquette etc. Similarly, climate change impacts like continuous rainfall, foggy weather etc. may limit access to LPG refilling. In essence, access to energy for cooking refers to the usability of the cooking solutions in the context of the various attributes and with an emphasis on end users’ experience. In such circumstances, national level decisions may be made by balancing of some positive and negative factors, at least as a transitional measure. 7. Technology options realization During the process of shifting to clean cooking fuels, technological progress, Research and Development are essential to reap benefits in diverse set of sectors like health, environment, cleanliness, carbon emission etc. transforming ICS from the basic to advanced model. Transitional options that can provide some health benefits and significant environmental benefits during the interim period should also be promoted. Current experiments with biogas production, use of palette, briquette, solar energy etc. may be continued. Necessary funding may be solicited mainly from development partners for the purpose. 8. No regret for fuel stacking (simultaneous use of main and alternative fuel) In the near to medium term, diverse kinds of fuels and technologies are likely to be simultaneously used specially in the semi-urban and rural growth centers. This trend would continue so long income levels, certainty of the source, taste perception level of the households do not reach the level which would allow them a dedicated use of a single fuel. In such circumstances, accounting of all alternative uses should be made for balancing supply and demand for planning purposes. It may be noted here that the current practice of simultaneous fuel use is essential for deriving maximum benefits out of the present situation marked by income limitation, uncertainty as well as difficulty in easy access to fuel, perception on taste etc. 9. Ensuring necessary consumer financing for clean cooking interventions Access to financing is a major challenge for the consumers as micro-finance institutions and banks do not provide loans for obtaining clean cooking facilities. As demand for LPG, natural gas and induction-based cooking increase, financing options need to be arranged. Financing options for clean cooking can range from government to multilateral Banks, bilateral donors, Green Climate Funds etc. The fund can be channeled as loan through Palli Karma Sahayak Foundation (PKSF) or IDCOL, grants to Local Government Institutes (Like Upazila/Union Parishad) through Annual Development Plan and to government’s Safety Net Programs like TR, Kabikha etc. through budgetary allocations. The funding for clean cooking per se besides stoves/devices will mainly be required for erecting various types of infrastructure like LPG berths and terminals, storage and depots and procuring LPG transport vehicles; construction of gas transmission and distribution lines and connection to households’ kitchens; manufacture of ICS and their transportations to distribution centers. The following table summarizes potential funding sources and users for clean cooking in Bangladesh. Table 14: Funding Source and Users of Clean Cooking Clean Cooking Financing Mechanism 28 | P a g e Funding Source Funding Users Government Bilateral MOPEMR Clean Cooking Clean Cooking partners (Power Division) for direct Loans to Grants to electricity households for Institutions generation capital (renewable and equipment non-renewable) Multilateral Green Climate Funding projects As part of Rehabilitation and Development Funding having clean Income emergency Banks cooking Generating situation tackling components like TR Activities Grants Kabikha (Food for mainly for Works) women by Ashrayan (Housing) Banks and project of the Prime Financial Minister’s Office Institutes (PMO) SME Other Funding Other Loan to PKSF Tracking, Crowdsource alternative Livelihood project or IDCOL Monitoring and Financing source of like Char through Partner Evaluation of plans financing Development NGOs and programs and Project etc. Research and belonging to Development different ministries activities grant Source: Compiled by the consultants based on discussion with stakeholders Access to finance has been a challenge for the private sector to avail short term loans from financial institutes. However, existence of a favorable business prospect for LPG sector may induce more private sector financing for the sector. The sustained increase in per capita income is also expected to provide the necessary thrust for households’ self-financing of the various types of cooking devices and /or installation / connection expenditures and payment of running costs. The existing result-based donor financing system for ICS may be strengthened by incorporating actual usage of these equipment by rigorous monitoring, evaluation and periodic performance audit. 10. Provision of proper testing facilities and implementation standards To ensure safety and quality of cooking fuel and cookstoves, making standard, certification and testing compulsory for all stoves (Biomass, LPG, gas, induction) that are sold in the market will be required. The process should start phase by phase without imposing too much restraint on the current growth momentum. Currently, BSTI does not have proper testing facilities for cookstoves and cooking fuel, but BCSIR has a plan to develop an ISO standard testing facility that BSTI can use through an inter-government agency collaboration. Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology (BUET) is also likely to be supported from World Bank/ IDCOL project to set up another ISO standard laboratory that can also ensure maintaining of quality standards for cookstoves and cooking fuels.

4.4 — Targets and Goals

4.4 Targets and Goals Strategies detailed out above have implications for targets. The major elements of the strategies are discussed below and accordingly targets are set for alternative cooking systems like ICS, natural gas (piped) connections, LPG, Induction equipment etc. The targets are set for the terminal year of national 29 | P a g e action plan that is 2030 and also broken down year-wise and phase–wise (see Annex 4). The baseline data refers to 2019 obtained from relevant organizations. ICS: ICS target set for 30 million stoves for 2030 (set in CAP 2013) is not achieved. Up to 2019, 2.7 million (less than 10% of the targets) stoves are estimated to be in-situ, actual usage being much less. Several reasons are cited for the failure, most supply-chain activities, which are subsidized, are geared towards sale promotion rather than actual usage by the target population. There are design defects which lacked rectification owing to lack of interest by suppliers as well as the users (as these are not much used). Moreover, with opening of LPG sector, ICS is facing significant competition with LPG. In view of the above developments, ICS sale is planned to be expanded in areas where relatively higher usage rates were achieved in the recent past and secondly these to be spearheaded by NGOs and Partner Organizations identified as successful. Additionally, ICS coverage will include areas excluded by LPG because of profitability considerations (remote, inaccessible, low density households, hard core poor status etc.). Besides, emergency, philanthropic and humanitarian cases as well as households under Government’s Test Relief and “Kabikha” program will be attempted to bring under ICS coverage. Considering the overall situation with respect to other cooking options, target of ICS expansion has been re-fixed to around 16-21 million for 2030 and yearly and phase-wise targets have been set (consistent with “s” pattern growth over the period 2020 to 2030). In ICS promotion, the lifetime of one cookstove needs to be considered (which is 4/5 years) and proper arrangements need to be made for replacements when necessary. Natural Gas: Natural gas sector is presently besieged with uncertainty regarding supply from existing and potential sources, gas potential from existing and already explored drilling sites and more importantly as its sustainability as a cooking fuel. As such, new gas connection depends on the political decision. In view of the sporadic attempts by government in the past to connect newer urban residential areas, there remains possibility of connecting high rise apartments with piped gas, because of the riskiness of lifting cylinders to higher floors and for obtaining political synergies by reducing grievances of new generation of urban middle class. This possibility is likely to be attained with right pricing of natural gas and simultaneous reduction in system loss through pre-paid metering system, a process which is already underway. Accordingly, piped gas connection is projected to increase in a manner so that present status quo is maintained in the ratio of households with piped gas connection. The resultant gas connections become 5.5 million in 2030.This modest expansion in the domestic gas connections should be accompanied by reduction in system loss (0.25% annually) through installation of pre-paid metering system, strong monitoring activities and a performance audit ensuring accountability of the gas supplied. LPG: LPG is poised to be the main cooking fuel of the country in view of the prevailing conditions both within Bangladesh and globally. National policy makers have expressed publicly in favor of LPG. The main reasons for depending on LPG seem to arise from (i) uncertainty regarding sustainable supply of locally available natural gas, (ii) existence of private sector that established strong supply and value chain in importation, distribution and retailing and (iii) its’ user-friendliness, accessibility, financial affordability, economy of space, cleanliness and reduction of household air pollution, women empowerment capacity, peer pressure elements etc. In view of the above-mentioned favorable demand, supply factors and government policy support, the sector is currently expanding at around 8-10% annually. Given that household income in real terms is likely to reach nearly three times higher by 2030 and that households living in urban, semi-urban, peri-urban, rural growth centers or commercial centers linked by all-weather roads is likely to be around 60-70% by 2030, LPG target for 2030 is set at 23-27 million which is around 55-65% of total households at that time. Induction Cooking: People, especially those from the rural areas are found to exhibit preference for rice cookers. It is a common sight in Bangladesh that migrant laborers when returning from abroad bring rice cookers along with other things. This is in sharp contrast to the past when they used to bring blankets. Rice cookers are also widely available, even in the rural markets. Preference for rice cookers and for induction cooking equipment has increased sharply with nearly 94% electricity coverage in the 30 | P a g e country including those in the rural areas. Induction cooking is allowing rural women to devote more time for care of the family members because of their automated nature. Other reasons favoring a shift towards induction cooking were rise in disposable income, better safety features, smoke–free environment and increase in health consciousness, etc. Given that quality electricity coverage will be attained by 2030 facilitated by Ruppur Nuclear Power Plant (expected to be commissioned by 2024/25) and that 10% of electricity generation will be from renewable sources by 2021, induction cooking target is set at 7.5% of households for 2030. A linear trend line of different fuel for cooking based on data from 2012 to 2018 from Sample Vital Statistics Report of Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics also generates very similar projection up to 2030. Projection of Different Fuel Usage Upto 2030 60 Straw/Leaf Husk 50 Jute stick/Wood/Bamboo Kerosene 40 Percentage of Households Electricity Gas 30 Others Linear (Straw/Leaf) 20 Linear (Jute stick/Wood/Bamboo) Linear (Jute stick/Wood/Bamboo) 10 Linear (Electricity) Linear (Electricity) Year Linear (Gas) 0 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 2024 2026 2028 2030 2032 Figure 5: Projection of Different Fuel Usage using Linear Trend line Based on the implications of the strategies detailed out above, targets for different clean cooking technology are chalked out considering the overall achievement of clean cooking in Bangladesh by 2030 in line with SDG target and Government of Bangladesh aim. Following section shows targets and goals for terminal year i.e., 2030 showing the nature of transition year and phase-wise. The year-by-year target from 2020/21 to 2029/30 is provided in the annex. Table 15: Targets for Different Cooking Technologies Cooking Fuel Alternatives Actual Target 2019/20 2029/30 31 | P a g e Type of Fuel Type of Clean Number Percentag Number in situ Percentage of Cooking in situ e of total (million) total Technology (million) household households s (Total 42 (Total 39 million) million) 2029/30 2019/20 Biomass Traditional 29 74 - - Stoves ICS 2.7 7 16-21 38-50 Other Different 0.1 - 1.0 2-3 (Renewable, Stoves Pellets/ Briquette/Bio gas etc.) Fossil Fuel Natural Gas 4.4 11 5.5 13-14 (Natural Gas, Stoves LPG) LPG Stoves 3.3 9 23-27 55-65 Mixed Induction & 1.0 2 3-4.5 8-10 electricity (Rice cooker) Total 40.5 103% 48.5-59 115- 140% 32 | P a g e 5. Implementation of Action Plan

