Climate Change Strategy in the Emirate of Abu Dhabi 2023 - 2027

SECTION 1 INTRODUCTION The Climate Change Strategy in the Emirate of Abu Dhabi 2023- 2027 reflects the emirate’s ambition for effective climate action at various levels. The strategy promotes greater resilience in key sectors and makes adaptation to climate change integral to government entities’ plans. Additionally, it outlines Abu Dhabi’s plan to reduce greenhouse gases (GHGs) significantly in line with the country’s announcement of achieving climate neutrality by 2050. Likewise, the strategy drives innovation in carbon capture and storage, and identifies actions aimed at economic diversification towards low-carbon sectors. 03 C L I M AT E C H A N G E S T R AT E G Y I N T H E E M I R AT E O F A B U D H A B I The strategy focuses on reducing GHG emissions and adapting to the impacts of climate change in the Emirate of Abu Dhabi. On behalf of the Abu Dhabi government, the Environment Agency – Abu Dhabi (EAD) supervises the development of the strategy by consulting, coordinating, and MITIGATION OF CLIMATE cooperating with government entities, the private CHANGE sector, and scientific research centres. The scope Reducing emissions in key sectors. of the strategy includes three main themes: Resort to carbon sequestration and storage.

SECTION 2 SCOPE ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE Enhancing the resilience of the four key sectors (energy, health, infrastructure, and environment) ECONOMIC DIVERSIFICATION THROUGH INNOVATIVE, LOW- CARBON SOLUTIONS Stimulating various sectors towards economic in adapting to the expected risks of diversification by innovating low-carbon solutions climate change. and identifying related opportunities. 04 05 C L I M AT E C H A N G E S T R AT E G Y I N T H E E M I R AT E O F A B U D H A B I EAD has developed this strategy by forming a supervisory committee comprising the following entities: 1. Abu Dhabi Executive Office (ADEO) 2. Environment Agency – Abu Dhabi (EAD) 3. Department of Energy - Abu Dhabi (DOE) 4. Department of Municipalities and Transport (DMT) 5. Department of Economic Development (DED) 6. Abu Dhabi Waste Management Company (Tadweer) THE ABU DHABI CLIMATE 7. Abu Dhabi Agriculture and Food Safety CHANGE TASKFORCE

SECTION 3 COMPRISES Authority (ADAFSA) 26 KEY ENTITIES STRATEGY 8. Abu Dhabi Public Health Centre (ADPHC) The committee members prepared the strategy, Change and Environment (MOCCAE), particularly which included defining objectives, targets, and within the context of national pathways and the DEVELOPMENT a detailed action plan. The Abu Dhabi Climate required studies developed by the ministry to Change Taskforce, comprising 26 key entities in achieve climate neutrality by 2050. In addition, the emirate and formed pursuant to the decision EAD has conducted reference benchmarking of the Chairman of the EAD No. 3 of 2020 (dated on climate change mitigation and adaptation 22/12/2020), were consulted during the process. with a number of countries in the region and EAD has prioritised climate change in its 2021- from around the world to provide a clear 2025 strategy. Consequently, and based on the understanding of what can realistically be Foundational Strategy for Natural Resources, achieved within the next five years. Environment, and Energy, the agency has Additionally, ADEO’s Resilience Study on how Abu reviewed existing local and federal plans, as Dhabi could become the most resilient globally in well as those still under development, to ensure adapting to climate change (2022) they align with the strategy. The agency has was another helpful source. also collaborated with the Ministry of Climate 06 07 C L I M AT E C H A N G E S T R AT E G Y I N T H E E M I R AT E O F A B U D H A B I 4.1 A GLOBAL PERSPECTIVE ON CLIMATE CHANGE IN THE UAE There are several indicators that measure 1. The Environmental Performance Index the status of countries in climate change. The (EPI), which includes the climate change most important indicators were addressed in issue category. this strategy despite the many challenges in 2. Emissions per capita. using them, such as the use of outdated data or 3. Emissions per unit of GDP. differences in data calculation methods used by 4. UAE’s share of global emissions. various international entities. The following main 5. Emissions per kWh. KPIs were reviewed in this strategy:

SECTION 4 INCREASE IN GREEN HOUSE GAS EMISSIONS CLIMATE CHANGE CHALLENGE POPULATION GROWTH ECONOMIC GROWTH DESALINATION REQUIREMENTS The 2022 Environmental Performance Index (EPI) ranked the UAE 117th out of 180 countries for climate change with a score of 34 (where 100 represents the best and 0 the worst)1. According to the Climate Change Tracker that assesses whether countries are on track to meeting climate mitigation commitments, the UAE’s efforts were rated as “highly insufficient” in the update dated November 2021. 08 09 C L I M AT E C H A N G E S T R AT E G Y I N T H E E M I R AT E O F A B U D H A B I Furthermore, the emissions GHG/CAPITA IN TONS OF C02 EQ. - 2016 As for the share of the % OF ABU DHABI CONTRIBUTION per capita indicator shows that the Emirate of Abu Dhabi country and of Abu Dhabi of total global emissions, TO GLOBAL EMMISSIONS - 2016 has the highest emissions per the country’s share of global capita globally. Meanwhile, the Egypt 2.45 emissions was 0.55% whereas Norway 0.11% UAE ranked third worldwide Abu Dhabi’s contribution in relation to per capita Global Avg 4.58 was 0.29 % in 20164. AD 2027 0.23% emissions for the base year EU 6.46 Belgium 0.28% of 2016. Additionally, national greenhouse gas inventory Norway 7.02 AD 2016 0.29% reports indicate an increase USA 15.14 Holland 0.40% in emissions over the past two If the strategy is KSA 17.14 If the strategy is UAE 0.55% implemented decades due to economic implemented and population growth, UAE 21.29 Ukraine 0.56% among other factors such as desalination requirements. AD 2027 25 Egypt 0.70% Qatar 33 Japan 2.78% AD 2016 41.4 USA 12.91% China 25.51% As for the carbon emissions GHG/ PER UNIT OF GDP IN ABU DHABI The emissions per kilowatt GHG EMMISSIONS/KWHR per each dollar of GDP indicator, the country’s - 2016 KG/INTERNATIONAL US hour indicator is an important indicator for understanding the IN GRAMS - 2016 position is very close to status of countries in terms of If the strategy is the global average, as each emissions. The UAE ranked 38th, implemented Denmark 0.12 If the strategy is Canada 146 dollar causes 290 grams of implemented and Abu Dhabi 71st in 2016 (the Italy 1st rank represents the highest AD 2027 175 emissions compared to the 0.14 global average of 280 grams, emission level per kilowatt Italy 308 AD 2027 0.17 while this value rises up to hour globally)5. Germany 0.18 Germany 441 320 grams in the Emirate of Abu Dhabi according Japan 0.23 AD 2016 444 to the base year 2016. It AD 2016 USA 479 is worth mentioning that 0.32 the combined share of EU Australia Japan 554 0.33 countries in emissions per Canada UAE 643 each dollar of GDP is about 0.33 160 g2. The UAE ranked 22nd, UAE 0.34 China 653 and Abu Dhabi 27th for the KSA KSA 711 same base year (the 1st rank 0.38 represents the highest level of China Australia 735 0.53 emissions per each dollar of GDP)3. 10 11 C L I M AT E C H A N G E S T R AT E G Y I N T H E E M I R AT E O F A B U D H A B I 4.2 CLIMATE CHANGE - STATE 4.2.4 High Impact on Public Health High temperatures have a detrimental impact on public The state of climate change in the Emirate of Abu Dhabi is characterised by an increase in air and health, especially for outdoor workers. This is evidenced by the marine water temperatures, as well as higher salinity levels in the latter. Additionally, sea levels are hundreds of cases of physical exhaustion reported in Abu Dhabi rising, heavy rainfall is becoming more frequent, and there are notable changes in weather patterns each month. In fact, outdoor workers account for 80 % of heat- such as increased humidity, shifts in the season of migration and reproduction, and altered periods related health conditions10. of north winds. 