Biodiversity Strategy Austria 2020+

BIODIVERSITY STRATEGY AUSTRIA 2020+ CONSERVING DIVERSITY – SECURING QUALITY OF LIFE AND PROSPERITY FOR US AND FUTURE GENERATIONS! IMPRINT Owner and Editor: FEDERAL MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE, FORESTRY, ENVIRONMENT AND WATER MANAGEMENT Stubenring 1, 1010 Vienna bmlfuw.gv.at Project management: BMLFUW, Abt. I/3: Gabriele Obermayr Scientific coordination: Umweltbundesamt, Maria Stejskal-Tiefenbach Contributing authors: Umweltbundesamt, Maria Stejskal-Tiefenbach, Wolfgang Rabitsch, Thomas Ellmauer, Elisabeth Schwaiger, Bernhard Schwarzl, Helmut Gaugitsch, Gebhard Banko Photos: BMLFUW/A. Haiden, Umweltbundesamt, Wolfgang Rabitsch, Thomas Ellmauer Editor: Umweltbundesamt, Maria Deweis The preparation of the Biodiversity Strategy Austria 2020+ was financially supported through funding provided by Federal and Regional authorities and the European Union. All Rights reserved. Vienna, December 2014 3 ANDRÄ RUPPRECHTER Federal Minister of Agriculture, Forestry, En vironment and Water Management FOREWORD AUSTRIA IS A COUNTRY OF DIVER SITY. Beautiful cultivated landscapes, a great di versity of plants, animals and habitats make our country unique. They provide the basis for a livea ble, healthy and economically strong country. It is up to us to safeguard these features – for us and for future generations. The Biodiversity Strategy 2020+ aims at conserving Austria’s biological diversity, at keeping in check the loss and degradation of species, genetic diversi ty and habitats as well as addressing and minimising the causes of hazards. I sincerely thank all members of the National Bio diversity Commission who prepared and unani mously recommended this Strategy. The challenge we are facing now is to take the necessary further steps to implement the Austrian objectives and measures for biodiversity. This is a joint task and I will request all players and stakeholders involved in Austria’s biodiversity policy to make their contribu tion in fulfilling it! Our goal is to make Austria a country worth living in, with pure air, clean water, a diverse nature as well as safe and affordable food of high quality! The Biodiversity Strategy Austria 2020+ is essential if we want to achieve this goal! 4 TABLE OF CONTENTS 5 PREAMBLE 6 INTRODUCTION 9 FIELD OF ACTION – KNOWING AND ACKNOWLEDGING BIODIVERSITY 9 Target 1: The significance of biodiversity is acknowledged by society 10 Target 2: Biodiversity research and monitoring activities are extended 12 FIELD OF ACTION – SUSTAINABLE USE OF BIODIVERSITY 12 Target 3: Agriculture and forestry support conservation and improvement of biodiversity 14 Target 4: Game and fish stocks are adapted to natural environment conditions 16 Target 5: Tourism and leisure activities are in line with biodiversity objectives 18 FIELD OF ACTION – REDUCING PRESSURES ON BIODIVERSITY 18 Target 6: Energy supply is biodiversity-friendly 19 Target 7: Pollution is reduced 21 Target 8: Negative impacts of invasive alien species are reduced 22 Target 9: Incentives with negative impact on biodiversity, including subsidies, are abolished or adapted 23 FIELD OF ACTION – CONSERVING AND DEVELOPING BIODIVERSITY 23 Target 10: Species and habitats are conserved 25 Target 11: Biodiversity and ecosystem services are taken into account in spatial planning and transport/mobility 27 FIELD OF ACTION – SECURING GLOBAL BIODIVERSITY 27 Target 12: Contribution to overcome global biodiversity crisis has been made 29 REFERENCES 5 PREAMBLE WITH THE PRESENT BIODIVERSITY STRATEGY AUSTRIA 2020+ Austria fulfils the pro visions of Article 6 of the Convention on Biological Diversity (Federal Law Gazette No 213/1995). Ac cording to this Article, each Contracting Party shall (a) develop national strategies, plans or programmes for the conservation and sustainable use of bio logical diversity or adapt for this purpose exist ing strategies, plans or programmes […]; and (b) integrate […] the conservation and sustainable use of biological diversity into relevant sectoral or cross-sectoral plans, programmes and policies. The Biodiversity Strategy Austria 2020+ defines five fields of action and twelve targets, in which it describes the priorities, which are in future to serve as an orientation for stakeholders of the Federal Government, Federal Provinces and municipalities, NGOs and all the other relevant stakeholders, in order to conserve and promote biodiversity and its ecosystem services over the long term. To conserve biodiversity we urgently need to scale up joint ef forts. The implementation of the Biodiversity Strategy is a shared responsibility. In legal and administrative terms, the Biodiversity Strategy Austria 2020+ is implemented by the terri torial authorities competent to do so according to the Federal Constitution as well as by the other actors and stakeholders involved in the field of bio logical diversity and indicated in the Strategy. The implementation is to be financed from a broad mix of public and private funds as well as through the EU co-financing system. For the federal level, fi nancing of the implementation must be covered by the funds provided for in the relevant framework financial legislation. The National Biodiversity Commission, which is composed of representatives from all groups in society, will assist and review the implementation of the strategy and the achievement of its objectives. The members of the Commission present an annual report on the measures taken in their scope of re sponsibility to implement the strategy and reach the objectives. In 2017, these annual reports will be summarised and presented to the Commission. In 2020, in a comprehensive evaluation report, the changes are to be presented compared to 2010 – unless the reporting obligations require that other reference years are used. Any adjustments and fur ther strategic planning will be developed from 2020 onward. TOWARDS THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE NEW BIODIVERSITY STRATEGY AUSTRIA 2020+ In 2012 the Austrian Federal Ministry of Agricul ture, Forestry, Environment and Water Management (BMLFUW) together with the Federal Provinces and the Environment Agency Austria (Umweltbun desamt) launched a broad participative project to develop a new Biodiversity Strategy for Austria. The first draft of the Biodiversity Strategy Austria 2020+ was developed on the basis of the results of seven theme-related workshops organised by the Environment Agency Austria. Stakeholders and decision-makers of relevance to the field of biodi versity at various different levels – Ministries, Fed eral Provinces, social partners, representatives of interest groups, scientists, experts, land owners, NGOs and many others - were involved in the fur ther development and coordination of the strategy. At their meeting on August 28, 2014, the Nation al Biodiversity Commission agreed unanimously on the present strategy and recommended it to the Federal Minister of Agriculture, Forestry, Environment and Water Management. 6 INTRODUCTION BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY, THE EXTRA ORDINARY VARIETY OF MICROORGANISMS, FUNGI, PLANTS AND ANIMALS THAT SUR ROUNDS US, IS CRITICAL TO HUMANKIND. Inter acting with cycles of matter, it produces clean air and clean water, provides for fertile soils and con tributes to the climate on planet Earth. Moreover, diversity is the essential basis for our food, health and well-being in an environment worth living in and for the provision of renewable raw materials, for such things as clothing or construction material. This makes biodiversity loss the most critical global environmental threat alongside climate change. 1 There are diverging estimates on the human induced extinction rate; yet each one of them indi cates a much higher rate of extinction than it would be under natural conditions. Globally, around 60% of all ecosystems, 25% of mammals, 13% of birds and 41% of amphibians are threatened by extinc tion. 2 About 75% of the genetic diversity of agricul tural crops has been lost worldwide since 1900. 3 THERE IS AN ABUNDANCE OF BIODIVERSITY IN AUSTRIA – BUT IT IS UNDER THREAT Due to its climatic and topographic conditions, Aus tria has great biodiversity and, compared to others, it is even one of the most species-rich countries in Central Europe. Austria’s regionally adapted agri cultural production also contributes to a vast genetic diversity of ecotypes, varieties and breeds. To pre serve this very diversity has become the object of numerous political programmes and projects. Over the past years, these increased nature conservation and species protection efforts have helped to slow down species loss in several areas. In other areas of biodiversity, however, a trend reversal has yet to be achieved. Besides climate change and the spreading of alien invasive species and the usage of fertilizers and pesticides, the major threats to biodiversity include 1 European Commission (2011): Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions. Our life insurance, our natural capital: an EU biodiversity strategy to 2020. Brussels, 3 Mai 2011, COM(2011) 244 final 2 http://www.iucnredlist.org/about/summary-statistics 3 www.fao.org/worldfoodsummit/english/fsheets/environment.pdf the increased sealing of land caused by housing development and infrastructure building measures, also in the area of urban green spaces and gardens and allotments. This leads to the loss and fragmen tation of important habitats. Air pollution caused by traffic and trade and indus try areas has altered the local conditions in wood land, meadows and pastures. Heavy metals and road salts are adversely affecting soil organisms. Communal green spaces, such as parks, industrial wasteland, private gardens and even areas next to infrastructure facilities (e.g. roadside environment) account for a significant part of Austria’s total terri tory and are thus fundamentally in a position to make an important contribution towards improved biodiversity. Areas used for agriculture and forestry account for about 80% of the country’s total area. Around 25% of Austria’s territory is used for production oriented, conventional and organic farming with regionally varying intensity. The cultural landscapes shaped by mankind provide an essential habitat for many animal and plant species. The ways in which these areas are used, as well as their general maintenance, are key factors for biological diversi ty. To continue to ensure the diverse functions of these areas in the future, it is crucial for us to find the right balance between “protecting and using”. Agricultural management is unable to deliver sup ply security unless it is adapted to the location and resource-efficient. According to the agricultural structure survey “Grüner Bericht 2013”, 56% of the grassland in Austria is used extensively, which is an above-average proportion compared to other coun tries. According to the Red Lists for selected animal spe cies groups in Austria, 37% of mammals, 36% of birds, 64% of reptiles, 60% of amphibians and 60% of fish are assigned to a category threatened by extinction. Where fern and flowering plants are concerned, 40% were under threat around 15 years ago. Of the 488 biotope types that occur in Austria, many of which were created by the use and farming methods applied by mankind, 246 are considered threatened or highly threatened and 33 are threat ened with complete extinction. Five biotope types 7 are already extinct. 4 According to Article 17 in the 2013 report, 17% of the target features (in accord ance with the Habitats Directive) in the Alpine and 5% of the target features in the Continental region are in a favourable condition of preservation. 