Urbanisation and Rural Settlement Sector Strategic Plan (2018/19-2023/24)

1.1 Context and Purpose of the Sector Strategic Plan ................................................ 5

1.2 Process and Methodology of Plan Elaboration........................................................ 8 2. SECTOR AND SUB-SECTOR OVERVIEW ............................................. 9

2.1 Policy Context ............................................................................................................... 9

2.2 Sector Status, Achievements and Challenges ........................................................ 13

2.3 Challenges and Recommendations .......................................................................... 21

2.4 Opportunities ............................................................................................................... 24

2.5 Vision for the Years Ahead ....................................................................................... 26

2.6 Institutional Overview of the Sector ...................................................................... 27 3. STRATEGIC FRAMEWORK .................................................................... 32

3.1 Vision, Mission and Objectives ................................................................................. 32

3.2 Contribution to NSTP ............................................................................................... 33

3.3 Result Chain ................................................................................................................. 35 4. IMPLEMENTATION .................................................................................. 67

4.1 Urbanisation and rural settlement depending on cross-sectoral intervention as a preamble........................................................................................................................... 67

4.2 Sequencing of interventions ...................................................................................... 68 4.3 Roles and responsibilities of partners and stakeholders and their coordination 69

4.4 Request for cross-sectoral coordination of other sectors‟ indicators relevant to the success of the urbanisation agenda .............. Error! Bookmark not defined.

4.5 Risk analysis and discussion of risk mitigation strategies .................................... 76 5. MONITORING AND EVALUATION...................................................... 78

5.1 Need for national and local monitoring ................................................................. 78

5.2 Monitoring and evaluation as a cross-sectoral effort .......................................... 78

5.3 Sector Management Information Systems.............................................................. 81

5.4 NSTP Mid-term review and final evaluation .......................................................... 82 6. COSTS AND FINANCING ....................................................................... 85

6.1 Costs .............................................................................................................................. 85 7. ANNEXES ................................................................................................... 86 SSP 2018-24, Page 2 Abbreviations BP-MIS Building Permitting Management Information System BRD Development Bank of Rwanda BTC Belgian Technical Cooperation CAD Computer Aided Design CHAN Africa National Championship CoK City of Kigali CPD Continuous Professional Development CS Civil Society CSO Civil Society Organization DDP District Development Plans DED Detailed Engineering Design DT District Town DU Dwelling Unit EAC East Africa Community EDPRS Economic Development and Poverty Reduction Strategy EICV Integrated Households Living Conditions Survey FS Feasibility Study GDP Gross Domestic Product GGCRS: National Green Growth and Climate Resilience Strategy GGGI Global Green Growth Institute GIS Geographic Information System GIZ Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit GoR Government of Rwanda HH Household ICT Information and Communicating Technology IDP Integrated Development Program IFC International Finance Corporation IGC International Growth Center ISO International Organization of Standardization JADF Joint Action Development Forum LA Local Authority LED Local Economic Development LGI Local Government Institute LODA Local Administrative Entities Development Agency MDG Millennium Development Goal MIFOTRA Ministry of Public Service and Labor MIGEPROF Ministry of Gender and Family Promotion MINAGRI Ministry of Agriculture and Animal Resources MINALOC Ministry of Local Government MINECOM Ministry of Trade and Industry MINECOFIN Ministry of Finance and Economic Planning MINEDUC Ministry of Education MINIJUST Ministry of Justice MININFRA Ministry of Infrastructure SSP 2018-24, Page 3 MINILAF Ministry of Lands and Natural Resources MINISPOC Ministry of Sports and Culture MoH Ministry of Health NGO Non-Governmental Organization NISR National Institute of Statistics of Rwanda NLTRP National Land Tenure Regularization Programme NLUMP National Land Use and Development Master Plan NST National Strategy for Transformation NUP National Urbanization Policy OSC One Stop Center PM Prime Minister PMO Prime Minister‟s Office PSF Private Sector Federation RALGA Rwanda Association of Local Government Authorities RCA Rwanda Civil Aviation RDB Rwanda Development Board REG Rwanda Energy Group REIT Real Estate Investment Trust RHA Rwanda Housing Authority RISD Rwanda Initiative for Sustainable Development RMF Road Maintenance Fund RRA Rwanda Revenue Authority RTDA Rwanda Transport Development Agency RUDP: Rwanda Urban Development Programme RURA Rwanda Utilities Regulatory Authority RwaGBO Rwanda Green Building Organization SC: Secondary City SDF Spatial Development Framework SDG Sustainable Development Goal SME Small and Medium Enterprise SPV Special Purpose Vehicle SSP Sector Strategic Plan SWG Sector Working Group TA Technical Assistance TVET Technical and Vocation Education and Training UNDP United Nations Development Programme UPC Urban Planning Code U-SWAP Urbanization Sector Wide Approach WASAC Water and Sanitation Corporation WatSan Water and Sanitation WDA Workforce Development Authority SSP 2018-24, Page 4 1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 Context and Purpose of the Sector Strategic Plan Urbanization and human settlement development is a continuous process, which requires comprehensive guidance to ensure its sustainability. The Government tackles the process proactively and has embarked on a vision to nurture the positive impact of urbanization for socio-economic improvement for all residents. All programs shall positively affect the quality of life for every resident and translate into the economic growth and Rwanda‟s transformation into a middle-income country. The management of urbanization and human settlement development requires coordinated efforts following the outlined planning and development management procedures, and ensuring the servicing with adequate infrastructure and facilities to enhance the potential driving force to development and poverty reduction, including those commercial, service and industrial sectors that contribute to the GDP and may enhance the standard of living. The success relies on increased professionalism of the economic sectors. Programmatic continuation must also address access to decent housing and favourable living conditions as a fundamental right for all citizens. In recent years, a recognition of the importance of good urban and development management has been achieved, which is inclusive, involves participation in planning and focuses on the facilitation of economic activity while safeguarding the built and unbuilt environment for liveability, and to the establishment of a comprehensive planning system and principles. Optimal urban development is, however, still constrained by continued challenges relating to macro-economic principles and finance, public sector capacities as well as innovation and professionalism in the private industry. The Urbanization and Rural Settlement Sector encompasses social, economic and environmental activities with a spatial reference in both, urban and rural areas. As Rwanda, outlined in the Vision 2050, targets to become an upper middle-income country by 2035 and a high income country by 2050, the opportunities to shape the built environment by understanding the requirements for liveable settlements in a way to promote economic transformation and prosperity must be embarked on. The Urbanisation and Rural Settlement sector was established with EDPRS 2 in 2013.

1.1.1 Urbanisation in international context More than half of the world‟s population already live in urban areas and urbanization shapes large parts of the world in the 21st century. In 1800, only 3 % of the world's population lived in cities, and by 1900, the number had increased to 15 %. An estimated 68 % of the world‟s population will be living in cities by 20501. Most urban growth processes are now taking place in Africa and Asia, which are predominantly rural, but grow at rates above the world‟s average. The global share of African urban dwellers is projected to rise from about 11 % in 2010 to about 20 % by 2050, and 64 % of all Africans are projected to be living in cities by 2050. Currently, the eastern part of Africa is the least urbanized region of the continent and the 1 Garland, 2014; Spence, Annez, & Buckley, 2009 SSP 2018-24, Page 5 world, however, urbanizing very fast. Urban areas provide economic opportunities and means to escape poverty to millions. Productivity and specialisation are higher in cities than in rural areas, with the benefits from the economic activities spilling over to rural areas. With good governance, urban areas are locations that may deliver services and infrastructure more efficiently than less densely settled areas because of advantages of scale and proximity. Dense settlements may relieve pressure on agricultural land and natural habitat when following a well-planned and sustainable overall human settlement framework. Urban areas also face challenges related to growing inequality, development of slums, homelessness, unaffordability of land and housing, poverty, crime and environmental pollution and degradation, if not properly addressed. Yet, poverty is a rural phenomenon globally and locally.

1.1.2 Urbanisation in National context Scattered habitat characterised the rural landscape in Rwanda up to the colonial era, when German and Belgian colonialists introduced the first urban centres. These developed mostly around administrative centres, churches, markets, schools, health centres and strategic road junctions. By the end of colonial era in the early 1960s only 2 % of Rwandans lived in urban areas but after independence until 2004, urban planning did not receive much prior attention and unplanned settlement activities rose. Low income levels, insufficient operational capacity, bad management of land, top-down planning approaches with line management structure across sectors, and non-inclusive planning procedures among other factors, contributed to the expansion of unplanned, health-endangering and environmentally degrading, urbanising areas. The potential of good development management contributing towards socio- economic development was overlooked until the early 2000‟s. Urban growth largely concentrated in the City of Kigali, which today accommodates about half of Rwanda‟s urban population. Other urbanising locations included the former Provincial and District capitals. In the early 2000‟s, urbanization trends and the need for good urban and human settlement planning were started to be recognized. Yet, participation in formal urban life was still considered something that comes with a privilege, and that a low income household would not be able to afford. The Right to the City was not commonly acknowledged in local development management among the staff of planning authorities, and only few households were able to access land for construction and building permit formally. Rwandan leadership has recognized the importance of urban and human settlement planning based on projection and strategizing, with Vision 2020 and EDPRS 2 highlighting urbanization as one of the driving factors for economic growth. Strategic measures since the previous SSP and EDPSR2 now prioritize the development of six Secondary Cities for the purpose of deconcentrating socio-economic development to the whole of the country through pointed public investment, and to attract private investment. Also during EDPRS 2, Rwanda registered more than half of rural households in grouped rural settlements, with an Integrated Development Program aiming at improving the living conditions in rural settlements. SSP 2018-24, Page 6 The Land Policy 2004 and the subsequent land reform had paved the way toward policies and strategies, which target economic development supported by well- planned urbanization, inclusiveness, and the enhancement of the private sector. Following uniform registration of land ownership rights, the privatization of individual ownership and the reforms to land administration frameworks, the land and real estate market and construction industry became a newly formalized contributor to the national economy. Rwanda now guides urbanization in a way to:  Stand as a strategic driver of economic development and a panacea for demographic pressures, employment and sustainable land use; and so making service delivery easier and more cost-effective to provide;  Reinforce its system of urban areas and human settlements and the corresponding administrative and urban governance system to promote local economic development based on local potentialities and inter-linkages;  Promote densification for cost effective public investment and to reserve for agricultural production, open space and conservation of the environment;  Plan for needs of transportation, housing, culture, recreation, utilities and facilities, waste management, information and telecommunication, commercial and industrial development in response to macro-economic strategies and citizens views.2

1.1.3 Right to housing and to a sustainable environment The recognition of land rights reduced vulnerability of the poor against eviction. A risk for vulnerability to land loss remains through market responses through formal sales, if land use zoning and regulatory requirements excludes their economic participation in development. This problem has been recognized and the sector does everything to create an inclusive framework. For example, the formerly prohibited building with earth materials is promoted with an objective of affordability in the formal housing construction. The topic of affordability of housing and the need for urban upgrading have received first time recognition and entered into debates. Since 2014, affordable housing is a recognized government high level priority. The movement toward green awareness and the potentialities of using renewable energies which had begun through piloting a decade ago and is now an integral part of National policy; A model house built in 2006 in the City of Kigali led to the formal recognition of local materials as well as kick-started rain water harvesting, solar energy and biogas harvesting in the urban domestic domain. The right to public participation in planning, first exercised in the plan elaboration process for Kigali‟s Conceptional Masterplan 2008, has been formalized as mandatory in the legal framework adopted 2015. Among the range of human rights is also a safe, clean, healthy and sustainable environment, including the rights to life, health, food, water and sanitation. By making the upgrading of informal urban settlement and rural housing programmatic, the Government acknowledges the importance of this subject. 2 MININFRA (2015) : National Urbanisation Policy SSP 2018-24, Page 7

1.2 Process and Methodology of Plan Elaboration In the course of the elaboration of the National Strategy for Transformation and Prosperity (NSTP), every development sector elaborates a comprehensive strategy that guides actors in the sector working group in the medium-term. This new Sector Strategic Plan (2018/19 - 2023/24) for the Urbanisation and Rural Settlement Sector has been developed by the Ministry of Infrastructure through a collaborative stakeholder engagement process. The strategy builds on the ending SSP 2013-18, the first one in the sector after its establishment in 2013. The overall goals continue to be confirmed; new policy actions now being detailed that address the more detailed challenges after having laid out the overall frameworks. The strategy was developed through formal and informal discussions with all stakeholders in the sector, with the sector benefitting from internal senior support since its establishment. A Technical Working Group facilitated the strategy elaboration on behalf of the Urbanization and Rural Settlement Sector Working Group (SWG) and regular consultation with the SWG ensured input considered from every member. The elaboration process began with the identification of sector priorities and targets, which led to the formulation of priority areas, outcomes, indicators and policy actions to ensure continued implementation of sector policies and programs, as well as design of follow-up policies and programs. The process was embedded in the processes elaborating the Vision 2050 and the NST 2018- 2024. SSP 2018-24, Page 8 2. SECTOR AND SUB-SECTOR OVERVIEW This chapter frames the SSP by setting out the current status, achievements and challenges in the Urbanisation and Rural Settlement sector.

2.1 Policy Context Rwanda‟s rapid population growth and density on a small area with a difficult-to- develop terrain are challenges in the struggle for sustainable development. Rwanda is positioning itself for the future by taking a proactive approach to plan and manage its urbanization process. The overall goal is to achieve development that enhances national and local economic growth and ensures quality of life for everyone. Rwanda guides urbanization and rural settlement in a way that allows efficiently using and managing natural resources for sustainable development. The promotion of a system of urban and rural settlements for local economic development is based on local potentialities, with a focus on resource- and cost-effective public investment, preservation of land for agricultural production, open space and environmental conservation. The responsibility for well-managed human settlement development is shared across sectors, with the overarching Urbanisation and Rural Settlement Sector having been created with the second Economic Development and Poverty Reduction Strategy 2013-18. With an established foundation comprising of a planning system, facilitation frameworks and an understanding of the scope and responsibilities of the sector, this second SSP will enter into even more qualitative subjects and strengthen the strategic approaches already set. Any unaligned matter may be corrected for long term success of the strategy, and emphasis must be on information, awareness and capacity development across the sector with an integrated approach.

2.1.1 Sustainable Development Goals In 2015, 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDG‟s) were adopted by Heads of State and Government and senior representatives on behalf of the international community. They are the successors of the Millennium Development Goals (MDG‟s), defining the new universal development agenda. All of the 17 Goals relate to the Urbanisation and Rural Settlement Sector due to its cross-sectoral nature. Therein, the 11th Goal is set to “Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable”.

