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Nelum
Gold

Canada

Checked 2026-09-29 · Version r2 · Replaces version r1 · Reviewed

Public law and official guidance, published as research. Not legal, tax or financial advice.

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Industrial mining originRefining hub

Industrial lode-gold origin (223 t in 2021; Ontario and Quebec ~70%) and refining hub with three LBMA Good Delivery refiners (Royal Canadian Mint, Glencore's CCR in Montreal East, Asahi in Brampton). Tenure is provincial: Ontario prospector's licence and MLAS cell claims, then a 21-year lease and a filed closure plan (O. Reg. 35/24); Ontario Mining Act s.91 makes every disposition subject to the condition that ore be treated and refined in Canada. Quebec exclusive exploration rights, then a 20-year lease. Provincial mining taxes (Ontario 10%/5% remote on profit above $500,000; Quebec greater of 16-28% profit tax and 1%/4% minimum tax; BC 2% + 13%); NWT/Nunavut royalty lesser of 13% of output or a 5-14% table. No export permit, state buyer, export duty or FX repatriation; exports reported (REGR) at CAD 2,000+ except to the US (REGR s.7). Gold 7108 duty-free; 99.5%+ bars are GST 'precious metal' (refiner's first supply zero-rated, resale exempt); precious metal and doré imported for refining non-taxable (SOR/91-31 s.3). Dealers in precious metals are PCMLTFA reporting entities at $10,000; S.C. 2026 c.4 raised AMP maxima to $4m/$20m per violation; enrolment enacted but not in force; the $10,000 cash ban is only in Bill C-2 (not passed). Russian gold import (s.3.11), export (s.3.08) and scrap (s.3.16) bans.

How sure this page is

  • Primary law 89
  • Official guidance 13
  • Standard 3
  • Industry practice 7
  • Unverified 3
  • No confidence level recorded 13
  • Researcher's note 28
  • Blocked 1
  • Not recorded 63
  • Text 53
  • Not stated 11

Regulators

  • British Columbia Ministry of Finance, Revenue Division

    BC mineral tax

    No confidence level recordedNot recorded

  • Canada Border Services Agency (CBSA)

    Import release and accounting (CARM/CAD), tariff, export reporting (CERS), cross-border currency reporting

    Website
    https://www.cbsa-asfc.gc.ca
    No confidence level recordedNot recorded

  • Canada Revenue Agency (CRA)

    GST/HST, including precious-metal financial-instrument rules

    No confidence level recordedNot recordedBlocked

  • Financial Transactions and Reports Analysis Centre of Canada (FINTRAC)

    PCMLTFA supervision of reporting entities incl. dealers in precious metals and stones; AMPs

    Website
    https://fintrac-canafe.canada.ca
    No confidence level recordedNot recorded

  • Global Affairs Canada (sanctions policy); enforcement by CBSA and RCMP

    Special Economic Measures Act regulations (Russian gold import ban s.3.11, export ban s.3.08, scrap import ban s.3.16); Export and Import Permits Act and Export Control List

    No confidence level recordedNot recorded

  • LBMA (London Bullion Market Association)

    Good Delivery List and Responsible Gold Guidance (private standard, not Canadian law)

    No confidence level recordedNot recorded

  • Natural Resources Canada - Extractive Sector Transparency Office

    ESTMA payments-to-government reporting

    No confidence level recordedNot recorded

  • Ontario Ministry of Finance

    Ontario mining tax (Mining Tax Act)

    Website
    https://www.ontario.ca/page/mining-tax
    No confidence level recordedNot recorded

  • Ontario Ministry of Mines (Mining Lands Administration System)

    Prospector's licences, MLAS cell claims, leases, closure plans and rehabilitation, mine annual reports and the s.91 refine-in-Canada condition under the Ontario Mining Act

    Website
    https://www.ontario.ca/page/mining-lands-administration-system
    No confidence level recordedNot recorded

  • Public Safety Canada

    Annual forced-labour and child-labour supply-chain reports

    No confidence level recordedNot recorded

  • Quebec Minister responsible for mines (Ministere des Ressources naturelles et des Forets)

    Exclusive exploration rights (formerly 'claims'), mining leases and work reports under the Quebec Mining Act

    No confidence level recordedNot recorded

  • Quebec government (Mining Tax Act administration)

    Quebec mining tax on annual profit / minimum mining tax

    No confidence level recordedNot recorded

  • Territorial mining royalty administrators (Government of the Northwest Territories; Crown-Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs for Nunavut; Government of Yukon)

    Mining royalties on territorial mines (NWT R-015-2014; Nunavut SOR/2014-69; Yukon Quartz Mining Act)

    No confidence level recordedNot recorded

Laws

  • British Columbia Mineral Tax Act

    BC mineral tax: 2% of net current proceeds plus 13% of net revenue (s.2(1)); placer gold 0.5% of transaction value (s.2.2)

    Citation
    R.S.B.C. 1996, c. 291
    Kind
    Act
    Primary lawNot recorded

  • Cross-border Currency and Monetary Instruments Reporting Regulations

    $10,000 reporting of currency and monetary instruments; definitions do not include bullion

    Citation
    SOR/2002-412
    Kind
    Regulation
    Primary lawNot recorded

  • Export Control List (Export and Import Permits Act)

    Gold not listed, so no export permit

    Citation
    SOR/89-202
    Kind
    Regulation
    Primary lawNot recorded

  • Non-Taxable Imported Goods (GST/HST) Regulations

    s.3(a) precious metals, s.3(b) unwrought gold, scrap and concentrates imported for refining: non-taxable on import

    Citation
    SOR/91-31
    Kind
    Regulation
    Primary lawNot recorded

  • Royal Canadian Mint Act

    s.4(1)(f) refine gold; (j) store and ship gold; s.5 agent of the Crown; s.26(2) Auditor General inspects metal inventories yearly

    Citation
    R.S.C. 1985, c. R-9
    Kind
    Act
    Primary lawNot recorded

  • Special Economic Measures (Russia) Regulations

    s.3.11 ban on importing, purchasing or acquiring Schedule 9 gold from Russia; s.3.08 ban on exporting Schedule 6 Part 1 goods (incl. 710812, 710813) to Russia; s.3.16 ban on Schedule 13 goods incl. heading 7112 scrap from Russia

    Citation
    SOR/2014-58; s.3.11 added by SOR/2022-171
    Kind
    Regulation
    In force from
    2022-07-08
    Primary lawNot recorded

  • Accounting for Imported Goods and Payment of Duties Regulations

    s.10 accounting within five business days of release; s.10.1 payment by the 10th weekday after the 18th-17th period

    Citation
    SOR/86-1062
    Kind
    Regulation
    Primary lawNot recorded

  • Bill C-2, Strong Borders Act (not enacted)

    Part 11 would add PCMLTFA s.77.5: offence for a business to accept a cash payment of $10,000 or more. At second reading in the House of Commons.

    Kind
    Other
    Primary lawNot recorded

    Researcher's note: [time-limited] Bill status as shown on LEGISinfo on 2026-09-29; not law.

  • Strengthening Canada's Immigration System and Borders Act (Bill C-12), Part 9 amendments to the PCMLTFA

    New AMP maxima ($4,000,000 person / $20,000,000 entity per violation; cumulative greater of those or 3% of gross global revenue), compliance agreements and orders, effectiveness standard, all in force 26 Mar 2026; universal enrolment (PCMLTFA s.11.4001) enacted but awaiting an order in council (s.124). No cash-transaction prohibition.