5 SUCCESSFUL BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION – EXAMPLES The entire area of land protected under various na ture conservation laws is 27% of the territory of Austria. Of this area, 16% of the state territory is designated as Natura 2000 area, national park or nature conservation area and thus strictly protected. Almost 11% are less strictly protected sites such as landscape conservation areas. Projects to improve the ecological situation are carried out by public and private organisations, many of which are co-funded by the European Un ion. The Austrian Agri-environmental Programme (ÖPUL) and the ecological forestry measures (WUM) help to promote agricultural and forest management activities that are environmentally friendly, extensive and protective of natural habi tats. These measures therefore contribute substan tially towards reaching the agricultural biodiversity targets. In the European Union, Austria is a pioneer in organic farming. By promoting rare crop varieties and plant varieties for organic farming, measures are taken to improve genetic diversity in agriculture. For ecological, health policy-related and socio economic reasons, Austria does without cultivating genetically modified organisms (GMOs) in agricul tural crops. The conservation and enhancement of biological diversity is promoted by sustainable for est management. For example, small-scale struc tured utilisation in small-structured wooded areas is able to create a mosaic of habitats. For restoring habitats in Austria, Austria made particular use of subsidies from the EU environmental funding framework “L’instrument Financier pour l’Environnement” (LIFE). 4 10th Environment Control Report. Umweltsituation in Österreich. REP-0410, Environment Agency Austria, Vienna 5 Environment Agency Austria (2013): Drafting of the Austrian Report pursuant to Article 17 of the Habitats Directive, reporting period 2007-2013. Report commissioned by the Liaison Office of the Federal Provinces, Vienna. To raise public awareness, campaigns are carried out both by public institutions and NGOs 6 , infor mation material is developed, visiting centres estab lished, guided tours offered and a variety of media employed. The campaign “vielfaltleben” was very successful in conducting conservation projects and also projects for raising public awareness. A biodi versity municipality network was established. One part of the project “Nationalparks Austria Öffen tlichkeitsarbeit 2012-2014” involved a number of effective public relations activities. The purpose of these nationwide information campaigns in Austria was to raise the awareness level and the significance of biodiversity. A large number of specific nature conservation measures were carried out, among them activities for endangered plant and animal species, such as the sand iris, the freshwater pearl mussel, birds of prey, butterflies and beetles. Swamps and bodies of flow ing water were restored; meadows and woodlands were ecologically enhanced by extensive manage ment. Nesting, breeding and spawning sites were created for birds and amphibians. THE FRAMEWORK CONDITIONS FOR THE BIODIVERSITY STRATEGY AUSTRIA 2020+ The biodiversity strategy Austria 2020+ is embed ded in a variety of legal and political framework conditions. The most essential legal foundations at an international and EU level are formed by the Convention on Biological Diversity, the Habitats Directive and the Birds Directive, the Water Framework Directive and the new regulation on Invasive Alien Species. At a national level, the na ture conservation laws adopted by the Federal Prov inces are significant, which are complemented by further legal standards of the Federal Provinces, such as regulations on species protection and pro tected areas. Of relevance for biological diversity is also the National Parks Strategy. Moreover, legal 6 Non-governmental organisation 8 regulations such as the Austrian Forest Act and regulations relating to other sectors that have a sig nificant impact on land use, such as spatial plan ning, traffic planning, water management, hunting and fishing, are of further significance. Also, the relevant protocols of the Alpine Convention, the Berne, Bonn and the Ramsar Convention, as well as environment-related criminal law and the Aarhus Convention constitute further important framework conditions. The EU Biodiversity Strategy 2020, the strategies of the Federal Government and the Feder al Provinces on various topics define fundamental political objectives and intentions. Also relevant to biological diversity are the strategies and planning concepts of other sectors, for example Austria’s Energy Strategy, the National Action Plan on Plant Production Products (= pesticides), the Austrian Tourism Strategy, the Austrian Spatial Develop ment Concept, the Austrian Traffic Master Plan or plans at a regional level, such as regional develop ment programmes or zoning plans. We can conclude by pointing out that almost every thing people do and, consequently, practically all legal rules and regulations may have an impact on the conservation and development of biological diversity. The protection of biological diversity helps to secure the business location Austria and should continue to do so in the future. In many are as, it is therefore crucial to develop holistic solution strategies by involving all societal stakeholders. Vision and objective of the EU Biodiversity Strategy to 2020 2050 vision By 2050, European Union biodiversity and the ecosystem services it provides – its natural capi tal – are protected, valued and appropriately re stored for biodiversity’s intrinsic value and for their essential contribution to human wellbeing and economic prosperity, and so that catastrophic changes caused by the loss of biodiversity are avoided. 2020 headline target Halting the loss of biodiversity and the degrada tion of ecosystem services in the European Union by 2020, and restoring them in so far as feasible, while stepping up the European Union‘s contri bution to averting global biodiversity loss. European Commission (2011): Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions. Our life insurance, our natural capital: an EU biodiversity strategy to 2020. Brussels, May 3, 2011, COM(2011) 244 final. 9 FIELD OF ACTION – KNOWING AND ACKNOWLEDGING BIODIVERSITY TARGET 1: THE SIGNIFICANCE OF BIODIVERSITY IS ACKNOWLEDGED BY SOCIETY The appreciation of biodiversity in society has increased (2020). More partners from a variety of sectors and a higher share of the general public support the conservation and development of biological diversity. An increased participation of the involved public in biodiversity-related projects has been achieved. BACKGROUND Responsibility for the conservation of biodiversity is only taken if knowledge about species, ecosys tems and the complex ways in which they interact is available. Moreover, the knowledge of the extent to which personal and political decisions may have an effect on biodiversity is equally essential. It is cru cial to integrate biodiversity concerns in all of the relevant specialised planning activities or strategies (e.g. tourism strategy, energy strategy, infrastructure projects, spatial planning). MEASURES Target group-oriented development of public relation activities, e.g. requirements for the practical implementation of the EU directives on wildlife and nature conservation, the signifi cance of ecosystems and their services, the in terrelations between consumer behaviour and biodiversity as well as between land manage ment and biodiversity, particularly also directed at land owners and holders of rights to use land Continuation and development of nationwide and specific campaigns in Austria, e.g. viel faltleben, National Parks Austria, www.naturbeobachtung.at, “Natur im Garten” (“Nature in the garden”), “Biodiversität in der Stadt” (“Biodiversity in Cities”), www.muttererde.at Establishment of cross-sector platforms, e.g. “Biodiversity and Health”, “Business and Bio diversity” Improvement of the knowledge transfer be tween academia and society, in particular deci sion-makers in business, multipliers and profes sional groups that specifically benefit from na ture, owners of gardens and persons seeking recreation Adaption of syllabuses across all educational levels with a view to understanding biodiversi ty, its dynamics and universal value, the concept of ecosystem services as well as action options for the conservation of biodiversity Expansion of the available services in adult education, e.g. http://www.vhs.or.at/, LFI (Rural Education Institute) and NGOs, in particular al so further training and consultation events for farmers, foresters and consultants Further development of the available services of public media (ORF, Austrian Broadcasting) in the context of their educational mandate Increased use of social media, for example Fa cebook, Twitter, blogs, apps, to reach young people Raising the awareness of conserving biodiversi ty in sites that serve as exemplary models in public spaces (municipalities, cities, public fa cilities) 10 Evaluation parameters: Activities to promote biodiversity (MOBI B1) Number of positive media reports on bio diversity and nature conservation (clippings) Number of partners involved in the viel faltleben campaign Acknowledgement of the significance of bio diversity values by society as well as by spe cific biodiversity-related sectors (nationwide, representative and/or sector-based surveys) Analysis of viewer ratings of relevant televi sion programmes (Austrian Broadcasting Corporation ORF and other broadcasters) Accesses/ratings in selected biodiversity related social media (“likes”) e.g. National Parks Austria Knowledge transfer in biology classes in compulsory education (measurement catego ry: lessons) Field trips of school clas ses/companies/institutions to national parks, nature parks and other nature reserves Number of established communication and networking platforms focused on the topic of biodiversity Amount of funds spent on awareness-raising measures focusing on biodiversity in subsi dised areas (e.g. Rural Development - LE, European Territorial Cooperation - ETZ, LIFE) Number of newly established biodiversity sites in public spaces Implementation stakeholders7: Provincial gov ernments, BMBF (Federal Ministry of Education and Research), BMLFUW (Federal Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry, Environment and Water Management) Further stakeholders: Education and further edu cation and training institutions (Universities, Uni versities of applied sciences, adult education cen tres, schools), ASFINAG, BFW (Austrian Research Centre for Forests), BMWFW (Federal Ministry of Science, Research and Economy), botanical and zoological gardens, EVUs (energy supply compa nies), LFIs (Rural Education Institute), museums of natural history, nature conservation academies, ÖBB (Austrian Federal Railways), cities and munic ipalities and NGOs 7 Implementation stakeholders are listed alphabetically in the German version. TARGET 2: BIODIVERSITY RESEARCH AND MONITORING ACTIVITIES ARE EXTENDED Knowledge of biology and the ecology of species and habitats as well as of taxonomy has increased (2020+). Knowledge of the interrelations between hu man activities and biodiversity has improved (2020+). Data on status and trends of species, their ge netic diversity and habitats, as well as influ encing factors and conservation measures, are available (2019, 2020+). Insights and data are taken into account in political decisions. BACKGROUND A well-founded scientific basis on the ongoing chal lenges, be it the effects of land use changes on eco system services and biodiversity, or climate change and biodiversity, is a further essential basis that enables us to assess the dangers and risks for biodi versity and develop the appropriate measures. The Austrian Council for Research and Technology Development recommends setting overarching pri orities across all departmental responsibilities for selected key issues that have a societal or strategic significance for Austria. Biodiversity research is a perfect example of the need for taking a cross-sector approach and lends itself as a “Federal Government Federal Province-Cooperation Project”. Biodiversity monitoring is required to track changes in the status of biological diversity. Based on the data from existing and also especially created moni toring projects and further activities (e.g. biotope mapping) to record species and habitats, reports are created, for example as set out under Article 17 of the Habitats Directive and Article 12 of the Birds Directive. Technological advancements and innovations are regarded as a requirement for securing quality of life and prosperity for future generations. The much needed intensification of research and development activities for new technologies and their implemen tation in Austria and abroad must include possible effects on biological diversity. MEASURES Commitment to