2.1.2 Vision 2050 The Vision 2050 will be the country‟s strategic document succeeding Vision 2020. This visionary document under elaboration aims at ensuring high standards of living for all Rwandans to achieve a high-income status. It will address 1) Quality of Life; 2) Modern Infrastructure and livelihoods; 3) Transformation for prosperity; 4) Values for Vision 2050; and 5) International cooperation and positioning. SSP 2018-24, Page 9

2.1.3 New Urban Agenda The New Urban Agenda presents a paradigm shift based on the science of cities; it lays out standards and principles for the planning, construction, development, management, and improvement of urban areas along its five main pillars of implementation namely: national urban policies, urban legislation and regulations, urban planning and design, local economy and municipal finance, and local implementation. It is a resource for every level of government, from national to local; for civil society organizations; the private sector; constituent groups; and for all who call the urban spaces of the world “home” to realize this vision. Declaration statements enshrined in the New Urban Agenda also informed this SSP.

2.1.4 Sector Strategic Plan 2013-18 Guided by the Urbanization and Rural Sector Strategic Plan 2013-18; policy, legal and institutional frameworks for the sector have been established. The strategy‟s guiding objectives were to ensure good development management with compact and connected spatial distribution of human settlements focusing on the following three high level priorities:  To develop the basis for good urban and rural settlement management cross-cutting all development sectors and following clear guidelines and procedures at all levels of governance;  To create a hierarchical network of urban and urbanizing centers providing services and attracting economic activities countrywide while focusing support to development of secondary cities as poles of economic growth.  To facilitate the financing and supply options for affordable housing through collaboration with the private sector.

2.1.5 National Urbanisation Policy (2015) The National Urbanisation Policy (2015) was elaborated during the first SSP with a goal of promoting well-coordinated urban settlement and development that positively transforms the economy of the country, improving the socio-economic conditions for all and preserving resources to sustain the life of future generations. The Policy Pillars are 1) Coordination; 2) Densification; 3) Conviviality and 4) Economic Growth.

2.1.6 National Housing Policy (2015) The National Housing Policy (2015) was elaborated during the first SSP with an aim of ensuring improved access to housing, resource efficiency in land use, infrastructure and housing development, skills enhancement of the local construction industry and improved social inclusion. The Policy Pillars are: 1) Public Benefit, 2) Resource- Efficient Planning, Green Technology, and Professionalism and 3) Governance and Partnership. The National Housing Policy provides a framework for the facilitation of the private sector to address housing demand.

2.1.7 National Informal Urban Settlement Upgrading Strategy (2017) Urban upgrading, as supported by the first SSP and the National Housing Policy, is an important strategy to effectively guide the inclusion of existing, currently informal housing stock as part of the formal stock of housing in support of sustainable settlement, affordability of SSP 2018-24, Page 10 housing, improvement of living conditions and asset value increase The strategy presents five options of implementing an upgrading project and recommends where best each of the options shall be adopted.

2.1.8 Human Settlement Policy (2009) The Human Settlement Policy initially adopted in 2004 and updated in 2009, was the first policy which highlighted the need for: planning, efficient use of land through densification and clustering, urban financing mechanisms, development management responsibilities of local authorities, public participation and development of the building industry. The second core of the document gave the frame to grouping rural habitat into planned rural settlements, supported by small economic centres in the rural areas, as well as support to housing for vulnerable groups.

2.1.9 National Employment Policy (2007) The policy is implemented through a National Employment Program to support employment through approaches for skills development and establishment of SME‟s.

2.1.10 National Decentralization Policy (2012) The goal of the Decentralisation Policy is to deepen and sustain grassroots-based democratic governance and to promote equitable local development by enhancing citizen participation, strengthening the local government system and effective linkages between National and Local Government entities. Among the key priorities is support to local economic development, facilitate the role of the private sector, as well as the promoting sustainable urbanization.

2.1.11 Public Transport Policy & Strategy of Rwanda (2012) The policy recognizes the need to ensure economic growth by providing adequate transport services. It aims for universal public transport services for all citizens, accessibility, mobility, availability, reliability, safety and security of transport, and at ensuring monitoring & evaluation of services and performance for user satisfaction.

2.1.12 National Policy on Water Resources Management (2011) The main objective of this policy is to ensure conservation of water resources, as well as their sustainable management and development applying an Integrated Water Resources Management approach. Targeted is the availability of water of adequate quantity and for socio-economic and ecological needs of the present and future generations.

2.1.13 National water supply Policy and its implementation Strategy (2016) This policy aims to ensure sustainable, equitable, reliable and affordable access to safe drinking water for all Rwandans, as a contribution to improving public health and socio-economic development. The policy intends to Plan, build and operates water and sanitation services in a sustainable, efficient and equitable manner. The National Water Supply Implementation Strategy provide clear direction for the implementation of key strategic actions in the water supply sub-sector .The policy and strategy outlines initiatives to overcome challenges and exploit existing SSP 2018-24, Page 11 opportunities in an integrated manner, and will effectively contribute towards achieving the goals of the National Development Agenda

2.1.14 National Sanitation policy and it’s and Implementation Strategy (2016) This policy aims to ensure sustainable, equitable and affordable access to safe sanitation and waste management services for all Rwandans, as a contribution to poverty reduction, public health, economic development and environmental protection. It intends to Promote, plan, build and operate services in a sustainable, efficient and equitable manner. National Sanitation Implementation Strategy provides guidance on proper implementation of key strategic actions in the sanitation sub- sector. The Policy and Strategy outlines initiatives to overcome challenges and exploit opportunities in an integrated manner, and will effectively contribute towards achieving the goals of the National Development Agenda.

2.1.15 Rwanda Energy Policy (2015) The policy identifies the need to provide harmonised guidance for the development of the energy sector and reflects the need to balance and uphold the interests of citizens, energy consumers, investors and stakeholders because the energy sector has an inherently systemic link to the growth of other sectors of the economy such as manufacturing, construction, mining and quarrying, agro-processing, transport and tourism. The policy intends to ensure access to modern, sustainable, and affordable energy services as an integral part of Rwanda‟s economic development, poverty eradication and socioeconomic transformation agenda and targets the diversification of sources of energy, diversification of the power mix by exploiting indigenous resources, and the increase of the share of renewable energy.

2.1.16 Green Growth and Climate Resilience Strategy (2011) The National Green Growth and Climate Resilience Strategy (GGCRS), 2011, outlines the pathway to a sustainable, secure future of Rwanda, where the country is prepared for the risks associated with climate change, population growth and rising oil prices while sustainably managing the environment. The GGCRS addresses resource efficient, low carbon and climate resilient development for sustainable economic growth and poverty reduction for future stability and prosperity with a horizon of 2050. Out of the strategy‟s 14 Programs of Action, 7 are related to urbanisation and rural settlement sector and most specifically Program of Action no.10 on low carbon urban systems.

2.1.17 National Road Map for Green Secondary City Development (2015) This Roadmap is a practical guide to support the sustainable planning of the Secondary Cities for climate resiliency by addressing climate change and low carbon emission, following the policies and strategies already available in the sector. It is also a reference document that can be used by other cities and towns. SSP 2018-24, Page 12

2.1.18 National Land Use and Development Master Plan (2011) The National Land Use and Development Master Plan (NLUMP) provides the general directives for land use development and presents guiding principles for the future development of the country in regard to socio-economics, infrastructure, environment and land administration. With its current revision taking a cross-sectoral approach, it is meant to integrate national guidance to a human settlement framework beyond non-urban land uses to illustrate the envisioned future land use distribution, setting long term guidance for any other planning document to follow. The outdated NLUMP faced the initial technical challenge of digitising information for a digital base map.

2.2 Sector Status, Achievements and Challenges

2.2.1 Sector Status The Urbanisation and Rural Settlement Sector was created in 2013 with the EDPRS2 process. Improvement to cross-sectoral and intra-governance level coordination, integrated planning and development management, and of local service delivery are in the forefront of progress. As a result from the work undertaken during the first SSP 2013-18, the sector is in a situation where policies are sustainable, inclusive and pro-poor, and the importance of well-managed urbanisation is highly recognized as a precondition for economic growth. Recognized are also the importance of cross-sectoral engagement and integrated planning, with procedures and tools that have been developed. Over the course of SSP 2013-18, a comprehensive planning and development management framework which implements the decentralization principles and helps empower local governments to plan and manage development has been laid out. The inclusion of cultural heritage for a local identity has been highlighted as essential in future development. Furthermore the need for capacity development remains an on-going recognized necessity. New strategies aim at enhancing civil society engagement and facilitating private-sector-led development in the sector. Fig. 1: Strategic Infrastructure Investments and the six Secondary Cities (Source: Urbanization and Rural Settlement SSP 2013-18) SSP 2018-24, Page 13 Rwanda combines urbanisation and rural settlement development in one sector and is well positioned to address the linkage between urban and rural settlement and development. Economic linkages between urban areas and the rest of a District are facilitated through the administrative structures, with the District governments being responsible for the development in both, their urban and rural areas. Urbanization shares a number of challenges and objectives with rural development. Rwanda is implementing a strategy, whereby rural settlements are developed around economic opportunities. The sector through its integrated approaches is also looking to address urban sprawl, resource depletion and environmental degradation. Six Secondary Cities were identified by the national government as poles of economic growth in 2013, purposely to ensure transformation of the economic geography of the country by providing improved, concentrated socio-economic services and opportunities to serve residents across the country. Kigali‟s strategic importance as a primate city in the region would also be enhanced. Local finance Central government fiscal transfers and other grants from partners are equivalent to about 90% of a District‟s total revenue, and locally generated revenues are below 10% of a District budget3. Land lease and property tax collection are now standardised, and assigned under the responsibility of RRA, which supports the Districts to efficiently collect the local revenues. Living and servicing conditions According to EICV3, there is a correlation between poverty and access to utilities, with utilities and services being more accessible to non-poor than to poor households, but also more accessible to the urban than to the rural population; this especially concerns levels of access to electricity. Between EICV3 and EICV4, electricity use for lighting has almost doubled country-wide from 11% to 20%, with 73% of households in Kigali City using electricity compared to between 9% and 15% in other provinces. Around 9% of households have access to the internet (including through mobile phones), up from 4% in 2010/11. One-third of households in urban areas have internet access compared to 4% in rural areas. Economic activity and employment The reported unemployment rate is 13.2 %, with the female unemployment rate (13.6 %) slightly higher than the male rate (12.9 %), and the urban rate (15.9 %) higher than the rural rate (12.6 %)4. Underemployment and underutilization of labor force is severe. The rate of unemployment, time-related underemployment and potential labor force combined is 60.3 %, indicating that more than half of the labor force is affected by some form of labor underutilization5. The percentage of employed individuals with a main job in wage-employment and outside farming has increased from about 17% in EICV3 to about 20% in EICV4. The percentage of persons whose 3 Garzón et al., 2015 4 NISR (2016): Labour Force Survey 2016-Pilot- 5 Ibid. SSP 2018-24, Page 14 main job is in wage farming has also increased, from about 10% to 11%. The percentage of independent farmers has declined as a proportion of those employed6. 39% of Rwanda‟s total population are between 14 and 35 years old and considered as youth; 64% of the age group 16-29 is underemployed. The highest levels of economic inactivity are among youth with primary or secondary education. The unemployment amongst skilled youth in urban areas wastes human capital. Loans, housing mortgages and savings According to EICV4, 6.2% of households have a loan from a commercial bank. The share of mortgage loans in total loans was 36.6 % in 6/2016 (up from 33.9 % in 6/2015), meaning that about 235,000 households access mortgage in the country. The change demonstrates that banks further increased their lending to the mortgage sector with an increased annual growth rate of 38.4% in 2016 compared to 33.7% in 20157. While informal lenders remain the most common source of credit, the percentage of households with credits received through tontines has increased since the EICV3. Also the percentage of persons above 18 years with a savings account has risen from around 19% in EICV3 to 30% in EICV4; the increase has been more pronounced for males than females and can be observed across all consumption quintiles8. Poverty levels As evidenced by the EICV4, living conditions are rising and poverty levels reducing. 39.1% of the population were identified as poor by EICV4, compared to 44.9% that were identified as poor in EICV3. Poverty is lowest in the City of Kigali (2013/14). Its incidence is otherwise notably low in Kamonyi, Rwamagana and Kayonza. The greatest concentrations of poverty are found in the South and the West, including of Gicumbi and Burera Districts from Northern Province9. Population trends and projections Population change, including migration trends are still difficult to assess with the available data. However, it can be concluded that „the combination of natural growth rates and increased migration to urban areas has contributed to urbanization in Rwanda‟ (World Bank 2017). Impressive declines in infant mortality and fertility and increased urban fertility rates between 2010 and 2015 contributed to this. 6 NISR (2015): EICV 4 (2013/14) Main Indicators Report 7 BRD (2016): Financial stability Report 2015-16 8 NISR (2015): EICV 4 (2013/14) Main Indicators Report 9 Ibid. SSP 2018-24, Page 15 Fig. 2: Share and scale of rural-to-urban migration rising in Rwanda. Source: The World Bank Group (2017)