    Citation
    S.C. 2026, c. 4
    Kind
    Act
    In force from
    2026-03-26
    Primary lawNot recorded

  • Customs Act (s.32 accounting; s.32.2 corrections; Part V s.95 export reporting; ss.97.01-97.02 access to goods for export)

    Citation
    R.S.C. 1985, c. 1 (2nd Supp.)
    Kind
    Act
    Primary lawNot recorded

  • Customs Tariff (Schedule, Chapter 71)

    Citation
    S.C. 1997, c. 36
    Kind
    Act
    Primary lawNot recorded

  • Export and Import Permits Act

    s.13: export permit needed only for goods on the Export Control List or to Area Control List countries

    Citation
    R.S.C. 1985, c. E-19
    Kind
    Act
    Primary lawNot recorded

  • Extractive Sector Transparency Measures Act

    Citation
    S.C. 2014, c. 39, s. 376
    Kind
    Act
    Primary lawNot recorded

  • Excise Tax Act, Part IX (GST/HST): s.123(1), Sched V Part VII, Sched VI Parts V and IX, Sched VII s.8

    Citation
    R.S.C. 1985, c. E-15
    Kind
    Act
    Primary lawNot recorded

  • Fighting Against Forced Labour and Child Labour in Supply Chains Act (formerly Bill S-211)

    Citation
    S.C. 2023, c. 9
    Kind
    Act
    In force from
    2024-01-01
    Primary lawNot recorded

  • Northwest Territories Mining Regulations (NWT Lands Act)

    Mining royalty (s.69, Schedule 3)

    Citation
    R-015-2014
    Kind
    Regulation
    In force from
    2014-04-01
    Primary lawNot recorded

  • Nunavut Mining Regulations

    Mining royalty (s.69)

    Citation
    SOR/2014-69
    Kind
    Regulation
    Primary lawNot recorded

  • Ontario Mining Act

    Prospector's licence (ss.18-19), MLAS cell claims (s.38), assessment work (ss.65, 72), leases (s.81), test-mining limit (s.52), s.91 condition that ores and minerals be treated and refined in Canada, closure plans (Part VII, s.141), annual mine report (s.155); 2025 supply-chain protection powers (ss.4.1, 26.1, 81(1.1), 176.1)

    Citation
    R.S.O. 1990, c. M.14
    Kind
    Act
    Primary lawNot recorded

  • Ontario Mining Tax Act and Regulation 769

    Provincial mining tax on mine profits

    Citation
    R.S.O. 1990, c. M.15
    Kind
    Act
    Primary lawNot recorded

  • Ontario Regulation 35/24, Rehabilitation of Lands (and Mine Rehabilitation Code)

    Replaced O. Reg. 240/00; phased financial assurance, certifications

    Citation
    O. Reg. 35/24
    Kind
    Regulation
    In force from
    2024-04-01
    Primary lawNot recorded

    Researcher's note: [unconfirmed] That it replaced O. Reg. 240/00 is stated on the Ministry page; in the consolidation the revoking section (s.29) is printed "Omitted".

  • Proceeds of Crime (Money Laundering) and Terrorist Financing Act

    Reporting-entity regime; s.9.6(1.1) programs "reasonably designed, risk-based and effective"; s.73.1 AMP maxima; s.11.4001 enrolment (not in force)

    Citation
    S.C. 2000, c. 17
    Kind
    Act
    Primary lawNot recorded

  • Proceeds of Crime (Money Laundering) and Terrorist Financing Regulations

    Citation
    SOR/2002-184
    Kind
    Regulation
    Primary lawNot recorded

  • Quebec Mining Act (as amended by S.Q. 2024, c. 36)

    Exclusive exploration rights (map designation), mining leases, work reports

    Citation
    CQLR c. M-13.1
    Kind
    Act
    Primary lawNot recorded

  • Quebec Mining Tax Act

    Greater of profit-based mining tax and minimum mining tax

    Citation
    CQLR c. I-0.4
    Kind
    Act
    Primary lawNot recorded

  • Reporting of Exported Goods Regulations

    Citation
    SOR/2005-23
    Kind
    Regulation
    Primary lawNot recorded

Laws concerning gold in Canada

From the law library: the laws tagged with this commodity, with their sources. They are not research findings; the sections above are.

Dredging Regulation (Y.O.I.C. 2003/55)

Regulation · Made 2003-04-01 · Yukon

Dealers in precious metals and precious stones

Guidance · Web page re-ed/dpms-eng · Made 2024-06-25 · FINTRAC (Financial Transactions and Reports Analysis Centre of Canada)

Money laundering and terrorist financing indicators - Dealers in precious metals and precious stones

Guidance · Web page · Made 2025-11-24 · FINTRAC (Financial Transactions and Reports Analysis Centre of Canada)

Mineral Tax Act ([SBC 1996] Chapter 291)

Act · Made 1989 · British Columbia

Mineral Tenure Act ([RSBC 1996] Chapter 292)

Act · Made 1988 · British Columbia

Placer Mining Act (S.Y. 2003, c. 13)

Act · Made 2003 · Yukon

Public Lands Act (R.S.O. 1990, c. P. 43)

Act · Made 1990 · Ontario

Quartz Mining Act, S.Y. 2003, c. 14 (royalty provisions

Act · Government of Yukon

Saskatchewan Mining Development Corporation Reorganization Act, (SS 1988-89, c S-30.1)

Act · Made 1988 · Saskatchewan

Procedures

Vault storage

Applies when: bars held in Canada after refining

  1. Custody

    Optionally hold refined bars in allocated (segregated, identified bars) or unallocated storage at the Royal Canadian Mint vaults in Ottawa or Winnipeg (institutional clients only), with semi-annual counts

    Who
    Royal Canadian Mint (federal Crown corporation: refinery and vault)
    Needs
    Bar list of refined bars (GD 400 oz, 100 oz, kilobars)
    Issues
    Allocated weight list / unallocated account statement
    Official guidanceNot recorded

Export of refined bars (or doré) from Canada

Applies when: country is the origin or refining hub shipping out

  1. Licensing

    Confirm no export permit is needed: gold is not on the Export Control List (EIPA s.13 requires a permit only for listed goods or Area Control List countries) and there is no gold export licence, state buyer or export duty; unwrought and semi-manufactured gold (710812, 710813) may not be exported to Russia or a person in Russia (SEMA (Russia) s.3.08, Schedule 6 Part 1 items 176-177); check buyer sanctions

    Who
    Exporter of record (mine, refiner or bullion trader)
    Primary lawNot recorded

    Legal basis: Export and Import Permits Act; Export Control List; SEMA (Russia) Regulations, EIPA s.13; SEMA (Russia) s.3.08

    Researcher's note: [not-read] Area Control List and sanctions regimes other than Russia not read.