organismic and ecosystemic biodiversity research, as well as solution oriented, transdisciplinary research in national research programmes, particularly on the factors affecting biodiversity 11 Assessment of dangers and risks as well as op portunities to control the factors influencing bi odiversity and, derived from these, the devel opment of options for action in view of protec tive measures (including preservation of evi dence/success monitoring) Promotion of open-access publications in ac cordance with the Berlin Declaration 8 Assessment and regular monitoring, primarily of target features as defined under European Union legislation (pursuant to the Habitats Di rective and Birds Directive), as well as further expansion and harmonisation of the existing da ta management structures for the assessment, management and evaluation of relevant infor mation, e.g. for reporting pursuant to Article 17 of the Habitats Directive and Article 12 of the Birds Directive and for other mandatory report ing requirements, e.g. CBD, Ramsar and Alpine Convention Creating updates of selected Red Lists for Aus tria and at the level of the Federal Provinces, development of new Red Lists for selected groups of species with high indicator value or high relevance to ecosystem services Expansion of extensive biotope mapping activities Continuation of the work on the development of a nationwide land use survey (in accordance with the land information system Austria/LISA standards) which was launched in the context of the Austrian Conference on Spatial Planning Expansion of education and training options in the field of biodiversity research, basic research in taxonomy, as well as taxonomic-systematic knowledge transfer in teacher training pro grammes and science education at universities, universities of applied sciences and extramural institutions Promotion of scientific collections, taking into account innovative developments and advanced technologies and networking activities of data providers (e.g. Global Biodiversity Information Facility – GBIF, Biofresh, Austrian Barcoding of Life – ABOL) 9 8 The Berlin Declaration on Open Access to Knowledge in the Sciences and Humanities aims at promoting the Internet as an in strument to distribute scientific knowledge. These possibilities of knowledge dissemination via the Internet have to be promoted according to the principle of open access (Open Access Paradigm). http://openaccess.mpg.de/68053/Berliner Erklaerung dt Version 07-2006.pdf. A further development is the Declaration of San Francisco on Re search Assessment, which promotes the use of primary data. This, too, was undersigned by Austrian research institutions. 9 www.freshwaterbiodiversity.eu, ABOL: Austrian Barcode of Life Development of methods to integrate biodiver sity effects into life cycle analysis (life cycle as sessment methods) streamlined with the rele vant international developments Review of existing biodiversity-related monitor ing programmes in view of their significance to climate change adaptation Horizon scanning of developments and risk factors for biodiversity, e.g. scenarios and fore cast model developments Establishment of new concepts to assess biodi versity with participation of the public (e.g. citi zen science with smartphone apps) and farmers (e.g. active inclusion of farmers and foresters in biodiversity monitoring projects) in cooperation with experts who assist with the assessment Assessment of soil biodiversity and its ecosys tem services Evaluation parameters: Number of reports and peer-reviewed10 publications on biodiversity research with the participation of national institutions Reduction of the number of protected tar get features of Community interest, which are currently still categorised as “un known” (for EU reporting obligations) Area covered by the current biotope map ping Number/participants of biodiversity-related further education, training and consultation events for farmers and foresters and other stakeholders Implementation stakeholders: Provincial govern ments, BMWFW (Federal Ministry of Science, Research and Economy) Further stakeholders: AGES (Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety), extramural research insti tutions, BFW (Austrian Research Centre for For ests), BMG (Federal Ministry of Health) (GMO research), BMLFUW (Federal Ministry of Agricul ture, Forestry, Environment and Water Manage ment), BMVIT (Federal Ministry of Transport, Innovation and Technology), Universities of applied sciences, natural history collections, LKÖ (Austrian Agricultural Chamber), LFBÖ (Austrian farming and forestry association), ÖAW (Austrian Academy of Sciences), nature reserve administrations, Envi ronment Agency Austria, Universities and NGOs 10 Scholarly work is checked by a group of independent experts in the same field. 12 FIELD OF ACTION – SUSTAINABLE USE OF BIODIVERSITY TARGET 3: AGRICULTURE AND FORESTRY SUPPORT CONSERVATION AND IMPROVEMENT OF BIODIVERSITY Increase of areas with biodiversity-related agri-environmental measures (2020). The conservation status of the habitats and species that depend on or are affected by ag ricultural and forest management is measura bly improved on the basis of the 2010 refer ence scenario (2020). Improvement of the Farmland Bird Index de velopment (2020) 11 . Total amount of rare livestock breeds is sta ble to slightly rising; the number of bee colo nies has increased to 400,000 (2020). The amount of dead wood and old growth, particularly in the previously low-appointed natural areas of the Alpenvorland, Mühlviertel and Waldviertel and in the east ern parts with warm summers, has increased (2020+). Traditional knowledge is preserved (2020). BACKGROUND The method and intensity of agricultural and silvi cultural utilisation is crucial to the presence and status of numerous species and habitats in the cul tural landscape. A high share of semi-natural areas (e.g. set-aside land) within agricultural area is a decisive factor for the improvement and mainte nance of biodiversity. It is essential, in this respect, to take account of the economic and social frame work conditions that have a strong impact on farm ing and forestry practices and are also particularly affected by trade and the processing industry. Many types of biotopes currently regarded as valuable in terms of nature conservation were specifically also created by traditional farming and forestry practic es; many animal and plant species as well as habi tats depend on the continuation of extensive use. More than 80% of Austria’s national territory is cultural landscape. About a third is used agricultur 11 To achieve a turn-around in trends in the Farmland Bird Index it will also require measures in other sectors. ally, of which a little more than half is grassland and meadows. The remaining part is managed arable land. The safeguarding of a dynamic rural area and the preservation of its diverse tasks and functions for society must also be ensured in the future. Al most half of the national territory is covered by woodland, the majority of which is also used for silvicultural purposes. Of central significance is also spatial planning along with its planning require ments for settlement and traffic development. Inten sive farming practices that rely on the excess use of fertilisers and pesticides affect biodiversity and the associated ecosystem services adversely, as does abandoning utilisation altogether. Agricultural and forestry utilisation is subject to regionally differing framework conditions and therefore requires locally adapted biodiversity evaluation and promotion con cepts. Of particular significance to agriculture and, to a lesser extent, to forestry is the orientation of the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) of the Europe an Union. Its impact varies and also depends on the specific orientation of its targets. With its measures, the Austrian Agri-environmental Programme (ÖPUL) contributes directly and indirectly towards conserving biodiversity, for example, by enabling the adaptation of modern land use to the needs of species and habitats. The documentation of land scape features 12 provides important information about structural diversity in the cultural landscape. The challenge of the future will be to reconcile the conservation and promotion of biodiversity and sustainable food security. 12 AMA survey of landscape features: trees/bushes; hedgerows/riparian woodlands; ditches; copses, etc. 13 Due to the high forest cover, the forest’s signifi cance for the conservation of indigenous species and habitat diversity is considerable. Forest biodi versity, however, frequently falls victim to a variety of conflicting societal and economic priorities and claims on the forests. To secure the utility, protec tion, welfare and recreational function of the for est 13 in the long term, intact forest ecosystems are required. Sufficiently large zones for process pro tection serve the conservation of species and com munities which require unrestricted, natural forest processes. 14 The conservation of biological diversity is closely associated with traditional knowledge and customs, particularly so in the Alpine country of Austria. Austria has committed itself to preserving knowledge and practices of interacting with nature. MEASURES Development and implementation of measures to ensure a “favourable conservation status” for target features as defined in the Habitat Di rective relating to agricultural landscapes and woodlands, such as e.g. interdisciplinary, prac tical management guidelines developed by tak ing a participative approach Effective use of available funding for the single area payment scheme as well as project subsidi sation to protect biodiversity in the Rural De velopment Programme Establishment of 5% ecological priority sites (e.g. flowering strips), so that biodiversity related ecosystem services, networking and stepping stone functions are optimised by agri environmental measures Conservation of permanent grasslands, particu larly of extensively farmed land, as well as fur ther sites of high conservation value. Mainte nance of the current proportion of high-nature value (HNV) areas as well as preservation of cultural landscapes to promote biodiversity by ÖPUL measures Maintenance of the specific support of agricul tural holdings to maintain biodiversity, particu larly in disadvantaged areas Conservation and expansion of regionally adapted livestock breeds in-situ, on-farm (in ag ricultural holdings) as well as ex-situ, including honey bees 13 Forestry Act 1975 (Federal Law Gazette 440/1975) as amended 14 In terms of the EU Biodiversity Strategy 2020 (Target 2, Target 3) Conservation of crop varieties in-situ, on-farm (in agricultural holdings) as well as ex-situ (in collections like botanical gardens, gene banks) Conservation of arable plant species on fields Maintenance of the free exchange of seeds of rare varieties Raising public awareness about the significance of traditional methods of using biological diver sity and the associated cultural diversity in Aus tria, as well as promotion of local know-how about traditional cultural species and genetic di versity (varieties, eco-types, their significance to the regional culture) Continuation of national dialogues in agricul ture and forestry, particularly on the implemen tation of the EU standards (e.g. “Seed Dialogue”, “Forest Dialogue”, Natura 2000 Platform) Implementation of effective measures to safe guard honey bees and wild bees Implementation of measures in the context of the Austrian Forest Ecology Programme (ÖWÖP), in particular via the Rural Develop ment Programme 2014-2020 Creation of incentives in rural development 2014-2020 to raise the share of old growth and dead wood, particularly for woodlands with a lower share of dead wood, in accordance with professional criteria Transformation and transfer of forest stands that are far from their natural state and increase of the share of tree species of potentially natural forest communities adapted to climate change Increase of unmanaged wilderness areas in na tional parks (in particular forests) as defined in the Austrian National Park Strategy and in ac cordance with the recommendations given by the National Park Austria Advisory Board, as well as the identification and review of the es tablishment of further areas suitable