2.2.2 Achievements during the implementation of SSP 2013-18 Improvement of the urban and rural settlement development planning and management system has been addressed steadily and with the following achievements.  Legal and Regulatory Framework: Tremendous treads were achieved in regard to urban legislation through the enactment of important laws, policies, decrees and instructions related to urban land use, urban planning and development, urban environment management, all aimed at achieving a well oriented urban future for the country. By completing policies and legal framework, Rwanda is well positioned to manage sustainable urbanisation and rural settlement development in response to new development pressures coming with the implementation of the decentralisation reform, land reform and private sector enhancement Coordination and integrated approaches to planning: The new urban planning related legal framework lays the ground for improved coordination, integrated planning and development management. A set of implementation orders to the Law Governing Urban Planning and Building (2012) that were adopted in 2015 resolve previous bottlenecks for good development management, providing a clear framework facilitating sustainable, integrated and inclusive development, institutional development, decentralization, local economic development, citizen participation and accountability. The implementation orders establish a planning hierarchy shown in the figure below, that stipulate integration of the content of all planning documents with each other, and determining content, scale, plan elaboration processes anchored on public participation, permitting processes, inspection and plan implementation auditing. Fig. 3: Planning types and hierarchies (Source: MININFRA Urbanisation and Rural Settlement Sector) SSP 2018-24, Page 16 Institutional framework strengthened: A cross-sectoral collaboration between land, urban planning, rural settlement planning, infrastructure planning and economic planning has been enhanced through national and local institutional coordination arrangements, with clarified responsibilities and procedures in planning and implementation tasks. To empower the Districts‟ capacities, the 2014 Public Institutional Reform increased the number of staff at local level to almost double and reduced it in central government institutions. The structures of the decentralised entities were enhanced by including District One Stop Centres (OSC) for the management of local development. Since the reform, central Government funding for urban planning and development related projects is earmarked to Districts. Meanwhile at the central level, to improve effective delivery, the Rural Settlement Task Force formally hosted by MINALOC, responsible for the oversight of rural settlement development was transferred to RHA resolving one of the previously identified challenges to coordination of urban and rural settlement development. Supporting technology and tools established: To support information management, integrated planning, cross-sectroral coordination, service delivery, transparency and accountability in the sector, various modern tools were established. Among the major achievements is the National Infrastructure Geodatabase established in 2015 that contains all available infrastructure, and urban and human settlement land use planning data. Its piecemeal rollout through trainings will support informed planning and decision making at any planning level. An online Building Permitting Management Information System initially spearheaded by the Cok, now operational in SC Districts, with further rollout to the remaining Districts planned. Masterplans can now be accessed online to increase their usability. The institutionalisation of data collection is yet an essential step to be taken to better profit from the Geodatabase and improve the monitoring urban and human settlement development. Develop secondary cities as poles of growth With the EDPRS2 and the SSP 2013-18, six SC‟s had been selected for the promotion of urban development outside Kigali, the capital city: Rubavu, Musanze, Huye, Rusizi, Nyagatare, and Muhanga. So far, the following achievements can be noticed:  Urban infrastructure development: SCs have been supported to address their urban infrastructure challenges and this is a continuous initiative. The World Bank supported Rwanda Urban Development Project worth $95M is one of the typical projects that has provided basic infrastructure (currently phase 1 with 26Km of roads and 8.8Km of Standalone drainage) and will continue to upgrade informal settlements in SCs. Other urban infrastructure projects implemented include road infrastructure upgrading, plot servicing in all SCs; street addressing (Musanze, Nyagatare and Huye), street public lighting, piecemeal informal settlement upgrading, greening and beautification, upgrading and extension of water networks. sanitation and waste management. SSP 2018-24, Page 17  Establishment of Industrial and SME parks: In a bid to stimulate local economic development and job creation opportunities, industrial parks have been established and operational in 3SCs while others are being initiated in the remaining SCs. SME parks are already operational in all SCs. Develop urban and rural settlements around economic activities Integrated rural settlements: In all Districts, Integrated Development Program (IDP) model villages are under implementation with an objective of providing socio- economic opportunities in rural areas. 45 integrated rural resettlements have so far been constructed under the program. Cross-sectoral interventions also include a feeder roads program and ICT expansion to rural areas to link communities to markets, the electrification programme, modern biomass and other cooking methods, and full coverage of quality water and sanitation.  Compact Mixed Use Urban Settlements initiated: As stipulated in the urban planning regulatory framework, various mixed used and compact urban settlements have been initiated. These include IDP model houses in urban areas that promote the densification concept. These include 8in1; 4in1 and 2in1 housing units established to incorporate economic densities.  Disaster Prevention and Disaster Risk mitigation It is always the poorest that are most vulnerable to disasters. Improving housing for households vulnerable to disaster risk due to the characteristics of their housing sites is linked to resettling households from steep slopes and flood prone zones. The most vulnerable households receive financial assistance to manage relocation and reinstallation in safe sites that are economically viable. Provide financing and supply options for affordable housing  A comprehensive framework composed of legal, policy, private sector facilitation and financing aspects has been developed and adopted in a bid to increase housing supply in the market, improve access to housing and promote production of local construction materials.  This framework includes the Prime Minister Instructions No 004/03 of 13/09/2015 determining the conditions and procedures for obtaining Government support for Affordable Housing Projects; Law N° 06/2015 of 28/03/2015 governing Investment Promotion and Facilitation, detailing incentives for investment in affordable housing, the National Housing Policy and the establishment of Affordable Housing Fund. To-date, the following housing schemes are being undertaken: Table 1: Affordable housing projects between March 2018 and December 2024 SN Developer Location DU’s Current status ONGOING PROJECTS 1 Urukumbuzi Kinyinya, Gasabo District 1,000 200 units completed 2 BRD-Shelter Afrique Nyamirambo, Nyarugenge 2,700 Design phase District SSP 2018-24, Page 18 3 RSSB Kinyinya, Gasabo District 561 Infrastructure/45% Houses/design phase 4 Abadahigwa ku Ntego Masaka, Kicukiro District 56 Infrastructure/completed Ltd Houses constructed/60% 5 BRD, Groupe Palmeraie Ndera, Gasabo District 2,000 Design and financing Development 6 GC Investment Ltd Kanombe, Kicukiro District 780 Design phase 7 Izuba project Kinyinya, Gasabo District 250 Construction/40% PROJECTS IN PLANS 8 CHL Kanombe, Kicukiro District 1,700 Design phase 9 Different Investors In all SC‟s 2,500 Mobilizing investors 10 Remote Group Masaka, Kicukiro District 400 Design Phase Duture heza Gahanga, Kicukiro District 300 Nyamata housing Nyamata, Bugesera District 300 11 IFC –RSSB Kinyinya, Gasabo District 1,800 Design and Feasibility study 12 BRD and Millennial Kigarama, Kicukiro District 950 Design Development Ltd. TOTAL 15,297  Furthermore the production of local building materials is gaining momentum. Produced in the country are wall panels from compressed straw, precast concrete construction parts, light steel profiles, burnt bricks and Stabilized Soil Blocks. Other technologies such as: Row-rock walling, interlocking cement blocks, aerated concrete blocks and incremental construction are in conception stage.  Informal Urban Settlement Upgrading and basic service provision: Urban Upgrading has also begun in multiple urban locations nationwide. The largest ongoing project is upgrading of 86Ha in Agatare, one of the oldest densely populated areas with a population of almost 19,000 in Nyarugenge District. Other upcoming projects include Kangondo, Gasabo District and others in SCs. Collaboration with private sector: Collaboration with the private sector has been improved. Various forums with private sector on existing opportunities in affordable housing development, investment opportunities in CoK, SCs and rural settlements, annual building construction exhibition events, new construction materials and technologies and joint consultations on planning and legal formulation have been undertaken. Promote institutional and human capacity building in the sector: Various capacity building sessions were regularly undertaken both for Local Government institutions and/or with Central Government as well as with other sector stakeholders. Among these are: annual capacity building sessions on modern urban planning and building practices in Rwanda; urban development management; local economic development and evolving technologies in service delivery such as BP-MIS, Geo-portal platform and use of building inspection tools among others. National and International forums on urban and rural-settlement subjects; public information and awareness campaigns on the sector‟s legal and policy framework as SSP 2018-24, Page 19 well as individual international and national level trainings on sector related subjects were held. For secondary cities, Technical Assistants were recruited and dispatched to each City‟s OSC to support the alignment of and implementation of green urbanisation agenda. Likewise, the SCs were supported with the acquisition of tools and equipment for BP-MIS for effective service delivery. Capacity building was also extended to professional bodies of architects and engineers to foster a collaborative spirit. MINALOC also initiated District Project Implementation Committees, and the urbanisation sector provided the guidelines to conduct Urban and Human Settlement Planning Coordination Meetings as part of the responsibilities of the committee, which according to the UPC (2015), shall be conducted at national, inter-district, District and CoK levels to improve integrated planning. Annual National Planning Coordination Meetings with all 30 Districts were introduced for the purpose of coordinating topics that are of interest to all Districts. A Ministerial Order on the coordination framework for One Stop Centers under MINALOC was drafted and handed over to MINALOC for adoption.  MININFRA, RHA and MINILAF started conducting annual Urban Planning and Building Audits on the management of urban development at District level, assessing urban plans, development authorization (building permits), master plan implementation compliance and building inspection. The audits provide information about local practices, constraints, capacity status and gaps and lead to recommendations for improvements. The audits are also a form of capacity building and awareness about relevance of master plans.  LGI has developed and operationalized a Masters online course for civil servants, a program that intends to address all local governance related themes. The sector provided technical inputs to the institute‟s establishment especially on urbanisation related courses. Efficient administration of government assets and management of government projects by RHA: A Government Asset Management Policy and Framework was adopted in 2015. The policy framework provides the foundation for life–cycle management of government assets clarifies the responsibilities of stakeholders and guides the management of government office space. In a bid to ensure public institutions are accommodate in government owned buildings, institutions renting reduced from 41 to 38 institutions. An inventory study on the location, physical conditions, cost and size of all government assets was done.  RHA underwent two institutional restructurings during SSP 2013-18. The most recent restructuring entrusts RHA with the management of all government construction projects, including projects from sector ministries, like health and education, in addition to the planning and implementation of industrial parks. SSP 2018-24, Page 20  Large scale government projects that were managed under RHA comprised the preparation of stadium infrastructure for CHAN 2016, construction of the Kigali Convention Center, Rehabilitation and refurbishment of: Tri-Ministerial (MIFOTRA- MINALOC-MININTER) Building, Kigali Metropolitan Police (Kabuga Building), Buhita Border Post and Bugesera Doplar Radar building among others. Other ongoing projects include: the Administrative Office Complex, National Archives Buildings, High Commercial Court and Bweyeye and Rwempasha Border Posts to mention a few.  The asbestos removal project has successfully led to the removal and burial of 841,396 m2 (50 % of the total amount to be removed is 1,683,170 m2) of all asbestos so far.

2.2.3 Challenges and Recommendations At the point of elaboration of the second SSP 2018-24, the following elaborated challenges were noticed and presented together with corresponding recommendations.

2.2.3.1 Monitoring Sector Performance (Limited Data and Information on Monitoring the performance of the sector has been a key challenge because of limited disaggregated data and information on both rural and urban areas. While census data provides some important information on Rwandan urban and rural areas they are insufficient and only provided on medium to long-term basis. It is generally acknowledged in research and policy circles that there is a paucity of up-to-date data and information on settlements in Rwanda making it difficult to monitor growth, undertake timely interventions and plan with long term projections. Despite the piecemeal progress made towards improving information management with the help of a National geodatabase hosted by MININFRA, the collection of important data sets which are needed to monitor urbanisation is not yet institutionalized. This concerns both, urban and rural population and conditions data. There is the absolute need to establish and institutionalise urban and rural performance index and its appropriate monitoring.

2.2.3.2 Inadequate Urban Investment and Financing The urban sector has received a fair amount of investment funds over the past five years, but most of the funding has been directed towards sporadic projects which are not based on comprehensive urban sector needs assessments and strategic plans. The lack of comprehensive and integrated sectoral interventions and limited funds has resulted in a situation whereby the impact of these projects has not been effective in promoting urban centres as engines of economic growth, and as places providing sound living and a satisfactory working environment.

2.2.3.3 Access to decent housing Access to decent housing is one of the key urban challenges that is being dramatically addressed by the government of Rwanda. Currently less than 10 % of households are able to afford a formal housing unit. Below is the housing demand analysis for the city of Kigali SSP 2018-24, Page 21 Year Additional HHs to accommodate by year, since 2014 (cumulative) 2016 113,407 2018 168,994 2020 230,295 2022 297,229 2024 369,542 2026 446,794 2028 528,362 2030 613,454 2032 701,132  Insufficient access to decent housing in Rwanda is mainly caused by the following challenges that need to be tackled to address increased access to formal housing supply market namely High Cost of land which may reach 40 % of the selling price of a housing unit.  The cost of building materials is high (locally produced, imported), mainly due to low supply compared to demand on the housing market and limited production technology In addition to taxes involved the production value chain.  The cost of financing, both for investors (supply) and beneficiaries (demand) is high and access to finance and availability are still limited despite the made improvements to lending conditions over the last decade. Investors borrow at 15-16 % while beneficiaries borrow at 18-21%. Mortgage borrowing periods are still too short at 10-15 years. A small proportion of households is eligible to access housing mortgage due to the access conditions set by banks. Only 6.2 % of households have a loan from a commercial bank (EICV4). Fig. 9: Affordability of formally constructed urban houses remains a challenge to three quarters of the population (Source: IGC, 2017)  Master plan zoning regulations that are not affordable to be implementable by local land owners and low income earners also have an impact on housing delivery. This has led to urban sprawl and informal settlements in urban areas especially in the city of Kigali where SSP 2018-24, Page 22 housing construction is high in per-urban areas and in neighbourhood satellite city Districts.

2.2.3.4 Delimitation of urban areas of jurisdiction, and lack of integrated planning across jurisdictional boundaries Cities and other urban centres, such as Kigali, Bugesera and Kamonyi, have grown beyond their jurisdictional boundaries into adjoining political districts. Thousands of people in the peri-urban or peripheral urban areas travel to Kigali to work, and they make great demands on the facilities and services provided in the cities. There are three issues: (i) city authorities, for lack of jurisdiction, are not able to adequately address the planning needs of the peripheral population; (ii) official city, town and district boundary demarcations in Rwanda have not taken into consideration this over-spilling growth of urban settlements and the socioeconomic linkages; and (iii) the city authorities and the neighbouring rural area or district authorities fail to cooperate to undertake joint integrated planning.

2.2.3.5 A weak urban economy: The urban economy faces difficult challenges. It continually fails to generate enough industrial development and growth; it fails to induce and advance adequate development and growth of the urban hinterland; and it has a large struggling informal component that receives little institutional credit support. The urban economy also generates limited, inadequate employment for a rapidly growing urban population. There is also a policy vacuum regarding the urban economy. While the Ministry of Finance and Economic Planning tends to focus on national/macro-economic development policy; at the local level, Districts have not been able to have structures that can maximize local revenue generation and support local economic development, particularly that of the urban informal sector.

2.2.3.6 Land-use disorder and uncontrolled urban and rural sprawl Inadequate budgetary support and a weak land use control and urban management have resulted in haphazard development, urban sprawl of the cities and large towns, and informal settlements – all with grossly deficient basic urban infrastructure and services. This has also resulted in the increasing encroachment and pressure on fertile agricultural land and environmental degradation consequently impacting on food security.

2.2.3.7 Weak Urban Governance and Institutional Coordination Urban development and management in Rwanda has multiple stakeholders with planning, management and operational responsibilities. The stakeholders include the Sector Ministries, Agencies, Districts, landowners, NGOs and CSOs, the private sector and individuals. At the core of the urban governance challenges are: (i) Inadequate capacity to effect institutional coordination; (ii) weak urban governance structures; (iii) lack of capacity of the local government institutions to perform urban management functions under the decentralization policy and, (iv) inadequate capacities and professionalism in the private sector. The prevailing institutional situation weakens urban governance and consequently, urban development.

2.2.3.8 Weak Rural-Urban Linkages The growth of urban and rural economies depends on strong functional linkages such as road networks, service delivery linkages, goods production and distribution linkages, and SSP 2018-24, Page 23 political and administrative linkages. These and other linkages, upon which economic growth depends, are weak in Rwanda and will require special attention. Servicing with infrastructure and public facilities must address top to bottom of the human settlement hierarchy levels, starting with CoK and the SC‟s, with expanding servicing to the 30 District Towns, other Towns and Trading Centres. Rural settlements shall be supported to maintain a rural character, providing homes to rural households, and should be serviced accordingly and distinctively from the servicing requirements in urban areas.

2.2.3.9 Increasing environmental deterioration Environmental deterioration arises from conflicting land uses; unsatisfactory collection, disposal and treatment of waste; choked drains and frequent flooding; encroachment on high-slope and forest areas leading to erosion and landslides; ineffective land use management and environmental protection; and the attitudinal indiscipline of the growing urban population. These have on several occasions led to disasters and a weak resistance to such natural calamities

2.2.3.10 Management of government assets Despite the adoption of the Government Asset Management Policy and Framework (2015) providing a clear guidance to the organisation of a life–cycle approach to the management of government assets, its implementation is lagging behind and must receive more emphasis through strategized action. This concerns both, National and District assets. Creating and updating an operational database for all government assets is a very critical requirement to ensure its sustainable management.