5.1 — Activities to achieve targets of clean cooking national action plan

5.1 Activities to achieve targets of clean cooking national action plan Terminal year of the NAP is 2030 covering a total of 10 years which has been divided in three phases (2020-21: Initiation and start-up, 2021/22- 2024/25: second and review phase and 2025/26-2029/30: third and evaluation cum way forward phase). All the action plans under the nine thematic areas will be implemented in these three phases. Majority of the activities need to be initiated in 2020/21 and then agreed upon with other implementing partners. For implementation, cross cutting issues are addressed under the areas where they fit most. Detailed time plan for implementing the activities is shown in the following table. Table 16: Description of activities, Time frame /Milestones, Indicator and Organizations Involved Activity 1: Playing Leadership Role Achieving clean cooking goal will require strong centralized leadership of a Government body for enacting regulations, guidelines and policies. Type of Activity Detail Activities Sub- Priority Organizations Involved in Timeline for Indicator/ Guideline for Organization Actions/Milestones Implementation Implementation evaluation Responsible for and Monitoring Achievement of Outcome/ Output Assigning Leadership MOPEMR should Identifying major High MOPEMR 2021/22 All Agreements/Understanding MOPEMR/ SREDA Role establish itself as an player and one or /MOU between major player in inclusive multi- more implementing the Action Plan and one or more sectoral coordination partners from other implementing partners (like with body at national level sectors in each of MOH /NDCP for sound covering entire the activities of the implementation of HAP control, government, private Action Plan and use of government doctors sector and non- coming into a MOU etc.in awareness drives, with government agencies or agreement of the MOEFCC regarding joint role to be played collaboration on carbon rewarding activities, with Ministry of Industries/ Commerce on standards and certification etc.; with Ministry of Ports and Shipping for permitting separate LPG terminals in the forthcoming deep sea port etc. 33 | P a g e Agreements /Targets finalized within 2021/22 and monitored accordingly. An Inter-operative Web portal operational having provisions for user feedbacks and Developing SREDA as Developing and recording users. a knowledge hub on regularly updating an clean cooking inter-operative web portal with information, knowledge and lessons learnt locally, regionally and globally Activity 2: Building Enabling environment Enabling environment required for addressing clean cooking in all national policies, creating a functional and sustainable national platform and opening up windows for funding of the state-of-the art facility for testing and certification of ICS etc. Type of Activity Detail Activities Sub-Actions/Milestones Priority Organizations Timeline for Indicator/ Guideline for Organization Involved in Implementation and evaluation Responsible for Implementation Monitoring Achievement of Outcome/ Output Development of an MOPEMR to play Facilitate introduction of new MOPEMR/ Enabling Environment centralized leadership technologies and transfer of High MOPEMR/MOEFCC SREDA role for obtaining existing technologies like carbon cross-sector reward, pellet/briquette cooperation regarding production etc. technology, price and tariff, financing, Carry out feasibility of bioethanol, Medium Clean cooking sector technical assistance, biogas production activities in the BCSIR Every year enjoys full cross-sector standards and light of recent experience in BUET. Private and cooperation, technology regulations etc. neighboring countries. NGOs Mid Plan Review - transfer, standardization etc. 2024/25 and necessary technical Start standardization and testing Evaluation assistance in all of all types of cooking stoves and important and strategic Fuel cylinders. 2029/30 areas. 34 | P a g e Establishing cook stove, Fuel cylinder testing and knowledge Medium center for laboratory and field testing BSTI, Dept. Of Explosives, BCSIR, BUET Activity 3: Awareness building and dissemination Awareness building is essential for convincing households spread out in accessible areas with limited social networking of the many beneficial aspects of ICS. Type of Activity Detail Activities Sub-Actions/Milestones Priorit Organizati Timeline for Indicator/ Guideline for evaluation Organization y ons Implementation Responsible for Involved and Monitoring Achievement of in Outcome/ Output Implemen tation Awareness Building and Sustained and large- Behavioral change is one of the main High MOPEMR/ Major impediments of new technology MOPEMR Dissemination scale public hurdles towards adoption of ICS and IDCOL/ adoption eased: awareness campaign therefore existing users, preferably BBF/ Housewives regularly practicing ICS involving multiple housewives should be used for Other should be involved in dissemination actors. dissemination of the cooking stove. NGOs/PO drives, field-days, role plays dramas s etc. held in every Unions twice a year Present study found health benefits to be least convincing to the users. Therefore, Health workers, physicians working in Health workers, physicians may directly MOHFW/ outreach community clinics providing convince the users about the danger of High NDCP, counseling to the women about the traditional stoves, especially on the babies Civil Every year health consequences of traditional and children. Use of posters, leaflets, flyers, Surgeons cooking whenever they come together. role-play dramas etc.59 and NGOs Mid Plan Review - 2024/25 59 Non-communicable Disease Control Program of Directorate General of Health under Ministry of Health and Family Welfare has already developed “Multi-sectoral Action Plan for Prevention and Control of Non-communicable diseases (2018-2025). 35 | P a g e Evaluation Posters are exhibited in district and Incentivizing NGO fieldworkers involved in community satellite clinics, Upazila installing ICSs for combating high turn-over 2029/30 and district level government IDCOL, hospitals. BBF. displaying adverse consequences of Others traditional cooking High and Every year Bring about necessary design NGOs/PO modifications in ICS already supplied and s Mid Plan Review - provide training on maintenance so that 2024/25 there are no aggrieved households. Evaluation IDCOL, 2029/30 BCF. Design a reward system for champions Others Maintenance training provided and involved in the value chain starting from and design limitations corrected within awareness building, achieving behavioral High NGOs/PO 2021/22 change, production, retailing, post-sale s services etc. in any of the clean cooking areas proposed in the action plan MOPEMR High Activity 4: Reducing Household Air Pollution and keeping national commitment with regard to ICS 36 | P a g e Bangladesh needs to honor the commitment of zero emission to international community with respect to climate change, SDGs etc. Type of Activity Detail Activities Sub-Actions/Milestones Priority Organizations Timeline for Indicator/ Guideline for evaluation Organization Involved in Implementation Responsible for Implementation and Monitoring Achievement of Outcome/ Output Vision and Existing Smoke Free Replace 30 million traditional High SREDA 30 million ICS by No. of ICS installed @ 10% annual Commitment kitchen by 2030 cook stoves by ICS (Continue IDCOL 2030 growth initially, then increasing MOPEMR/ commitment is fully mostly in successful areas and BCF maximum to 25% and later on MOEFCC/ implemented. remote areas unlikely to be Others Nonlinear/ tempering-off to 8 % following SREDA attractive to private LPG sector)60 NGOs/ Technology an s-curve pattern (combined POs Diffusion / s– effect of per capita income and Existing results-based incentives, curve target adoption rate) : and a monitoring and verification fixation (M&V) system—supported by 2020/21. institutional Target to be 3.0 million strengthening/capacity building achieved by and awareness-raising Simultaneous 2021/22 campaigns need to continue by achievement in 3 8 million existing and new organizations. LPG, Gas and Induction cooking 2022/23. Expansion to various Present carbon reward system targets 4.5 million niche markets. needs to be expanded whether done locally or in joint 2023/24 collaborations. 5.7 million Expansion of ICS program in 2024/25. refugee camps, rehabilitation 7.3 million centers of floating population and post-disaster relief centers. 2025/26 9.5 million 2026/27. 12.0 million 2027/28 60 EnDev funded Bondhu stoves totaled 2 million by 2019. BBF has a target of 6 million additional stoves by 2024. 37 | P a g e 15.5 million 2028/29. 