for process protection in the context of the nature reserve concepts by means of conservation management agreements Assessment, conservation and sustainable de velopment of semi-natural forest stands in the framework of appropriate support programmes after reconciliation of interests and by adding to the network of natural forest reserves any suffi ciently sized forest communities not yet includ ed and taking into account old growth stands with a long-standing habitat tradition, irrespec tive of the forest community Review of the options to implement the Wood land Bird Index Expansion of organic farming 14 Evaluation parameters: Area with biodiversity-related agri environmental measures Amount of expenditure for biodiversity related measures as part of the Agri environmental Programme Fruit variety diversity (MOBI G5) Naturalness of tree species composition (MOBI W1) Dead wood (MOBI W2) Biodiversity Index Forest Conservation status of species and habitat types in the Habitats Directive (Art. 17 Re port) as well as status of bird species in agri cultural landscapes and forests in the Birds Directive (Art. 12 Report) Threat status of selected species groups and biotope types in agricultural landscapes and forests (Red List) Farmland Bird Index Number and area of natural forest reserves Livestock breeds considered worthy of con serving (MOBI G6) Species and variety diversity in agricultural production in Austria Number of bee colonies Area and share of forests with superordinate biodiversity conservation objective through active measures (pursuant to the MCPFE As sessment Guidelines, Categories 1.3) Number of biodiversity-relevant and agricul ture and forestry-related Austrian traditions in the list of the Convention on the Safe guarding of Intangible Cultural Heritage Implementation stakeholders: Provincial govern ments, BMLFUW (Federal Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry, Environment and Water Management) Further stakeholders: AGES (Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety), BFW (Austrian Research Centre for Forests), botanical and zoological gar dens, regional hunting associations, Land&Forst Betriebe (farming and forestry association), LFIs (Rural Education Institute), agricultural chambers, Austrian Forests (ÖBf AG), nature reserve admin istrations, cities and municipalities, Universities, Austrian Economic Chamber as well as Arche Noah and further NGOs TARGET 4: GAME AND FISH STOCKS ARE ADAPTED TO NATURAL ENVIRONMENT CONDITIONS The Forestry-Hunting Dialogue continues (2014). Population size and structure of hoofed game are optimally adapted to the respective natu ral habitat conditions (2020+). Game impact situation has improved (2020+). Public acceptance of predatory animals has improved (2020+). Conservation status of Habitat Directive fish species and aquatic habitat types has im proved by 50% or 100%, respectively; threat status of at least 15% of fish species has im proved (2020+). Good condition and/or good ecological po tential as defined in the Water Framework Directive has been achieved by 2015 or 2021/2027, respectively. The fishing industry is sustainable (2020+). BACKGROUND Hunting manages game stocks and, consequently, their ecosystems. Hunting management potentially leads to conflicts with other groups of land users, for example, in the forestry, farming, traffic and settlement, tourism and nature conservation sectors. The way wildlife management is undertaken is cru cial to the conservation of biodiversity. In many parts of the Austrian forests, the game impact situa tion shows no signs of significant improvement in the near future. If damage caused by wildlife (graz ing) prevents the natural regeneration of forest stands, this can lead to a reduction in forest biodi versity, for example, by a decline in the number of mixed tree species (Austrian Game Impact Monitor ing, WEM; Austrian Forest Inventory, ÖWI). A common basis of understanding is of fundamental significance if biodiversity conservation measures are to be implemented successfully. Firstly, the Austrian Forest Dialogue deals with game-related 15 issues and, secondly, the Austrian Forest-Hunting Dialogue was launched in 2012. The “Principles, Criteria and Indicators of Sustainable Hunting” were developed in a participatory process and are generally intended to provide a fundamental basis. In 2012, the representatives of the provincial hunt ing and forestry associations signed the “Mariazell Declaration” which, among other things, seeks to ensure that the regeneration of tree species typical of the site is generally possible according to the natural potential. 15 Large predators may play a role in the management of hoofed game populations/wildlife damage prob lems (grazing), as they have an impact on distribu tion and size of the hoofed game populations. By damage prevention measures (herd protection) and adequate damage compensation, the acceptance of large predator animals can be raised. Fish fauna in Austria is specifically affected by interruptions in the water continuum due to migra tion obstacles, such as power plants, dams, flood protection measures, shipping, abstraction of water (e.g. for irrigation purposes), changes in the dis charge regime, water level fluctuations, bank rein forcement, water use (e.g. tourism) and, to a lesser degree, pollution due to wastewater (including sub stances with hormonal effects). Locally, there is the possibility of financial loss due to fish predators (e.g. in fish ponds). According to the Red List, 65% of indigenous fish species are listed in a threatened category. Fishing, which in Austria is primarily significant in the form of recreational fishing, af fects the species spectrum of the aquatic biocoeno sis typical of the water body by fish stocking and fish removals. MEASURES Cross-sector coordination of hunting activities with agriculture and forestry sectors, traffic, set tlement and recreation use, tourism, as well as nature conservation and spatial planning Continuation of the Forestry and Hunting Dia logue and intensified communication of the Mariazell Declaration to all those who make use of the natural environment Increased consideration of the sustainable hunt ing criteria Review of the introduction of game-ecological spatial planning tools across all federal provinc es and coordination of nationwide population control requirements 15 http://www.tjv.at/uploads/mariazeller erklarung rep. osterreich.pdf Consideration of nationwide and regional game corridors, migration axes and obstacles in local and regional spatial planning Coordination of required wildlife control meth ods across hunting grounds as well as habitat improvement measures Continuation of the Austrian Game Impact Monitoring (WEM) and the surveys on forest regeneration and grazing conducted by the Aus trian Forest Inventory (ÖWI) Targeted management of hoofed game popula tions to maintain and improve forest biodiversi ty Coordination of the contents of training pro grammes for hunting and forestry, particularly with a view to game impact and evaluation and the development of resulting holistic measures Creation and implementation of concerted man agement plans for predatory animals (bears, wolves, lynxes, bird of prey) to be implemented across Austria in cooperation with stakeholders; these shall also include measures for the recon ciliation of interests including damage preven tion (e.g. herd protection) and public relations, as well as regulations for damage compensation issues Improvement of morphology, hydrology and the ecological status of water bodies in the context of the implementation of the Water Framework Directive (WRRL) requirements Establishment of functioning fish ladders in accordance with the requirements specified in the National Water Management Plan, inspec tion of existing fish ladders and, where neces sary, their improvement, fish protection facili ties at hydroelectric power plants as well as the use of fish-friendly turbine types in the context of the implementation of the WRRL require ments Definition and control of maximum stocking rates and/or limitation to certain fish species typical of the site Ban on the release of invasive alien fish, fresh water crayfish and mussel species Reintroduction of extinct populations of indige nous fish, freshwater crayfish and mussels on the basis of site inspections and according to na ture conservation considerations and taking into account the IUCN criteria 16 as well as increased production of autochthonous fish for stocking purposes to support weakened populations 16 https://portals.iucn.org/library/sites/library/files/documents/2013 009.pdf 16 Development of criteria and indicators for sus tainable fishing and aquaculture Continuation of the dialogue platform “Infor mation Meeting for EU Fisheries Affairs and Aquaculture” (IFA) Periodic creation of management plans for lakes with regard to sustainable use of stocks Keeping of annual statistics on fish caught and fish stocked Implementation and requirements of the Aqua culture Council Directive as amended (2006/88/EC) and the Austrian Strategy on the Promotion of National Fish Production (Aqua culture 2020) taking into account the ecological requirements Evaluation parameters: Game impact on forest regeneration (WEM and ÖWI) Status and trends of fish species (Red List) Number of legal proceedings relating to Sec tion16 (5) Forest Act (“Destruction of forest caused by game”) Hoofed game damage (ÖWI) Status and trends of predator animals (Red List, Habitats Directive) Acceptance of predators in the public (repre sentative survey) Ecological status of bodies of flowing water and lakes (in accordance with WRRL) Share of fish produced according to sustaina ble principles in Austria compared to total fish consumption in Austria Implementation stakeholders: Provincial govern ments, BMLFUW (Federal Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry, Environment and Water Management) Further stakeholders: BFW (Austrian Research Centre for Forests), Federal Office for Water Man agement, energy industry, fishery associations, fish breeders, municipalities, trade and industry, hunting associations, agricultural chambers, Land&Forst Betriebe (farming and forestry association), ÖBf AG, nature reserve administrations, tourism associa tions, Universities, water management sector and NGOs TARGET 5: TOURISM AND LEISURE ACTIVITIES ARE IN LINE WITH BIODIVERSITY OBJECTIVES Biodiversity objectives are incorporated into tourism policies and guidelines (2020+). Cooperation projects between tourism and nature conservation are enhanced (2020). BACKGROUND Biological diversity is of great significance to tour ism and leisure activities. A pristine natural envi ronment and landscape is an important competitive advantage and a basic requirement for tourism. Many of the zones with the greatest tourism intensi ty are located in Alpine regions and conservation areas. Particularly in centres of mass tourism, as well as in ecologically sensitive natural environ ments, there may be an excess use of natural re sources, which could have adverse effects on biodi versity, both within and outside of the protected areas. Extensive surfaces are sealed by the construc tion of tourism infrastructure facilities (e.g. hotels, car parks, ponds for making artificial snow) or are homogenised by tourism-related measures (e.g. levelling of skiing slopes). Leisure activities may lead to the disturbance of species, for example dur ing breeding, foraging or hibernation periods. In addition, such activities are associated with the construction or expansion of infrastructure measures. It is therefore essential that tourism and leisure activities be controlled, and that particular attention be given to ecologically sensitive areas. In the guidelines on environmental labels for the tour ism and leisure industries, biodiversity criteria were included. MEASURES Participative establishment of boundaries for tourism infrastructure in accordance with the natural landscape and climate based on region ally differentiated biodiversity guidelines and the adaptation of expansion projects to suit the se plans and, if necessary, review of restoration options Reduction of further land consumption by tour ism infrastructure measures Enhancement of visitor control measures inside and outside of conservation