  2. Tax

    Invoice the non-resident buyer. Refined bars ('precious metal'): zero-rated when the exporter is the refiner or the person for whom they were refined (ETA Sched VI Part IX s.3); otherwise an exempt financial service (Sched V Part VII s.1), zero-rated under Part IX s.1 only when supplied by a financial institution to a non-resident. Doré and other gold that is not 'precious metal': taxable, zero-rated as an export when the Sched VI Part V s.1 conditions are met

    Who
    Exporter of record (mine, refiner or bullion trader)
    Issues
    Commercial invoice to the foreign buyer
    Primary lawNot recordedBlocked

    Legal basis: Excise Tax Act, s.123(1); Sched V Part VII s.1; Sched VI Part IX ss.1, 3; Sched VI Part V s.1

    Researcher's note: CRA 17-1 paras 34 and 37 match this reading of Part IX ss.1 and 3. [inferred] Application of Sched VI Part V s.1 (export of tangible personal property) to doré is our reading of the provision.

  3. Customs

    Report the export to CBSA through the CERS portal or G7 EDI (goods of CAD 2,000+ to any country other than the US), not less than 2 hours before loading on an aircraft; obtain the proof of report number

    Who
    Exporter of record (mine, refiner or bullion trader)
    Needs
    Commercial invoice to the foreign buyer
    Issues
    CERS export declaration and proof of report number
    Primary lawNot recorded

    Legal basis: Customs Act Part V; Reporting of Exported Goods Regulations, Customs Act s.95(1); REGR ss.3(1), 6(b)

  4. Customs

    For exports to the United States: no Canadian export declaration is required for non-restricted goods such as gold

    Who
    Exporter of record (mine, refiner or bullion trader)
    Primary lawNot recorded

    Legal basis: Reporting of Exported Goods Regulations, s.7

    Researcher's note: REGR s.7 exempts exports covered by a written arrangement under which the other country collects the data as imports and shares it; D20-1-1 para 25 applies it to non-restricted goods to the US and para 76 names the Memorandum of Agreement on the Exchange of Import Data between Canada and the United States. Consequence for routes: a Canada-to-US shipment carries no Canadian export declaration to fulfil ref.dk-export-declaration.

  5. Transport

    Carrier obtains the proof of report number from the exporter and flies the bars or doré under air waybill with bar list

    Who
    Secure precious-metals carrier / airline
    With
    Exporter of record (mine, refiner or bullion trader)
    Needs
    CERS export declaration and proof of report number; Bar list of refined bars (GD 400 oz, 100 oz, kilobars)
    Issues
    Air waybill
    Official guidanceNot recorded

Import of doré, scrap or bars for refining

Applies when: country receives doré or bars from abroad

  1. Licensing

    Hold a Business Number with RM import-export program account, registered in the CARM Client Portal (and optional RPP financial security)

    Who
    Importer of record (doré, scrap or bars for refining)
    Official guidanceNot recorded
  2. Customs

    Present the shipment for release: classify doré as 7108.12.00.22 (bars 7108.12.00.11/.21, scrap 7112.91) - all Free under MFN and every preferential tariff; no import permit; gold goods from Russia or a person in Russia (Schedule 9) and precious-metal scrap from Russia (Schedule 13) are prohibited; goods produced wholly or in part by forced labour are prohibited

    Who
    Licensed customs broker
    With
    Canada Border Services Agency
    Issues
    Commercial invoice from the foreign shipper
    Primary lawNot recorded

    Legal basis: Customs Tariff; SEMA (Russia) Regulations, Tariff item 7108.12.00; SEMA (Russia) ss.3.11, 3.16

    Researcher's note: Forced-labour prohibition: Customs Tariff item 9897.00.00 (ca.src-tariff-ch98). MFN is not available for goods of Belarus, North Korea or Russia (guide-3).

  3. Customs

    Account for the goods on a Commercial Accounting Declaration (Type C at release, or Type AB within five business days of release under RPP) and pay duties and taxes on the statement of account; imported precious-metal bars are non-taxable for GST, and doré, unwrought gold, scrap and concentrates imported to be refined are non-taxable

    Who
    Importer of record (doré, scrap or bars for refining)
    Needs
    Commercial invoice from the foreign shipper
    Issues
    Commercial Accounting Declaration
    Primary lawNot recorded

    Legal basis: Customs Act; Accounting for Imported Goods and Payment of Duties Regulations; Excise Tax Act; Non-Taxable Imported Goods (GST/HST) Regulations, Customs Act s.32; SOR/86-1062 s.10; ETA Sched VII s.8; SOR/91-31 s.3(a), (b)

  4. Reporting

    Keep import records for 6 years; self-correct within 90 days; CBSA may verify origin, value and classification for 4 years

    Who
    Importer of record (doré, scrap or bars for refining)
    Needs
    Commercial Accounting Declaration
    Official guidanceNot recorded

    Researcher's note: 90-day correction duty read in Customs Act s.32.2(2); six-year retention and four-year verification from CBSA guide-7 and D17-1-21 (the regulation fixing the period was not read).

Provincial tenure, mining, doré production and delivery to a refiner

Applies when: country is the origin (industrial lode mine)

  1. Licensing

    Obtain a prospector's licence online in the Ontario Mining Lands Administration System (MLAS): 18 or older, after completing the Mining Act awareness program within the prior 60 days; valid five years

    Who
    Prospector / mining-claim or exclusive-exploration-right holder
    Issues
    Ontario prospector's licence
    Primary lawNot recorded

    Legal basis: Ontario Mining Act, ss.18, 19

  2. Licensing

    Register a cell mining claim online in MLAS (no ground staking)

    Who
    Prospector / mining-claim or exclusive-exploration-right holder
    Needs
    Ontario prospector's licence
    Issues
    Registered mining claim (MLAS)
    Primary lawNot recorded

    Legal basis: Ontario Mining Act, s.38(2)

  3. Licensing

    Acquire a Quebec exclusive exploration right by filing a notice of map designation and having it registered (3-year first term, 2-year renewals subject to work)

    Who
    Prospector / mining-claim or exclusive-exploration-right holder
    Issues
    Registered exclusive exploration right (Quebec)
    Primary lawNot recorded

    Legal basis: Quebec Mining Act, ss.47, 61

  4. Licensing

    Ontario: obtain a mining lease (entitled on compliance and first year's rent, after the fifth unit of assessment work; 21 years) and, before mine production, file the Notice of Project Status, give public notice, complete Aboriginal consultation, submit a closure plan with financial assurance (O. Reg. 35/24) and receive the Minister's written confirmation of filing

    Who
    Industrial mine operator (mining-lease holder)
    Needs
    Registered mining claim (MLAS)
    Issues
    Mining lease; Filed closure plan with financial assurance
    Primary lawNot recorded

    Legal basis: Ontario Mining Act; O. Reg. 35/24, Mining Act s.81(1)-(3), s.141(1)

  5. Licensing

    Quebec: obtain a mining lease before mining (rehabilitation plan approved, financial guarantee, certified feasibility study, environmental authorization, market/processing study where required, rental paid); 20-year term renewable for 10-year periods

    Who
    Industrial mine operator (mining-lease holder)
    Needs
    Registered exclusive exploration right (Quebec)
    Issues
    Mining lease
    Primary lawNot recorded

    Legal basis: Quebec Mining Act, ss.100, 101, 104

  6. Extraction

    Mine lode ore on the leased land

    Who
    Industrial mine operator (mining-lease holder)
    Needs
    Mining lease; Filed closure plan with financial assurance
    Official guidanceNot recorded
  7. Processing

    Mill and leach the ore on site and smelt the recovered gold into doré bars

    Who
    Industrial mine operator (mining-lease holder)
    Industry practiceNot recorded

    Researcher's note: Process route is industry practice; Customs Tariff separately identifies doré (7108.12.00.22).