80% OF HEAT - RELATED HEALTH 4.2.1 Increase in Temperature CONDITIONS According to Abu Dhabi State of Environment Report 2017, 4.2.5 Affected Food Security in the Supply Chain temperature in the UAE is expected to increase by 2-3 °C between 2060 and 2079. The increase in the temperature of the Climate change is negatively impacting food security in Arabian Gulf waters is also mainly related to climate change, as the UAE and the Emirate of Abu Dhabi, primarily due to the +2 TO 3°C temperature there has risen on average by 0.2 °C per decade over the past 50 years6 . Consequently, further increase in temperatures country’s dependence on food imports and limited availability of fertile land and freshwater. While the UAE has a very good BETWEEN is expected in the coming decades. 2060 - 2079 score in food availability, quality, and safety, ranking 23rd out of 113 countries in the 2022 Global Food Security Index, its scores in LIMITED FERTILE sustainability and adaptation are low. This is largely due to extreme 4.2.2 Sea Level Rise LAND AND weather conditions, dependence on non-renewable groundwater FRESHWATER resources, and insufficient commitments in the area of adaptation, The sea level of the Arabian Gulf is expected to rise particularly in agriculture11. by 0.5–0.65 metre by 21007. Globally, sea level is expected to rise by 0.52–0.98 m by 2100. The anticipated rise in sea levels will have a detrimental impact on the inhabitants of Abu Dhabi. This is due to the fact that around 85 % of the population and 90 % of the emirate’s 4.2.6 The Effect on Biodiversity infrastructure is located on the coastal areas. As such, sea level rise might necessitate relocation of residents and residential areas8. +0.5 TO 0.65M Climate change is profoundly affecting the biodiversity of the The rise in sea levels will also result in significant damage to roads BY 2100 Emirate of Abu Dhabi. For instance, in 2017, global coral bleaching and pavements, which will disrupt public transportation and have a negative impact on economic activities. This will result in increased IN THE REGION resulted in the loss of nearly 75 % of the Gulf’s offshore coral reefs. Marine species were further affected by flooding due to a storm on maintenance costs as well9. the low island of Bu Tinah, which is one of the main nesting shores for turtle in the emirate. This led to the loss of all eight incubators 4.2.3 Intensifying Marine Water Acidity for the endangered hawksbill sea turtles on the island in 2019 and 202112. Coastal and land wetlands, including mangrove forests, are Climate change is significantly impacting marine water quality also expected to diminish, coupled with a decline in fisheries due to in the Arabian Gulf. The water in this region is becoming increasingly acidic at a faster rate than in most other ocean waters worldwide. exceeding the thermal limits of reproduction13,14 . Moreover, water -75% The effects of climate change in the Arabian Gulf can already be demand in Abu Dhabi is projected to increase by 30 % between GULF’S OFFSHORE observed through damage to marine habitats and species. 2017 and 203015. This might lead to greater reliance on energy- CORAL REEFS. intensive desalinated water, causing a surge in marine salinity and changes to local temperatures that threaten marine biodiversity due to discharge of additional brine water. 12 13 C L I M AT E C H A N G E S T R AT E G Y I N T H E E M I R AT E O F A B U D H A B I 4.2.7 Shifts in Precipitation Climate change is causing lower precipitation levels in Abu Dhabi, with a decreasing average annual rainfall observed between 2015 and 2018. Analysis by EAD indicates an 80 mm -80 MM BETWEEN decrease in rainfall levels in Abu Dhabi between 1982 and 2013, despite the increase in heavy rainfall in the last few years. 1982 - 2013 4.2.8 Increasing Humidity Climate change exacerbates the already high humidity levels in the Emirate of Abu Dhabi, with readings occasionally reaching as much as 90 % during extremely hot days16 . By 2100, humidity levels are expected to rise by an estimated 10 % 17. +10% BY 2100 4.2.9 Rising Incidence of Storms and Extreme Weather Conditions Climate change leads to more frequent and severe occurrence of storms, enhancing wind speeds, particularly the northern winds, beyond its typical levels in the Arabian Gulf region. This amplifies the impact of sea-level rise through storm surges. Drought levels 4.3 CLIMATE CHANGE – have increased over the past two decades, and groundwater DRIVERS levels continue to decline. As a result, Abu Dhabi is projected to POPULATION EXPERIENCE 90 experience about 90 continuous days of severe drought by Human activities that burn fossil fuels and emit greenhouse gases CONTINUOUS 205018. In 2021, Abu Dhabi experienced its highest recorded are altering the global climate. Additionally, global population DAYS OF SEVERE temperature of 50.7 °C19. Floods and soil erosion have also and economic growth largely intensify this phenomenon, and DROUGHT BY 2050 become more frequent and intense over the past few decades. +5.6% ANNUAL thus the negative effects of fossil fuel dependence are forming GROWTH, 2010-2016 an international tendency to unite to face the global challenge of climate change. All countries, regardless of their level of In 2017, Abu Dhabi witnessed over 500 incidents leading to more than 12 000 emergency calls20. development or population, have an obligation to address this A notable case of heavy rainfall occurred on July 27th and 28th, 2022, which was considered the global issue and adapt to the new reality. most intense in decades. Although its impact on Abu Dhabi was limited to causing some difficulties, it resulted in a semi-disaster in other areas of the UAE, posing a threat to people’s lives21. Locally, the increase in greenhouse gas emissions is attributed to ABU DHABI human factors, such as population and economic growth, which contribute to the expansion of sectors associated with greenhouse $ GDP gas production. Abu Dhabi’s population, which was nearly 3 million in 2016, is growing rapidly due to improvements in health services +1.2% ANNUAL and an influx of expats, with an annual growth rate of about 5.6 % between 2010 and 2016. Additionally, the Emirate’s GDP grew by GROWTH, 2015-2018 nearly 1.2 % annually between 2015 and 201822. 14 15 C L I M AT E C H A N G E S T R AT E G Y I N T H E E M I R AT E O F A B U D H A B I 4.4 CLIMATE 4.5 CLIMATE Data Initiative (AGEDI), commercial fish stocks CHANGE - CHANGE - IMPACT in the Gulf are expected to continue declining, with the local extinction rate in the Arabian Gulf PRESSURES Overall, Abu Dhabi and the UAE at large are expected to increase by 2090 compared to 2010, according to the worst-case scenario of vulnerable to the impacts of climate change, temperature increase. Greenhouse gas emissions in Abu Dhabi continue particularly in terms of water scarcity, agriculture, to rise, driven by increased CO2 emissions. biodiversity, and fisheries. The Emirate of Abu The “National Climate Change Adaptation Between 2010 and 2018, these emissions increased by an annual rate of 2.8 %, reaching +2.8% Dhabi is particularly vulnerable to water scarcity Programme” of 2019, which offers a ANNUAL INCREASE due to limited groundwater reserves and their comprehensive risk assessment and adaptation approximately 120 405 million tonnes of carbon BETWEEN 2010-2018 depletion, as well as reliance on desalination to analysis in health, energy, infrastructure, and dioxide equivalent in 201823. This rise is mainly produce potable water. The agricultural sector environment sectors, climate change variably due to growth in the energy, desalination, and that between 2010 and 2018, emissions from the is also vulnerable to climate change impacts, as impacts public health both directly and indirectly. transport sectors. sectors of electricity, water, oil, and gas grew by it heavily relies on scarce rainfall and depleted 4 % and 6 % per annum24. Additionally, industry groundwater reserves. The programme emphasises that climate change Four sectors contributed to 92 % of emirate’s and manufacturing are expanding, with a growing impacts will significantly affect the country’s emissions: the electricity and water (34 %), number of facilities and licenses leading to higher Biodiversity, particularly within the marine growth potential, including the health sector25. followed by the industry and