areas coordinated with land owners Intensification of collaborative efforts between nature conservation and tourism, specifically by nature reserve administrations, nature reserve supervisors and other regional stakeholders 17 Implementation of the Alpine Convention tour ism protocol Cooperation between tourism and transport and tour operators to develop environmentally friendly mobility options (arrival, mobility at the destination) with the objective to reduce the motorised private transport associated with tour ism Development of ecological attractions and areas where people can experience nature, also in set tlement areas and local recreation areas Assessment of ways to collect a biodiversity contribution for using semi-natural habitats for tourism and leisure activities on a voluntary ba sis Development and implementation of a nation wide concept for tourism and nature conserva tion, with designation of “quiet zones” modelled on those in Tyrol 17 Further development and evaluation of measures to preserve the cultural landscape as the basis for multi-functional tourism areas Evaluation of the tourism industry’s impact on biodiversity 17 http://www.tiroler schutzgebiete.at/schutzgebiete/ruhegebiete.html Evaluation parameters: Number of businesses with the environ mental label for the tourism and leisure in dustry Number of businesses and/or projects with cooperation activities between nature re serve administrations, regional stakehold ers and tourism Number of nature reserves as signatories of the European Charter for Sustainable Tour ism (Europarc Federation), number of charter partners Implementation stakeholders: Provincial govern ments, tourism associations and cooperation pro jects Further stakeholders: BMLFUW (Federal Minis try of Agriculture, Forestry, Environment and Water Management), BMWFW (Federal Ministry of Sci ence, Research and Economy), Austrian Hotelier Association, Österreich Werbung, Austrian Eco nomic Chamber, CIPRA Austria, Alpine organisa tions and other NGOs 18 FIELD OF ACTION – REDUCING PRESSURES ON BIODIVERSITY TARGET 6: ENERGY SUPPLY IS BIODIVERSITY-FRIENDLY Suitability or exclusion areas for wind power are defined across Austria (2020). Renewable energy from biomass is increas ingly also generated from waste and by products as far as is feasible; exclusively eco logical use of hydropower at suitable loca tions and adapted to ecological requirements (2020+). Lighting facilities are converted to suit biodi versity requirements (2020). BACKGROUND The provision, distribution and utilisation of energy sources used in Austria may directly or indirectly (in some forms of energy e.g. through the emission of harmful substances or greenhouse gases) lead to changes and adverse effects on habitats and to spe cies endangerment. It is therefore important to avoid conflicting priorities in the environmental, energy and biodiversity policies and ensure that positive synergies are created. The generation and utilisation of Renewable Energy Sources generally opens up new possibilities for environmentally friendly and climate-friendly ener gy supply and for increased regional value creation, but it may also lead to a conflict of objectives and intervention into ecosystems. Hydroelectric power plants lead to significant changes in water ecosys tems; wind farms in conjunction with the necessary infrastructure lead to changes in the landscape ap pearance and can create obstacles for birds and bats in flight. Biomass crops must be grown in accord ance with the production of foods and animal feed (food-feed-fuel principle). In the European Union, sustainable criteria were agreed for the production of bio-fuels, including their cultivation. 18 Work is ongoing on the development of second- and third 18 Directive 2009#/28/EC, Article 17 to 19 and Directive 98/70/EC. Austrian Fuels Ordinance 2012 (Federal Law Gazette II No. 398/2012): Ordinance of the Federal Minister for Agriculture, Forestry, Environment and Water Management on the quality of fuels and the sustainable use of biofuels. BMLFUW (2010): Ordinance 250/2010 on agricultural outputs for biofuels. generation fuels, none of which are currently ex pected to reach a noticeable market share before 2020. Light pollution refers to adverse effects of night time lighting – an issue which is gaining signifi cance among conservationists. Reproduction, de velopment, foraging, predator-prey relationships, migration behaviour or the activity radius of multi ple insects, birds, amphibians, reptiles, fish, crayfish and mammals are affected by artificial light. 19 Be sides a number of synergy effects (e.g. energy sav ing and climate protection) there are also other as pects (e.g. human health, occupational safety, traffic safety) that need attention. MEASURES Transparent consideration of public interests – in the case of new operations – regarding ener gy production and biodiversity conservation at a regional and local level Planning and establishment of suitable expan sion locations by taking into account direct and indirect as well as cumulative effects Revitalisation, modernisation and efficiency enhancement of existing hydroelectric power plants while simultaneously carrying out eco logical improvements to achieve a good ecolog ical condition / potential Establishment of photovoltaic facilities, pri marily on buildings and suitable open spaces but not in grassland Promotion of measures to reduce energy con sumption and to enhance energy efficiency in all stages of energy provision and utilisation Promotion of the cascading use of all cycles of materials and strengthening of renewable re sources from sustainable production Minimisation of light pollution, e.g. by provid ing biodiversity-friendly lighting systems with energy-efficient and long-lasting lamps, reduc tion of illumination periods and intensity by half-night switching, motion detectors 19 http://www.hellenot.org/ 19 Evaluation parameters: Zoning concepts for wind power and other land-related energy sources Nationwide and/or regional concepts for selecting suitable locations for hydropower utilisation and/or for the protection of eco logically sensitive water bodies Light emissions (MOBI S2) Ecological status of bodies of flowing water and lakes (in accordance with WRRL) Share of green electricity as part of the entire power consumption Implementation stakeholders: Provincial govern ments, BMLFUW (Federal Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry, Environment and Water Management), BMWFW (Federal Ministry of Science, Research and Economy) Further stakeholders: BMVIT (Federal Ministry of Transport, Innovation and Technology), energy industry, cities and municipalities, ÖBB (Austrian Federal Railways), Austrian Forests (ÖBf AG), Austrian biomass association, Universities and NGOs TARGET 7: POLLUTION IS REDUCED Exceeding of critical loads is reduced (2020). Surface waters and groundwater have a good chemical status by 2015 or 2021/2027, re spectively in accordance with the Water Framework Directive. BACKGROUND Depending on toxicity, exposure duration and cu mulative effects, pollution leads to changes in bio diversity. Over the last decades, appropriate measures have led to improvements in some air borne pollutants, but pollution with some substances (e.g. particulate matter, nitrogen oxides or ozone) remains high and requires action at a national and international level. The Austrian nationwide as sessment of critical loads 20 for eutrophication ef fects caused by nitrogen has shown that there are excess levels in 66% of the Austrian territory that responds sensitively to nitrogen input. This is a noticeable improvement towards the reference year 2005, in which the value was still at 95%. 73% of sensitive habitats in Natura 2000 sites are exposed to excessive pollution levels. 21 The National Action Plan on Plant Protection Prod ucts (= pesticides) was created to reduce the risks and impacts of pesticide use on human health and the environment. The current situation and the al ready introduced measures and those yet to be im plemented are assessed and documented, and targets are defined on the basis of time schedules. The rele vant Action Plans for each of the federal provinces describe the implementation measures. They are reviewed and updated every five years. MEASURES Reduction of pesticide-induced pollution (plant protection products, biocides) in groundwater, surface water and soils by optimised and state of-the-art use in farming and forestry, business, gardens and settlements and in traffic-related areas and application of the most advanced sci entific and technical insights in use 20 Critical loads are ecological load limits for an ecosystem’s expo sure to air pollutants. In the long term there are no adverse effects on the ecosystem unless the critical loads are exceeded. Critical load is a flow figure and is given as maximum permissible pollu tant exposure per year and unit of area. 21 Environment Agency Austria (2013): UNECE ICP Modelling & Mapping data request 2013-2014, First Interim Report. Vienna, Austria 20 Promotion of research on the ecological effects of pesticides, networking among bodies respon sible for approval regulations as well as intensi fied public awareness-raising activities about the effects of using pesticides in various appli cation areas Reduction of fertiliser-induced pollution, specif ically of nitrogen Continuation of existing measurement series such as the “Bioindicator Network” (www.bioindikatornetz.at), deposit assessment in forest status monitoring More training programmes for hobby gardeners and sales assistants on the subject of spray pes ticides in view of biodiversity aspects Implementation of the National Action Plan on Plant Protection Products Promotion of research on alternatives to chemi cal plant protection products Air pollution emission reduction of motorised private transport for example by transition to vehicles with low-emission/emission-free drive systems (electric mobility) and continuation of the existing measures in the traffic sector, which have a positive effect on biodiversity (e.g. night driving ban, speed limits in accordance with the Immssionsschutzgesetz-Luft (Austrian Air Quality Protection Act), Federal Government Programme pursuant to the Emissionshöch stmengengesetz-Luft (Austrian Maximum Emission Output Act) Strengthening of regional production sites with regional value creation to reduce traffic-related emissions Reduction of pollution with priority substances as defined in the Water Framework Directive Reduction of input from biocides, pharmaceuti cal products, hormonally active substances, plastic particles and other chemical compounds foreign to the biological cycles of matter and natural ecosystems (xenobiotics), primarily by taking measures at the source of the pollution and complemented by prioritised wastewater related technical innovations Intensification of the discussion processes with Austria’s neighbouring states to achieve a re duction of anthropogenic nitrogen compounds (e.g. in the context of the Convention on Long range Trans-boundary Air Pollution, LRTAP) Evaluation parameters: Critical loads (MOBI BO2) Chemical status of surface waters and groundwater (pursuant to WRRL) Number of persons using plant protection products after professional qualification, including details on quantities and area Soil status inventories Indicators to rate air quality Implementation stakeholders: BMLFUW (Federal Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry, Environment and Water Management), BMWFW (Federal Ministry of Science, Research and Economy) Further stakeholders: AGES (Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety), provincial governments, BFW (Austrian Research Centre for Forests), BMVIT (Federal Ministry of Transport, Innovation and Technology), gardening and gardening supplies trade, industry, chambers of agriculture, cities and municipalities, Environment Agency Austria, Aus trian Economic Chamber and NGOs 21 TARGET 8: NEGATIVE IMPACTS OF INVASIVE ALIEN SPECIES ARE REDUCED EU Regulation on the prevention and man agement of the introduction and spread of in vasive alien species (2019) and regulations on alien species in relevant EU rules and standards in accordance with the EU Biodi versity Strategy 22 have been implemented. Updated information on alien species is available (2019). Public awareness of the problems with alien species has increased (2020+). BACKGROUND In Austria, around 2,000 non-indigenous species are documented (as of 2009), of which around 90 spe cies are categorised as problematic from a nature conservation perspective (Action Plan Neobiota 2004). An increase in the number of alien species in Austria is expected. In the assessment of the con servation status of habitat types as defined in the Habitats Directive, alien species were mentioned as the most important cause of threat. 