17.8 million 2029/30 19.2 million Activity 5: Sustained Policy Support for LPG The sector is poised for a robust growth given the continuation of policy support by government. The existence of mutually reinforcing demand factors supporting supply-side business development condition lends belief to its sustained growth over the long term. Safe and secured LPG cooking spreads to all areas of Bangladesh except remote areas unjustified by private sector viability Type of Activity Detail Activities Sub-Actions/Milestones Priorit Organizations Timeline for Indicator/ Guideline for evaluation Organization y Involved in Implementation Responsible for Implementation and Monitoring Achievement of Outcome/ Output Private sector led Sustaining existing Covering 55-65% of the High MOPEMR, LPG growth @ MOPEMR/ Market Propagation promotional policy with households by 2030 Ministry of 10% annual growth initially, then SREDA respect to LPG plants Commerce, increasing maximum to 25% and later Ministry of Finance, on tempering-off to 8 % following Ensuring quality control and Ministry of Ports as-curve pattern (combined effect of adherence to standards, and Shipping per capita income and adoption rate): Government to ensure verification of results and Mediu overarching environment procedures. 100% coverage by m 2020/21. for a successful private 2030 3.6 million sector led growth without hindrance and 2021/22 distortions of the market. Shipping cost to be reduced 4.2 million through creation of berthing facility for large sized ships, 2022/23. Removing shipping dedicated LPG landing sites, - Every year 5.0 million hurdles and reducing its Deep sea port by 2024 cost through early Mid plan Review 2023/24 establishment of deep High 2024/25 6.8 million seaport along with LPG berthing facility Evaluation 2024/25. 38 | P a g e 2029/30 8.9 million 2025/26 11.6 million 2026/27. 13.9 million 2027/28 18.0 million 2028/29. 22.50 million 2029/30 23.0 million Activity 6: Consideration for Induction Cooking Considerations to households’ choice of modern induction cooking devices in view of health consciousness, convenience, temperature fluctuation and fine –tuning, cleanliness, space economization as practiced in Asian and other countries 39 | P a g e Type of Activity Detail Activities Sub-Actions/Milestones Priority Organizations Timeline for Indicator/ Guideline for evaluation Organization Involved in Implementation Responsible Implementation and Monitoring for Achievement of Outcome/ Output Households to use Replacing use of Covering 2%-3% of households by Medium MOPEMR 2020/21- No. of Induction Cooking devices supplied @ MOPEMR/ induction cooking biomass fuel whether 2024/25 in accordance to 2024/25- 10% annual growth initially and then SREDA traditional or ICS by a set consumer preference and usage in Ministry of (Review) tempering-off to 8% following of modern cooking other Asian high middle-income Commerce 2029/30 s-curve pattern: devices including countries. Market should be the induction cooking. guiding factor. National Board 2020/21. Of revenue data 1.1 million Induction cooking are Covering 3%-5% of households by preferred globally for 2029/30 in accordance to 2021/22 health consciousness, consumer preference and usage in 1.21 million technological other Asian high middle income advancements, better countries. Market should be the 2022/23. safety features, etc. guiding factor. 1.33 million 2023/24 1.47 million 2024/25. 1.6 million 2025/26 1.7 million 2026/27. 1.8 million 2027/28 1.09 million 2028/29. 2.1 million 40 | P a g e 2029/30 2.2 million Activity7: Reducing Leakages in Natural Gas for Cooking (technical and financial) Type of Activity Detail Activities Sub-Actions/Milestones Priority Organizations Timeline for Indicator/ Guideline for Organizatio Involved in Implementation evaluation n Implementati and Monitoring Responsibl on e for Achieveme nt of Outcome/ Output Reducing Reducing wastage of natural Present system loss (technical and High Petro Bangla 2020/21- Applicable for all Gas MOPEMR/S Leakages of gas is needed as the source is financial) of around 12-14% for 2024/25- Distribution Companies REDA natural Gas in non-renewable household gas connections should (Review) cooking be lowered to 10% by 2029/30 2029/30 Reduction @ 0.25% every year Right pricing is justified should go side by side for Present system loss (technical and ensuring sustainability of this financial) of around 12-14% for vital clean cooking fuel. household gas connections should be lowered to about 8% by 2029/30 41 | P a g e Activity 8: Supporting present trend of Fuel Stacking (main and alternative fuel usage) This trend would continue so long income, certainty of the source, taste perception level of the households do not reach the level which would allow them sole use of one fuel Type of Activity Detail Activities Sub-Actions/Milestones Priority Organizations Timeline for Indicator/ Guideline for Organization Involved in Implementation evaluation Responsible for Implementati and Monitoring Achievement of on Outcome/ Output Households to Supporting Households’ holding Full accounting of all alternative uses Semi-urban and rural MOPEMR/SREDA possess of diverse kinds of fuels and should be considered for balancing 2020/21-2024/25- growth and commercial alternative fuels technologies simultaneously supply and demand for planning (Review) 2029/30 centers specially in the semi-urban and purposes. rural growth centers. Low SREDA Alternative fuel use is essential for deriving maximum benefits out of the present situation marked by uncertainty of income, difficulty in access to fuel, perception on taste etc. Activity 9: Data Collection to Strengthen/Modify Other Activities Impact assessment for examining whether reduction in HAP is contributing to reduced health cost or better environment Type of Activity Detail Activities Sub-Actions/Milestones Priority Organizations Timeline for Indicator/ Guideline for Organization Involved in Implementation evaluation Responsible for Implementati and Monitoring Achievement of on Outcome/ Output Household Air Household air pollution Continuous awareness building combined Estimating Percentage MOPEMR/SREDA Pollution is reduction should lead to less with reduction in health addressed diseases and require less time dissemination of success stories and expenses and time from the health professionals, benefits of clean cooking spent on family care by thus reducing health expenses Medium Ministry of Every Five Year parents by households. MOHFW can Health track this and suggest necessary change in the course Tracking the achievement of targets as of action per the national action plan 42 | P a g e

5.2 — Investment and Funding Requirement

5.2 Investment and Funding Requirement Investment made by different government, donor and private organizations for initiatives under the Country Action Plan 2013 was not available. We estimated the investment requirement (consumer financing, institutional investment funding requirements (public and private) and subsidy elements (government and donor financed) for different types of clean cooking solutions for the implementation of the National Action Plan in the following table. It includes household expenditure on ICS, LPG cylinders and stoves, gas stoves and cost of piped gas connections, induction cooking equipment as well as dedicated electricity connections by different government companies on transmission and distribution lines on pro-rata basis financed through Government’s Annual Development Programme (ADP) and subsidy elements as a part of the household expenditure for ICS. The table shows that total investment requirement for achieving clean cooking target by 2030 is between BDT185.7-219.8 billion in 2019-20 prices. The estimated cost is dependent on the current prices charged for the stove/device and connection costs, investment costs and subsidy elements. In terms of US$, the total estimated cost turns out to be more than US$ 2 billion over 10 years. Table 17: Estimated Cost for Achieving Clean Cooking Type of Intervention Estimated Unit Estimated Additional Estimated Total Remarks and Source Cost (average) Number of Units for Cost over Plan of Financing and BDT Installation During period Information Action Plan Period (billion BDT) ICS (stoves plus 1000 16-21 16-21 Private Households installation) IDCOL (million units) and subsidized and BBF ICS manufacturing 1,000,000 1,000 1.0 Discussion with Plants (units) manufacturers Natural Gas 5000 1.1 5.5 Public Cost sharing by Connection from (million units) Households receiving secondary connection from distribution lines and secondary distribution Stove etc. lines. Cost of - - 24.0 Petro Bangla budget Transmission and estimate (2017-18) Distribution Lines segregated for household sector (20%) LPG Stove and 5000 23-27 115 -135 Private Households cylinder (million units) LPG plants, berths, 2000,000,000 20 40.0 Discussion with private terminals, transport sector importers vehicles, inland vessels etc. Induction Device 3000 1-2 3-6 Private Households plus connection and (million units) fittings Other (Renewable) 3000 0.9 2.7 Private Households (million units) Grand Total 206.5-233(US $ Calculated @Tk85 per 2.4 – 2.7 billion) US Dollar 43 | P a g e