  8. Assay

    Number, weigh and sample each doré bar; record mine assay and seal for shipment

    Who
    Industrial mine operator (mining-lease holder)
    Issues
    Doré bar number and mine weight/assay record
    Industry practiceNot recorded
  9. Transport

    Ship doré under a refining agreement by secure carrier to a Canadian refiner (Royal Canadian Mint or a private GD refiner); for ore or minerals from Ontario mining lands, refining abroad breaches the s.91 condition unless the Lieutenant Governor in Council has exempted the lands

    Who
    Industrial mine operator (mining-lease holder)
    With
    Private LBMA Good Delivery refiner in Canada
    Needs
    Doré bar number and mine weight/assay record
    Issues
    Refining (toll) agreement, mine - Canadian refiner
    Primary lawNot recorded

    Researcher's note: [inferred] Refining route and carriers are industry practice; the Ontario limitation is s.91(1) and (3); Quebec has no equivalent condition in the sections read (s.101(5) only requires a study on processing in Quebec for regulated substances).

Mining taxes, tenure reports, transparency and AML program

Applies when: standing obligations

  1. Tax

    Pay Ontario mining tax: monthly instalments on the 25th; annual return within six months of year-end; balance within two months

    Who
    Industrial mine operator (mining-lease holder)
    With
    Provincial mining-tax authority
    Issues
    Ontario mining tax return and instalments
    Primary lawNot recorded

    Legal basis: Ontario Mining Tax Act; Reg. 769, s.3

  2. Tax

    Pay Quebec mining duties: the greater of mining tax on annual profit (16% / 22% / 28% by profit margin) and minimum mining tax (1% of mine-mouth output value up to $80,000,000, 4% above); return within six months

    Who
    Industrial mine operator (mining-lease holder)
    With
    Provincial mining-tax authority
    Issues
    Quebec mining tax return
    Primary lawNot recorded

    Legal basis: Quebec Mining Tax Act, ss.5, 29.1-30.2, 36

  3. Tax

    Self-assess and pay BC mineral tax: 2% of net current proceeds plus 13% of net revenue above the cumulative tax credit account; placer gold mines 0.5% of transaction value

    Who
    Industrial mine operator (mining-lease holder)
    With
    Provincial mining-tax authority
    Issues
    BC mineral tax return
    Primary lawNot recorded

    Legal basis: BC Mineral Tax Act, ss.2(1), 2.2

  4. Reporting

    File the annual report on exploration work with the Quebec minister by 31 January

    Who
    Prospector / mining-claim or exclusive-exploration-right holder
    With
    Provincial mining recorder / ministry (Ontario MLAS, Quebec minister)
    Issues
    Annual work report (Quebec)
    Primary lawNot recorded

    Legal basis: Quebec Mining Act, s.71.1

  5. Reporting

    Publish the annual ESTMA report of payments of $100,000 or more per category per payee (taxes, royalties, fees, production entitlements, bonuses, dividends, infrastructure payments) to governments in Canada and abroad, within 150 days after year end

    Who
    Industrial mine operator (mining-lease holder)
    Issues
    ESTMA annual payments report
    Primary lawNot recorded

    Legal basis: Extractive Sector Transparency Measures Act, ss.8, 9

  6. Reporting

    File the annual forced-labour and child-labour supply-chain report with Public Safety Canada by 31 May

    Who
    Private LBMA Good Delivery refiner in Canada
    Primary lawNot recorded

    Legal basis: Fighting Against Forced Labour and Child Labour in Supply Chains Act, ss.9, 11

  7. Reporting

    Obtain and file the annual LBMA Responsible Gold Guidance independent assurance report

    Who
    Private LBMA Good Delivery refiner in Canada
    Issues
    LBMA RGG independent assurance report
    Industry practiceNot recorded
  8. Reporting

    Maintain the PCMLTFA compliance program (risk assessment, training, effectiveness review); enrol with FINTRAC once universal enrolment is brought into force

    Who
    Bullion dealer (dealer in precious metals and precious stones)
    With
    FINTRAC
    Primary lawNot recorded

    Legal basis: PCMLTFA as amended by S.C. 2026, c. 4, ss.9.6, 73.1; s.11.4001 (not in force)

  9. Reporting

    Send the Ontario Minister the annual report of mine activities (production quantity and value, shipments and destinations) by March 31; Quebec lessees send their annual ore/value/duties report within 150 days of year end

    Who
    Industrial mine operator (mining-lease holder)
    With
    Provincial mining recorder / ministry (Ontario MLAS, Quebec minister)
    Primary lawNot recorded

    Legal basis: Ontario Mining Act; Quebec Mining Act, Ontario s.155(1); Quebec s.120

  10. Tax

    Territorial mines: pay the mining royalty - NWT and Nunavut: lesser of 13% of the value of output and the schedule table (0% to $10,000, 5% up to $5m rising to 14% above $45m); NWT remittance by the last day of the fourth month after the fiscal year; Yukon: Quartz Mining Act royalty (text not held)

    Who
    Industrial mine operator (mining-lease holder)
    With
    Provincial mining-tax authority
    Primary lawNot recorded

    Legal basis: NWT Mining Regulations R-015-2014; Nunavut Mining Regulations SOR/2014-69, s.69

    Researcher's note: [blocked] Yukon Quartz Mining Act and royalty guidelines returned a bot challenge; see ca.tax-yk-royalty.

Re-export of imported or toll-refined metal

Applies when: country is a refining hub re-exporting

  1. Customs

    Re-export imported or toll-refined bars: file CERS export declaration (non-US destinations, CAD 2,000+) and hand the proof of report number to the carrier

    Who
    Exporter of record (mine, refiner or bullion trader)
    Needs
    Commercial Accounting Declaration
    Issues
    CERS export declaration and proof of report number
    Primary lawNot recorded
  2. Transport

    Carry the re-exported bars under air waybill

    Who
    Secure precious-metals carrier / airline
    Needs
    CERS export declaration and proof of report number
    Issues
    Air waybill
    Industry practiceNot recorded

Refining at a Canadian LBMA Good Delivery refiner

Applies when: country refines domestic or imported doré

  1. Due diligence

    Onboard the supplier: KYC, OECD five-step risk assessment, sanctions/PEP/adverse-media screening, confirm gold is not imported, purchased or acquired from Russia or a person in Russia

    Who
    Private LBMA Good Delivery refiner in Canada
    Needs
    Refining (toll) agreement, mine - Canadian refiner
    Issues
    Supplier KYC pack and acknowledgement of the refiner's procurement policy; Onboarding and daily screening record; non-Russian origin confirmation
    Primary lawNot recorded

    Legal basis: SEMA (Russia) Regulations s.3.11; LBMA RGG; OECD DDG, s.3.11

    Researcher's note: [inferred] SEMA element is law; KYC and OECD process are LBMA/refiner practice, not a Canadian statute for refiners.

