Australia

Export declarations and export entry advices (Customs Act ss.113-114C) and import declarations (ss.68, 71A) through the Integrated Cargo System; Customs Tariff

Website

https://www.abf.gov.au/

Autonomous sanctions administered for the Minister for Foreign Affairs, including the ban on importing, purchasing or transporting Russian gold exported after 30 Sep 2022 and permits under reg 18 of the Autonomous Sanctions Regulations 2011

GST, including the precious-metal rules (GST Act ss.38-385, 40-100, s.195-1), GST on importation (s.13-10) and the valuable-metal reverse charge (Division 86)

AML/CTF regulator and FIU: bullion dealers (s.6 table 2 item 1) and, from 31 Mar 2026 (obligations from 1 Jul 2026), dealers buying or selling precious metals, stones or products for $10,000 or more in physical currency or virtual assets (item 2); threshold, suspicious-matter and cross-border reports

Website

https://www.austrac.gov.au/

Mining tenure under the Mining Act 1978 (WA): miner's rights, prospecting and exploration licences, mining leases; Mineral Titles Online. Successor to DEMIRS/DMIRS (old dmp.wa.gov.au URLs redirect to it).

Website

https://www.wa.gov.au/organisation/department-of-mines-petroleum-and-exploration

Good Delivery List and Responsible Gold Guidance (private industry standard, not Australian law)

NSW mineral royalty under the Mining Act 1992 (NSW)

Queensland mineral royalty (Mineral Resources (Royalty) Regulation 2025; the Commissioner of State Revenue issues public rulings such as MRA002)

Website

https://qro.qld.gov.au/

Receives production and royalty returns and royalties under the Mineral Resources (Sustainable Development) (Mineral Industries) Regulations 2019 (reg 8)

Receives WA mineral royalty returns and payments, estimates and adjusts gold metal produced, approves separate gold royalty projects, from 1 Sep 2025 under the Mining (Royalties) Regulations 2025

s.6(3) table 2: item 1 buying or selling bullion in the course of carrying on a bullion-dealing business; item 2 buying or selling precious metal, stones or products in the course of carrying on a business where the purchase involves physical currency or virtual assets totalling $10,000 or more (linked transactions aggregated); s.5 bullion; s.5A precious metal (gold, silver, platinum-group metals, alloys with at least 2%); s.43 threshold transaction reports within 10 business days; s.41 suspicious matter reports; s.51B enrolment within 28 days; s.53 cross-border movement reports for monetary instruments of $10,000 or more

Citation

Act No. 169, 2006; Compilation No. 62, C2026C00274 (1 Jul 2026)

Kind

Act

Report content rules (e.g. r. 9-12 cross-border movement reports; suspicious matter reports may concern precious metal, with bullion serial numbers); no rule found that prescribes bullion as a monetary instrument for s.53

Citation

F2025L01026; Compilation No. 1 (F2026C00274, 31 Mar 2026)

Kind

Regulation

Reg 4A sanctioned imports (import, purchase or transport of import sanctioned goods; designation power reg 4A(3)); reg 12A offence; reg 18(1)(b) Ministerial permit authorising a sanctioned import; regs 4(4) and 4A(4) gold, precious metals and diamonds to/from the Government of Syria

Citation

Select Legislative Instrument No. 247, 2011; Compilation No. 18 (F2025C01175, 5 Dec 2025)

Kind

Regulation

Establishes Gold Corporation and the Mint (The Perth Mint); s.10 functions incl. refining gold and maintaining the Mint's accreditation acceptable to the London Gold Market; s.36(c) the Mint's function to refine gold and dore; s.22 Treasurer's guarantee of the cash equivalent of gold due, payable and deliverable by Gold Corporation, the Mint or GoldCorp under the Act and of money due in currency dealings

Citation

Act No. 99 of 1987

Kind

Act

s.9-70 GST 10% of value; s.38-385 GST-free first supply of precious metal after refining (refiner of precious metal to dealer in precious metal); s.40-100 other supplies of precious metal input taxed; s.195-1 precious metal = gold (in an investment form) of at least 99.5% fineness; s.13-10(b) importation non-taxable if it would have been GST-free or input taxed as a supply; s.38-185 exports of goods GST-free; Division 86 reverse charge on taxable supplies of goods consisting wholly or partly of valuable metal (gold, silver, platinum)