5.3 — Monitoring and Evaluation

5.3 Monitoring and Evaluation Following table will be used for measuring the progress of targets and activities mentioned in the National Action Plan. Detailed monitoring plan following this framework against each of the activities and sub-activities need to be developed in the initiation phase of the plan. The concerned ministries mentioned will give specific agency responsibility to carry out specific tasks. The monitoring and resulting corrective action were not strong for the Country Action Plan 2013 and it is very important that this monitoring framework is followed to ensure successful implementation of the activities for the achievement of the milestones and targets. Table 18: Monitoring Framework of the Clean Cooking National Action Plan Type of Verifiable Indicators Periodicity of Organization Organization Targets and Monitoring/ responsible for Preparing Goals Time of submitting Monitoring Report Monitoring report All Yearly MOPEMR MOPEMR Agreements/Understandin g /MOU between major player in the Action Plan and one or more implementing partners finalized. (number of Agreements/MOUs identified during initiation phase 2020-21 and the content of agreement) An Inter-Operative Web 2021/22 MOPEMR MOPEMR Goal of portal operational Leadership (Data collection, posting, Role retrieving activated) Clean cooking sector 2021/22 MOPEMR MOPEMR enjoys full cross-sector 2024/25- cooperation, technology (Review) transfer, standardization 2029/30 and necessary technical assistance. (Number of cross sector cooperation, technology transfer, standardization of product, technical assistance identified during initiation phase 2020-21) Awareness campaign 2021/22 MOPEMR MOPEMR launched (Number of TV ads, Newspaper ads, posters, leaflets, flyers 44 | P a g e Type of Verifiable Indicators Periodicity of Organization Organization Targets and Monitoring/ responsible for Preparing Goals Time of submitting Monitoring Report Monitoring report identified during initiation phase 2020-21). Health campaign carried 2024/25- Ministry of MOPEMR out (identified during Health/ DGHS initiation phase 2020-21. Incentivizing NGO outreach (Review) PMO MOPEMR workers for control of high turn-around (Number of NGOs identified during initiation phase 2020-21) Rewarding Champions 2029/30 MOPEMR MOPEMR (Guidelines finalized through stakeholder consultation identified during initiation phase 2020-21 and continued yearly) Role of Replace 30 million Up to 2029/30 SREDA/ MOPEMR International traditional cook stoves by IDCOL/BBF Commitment clean cooking options. Existing results-based incentives, and a monitoring and verification (M&V) system—supported by institutional strengthening/capacity building and awareness- raising campaigns need to continue Present carbon reward system needs to be expanded. Facilitation of Covering 55-65% of the Every year Ministry of MOPEMR LPG households by 2030 Shipping/Energ propagation by Annual average Mid-plan review y Division/ Private sector in Private LPG Companies Evaluation 2024/25- Ensuring quality control and adherence to standards, verification of Every year 45 | P a g e Type of Verifiable Indicators Periodicity of Organization Organization Targets and Monitoring/ responsible for Preparing Goals Time of submitting Monitoring Report Monitoring report results and procedures. Mid-plan review 100% coverage by 2030 in 2024/25 Shipping cost to be Evaluation reduced through creation 2029/30 of berthing facility for large sized ships, dedicated LPG landing sites, - Deep sea port by 2024 Showing Replacing use of biomass considerations fuel whether traditional or Every year MOPEMR/ MOPEMR to Households’ ICS by a set of modern Private choice for cooking devices including Mid Plan Companies induction by Induction cooking. Review cooking 2024/25 Induction cooking are preferred globally for Evaluation health consciousness, 2029/30 technological advancements, better safety features, etc. (2-3% by 2024/25 and 3-5% by 2029/30) Reducing Reducing wastage of 2024/25- MOPEMR MOPEMR Leakages of natural gas is needed as natural Gas in the source is non- (Review) cooking renewable 2029/30 (Loss reduced to 10% by 2024/25) (Loss reduced to 8% by 2029/30) Right pricing should go side by side for ensuring sustainability of this vital clean cooking fuel. 46 | P a g e Annexes

Annex 1: Methodology — Methodology

Annex 1: Methodology Approach Followed: Clean cooking as a transitional solution, is attempted to be defined as any improvement in fuel efficiency, emissions, household air pollution, durability, safety etc. than traditional cooking as mentioned in ISO adopted BDS standard. However, improvement in the basic model will continue throughout the action plan period so that a more robust definition of clean cooking can be adopted. Methodology Following steps were followed in arriving at the National Action Plan for Clean Cooking: Bangladesh for 2020-2030(Figure 1). FGD and KII of Households Involved in Clean Cooking Bilateral meeting with Policy makers in different relevant ministries Meeting with Suppliers of Clean Cooking Fuel Bilateral meeting with Health related Organizations Meeting with agencies connected with retail sale of cooking Fuel Meeting with Manufacturers of Cooking Stoves Bilateral meeting with Regulations and Standards Institution Bilateral meeting with Donor Agencies Meeting with agencies involved in Technological development and R & D Meeting with agencies connected with Behavioral change Sharing of Progress with SREDA and Global Alliance for Clean Cooking Preparation of Draft Report Validation of Report Finalization of the Report Formulation Process of Country Action Plan for Claen Cooking FGD and KII with households using various types of fuel, suppliers of fuel, promoters and manufacturers of improved cooking stoves, health specialists, donor agencies, and policy makers belonging to different ministries of the government were done. A checklist was prepared so as to appraise current status, need for improvement and goal to be set for the terminal year of the country action plan namely 2030 was prepared. Feedbacks from the meetings with SREDA were incorporated in the compiled version. The draft report, feedbacks and suggestions were discussed and analyzed in-depth. The draft version of the Country Action Plan was shared with professionals before finalization. 47 | P a g e

Annex 2: Relationship between Biomass fuel and sale of — Relationship between Biomass fuel and sale of