  2. Assay

    Receive, weigh, melt and sample the lot; assay in the refinery lab and issue the outturn

    Who
    Private LBMA Good Delivery refiner in Canada
    Needs
    Supplier KYC pack and acknowledgement of the refiner's procurement policy; Onboarding and daily screening record; non-Russian origin confirmation
    Issues
    Refiner outturn assay and settlement statement
    Official guidanceNot recorded
  3. Refining

    Refine to 999.9 (or 999.99) and cast LBMA Good Delivery 400 oz bars, 100 oz or 1 kg bars bearing the refiner's mark

    Who
    Private LBMA Good Delivery refiner in Canada
    Issues
    Bar list of refined bars (GD 400 oz, 100 oz, kilobars)
    Official guidanceNot recorded
  4. Payment

    Settle outturn with the supplier: credit fine metal to its metal account or buy the metal, with final invoice

    Who
    Private LBMA Good Delivery refiner in Canada
    With
    Industrial mine operator (mining-lease holder)
    Needs
    Refiner outturn assay and settlement statement
    Issues
    Refiner's final invoice / metal-account credit against outturn
    Industry practiceNot recorded
  5. Tax

    First supply of the refined bars by the refiner (or the owner on whose behalf they were refined) is zero-rated for GST/HST; refining fees charged to the metal owner are generally taxable

    Who
    Private LBMA Good Delivery refiner in Canada
    Issues
    Invoice for sale of refined bars (zero-rated first supply by the refiner / exempt resale)
    Primary lawNot recordedBlocked

    Legal basis: Excise Tax Act, s.123(1) 'precious metal'; Sched VI Part IX s.3

    Researcher's note: Refining-fee taxability is CRA guidance (17-1 para 35), not a specific statutory provision.

  6. Due diligence

    For any purchase or sale of $10,000 or more as a dealer in precious metals: verify identity, keep records, report cash of $10,000+ (LCTR), virtual currency (LVCTR) and suspicious transactions

    Who
    Private LBMA Good Delivery refiner in Canada
    Issues
    Record of $10,000+ purchase or sale and client identification; Large cash transaction report; Suspicious transaction report; Large virtual currency transaction report
    Primary lawNot recorded

    Legal basis: PCMLTF Regulations, ss.65, 66, 126, 148

    Researcher's note: s.65(2) excludes purchases/sales in connection with extracting precious metals from a mine or manufacturing a product; its application to refiners buying doré is not settled in the texts read.

Domestic sale of refined bars and settlement

Applies when: bars sold in Canada

  1. Tax

    Buy refined bars from the refiner (zero-rated first supply) or from another holder (exempt resale); non-qualifying forms (granules, below 99.5%) are taxable

    Who
    Bullion dealer (dealer in precious metals and precious stones)
    With
    Private LBMA Good Delivery refiner in Canada
    Needs
    Bar list of refined bars (GD 400 oz, 100 oz, kilobars)
    Issues
    Invoice for sale of refined bars (zero-rated first supply by the refiner / exempt resale)
    Primary lawNot recorded

    Legal basis: Excise Tax Act, s.123(1); Sched VI Part IX s.3

  2. Due diligence

    Identify the counterparty and keep the $10,000+ record; report cash of $10,000+ (LCTR), virtual currency (LVCTR), suspicious or sanctions-evasion activity

    Who
    Bullion dealer (dealer in precious metals and precious stones)
    Issues
    Record of $10,000+ purchase or sale and client identification; Large cash transaction report; Large virtual currency transaction report; Suspicious transaction report
    Primary lawNot recorded

    Legal basis: PCMLTF Regulations, ss.65, 66, 126, 148

  3. Payment

    Settle by bank wire or by transfer between metal accounts (e.g. at the Royal Canadian Mint); no foreign-exchange surrender or repatriation step

    Who
    Canadian bank (bullion desk / payments)
    Industry practiceNot recorded

    Researcher's note: Absence of exchange control is background knowledge; no official statement was read.

Licences and registrations

  • PCMLTFA compliance program as dealer in precious metals and precious stones

    Held by
    Bullion dealer (dealer in precious metals and precious stones)
    Issued by
    Self (supervised by FINTRAC)
    Primary lawNot recorded

    Legal basis: PCMLTF Regulations, ss.1(2), 65, 148

  • LBMA Good Delivery listing (since 1919) and RGG certification; Responsible Metals Program for suppliers

    Held by
    Royal Canadian Mint (federal Crown corporation: refinery and vault)
    Issued by
    LBMA
    StandardNot recorded

    Legal basis: LBMA Good Delivery Rules; LBMA RGG (private standards)

  • LBMA Good Delivery List membership (and COMEX good delivery)

    Held by
    Private LBMA Good Delivery refiner in Canada
    Issued by
    LBMA
    StandardNot recorded

    Legal basis: LBMA Good Delivery Rules (private standard)

  • PCMLTFA compliance program as dealer in precious metals (policies, risk assessment, training, effectiveness review)

    Held by
    Private LBMA Good Delivery refiner in Canada
    Issued by
    Self (supervised by FINTRAC)
    Primary lawNot recorded

    Legal basis: PCMLTF Regulations, ss.1(2), 65, 148

    Researcher's note: Whether a refiner's purchases of mine doré fall under the s.65(2) exclusion ('in connection with ... extracting precious metals from a mine' or manufacturing) is interpretive; its sales of bars of $10,000+ are covered.

  • LBMA Responsible Gold Guidance certification, annual independent assurance

    Held by
    Private LBMA Good Delivery refiner in Canada
    Issued by
    LBMA / independent assurance provider
    Valid for
    annual
    Industry practiceNot recorded

    Legal basis: LBMA RGG (private standard)

  • Business Number with RM program account active for export (BN15)

    BN15 used on the export declaration

    Held by
    Exporter of record (mine, refiner or bullion trader)
    Issued by
    CBSA / CRA
    Official guidanceNot recorded

    Legal basis: Customs Act Part V; Reporting of Exported Goods Regulations

  • Business Number with RM import-export program account (CARM Client Portal)

    BN15 (RM) and CARM Client Portal account

    Held by
    Importer of record (doré, scrap or bars for refining)
    Issued by
    CBSA / CRA
    Official guidanceNot recorded

    Legal basis: Customs Act

  • FINTRAC enrolment of reporting entities (universal enrolment)

    Held by
    Bullion dealer (dealer in precious metals and precious stones)
    Issued by
    FINTRAC
    Primary lawNot recorded

    Legal basis: PCMLTFA as amended by S.C. 2026, c. 4, s.11.4001 (not in force)

    Researcher's note: [time-limited] Not in force: listed under "Amendments Not in Force" in the PCMLTFA consolidation current to 2026-09-03; comes into force by order of the Governor in Council (S.C. 2026, c. 4, s.124); FINTRAC (2026-04-13): "In line with Regulations to be developed and published in the Canada Gazette, Part II". No order found by search on 2026-09-29.

