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The pair had a state-level gold arrangement from December 2022 to 2024. Primera Gold DRC, a joint venture of the DRC (45%) and UAE-registered Primera Group (55%), held 25-year exclusive rights to buy South Kivu artisanal gold and paid a reported 0.25% export tax against about 6% for competitors. It exported more than 5 t to the UAE in 2023 and closed in 2024. There is no current bilateral duty preference (0% UAE duty applies anyway). Under DRC law only exploitation-right holders, processing entities and approved comptoirs may export (Code minier art. 5); since 17 Aug 2026 gold exported by the BCC or its mandataire for reserves, including for refining abroad, is exempt from the EB exchange declaration (BCC Règlement 001/26), but no destination is named. Most Congolese gold reaching the UAE is smuggled via Uganda and Rwanda.
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The DRC reported no HS 710812 exports to UN Comtrade for 2023, so the UAE figures cannot be checked against Congolese filings.
二手资料Researchers found Primera-traded gold sourced from areas with armed groups, child labour and illegal dredging in a protected forest, with gaps in oversight by banks, auditors and the regional certification mechanism. Where the revenue went is unclear.
二手资料未记录After Primera collapsed, the flow shifted to transit countries. Rwanda exported 19.4 t (US$1.5bn) in 2024 against about 2.9 t of domestic production, mainly to the UAE. The EU sanctioned Rwanda's Gasabo Gold Refinery in March 2025 for transiting illegally mined Congolese gold.
二手资料研究备注: The DRC module (cd.div-rwanda-refinery) reports this as a US sanction; the EU attribution comes from this source only.
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来源
- Feeding the furnace: Tracing opaque gold supply chains and deals in Central Africa (28 Jan 2026)打开来源未记录未说明Global Initiative against Transnational Organized Crime