Annex 2: Relationship between Biomass fuel and sale of Improved Cooking Stoves (ICS) We received data on the installations of Improved Cookstoves by IDCOL and Bondhu Foundation. We got the data for “supply of biomass” from SREDA’s “Compilation of data of total supply and demand of biomass fuels for the base year 2015 and Future Projections up to 2040” report. The data received is presented below. District Submissions of IDCOL Total of (2015- Submissions IDCOL and Total Supply Total Excess February, of BBF BBF of biomass of biomass in 2019) - (2015-2018) Submissions in Tera Tera joules Division Number - Number - Number joules (2015) (2015) 1 2 3 4 (2+3) 5 6 Barguna 23,503 5,394 28,897 9,082 4,212 Barisal 50,723 11,244 61,967 21,178 9,865 Bhola 0 10,923 10,923 17,546 9,013 Barisal Jhalakathi 14,465 2,100 16,565 6,680 3,186 Patuakhali 3,292 6,748 10,040 18,443 10,789 Pirojpur 9,697 6,156 15,853 9,177 3,460 Bandarban 721 739 1,460 5,770 3,993 Brahmanbaria 5,837 9,455 15,292 14,957 3,827 Chandpur 7,949 11,689 19,638 14,385 3,813 Chittagong 12,354 21,221 33,575 21,007 -5,678 Comilla 6,294 18,538 24,832 28,423 8,823 Chittagong Cox's Bazar 48,763 16,781 65,544 12,821 3,441 Feni 0 8,604 8,604 10,526 5,286 Khagrachhari 576 5,784 6,360 7,289 4,321 Lakshmipur 1,542 8,160 9,702 11,262 3,232 Noakhali 63 5,605 5,668 15,070 2,383 Rangamati 0 4,633 4,633 5,780 2,979 Dhaka 5,756 6,148 11,904 11,632 -23,064 Faridpur 1,932 19,487 21,419 25,261 15,333 Gazipur 3,576 7,156 10,732 11,656 -4,256 Gopalganj 12,033 12,033 14,448 8,861 Kishoreganj 2,232 3,506 5,738 21,070 7,303 Madaripur 242 3,774 4,016 13,117 7,615 Dhaka Manikganj 3,111 3,111 16,312 9,600 Munshiganj 5,709 5,709 5,178 -1,159 Rajbari 17,456 7,249 24,705 13,019 7,565 Shariatpur 925 1,539 2,464 8,566 3,018 Tangail 19,610 8,103 27,713 26,905 7,415 Narayanganj 166 672 838 3,503 -8,876 Narsingdi 27 5,723 5,750 9,088 -711 Mymensingh 5,896 5,896 38,235 12,492 Jamalpur 5 3,658 3,663 29,329 15,851 Mymensingh Netrokona 5,411 5,411 26,406 15,467 Sherpur 6,629 4,450 11,079 16,381 8,664 Bagerhat 124,485 17,128 141,613 12,212 7,912 Khulna Chuadanga 9,790 7,750 17,540 32,262 6,820 Jessore 82,065 20,806 102,871 28,235 15,227 48 | P a g e Jhenaidah 158,277 7,044 165,321 25,700 10,056 Khulna 6,801 19,487 26,288 14,256 11,994 Kushtia 89,190 15,468 104,658 25,752 11,478 Magura 49,761 12,113 61,874 14,646 4,625 Meherpur 13,018 65,544 78,562 10,958 3,825 Narail 8,179 11,587 19,766 13,345 3,740 Satkhira 23,261 45,525 68,786 17,377 10,714 Bogra 215,262 9,339 224,601 40,027 19,692 Joypurhat 39,869 9,450 49,319 12,280 5,803 Naogaon 82,896 12,467 95,363 37,698 15,500 Natore 76,721 10,421 87,142 22,955 13,565 Rajshahi Chapai 15,862 Nawabganj 37,232 14,242 51,474 8,495 Pabna 12,019 9,030 21,049 29,689 13,512 Rajshahi 48,786 7,465 56,251 22,417 15,514 Sirajganj 24,959 7,720 32,679 28,568 16,168 Dinajpur 176,156 15,777 191,933 58,957 16,982 Gaibandha 26,469 11,285 37,754 25,634 14,666 Kurigram 5,379 5,758 11,137 21,643 11,826 Lalmonirhat 22,742 6,095 28,837 23,419 6,727 Rangpur Nilphamari 23,336 9,733 33,069 25,000 9,626 Panchagarh 7,844 5,631 13,475 19,547 5,790 Rangpur 113,262 11,883 125,145 32,852 17,193 Thakurgaon 14,727 5,276 20,003 30,766 8,086 Habiganj 5,229 5,229 20,707 9,388 Moulvibazar 14,758 4,068 18,826 13,804 9,288 Sylhet Sunamganj 149 2,645 2,794 18,875 9,934 Sylhet 30 5,086 5,116 17,958 11,943 Total 1,751,758 648,451 2,400,209 1,232,903 49 | P a g e A correlation was ran to assess the relationship between installation of stoves by IDCOL and BBF with total supply of biomass in 64 districts of Bangladesh. The “Addition of IDCOL and BBF submissions” variable took into account of all the installations by IDCOL from 2015 to February, 2019 and all the installations of BBF from 2015 to 2018. additi~s tot~2015 additionof~s 1.0000 totalsu~2015 0.5383 1.0000 From the above table, it can be seen there is a moderate positive correlation between “Addition of IDCOL and BBF submissions” variable with “Total supply of biomass fuel” variable. A positive correlation means if Total supply of biomass fuel increases then there is a moderate chance of increase in IDCOL and BBF installments. Similarly, a decrease in biomass supply will lead to a moderate decrease in IDCOL and BBF installments. 250000 Addition of IDCOL and BBF Submissions 200000 150000 100000 50000 0 0 20000 40000 60000 Total Supply of biomass (2015) The distribution of the points suggests a positive relationship between Total supply of biomass and IDCOL & BBF installments. 50 | P a g e Source SS df MS Number of obs = 64 F( 1, 62) = 25.30 Model 4.1669e+10 1 4.1669e+10 Prob > F = 0.0000 Residual 1.0213e+11 62 1.6473e+09 R-squared = 0.2898 Adj R-squared = 0.2783 Total 1.4380e+11 63 2.2826e+09 Root MSE = 40587 additionofi~s Coef. Std. Err. t P>|t| [95% Conf. Interval] totalsup~2015 2.566848 .5103654 5.03 0.000 1.546642 3.587054 _cons -11944.77 11063.56 -1.08 0.284 -34060.52 10170.98 To check the significance between the two variables we ran an OLS regression test with installments by IDCOL and BBF as dependent variable and Total supply of biomass as independent variable. The coefficient can be interpreted as; ceteris paribus, an increase in 1 Tera joule of total supply of biomass fuel will increase stove installments by IDCOL and BBF by 2.56. As the p-value is less than 0.05 i.e. value of 0.00, it is statistically significant. The R-square value shows the percentage of the model represented by the regression and the Adjusted R-square values shows the goodness-of-fit model adjusted by numbers of terms. The table shows only 27.83% of the model is explained through this regression. Kernel density estimate .000015 Density 5.000e-06 .00001 0 -100000 -50000 0 50000 100000 150000 Residuals Kernel density estimate Normal density kernel = epanechnikov, bandwidth = 1.2e+04 Normality of residuals is required for valid hypothesis testing. By using kdensity command in STATA a normal distribution graph was generated. Although it doesn’t actually represent a normal distribution, the residuals follow a close resemblance indicating validation of the hypothesis testing. 51 | P a g e additi~s tot~2015 additionof~s 1.0000 totalsu~2015 0.5383 1.0000 0.0000 This figure shows Pearson’s correlation test between the two variables. Like the previous correlation result, it shows a moderate positive relation between the two variables. The p-value is 0.00, which is below the 5% interval level indicating statistical significance. However, outliers as shown in scatter-plot diagram and missing values due to IDCOL’s lack of operations in certain districts might dispute the result of Pearson’s correlation test. 52 | P a g e Division-wise correlation between stove installments and total supple of biomass fuels Total Supply of biomass in Tera joules Addition of IDCOL and BBF Submissions (2015) Addition of IDCOL and BBF Submissions 1 Total Supply of biomass in Tera joules (2015) 0.389802205 1 Figure: Correlation between installments in Barisal Division and Total supply of biomass Total Supply of biomass Addition of in Tera IDCOL and BBF joules Submissions (2015) Addition of IDCOL and BBF Submissions 1 Total Supply of biomass in Tera joules (2015) 0.3434847 1 Figure: Correlation between installments in Chattogram Division and Total supply of biomass Total Supply of biomass Addition of in Tera IDCOL and BBF joules Submissions (2015) Addition of IDCOL and BBF Submissions 1 Total Supply of biomass in Tera joules (2015) 0.662209596 1 Figure: Correlation between installments in Dhaka Division and Total supply of biomass fuel Total Supply of biomass Addition of in Tera IDCOL and BBF joules Submissions (2015) 53 | P a g e Addition of IDCOL and BBF Submissions 1 Total Supply of biomass in Tera joules (2015) -0.999945041 1 Figure: Correlation between installments in Mymensingh Division and Total supply of biomass Total Supply of biomass Addition of in Tera IDCOL and BBF joules Submissions (2015) Addition of IDCOL and BBF Submissions 1 Total Supply of biomass in Tera joules (2015) 0.308230447 1 Figure: Correlation between installments in Khulna Division and Total supply of biomass Total Supply of biomass Addition of in Tera IDCOL and BBF joules Submissions (2015) Addition of IDCOL and BBF Submissions 1 Total Supply of biomass in Tera joules (2015) 0.226259075 1 Figure: Correlation between installments in Rajshahi Division and Total supply of biomass Total Supply of biomass Addition of in Tera IDCOL and BBF joules Submissions (2015) 54 | P a g e Addition of IDCOL and BBF Submissions 1 Total Supply of biomass in Tera joules (2015) 0.722665266 1 Figure: Correlation between installments in Rangpur Division and Total supply of biomass Total Supply of Addition of IDCOL and biomass in Tera BBF Submissions joules (2015) Total of IDCOL and BBF Submissions 1 Total Supply of biomass in Tera joules (2015) -0.999348739 1 Figure: Correlation between installments in Sylhet Division and Total supply of biomass 55 | P a g e Analysis between IDCOL installments and Total Supply of Biomass of fuels 200000 Submissions of IDCOL (2015-February, 2019) 150000 100000 50000 0 0 20000 40000 60000 Total Supply of biomass in Terajoules (2015) totals~s submi~20 totalsuppl~s 1.0000 submissio~20 0.5994 1.0000 From the scatter plot diagram it can be seen there is a moderate positive correlation between IDCOL installments and Total supply of biomass in districts of Bangladesh. The correlation strength is further reinforced by the correlation test. However, some outliers can be seen in the scatter-plot. 56 | P a g e 12 10 lnIDCOL 8 6 4 8 9 10 11 lntotalsupply lnIDCOL lntota~y lnIDCOL 1.0000 lntotalsup~y 0.5062 1.0000 0.0001 In order to curtail the outliers we have taken the log transformation of IDCOL installments and log of Total supply of Biomass. After the log transformation and drop of extreme the outlier, the model still shows moderately strong correlation between Log of total supply of biomass fuel and log of IDCOL installments. It can be interpreted as 1 percentage increase in supply of biomass fuel will lead to increase in percentage of IDCOL connections. After running Pearson’s correlation test, it can be observed p value is less than 0.01 so the result is statistically significant. 