  • Registered cell mining claim (MLAS)

    Claim record in MLAS

    Held by
    Prospector / mining-claim or exclusive-exploration-right holder
    Issued by
    Ontario Ministry of Mines
    Primary lawNot recorded

    Legal basis: Ontario Mining Act, s.38(2); s.50(1); ss.65, 72

  • Filed closure plan with financial assurance (advanced exploration / production)

    Closure plan filing, certifications, financial assurance

    Held by
    Industrial mine operator (mining-lease holder)
    Issued by
    Ontario Ministry of Mines
    Primary lawNot recorded

    Legal basis: Ontario Mining Act Part VII; O. Reg. 35/24, Mining Act s.141(1), s.145; O. Reg. 35/24 ss.14-22

  • Ontario mining lease

    Mining lease

    Held by
    Industrial mine operator (mining-lease holder)
    Issued by
    Ontario Ministry of Mines
    Valid for
    21 years, renewable for further 21-year terms (s.81(3), (6))
    Primary lawNot recorded

    Legal basis: Ontario Mining Act, s.81(1)-(3), (6), (14)

  • Ontario prospector's licence (applied for in MLAS)

    Prospector's licence number in MLAS client profile

    Held by
    Prospector / mining-claim or exclusive-exploration-right holder
    Issued by
    Ontario Ministry of Mines
    Valid for
    Expires the day before the fifth anniversary of issue (s.19(2)); not transferable (s.19(4))
    Primary lawNot recorded

    Legal basis: Ontario Mining Act, ss.18, 19

  • Quebec exclusive exploration right (formerly 'claim'), by notice of map designation

    Held by
    Prospector / mining-claim or exclusive-exploration-right holder
    Issued by
    Quebec minister responsible for mines
    Valid for
    3 years, renewable for 2-year terms
    Primary lawNot recorded

    Legal basis: Quebec Mining Act, s.47 (acquisition), s.61 (3-year term, 2-year renewals)

  • Quebec mining lease (immovable real right)

    Held by
    Industrial mine operator (mining-lease holder)
    Issued by
    Quebec minister responsible for mines
    Valid for
    20 years; renewable by notice for 10-year periods, not more than three times (s.104)
    Primary lawNot recorded

    Legal basis: Quebec Mining Act, ss.8, 100, 101, 101.0.1, 104

  • Release Prior to Payment privilege with financial security

    Held by
    Importer of record (doré, scrap or bars for refining)
    Issued by
    CBSA
    Primary lawNot recorded

    Legal basis: Customs Act; Accounting for Imported Goods and Payment of Duties Regulations, Customs Act s.32(2); SOR/86-1062 ss.9-10

Taxes and fees

  • British Columbia mineral tax

    Rate
    2% of net current proceeds plus 13% of net revenue exceeding the cumulative tax credit account (and related amounts); placer gold mines 0.5% of transaction value
    Base
    Per mine, per fiscal year of the mine
    Paid by
    Mine operators in BC
    Collected by
    BC Ministry of Finance
    Primary lawNot recorded

    Legal basis: BC Mineral Tax Act, ss.2(1), 2.2

  • Export duty on gold

    Rate
    None identified
    UnverifiedNot recorded

    Researcher's note: [inferred] No export duty or levy provision found in the Customs Act sections, REGR or D20-1-1 read; absence cannot be shown from one text.

  • GST on imported precious metal

    Imported precious metals under any circumstances (SOR/91-31 s.3(a)); unwrought gold, waste and scrap and gold concentrates imported to be refined into precious metals (s.3(b))

    Rate
    Non-taxable
    Primary lawNot recorded

    Legal basis: Excise Tax Act; Non-Taxable Imported Goods (GST/HST) Regulations, ETA Sched VII s.8; SOR/91-31 s.3(a), (b)

    Researcher's note: [inferred] Doré imported for a purpose other than refining would fall under the 5% import GST (s.212).

  • GST/HST on 'precious metal' (gold bars, ingots, coins, wafers of 99.5%+)

    ref.ms-gd400, ref.ms-9999 bars; not doré, granules or jewellery

    Rate
    Zero-rated when supplied by the refiner or the person on whose behalf it was refined (Sched VI Part IX s.3); otherwise exempt as a financial service (Sched V Part VII s.1); supplies by a financial institution to a non-resident zero-rated (Sched VI Part IX s.1)
    Base
    Supply of precious metal (a financial instrument)
    Primary lawNot recordedBlocked

    Legal basis: Excise Tax Act, s.123(1); Sched V Part VII s.1; Sched VI Part IX ss.1, 3

  • GST/HST on doré and other non-qualifying gold

    Doré, granules, scrap sold domestically; refining fees charged to metal owners

    Rate
    5% GST (s.165(1)), or HST in participating provinces; exports zero-rated where Sched VI Part V s.1 applies
    Base
    Supply of gold below 99.5% or in non-standard form
    Primary lawNot recorded

    Legal basis: Excise Tax Act, s.165(1), (2); Sched VI Part V s.1

    Researcher's note: [inferred] Zero-rating of doré exports under Sched VI Part V s.1 is our reading; HST provincial rates not read.

  • Customs duty on gold (7108) and gold scrap (7112.91)

    Doré, bullion, powder, semi-manufactures, monetary gold, gold scrap

    Rate
    Free (MFN and every applicable preferential tariff, incl. UST, CPTPT, UKT)
    Primary lawNot recorded

    Legal basis: Customs Tariff, 7108.11-7108.20, 7112.91

  • Northwest Territories mining royalty

    Rate
    Lesser of 13% of the value of output and the Schedule 3 sum (0% on the first $10,000; 5% to $5m; rising 1 point per $5m band to 14% above $45m)
    Base
    Value of the output of the mine for the fiscal year (s.69(4) formula)
    Paid by
    Owner or operator of a mine on NWT public lands
    Collected by
    Government of the Northwest Territories (Chief)
    Primary lawNot recorded

    Legal basis: NWT Mining Regulations, s.69, Schedule 3

  • Nunavut mining royalty

    Rate
    Lesser of 13% of the value of output and the schedule table (0% on the first $10,000; 5% to $5m; up to 14% above $45m)
    Base
    Value of the output of the mine for the fiscal year
    Paid by
    Owner or operator of a mine in Nunavut
    Collected by
    The Crown (federal)
    Primary lawNot recorded

    Legal basis: Nunavut Mining Regulations, s.69

  • Ontario mining tax

    Output of Ontario mines (pit's-mouth value basis)

    Rate
    10% (non-remote); 5% (remote mines)
    Base
    Annual mining profit above a $500,000 deduction; new-mine exemption up to $10 million over 3 years (10 years remote)
    Paid by
    Operators of Ontario mines
    Collected by
    Ontario Ministry of Finance
    Primary lawNot recorded

    Legal basis: Ontario Mining Tax Act; Reg. 769, ss.3, 3.1, 3.2

  • Quebec mining tax (greater of profit tax and minimum tax)

    Rate
    Greater of: mining tax on annual profit at 16% (portion of profit margin up to 35%), 22% (35% to 50%) and 28% (above 50%); and minimum mining tax of 1% of mine-mouth output value up to the reduced-rate amount ($80,000,000 for an operator not in an associated group) plus 4% above
    Base
    Annual profit per mine / mine-mouth output value
    Paid by
    Operator
    Collected by
    Quebec government
    Primary lawNot recorded

    Legal basis: Quebec Mining Tax Act, ss.5, 29.1-29.3, 30.1, 30.2

  • Yukon quartz mining royalty

    Rate
    Graduated on value of output after deductions: none on the first $10,000, from 3% up to 12% above $35m (as summarised)
    Paid by
    Yukon hard-rock mine operators
    Collected by
    Government of Yukon
    UnverifiedNot recorded

    Researcher's note: [blocked] laws.yukon.ca and yukon.ca returned a 403 bot challenge to the Mac host; [summary] figures from a summarising WebFetch of the royalty guidelines; the statute was not read.