23 Documented financial damages caused by alien invasive species in Europe are estimated at a minimum of EUR 12.5 billion per year. Alien invasive species are a com prehensive issue and must therefore be treated across all disciplines and sectors. The EU Regulation of the European Parliament and the Council on the prevention and management of the introduction and spread of invasive alien species must be implemented according to schedule. The Regulation seeks to control the deliberate (import) and accidental introduction, establishment and spread of selected invasive species based on a risk assessment. MEASURES Enforcement of the EU Regulation on the pre vention and management of the introduction and spread of invasive alien species Review of national legislation in view of con tradictions between the EU regulation and na tional law Information and experience exchange on suc cesses and failures in control measures, e.g. in national expert panels (e.g. fishery advisory 22 Actions 15 and 16 of the EU Biodiversity Strategy 23 Environment Agency Austria (2013, long version, unpublished): Drafting of the Austrian Report as set out under Article 17 of the Habitats Directive, reporting period 2007-2013. Report commissioned by the Liaison Office of the Federal Provinces, Vienna. board, national park advisory boards, Ramsar Committee), in the context of periodical stake holder dialogues and expert conferences as well as provision of information to the broad public Adaptation of existing monitoring systems for plant health and plant protection, health, forest inventory, water management and nature con servation Review of possibilities and, where required, introduction of “citizen science 24 ” to record se lected invasive alien species in cooperation with experts conducting the assessment Updating of the national inventory lists of alien species and creation of a list of invasive alien species expected in Austria in the future, includ ing the definition of preventive measures Continuation of the “Focal Point Neobiota” that acts as an information hub and interface be tween politics and science Intensification of invasion-ecological research, particularly on alien species relevant to the economy and to health, as well as the interac tion of these species with other factors, such as land utilisation, eutrophication or climate change Encouragement of prevention efforts, specifical ly by raising the awareness of the problem among the sectors involved in the spreading of invasive alien species, e.g. trade (e.g. animal trade, gardening business), transport and con struction industry and in the broad population (particularly consumer behaviour) Inclusion of the issue in school syllabuses and teaching materials and in the education and fur ther training programmes for multipliers, voca tional schools for agriculture and forestry, hunt ing and fishery exams, national park rangers, of ficial nature conservation experts Evaluation parameters: Status and trends of invasive alien species (MOBI N6) Control costs for invasive alien species (e.g. in nature reserves, Life projects) Problem awareness among selected target groups (nationwide representative survey in Austria) 24 ‘Citizen science’, also known as ‘crowd science’, is a scientific research method, where projects are conducted in whole or in part, by amateur or nonprofessional scientists, who report observations, perform measurements or evaluate data. 22 Implementation stakeholders: Provincial govern ments, BMWFW (Federal Ministry of Science, Research and Economy), BMLFUW (Federal Min istry of Agriculture, Forestry, Environment and Water Management) Further stakeholders: AGES (Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety), ASFINAG, mountain rescue services and park rangers, BFW (Austrian Research Centre for Forests), BMBF (Federal Min istry of Education an Women’s Affairs), BMF (Federal Ministry of Finance) (customs duty), BMG (Federal Ministry of Health), BMVIT (Federal Min istry of Transport, Innovation and Technology), botanical and zoological gardens, EVU (energy supply companies), fishery associations, gardening and gardening trade, bee keeper associations, hunt ing associations, agricultural chambers, ÖBB (Aus trian Federal Railways), ÖBf AG (Austrian For ests), ÖWAV (Austrian Water and Waste Manage ment Association), nature reserve administrations, Environment Agency Austria, Via Donau, Universi ties and NGOs TARGET 9: INCENTIVES WITH NEGATIVE IMPACT ON BIODIVERSITY, INCLUDING SUBSIDIES, ARE ABOLISHED OR ADAPTED Relevant financial subsidies are adapted in terms of biodiversity conservation (2020+). BACKGROUND In addition to legal provisions, incentive measures, such as the granting of subsidies, make it possible to control measures. Incentives with negative impacts on biodiversity, including subsidies, comprise direct financial support and also tax relief, which encour age a behaviour that can have a negative impact on climate, air, soil, water, human health and biological diversity. The arising costs (ecological consequen tial costs) are usually borne by the general public and not by the party responsible. MEASURES Analysis and intensified public information about how subsidies harmful to biodiversity af fect the national economy and businesses Development and inclusion of biodiversity cri teria in incentive measures, including subsidies, as well as in projects co-financed by public funding as a basis for eligibility, taking into ac count economic and socio-economic aspects Development of incentives for the increased use of environmental management systems with reference to biodiversity Evaluation parameters: Number of abolished or adapted subsidies Number of subsidies into which biodiversi ty criteria were included Number of companies which have includ ed biodiversity criteria in their production processes or procedures Implementation stakeholders: BMF (Federal Min istry of Finance), BMWFW (Federal Ministry of Science, Research and Economy) Further stakeholders: All of the relevant minis tries, provincial governments, cities and municipali ties, WIFO (Austrian Institute of Economic Re search), IHS (Institute for Advanced Studies) and NGOs 23 FIELD OF ACTION – CONSERVING AND DEVELOPING BIODIVERSITY TARGET 10: SPECIES AND HABITATS ARE CONSERVED Compared to the 2007 Report, the conserva tion status has improved in 36% of the habi tats and in 17% of the species listed in the Habitats Directive by the year 2020. 78% of the species listed in the Birds Di rective have acquired the status “secure” or have improved 25 in 2020. Acceptance of Natura 2000 has improved in selected stakeholder groups including land users (2020). Threat status of species has improved in ac cordance with priority setting (2020+). Quantitatively sufficient, functioning biotope connectivity has been established(2020+). 15% of the deteriorated ecosystems have been improved or restored; natural develop ment takes place in 2% of Austria’s territory (2020+). Climate protection measures have been tak en; measures of the Austrian climate change adaptation strategy with regard to biodiversi ty have been implemented (2020). BACKGROUND The preservation of species and habitats and the improvement of poor conservation statuses of target features is one of the main tasks of nature conserva tion. Species and habitat protection measures, as well as the designation of nature reserves, are among the traditional nature conservation tools. In Austria, many species would never have spread and new habitats never have developed without human utilisation, but due to changing human activities, these are now endangered. The fact that such habitats and species are under threat, particularly the conservation status of the species and habitats listed in the Habitats Directive make it very clear that the biodiversity conservation measures taken so far are insufficient. Imperative to ensure the long-term preservation of biological 25 Quantified targets in line with the requirements set out in the EU Biodiversity Strategy (reference value Art. 17 Report 2007) diversity in its entirety is a combination of ecologi cally compatible utilisation and targeted conserva tion activities for selected sites and species. Specifically as regards climate change, the im portance of intact ecological systems with their full spectrum of species and genetic diversity is grow ing, because only a functioning ecosystem is capa ble of raising the ecological communities’ re sistance to changes. Furthermore, barrier-free land scapes should be given increased significance, so that organisms can adapt to the evolving environ mental conditions (migrate away from climate ef fects; functional migratory corridors). MEASURES Prioritisation of species and habitats in view of their protection needs and implementation of the necessary measures taking into account re gional conditions including types of utilisation Securing and expansion of active and effective nature reserve managements Maintenance of nature reserves in accordance with their conservation purpose; creation and periodical updating and implementation of management plans for the areas with manage ment needs, in particular Natura 2000 areas Consideration of the effects of climate change in nature conservation-related planning process es, protection concepts and biodiversity guide lines (climate protection adaptation) Development of a feasibility study on the identi fication and improvement of deteriorating eco systems as well as their restoration Development of options on how to designate natural areas (non-intervention areas having the character of wilderness) in the framework of ex isting protected-area concepts by means of con tractual nature conservation Revision of the existing technical basis and adaption to the current state of scientific knowledge (studies and criteria for favourable conservation status, creation of a manual providing the minimum mapping and corre sponding monitoring requirements that comply with the Habitats and Birds Directives) 24 Development of an Austrian floodplain forest strategy and a wetlands strategy based on the Austrian floodplain inventory and taking into account the already existing principles and pri orities of the federal provinces Development of an action plan to conserve the genetic diversity of wild species Implementation of the Roadmap to the Global Strategy of Plant Conservation in Austria Review of representativeness, coherence and connectivity of existing conservation areas and implementation of the results, particularly in the context of existing obligations Implementation of the Austrian National Park Strategy and the Austrian Climate Change Ad aptation Strategy with a view to biodiversity and ecosystems Promotion and support of voluntary measures to create a system of interlinked biotopes Conservation of old growth outside forests with associated improvement of the legal framework conditions (traffic safety, safety of roads and paths) Implementation of the Alpine Convention (in particular the protocols on nature conservation, soil protection and mountain forests) Strengthening of biotope connectivity by raising the quality of features constituting the biotope, quality-based improvement of the relevant areas and structural features Identification and development of options for the conservation of biodiversity hotspots outside protected areas, while maintaining an adequate balance of interests. Evaluation parameters: Conservation status of species and habitat types in the Habitats Directive and status of bird species (reports in accordance with Art. 17 Habitats Directive and Art. 12 Birds Directive) Status and trends of selected species and biotope types (Red List, MOBI N4, N5) Nature reserve management: Share of ar eas protected by nature conservation laws with their own administration (MOBI N3) Area with natural development (for for ests: pursuant to MCPFE) Number and area of sites protected by nature conservation laws (MOBI N1) Number of management plans for Natura 2000 sites Acceptance of Natura 2000 sites among cho sen target groups (representative survey) National Park Strategy indicators Criteria catalogue of the Austrian Climate Change Adaptation Strategy (activity field Biodiversity and Ecosystems) Implementation stakeholders: Provincial govern ments, BMLFUW (Federal Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry, Environment and Water Management) Further stakeholders: Mountain rescue services and park rangers, BFW (Austrian Research Centre for Forests), BMLVS (Federal Ministry of Defence and Sports), BMVIT (Federal Ministry of Transport, Innovation and Technology), BMWFW (Federal Ministry of Science, Research and Econo my), botanical and zoological gardens, fishery asso ciations, hunting associations, Land&Forst Betriebe (farming and forestry association), agricultural chambers, national park administrations, ÖBf AG (Austrian Forests), nature reserve administrations, cities and municipalities, Universities and NGOs 25 TARGET 11: BIODIVERSITY AND ECOSYSTEM SERVICES ARE TAKEN INTO ACCOUNT IN SPATIAL PLANNING AND TRANSPORT/MOBILITY Total daily land take is significantly reduced (2020+). Regional target values for land take are available (2020). Priority areas for ecological functions (Green Infrastructure) are incorporated and designat ed in local and regional spatial planning (2020+). Ecological permeability is significantly in creased for main traffic infrastructure (2020). BACKGROUND Spatial planning seeks to reach a reconciliation of interests between the spatially relevant sector poli cies, and by establishing requirements, e.g. in the course of zoning, it has an impact on traffic volume, energy requirements and, to a great extent, land take. By employing its planning instruments at a local and regional level, spatial planning can estab lish awareness for the great importance of biodiver sity in municipalities and project developers; it can thus contribute substantially towards the conserva tion of biodiversity and ecosystem services as well as Green Infrastructure 26 and can help to reduce land take, fragmentation and thus the increasing pressure on ecologically valuable areas. Traffic can adversely affect biodiversity both direct ly, by land take, land sealing, barrier effects caused by infrastructures, spread of alien species and, indi rectly, by energy consumption, pollution and noise. The fragmentation of habitats due to road construc tion cuts off migratory corridors and separates re production, retreat, and resting areas from feeding and watering sites and even prevents gene exchange between different populations. On the other hand, game fencing and noise protection walls, which are required for traffic safety reasons, increase the sepa ration effect further. Nationwide, species like red deer, brown bears and lynxes may be affected, but also small-scale species such as ground beetles, amphibians, small mammals or even bats. To avoid such barrier effects, wildlife crossings such as over passes (“green bridges”) or underpasses have al 26 Green Infrastructure serves to provide ecosystem services. They comprise nature reserves, natural landscape features such as hedgerows or coppices, artificial wildlife crossings (“green bridges”) and urban parks. Also, flood protection measures like restoration structures make up Green Infrastructure, COM(2013) 249. ready been erected and further are in the planning stage. The expansion of inland water transport, primarily on the river Danube as West-East route, places demands on the river bed. MEASURES Improved coordination of spatially effective sector planning between and at all levels of planning in view of biodiversity aspects Incorporation of biodiversity aspects and con sideration of ecological functions in the imple mentation of spatial planning and planning in struments at all levels of planning Assessment of nationwide data on soil con sumption and land take by the Federal Govern ment and Federal Provinces in the context of an ÖROK (Austrian Conference on Spatial Plan ning) implementation partnership and develop ment of an Action Plan to reduce soil consump tion and land take with regionalised, binding target values (in accordance with the Soil Char ter 2014 27 ) Consideration of biodiversity-related results of strategic environmental assessments in the im plementation of plans and programmes Consideration of biodiversity concerns in the context of the Federal Government’s specialised planning responsibilities and in the context of implementation partnerships of the Austrian Spatial Planning Conference Safeguarding of wildlife corridors in terms of spatial development / habitat connectivity axes / Green Infrastructure Identification of areas with increased need for Green Infrastructure and its consideration in the planning carried out at various levels by various sectors, such as zoning, regional planning, over all traffic plan, resulting in the coordinated con struction of wildlife crossings (“green bridges”) and underpasses 27 http://www.oekosozial.at/index.php?id=14105#element85508 26 Mapping of ecosystem services harmonised across Europe Participation in the development of the Europe an Union’s “no net loss” 28 initiative and imple mentation of useful proposals Treatment of peripheral areas and embankments of roads, railway lines and power line sections as possible migratory corridors and special sites to promote biodiversity, while taking into ac count traffic safety Review of possible ways to establish a land scape account 29 Consideration of functional connectivity and the habitat network when establishing compensat ing areas Increase of grasslands in urban areas, taking into account abandoned industrial, trade and residential buildings and the provision of fea tures that promote biodiversity in newly estab lished green areas Inclusion of the already available soil function evaluation tool to be used as a basis for soil pro tection and spatial planning Development of nationwide strategies for habi tat connectivity 28 Measure 7 of the EU Biodiversity Strategy: “Ensure no net loss of biodiversity and ecosystem services“ 29 See basic document. Evaluation parameters: Land take (MOBI F1) Number of spatial planning concepts which take into account ecological priority sites Number of wildlife crossing structures (“green bridges” and underpasses) including upgrading measures for existing systems Implementation stakeholders: Provincial govern ments, BMVIT (Federal Ministry of Transport, Innovation and Technology), cities and municipali ties Further stakeholders: ASFINAG, BMLFUW (Federal Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry, Envi ronment and Water Management), ÖBB (Austrian Federal Railways), ÖROK (Austrian Conference on Spatial Planning), road maintenance centres, Via Donau and NGOs 27 FIELD OF ACTION – SECURING GLOBAL BIODIVERSITY TARGET 12: CONTRIBUTION TO OVERCOME GLOBAL BIODIVERSITY CRISIS HAS BEEN MADE Nagoya Protocol is ratified; share of biodi versity-related funding compared to Official Development Assistance (ODA) has in creased (2020+). Awareness of the impact of raw material consumption and consumer behaviour in Austria on the global biodiversity situation has risen (2020+). Capacity building to prevent GMOs and to develop sustainable agriculture adapted to the local conditions in developing countries has been carried out (2020). BACKGROUND Non-sustainable production and consumption pat terns are two of the main reasons for the global loss of biological diversity. Industrial countries, such as Austria, are therefore called upon to rethink their consumer behaviour and particularly support devel oping countries in their efforts to protect and safe guard the sustainable use of their biological diversi ty. This also includes the increased employment of innovative financing instruments (e.g. private sec tor), based on the experience gained in the field of climate change. Experience gained in development cooperation and in the area of climate change have shown that transferring responsibility to the local population (e.g. by micro credits or by establishing locally based, sustainable economic systems) pro vides the key to success. The loss of biological diversity is a particular bur den for the poorer population in developing coun tries. The integration of environmental protection and the conservation of natural resources, as set out in the law on development cooperation 30 , is there fore one of the most important responsibilities of development cooperation. Accordingly, 17% of projects supported by the ADA (Austrian Develop ment Agency) in 2011 contributed specifically to 30 Federal Act on Development Cooperation (EZA-G) Federal Law Gazette 49/2002 wards conserving biological diversity. A milestone on the road towards achieving policy coherence in Austria was the adoption of the Strategic Guideline on Environment & Development in Austrian Devel opment Policy. 31 To accompany the implementation of the Strategic Guideline, the informal platform “Environment and Development” was set up. The AGRINATURA network 32 brings together research institutions in Europe to support sustainable agricul tural use in developing countries by capacity build ing. Austria makes a substantial contribution in the context of REDDplus 33 and supports projects to maintain biodiversity in developing countries as part of the CBD Life-Web initiative (Convention on Biological Diversity). Ongoing developments in the European Union in the context of the Washington Convention on Inter national Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fau na and Flora (CITES) aim at controlling the grow ing legal and illegal global trade with wild animals and plants 34 , 35 . An EU concept has been developed, which, among other things, provides for more effec 31 BMEIA 2009 32 www.agrinatura.eu 33 REDD – The REDD Model plays a role in the negotiations in the context of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (succession regulation to the Kyoto Protocol) as a possible way to reduce greenhouse gases and utilise forests to store carbon (therefore referred to here as REDD+). 34 Resolution of the European Parliament on January 15, 2014 on criminal acts in conjunction with wild flora and fauna (2013/2747(RSP)) 35 Declaration: London Conference on the Illegal Wildlife Trade. https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachm ent data/file/281289/london-wildlife-conference-declaration 140213.pdf 28 tive strategies to combat illegal trade within the EU as well as further recommendations, e.g. improved controls and monitoring, higher fines, support of international cooperation and expansion of devel opment cooperation in the context of activities against illegal wood harvest (FLEGT 36 ), compensa tion payments for developing countries if there is evidence that they have reduced deforestation and degradation of forests (REDD+ 37 ), and protection programmes for local village communities (CRM 38 ). MEASURES Ratification of the Nagoya Protocol on access to genetic resources and the fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising from their utilisation, on the basis of the relevant EU regulation. Exploration of further optimum ways for Aus tria to make a relevant contribution towards fi nancing global biodiversity conservation, par ticularly in partner countries. Intensified consideration of conservation of biological diversity in Austrian development cooperation efforts, increased promotion of pro jects that have a favourable impact on biological diversity Public awareness raising activities across Aus tria to inform people how our consumer behav iour in certain areas affects global biodiversity and poverty Knowledge transfer at university level Reduction of biodiversity-related raw material extraction in specific projects with Austrian par ticipation and export credit financing abroad as well as environmental assessments and consid eration of the results during implementation Review of projects with Austrian participation and export credit financing in view of their im pact on biodiversity Increased implementation of capacity-building projects in developing countries focused on the application