Citation

Act No. 55, 1999; Compilation No. 96, C2026C00081 (1 Jan 2026)

Kind

Act

NSW royalty on gold: 4% of ex-mine value (value of mineral recovered less allowable deductions) per the NSW guidelines; the Act and the Mining Regulation 2016 are not held (bot challenge)

Kind

Act

Lists the goods whose export needs a permission; gold is not among them (no gold, bullion or precious-metal item found); reg 11 export sanctioned goods under autonomous sanctions

Citation

Statutory Rules No. 5, 1958; Compilation No. 115 (F2026C00262, 26 Mar 2026)

Kind

Regulation

Queensland royalty: s.22 rate from Sch 1; Sch 1 Pt 1 s.2 gold (a prescribed mineral (royalty)): 2.5% of value if the average market price (LBM p.m. fix in AUD) is at or below A$600/oz, 5% at or above A$890/oz, a sliding rate in 0.02% steps between; s.26 no royalty on the first $100,000 of value of relevant minerals per mining operation per financial year

Citation

SL No. 108 of 2025

Kind

Regulation

In force from

2025-09-01

Schedule 1 item 16: gold (HS 7108) exported from Russia after the commencement of Amendment (No.1) (30 Sep 2022) is an import sanctioned good for Russia

Citation

F2022L00310 (Compilation No. 1, F2023C00075); amended by F2022L01282

Kind

Regulation

In force from

2022-09-30

Victorian gold royalty: reg 6(1A) 2.75% of the net market value of gold produced under a mining licence; reg 6(1B) first 2,500 oz per relevant period exempt; reg 74 no royalty on gold produced before 1 Jan 2020; reg 8 production and royalty return within 30 days after each relevant period (financial year unless varied)

Citation

S.R. No. 48/2019, Authorised Version No. 005 (20 Oct 2025)

Kind

Regulation

Gold royalty regime until 31 Aug 2025: r. 86AA (2.5% of royalty value; first 2,500 oz per gold royalty project per financial year exempt; London PM Fix converted to AUD). Division 5 deleted by SL 2025/153 r. 8 from 1 Sep 2025.

Kind

Regulation

Repealed on

2025-09-01

Current WA royalty (made under Mining Act s.120B-120C): r. 9 royalty payable by the holder of, or applicant for, the tenement; r. 10 quarterly, within 30 days; Sch 1 Div 2 gold 2.5% of royalty value (r. 14); r. 30 royalty value = gold metal produced x monthly average London PM Fix in AUD; r. 21 first 2,500 oz per gold royalty project per financial year exempt; rr. 31-33 when gold metal is produced; rr. 43-44 production report and royalty return; r. 46 records 7 years

Citation

SL 2025/154

Kind

Regulation

In force from

2025-09-01

Schedule 3 Part 2 inserted the precious-metals dealer designated service (s.6(3) table 2 item 2) and s.5A, in force 31 Mar 2026 (s.2 table item 2); Schedule 3 Part 4 item 11 defers Parts 1A (programs), 2 (CDD), 3 (reporting) and Divisions 2-6 of Part 10 (record keeping) for that service to 1 Jul 2026; item 12 sets enrolment by 29 Jul 2026 for dealers who started before 1 Jul 2026

Citation

Act No. 110, 2024 (Royal Assent 10 Dec 2024)

Kind

Act

In force from

2026-03-31

s.16 offence of contravening a sanction law: up to 10 years imprisonment and/or a fine of the greater of 3 times the transaction value or 2,500 penalty units (individuals)

Citation

Act No. 38, 2011; Compilation No. 4 (C2024C00138)