Controls

  • No legal cap on cash payments for gold is in force. Bill C-2 (Strong Borders Act, first reading 3 Jun 2025) Part 11 would add PCMLTFA s.77.5 making it an offence for a person or entity engaged in a business to accept a cash payment, donation or deposit of $10,000 or more (single or prescribed related transactions); LEGISinfo shows the bill still at second reading in the House of Commons (last debated 17 Sep 2025). S.C. 2026, c. 4 (Bill C-12) did not enact it.

    Kind
    Cash limit
    Threshold
    $10,000 (proposed)
    Primary lawNot recorded

    Legal basis: Bill C-2 (not enacted), proposed PCMLTFA s.77.5

    Researcher's note: [time-limited] Bill status as of LEGISinfo read 2026-09-29. [conflict] see ca.div-c12-cash: a law-firm summary describes the cash restriction as part of C-12, not yet in force.

  • Travellers must declare currency or monetary instruments of CAN$10,000 or more; gold bullion is not a monetary instrument and moves as goods through customs.

    Kind
    Cross-border declaration
    Threshold
    CAN$10,000
    Primary lawNot recorded

    Legal basis: Cross-border Currency and Monetary Instruments Reporting Regulations, ss.1, 2

    Researcher's note: [inferred] Bullion is not within "currency" (coins under the Currency Act, bank notes) or "monetary instruments" (securities, negotiable instruments) in SOR/2002-412 s.1; D20-1-1 para 22 treats non-monetary gold as a commodity. Status of legal-tender gold coins not settled.

  • Dealers in precious metals and precious stones are PCMLTFA reporting entities for purchases or sales of $10,000 or more (compliance program, KYC, beneficial ownership, PEPs, records kept at least five years, STR, LCTR, LVCTR, listed-person property and sanctions-evasion reports). Excluded: purchases/sales in connection with manufacturing a product containing precious metals, extracting precious metals from a mine, or cutting/polishing stones.

    Kind
    Anti-money laundering
    Threshold
    $10,000 per purchase or sale
    Primary lawNot recorded

    Legal basis: PCMLTF Regulations, ss.1(2), 65, 148

  • Export reporting (not licensing): non-monetary gold must be declared through CERS/G7 EDI when worth CAD 2,000+ and going anywhere but the US; exports to the US of non-restricted goods are exempt.

    Kind
    Other
    Threshold
    CAD 2,000; US destinations exempt
    Primary lawNot recorded

    Legal basis: Customs Act s.95; Reporting of Exported Goods Regulations, REGR ss.3, 6(b), 7

  • Tariff item 9897.00.00 prohibits importation of "Goods manufactured or produced wholly or in part by prison labour" and "Goods mined, manufactured or produced wholly or in part by forced labour or child labour as those terms are defined in section 2 of the Fighting Against Forced Labour and Child Labour in Supply Chains Act" - which reaches mined gold.

    Kind
    Import restriction
    Primary lawNot recorded

    Legal basis: Customs Tariff, Schedule, tariff item 9897.00.00

  • Canada hosts three LBMA Good Delivery gold refiners: Royal Canadian Mint (Ottawa, listed ~1919), CCR Refinery - Glencore Canada Corporation (Montreal East, ~1956) and Asahi Refining Canada Limited (Brampton, 15/06/1961). Output is accepted in London; Asahi and the Mint also state COMEX acceptance.

    Kind
    Bar standard
    StandardNot recorded

  • Gold is not on the Export Control List: no export permit, licence or state approval is required to export gold, and no state buyer or export monopoly exists.

    Kind
    Other
    Primary lawNot recorded

    Legal basis: Export and Import Permits Act; Export Control List, EIPA s.13; SOR/89-202

  • Every Ontario patent, lease or other disposition of lands, claims or mining rights is subject to the condition that "all ores or minerals raised or removed therefrom shall be treated and refined in Canada so as to yield refined metal or other product suitable for direct use in the arts without further treatment"; on default the Lieutenant Governor in Council may declare the title void (s.91(1)). The Minister decides the stage of refinement (s.91(2)); the Lieutenant Governor in Council may exempt lands, claims or mining rights for a period (s.91(3)); the section prevails over conflicting Acts (s.91(4)).

    Kind
    Local refining requirement
    Primary lawNot recorded

    Legal basis: Ontario Mining Act, s.91

    Researcher's note: [not-read] Orders in council granting s.91(3) exemptions were not searched.

  • No person in Canada or Canadian abroad may export, sell, supply or ship unwrought (710812) or semi-manufactured (710813) gold, wherever situated, to Russia or to any person in Russia (Schedule 6 Part 1 items 176-177; also jewellery and other listed articles). Exception: personal effects.

    Kind
    Sanctions
    Primary lawNot recorded

    Legal basis: Special Economic Measures (Russia) Regulations, s.3.08, Schedule 6 Part 1 items 176-177

  • Persons in Canada and Canadians abroad may not import, purchase or acquire any Schedule 9 good from Russia or from any person in Russia: gold powder (710811), other unwrought (710812), semi-manufactured (710813), monetary gold (710820), jewellery (711319) and goldsmiths' wares (711419) of precious metal other than silver. Exceptions: goods in transit through Russia from a third country; personal effects.

    Kind
    Sanctions
    Valid from
    2022-07-08
    Primary lawNot recorded

    Legal basis: Special Economic Measures (Russia) Regulations, s.3.11, Schedule 9

    Researcher's note: [not-read] No provision on Russian-origin gold processed in third countries was found in ss.1-11.

  • No person in Canada or Canadian abroad may import, purchase or acquire Schedule 13 goods, wherever situated, from Russia or a person in Russia; Schedule 13 item 137 is heading 7112 (waste and scrap of precious metal). Added by SOR/2025-143.

    Kind
    Sanctions
    Primary lawNot recorded

    Legal basis: Special Economic Measures (Russia) Regulations, s.3.16, Schedule 13 item 137

    Researcher's note: [unconfirmed] In-force date of SOR/2025-143 not recorded (only the amending instrument number is printed).

  • Entities producing, selling or distributing goods, or importing goods, that are listed in Canada or meet two of $20m assets, $40m revenue, 250 employees must report to the Minister by May 31 each year on steps taken to prevent forced and child labour in their supply chains (S.C. 2023, c. 9, ss.2, 9, 11); fine up to $250,000 (s.19).

    Kind
    Conflict-area due diligence
    Valid from
    2024-01-01
    Primary lawNot recorded

    Legal basis: Fighting Against Forced Labour and Child Labour in Supply Chains Act, ss.9, 11

  • S.C. 2026, c. 4 (Bill C-12, royal assent 26 Mar 2026) amended the PCMLTFA and the AMP Regulations: penalty ranges per violation $1 to $40,000 (minor), $1 to $4,000,000 (serious) and $1 to $20,000,000 (very serious) (AMP Regulations s.5, as amended by s.118), subject to the Act's maxima of $4,000,000 for a person and $20,000,000 for an entity (s.73.1(2)) and a cumulative cap of the greater of those and 3% of gross global revenue (s.73.1(3)); compliance agreements and orders; programs must be "reasonably designed, risk-based and effective" (s.9.6(1.1)). Universal FINTRAC enrolment (s.11.4001) enacted but not in force (order in council under s.124).