2.2.4 Opportunities

2.2.4.1 Best practice policies Rwanda‟s policies are best practice but also home–grown. This provides the basis for feasible solutions. The “home-grown solutions are a testimony that local ownership of development programs, citizen involvement and national unity always yield results” (President P. Kagame). Achieving sustainable development is not only citizen-centred but solutions react to the particular local context after a collaborative search and exploration of how to make progress feasible. Rwanda intends to achieve social inclusion when developing policy. Rwanda is also one of the few countries well known for implementing its policies and one which achieved many of the MDG‟s.

2.2.4.2 On-going reform processes Processes that build on the land reform are still underway and the impacts of the land reform have just begun to be understood. The land reform cannot be highlighted enough as being the basis for market-based development. All other policies, especially the National Housing Policy (2015) found in the precondition provided by the land reform. Focus on the aligned implementation must be kept and enhanced. Regular institutional reforms driven by strong political commitments, both at Central and Local Governments are also geared towards improving capacities and service SSP 2018-24, Page 24 delivery. At District and City level, operationalization of District One Stop Centres and upcoming City Management Structures are destined to offer effective service delivery on land, housing, urban and rural development sectors with modern high- tech systems. More to that , the annual World Bank Doing Business Report helps Rwanda undertake regular appropriate reforms to position itself well vis-à-vis other countries across the world in attracting business. The report examines the regulations and conditions that enhance or limit business conduciveness especially impacting on the small and medium enterprises and ranks countries according to their performance. This annual publication has stimulated numerous foreign investments in the country as a result of Rwanda‟s improving performance and will continue to attract more if the consistency is maintained. Kigali being the cleanest and safest city in Africa and 3rd greenest destination in the world shows a good urban reform in implementation of government policies where the government officially banned the manufacture and use of plastic bags one of the biggest urban challenges for African countries. Citizens mind set reform was also realized where people simply do not litter, they try to dispose of any litter in the right way.

2.2.4.3 Decentralisation and grassroots involvement Rwanda‟s governance structure is strongly decentralised and the participation of communities has been part of governance culture. There are many examples of formal and informal governance arrangements which provide platforms for community participation and engagement for development at grassroots level. Based on the Law governing Urban Planning and Building in Rwanda from 2012 and particularly its implementing orders adopted in 2015, local physical development procedures are regulated for planning and development to be integral and inclusive, and providing for citizen participation and accountability mechanisms. With the amended Law Determining the Organization and Functioning of Decentralized Administrative Entities, executive committees are accountable to the Councils at City, Districts, Sector and Cell levels. The registered land rights provide the basis for an efficient local revenue generation in support of the functioning of local governments and their capacity to deliver services to the population. Community works (Umuganda) done every last Saturday of the Month, is also one of the key opportunities at grassroot level that can be exploited in the Urban and Rural Sector development if restructured to deliver effectively.

2.2.4.4 Opportunities for local economic development and rise of socio- economic status The secured land rights further provide an opportunity to invest in land for its higher productivity and the protection of the land resource from environmental degradation. Such investment may be individual or collective in a cooperative, or as shareholders in investment. An increasing income for households may even begin and sustain a cycle of steady investment and improvement of the socio-economic status of the land holder. The land- and planning-related framework contains large potential and the opportunity for all to participate in development. The promoted collaborative schemes meant to help bundle capacities as a vehicle to overcome shortage of finance SSP 2018-24, Page 25 and other resources, not only to benefit housing development and urban upgrading, but also commercial development and rural agricultural intensification. It is for the civil society to understand and take this opportunity to raise their socio-economics.

2.2.4.5 Opportunities for competitiveness and industrial growth Increasing the competencies (generic, core and functional) of the existing workforce is a focal area which would largely increase the opportunities in the sector and which should comprise 1) urban planning, coordination and budgeting, 2) environmental and social impact management, 3) urban Infrastructure, utilities and services 10. Planning and design skills must be generally improved, demonstrating creativity and consciousness of the environment based on the location and based on user patterns and requirements, especially in view of accelerated development and construction volumes. A close collaboration with professional bodies in the industry will be a vehicle to ensure and monitor quality and enforce accountability and liability for the activities of each professional. Such can build the foundation for future competitiveness of the local industry even across borders as a contributor to economic growth. 2.2.4.6Development Partners with interest in the Sector Urbanization and Rural Settlement Sector has of recent registered an increasing interest from various development partners compared to the past when the sector was established. This interest by to support the sector reaffirms the significant impact of the sector in driving the country‟s economic development agenda. Of recent, Enabel (the former BTC) and Korea Exim Bank have expressed interest and respective projects are being conceptualized while AfDB is exploring a working collaboration and appropriate support to extend to the sector.

2.2.4.7 Vision for the Years Ahead In the coming years, the ongoing reform processes will be completed and systems harmonized. This requires the removal of some bottlenecks and remaining out-dated principles which are counterproductive to reforms and policies, and requires the full harmonization of principles coming from especially the land reform and housing policies. There is also need to complete a discussion of harmonizing the rural settlement development approaches with the urbanization agenda, for careful prioritization of public investments made. The protection of natural and agricultural land resources must be the major goal in those efforts framing human settlement development. All programming and planning will be cross-sectoral, involving the harmonization of spatial plans at all planning hierarchy levels, governance and across sectors. Urban and rural settlement development approaches will be implemented in a way to result in smart, green, upgraded, liveable, compact, connected and productive settlement with a cultural identity. The policy envisioning “Housing for all” will continuously facilitated, good local development management and governance enforced, with good monitoring and 10 Own and Associates Ltd. (2017): Skills Audit in Urbanization Sector in Rwanda 2017 SSP 2018-24, Page 26 projections for responsive planning being an emphasized precondition for this. There will be an increased focus on achieving professional and competitive industries as a precondition to resource efficiency, affordability of development, economic growth, and liveability. Concerns of the civil society, to mitigate negative effects of development on the poor and underprivileged groups must remain an integral part of policy implementation and programming, for the benefit of all.

2.3 Institutional Overview of the Sector Below is a stakeholder analysis of the sector with brief description of the active stakeholders and their responsibilities, Due to the cross-cutting nature of the sector responsibilities, the below overview cannot particularly mention everyone.

2.3.1 Ministry of Infrastructure (MININFRA) and agencies MININFRA‟s mandate is in policy development and supervision in four major areas: 1) Transport, 2) Energy, 3) Water and Sanitation, and 4) Urban Planning and Housing Development. The implementing agencies operating under the Ministry are Rwanda Housing Authority (RHA), REG (Rwanda Energy Group), Water and Sanitation Corporation (WASAC), Rwanda Transport Development Agency (RTDA), Road Maintenance Fund (RMF) Rwanda Airports Cooperation (RAC) and its 4 subsidiary companies) and RwandAir.

2.3.2 Rwanda Housing Authority (RHA) The main objective of RHA is to contribute to sustainable growth and poverty reduction through organizing urban and rural settlement development and the construction industry. RHA is supervising the implementation of sector policies, as well as Government construction projects.

2.3.3 Ministry of Environment (MoE) This is a new Ministry which resulted from the division of the former Ministry of Natural Resources into two. It will be responsible to ensure sustainability and green growth across sectors, with the structural details and implementing agencies still in reform. Under the Ministry, the Rwanda Environmental Management Authority (REMA) is operating.

2.3.4 Ministry of Lands and Forests (MINILAF) This is a new Ministry which resulted from the division of the former Ministry of Natural Resources into two. It will be responsible for land administration and management, with the structural details and implementing agencies still in reform. Under the Ministry, the Rwanda Land Management and Use Authority (RLMUA) is operating.

2.3.5 Rwanda Utilities Regulatory Authority (RURA) RURA regulates public utility services, including telecommunications network and services, electricity, water, waste management, extraction and distribution of gas and transportation of persons and goods. SSP 2018-24, Page 27

2.3.6 Ministry of Local Government (MINALOC) and agencies The Ministry of Local Government ensures the coordination of good governance and territorial administration programs that promote economic, social and political development. The Ministry has 9 semi-autonomous agencies, of which the Local Administrative Entities Development Agency (LODA) has a particular importance for the Urbanisation and Rural Settlement Sector in supervising implementation.

2.3.7 Local Administrative Entities Development Agency (LODA) LODA is a government fund under the supervision of MINALOC. It was established in 2013 to channel and monitor the use of development finance to Districts for local implementation projects to reduce extreme poverty in the country. LODA focuses on local economic and community development, social protection, and capacity building of local entities.

2.3.8 Ministry of Finance and Economic Planning (MINECOFIN) and agencies MINECOFIN‟s mission is to raise sustainable growth, economic opportunities, and living standards of all Rwandans.

2.3.9 National Institute of Statistics (NISR) NISR assumes the leading role in improving capacity to use information for evidence based decision-making by coordinating national effort to collect and archive reliable data, and to analyse, document and disseminate data as the only source of official sector statistics.

2.3.10 Rwanda Development Bank (BRD) BRD is the leading financial institution that funds investments in both urban and rural areas to facilitate the private sector‟s role in the country‟s development agenda. Development of affordable housing in cities and towns is one of the key areas that BRD supports the sector in.

2.3.11 Rwanda Development Board (RDB) With urban and rural areas in demand for investments in both business and socio- economic infrastructure and facilities, RDB is well positioned to identify and orient potential investors to the existing opportunities. RDB also supports the sector in attracting and facilitating private investments in secondary cities to boost their economic competitiveness. RDB‟s addresses private sector development, by collaborating with companies of all sizes and origins and attracting private investment. Among the investments targeted are urban and housing development, construction material production and government asset construction.

2.3.12 Ministry of Education (MINEDUC) MINEDUC‟s mission is to create skilled human capital for socio-economic development of the country by ensuring equitable access to quality education focusing on combating illiteracy, promotion of science and technology, critical thinking and positive values. SSP 2018-24, Page 28

2.3.13 Workforce Development Authority (WDA) WDA‟s mission is to promote, facilitate, and guide the development of skills and competencies of the national workforce to enhance competitiveness and employability. The sector benefit from a wide range of professional trained by WDA is construction industry.

2.3.14 Ministry of Commerce, Trade and Industry (MINICOM) The Ministry advances the industrial development of the country.

2.3.15 University of Rwanda (UR) and Local Government Institute (LGI) The Local Government Institute (LGI) is an important stakeholder providing trainings and a Master‟s program that address local governance and public administration.

2.3.16 Rwanda Association of Local Government Authorities (RALGA) RALGA assists local government entities in achieving their mission, complying with principles of good governance and decentralization, and represents local Government entities, carries out their advocacy and builds their capacity.

2.3.17 Rwanda Governance Board (RGB) RGB is another pertinent stakeholder that supports the sector in establishing and monitoring performance of governance structures at the local level. More critical in urban and rural areas is the need to ensure that the leadership exhibits of transparent and accountable traits to ensure participatory and inclusive delivery to the sector‟s goals.

2.3.18 City of Kigali (CoK) and Districts The CoK is Rwanda‟s most important business canter its capital city and main port of entry. It is comprised of three Districts, Nyarugenge, Kicikiru and Gasabo and is autonomous at the same level of operation as the four Provinces. Rwanda has 30 Districts including the Districts that form CoK. They are decentralised government entities with a legal personality.

2.3.19 Local decentralised entities below District level The decentralised entities below District level have a vital role in urban and rural settlement development and management. They are Sectors, Cells, and Imidugudu. Several functions are decentralised to the Sector level, in particular some of the land administration functions.

2.3.20 Development Partners A number of development partners support the Urbanisation and Rural Settlement Sector directly or indirectly. The Co-Chair of the Sector is the World Bank Group. The Korean Trust Fund, connected to the operations of the World Bank, has supported staff for sector coordination. The Global Green Growth Institute (GGGI) has its country office in Rwanda since 2015 and is an important partner in the area of green urbanisation and climate resilient development. SSP 2018-24, Page 29 Further partners are International Growth Centre (IGC) in research and analysis, Swiss Resource Centre and Consultancies for Development (SKAT) through the Swiss Development Cooperation (SDC) supporting the professionalization of the construction industry especially building construction materials for LED, UNDP especially in support to sustainable rural settlement development, UN-Habitat through various practical habitat projects, national strategic spatial planning and various TA initiatives as well as GIZ through TA in two SC‟s and support for LED strategies. New potential partners like Enabel (former BTC) and Korean Government through Korea Exim Bank have already expressed interest in supporting the sector to advance urban economic development and smart city agenda through various projects which are being elaborated.;

2.3.21 Rwanda Green Building Organisation (RwaGBO) RwaGBO was launched in 2016 as a catalyst of change for sustainability of buildings and communities. It will help provide certification and training aimed to disseminate and implement green urbanisation and green buildings in Rwanda based on Government adopted green building indicators. It is composed of various actors in the construction industry.

2.3.22 Private sector The communication and collaboration with the private sector has been strengthened over the previous SSP period. Important partners which serve as umbrella organisations to the private sector are the Private Sector Federation (PSF), with professional bodies licensing professionals in the construction industry, and investors in construction and in production of construction materials. Continued collaboration with Rwanda‟s finance institutions is of equal importance when completing the housing finance frameworks and products. Finally, the consulting industry has a role that may help advance analyses relevant to the sector.

2.3.23 Professional Bodies The construction industry is composed of architects, engineers, planners, environmentalists, property developers, suppliers, contractors and real estate valuers, who are or are meant to be regulated by professional bodies. So far existing are the Institute of Engineers, the Institute of Architects also registering Surveyors and Real Estate Developers, and the Developers Association. The professional bodies were established based on the Law N° 26/2012 of 29/06/2012 governing the professions of architecture and engineering and establishing the institute of architects and the institute of engineers in Rwanda. They are responsible for the professionalism of work provided by their members to clients.

2.3.24 Civil society organisations The collaboration with CSO‟s has also been expanded over the course of the last SSP. Particular stakeholders are organised through LandNet Rwanda Chapter supporting advocacy in the land reform implementation process and land related dispute resolution and engaging community participation in urbanisation process. Rwanda Initiative for Sustainable Development (RISD) is one of those pertinent SSP 2018-24, Page 30 stakeholders in the sector that supports in land related matters. Rwanda Women Network, Imbuto Foundation and World Vision are other NGOs and CSOs that work with the sector in various aspects. SSP 2018-24, Page 31 3. STRATEGIC FRAMEWORK

3.1 Vision, Mission and Objectives Below are the vision and mission of the sector, along with the objectives that are going to be pursued in the SSP period 2018-24.

3.1.1 Vision Sustainable human settlement embedded in an integrated National planning and coordination framework that leads to socio-economic development and quality of life for every urban and rural household

3.1.2 Mission of the sector Rwanda‟s human settlements and urbanization are sustainably managed and promoted, support socio-economic development and provide liveable urban and rural environments that benefit all strata of population.