Kind

Act

s.68 entry of imported goods (import declaration, s.71A); ss.113-114C export entry: owner must enter goods for export and not load them without an authority to deal (s.113(1)); consignments with an FOB value not exceeding $2,000 exempt unless a permission is required (s.113(2)(b), (2A)); export declaration (s.114); export entry advice with its number (s.114C); withdrawal within 7 days if not exported within 30 days of the intended day (s.116); records kept 5 years (s.240(1A)); Divisions 4J, 4K, 4M origin record-keeping and verification for preferential claims in China, Hong Kong and the UK

Citation

Act No. 6, 1901; Compilation No. 192, C2026C00378 (27 Aug 2026)

Kind

Act

Heading 7108 and 7112.91 duty Free

Kind

Act

Mining tenure in WA: miner's right (ss.40C-40D), prospecting licence (s.40, max 200 ha; 4-year term s.45), mining lease (s.71; 21-year term s.78; lessee owns minerals lawfully mined, s.85(2)(b)); Part 5A royalties: s.120B royalty payable as prescribed, s.120D royalty return

Kind

Act

AUSTRAC enrolment; AML/CTF program

Held by

Bullion dealer / dealer in precious metal

Issued by

AUSTRAC

AUSTRAC enrolment

Held by

Bullion dealer / dealer in precious metal

Issued by

AUSTRAC

Held by

Australian gold refiner (LBMA Good Delivery-listed)

Issued by

Parliament of Western Australia

Held by

Bullion dealer / dealer in precious metal

Issued by

Self-assessed under GST law (ATO)

Listing on the LBMA Good Delivery List

Held by

Australian gold refiner (LBMA Good Delivery-listed)

Issued by

LBMA (and the exchanges)

Annual RGG assurance report

Held by

Australian gold refiner (LBMA Good Delivery-listed)

Issued by

LBMA / independent assurance provider

Valid for

annual

Registered tenement in Mineral Titles Online

Held by

Mining tenement holder (mining lease) operating a gold mine and mill

Issued by

Department of Mines, Petroleum and Exploration (WA)

Valid for

21 years, renewable (s.78)

Held by

Prospector / small miner (miner's right or prospecting licence)

Issued by

Department of Mines, Petroleum and Exploration (WA)

All exports, including gold

Rate

None

First supply of precious metal after its refining by, or on behalf of, the supplier, where the refiner is a "refiner of precious metal" and the recipient a "dealer in precious metal" (each: an entity that satisfies the Commissioner of the activity - s.195-1)

Rate

GST-free (0%, input credits allowed)

Imported gold that meets the precious-metal definition is a non-taxable importation because its supply would be input taxed or GST-free (s.13-10(b)); dore and other gold outside the definition is a taxable importation

Rate

Non-taxable importation (precious metal); otherwise GST 10% of the value of the taxable importation (customs value plus international transport and insurance, s.13-20)

Gold (in an investment form) of at least 99.5% fineness (s.195-1 precious metal); "investment form" is not defined in the Act - the ATO describes it as a coin, wafer, bar or other tradeable form with an internationally accepted hallmark (LBMA-approved for gold)

Rate

Input taxed (no GST charged; no input tax credits)

A taxable supply of goods consisting wholly or partly of valuable metal (gold, silver, platinum) to a recipient registered or required to be registered, where the market value of the goods does not exceed the valuable metal threshold (i.e. is not at least 10% above the value of the metal in them) or the parties agree in writing - e.g. scrap, dore and other non-investment gold

Rate

10% of the price, payable by the recipient

Paid by

Recipient of the supply

Collected by

Australian Taxation Office

HS 7108.11.00, 7108.12.00, 7108.13.00, 7108.20.00 and 7112.91.00 (general rate Free; the rate footnote: FTA originating goods Free unless otherwise shown)

Rate

Free

Rate

4% of ex-mine value

Base

Value of mineral recovered (first arm's-length sale; stock movements included) less allowable deductions (treatment after the first stockpile, realisation, one-third of on-site administration, depreciation at 11.25% reducing balance); annual return and payment by 31 July, quarterly where the anticipated royalty for the 12-month period exceeds $50,000

Paid by

Titleholder

Collected by

Revenue NSW (payments to the Office of State Revenue since 1 July 2014, per the guideline)