manufacturing greenhouse gas emissions. Meanwhile, road ecosystems of the Arabian Gulf - known as the Available scientific literature indicates a strong sector (29 %), the oil and gas sector (19 %), and transport is rapidly increasing, with a marked “world’s warmest sea” - is critically sensitive link between climate change and health-related the transport sector (10 %). It is worth noting annual increase of 5 % in registered vehicles to climate change. These changes are evident, issues. Health conditions, fatal and non-fatal, resulting in higher emissions. with the phenomena like coral bleaching and such as heatstroke, cardiovascular diseases, and intensified storms events impacting turtle respiratory diseases are associated with climate nesting on low-lying islands. Based on future change-related variables and may increase as modelling by the Abu Dhabi Global Environmental temperatures rise. KEY EMITTING SECTORS - 2018 (EAD) VULNERABLE TO IMPACTS ON 75.9% ENERGY SECTOR GHG EMMISSIONS 9.6% 0.6% Percentage of total emmissions (%) 70.0% TRANSPORT OTHER ENERGY 60.0% 50.0% 40.0% 12.3% WATER SCARCITY AGRICULTURE 30.0% MANUFACTURING 20.0% INDUSTRIES 34.6% ELECTRICITY 10.0% & WATER 0.0% 16.7% 5.3% 2.1% 75.9% 18.8% OIL & GAS INDUSTRIAL WASTE AGRICULTURE ENERGY PROCESSES BIODIVERSITY FISHERIES PUBLIC HEALTH 16 17 C L I M AT E C H A N G E S T R AT E G Y I N T H E E M I R AT E O F A B U D H A B I Government intervention to manage GHGs and improving natural and built environment resilience is justified by Law (16) of 2005 Pertaining to the Reorganisation of EAD. In addition, it is derived from a number of applicable international conventions and federal regulations. 5.1 RELATED INTERNATIONAL AGREEMENTS Federal Decree No. (61) of 1995 concerning the Ratification of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change: The UAE ratified the decision concerning the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate

SECTION 5 Change on 20 December 1995, that was established to reach the stabilisation of greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that prevent dangerous LEGAL anthropogenic interference with the climate system. Federal Decree No. (75) of 2004, by which the UAE ratified the Kyoto Protocol immediately upon its entry into force in 2004. The Protocol is the first legally binding FRAMEWORK treaty to reduce greenhouse gasses, and it has enabled cooperation between developed and developing countries in this regard. Federal Decree No. (238) of 2016 concerning the Ratification of the Paris Agreement on Climate Change: The UAE ratified the Paris Agreement on 12 December 2016. The agreement aims to confirm the global response to the threat posed by climate change through: (a) maintaining a global average temperature rise of well below 2 °C above pre-industrial levels; (b) enhance capacity to adapt to the adverse effects of climate change; (c) make financial flows consistent with a path leading to low-carbon development to cope with climate change. 18 19 C L I M AT E C H A N G E S T R AT E G Y I N T H E E M I R AT E O F A B U D H A B I 5.2 OTHER FEDERAL REGULATIONS 5.3 LOCAL REGULATIONS Article 9 of Federal Law No. (24) of 1999 concerning the Protection and Broadly, climate change is not explicitly addressed directly in any local regulation. Development of the Environment states the following: However, Law No. (16) of 2005 pertaining to the Reorganisation of the Abu Dhabi Environment Agency states in section 12 of article 3 (EAD mandate) the “All pertinent bodies, especially the bodies entrusted with the planning and the following: economic and constructional development, shall take into account the aspects of protection of the environment, control of pollution, and rational use of natural “Prepare the plans required for formulating and developing a balanced resources upon setting the plans of economic and social development and upon environment policy and applying it to the industrial and economic and executing the projects.” agricultural projects carried out in the Emirate of Abu Dhabi for protecting environment and wildlife.” Moreover, Article 4 of Cabinet Resolution No. 98 of 2019 on the Use of Alternative Fuel Resulting from Waste Treatment Processes in Cement Section 25 of the same article also states the following: Factories states the following: “Combat pollution, protect safety and quality of air, water, soil, natural resources, “All cement factories that use coal in their energy production operations must biological diversification, and ensure the optimal utilisation of environment and commit to using a minimum of 10 % (if available in the country) of their total its resources for the purpose of protecting man and the environment, formulate energy needs from alternative fuel emerging from municipal solid waste a constant control system and propose suitable solutions for the various treatment plants in the country starting in 2020, and to monitoring air quality environment problems.” around them.” 20 21 C L I M AT E C H A N G E S T R AT E G Y I N T H E E M I R AT E O F A B U D H A B I Climate change is expected to negatively impact the global economy by reducing growth, as countries’ economies may struggle to produce goods and services in the face of expected climate impacts if the earth’s temperature levels exceed 2 oC or more26. This impact will be more severe for warmer countries, such as those in the Arabian Gulf, although they possess sufficient resources to promote resilience and reduce the repercussions of climate change27. According to an IMF report in 2019, under the best-case scenario (assuming temperature rise is reduced under the Paris Agreement), the UAE’s GDP per capita is projected to shrink by 0.08 %, 0.22 %, and 0.65 % in 2030, 2050, and 2100, respectively. In the worst- case scenario, these figures are expected to decrease by 0.93 %, 3.10 %, and 9.31 %, respectively28 . IMF PROJECTIONS FOR UAE GDP PER CAPITA SCENARIOS BEST-CASE WORST-CASE 2030 - 0.08 % -0.93 % $ GDP 2050 - 0.22 % -3.10 %

SECTION 6 2100 - 0.65 % -9.31 % ECONOMIC Furthermore, the imperative to mitigate climate change by reducing GHG and improving the resilience of the built and natural RATIONALE environment is supported by economic justification to address market failures. These failures, manifest when the production or consumption of goods and services results in GHG emissions and associated climate impacts not internalised. These impacts FOR CLIMATE include loss of work capacity due to heat, public health risks, sea level rise effects, and deteriorating agricultural productivity. 2.6% According to a 2019 report by the World Bank, heat stress is CONTRACTION IN ACTION expected to result in a 2.6 % contraction in the UAE’s total GDP THE UAE’S TOTAL by 2030. This impact is anticipated to be especially profound GDP BY 2030 DUE TO in sectors like construction, industry, and agriculture sectors29. HEAT STRESS However, the UAE is one of the first countries to support clean energy transformation, aiming to produce 50 % of its energy from clean sources by 2030, making it a pioneering country in addressing climate challenges and reducing negative impacts on the local economy, developing green sectors, and creating job opportunities. 22 23 C L I M AT E C H A N G E S T R AT E G Y I N T H E E M I R AT E O F A B U D H A B I According to the 2022 Climate Change Performance Index, Denmark achieved the highest ranking, followed by Sweden, for their efforts in addressing climate change and its impacts30. A review of Denmark’s strategy revealed that it is based on the following key features:

SECTION 7 FEATURES It sets ambitious targets to reduce GHG emissions. It includes a green finance component. OF BEST STRATEGIES It includes goals for adaptation It clearly addresses pathways and sustainable development. for private sector involvement and innovation. TO ADDRESS It has an outward focus with global goals, recognising that climate change is not just a CLIMATE domestic issue. CHANGE The Climate Change Strategy in the Emirate of Abu Dhabi covers all of the above features. It is worth noting that it also includes a global objective that is linked to the emirate’s investments. 24 25 C L I M AT E C H A N G E S T R AT E G Y I N T H E E M I R AT E O F A B U D H A B I