3.1.3 General objectives of the sector The general objectives of the sector during the period of 2018-24 are:  To ensure the use of land which is available for human settlement development is managed in an integrated cross-sectoral manner, based on a human settlement framework and projections, and development facilitated accordingly;  To foster an environment where all may formally access housing;  To manage government asset and foster a competitive private construction industry, both being contributors to a strong National and local government household and economy;  To integrate programmatically capacity, knowledge and awareness in the public and private sector and among civil society.

3.1.4 Specific objectives Building on cross-sectoral coordination, institutionalized monitoring on sector performance based on data collection, auditing of local development management and accountability, capacity building and transparency, the following specific objectives represent the sector priorities: 1) Integrate human settlement planning and coordination, raise awareness and make it inclusive 2) Develop Secondary Cities as poles of socio-economic growth 3) Create liveable, well-serviced, connected, compact, green and productive urban and rural settlements with a cultural identity 4) Facilitate development of affordable and social housing, and access to housing, by leveraging private investment with the help of government support schemes 5) Upgrade informal settlements 6) Enhance efficiency and regional competitiveness of the private construction industry 7) Ensure efficient and effective management of Government assets and public buildings 8) Enhance awareness and ensure compliance to urban and rural development SSP 2018-24, Page 32 framework engaging the Civil Society and Private Sector

3.1.5 Key sector indicators Vision 2050  Percentage of urban and rural Population  Percentage of urban households with access to basic urban infrastructure services11;  Average share of the built-up area of cities that is open space for public use for all,  Percentage of rural households settled in integrated, planned rural 12 settlements ;  Percentage of urban population living in informal settlements or inadequate housing  Percentage of new category 3&4 buildings complying with minimum Rwandan green building requirement.

3.2 Contribution to NST1

3.2.1 Sector contribution to the NST1 thematic areas While the Sector will be placed under the pillar of Economic transformation, it will be a contributor to all thematic areas Economic transformation, Social transformation and Transformational Governance. Every outcome proposed contains all three components, due to their integrated nature. Below is how the outcomes maybe clustered in the thematic pillars. 1 Economic transformation  Outcome 2: Secondary cities developed as poles of socio-economic growth  Outcome 6: Construction industry efficient and competitive  Outcome 7: Effective and efficient management of government assets and public buildings 2 Social transformation  Outcome 3: Liveable, well-serviced, connected, compact, green and productive urban and rural settlements with a cultural identity  Outcome 4: Facilitated development of affordable and social housing and access to housing  Outcome 5: Upgraded informal settlements 3 Transformational governance  Outcome 1: Integrated human settlement planning and coordination  Outcome 8: Awareness, adherence and compliance to urban and rural development regulatory framework, and ownership of community members in urbanization and human settlement. 11 The urban servicing requirements are established by the Urban Planning Code (2015) 12 The rural servicing requirements will be established by the Draft Rwanda Code for Rural Settlement Planning, Design and Rural Character SSP 2018-24, Page 33

3.2.2 Mode of work with other sectors on the achievement of thematic priorities The Urbanisation and Rural Settlement Sector has the task to guide the priorities, roles and responsibilities for every development sector for the purpose of achieving the shared goal in a shared responsibility to support the urbanisation and rural settlement agenda. Any project prepared and implemented under any sector must follow integrated urban and rural planning documents and investment plans, so that any activity will lead to achieving shared goals even if implemented under varying responsible institution. This guiding role and responsibility, which all sectors shall follow, makes it unique in comparison to other sectors but this is also, where its challenge lies: Without the collaboration of other sectors, well managed urbanisation and rural settlement development cannot be achieved. Emphasis must be on the effective use of public resources through consistent and long term strategic public investment prioritization, guided by an agreed urbanisation agenda and national human settlement framework. Location, settlement sizes and their servicing levels shall follow an agreed National human settlement framework. The sector works through its Sector Working Group cross-cutting public, private, educational and civil society institutions.