Rate

2.5% of value if the average market price for the return period is at or below A$600/oz (reference price 1); 5% if at or above A$890/oz (reference price 2); in between 2.5 + (PD/RFD) x 2.5 per cent, rounded down to 0.02%

Base

Value of gold sold, disposed of or used in the return period (average market price = LBM p.m. fix in AUD at the hedge settlement rate); no royalty on the first $100,000 of total value of relevant minerals (incl. gold) per mining operation per financial year (s.26)

Paid by

Holder of the mining authority / person who mines the mineral (Mineral Resources Act 1989, per QRO ruling MRA002.3 para 2)

Collected by

Queensland Revenue Office

Rate

2.75%

Base

Net market value of the gold produced under a mining licence (market value when first sold, transferred or disposed of, less costs reasonably, necessarily and directly incurred in the sale incl. insurance, freight and marketing); first 2,500 oz per relevant period exempt; no royalty on gold produced before 1 Jan 2020

Paid by

Holder of a mining licence

Collected by

Department Head (Victoria): production and royalty return within 30 days after each relevant period (financial year unless varied)

Rate

2.5%

Base

Royalty value = total gold metal produced in each month x average of the gold spot prices (London PM Fix converted to AUD) for that month; first 2,500 oz of gold metal per gold royalty project per financial year exempt

Paid by

Holder of, or applicant for, the mining tenement

Collected by

Director General of Mines (WA) (functions passed to the Commissioner of State Revenue from 1 Sep 2025: Mining (Royalties) Regulations 2025 r. 55)

Gold metal (at least 99.5% pure) taken to be produced on delivery of gold-bearing material to a refinery within 3 months of extraction (r. 31), otherwise on the day after the 3-month refining period (r. 32), or, for gold-bearing material exported as concentrate or crushed/screened material, when the ship arrives at the unloading place (r. 33)

Rate

2.5%

Base

Royalty value = gold metal (99.5%+) produced x average London PM fix in AUD for the month of production; first 2,500 oz per gold royalty project per financial year exempt

Paid by

Holder of, or applicant for, the mining tenement

Collected by

Commissioner of State Revenue (WA)

Kind

Anti-money laundering

Kind

Anti-money laundering

Threshold

$10,000 in physical currency and/or virtual assets

Valid from

2026-03-31

Kind

Bar standard

Kind

Cash limit

Threshold

$10,000 (reporting, not a limit)

Kind

Currency control

Kind

Other

Threshold

FOB value above $2,000

Kind

Conflict-area due diligence

Kind

Sanctions

Valid from

2022-09-30

Kind

Sanctions

The Perth Mint received 195.8 t of gold from resources-industry customers in 2025-26; stated capacity over 800 t of gold a year.

Figures: 195.8 t (2025-26)

About 100 t of Perth Mint gold bars affected by the doping went mostly to the Shanghai Gold Exchange, its largest customer.

Figures: ~100 t (2018-2021)

[conflict] Two ATO views in the same FOI release disagree on s.38-385 for gold refined from scrap: an earlier ATO GST advice letter (Deputy Commissioner, pp.7-10) says a refiner who buys already-refined precious metal and re-refines it makes a "second or subsequent supply", input taxed; the 27 Nov 2013 ATO paper (Brysland, pp.1-6) concludes that the first supply of precious metal refined from scrap is GST-free if the other s.38-385 conditions are met, the text being "the first supply of that precious metal after its refining". The model follows the words of s.38-385 (read in the Act) and the later paper; GSTR 2003/10 is not held. Affects au.tax-gst-first-supply, au.st-06.

An AUSTRAC-ordered external audit (Nov 2022-Jul 2023) found AML/CTF compliance shortcomings at the Perth Mint; it entered an enforceable undertaking in Nov 2023 with no fine, with its remediation program due to finish by 30 Apr 2025.

From 2018 to Sep 2021 the Perth Mint deliberately added silver and copper to bars so that they sat at the bottom of the 99.99% SGE specification, saving up to $620,000 a year; about 100 t was affected. LBMA (Apr 2023) found no zero-tolerance non-conformance and kept the listing with a corrective action plan.