57 | P a g e Analysis between BBF installments and Total Supply of Biomass of fuels 80000 Submissions of BBF (2015-2018) 60000 40000 20000 0 0 20000 40000 60000 Total Supply of biomass in Terajoules (2015) submis~8 totals~s sub~20152018 1.0000 totalsuppl~s 0.0924 1.0000 0.4713 From the scatterplot graph it is observed there is a very weak positive relationship between stove installments by BBF and Total supply of biomass fuels. However, 3 extreme outliers can be observed. Looking at the data the outlier districts are Satkhira, Meherpur and Dinajpur. From the Pearson’s correlation test it is observed the result is statistically significant. 58 | P a g e 20000 Submissions of BBF (2015-2018) 15000 10000 5000 0 0 10000 20000 30000 40000 Total Supply of biomass in Terajoules (2015) Figure. Scatter-plot between stove installments by BBF and Total supply of biomass fuel submis~8 totals~s sub~20152018 1.0000 totalsuppl~s 0.3100 1.0000 0.0159 After dropping the outlier districts it can be observed, the positive correlation between the two variables increased and the result became statistically significant. 59 | P a g e Correlation of stove installments with total supply of biomass fuel in districts with excess supply and deficit supply Addition of IDCOL and BBF Total Supply of biomass Submissions in Tera joules (2015) Addition of IDCOL and BBF Submissions 1 Total Supply of biomass in Tera joules (2015) 0.971969737 1 Figure: correlations between Installations by IDCOL and BFF with total supply of biomass in districts with deficit supply Addition of IDCOL and BBF Total Supply of biomass Submissions in Tera joules (2015) Addition of IDCOL and BBF Submissions 1 Total Supply of biomass in Tera joules (2015) 0.538299186 1 Figure: correlations between Installations by IDCOL and BFF with total supply of biomass in districts with excess supply Regression analysis after log transformation We have taken log transformations of the variables to measure the elasticity between the two variables i.e. total supply of biomass fuels and total installations done by IDCOL & BBF. Afterwards an OLS regression was ran with log variable of total stove installments as dependent variable and log variable of total supply of biomass as independent variable with 60 observations. Source SS df MS Number of obs = 60 F( 1, 58) = 23.83 Model 25.2514371 1 25.2514371 Prob > F = 0.0000 Residual 61.4476386 58 1.05944204 R-squared = 0.2913 Adj R-squared = 0.2790 Total 86.6990757 59 1.46947586 Root MSE = 1.0293 lntotalins~s Coef. Std. Err. t P>|t| [95% Conf. Interval] lntotalsup~y 1.22419 .2507521 4.88 0.000 .7222556 1.726125 _cons -2.114225 2.43738 -0.87 0.389 -6.993171 2.76472 From the table it can be seen that the relationship between log of total supply of biomass fuel and log of total installments are positively linked and statistically significant. The result can be interpreted as: ceteris paribus, if total supply of biomass fuel increases by one percent then stove installments will increase by 1.22 percentages. 60 | P a g e Kernel density estimate .4 .3 Density .2 .1 0 -2 0 2 4 Residuals Kernel density estimate Normal density kernel = epanechnikov, bandwidth = 0.4050 Normality of residuals is required for valid hypothesis testing. The model represents a good fit of normal distribution for the residual values indicating validation of hypothesis testing. Further diagnostic test was run to test for homoscedasticity of the model. 3 2 1 Residuals 0 -1 -2 8 9 10 11 Fitted values Figure. Rvfplot 61 | P a g e Breusch-Pagan / Cook-Weisberg test for heteroskedasticity Ho: Constant variance Variables: fitted values of lntotalinstallments chi2(1) = 0.56 Prob > chi2 = 0.4537 From the RVFplot it can be deduced the variances are constant and the model is homoscedastic. Also, from Breusch-Pagan test it can be observed the model is homoscedastic. The p-value is above the 5% confidence interval thus the null hypothesis cannot be rejected; therefore, the model is homoscedastic. Homoscedastic is crucial to test the biasness of the model. As the model is homoscedastic, the standard errors are unbiased so the there is no incorrect conclusion regarding the significance of regression coefficient. Source SS df MS Number of obs = 51 F( 1, 49) = 15.12 Model 56.4119761 1 56.4119761 Prob > F = 0.0003 Residual 182.831076 49 3.73124645 R-squared = 0.2358 Adj R-squared = 0.2202 Total 239.243052 50 4.78486104 Root MSE = 1.9316 lnIDCOL Coef. Std. Err. t P>|t| [95% Conf. Interval] lntotalsup~y 2.068072 .5318717 3.89 0.000 .9992354 3.136908 _cons -11.14463 5.18136 -2.15 0.036 -21.55697 -.7322989 Figure: Regression between log of total biomass supply with log of IDCOL installations Source SS df MS Number of obs = 60 F( 1, 58) = 21.56 Model 7.967134 1 7.967134 Prob > F = 0.0000 Residual 21.4307571 58 .369495812 R-squared = 0.2710 Adj R-squared = 0.2584 Total 29.3978911 59 .49826934 Root MSE = .60786 lnBBF Coef. Std. Err. t P>|t| [95% Conf. Interval] lntotalsup~y .6876334 .1480849 4.64 0.000 .3912094 .9840575 _cons 2.192047 1.439426 1.52 0.133 -.6892774 5.073371 Figure: Regression between log of total biomass supply with log of BBF installations 62 | P a g e Variable Correlation Remarks Addition of ICS installation by IDCOL and BBF with 0.5383 A moderate positive Biomass Availability relationship ICS Installation by IDCOL with Biomass Availability 0.5994 A moderate positive relationship ICS Installation by BBF with Biomass Availability 0.4713 A weak positive linear relationship Addition of ICS installation by IDCOL and BBF with 0.3894 A weak positive linear Biomass Availability (Barisal Division) relationship Addition of ICS installation by IDCOL and BBF with 0.3435 A weak positive linear Biomass Availability (Chattogram Division) relationship Addition of ICS installation by IDCOL and BBF with 0.6622 A strong positive linear Biomass Availability (Dhaka Division) relationship Addition of ICS installation by IDCOL and BBF with -0.9999 A perfect negative linear Biomass Availability (Mymensingh Division) relationship Addition of ICS installation by IDCOL and BBF with 0.3082 A weak positive linear Biomass Availability (Khulna Division) relationship Addition of ICS installation by IDCOL and BBF with 0.2263 A weak positive linear Biomass Availability (Rajshahi Division) relationship Addition of ICS installation by IDCOL and BBF with 0.7227 A strong positive linear Biomass Availability (Rangpur Division) relationship Addition of ICS installation by IDCOL and BBF with -0.9993 A perfect negative linear Biomass Availability (Sylhet Division) relationship Addition of ICS installation by IDCOL and BBF with 0.9719 A perfect positive linear Biomass Availability (Deficit Districts) relationship Results of Analysis: From all the tests done it was observed IDCOL has more strong relationship with the supply of biomass fuel. This was so as the primary sources of fuel for IDCOL stoves are wood, saw dust, tree leaves and bamboos. On the other hand, BBF sells 9 types of products with different source of fuels. E.g. Charcoal, induction, ethanol, solar, feeds, etc. Therefore, the correlation between total supply of biomass and installment amount of BBF was weaker than that obtained by IDCOL. IDCOL’s stoves are more reliant on biomass as primary fuel so the relatively stronger positive correlation is to be expected. Needlessly to say, both organizations’ stoves depend on biomass as fuel to a certain extent so the results showing positive correlation are aligning with the logic. The division-wise correlation, however, has a wide variance and it can be explained by the presence of other variables, i.e. efforts by partners of IDCOL and BBF, availability of competing fuel etc. The almost perfect negative correlation in Mymensingh and Sylhet divisions signifies that the ICS installations are mostly a factor of program and financing availability, efforts from implementing agencies and not necessarily the natural demand of consumers. 63 | P a g e