SECTION 8 THE STRATEGY Climate stewardship by reducing emissions in key sectors, improving resilience to expected impacts while promoting investment attractiveness, fostering innovation, and driving towards a low-carbon economy. VISION 26 27 C L I M AT E C H A N G E S T R AT E G Y I N T H E E M I R AT E O F A B U D H A B I 1 REDUCE GHG EMISSIONS IN KEY SECTORS ENHANCE RESILIENCE OF 2 VULNERABLE SECTORS TO ADAPT Percentage of total GHG emissions reduced TO CLIMATE CHANGE IMPACTS from 2016 levels 22% by 2027 Percentage of adaptation plans developed for the four key sectors (health, energy, infrastructure, and environment) with sub-indicators to be Percentage of GHG emissions reduced in the identified to ensure that plans are implemented in electricity and water sector from 2016 levels coordination with concerned entities 41% by 2027 100% Percentage of GHG emissions reduced in the

SECTION 9 transport sector from 2016 levels 10% by 2027 STRATEGY INCREASE REMOVAL OF 3 GREENHOUSE GAS (GHG) Percentage of GHG emissions reduced in the EMISSIONS THROUGH agricultural sector from 2016 levels CARBON SINKS OBJECTIVES, 20% by 2027 Percentage of emissions removed from total emissions through carbon sinks 3% by 2027 Percentage of GHG emissions reduced in the industrial sector from 2016 levels INDICATORS Target Unavailable DRIVE A LOW-CARBON 4 Percentage of GHG emissions reduced in the AND TARGETS INNOVATION AND ECONOMIC waste sector from 2016 levels DIVERSIFICATION AGENDA 41% by 2027 Percentage of Abu Dhabi’s investments in 2023–2027 ESG compliant companies committed to climate action Percentage of GHG emissions reduced in the oil and gas sector from 2016 levels 10% by 2050 To be determined Indicator Target 28 29 C L I M AT E C H A N G E S T R AT E G Y I N T H E E M I R AT E O F A B U D H A B I 10.1 LOCAL AND FEDERAL EXISTING PLANS (MITIGATION AND ADAPTATION) There are many existing and planned initiatives related to mitigation and adaptation to climate change, or to increase transparency on this subject in the UAE and Abu Dhabi. At the federal level, several policy instruments have been developed to mitigate climate change, including: • The UAE Environment Policy, adopted by UAE Green Agenda 2015–2030, which •  the Cabinet in 2020 and announced by the sponsors research and development related to Ministry of Climate Change and Environment, clean technologies. includes climate change as one of its key pillars. This national policy defines a set of targets The National Climate Change Plan of the •  and indicators as stipulated in other national UAE 2017–2050, which is a comprehensive sectoral strategies and plans. framework to address the causes and impacts of climate change, plan the transition into a • The UAE Net Zero by 2050 strategic climate resilient green economy and achieve a initiative, which was announced by the UAE better quality of life. leadership on 7 October 2021 with the aim of achieving climate neutrality by 2050. The UAE Energy Strategy 2050, which was •  UAE has also committed to investing more launched in 2017 and aims at introducing than AED 600 billion in clean and renewable renewables to the energy mix.

SECTION 10 energy until 2050 and playing a global role in combating climate change. UAE’s new fuel pricing policy, launched in •  STRATEGY 2017, which aims to lower fuel consumption. MORE THAN • The UAE has set a clean energy target 600 BILLION AED of 50% by 2050. AND OPTIONS INVESTMENTS IN CLEAN ENERGY Nationally Determined Contributions •  BY 2050 (NDC)s, which was submitted by the United Arab Emirates to the United Nations ANALYSIS Framework Convention on Climate Change in • The National Net Zero by 2050 Pathway, 2015. The second edition of the NDCs Report, which was announced during the country’s submitted in 2020, sets a target of reducing participation in the COP 27 event held in Sharm GHG emissions by 23.5 % by 2030 compared el-Sheikh on 12 November 2022. The Pathway to the expected Business-As-Usual (BAU) aims to achieve an 18 % reduction in GHG scenario. The second edition of the NDCs emissions compared to the target reduction Report was updated in 2022 to reflect a higher rates in the updated NDC Report 2 under the level of ambition of achieving a 31 % reduction Paris Agreement by 2030, then reach a 60 % by 2030 compared to the expected reduction by 2040, and reach neutrality BAU scenario. by 2050. 30 31 C L I M AT E C H A N G E S T R AT E G Y I N T H E E M I R AT E O F A B U D H A B I On adaptation, the UAE developed the Green focus on desalination, as well as reducing water Scenario: Environmentally Economically Socially Building and Sustainable Building Standards use and losses across the country32 ,33. in 2010 and the National Climate Change Scenario 1 • High climate risk • Productivity levels can • Deterioration in the Adaptation Programme in 2017. The UAE +95% USE OF TREATED Abu Dhabi progresses • High levels of air decrease quality of life government has also launched the UAE National WATER BY 2036 with the status quo with pollutants • Increase in energy bills • Low levels of activity Framework for Action on Climate Change and various policies and • Irreversible that are difficult for due to pollutants and Health 2019, in partnership with the World Health Additionally, the UAE’s National Biodiversity plans. Abu Dhabi is also degradation in consumers their health effects Organization (WHO). The Framework sets out Strategy (2014–2021) has played a significant continuously seeking new biodiversity, to pay • High cost of living the UAE’s strategic response to public health role in guiding the country’s efforts towards innovations to integrate particularly • High cost of living • Increase in food challenges posed by climate change. In addition, environmental conservation and nature-based Work in the emirate in marine • High cost of infrastructure costs the Ministry of Climate Change and Environment climate solutions. continues as usual with biodiversity, maintenance launched the UAE Climate Risk Assessment various policies and due to high & Adaptation Measures in 2019, which were To address the impact of high temperatures on plans, even if the emirate salinity driven by integrated with the UAE’s disaster risk public health, the UAE has implemented mid-day integrates its efforts desalination reduction strategy and its early warning system, breaks for all outdoor workers during the hottest systematically which focuses on the current and long-term summer months. safety and well-being of the country’s society31. Scenario 2 • Improved • Investment is shifted • Best-in-class At the local level, Abu Dhabi has announced Abu Dhabi defines a climate control towards energy, food research on climate- The UAE Water Security Strategy 2036 several sector-specific initiatives, including the higher commitment technologies, security, water supply, related diseases is is another important adaptation initiative. DOE’s Clean Energy Target for 2035 and 2050. to climate action such as cloud and modern agriculture to leveraged. This strategy aims to ensure continuous and The Foundational Strategy for Natural Resources, and standards to be seeding improve the availability of • Medical tourism is sustainable access to water and increase the use Environment, and Energy has set a goal of observed by the public • Net-zero basic needs promoted. of treated water to 95 % by 2036, with a major reducing GHG emissions by 2041. and private sectors production • Achieving economic • Inequality in social requirements are benefits through a flexible and health care may approved. system arise. 