    Kind
    Anti-money laundering
    Valid from
    2026-03-26
    Primary lawNot recorded

    Legal basis: PCMLTFA and PCMLTF AMP Regulations as amended by S.C. 2026, c. 4, Act ss.9.6(1.1), 73.1; SOR/2007-292 s.5

  • CBSA officers may enter premises where goods destined for export are reported, loaded or stored and examine them (Customs Act ss.97.01-97.02, added by S.C. 2026, c. 4, Part 1).

    Kind
    Other
    Primary lawNot recorded

    Legal basis: Customs Act, ss.97.01, 97.02

    Researcher's note: [unconfirmed] In-force date not stated in the parts of S.C. 2026, c. 4 read; the provisions appear in the consolidation current to 2026-09-03.

  • Extractive entities (listed in Canada, or meeting two of $20m assets, $40m revenue, 250 employees) must report and publish payments of $100,000 or more per category per payee to governments in Canada and abroad within 150 days after year end; keep records 7 years; fine up to $250,000 (ESTMA ss.8, 9, 13, 24).

    Kind
    Other
    Primary lawNot recorded

    Legal basis: Extractive Sector Transparency Measures Act, ss.8, 9, 13, 24

  • A DPMS receiving $10,000 or more in cash in a single transaction must file a large cash transaction report (unless from a financial entity or public body); amounts received within 24 consecutive hours from or for the same person are aggregated.

    Kind
    Anti-money laundering
    Threshold
    $10,000 cash
    Primary lawNot recorded

    Legal basis: PCMLTF Regulations, ss.66, 126

  • No exchange control or export-proceeds repatriation requirement identified.

    Kind
    Currency control
    Unverified

    Researcher's note: [inferred] No foreign-exchange control or repatriation provision appears in any statute read (Customs Act, EIPA, PCMLTFA, SEMA); no statute states the absence.

    No source recorded

  • Since 2025 the Ontario Minister may suspend MLAS access, prohibit or terminate prospector's licences, deny leases and (with Lieutenant Governor in Council approval) cancel claims or terminate leases for the protection of the strategic national mineral supply chain.

    Kind
    Other
    Valid from
    2025-10-15
    Primary lawNot recorded

    Legal basis: Ontario Mining Act, ss.4.1(8)-(14), 26.1, 81(1.1), 176.1

Trade flows

  • Gold exports were worth $21.3 billion in 2021; 153 t (47%) went to the United Kingdom.

    Figures: $21.3bn; 153 t to UK

    Official guidanceNot recorded

  • Canada imported 281 t of unwrought gold in 2021 (up from 242 t in 2020), consistent with its refining-hub role; source countries not given on the page.

    Figures: 281 t (2021)

    Official guidanceNot recorded

  • Canada produced 223 t of gold in 2021 (fourth-largest producer); Ontario 104.2 t (47%), Quebec 52.6 t (24%).

    Figures: 223 t (2021)

    Official guidanceNot recorded

Where practice departs from the law

What credible sources show happening that the law does not provide for.

  • [conflict] McCarthy Tetrault (31 Mar 2026) describes cash-transaction restrictions as part of the Bill C-12 reforms, not yet in force; the enacted text, S.C. 2026, c. 4, contains no cash provision (the word "cash" does not occur), and the $10,000 cash-acceptance offence is in Bill C-2 Part 11 (proposed PCMLTFA s.77.5), still at second reading. The model follows the enacted text and LEGISinfo. Affects ca.ctl-cash-ban-pending, ca.law-c12-2026.

    Primary lawNot recorded

  • FINTRAC enforcement shows DPMS compliance gaps in practice: on 8 May 2025 it imposed a $264,000 penalty on a national jewellery/precious-metals dealer for not reporting suspicious transactions and for lacking written policies, a risk assessment, training and a prescribed review. FINTRAC's DPMS indicators (2025-11-24) do not address doré, refiners or mine supply specifically.

    Official guidanceNot recorded

    Researcher's note: [blocked] The 2025 national risk assessment report is not held (ca.gap-nira); its content is not relied on.

  • Because REGR s.7 lets non-restricted goods go to the US without a Canadian export report, Canada-US gold flows leave no Canadian customs export record; visibility depends on US import data shared back under the Canada-US import-data arrangement. This is the law as written, but it means the paper trail for a Canada-US leg starts at US entry.

    Primary lawNot recorded

What we could not obtain

Documents the research needed and could not get, where they might be, and why.

  • CRA GST/HST Memorandum 17-1 read in Chrome but not held as a file in laws/.

    Missing document
    GST/HST Memorandum 17-1, Definition of Financial Instrument
    Where it might be
    https://www.canada.ca/en/revenue-agency/services/forms-publications/publications/17-1/definition-financial-instrument.html
    Why not obtained
    canada.ca refuses the Mac host download worker (curl ERR, queues ca-1, ca-2, ca-11); the page was read in full in Chrome on 2026-09-29 (source ca.src-cra-17-1) but no file copy could be saved to laws/ from the browser. Request row filed for a saved copy.
    Affects
    ca.tax-gst-precious-metalca.st-24

  • CERS/G7 EDI export declaration data elements (ECCRD chapter 25) not held.

    Missing document
    CBSA Electronic Commerce Client Requirements Document, chapter 25 (CERS)
    Where it might be
    https://www.cbsa-asfc.gc.ca/eservices/eccrd-dcece/
    Why not obtained
    Not yet queued: the ECCRD is distributed to registered EDI clients; public chapter URL not found in the pages held. Queued as a lead in ca-fetch.tsv.
    Affects
    ca.dk-export-declaration

  • In-force date of universal FINTRAC enrolment (PCMLTFA s.11.4001, enacted by S.C. 2026, c. 4, s.82). Cash-transaction prohibition status settled (Bill C-2 not passed; ca.ctl-cash-ban-pending).

    Missing document
    Order in council fixing the coming into force of S.C. 2026, c. 4, s.82, and the enrolment regulations (Canada Gazette Part II)
    Where it might be
    https://gazette.gc.ca/rp-pr/p2/index-eng.html
    Why not obtained
    Not yet made: none in the PCMLTFA consolidation current to 2026-09-03 or on the FINTRAC page (2026-04-13); web search 2026-09-29 found none.
    Affects
    ca.cr-fintrac-enrolmentca.st-77

  • Department of Finance 2025 National Inherent Risk Assessment report not held.

    Missing document
    2025 Assessment of Money Laundering and Terrorist Financing Risks in Canada (F2-218/2025E-PDF)
    Where it might be
    https://publications.gc.ca/collections/collection_2025/fin/F2-218-2025-eng.pdf
    Why not obtained
    canada.ca page: curl ERR from the Mac host; publications.gc.ca PDF: "Information archived on the Web" interstitial returned instead of the file (queues ca-5, ca-6). Request row filed.
    Affects
    ca.div-dpms-compliance

  • Yukon quartz mining royalty text.

    Missing document
    Quartz Mining Act, S.Y. 2003, c. 14 and its royalty regulation; QMA Royalty Regulation Guidelines
    Where it might be
    https://laws.yukon.ca/cms/images/LEGISLATION/acts/qumi.pdf ; https://yukon.ca/sites/default/files/emr/emr-quartz-mining-act-royalty-regulation-guidelines.pdf
    Why not obtained
    Both hosts return a 403 bot challenge to the Mac host download (queue ca-4); request row filed.
    Affects
    ca.tax-yk-royaltyca.st-79

Routes through Canada

Country pairs

Sources

Every source this country's research cites, with how much of it was read and how.