Annex 3: LPG Growth — LPG Growth

Annex 3: LPG Growth LPG (Liquefied Petroleum Gas) is the most preferred alternative fuel in Bangladesh in household demand for cooking and heating purpose and, in the past few years, there is a significant change to the demand picture with a further rise in consumption. Till now in rural and semi-urban parts of Bangladesh, most of the families depend on traditional fuels like wood, animal and crop waste, and charcoal for cooking and heating. These traditional fuels not only affect human productivity but also very much harmful for the atmosphere. However, Bangladesh government already connected 6% of total population through pipeline of Natural Gas (NG) for household use which consumes about 12% of the total consumption. Nowadays the primary energy shortage is the most discussed issue in Bangladesh and the government already declared that no more NG connection for households. At present, people are getting more aware about using LPG instead of the other conventional fuels as LPG is considered as “Clean Fuel”. Meanwhile, due to dwindling reserve of natural gas, local industries are gradually shifting towards LPG for uninterrupted supply. LPG also enables expansion of industries in the areas where there is no access or poor access to natural gas. It has transformed from being a choice into a need for Bangladesh and, considering the current and upcoming demand, the existing refilling infrastructure is not sufficient enough. Bangladesh is one of the fastest growing economies in the world right now having impressive economic growth in the last decade. GDP, per capita income, foreign reserve, industrialization and name any index, Bangladesh achieved laudable successes in recent times. All such successes were not magic, but it all came out of a successful plan. All such development key indices were the result of seamless plan of Energy portfolio behind. Without proper energy sourcing, the development as such would have been dream so far. In 1980, the state-owned BPC (Bangladesh Petroleum Corporation) started the LPG business in Bangladesh and failed to grab the market. It was a hard move to fight against lots of odds, lower income of the people, higher price of LPG, weak distribution channel; considering all aspects, private players have created the LPG market from desert land and educated people about the LPG uses and convinced the customers for it. With this vision twenty years back in 1999, some private sector invested on LPG. Since then, the private sector never looked back. In 2013-14, this business started riding on exponential growth line and lots of investors hit the market. Currently, 24 players are in this field who already invested more than Tk 2,000 crore since the beginning along with reinvestment by the big players. Bangladesh LPG market now stands approximately at 820,000 MT per year which is forecast to be 2.0 million MT by 2025 and 3.0 million MT by 2030. People’s per capita income going high, life style changing, and awareness about clean cooking fuel will push up the number that we have targeted so far. It is a huge support to the government plan to provide clean cooking fuel access to all within the shortest possible time and conveniently as well. Apart from this, use of LPG as Auto gas is another great aspect of LPG usage variation in Bangladesh. 64 | P a g e Other (Renewable, Pellets/ Briquette/Biog ICS Traditional as etc.) Natural Gas (million) (million) LPG (million) Stoves Type of Clean Induction & electricity(Rice Cooking Technology cooker) /Fuel Total Phase Cumulative number I 40.5 1.0 3.3 4.4 0.1 2.7 29 of households Prepar provided /connected ation (million) 2020/2 Annual addition and 0.1 0.8 4.5 0.05 3.0 target finalization 1 with other stakeholders 0.1 2021 provided /connected Phase 0.8 4.6 0.06 38 /22 addition (no.) Annual(million) II: Imple

Annex 4: Year and Phase-wise Target Fixation for Cooking — Year and Phase-wise Target Fixation for Cooking

Annex 4: Year and Phase-wise Target Fixation for Cooking 2021 2022/ menta 0.2 0.9 4.7 0.07 3.45 23 Annual addition (no.) tion 2023/ 0.2 1.2 4.8 0.08 5.7 24 Annual addition (no.) Target 2024/3 MID Term review 0.3 1.6 4.9 0.09 7.3 Year for the Action 5 Plan: Annual addition (no.) 2025/ 0.4 1.8 5.0 0.09 9.5 26 Annual addition (no.) Phase 2026/ III :Mid 0.5 2.1 5.1 0.1 12.0 27 Annual addition (no.) Plan Revie 2027/ w and 0.5 2.7 5.3 0.1 15.5 Imple Fuel Alternatives 28 Annual addition (no.) menta tion 2028/2 65 | P a g e 0.6 2.3 5.4 0.2 17.8 9 Annual addition (no.) 0.6 3.33 5.5 0.3 19.2 2029/30 Annual addition (no.)

Annex 5: List of Members of Household Energy Platform — List of Members of Household Energy Platform