10.2 ANALYSIS OF CLIMATE CHANGE • Certification • High costs associated • Low wages due to in climate with climate-related inflation ADAPTATION AREAS resilience is implemented losses. • Higher and faster inflation • High cost of living • Pressure on public In 2019, the National Climate Change Adaptation Programme identified the four sectors that are most funding due to the high vulnerable to climate change impacts: cost of infrastructure Scenario 3 • Widespread • High prices • Significant Abu Dhabi leads the climate • Significant technology improvements in charge in technological readiness investments food security and innovation, driving • Public debt due to technology-related significant climate investment healthcare action and integrating • Attraction of capital • Multigenerational technology across • High production flexibility workforce production systems • Prosperity for SMEs • Better-designed jobs INFRASTRUCTURE ENVIRONMENT ENERGY HEALTH While there are many local plans, adapting these sectors to the consequences of climate change needs to be tailored to put them on track. In the ADEO’s Resilience Study on how Abu Dhabi could become the most resilient globally in adapting to climate change (2022), four scenarios were identified, and their results analysed as follows: 32 33 C L I M AT E C H A N G E S T R AT E G Y I N T H E E M I R AT E O F A B U D H A B I Scenario: Environmentally Economically Socially MEDIUM-TERM TARGET OF 22% REDUCTION IN Scenario 4 • Radical shift • Investment in • Significant prevention EMIRATE EMISSIONS 2023-2027 BEST OPTION TO LIMIT Abu Dhabi invests toward green quantum computing and treatment of TEMPERATURE RISE TO < 1.8OC considerable resources chemistry and technology climate-induced in critical technologies, away from • Abu Dhabi as a diseases This option raises the emirate’s rank in the The MOCCAE’s Net Zero Pathways Study in such as quantum pollutants beacon for investment • Accelerated production emission level index for every US dollar of GDP 2022 identified three different pathways based computing, to enhance • Full resilience to opportunities of treatments and from a parallel value to the 27th (calculated for on the amount of temperature rise under the climate resilience and climate change • Trading in green vaccines that maintain countries and not regions) to a value equal to the Paris Agreement. The “Least-cost” pathway propose strategic actions materials public health 43rd ranked countries, making the emirate better relies on delaying the most expensive measures • Advanced carbon • Broad improvement in than countries such as Japan and Germany to reduce the financial impact as much as credit exchange quality of life (at their 2016 levels). possible, but it was deemed unsuitable for limiting the temperature increase to 2 °C.The “Diversify” pathway involves making the most of Through this strategy, ambitious adaptation plans will be developed to ensure that Abu Dhabi falls cost reduction in the near future while investing under scenario 3 or 4 for each of the target sectors. These plans will chart a clear adaptation pathway in economic diversification opportunities, for the emirate, ensuring that the four main sectors most vulnerable to climate change impacts are fully making it suitable for achieving the target of a shielded from these impacts by 2050. temperature increase of less than two degrees. 1.5 °C to 1.8 °C temperature increase. The The “Climate Champion” pathway includes 10.3 ANALYSIS OF strategy is a crucial step for the Emirate of Abu accelerating climate action to stay within the CLIMATE CHANGE Dhabi towards achieving the country’s climate 1.5 °C temperature rise rate as a major target. neutrality by 2050, as declared by the UAE All these pathways lead to net zero in 2050, but MITIGATION leadership in October 2021. It is also in line with the efforts of many countries, regions, and cities commitment to one of them in the short term, such as this strategy, determines the extent to OPTIONS to reduce GHG emissions and achieve net zero which the country is committed to reducing the consequences of climate change in terms of emissions by 2050. The strategy sets goals and The Paris Agreement, adopted by 197 countries targets that are aligned with the best global increasing the Earth’s temperature. Therefore, demonstrating Abu Dhabi’s stewardship, the in 2015, aims to significantly reduce global climate change strategies, builds on the emirate’s DIVERSIFY CLIMATE GHG emissions and limit global warming in this strategy has set a target to reduce emissions in achievements in climate action, and seeks to CHAMPION line with the Climate champion pathway, which century to 2 °C compared to pre-industrial achieve great positive changes in carbon impact levels, while seeking to reduce the increase to on GDP, in line with the best countries in the LEAST- could also be considered as part of the Diversify 1.5 °C. The agreement marked the beginning world. COST pathway34. of a shift towards a low-carbon world, and its implementation is essential to achieving the After studying the potential for reducing Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). emissions in key sectors in the emirate from 2023 to 2027, it was found that the medium- 1.5OC TO 1.8OC term target of a 22 % reduction in emissions over the five years, from the total emissions PARIS AGREEMENT in 2016 as a base year, was the best option in TARGET TO LIMIT the climate neutrality journey (contributing to TEMPERATURE achieving a 35 % reduction by 2030) to limit the INCREASE temperature rise to no more than 1.8 °C under the Paris Agreement. Other options considered The strategy was developed based on reduction were a very tight 1.5 °C temperature rise option scenarios required to achieve the Paris compared to heat rise options exceeding Agreement targets, aligning with the 1.8 or 2 °C. 34 35 C L I M AT E C H A N G E S T R AT E G Y I N T H E E M I R AT E O F A B U D H A B I 10.4 ECONOMIC Achieving net zero emissions in the four main sectors of Abu Dhabi (water and electricity, oil Nevertheless, the UAE and Abu Dhabi are well- positioned to promote the adoption of clean 10.5 ANALYSIS and gas, transport, and industry) will require technologies that are expected to provide more ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS significant investments in the medium and opportunities to rationalise expenditures and The Net Zero Pathways Study, conducted long term. According to an initial study by the create more jobs. by MOCCAE in 2022, includes an analysis of DOE, the environmental sustainability scenario, the economic benefits and costs associated which sets a net zero emission target for the The fourth GHG emission inventory of the EAD The option of reducing emissions by 22 % by 2027 with each pathway. Despite the high costs, energy sector by 2050, will require an additional shows that the avoidable cost of environmental (aligned with a 35 % target reduction by 2030) will the emission reduction targets outlined in this investment of over USD 7 billion at present value damage by reducing emissions in 2030 was reduce emissions across the four main sectors: strategy have the potential to deliver significant when compared to the benchmark situation estimated at USD 12.5–15.8 billion37. This cost was electricity and water, transport, industry, and oil economic returns. For example, the selected without the net zero emission target. To date, calculated based on reducing emissions by only and gas (reducing emissions intensity). In addition, Diversify pathway (i.e., staying within the target the additional costs have not been adjusted 8 % from the 2016 baseline according to plans set emissions from other sectors, such as agriculture of less than 2 °C) is expected to generate downwards to account for the expected before 2018. and waste, will also be reduced. economic returns of over AED 975 billion on significant benefits from carbon absorption and the country’s GDP, with a cost of approximately use. In addition, as network emissions approach According to the International Renewable Energy Concerned parties in these sectors have identified AED 160 billion until 2050 at current prices. zero by 2050, the remaining emissions in other Agency (IRENA), 11 million renewable energy the reduction rate in their sectors. Accordingly, more The Climate champion option, while having energy-intensive sectors continue. Although part jobs were created globally in 2019, driven by than 25 million tonnes of emissions will be reduced the highest cost of AED 190 billion until 2050 of these costs may be passed on to consumers, solar PV technologies with around 3.8 million from the total recorded emissions in 2016, without at current prices, is projected to result in an achieving climate neutrality in these sectors jobs38. Besides employment figures, the sector considering all private sector initiatives, as follows: additional AED 1 