3.2.3 Tensions deriving from anticipated contribution to multiple thematic priorities Even though the work undertaken under the sector will be relevant to all three pillars of the NST1, there is no tension expected. It is the nature and responsibility of the sector to be cross-cutting and integrative of economic, social and governance themes. In fact, the contribution to all three pillars should be interpreted as a chance for integrated policy and strategy programming. Therefore, improvement must be in the coordination and thematic allocation of urbanisation and rural settlement related programs, in particular the theme of green urbanisation should not be disconnected from the coordination role of the sector. SSP 2018-24, Page 34 Result Chain In the following, the result chain for the SSP 2018-24 is presented. It is organised around three Impact Goals. GOAL / IMPACT 1: HUMAN SETTLEMENTS DEVELOPED STRATEGICALLY AND HOLISTICALLY AS PART OF THE NATIONAL LAND USE AND DEVELOPMENT PLANNING FRAMEWORK, MITIGATING NEGATIVE EFFECTS TO ENVIRONMENT AND SOCIETY, AND OFFERING INCREASING SOCIO-ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITIES FOR ALL Outcome 1: Integrated human settlement planning and coordination The first outcome intends to ensure the planning of all types of human settlements as part of a planning system, which is being respected across sectors and across governance levels. Besides supporting a well-planned and respected National human settlement framework, this entails to ensure plan integration across governance levels and development sectors when such are elaborated. The Sector must therefore ensure coherence of any new, or newly revised urban and rural settlement planning document, independent of the initiator. Only through coherence, following a shared goal without any diversion, available resources may be exploited and employed efficiently, and impact will be visible in the mid- and long-term. Clear guidance to prioritization of public investment shall support a consistent cross- sectoral long term investment strategy following the agreed human settlement development framework and driving the urban development agenda through bundled implementation activities. The Master Plans for the Secondary cities and City of Kigali shall be reviewed and completed to comply with the National Land Use and Development Master Plan and existing legal framework. Rural Settlements Plans shall be completed and plans will continue to be enforced in collaboration with Local Authorities. Service Delivery with regard to building permitting shall as well be improved whereby the Building Permit Management Information System (BPMIS) will be extended countrywide. The facilitation of an immovable property market data management tool will in conjunction with the Lands and Finance sectors be another important development management tool to be included in plans. All urban and human settlement planning documents and implementation strategies have to demonstrate thorough consideration made to environmental protection and climate change resilience. The Road map for green secondary city development and green building indicators will provide the home-grown framework and implementation guidance. Details of how to smoothen urban and human settlement governance will base for example on the recommendations from the regular Districts urban planning and building audits. The implementation of recommendations has to be followed up and facilitated. Anticipated resource needs: The budget needs in this outcome largely relate to the cost of elaboration of urban planning documents, which will, however, be mainly under the authority of the Districts. SSP 2018-24, Page 35 Outcome 2: City of Kigali, Secondary cities &Other potential towns developed to spur socio-economic growth The Secondary Cities are the second tier in the now determined hierarchy of types of urban settlement in Rwanda, with the Capital City outstanding as the first level. The six Secondary Cities are prioritized to serve as sub-national centers of service provision and economic growth, comprised of an urban area within a Secondary City District that is meant to provide central place functions, services and facilities with socio-economic impact or influence beyond District borders. As the concept has been decided in 2013 only, continued efforts will be made to primarily complete the required servicing functions of the six urban areas to become attractive locations for investment and permanent urban settlement poles for in-country migration. The concentrated investment development approach must be uniformly pursued, without diversion from the goal to show the intended outcome. Strategic investment across sectors must receive considerable attention especially in the annual planning and budgeting of infrastructure works. The Joint-Imihigo of the Urbanisation and Rural Settlement Sector will be the planning and implementation vehicle that needs enhancement. As a key contributor to the development of SC‟s, the continued implementation of RUDP will be a driving force over the coming years (SSP 2018-24). The Sector will continue to support the coordination of Implementation of on-going projects in secondary cities under Rwanda Urban development Programme (RUDP) and as well as coordinate the preparation of the Phase2 new Infrastructure Projects and RUDP2 Projects . Each SC shall strive to provide excellent basic and specialized infrastructure, consistent with the city‟s unique positioning to support business development and provide the conditions for high quality of life and a welcoming environment. Each SC will host a diverse array of competitive clusters and will have strong economic linkages with the rest of a District, Kigali, other SC‟s and internationally. Connectivity to surrounding rural areas and smaller towns is important for access to cheap inputs, food, and labour, and to make SC‟s competitive and create agglomeration opportunities. Connectivity to surrounding rural areas and smaller towns is important for access to cheap inputs, food, and labour, and to make SC‟s competitive and create agglomeration opportunities, for SC‟s to create mutual benefit with the rural areas. Planning shall embark on the opportunities of rural-urban linkage, such as responding to the urban demand for high value horticultural and livestock produce and diversifying off-farm employment opportunities. Projects that support connectivity and the monitoring and coordination of which should be addressed by the sector are feeder roads, bridges over impassable rivers, and public transport services. A concern to be addressed in planning for a sustainable SSP 2018-24, Page 36 and balanced development is ecosystem and wildlife protection. Employment, training and trade opportunities will attract internal migrants to the SC‟s. Based on data from the Fourth Population and Housing Census, 2012 and making employment assumptions, the SC‟s will need to collectively create an estimated 40,000 new jobs annually to support an urbanization rate of 35 %, or roughly 5,000-9,000 in each city. Currently the number of workers in these urban areas hovers between 4,000 and 10,000 and the required increase is significant13. Good coordination with LODA for further promoting LED in the urban areas and strengthening rural-urban linkages will be needed beyond the RUDP objectives. Capacity building is a project component of RUDP with focus on the capacities for project and financial management among SC District staff, infrastructure asset management, and including a wider component for good decision-making based on geo-information. Anticipated resource needs: Significant annual investment in infrastructure, social amenities to increase overall servicing levels Outcome 3: Liveable, well-serviced, connected, compact, green and productive urban and rural settlements with a cultural identity This outcome targets the integrated implementation of the planning and development management policies and frameworks which were adopted during the course of SSP 2013-18. During the coming SSP period 2018-24, it needs to be ensured that local development management tasks are well-performed by Districts, particularly District One Stop Centers, so that urban and rural settlements develop as liveable, compact and well-connected locations, characterized by good services according to the settlement type, and which reflect Rwandan cultural identity in the built environment. Urban and rural settlement planning will be consolidated based on the completed policies and frameworks for strategic placement of services, sustainable growth and including an emphasis on place-making for distinguished, culturally anchored townscapes and village-scapes. Urban and human settlement planning and design principles must be consciously applied for a positive impact by shaping compact, mixed use, and inclusive settlements, which are attractive for residing and investing in. Residential areas shall integrate commercial and other non-residential uses as well as qualitative public space for social interaction, economic exchange and cultural expression. Settlements shall reflect the striving for quality of live, sustainability, productivity and competitiveness and good governance representing public values. 13 Miller, Kaia (2015): Supporting Local Economic Development for Secondary Cities in Rwanda, Rwanda Urban Development Program (RUDP), LED Technical Note SSP 2018-24, Page 37 It is always the poorest who are most vulnerable to disaster. Disaster management shall be integrated in good planning and requires a mechanism for flexible disaster response, as for example addressed by a possible Urban Development Fund. With the support of MINALOC, a District Development Index should be adopted for the monitoring of progress toward qualitative and quantitative objectives and indicators. Quality of life shall be reflected in form of livable and well-planned human settlement with access to infrastructure, utilities services and mobility, upgraded and prevented informal settlements, adequate shelter accessible to everyone, quality of water and air, cleanliness and sanitary conditions and proper waste management, access to attractive and user-friendly green spaces and recreational facilities, and disaster risk management, resiliency and urban safety. Quality of life also includes social inclusion to be reflected in any design prepared, decision made and activity undertaken. The public will participate in decisions to address varying demands depending on peer groups, including gender-specific needs. Modern livelihood will be programmed in green, clean, and safe human settlements in general, and in urban areas that develop to become SMART cities. Sustainability, productivity and competitiveness of urban areas shall be achieved through green economic growth, access to business services and opportunities, market- responsiveness, and regional and international competitiveness of the construction industry through fostered professionalism and skills-based professional services, good human settlement planning for efficient land use based on clustered housing, mixed use neighbourhoods and protected natural resources and agricultural land; as well as support to rural-urban linkages for local economic development. To achieve high quality settlement planning and development, large emphasis must be on capacity development at District level, as well as among the private industry. Human and financial resources remain an important obstacle to be addressed Among the issues are the needed increase of number of staff in OSC‟s, and in particular rural and urban management positions, the integration of urban planners within District structures, the expansion of human and financial resources for inspection, and organizational structures which lift planning above permitting and inspection. Capacity building must not only make the best use of the newly available technological tools and increase academic and vocational skills, but also educate about the latest policies, frameworks and regulations in the sector. Promoted are partnerships with universities and the vocational training system for demand orientation in the courses. It is really important to always involve universities into research as well as capacity building and awareness initiatives as both, recipient and contributor. Capacity building must also address officials at local government levels below District level, such as Sector Land Managers and Umudugudu officials, to be fully trained about the meaning and principles of planning and development management, and be accountable for activities and decisions to ensure public interests are met. The introduced District Urban and Human Settlement Coordination Meetings to be SSP 2018-24, Page 38 conducted under the District Technical Coordination Committees, a committee established by MINALOC, will play an important role in integrated development management and transparency to the public. Anticipated resource needs: Investment in infrastructure, social amenities to increase overall servicing levels; Costs for capacity building comprise travel and temporary upkeep for urban planners in international attachment, and recurrent capacity building costs GOAL / IMPACT 2: ACCESS TO HOUSING FOR ALL ENABLED Outcome 4: Access to social and affordable housing is increased The Government of Rwanda recognizes housing as a basic right for all citizens, aiming to facilitate “access to housing for all” by promoting forms of housing, which are affordable to people of all income groups through a variety of access schemes, and while providing adequate basic infrastructure and facilities. After a comprehensive policy and implementation framework in support of housing development was laid out and adopted during the SSP 2013-18, focus during the coming SSP period will be on the consolidation of it though taking further efforts facilitating implementation of all areas addressed by the National Housing Policy and National urbanisation policy. Besides the elaboration of some implementation details, facilitation mechanisms need to be strengthened trough public and private financial and governance support in the sector. To make all frameworks socially inclusive and make housing affordable, a mixed set of instruments that targets the supply and the demand sides of housing is introduced by the government. Financially supported are construction of infrastructure services and facilities for affordable housing projects and urban upgrading projects. To continue facilitate such investment in affordable housing development is the priority, and added emphasis will be on also facilitating low income beneficiary households to access housing. This, among other, also requires the establishment of the legal framework for formal rental housing. On 30th June 2017, the Cabinet had approved the establishment of the Affordable Housing Financing Fund, a housing finance entity. The fund will address improved access to housing mortgages and potentially facilitate housing finance entities to provide better access to mortgages for developers. A disaster response component for housing reconstruction in cases of severe disasters is proposed for consideration. Other immediate goals in the housing finance sector are to develop the long-term investment sector including the insurance industry and long-term savings schemes; active and fair competition in mortgage lending, and facilitation of liquidity in mortgage lending through securitisation legislation. SSP 2018-24, Page 39 With the government scheme aiming to address better access to mortgage finance for the end user and with conditions that increase accessibility for lower income households, a significant increase of households accessing housing mortgages is going to be supported. The measure intends to grow the number of housing mortgages provided to better match housing demand, which is estimated to be above 30,000 units annually, and to improve the financial capacities of the demanding households. A steady annual increase of housing mortgages accessed is one of the targets of this Strategic Plan 2018-24. It is planned that the construction of more than 15,000 affordable housing units will be facilitated through the government support schemes. Better linkage shall be achieved between demanding households and their capacities with private suppliers and their products offered, a promotion of saving and de- risking products for private beneficiary households, and facilitation of the finance sector to address low income households with more accessible housing mortgage schemes, Emphasis is also on increased resource efficiency and professionalism, in order to promote sustainable practice. A social housing component to address highly vulnerable groups under mechanisms of public responsibility is to be introduced and operationalized. Outcome 5: Eradicated and Upgraded informal settlements The rollout of the National Informal Urban Upgrading Strategy (validated 2017) will be emphasized and facilitated as part of implementing the National Housing Policy. Urban upgrading is defined by Cities Alliance (2003) as physical, social, economic, organizational, and environmental improvements undertaken cooperatively among citizens, community groups, businesses, and local authorities to ensure sustained improvements in the quality of live for individuals. Urban upgrading comprises measures to improve the living conditions of the urban population living in informal settlements by providing basic infrastructure and supporting measures that facilitate non-governmental actors maintaining and increasing the urban housing stock. Various factors may make a settlement considered “informal”. They may be related to non-respect of legal requirements and administrative procedures, to absent or insufficient physical and building planning, and to absent infrastructure and utility supply. The situation particularly applicable to Rwanda is discussed in the National Informal Urban Upgrading Strategy (2017). Facilitating the upgrading of informal urban settlements will contribute to achieving Rwanda‟s transformation into a middle income country with prosperity for all. The ultimate goal is that basic infrastructure will be available in all neighbourhoods, so that the efforts of formal housing development will indeed impact on the improvement of living conditions for low income groups, and not drive low income groups out of serviced neighbourhoods as a result of market economic principles. Reducing the percentage of informal settlements, of course, simultaneously requires the prevention of any new informal SSP 2018-24, Page 40 urban through a variety of measures. The rate of informal settlements will be reduced from 62% to 52% by 2024. The strategy identified five options of implementing an upgrading project and recommends where best each of the five options shall be adopted. Key to successfully roiling out the program is capacity building, information and awareness. Complementary action will support the upgrading also of rural settlements to adequate servicing levels as described by the Rural Settlement Planning and Design Code (available as Draft). Clear guidance to rural settlement development for the sustainable management of natural resources, mainly land, water, wetlands, reduced deforestation, and adequate rural settlement planning and servicing is needed, which is green and sustainable and applies all planning and design requirements associated with these principles. It will be important to ensure coherence with the agreed national human settlement framework for the controlled impact on the natural environment and on agricultural resources. GOAL / IMPACT 3: PUBLIC KNOWLEDGE AND AWARENESS, GOOD GOVERNMENT ASSET MANAGEMENT AND A COMPETITIVE PRIVATE CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY AS CONTRIBUTORS TO A STRONG ECONOMY, NATIONAL AND LOCAL GOVERNMENT HOUSEHOLD AND GDP PER CAPITA Outcome 6: Construction industry efficient and competitive The construction industry is a fundamental economic sector, which transforms various resources into constructed economic and social physical infrastructure necessary for socio-economic development. It includes the process of planning, designing, procuring, constructing, maintaining and disposing physical infrastructures and facilities. Achieving increasing efficiency and quality for National and regional competitiveness of the local construction industry supply chain is also an essential factor in order to achieve affordability in construction including housing construction. The goal for the construction industry shall be its enhanced stability, performance and support of green growth, enabling non-farm employment, competitiveness and regional outreach. The close collaboration with professional bodies will be an essential priority in this SSP, not only to ensure adequate training of professionals. Vocational training needs to be regulated and the outcomes monitored. The enhancement of the Rwandan construction industry will be important in the context of enhanced regional integration, where Rwanda will explore agreements with EAC member states to upgrade cooperation common institutions and rules. This will for example concern agreements on codes, standards and licensing. SSP 2018-24, Page 41 Outcome 7: Effective and efficient management of government assets and public buildings The Urbanisation and Rural Settlement Sector also directly and indirectly comprises agencies that are in charge of managing government assets, i.e. buildings (RHA, direct implementing agency for Urbanisation and Rural Settlement) and public infrastructure (RTDA, WASAC, CAA, RMF, RwandAir, sector stakeholders). The agency in charge of building assets is responsible for government owned buildings across sectors. The strategic approach addressing the management of building assets over their life– cycle must be prioritized, including demand forecast, planning and design, maintenance requirement forecast, new construction, sale and disposal. This is even more significant as the agency is taking over responsibility in the construction of all sectoral government assets, comprising health and education assets among others. The timely and smooth integration of management of those sectoral assets will be part of the activities. The general focus will be on an efficient and effective management, the reduction of budget deficits, and reduction of rentals for government institutions, following the Government Asset Management Policy and Framework. A boost to the capacity especially in the areas of facility management but also project management of the implementing agency will be required. The capacity and operations should also be passed on to the operations of the Districts, which are responsible for the management of District assets. RUDP has an integrated component helping SC Districts to operationalize the good management of District infrastructure assets that will be a linked application to the National geodatabase. Outcome 8: Capacity Building, Awareness, adherence and compliance to urban and rural development regulatory framework, and ownership of community members in urbanization and human settlement and human settlement The success of reforms, new policies and frameworks directly depends on the level of information and awareness that is provided to the public, and to private sector professionals, as well the fostered engagement. Only through wide programs are integration and compliance achievable. Reform processes require continued work to increase the understanding of all stakeholders regarding local development related frameworks and awareness creation must be a continued effort among communities to achieve sustainable development and adherence to frameworks. To list some of the important information and awareness subjects, on the success of which good urban and human settlement development management will rely on, are:  Urbanisation and urban and human settlement development relating to land ownership questions;  Participation in urban and human settlement development as a gender sensitive SSP 2018-24, Page 42 subject;  Community-initiated urban upgrading;  Green building requirements ;  Safety requirements and requirements of universal accessibility for public buildings;  Permitting requirements;  Affordable housing investment and participation opportunities;  Long-term saving for housing. Inspection will also integrate