class="whitespace-pre-line">Annex 5: List of Members of Household Energy Platform Address Contact Person E-mail ID & Telephone Type of Business Star 43/N (1st Floor),West S M M Kamal Bhuiyan ivdsnars@gmail.com/ Manufacturer of Cookstoves Raza Bazar, Indira kamal@5starstoves.com Cookstove Bangladesh Road,Dhaka-1215 Cell: 01714138430 01722010569 Rural service Maanco Khandaker Saiful ics@rsf-bd.org or Distributor Foundation(RS House,116,Arjat Islam/Md. Mostafizur saif@rsf-bd.org Of Cookstoves Para,Mohakhali,Dhaka- Alam Cell: 01769005577 1215 01755688751 Sustainable Road # 90,House Al Mudabbir Bin Alam david.hancock@giz.De Manufacturer of Energy for 10/A,Gulshan 2, Programme Manager, Cell: 01766667390 Retained Heat Cooker Development(S Dhaka-1212 SED House-19,Rd-12 Rashiduddin Ahmed rashed71@gmail.com Manufacturer & Conservation Block-F(flat-A 1) CEll: 01713129947 distributor of Management Niketan,Gulshan,Dhaka- Cookstove 1212 Palli Gram Sheb Para, Md. Mostakim Sarkar msarkarpbt@gmail.com Distributor of Parbatipur,Dinajpur Cell: 01716640069 Cookstoves Integrated 17, Azim Villa(1st Farzana Mofiz ivds@rocketmail.com Manufacturer of floor),Khanpur Cell: 01974138430 Cookstoves Development Main Road, Narayanganj 66 | P a g e 103,Alpona, Shibganj, Dr. Suromani Shingha singhahwo@gmail.com Distributor of Sylhet Cell: 01710995055 Cookstoves 01970995055 UTC Buildg. 16th floor, 8 Wahidur Rahman A F M ics@idcol.org Implementing IDCOL Panthopath, Kawran Shahed Sahed: ICS Programme Bazar, Dhaka 1215 Cell: 01727348978 House # 42(5th Md.Mosharraf Hossain mosharraf@futurecarbon.co.uk Manufacturer of ICS floor),Road-1, Block-A, Cell: 01717629904 Niketan Gulshan- 73, Siddeswari Circular B M Raja venusintl.co@gmail.com Manufacturer of Road(1st floor), Cell: 01914392434 Cookstoves Malibagh,Dhaka-1217 House-28/A, Rd-5, Uttam Kumar Saha uttam.Saha@practicalaction.or Distributor of Dhanmondi R/A. g.bd Cookstoves Dhaka-1205 Cell:01556323066 Md. Arifur Rahman Talukder arif.talukder@practicalaction.or g.bd 01914141413 Vill: Badinar Para, Farid Ahamed farid.wdp@gmail.com Manufacturer of Saghata, Gaibandha CeLL:01716665896 Cookstoves Road-8, House12, Ms. Suchitra Hajong suchitra.hajong@gmail.com Manufacturer of Cell:01833104100 Cookstoves 67 | P a g e Block-B,Lalmatia,Dhaka- Md. Kamal Hossain 1207 (Deputy General Manager) of Kashem Manzil,75(8) Md. Shahidul Islam shahidulvosb@gamil.com Distributor of Khanjahan Ali Road, Cell:01749070845 Cookstoves Dashani,Bangerhat. 33,Shaheed Faruque Md. Shah Alam luxurmd@yahoo.com Manufacturer/Distrib Road,Tony Tower(5th MD, luxur Cell: 01816347991 utor of Cookstoves Floor),North Jatrabari,Dhaka b-30,Ekhlasuddin Khan Md.Masud Hassan masudhassan@vercbd.org Manufacturer/Distrib Road,Anandapur,Savar, Cell: 01713017064 utor of Cookstoves Dhaka-1340 Shaheed Siraj Ms. Parvin Akhter bhomisto98@yahoo.com Manufacturer/Distrib Sharani,Katia- Satkhira - Cell: 01711788988 utor of Cookstoves of Khondker Mokarram Saiful Haque saifulhq@yahoo. com Research/Testing on Hossain Biggan Cell: 01911340058 ICS Campus,Energy Park,Dhaka Univrsity H-82,Road-19, (First Mohammad Shahid Shahid_un@ yahoo.com, NGO working for floor),Sector 11 shahidexunicef@gmail.com Mother/Children on Uttara Model Cell: 01711344674 CRC n CEDAW Town,Dhaka-1230 Gori Sharif Md. Shahidul Alam ngodeshgori@yahoo.com Manufacturer and manzil,Kashipur(opp Sabuj Cell: 01712796464 distributor Social Forestery Off) Cookstoves Barisal-8205 H-82,Road-19, (First Ms. Asma Banu asmabanu@hotmail.com Manufacturer and floor),Sector 11 hossainahsanul@yahoo.com distributor Uttara Model Cell: 01718568265 Cookstoves Town,Dhaka-1230 68 | P a g e Talipara, Panchagoarh Mst Tahera Begum Projonmo.bml@gmail.com Distributor Road, Thakurgaon Cell: 01712987770 Sadar, Thakurgaon 2,Cross Road, Nilufa Akter Ity,Md. wada@wadabd.org Plan to work in future Dashani,Bagerhat Moinul Hossain Cell: 01713419957 Sadar,Bagerhat, 01722334399 Bangladesh Golap Plaza(2nd floor) Md. masud Alam docapbd@gmail.com Manufacturer of Bazar Road,Barguna Cell: 01715548070 Cookstoves/distribut 8700,Bangladesh or Apt # 201,H-10, Rd-6, Shahidor Rahman shahidorr@gmail.com Interested to work in Gulshan - 1, Dhaka-1212 Cell: 01713018333 ICS sector Rd-6, H-113 AKM Shirajul Islam islambasa@gmail.com Manufacturer/distrib New DOHS, Mohakhali, Cell: 01711528281 utor Dhaka-1206 02 9893485 H -8, Rd- 14, Shahed Khan shahedkhan@cknfeeds.com Sell Pallet making Dhanmondi R/A, Dhaka- Cell: 01713278184 plant 1207 02 9121205 Jaifia Plaza, Battola, Md. Moniruzzaman aid.org.bsl@gmail.com, Manufacturer of Nabagram Road, aidorgbd@gmail.com 0431-64337 Cookstoves Barisal, Bangladesh 01718665198 / 01856444271 RED Division Dr. Nepal C. Dey nepal.cd@brac.net Research on ICS 15th Floor, Cell: 01714091310 75,Mohakhali, Dhaka- 69 | P a g e Grameen Bank Building ABM Muostafizur g_shakti@grameen.com Manufacturer/Distrib (19th floor),Mirpur- Rahman mostafizgshakti@gmail.com utor of Cookstoves 2,Dhaka-1216 Cell: 01787840080 Banwarinagar, p.o: Md. Ali Ashraful Kabir ashraful.kabi@gmail.com Manufacturer/distrib Banwarinagar, Cell: 01842177796 utor PS Faripur,Pabna 01783725872 House-27, Road - Md. Abdur Rashid rashid@bdvision.com.bd Manufacturer of 10,Block-C Nishat bdvision1965@gmail.com Cookstoves Nagar,Turag, Dhaka- Cell: 01919066077 of BUET, Dhaka-100 Md.Mominur Rahman, mrrahman@che.buetac.bd Research & Assistant Professor mrrahman.rahman@gmail.com Development of 01711-949357 Cookstoves & fuel 88,Senpara Parbata, Mahbubul Islam mailccdb@gmail.com Manufacturer of Mirpur-10, Dhaka-1216 Cell: 01711452190 Cookstoves Social Oriental Arcadia,Rd-44 Ridwan Rahman ridwan.rahman@jitabangladesh Manufacturer of H-27(Level -2) Gulshan, .com Cookstoves Dhaka-1206 Tel: 9892972 BSL Office Complex, 1, Md. Shofiqul Alam shalam@unicef.org Support partners Minto Road, Dhaka-1000 01762172217 engaged in Cookstove 556668088 Ext7172 business H-4,Rd-6, Block-C, Asma Huque Psldhaka2@gmail.com Just like be partner Banani,Dhaka-1213 Cell: 01713018942 with HEP 9894023 70 | P a g e Jati Housing Ms. Nazma Akter ashojatigore@ yahoo.com Manufacturer/distrib Estate,Goalchamot,Fari utor of Cookstoves H-469,Rd-32,New DOHS Md.Atiqur Rahman md.muspana@gmail.com Manufacturer of Mohakhali, Dhaka-1206 Sarkar 01817181440 Cookstoves 70/D,Purana Paltan Md. Zahurul Islam Icsbd_ics@yahoo.com Manufacturer of Lane, 01971144901 Cookstoves Anowara Kunjo(3rd floor),Dhaka-1000 126/3,Monipuri Para, Muhymin Chowdhury muhymin.chowdhury@gmail.co Manufacturer of Old Airport Road, m Briquettes N pallets Tejgaon,Dhaka. VIP Road, Kharder, Md. Asaduzzaman udayanbangladesh12@gmail. NGO ,Distribute Bagerhat Sadar, Sheikh, ED com Concrete Cookstove Bagerhat, Bangladesh. Rahbar Tower,Flat # Khondoker Taufiq Alam udf99@yahoo.com Manufacturer of 8/A(7th floor), 9115362,9115377 cookstove/ partner of 75-76,Ring Road, 01712406335,01971264625 Bhumisto. Adabor,Dhaka-1207 Magura(Mill Bazar), kheya3@yahoo.com Manufacture and P.O: Benerpara, Ms. Josna Ara 0174 564 8521 Distribute Retained Upozilla: Satkhira Sadar, Heat Cooker(RHC), Satkhira Partner: GIz Dev. Adorsho Housing Didarul sdobbd@yahoo.com Manufacture of th Society (4 Floor) MD 01744282677 Grihini Unnoto chula Mohipal, Feni 71 | P a g e Mulbarihat, sonatola, M Rahman Sagor dusbogra@yahoo.com Distributor of Dishari Bogra chula Partner of IDCOL Hokali, kholeya, kotuyali, Doctor. Nikhil Ray drnekhilray@gmail.com Manufacturer of Rangpur Concrete metal stoves Member of MCC- bangladesh, JDPC Tejgoan, Dhaka Imam Hasan Shahriar shahriar@energypacelectronics Partner of IDCOL .com 01709667160 Solar 66/13, West Rajabazar Md. Abdul Majid abdul.mozid@ueechbd.com Producer of solar ,Indira Road, Farmgate, cookstoves Mill gate, satkhira, SK. Afzal Hossain sundarban_foundation@yahoo. sodar, Satkhira com 01713902285 Lalmonirhat 01615686664 Dhaka Merina Hossain 01710072830 merinahussain@yahoo.com 72 | P a g e 7/33 F Eastern Plaza, Md. Monirul Alam, Fuel Fuel, Distributor Hatirpool, Shahbag, Enargion.bdl@gmail.com Dhaka Cell:01737282677, 01558866984 2/2, R.K Mission Road, Kamrul Islam 01814726658 ICS manufacturer 1st floor, Motijheel, sdobcooksu@gmail.com Alia Madrasha Road, Jhimi Mondol 01716352246 ICS Distributor Mithapukur par, jhimi.smus@gmail.com Bagherhat Sadar House#682, Road#21, Md. Abdul Malek Azmi 01711679003 Manufacturer of Bolck# F,6th Floor, mail@simibangladesh.com ethanol-based Bashundhara RA, Dhaka cookstoves Adamighi, Bogra Md. Kaosar Ali 01716029761 Po of Idcol, Chairman Ed.jsus.nog@gmail.com Cookstoves for 695/A (2nd Floor) Road- H.M.Solaiman Kabir skabir.ed.space@gmail.com ICS distributor, (Po of 11,Baitul Aman Society, (Executive Director) 01710863436/02 9138772 IDCOL) Adabor, Dhaka-1207 381/11 Purbasheri, Md. Iman Ali dsus.1995@gmail.com Sherpur.Sherpur town, 01717355207 Sherpur-2100 Biswas Tower, Cinema Hall Managing Director ICS distributor and atmabiswas_assl@yahoo.com Para, Chuadanga-7200. Md. Akramul Haque manufacturer Cell phone: 01714090402 Biswas 73 | P a g e

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