000 billion on the will require increased investment in emission is expected to enhance workforce upskilling and country’s GDP35. reduction strategies or the purchase of carbon training. Locally, the ambitious national clean A 41 % reduction in the credits to offset emissions. Furthermore, energy target of 50 % by 2030 is in line with the electricity or water sector, a socio-economic study conducted by the country’s objective of encouraging investments, equivalent to about BENEFITS AND COSTS OF DOE suggests a positive impact resulting from attracting foreign investments, expanding 16.6 million tonnes of CLIMATE ACTION TO UAE additional investment and lower emissions supply to meet domestic energy demand, and emissions per year. GDP UNTIL 2050 under the environmental sustainability and diversifying its energy portfolio. entrepreneurship scenario. A 10 % reduction in the DIVERSIFY ECONOMIC IMPACT TO UAE GDP ADOPTING DIVERSIFY transport sector, equivalent PATHWAY: RETURN PER CAPITA BY 2100 OR CLIMATE CHAMPION to about 2 million tonnes of PATHWAYS WILL: emissions per year. AED 975 BAU SCENARIO: -8 TO 10% BILLION CREATE A 41 % reduction in the PARIS AGREEMENT 280 000 + NEW JOBS waste sector, equivalent to SCENARIO: -0 TO 1% COST about 2 million tonnes of AED 160 DEVELOP emissions per year. BILLION In contrast, the economic impact of taking no AROUND 40 000 A 20 % reduction in the CLIMATE action, or insufficient action, will be significant. EXISTING JOBS agriculture sector, equivalent CHAMPION Under the BAU scenario, there will be a severe to about 519 000 tonnes of PATHWAY: RETURN impact on countries’ average incomes. The AED 1 000 MOCCAE’s Net Zero Pathways Study in 2022 emissions per year. UAE’s losses are estimated to be 8–10 % of GDP showed that adopting one of the two pathways, BILLION per capita by 2100. However, under the Paris Diversify, or Climate champion, would create over The percentage of reduction Agreement scenario, which is accompanied by 280 000 new jobs and develop around 40 000 in the industry sector has not COST clear emission mitigation policies by 2030, the existing jobs39. been determined yet. AED 190 country’s losses are estimated to be between 0–1 % of GDP per capita in 210036. BILLION 36 37 C L I M AT E C H A N G E S T R AT E G Y I N T H E E M I R AT E O F A B U D H A B I REDUCING In the oil and gas sector, ADNOC is targeting to In addition, reducing GHG has significant benefits emissions associated with the implementation OPERATIONAL reduce its operational emissions intensity by 25% for air quality. According to the Intergovernmental of all policies in the areas of energy, water, EMISSIONS by 2030. Work will continue with the company to Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) report, with transport, and industry would result in a sharp INTENSITY -25% set interim targets for the percentage change in strict climate policies, the decline in black carbon decline in the average annual growth rate of BY 2030 total sector emissions. It should be noted that the is expected to slightly exceed 50 % and sulfur emissions. An assessment of implemented company has identified initiatives that reduce dioxide is expected to decline by about 75 %, policies revealed that the estimated reduction emissions by around 13 million tonnes. However, there is a need to calculate their impact for 2016 which would have far-reaching benefits on the of carbon dioxide by 45 % in 2035 compared to levels, as the emissions associated with this sector can rise as a result of sectoral expansion plans. ecosystem, resource sufficiency, and energy the base year 2015 would also lead to reduced system flexibility42. air pollutants, including a 40 % reduction for Several important private sector initiatives aimed at reducing emissions in the emirate are worth particulates less than 2.5 microns (PM2.5), 60 % mentioning. For example, the Abu Dhabi Sustainability Group, established by the EAD in 2008, includes In Abu Dhabi, the Abu Dhabi Global for nitrogen oxides, 50 % for volatile organic more than 50 government entities and major companies operating in the emirate. The Group’s key Environmental Data Initiative conducted an compounds, 25 % for sulfur oxides, and 27 % for member companies report on their ESG practices40, including data on emissions, their timeline, and assessment in 2015 to show the combined carbon monoxide compared to the base future commitments, with many setting targets for reducing emissions. Here are some examples: benefits of GHG mitigation. The reduction of year 201543. REDUCING EGA aims to reduce emissions by 421 000 tonnes 45% EMISSIONS per year. REDUCTION IN -421 000 TONNES CARBON DIOXIDE 2015 PER YEAR TO 2035 REDUCES AIR POLLUTANTS COMMITMENT TO Etihad Airways aims to reduce its emissions by TRANSITION TO A 50 % by 2035 to reach net zero by 2050. NET ZERO BY 2050 COMMITMENT TO PM2.5 NOX VOC SOX CO -40 % First Abu Dhabi Bank announced its net zero TRANSITION TO A commitment by 2050, which requires reducing -60 % -50 % -25 % -27 % NET ZERO BY 2050 its emissions from ~61 000 tonnes in 2017 to 32 500 tonnes by 202041. PARTICULATES NITROGEN VOLATILE SULFUR CARBON LESS THAN OXIDES ORGANIC OXIDES MONOXIDE 2.5 MICRONS COMPOUNDS (PM2.5) REDUCING HSBC aims to achieve net zero in its operations EMISSIONS NET ZERO by 2030 and in its funding by 2050. IN OPERATIONS BY 2030 NET ZERO IN FUNDING BY 2050 In addition to reducing emissions from key sectors, the strategy’s objective is to eliminate GHG emissions by balancing the remaining emissions through natural and artificial carbon sinks of 3 %, equivalent to about 4 million tonnes of CO2 emissions per year. ADNOC’s goal of reducing emissions intensity by 25 % by 2030 will be achieved through the company’s 5 million tonnes carbon sinks. 38 39 C L I M AT E C H A N G E S T R AT E G Y I N T H E E M I R AT E O F A B U D H A B I 10.6 SOCIAL- HEALTH social isolation will be most affected. According According to a 2015 report by the Abu Dhabi with air pollution and GHG emissions from the to a 2019 report issued by the Ministry of Health Global Environmental Data Initiative, reducing land transport sector. ANALYSIS and Prevention, if high emissions scenario continues, the number of deaths due to heat GHG emissions is closely linked to improving air quality and is expected to have common health In addition to the job creation described in the is expected to increase by up to 15 persons benefits in the emirate. IMPROVED AIR QUALITY economic analysis section above, significant per 100 000 for those aged 65 and above by COMPARED TO BAU BY 2030 2080, compared to almost zero deaths per EAD’s fourth GHG emission inventory indicates emission reductions are expected to have health benefits, including lower rates of disease and mortality associated with exposure to pollutants 100 000 people per year between 1961 and 1990. The report concluded that rapid emission that mitigation strategies will improve air quality by reducing short-lived gases and particulates -839 reductions could contribute to an 80 % arising from human activities, resulting in around EARLY DEATHS and heat waves. reduction in heat-related deaths44. 