a particular focus on ensuring universal access design for accessibility for disabled people facilities, green building, and safety during construction and operation. For the specific integration of green building principles in future building activities, a list of indicators defined for the Rwandan context will allow for the rating of building projects in this regard. Two sets of indicators will be pursued – indicators that require minimum compliance and voluntary measures that lead to a certified rating. The Urban Planning and Building Audits will also be used to increasingly achieve compliance and create performance competition between the Districts. SSP 2018-24, Page 43 Fig. 12a: Result Chain (Impact 1) Impact 1: Human settlements develop strategically and holistically as part of the National land use and development planning framework, without causing negative effects to environment and society, and offer increasing socio- economic opportunities and provide for the subsistence of everyone Outcomes: Outcome 1: Integrated human settlement planning and coordination Outcome 2: Secondary cities developed as poles of economic growth Outcome 3: Livable, well-serviced, well-connected, compact, green and productive urban and rural settlements with a cultural identity Outputs: Output 1: Qualitative urban and rural settlement planning documents available for urban and rural settlements Output 2: Secondary Cities serviced to achieve urban servicing requirements Output 3: Development of rural settlement well–managed Output 4: Development of urban planning areas well–managed Output 5: Knowledge and capacity of government staff increased Activities:  Support elaboration of National human settlement framework as part of NLUMP  Support Kigali City and SC Master Plan reviews following the audit recommendations  Develop and issue with MINECOFIN Urbanisation circulars with prioritization guidelines to each Sector  Institutionalise sector data collection for monitoring and projections for responsive urban and rural settlement planning  Improve data management  Support Districts to coordinate elaboration of implementable Land Subdivision Plans with land holders of developable land  Support Districts to complete their rural settlement planning documents (review and elaboration)  Coordinate implementation and completion of 12 ongoing projects under the RUDP/Phase 2  Facilitate preparation of 18 new infrastructure projects in the SC‟s, including DED‟s if needed  Coordinate and facilitate elaboration of city branding strategies for SC‟s  Support operationalization of business establishment tracking system for SC‟s under RUDP  Coordinate joint U-imihigo elaboration and implementation monitoring  Support regular District Planning Coordination Meetings  Complete ongoing implementation of 30 rural settlements (IDP model)  Assist relocation of 34,248 rural households from scattered settlements and high-risk zones to planned rural settlements  Prioritise residential zones to be serviced with urban infrastructure  Coordinate and monitor infrastructure planning and implementation  Ensure regularity of well-placed investment in infrastructure and social amenities to increase overall servicing levels  Implement signing and street addressing  Coordinate implementation and completion 12 ongoing projects under the RUDP/Phase 2  Start preparations for a RUDP-II (successor program of the first RUDP)  Facilitate preparation of 18 new infrastructure projects in the SC‟s, including DED‟s if needed  Coordinate and facilitate elaboration of city branding strategies for SC‟s  Support operationalization of business establishment tracking system for SC‟s under RUDP Inputs:  Cost of elaboration of urban planning documents (District budgets)  Public investment in infrastructure and social amenities to increase overall servicing levels SSP 2018-24, Page 44 Fig. 12b: Result Chain (Impact 2) Impact 2: Access to housing for all enabled Outcomes: Outcome 4: Facilitated development of affordable and social housing and access to housing Outcome 5: Upgraded informal settlements Outputs: Output 6: Development of affordable and social housing and access to housing facilitated Output 7: Informal settlements upgraded with infrastructure Activities:  Inform the public, and the private sector about the details of government support schemes  Ensure sufficient funding available for the government support schemes (infrastructure/ finance)  Provide basic infrastructure in government supported affordable housing projects  Operationalize affordable housing finance entity  Facilitate the creation of Real Estate Investment Trusts (REITs/ Social REITs)  Draft and submit for adoption a legal document regulating rental relationships  Establish online platform linking developers, demanding HH‟s and bank for market responsive housing dev.  Support Districts to identify housing beneficiaries  Attract investment in local production of construction materials  Assess feasibility and impact of establishing an SPV for construction material purchase and supply  Establish a One Stop Point for affordable housing framework information and tech. support in RHA  Elaborate a guide to transparent beneficiary identification for Districts  Develop guideline documents to cooperatives, private sector and individuals informing about project procedures  Establish management strategies for social housing and institutionalise in RHA  Develop, adopt and promote housing saving products  Develop housing micro-finance products for low income households  Develop urban upgrading projects as part of RUDP / Phase 2  Facilitate the upgrading of informal urban settlements  Support elaboration of Specific Land Development Plans & Land Subdivision Plans for informal settlement sites  Elaborate Ministerial Order which declares upgrading of informal urban settlements as an act of public interest  Establish legal framework which enables investment of social trusts in urban upgrading and renewal projects  Develop capacity of Districts and Local Authorities to guide urban upgrading, the different initiation scenarios and the elaboration of local urban planning documents  Establish partnership with LandNet in people-driven upgrading processes and institutionalize dispute management  Identify those areas which require elaboration of a Specific Land Development Plan under a District  Identify those areas which require public commissioned studies and input of public finance  Accompany pilot implementation and roll-out of urban upgrading projects country wide  Provide infrastructure for informal urban settlement upgrading projects  Provide technical support in informal urban settlement upgrading processes  Elaborate framework which facilitates incremental housing  Facilitate increase and promote housing micro-finance products  Provide infrastructure to under-serviced rural settlements  Elaborate training modules on all areas of local dev. management and partner with learning institutions to regularly deliver updated knowledge to local government staff as well as students  Institutionalise training modules to be available to Districts through LGI  Ensure tailor made training to all 30 Districts to increase knowledge & skills in local development management  Support and monitor the work of the Mobile Team under RUDP  Support and monitor functioning of District Planning Coordination Meetings Inputs:  Infrastructure finance for affordable housing neighbourhoods and subsidization of mortgage finance for low income households in form of a fund (In July 2017, the government committed 250 Bio FRW to the fund)  Financial support to implementation of the National Informal Urban Settlement Upgrading Strategy in form of infrastructure servicing and TA for the preparation of detailed engineering designs if required; tentatively channelled through the affordable housing support fund. SSP 2018-24, Page 45  LandNet Rwanda Chapter engaged in the process  Travel and temporary upkeep for urban planners in international attachment.  Recurrent costs for countrywide capacity building costs   Fig. 12c: Result Chain (Impact 3) Impact 3: Public knowledge and awareness, good government asset management and a competitive private construction industry as contributors to a strong economy, National and local government household and GDP per capita Outcomes: Outcome 6: Construction industry efficient and competitive Outcome 7: Effective and efficient management of government assets and public buildings Outcome 8: Awareness, adherence and compliance to urban and rural development regulatory framework, and ownership of community members in urbanization and human settlement processes Outputs: Output 8: Increased number of Rwandan competitive establishments Output 9: Increased number of Government institutions that do not have rental expenditures Output 10: Increased number of Government institutions properly budget for operational and maintenance costs of the occupied government asset Output 11: Compliance to regulations in local development and building implementation increased Output 12: Ownership of community members in urbanization and human settlement development processes Activities:  Finalise Construction Industry Policy  Design programs to professionalize the construction industry  Run consultations with WDA, RURA, RDB and other stakeholders regarding establishment of ISO certification  Draft framework for the establishment of ISO certification in the construction industry  Initiate classification of trades in the construction industry for quality controlled SME‟s and technicians  Initiate and monitor SME‟s establishment and education of vocational workers proportional to demand  Initiate requirement for architects and engineers to demonstrate a capacity to develop cost-efficient, location based and green designs  Amend Building Code  Draft and promulgate law regulating professional bodies in the construction industry  Support and promote the role of urban planning professionals in supporting the sector policies and strategies  Support regulation of each of the professional bodies and the promotion of the professional bodies  Support regulation of the vocational trades  Construct Administrative Office Complex , Rwempasha border post, High Commercial Court  Complete construction of Gahanga Sports centre  Ensure continued asbestos removal from government assets through budgeting by occupant  Ensure O&M budgeting by occupant of government assets  Complete government asset information system including floor plans of government buildings  Add movable Government Asset information to the MIS  Manage government-owned and -rented office space efficiently  Adopt green building minimum requirements as part of BP-MIS  Ensure Conduct professional mandatory inspection at all required stages for every permitted building Cat. 3/4  Carry out District urban planning and building audits country-wide  Monitor implementation of audit recommendations  Prepare and conduct Urban month  Collaborate with CSO‟s and partners in information and awareness creation regarding urban upgrading etc  Conduct annual CS – Gov. platform meeting  Campaign for the proper removal of asbestos from privately owned buildings  Develop and implement country-level communication strategy  Develop and implement local level communication strategies  Develop and implement communication strategy for information and awareness addressing private sector  Develop and implement country- and local level communication strategies for awareness of private sector and the public  Inputs:   Resources for support Develop a guideline to capacity document building, to avail most of to private which under investors the responsibility informing of the about the project professional bodies. procedures  Consultancy work for developing an ISO certification system. Promote opportunities for investment on land available for affordable housing  Construction costs for Government buildings in the health, education and other concerned sectors  Budget for surveys to complete all floor plan information of government assets  Adequate and regular budget for country-wide information and awareness programs. SSP 2018-24, Page 46  Recurrent costs for countrywide audits. Table 7: Logical Framework S/N Performance Indicators Baseline Targets across the years 2016/17 2018/19 2019/20 2020/21 2021/22 2022/23 2023/24 Goal/Impact: Human settlements developed strategically and holistically as part of the National land use and development planning framework, mitigating negative effects to environment and society, and offering increasing socio-economic opportunities for all Outcome 1: Integrated human settlement planning and coordination 1 Number of existing urban and rural planning CoK Masterplan CoK and 6 CoK and 6 SCs 13 (6 DT's 18 (5 DT's 23 (5 DT's 28 (5 DT's documents reviewed to comply with the legal 2013, SC's with SCs started completed added) added) added) added) framework plans addressing <20% of urban area 2 Number of new urban planning documents for 22 Towns 4 (Towns) 8 (Towns) 12 (Towns) 16 (Towns) 20 (Towns) 24 (Towns) emerging trading centres (towns). 3 Number of Districts with rural settlement 12 22 30 - - - - planning documents Outcome 2: City of Kigali ,Secondary cities &Other potential towns developed to spur socio-economic growth 4 Percentage of Population living in urban areas 17.3(EICV4) 23.65 25.92 28.19 30.46 32.73 35 Outcome 3: Liveable, well-serviced, connected, compact, green and productive urban and rural settlements with a cultural identity 5 Percentage of rural households settled in 55.8(EICV4) 65% 67% 70% 73% 76% 80% integrated, planned, green rural settlements 6 Number of Households relocated from High Risk 3,048 1701 1702 1701 1702 1701 1702 Zones 7 Number of Households relocated from scattered 95,838 34,248 34,248 34,248 34,248 34,248 34,248 settlements 8 No. of rural settlements upgraded 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 9 Percentage of population using basic improved sanitation facilities in rural areas 88.3 100 100 100 100 100 100 10 Percentage of households with improved water source in dwellings /yard in rural areas 1.70 5 8 10 12 14 16 11 32.7 % 34.50% 38% 41.50% 45% 48.50% 52% Percentage of Household accessing electricity (on grid/off-grid) 7.80% 17% 23% 30% 36% 42% 48% SSP 2018-24, Page 47 12 Percentage of urban households using an improved water source within 200m. 60.5% 75% 80% 85% 90% 93% 95% 13 Percentage of population using basic improved 88.30% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% sanitation facilities urban areas. 14 Reduced waiting time from 30 to 15 minutes in 30 25 23 20 18 17 15 the CoK in peak hours) 15 Percentage of population conveying with public 17 17.25 18 19 19.5 20 20.5 transportation (national, urban and rural) 16 Average share of the built-up area of cities that is TBD 30% 30% 30% 30% 30% 30% open and green space for public use for all (SDG) Goal/Impact: Access to housing for all enabled Impact Indicator: Percentage of urban population living in decent housing Outcome 4: Access to social and affordable housing is increased 17 No. of affordable housing units constructed 24 DUs 56 DU‟s 1,197 DU‟s 7,097 DU‟s 8,047 DU‟s 9,047 DU‟s 15,047 DU‟s 18 No. of social housing units constructed 1275 25 75 150 250 350 450 Outcome 5: Eradicated and Upgraded informal settlements 19 Percentage of urban population living in informal 62.6% (EICV 4) 60.9 58 57 56 54 52 settlements (impact indicator/SDG) Goal/impact: Public knowledge and awareness, good government asset management and a competitive private construction industry as contributors to a strong economy, National and local government household and GDP per capita Outcome 6: Construction industry efficient and competitive 20 Number of Rwandan establishments in the TBD 0 1 3 6 10 15 construction material manufacturing which are quality-certified with RSB 21 Percentage of professionals (architecture, urban TBD 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% planning, engineering professions) registered in Rwanda Outcome 7: Effective and efficient management of government assets and public buildings 22 Square meters of office space constructed or 49,400 m2 rented 0 16,400 m2 16,400 m2 49,400 m2 49,400 m2 49,400 m2 acquired to accommodate renting government institutions 23 Square meters of Asbestos removed from 521,549m2 98.492 m2 98.492 m2 98.492 m2 98.492 m2 98.492 m2 government buildings Outcome 8:Capacity Building, Awareness, adherence and compliance to urban and rural development regulatory framework, and ownership of community members in urbanization and human settlement SSP 2018-24, Page 48 24 Percentage of category 3 and 4 new buildings that 0 (Green Building 0 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% fulfil the requirements of Rwanda green building Indicators available) minimum compliance guidelines 25 No. of Districts audited on compliance to urban 11 Districts audited 15 15 15 15 15 15 planning and building regulations 26 No. of public information and awareness Urban month „15, National Urban month; National Urban Urban month; National Urban Urban month; initiatives related to urban and rural settlement NUP dissemination Urban Forum Forum Forum policies and development. 2016/17 27 Percentage of new public and multi-dwelling Public health and 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% buildings comply with universal accessibility and safety standards safety requirements 28 Number of Government Staff and sector 1500 (2016/2017) 300 600 30 30 30 30 stakeholders capacitated 29 Number of One Stop Centres using digital 10 14 18 22 26 30 31 information systems in construction permitting and management SSP 2018-24, Page 49 Table 7 A: Assumptions Made in Setting the Targets # Indicator Baseline Target Assumptions 2016/17 2023/24 1 Number of existing urban and rural planning CoK Masterplan 2013, 28 All urban planning documents need review for alignment to the National Land Use documents revised and completed to comply with SC's with Masterplans (CoK, 6 SC‟s, and Development Master Plan (NLUMP), to extend to the size of the urban area and the National Land Use and Development Master which address less than 21 DT's) show the context, and for quality assurance. The currently available Master Plans Plan and existing legal framework 20% of the urban area usually address less than 20 % of the respective urban area. 2 Number of new urban planning documents 24 (Towns) Towns and the next type of urban settlements after CoK, SC‟s and District Towns will require urban planning. While the number of towns is currently not known because the NLUMP was silent about a human settlement framework, they are expected to be more than 100. The results of the currently ongoing revision of the NLUMP are urgently needed. 3 Number of Districts with complete rural planning 12 Districts 30 Districts All Districts should have complete and integrated rural planning documents. documents that are integrated with the human settlement framework 4 Number of Districts using digital information 9 30 So far, the online BP-MIS is available to CoK and the SC‟s. The countrywide roll-out systems in construction permitting and is planned for all Districts and it is realistic to assume that this will be possible, management because procedures and requirements apply countrywide. A National Geodatabase is accessible publicly, including all Districts. The constraint here is the availability of the right hard- and software, as well as skills to use the available information. 5 Number of Districts that conduct Urban Planning 0 30 The newly established District Technical Coordination Committees (MINALOC) and Human Settlement Coordination Meetings at will assume a regular task to conduct Urban Planning and Human Settlement least every 2 months Coordination Meetings as part of their responsibilities 6 Number of urban infrastructure projects 12 ongoing under 30 completed; At least 12 projects will be completed under Phase 1 of RUDP, these are 2 per SC. implemented to make SC's attractive for RUDP/Phase 1; Based 18 ongoing Another estimated 18 projects, i.e. 3 per SC are expected to be implemented in investment on Feasibility Studies Phase 2 of RUDP. The decision about projects in Phase 2 of RUDP is however not and monitored through finalized yet. The funding will be available through WB loan. After the end of RUDP U-Imihigo in 2021, the continuance of infrastructure projects in the SC‟s through a similar program must be ensured, independent of the source of funding. There should be at least 3 projects per SC ongoing simultaneously. 7 SC's branding strategies elaborated and Planned as part of 100% Planned and financed under RUDP implemented RUDP 8 The establishment of off-farm jobs in the SC‟s as a Monitoring system is Monitoring of The impact of joint efforts of development sectors shall be monitored and off-farm result of economic development is monitored. part of RUDP this indicator is jobs is a major indicator relevant to the NST1. institutionalized SSP 2018-24, Page 50 9 Percentage of rural households settled in 55.8 (EICV4) to be 80% Living conditions in rural areas shall reach a level that is appropriate for at least 80% integrated, planned, green rural settlements replaced by real of rural households. The target especially depends on the accessibility of specified - With sector sub-indicators 9a and 9b number basic infrastructure and services within specified distance. The Rural Settlement Planning and Design Code will be the guiding document describing the conditions which should be found in a rural settlement. It is assumed that infrastructure sectors continue servicing rural settlements as part of their strategies, with energy and water targeting 100 % access and RTDA targeting access to PT within 5 km. The 2 sub-indicators need to be included in other SSP‟s (WatSan, Transport, Education, Health and Social welfare). 10 Km of urban infrastructure services provided in 300 Annual budgets always provided to Districts to cater for implementation and 2km new residential zones will be constructed annually in each District for new residential sites 11 Percent of urban households with access to basic TBD The 6 sub-indicators need to be included in other SSP‟s (WatSan, Transport, Energy, urban services (according to UPC servicing Education, Health and Social welfare). requirements) - With sector sub-indicators 11a – 11f 12 Average share of the built-up area of cities that is More than 30% (to be 30% This indicator comprises roads, sidewalks, public parks, as well as natural and open and green space for public use for all (SDG) calculated) conservation areas in urban areas. In Rwanda, so far urban settlements do not reach high densities across their entire urban planning areas and large amounts of space are unbuilt, i.e. open, partly because of the steep slopes and wetlands which are characterizing for the country and undevelopable. The portion of such open lands is approximately 50%. While the case of CoK is different with more development that has reached urban planning boundaries, its unbuilt space is comprised of about 15% for roads, almost 27 % for protected areas, not included active and passive recreational areas, meaning even CoK is comprised of more than 30% public space. For Rwanda, the target includes some densification efforts for efficient use of land, during which, however, qualitative open public space must be considered and maintained as part of urban land use. Therefore, no increase of the ration is required and focus is rather on ensuring that public open space will be maintained even during urban development and densification. 