and handling of genetically modi fied organisms (risk assessment, socio economic effects, verification and monitoring); awareness raising activities with regard to alter natives and access to such alternatives 36 Forest Law Enforcement, Governance and Trade (EU Action Plan) 37 The United Nations Collaborative Programme on Reduc ing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation in Developing Countries 38 Community Resource Management Increased collaboration of Austrian stakeholders in international institutions and global biodiver sity conservation instruments (CBD, Cartagena Protocol, CITES, Ramsar, environmental pro gramme of the United Nations, Intergovernmen tal Panel on Climate Change – IPCC, Intergov ernmental Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosys tem Services – IPBES) Support of efforts towards the consideration of biodiversity-related aspects in production pro cesses at an international level, e.g. increased integration of biodiversity aspects in existing corporate social responsibility (CSR) systems Based on the relevant EU regulation, creation of framework conditions, structures and mecha nisms that enable Austrian research institutions to conduct studies on international species pro tection and nature conservation topics within the scope of the Nagoya Protocol Evaluation parameters: Share of biodiversity-related financing compared to official development assis tance Ratification of the Nagoya Protocol Knowledge of the financial flows in develop ing countries for biodiversity measures at ministries and the Austrian Development Agency (ADA) Public awareness of the significance of con sumer behaviour on global biodiversity (rep resentative survey) Number of projects with export credit financ ing which have an impact on biodiversity Number capacity-building projects focusing on the avoidance of GMOs and on the estab lishment of sustainable and locally adapted agriculture Awareness raising activities among consum ers (representative survey) Implementation stakeholders: BMEIA (Federal Ministry for Europe, Integration and Foreign Af fairs), BMLFUW (Federal Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry, Environment and Water Management), BMWFW (Federal Ministry of Science, Research and Economy) Further stakeholders: ADA (Austrian Develop ment Agency), provincial governments, BMF (Fed eral Ministry of Finance), botanical and zoological gardens, Development Bank of Austria, Öster reichische Kontrollbank AG, Environment Agency Austria, Universities and NGOs 29 REFERENCES Alpine Convention (2013): Nachhaltiger Tourismus in den Alpen. Alpenzustandsbericht. Innsbruck, 148 pp. APCC – Austrian Panel on Climate Change (2014): Österreichischer Sachstandsbericht Klimawandel 2014 (AAR14). Österreichische Akademie der Wis senschaften, Wien, Österreich, 1096 pp. Austrian Council for Research and Technology Development (2009): Strategie 2020. Austrian Council, Vienna, 88 pp. Berger, R. & Ehrendorfer, F. (2011, Eds.): Ökosys tem Wien. Die Naturgeschichte einer Stadt. Böhlau, Vienna, 744 pp. BFW – Federal Research and Training Centre for Forests, Natural Hazards and Landscape (2011): Waldinventur 2007/09. BFW Praxisinformation 24, 32 pp. BFW – Federal Research and Training Centre for Forests, Natural Hazards and Landscape (2013): Österreichische Waldinventur – Der Wald rund um die Nutzungen. BFW Praxisinformation 32, 48 pp. Bieringer, G. & Wanninger, K. (2011): Handlungs prioritäten im Arten- und Lebensraumschutz in Niederösterreich. Report commissioned by the Lower Austrian Government, St. Pölten, 169 pp. BMEiA – Federal Ministry for European and Inter national Affairs (2009): Strategischer Leitfaden Umwelt und Entwicklung. Section VII – Österrei chische Entwicklungs- und Ostzusammenarbeit, Vienna, 48 pp. BMLFUW – Federal Ministry of Agriculture, Fo restry, Environment and Water Management (2005): Weiterentwickelte Österreichische Strategie zur Umsetzung des Übereinkommens über die bio logische Vielfalt. Vienna, 94 pp. BMLFUW – Federal Ministry of Agriculture, For estry, Environment and Water Management (2005 2010): Rote Listen gefährdeter Tiere Österreichs. Grüne Reihe Volume 14, Part 1–4, Böhlau, Vienna. BMLFUW – Federal Ministry of Agriculture, For estry, Environment and Water Management (2006): Monitoring Nachhaltiger Entwicklung in Österreich. Indikatoren für Nachhaltige Entwicklung. Vienna, 197 pp. BMLFUW – Federal Ministry of Agriculture, For estry, Environment and Water Management (2006): Österreichisches Waldprogramm. Vienna, 83 pp. BMLFUW – Federal Ministry of Agriculture, For estry, Environment and Water Management (2008): Nachhaltige Waldwirtschaft in Österreich. Öster reichisches Waldprogramm 2008. Vienna, 59 pp. BMLFUW – Federal Ministry of Agriculture, For estry, Environment and Water Management (2010): Österreichische Nationalpark-Strategie. Vienna 28 pp. BMLFUW – Federal Ministry of Agriculture, For estry, Environment and Water Management (2011): ÖSTRAT – Österreichische Strategie Nachhaltige Entwicklung Arbeitsprogramm 2011ff of the Feder al Government and Federal Provinces. Vienna, 63 pp. BMLFUW – Federal Ministry of Agriculture, For estry, Environment and Water Management (2012): Aquakultur 2020 – Österreichische Strategie zur Förderung der nationalen Fischproduktion. BMLFUW, Vienna, 16 pp. BMLFUW – Federal Ministry of Agriculture, For estry, Environment and Water Management (2012): Die österreichische Strategie zur Anpassung an den Klimawandel. Vienna, Part 1 – Kontext, 134 p., Part 2 – Aktionsplan, 442 pp. BMLFUW – Federal Ministry of Agriculture, For estry, Environment and Water Management (2013): Grüner Bericht 2013. Bericht über die Situation der österreichischen Land- und Forstwirtschaft. Vienna, 342 pp. BMLFUW – Federal Ministry of Agriculture, Fo restry, Environment and Water Management (2013): Zustand und Bedeutung der biologischen Vielfalt in Österreich. November 2013. 30 BMVIT – Federal Ministry of Transport, Innovation and Technology (2012): Gesamtverkehrsplan für Österreich. Vienna, 78 pp. BMWFJ & BMLFUW (Federal Ministry for Econ omy, Family and Youth & Federal Ministry of Ag riculture, Forestry, Environment and Water Man agement) (2010): Energiestrategie Österreich. Vien na, 140 pp. BMLFUW, BMUUK & BMWF (2008): Österrei chische Strategie zur Bildung für nachhaltige Ent wicklung. COM (2013) 249: Communication from the Com mission to the European Parliament, the Council, the Economic and Social Committee and the Com mittee of Regions: Green Infrastructure (GI) – En hancing Europe’s Natural Capital, Brussels Egger, G., Michor, K., Muhar, S. & Bednar, B. (2009): Flüsse in Österreich. Lebensadern für Mensch, Natur und Wirtschaft. StudienVerlag, In nsbruck, 311 pp. Enigl, M. & Koller, B. (2003): Kulturpflanzenviel falt. Entstehung & Gefährdung, Fallbeispiele aus Österreich. Eigenverlag, Schiltern, 60 pp. Environment Agency Austria (2013): Zehnter Um weltkontrollbericht. Umweltsituation in Österreich. REP-0410, Federal Environment Agency, Vienna, 288 pp. Environment Agency Austria (2013): Ausarbeitung des österreichischen Berichtes gemäß Art. 17 FFH Richtlinie, Berichtszeitraum 2007-2013. Report commissioned by the Liaison Office of the Federal Provinces, Vienna. Essl, F. & Egger, G. (2010): Lebensraumvielfalt in Österreich – Gefährdung und Handlungsbedarf. Zusammenschau der Roten Listen gefährdeter Bio toptypen Österreichs. Naturwissenschaftlicher Ver ein für Kärnten und Umweltbundesamt GmbH, 109 pp. Essl, F. & Rabitsch, W. (2002): Neobiota in Öster reich. Environment Agency Austria, Vienna, 432 pp. Essl, F. & Rabitsch, W. (2004): Österreichischer Aktionsplan zu gebietsfremden Arten (Neobiota). Federal Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry, Environ ment and Water Management, Vienna, 28 pp. Essl, F., Rabitsch, W. (2013): Biodiversität und Klimawandel. Auswirkungen und Handlungsoptio nen für den Naturschutz in Mitteleuropa. Springer, Heidelberg, 458 pp. Federal Chancellery (2011): Der Weg zum Innova tion Leader. Strategie der Bundesregierung für For schung, Technologie und Innovation. Vienna, 49 pp. Forest Dialogue (2009): Arbeitsprogramm des Ös terreichischen Waldprogramms. As of 11/2009. www.walddialog.at Forstner, M., Reimoser, F., Lexer, W., Heckl, F. & Hackl, J. (2006): Nachhaltigkeit der Jagd. Prinzi pien, Kriterien und Indikatoren. avBuch, Vienna, 132 pp. Forum Umweltbildung im Umweltdachverband (2013): Bildung für nachhaltige Entwicklung. Jahr buch 2013. Fuchshuber, B. & Kiehn, M. (2007): Globale Stra tegie zur Erhaltung der Pflanzen (GSPC). Um setzung in Österreich. “Roadmap 2010 und darüber hinaus“. Report commissioned by the Federal Min istry of Agriculture, Forestry, Environment and Water Management , Vienna, 38 pp. Götzl, M. (2003): Die österreichischen Sammlungen und Datenbanken zur Artenvielfalt. Eine interdis ziplinäre Studie im Rahmen der Global Biodiversity Information Facility. Federal Ministry of Education, Science and Culture, Vienna, 185 pp. IEEP – Institute for European Policy (2013): The economic benefits of the Natura 2000 Network. Report to the European Commission, Brussels, 76 pp. Kohler, B., Laßnig, C. & Zika, M. (2011): Wildnis in Österreich? Herausforderungen für Gesellschaft, Naturschutz und Naturraummanagement in Zeiten des Klimawandels. Österreichische Bundesforste, Purkersdorf, 68 pp. Mirtl, M., Bahn, M., Battin, T., Borsdorf, A., Eng lisch, M., Gaube, V., Grabherr, G., Gratzer, G., Haberl, H., Kreiner, D., Richter, A., Schindler, S., Tappeiner, U., Winiwarter, V. & Zink, R. (2010): “Next Generation LTER“ in Österreich – Zu Lage und Ausrichtung von prozessorientierter Ökosys temforschung, Biodiversitäts- und Naturschutzfor schung sowie sozio-ökologischer Forschung in Österreich. LTER-Austria Series 1, Vienna, 52 pp. Moser, D. & Ellmauer, T. (2009): Konzept zu ei nem Monitoring nach Artikel 11 der Fauna-Flora Habitat-Richtlinie in Österreich. Report commis sioned by the Liaison Office of the Federal Provinc es, Vienna, 130 pp. 31 ÖROK – Austrian Conference on Spatial Planning (2011): Österreichisches Raumentwicklungskonzept ÖREK 2011. Resolution of 4 August 2011, Vienna, 104 pp. ÖTE – Ökologischer Tourismus in Europa (2013): Praxisleitfaden Tourismus & Biologische Vielfalt. Umsetzungsstrategien zur erfolgreichen Förderung von Naturtourismus und Entwicklung von Naturer lebnis im Tourismus. Bonn, 44 pp. Rabitsch, W. & Essl, F. (2009): Endemiten – Kost barkeiten in Österreichs Pflanzen- und Tierwelt. Naturwissenschaftlicher Verein für Kärnten und Umweltbundesamt, Klagenfurt and Vienna, 924 pp. Sauberer, N. & Grabherr, G. (1995): Fachliche Grundlagen zur Umsetzung der FFH-Richtlinie, Schwerpunkt Lebensräume. Report 115, Environ ment Agency Austria, Vienna, 127 pp. Sauberer, N., Moser, D. & Grabherr, G. (2008): Biodiversität in Österreich. Räumliche Muster und Indikatoren der Arten- und Lebensraumvielfalt. Bristol-Stiftung, Zürich, Haupt, Bern, 313 pp. Schibany, A., Berger, M., Dachs, B., Ecker, B., Egeln, J., Gassler, H., Gottschalk, S., Leitner, K.-H., Müller, B., Rammer, C., Reiner, C., Streicher, G. & Zahradnik, G. (2013): Österreichischer Forschungs und Technologiebericht 2013. Lagebericht gem. §8(1) FOG über die aus Bundesmitteln geförderte Forschung, Technologie und Innovation in Öster reich. Report commissioned by the BMWF, BMVIT, BMWFJ, Vienna, 208 pp. Suske, W., Bieringer, G. & Ellmauer, T. (2011): Natura 2000 und Artenschutz. Empfehlungen für die Planungspraxis beim Bau von Verkehrsinfra struktur. ASFINAG Bau Management GmbH, 170 pp. Tiefenbach, M., Drabosenig, A., Erler, A., Hasler, V. & Sonderegger, G. (2013): Set der Pflichtindika toren für die Evaluierung des Nationalpark Managements. BMLFUW, Vienna. Umweltdachverband (2012): Abbau umweltschädli cher Subventionen in Österreich. Report, Umwelt dachverband, Vienna, 12 pp. Werner, P. & Zahner, R. (2009): Biologische Viel falt und Städte. Eine Übersicht und Bibliographie. BfN-Skripten 245, 134 pp. Note: Some of the mentioned publications/texts are also available in English. MISSION STATEMENT. OUR GOAL is an Austria worth living in, in a strong Europe: with clean air, clean water, a diversified nature as well as safe, high-quality and affordable foods. We want to create the best possible conditions for this. WE ARE WORKING for secure natural resources, a sustaina ble lifestyle and reliable protection of life. bmlfuw.gv.at