839 fewer early deaths and 11 700 fewer health MOCCAE conducted an assessment of the MOCCAE’s Net Zero Pathways Study in 2022 facility visits in 2030 compared to the “business as usual” scenario in 201645. -11 700 impact of climate change on health and found that focusing on improving air quality HEALTH FACILITY VISITS identified high and medium risks associated with through emissions reduction will lead to By implementing climate mitigation policies that strokes and stress resulting from heat waves. significant public health improvements, starting also improve air quality, it is possible to further Vulnerable groups such as outdoor workers, the as early as 2025. (Currently being identified) reduce disease and mortality rates associated elderly, children, and individuals with special conditions like diabetes, high blood pressure, and 40 41 C L I M AT E C H A N G E S T R AT E G Y I N T H E E M I R AT E O F A B U D H A B I The strategy has identified various existing, approved, and new initiatives and projects required to achieve its objectives for each of the set targets. Although measuring the contribution of each initiative to the set targets is challenging, the key initiatives associated with emission mitigation have clearly stated their contribution to the reduction targets. In terms of achieving the targets, the strategy aims to accomplish the following: Strategy Strategic What the Strategy Initiatives Remarks Objective Target will Achieve Enhance 100 % of • The entities responsible for the four The plans will define resilience of the 4 key key sectors (infrastructure, energy, adaptational targets to vulnerable sectors have environment, and health) have be achieved for each of sectors to adaptation identified new initiatives for each the key sectors. adapt to plans in of these sectors to have ambitious All four sectors will be climate change place adaptation plans by 2024. protected from the impacts impacts of climate change by 2050. Reduce GHG Reduce GHG • A 41 % reduction in the electricity and Aligned with the 30 % emissions in emissions by water sector, equivalent to about target by 2030, which key sectors 22 % by 2027 16.6 million tonnes of emissions per also aligns with the compared year compared to 2016 levels. 1.5–1.8 °C temperature to the base • A 10 % reduction in the transport sector, rise trajectory (closest year 2016 equivalent to about 2 million tonnes of to the Climate

SECTION 11 emissions per year compared to 2016 champion trajectory). levels. DETAILED • A 41 % reduction in the waste sector, equivalent to about 2 million tonnes of emissions per year compared to 2016 levels. ACTION PLAN • A 20 % reduction in the agriculture sector, equivalent to about 519 000 tonnes of emissions per year 2023–2027 from 2016 levels. • The percentage of reduction in the industry sector has not been determined. • In the oil and gas sector, ADNOC is targeting to reduce its operational emissions intensity by 25 % by 2030. 42 43 C L I M AT E C H A N G E S T R AT E G Y I N T H E E M I R AT E O F A B U D H A B I Strategy Strategic What the Strategy Initiatives Remarks Objective Target will Achieve Increase 3 % of Percentage of CO2 emissions removed ADNOC is working on removal of emissions from total emissions through removing 5 million greenhouse removed natural sinks, equivalent to about tonnes through artificial gas (GHG) from 4 million tonnes of emissions per year. sinks by 2030. emissions the total through carbon emission sinks Drive a 10 % of The Department of Economic This indicator can be low-carbon Abu Dhabi Development, Abu Dhabi Global Market, measured through ESG innovation investments and the emirate’s investment funds will reports issued by major and economic in ESG- work together to develop the target for companies. diversification compliant the next five years, along with its desired agenda companies outcomes. committed to climate action by 2050 A detailed list of initiatives and projects is developed separately from the strategy document. 44 45 C L I M AT E C H A N G E S T R AT E G Y I N T H E E M I R AT E O F A B U D H A B I Multiple factors need to be in place to execute the strategy. The main factors are as follows: Entities’ commitment to implement their initiatives and projects and follow up on implementation within a clear governance framework from the ADEO.

SECTION 12 STRATEGY Provide the necessary financial and technical support to implement these initiatives and projects. IMPLEMENTATION Engage and encourage the private sector to adopt policies and REQUIREMENTS implement programmes that support climate action. The need to adopt a platform for the transfer of expertise and knowledge exchange, especially with regard to technical and technological requirements. 46 47 C L I M AT E C H A N G E S T R AT E G Y I N T H E E M I R AT E O F A B U D H A B I Term Definition Climate Climate change is the result of human activity that directly or indirectly changes the change composition of the atmosphere, in addition to natural climate variations over a given period of time. Adaptation This refers to various measures taken to reduce the exposure of both natural and to climate human systems to present or future impacts of climate change. Different types of change adaptation can be identified, such as proactive and reactive adaptation, private and public adaptation, and automatic and planned adaptation. Examples of such measures include the construction of dams on rivers or seawalls on coasts, replacing sensitive facilities with new ones that are more heat- and shock-resistant, among others. Mitigation This refers to the use of technological advancements and replacement of existing or reduction resources in order to reduce emissions for each unit of input. While there are many of climate social, economic, and technological policies that can reduce emissions related to change climate change, mitigation involves applying policies to lessen GHG emissions and improve their sinks. Carbon This process involves the separation of CO2 from industrial and energy sources and capture and transporting it to storage sites to isolate it from the atmosphere on a long-term basis. storage United The Convention was adopted in New York on May 9, 1992, and was signed by more Nations than 150 countries, along with the European Union, at the Earth Summit in Rio de Framework Janeiro in 1992. The main objective of this agreement is "to stabilize greenhouse gas Convention concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that prevents dangerous anthropogenic on Climate interventions in the climate system". Moreover, the Convention entails the Change commitment of all parties. Under the Convention, Parties listed in Annex I to the Convention aim to control GHG emissions not regulated by the Montreal Protocol at 1990 levels by the year 2000. The Convention entered into force in March 1994.

SECTION 13 Emissions A market-based approach to achieving environmental objectives that allows those trading who reduce GHG emissions below the maximum emission level to use or trade LIST OF TERMS in excess reductions to compensate for emissions from another source within or outside the country. Trading can occur between companies or at the local and international levels. The principle of using "licenses" for domestic trade regimes or "quotas" for international trade regimes was adopted in the second assessment report prepared by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). Emissions trading under Article 17 of the Kyoto Protocol is a negotiable quota system based on assigned amounts calculated on the basis of commitments listed in Annex B to the Protocol for reducing and minimizing emissions. 48 49 C L I M AT E C H A N G E S T R AT E G Y I N T H E E M I R AT E O F A B U D H A B I Term Definition REFERENCES Equivalent The amount of CO2 emission that produces the same radiation effect as a given Wolf, M. J, Emerson, J. W., Esty, D. C., de Sherbinin, A., Wendling, Z. A., et al. (2022). 2022 Environmental 1 CO2 Emission greenhouse gas, or a mixture of well-blended greenhouse gases, all multiplied by Performance Index. New Haven, CT: Yale Center for Environmental Law & Policy. epi.yale.edu their global warming potential. The calculation takes into account the different Emissions data for countries was sourced from WRI (http://cait.wri.org), while the economic data 2 times at which they remain in the atmosphere. was sourced from IMF (https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/PPPEX@WEO/OEMDC/ADVEC/ Clean Production engineering and processes that reduce pollutants and environmental WEOWORLD/RUS) technologies impacts inherent in industrial production. Emissions data for countries was sourced from WRI (http://cait.wri.org), while the economic data 3 was sourced from IMF (https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/PPPEX@WEO/OEMDC/ADVEC/ Equivalent The concentration of carbon dioxide that produces the same amount of radiation WEOWORLD/RUS) CO2 effect as any combination of carbon dioxide and other GHGs. concentration Emissions data for countries was sourced from WRI (http://cait.wri.org), while the economic data 4 Biodiversity Biodiversity refers to the diversity of organisms derived from all sources, including was sourced from IMF (https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/PPPEX@WEO/OEMDC/ADVEC/ terrestrial and marine ecosystems, aquatic organisms, and ecological compounds WEOWORLD/RUS) of which they are part, including diversity within species and between species and Emissions data for countries was sourced from WRI (http://cait.wri.org), while the economic data 5 ecosystems. was sourced from IMF (https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/PPPEX@WEO/OEMDC/ADVEC/ Carbon A natural gas and a byproduct of burning fossil fuels and biomass, and of changes WEOWORLD/RUS dioxide (CO2) in land use and industrial processes. It is the main anthropogenic greenhouse gas 6 EAD (2017). State of Environment Report 2017. Abu Dhabi : Environment Agency - Abu Dhabi. that affects the earth's radiative balance. It is also the reference gas by which all Available at: https://www.soe.ae/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/EAD-full-report.pdf greenhouse gases are measured, and therefore it has the potential to cause a global 7 EAD (2017). State of Environment Report 2017. Abu Dhabi : Environment Agency - Abu Dhabi. warming rise of 1 degree Celsius. Available at: https://www.soe.ae/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/EAD-full-report.pdf Carbon A trading system through which countries may purchase or sell units of GHG 8 Naser Al Wasmi, “UAE’s coastal cities at high risk from rising sea levels, The National News, March market emissions in an attempt to apply their national emissions restrictions, either under 27, 2017, https://www.thenationalnews.com/uae/uaes-coastal-cities-at-high-risk-from-rising-sea- the Kyoto Protocol or under other agreements. levels-1.69379 (accessed October 27, 2022). Carbon tax Tax levied by governments on the use of carbon fuel. 9 UAE Climate Change Portal Mahak Mannan, “Rising temperatures put outdoor workers’ lives at risk,” The National News, March 10 27, 2017, https://www.thenationalnews.com/uae/environment/rising-temperatures-put-outdoor- workers-lives-at-risk-1.75595(accessed August 19, 2022). 11 Economist Impact (Global Food Security Index 2021) EAD (2017). State of Environment Report 2017. Abu Dhabi : Environment Agency - Abu Dhabi. 12 Available at: https://www.soe.ae/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/EAD-full-report.pdf The United Arab Emirates Ministry of Climate Change & Environment, “UAE Climate Risk Assessment 13 & Adaptation Measures in Key Sectors,” 2019. Abu Dhabi Coastal and Marine Framework Plan: Climate Change and Coastal Vulnerability/Adaptation 14 Requirements The Arab Gulf States Institute in Washington – AGSIW (The Future of Desalination in the UAE, 15 2020 Report) The United Arab Emirates Government Portal, https://u.ae/en/information-and-services/ 16 environment-and-energy/climate-change/climate-change 17 Ministry of Climate Change & Environment, “The UAE State of Climate Report 2021.” 50 51 C L I M AT E C H A N G E S T R AT E G Y I N T H E E M I R AT E O F A B U D H A B I Ministry of Climate Change & Environment, “UAE Climate Risk Assessment & Adaptation Measures in 18 “The UAE Water Security Strategy 2036,” https://u.ae/en/about-the-uae/strategies-initiatives-and- 33 Key Sectors,” 2019. awards/federal-governments-strategies-and-plans/the-uae-water-security-strategy-2036 (accessed 19 UAE National Center of Meteorology (NCM) August 19, 2022). Ministry of Climate Change & Environment, “UAE Climate Risk Assessment & Adaptation Measures in 20 Ministry of Climate Change and Environment (2022): Developing UAE’s Net Zero 2050 Strategy. Not 34 Key Sectors,” 2019 published “UAE: Adverse weather forecast across much of the country through at least July 31,” Crisis 24, July 27, 21 Ministry of Climate Change and Environment (2022): Developing UAE’s Net Zero 2050 Strategy. Not 35 2022, https://crisis24.garda.com/alerts/2022/07/uae-adverse-weather-forecast-across-much-of-the- published country-through-at-least-july-31 (accessed August 19, 2022) Matthew E. Kahn, Kamiar Mohaddes, Ryan N. C. Ng, M. Hashem Pesaran, Mehdi Raissi and Jui-Chung 36 EAD (2017). State of Environment Report 2017. Abu Dhabi : Environment Agency - Abu Dhabi. 22 Yang. (2019). Long-Term Macroeconomic Effects of Climate Change: A Cross-Country Analysis. IMF. Available at: https://www.soe.ae/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/EAD-full-report.pdf Available at: https://www.frbsf.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/Paper-2-2019-11-8-Pesaran-9AM-2nd- paper.pdf EAD (2021). Greenhouse Gas Inventory and projections for Abu Dhabi emirate. Available at: https:// 23 www.ead.gov.ae/-/media/Project/EAD/EAD/Documents/Resources/EAD-GHG-Executive-Summary- EAD (2020). Environmental Assessment: Climate Change. Abu Dhabi : Environment Agency - Abu 37 Report-EN-final.pdf. Dhabi. Not published EAD (2020). Environmental Assessment: Climate Change. Abu Dhabi : Environment Agency - Abu 24 IRENA and ILO (2019), Renewable Energy and Jobs – Annual Review 2019, International Renewable 38 Dhabi. Not published Energy Agency, International Labour Organization, Abu Dhabi, Geneva. Available at: https://www.irena. org/-/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Publication/2019/Jun/IRENA_RE_Jobs_2019-report.pdf Ministry of Climate Change and Environment (2019): UAE National Adaptation Programme: UAE 25 Climate Risk Assessment & Adaptation Measures in Key Sectors: Health, Energy, Infrastructure & Ministry of Climate Change and Environment. 2022: Developing UAE’s Net Zero 2050 Strategy. Not 39 Environment. Dubai: UAE Ministry of Climate Change and Environment. Available at: https://www. published moccae.gov.ae/assets/download/569cd759/UAE%20Climate%20Risk%20Assessment%20and%20 40 Abu Dhabi Sustainability Group. 2022. Sustainability in Practice. Not published Adaptation%20Measures%20in%20Key%20Sectors.pdf.aspx?view=true First Abu Dhabi Bank. 2021. Corporate ESG Report 2021: Available at https://www.bankfab.com/-/ 41 Matthew E. Kahn, Kamiar Mohaddes, Ryan N. C. Ng, M. Hashem Pesaran, Mehdi Raissi and Jui-Chung 26 media/fabgroup/home/about-fab/sustainability/reports/2021esgreport.pdf?view=1 Yang. (2019). Long-Term Macroeconomic Effects of Climate Change: A Cross-Country Analysis. IMF. 42 IPCC, 2014: Climate Change 2014: Synthesis Report. Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Available at: https://www.frbsf.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/Paper-2-2019-11-8-Pesaran-9AM-2nd- Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Core Writing Team, R.K. paper.pdf Pachauri and L.A. Meyer (eds.)]. IPCC, Geneva, Switzerland, 151 pp Burke, M., Hsiang, S. & Miguel, E. Global non-linear effect of temperature on economic production. 27 AGEDI. 2015. Technical Report Public Health Co-benefits of Greenhouse Gas Mitigation. LNRCCP. 43 Nature527, 235–239 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1038/nature15725 CCRG/NCAR/SEI Matthew E. Kahn, Kamiar Mohaddes, Ryan N. C. Ng, M. Hashem Pesaran, Mehdi Raissi and Jui-Chung 28 44 Ministry of Health and Prevention. 2019. Health & Climate Change: Country Profile 2019. WHO Yang. (2019). Long-Term Macroeconomic Effects of Climate Change: A Cross-Country Analysis. IMF. Available at: https://www.frbsf.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/Paper-2-2019-11-8-Pesaran-9AM-2nd- 45 EAD. 2021.Greenhouse Gas Inventory and Projections for Abu Dhabi Emirate. paper.pdf Tord Kjellstrom, Nicolas Maître, Catherine Saget, Matthias Otto and Tahmina Karimova. (2019). 29 Working on a warmer planet: The effect of heat stress on productivity and decent work. World Bank. Available at: https://www.ilo.org/global/publications/books/WCMS_711919/lang--en/index.htm 30 Climate Change Performance Index 2022. Available at https://ccpi.org/ Ministry of Climate Change & Environment, “UAE Climate Risk Assessment & Adaptation Measures in 31 Key Sectors,” 2019 “The UAE Water Security Strategy 2036,” https://u.ae/en/about-the-uae/strategies-initiatives-and- 32 awards/federal-governments-strategies-and-plans/the-uae-water-security-strategy-2036(accessed October 30, 2022). 52 53 ‫نحافظ عـلى تراثنا الطبيعي • ضمـان ًًا لمستقبلنا‬ preserving our heritage • protecting our future ‫ • أبوظبي • اإلمارات العربية المتحدة‬45553 ‫ص ب‬ customerhappiness@ead.gov.ae T +971 2 693 4444 ‫هـ‬ PO Box 45553 • Abu Dhabi • United Arab Emirates www.ead.gov.ae 54