13 Number of local government institutions All Districts will have fully operational One Stop Centres capacitated 30 14 Percent of Districts which regulate their urban and 0 rural settlement areas through zoning regulations 30 that address liveability, affordability, compactness, mixing of uses, green building and cultural identity 15 Number of affordable housing projects (and 2 18 The government commits to infrastructure support and facilitated access to finance resulting units) facilitated by government support (32 DU‟s) (8,058 DU) through support schemes that have already been adopted. So far, 2 projects were SSP 2018-24, Page 51 schemes (infrastructure/finance) approved for support since the adoption of the first support scheme in December 2015. With increasing awareness and information, and while some projects are already under preparation, it is realistic to expect at least 3 applications per year for support and the necessity is rather to fulfill the commitments to provide the support. The size of projects is now known before each application is being received but in the first years, project volume would usually be below 1,000 units (The volume of the first 2 approved projects is Batsinda2/537 units and Abadahigwa/86 units.) In an effort to intensify and attract investment into affordable housing, some urban land has been identified and availed by the government for immediate development with such projects. Investors have committed to develop the availed land and current commitments show an expected output of 8,058 housing units as part of the projects that are either already under implementation or under preparation. In total, land for about 22,000 units would be available but for a large portion of it there is no construction planned at this point in time. Additional project applications for financial support for projects on private land, following the adopted government schemes, are expected. 16 Number of social housing units 1,276 450 The government support scheme will require some return in form of social housing stock as a percentage of the supported number of units constructed. This is laid out in an already drafted Minister‟s Instruction clarifying some components of the government support schemes. A piecemeal increase of social housing stock is expected, and it will be important to provide the framework institutionalizing such program. 17 Percent of urban population living in informal 62.60% 52.6 This will be used as an impact indicator, but not as an annual performance settlements (SDG) indicator. As our SDG goal, we have set a decrease by 10 % population living in informal settlements. From the targeted figure, the target for 2023/24 was derived. The calculations are based on EICV4 data for population living in informal settlements, and we assumed a total urban population based on the Census which was surveyed at about the same time. It is assumed that good local development management will decrease the growth of any new informal settlements, based on new pro-poor policies and achievable procedures and requirements, if properly communicated. The success of decline of informal construction will largely depend on knowledge, awareness and information initiatives which shall be part of the SSP. 18 Number of informal settlement upgrading projects 12 We target at least 2 upgrading projects per SC. The total number of HH‟s financially supported (86 ha; 24,000) benefitting from settlement upgrading has been calculated based on 1) the number of (and area in ha/ no. of households whose habitat HH‟s which are currently being addressed in the pilot project in Agatare, 2) based SSP 2018-24, Page 52 conditions have improved) on the goal of 10 % decline by 2030, and 3) based on a realistic number of larger upgrading projects undertaken in the coming year. It is planned that RUDP Phase 2 will address urban upgrading projects in each of the SC‟s. The number of HH‟s was calculated based on current number of people living in informal settlements, and assuming that no new informal settlements will occur 19 Number of rural settlements upgraded 12 Villages will commit to upgrading of their settlements through local grown solutions 20 Number of Rwandan establishments in the 0 15 Companies within the construction industry will be incentivized to improve quality construction industry which are quality-certified production and request for certification. with international recognition 21 Percent of registered professionals with proven 50% Massive capacity building of professionals coupled with an incentive package for capacity to develop cost-efficient, location-based professionals and their clients to go green. and green buildings 22 Number of registered professionals in urban and 803+112+72 = 987 720 A diverse and skilled pool of professionals is key to economic growth. Currently, a rural settlement planning services and construction total of 987 architects, engineers, land valuers and surveyors are registered in industry professional bodies. Urban planners have not successfully established an organizational body yet. An increase of registration, which should also be connected to enhanced quality control through proper examinations and registration requirements, is targeted, given the fact that the ratio is low. A 3:1 percentage of graduates: licensed practitioners would be a common ratio in high income economies. Rwanda has xxx graduates from the above subject areas annually. 23 Square meters constructed to accommodate 49,000 sqm rented 49,912 m2 49,912 m2 are the total area to be available once AOC, MOC are completed government institutions that are currently renting 24 Number of new government projects constructed 550 This number originated from the ongoing projects in RHA and those in the pipeline. It also includes the new projects which are transferred to RHA from other government institutions. This number will be verified and updated before the submission of the second draft SSP with information confirmed by RHA after consultation with all government institutions that will transfer responsibility for their projects because the process is not yet finalized. 25 Percent of immovable government assets efficiently Information about gov 100% and regularly maintained at cost/m2 between TBD assets incomplete and TBD 26 Percent of category 3&4 new buildings and real Green building 100% Green building compliance will be required for 100% of Categories 3 / 4 permits. estates that comply with minimum green building indicators The SSP targets its enforcement in the permitting and inspection processes. Cat. 3 requirements and 4 buildings form a small portion of building permit applications, expected to increase with the increasing number of investments in urban areas. SSP 2018-24, Page 53 27 Percent of buildings of Cat. 3/4 that have received Regulatory framework 100% Inspection requirements have been defined by law but inspection compliance is still building permit, are inspected before and during low. Buildings of Category 3 and 4, which are public buildings hosting more than 100 construction and before occupancy users, hazardous and industrial buildings, however, shall especially be inspected for compliance with public health and safety requirements without compromise. An increase of public buildings is assumed with urbanisation and an increasing number of investments in urban areas. 28 Percent of development projects permitted and Master plans 100% All development projects must comply with urban planning documents. constructed in line with urban planning documents 29 Number of Districts monitored in urban planning 11 30 Urban planning and building audits have been introduced as part of the new and building audits framework as a monitoring and accountability tool to ensure good local development management but also to increase local capacities to manage development tin line with policies, plans and regulations. During the first year, 11 Districts were audited. RHA‟s institutional reform 2017 adds an inspection and audit department with about 17 staff that is solely responsible for the carrying out of such audits. Therefore, it is targeted to carry out one complete round of audits in all 30 Districts every year. 30 Number of public information and awareness Urban month 2015, Urban month; initiatives related to urban and rural settlement NUP dissemination National Urban policies and development Forum 31 Percent of publicly accessible and multi-story Public health and safety 100 % All public buildings shall fulfill universal accessibility and safety requirements defined apartment buildings comply with universal standards by law but inspection compliance is still low. accessibility and safety requirements Not only newly permitted are concerned, but also all existing public buildings must also be retrofitted. 32 Percent of directly concerned land owners who Participation essential 100 % Districts will increase their own understanding about plan elaboration, and have participated in the elaboration of Land on privately owned increasingly transfer it and see the importance of facilitating location-based planning Subdivision Plans (urban or rural) land and fixed by with / by the concerned population implementing orders SSP 2018-24, Page 54 Table 8: Priority actions matrix SSP Priority Priority action TARGET (Annual Priority Action) Outcome Description indicator 2018/19 2019/20 2020/21 2021/22 2022/23 2023/24 (Performance) Outcome 1: Integrated human settlement planning Coordination Level of compliancy 1 Masterplan for  Review of Kigali Review of Kigali City of implementation of CoK Districts and City and 6 SC and 6 SC Master urban and rural 6SCs reviewed and Master Plans Master Plans started. planning documents aligned with the started. existing legal framework Review and Five Review and Review and Review and elaborate Five district town Master p 21District Town elaborate Six elaborate elaborate Five Master plans district town district town district town reviewed and Master plans Master plans Master plans elaborated in line with the existing legal framework 24LUDP tools for LUDP tools  LUDP tools  LUDP tools  LUDP tools emerging urban elaborated for elaborated for elaborated for elaborated for  LUDP tools  LUDP tools elaborated for four emerging trading centres elaborated Four emerging four emerging four emerging four emerging elaborated for in line with the trading centres trading centres. trading trading centres. four emerging existing legal trading framework centres. centres. U-SSP 2018-24, page 55 Master plan implementation  Master plan  Master plan  Master plan  Master plan  Master plan  Master plan implementation audit conducted in 1 audit undertaken in implementatio implementation implementatio implementation implementatio all Districts (in a n audit audit conducted in n audit audit n audit 2year cycle) to conducted in 15 districts conducted in conducted in assess compliance conducted in levels during the 15 districts 15 districts 15 districts 15 districts implementation of the urban planning tools To ensure regular Concept Note for  Sector data  City  Sector data City performance City performance index updated monitoring of City performance collection initiated performance collected and index updated urban growth, a index elaborated  City performance index for incorporated City Performance and agreement for index for sector sector data into the City Index will be institutionalised data management management performance established data collection initiated operational index accomplished Rural planning tools Elaborate rural Elaborate rural for 18 Districts settlement settlement planning elaborated in line planning documents in 8 with the existing documents in 10 Districts legal framework Districts Outcome 2: City of Kigali ,Secondary cities &Other Potential towns developed to spur socio-economic growth Percentage increase Provide attractive  Infrastructure  Feasibility studies  Implementation  Scale-up the  Scale-up the  Complete  in socio-economic Infrastructure works for RUDP and detailed works for Implementation Implementation Implementation growth and urban investments that Phase1 Engineering RUDP Phase2 works for works for works for population in City of stimulates socio- completed. designs for RUDP completed RUDP2. RUDP2. RUDP 2. Kigali ,Secondary economic growth  Preparation Phase2 project  Upgrade  Scale-up the  Scale-up the  Scale-up the cities &Other Feasibility completed and informal progress for progress for progress for Potential towns studies(FS) and civil works started settlement in Kangondo Kangondo Kangondo detailed  Upgrade informal cok /Agatare Urban renewal Urban renewal Urban renewal Engineering settlement in completed and project project project designs cok(Agatare and Scale-up the  Scale-up the  Scale-up the  Complete Civil (DED)for the kangondo) progress works progress for the progress for works for RUDP Phase2.  Land acquisition for kangondo . construction of the COK‟s Special  Upgrade for COK‟s Special  Scale-up the COK‟s Special construction of economic zone informal economic zone progress for economic zone COK‟s Special phase2. settlement in phase2 completed the phase2. economic zone  Provide basic cok(Agatare and and FS initiated construction of  Provide basic phase2. infrastructure kangondo)  Provide basic COK‟s Special infrastructure in  Provide basic in prioritized  Land Acquisition infrastructure in economic zone prioritized infrastructure industrial & U-SSP 2018-24, page 56 for COK‟s prioritized phase2 industrial & SME in prioritized SME parks in Special industrial & SME  Provide basic parks in six industrial & six secondary economic zone parks in six infrastructure secondary cites SME parks in cites and other phase2 secondary cites in prioritized and other six secondary potential commenced. and other industrial & potential towns. cites and other towns.  Provide basic potential towns. SME parks in  Undertake Plot potential  Undertake Plot infrastructure in  Construction of six secondary servicing in towns. servicing in prioritized New Bugesera cites and other selected new  Undertake Plot selected new industry parks in international potential urban residential servicing in urban six secondary airport phase1 towns. areas. selected new residential cites and other completed.  Undertake Plot  Scale-up the urban areas. potential towns.  Undertake Plot servicing in implementation residential  .  Construction of servicing in selected new progress for areas.  Complete the New Bugesera selected new urban Civil works for  Scale-up the Civil works for international urban residential residential Enabel implementation Enabel airport Phase1 areas. areas. supported progress for supported  Undertake Plot  Project Design for  Complete project Civil works for project servicing in World Bank Project Design proposals on Enabel proposals on selected new supported RUDP2 for World Urban Economic supported Urban urban residential  FS &DED for Bank Development. project Economic areas. Enabel supported supported  FS &DED for proposals on Development.  Negotiations for project proposals RUDP 2 Kigali ring road Urban  FS &DED for World Bank on Urban project. completed Economic Kigali ring road supported Economic  Scale-up the  Undertake Development completed RUDP second Development construction Street FS &DED for  Undertake Generation completed. progress for addressing Kigali ring road Street (RUDP2) of  DED for Kigali Civil works works for one completed addressing projects ring road for Enabel secondary city  Undertake works for one commenced. completed supported Street secondary city  Project  Complete the project addressing district preparation for Construction proposals on works for one Enabel and/or Urban secondary city supported Rehabilitation of Economic district scheme on stadiums for Development Urban Economic COK, Huye,  FS &DED for Development Nyagatare, Kigali ring road completed. Bugesera and completed  FS for Kigali ring Ngoma district  Conduct FS for road completed secondary city  70% of works street for Construction addressing and /or project Rehabilitation of stadiums for COK, Huye, U-SSP 2018-24, page 57 Nyagatare, Bugesera and Ngoma district completed Empower  Initiate phase1  Complete Phase1  Scale-up the  Scale-up the  Scale-up the  Scale-up the Secondary cities‟ Relocation of Relocation of progress for progress for progress for progress for to become Government Government Phase2 Phase2 Phase2 Phase2 vibrant and institutions to institutions to Relocation of Relocation of Relocation of Relocation of economically secondary cities secondary cities Government Government Government Government attractive  Initiate the and phase2 institutions. institutions. institutions. institutions. establishment of initiated.  City  City  City  City city management  Establish City management management management management structures at management structures for structures for structures for structures for secondary city structures at secondary city secondary city secondary city secondary city district level. secondary city level level operational level level district level operational  Scale-up the operational operational  implementation of  Scale-up the implementation  Scale-up the  Scale-up the city branding implementation of City branding implementation implementation strategies for SC‟s of City strategies for of City of City to exploit SC‟s branding SC‟s to exploit branding branding potentialities strategies for SC‟s strategies for strategies for initiated SC‟s to exploit potentialities SC‟s to exploit SC‟s to exploit SC‟s SC‟s SC‟s potentialities potentialities potentialities Outcome 3: Liveable, well-serviced, connected, compact, green and productive urban and rural settlements with a cultural identity Percentage of Implement 300  Complete on-  Start construction  Complete  Start  Complete  Start  households settled in (no. or rural going of 1 new rural construction of construction of construction of construction of integrated, planned, sectors) implementation settlement (IDP) in 1 new rural 1 new rural 1 new rural 1 new rural green urban and integrated rural of 30 rural 60 Sectors settlement settlement settlement settlement rural settlements settlements (IDP settlements (IDP  Relocation of (IDP) in 60 (IDP) in 60 (IDP) in 60 (IDP) in 60 model) and assist model) with the 35,949 rural Sectors Sectors Sectors Sectors rural households missing IDP households from  Relocation of  relocation of  Relocation of  Relocation of to be able to live Pillars . scattered 35,949 rural 35,949 rural 35,949 rural 35,949 rural in liveable, safe  Relocate 35,949 settlements and households households households households and well-serviced rural households high-risk zones to from scattered from scattered from scattered from scattered rural settlements from scattered planned rural settlements and settlements settlements settlements settlements and settlements. high-risk zones and high-risk and high-risk and high-risk high-risk zones  Conduct to planned rural zones to zones to zones to to planned rural monitoring of HH‟s settlements planned rural planned rural planned rural settlements affected by  Conduct settlements settlements settlements  Conduct resettlement and monitoring of  Conduct  Conduct  Conduct monitoring of their reinstallation HH‟s affected monitoring of monitoring of monitoring of HH‟s affected by processes as a by resettlement HH‟s affected HH‟s affected HH‟s affected U-SSP 2018-24, page 58 resettlement programmatic and their by by by and their project component reinstallation resettlement resettlement resettlement reinstallation  Provide basic processes as a and their and their and their processes as a infrastructure in programmatic reinstallation reinstallation reinstallation programmatic Under serviced project processes as a processes as a processes as a project Rural settlement component programmatic programmatic programmatic component sites  Provide basic project project project  Provide basic infrastructure component component component infrastructure in Under  Provide basic  Provide basic  Provide basic in Under serviced Rural infrastructure infrastructure infrastructure serviced Rural settlement sites in Under in Under in Under settlement sites serviced Rural serviced Rural serviced Rural settlement sites settlement sites settlement sites Address socio-  Provide basic  Provide basic  Provide basic  Provide basic  Provide basic  Provide basic  economic socio-economic socio-economic socio-economic socio- socio- socio- infrastructure infrastructure infrastructure in infrastructure economic economic economic service gaps in in Under Under serviced in Under infrastructure infrastructure infrastructure planned urban serviced Urban Urban settlement serviced Urban in Under in Under in Under settlements settlement sites sites settlement sites serviced Urban serviced Urban serviced Urban  Prioritise new  Prioritise new  Prioritise new settlement sites settlement sites settlement sites residential zones residential zones to residential zones  Prioritise new  Prioritise new  Prioritise new to be serviced be serviced with to be serviced residential residential residential with urban urban infrastructure with urban zones to be zones to be zones to be infrastructure infrastructure serviced with serviced with serviced with urban urban urban infrastructure infrastructure infrastructure Average share of the Ensure  Conduct  Conduct baseline  Enforce and  Enforce and  Enforce and  Enforce and  built-up area in cities implementation baseline surveys surveys ascertain ensure ensure ensure ensure that is open and of open and to ascertain public open spaces integration of integration of integration of integration of green space for Green public public open in Urban areas adequate public adequate public adequate public adequate public public use for all to space spaces in Urban completed open and green open and green open and green open and green improve quality of life development areas  Enforce and spaces in all spaces in all spaces in all spaces in all activities in urban  Enforce and ensure integration Urban planning Urban planning Urban planning Urban planning areas ensure of adequate public tools under tools under tools under tools under integration of open and green elaboration elaboration elaboration elaboration adequate public spaces in all Urban  Conduct open and green planning tools Awareness on  Integrate  Integrate  Integrate spaces in all under elaboration Guidelines, management of management of management of Urban planning  Complete standards and public green public green public green tools under Guidelines, models for spaces within spaces within spaces within elaboration standards and development of District District District  Establish models for public open and  Enforce the  Enforce the  Enforce the guidelines, development of green spaces development of development of development of standards and public open and  Complete the roadside walks roadside walks roadside walks U-SSP 2018-24, page 59 models for green spaces. implementation in all roads in all roads in all roads development of  Complete Urban of COK‟s Car construction construction construction public open and landscaping and free zone projects projects projects green spaces. public space project  Develop and  Develop and  Develop and  Develop Urban development component. expand open expand open expand open landscaping and works for COK 4  Enforce the and green and green and green public space roundabouts . development of public spaces in public spaces in public spaces in development  Complete the roadside walks secondary city secondary city secondary city works for implementation in all roads and other and other and other COK 4 works for construction districts districts districts roundabouts . Nyandungu projects  Scale-up the recreation parks  Develop and implementation development expand open of Nyandungu project. and green recreation parks  Scale-up the public spaces in project implementation of secondary city  Commence the COK‟s Car free and other implementation zone project districts. of COK‟s Car component. free zone  Scale-up the project implementation of component Urgent works  Scale-up the project of greening implementation and beautification of Urgent works of all National project of roads. greening and  Enforce the beautification of development of all National roadside walks in roads. all roads  Enforce the construction development of projects . roadside walks  Develop and in all roads expand open and construction green public spaces projects. in secondary city and other districts Outcome 4: Access to social and affordable housing is increased Provide  56 housing units  1197 housing  7097housing 8047housing units  9047housing  15047housing  Percentage of urban appropriate constructed and units constructed units constructed and units units households accessing interventions and availed to the and availed to the constructed availed to the constructed constructed affordable housing support to market market and availed to market and availed to and availed to Private sector to  Educate and  Educate and raise the market  Provide basic the market the market construct 15,000 raise awareness awareness among  Provide basic infrastructure in  Provide basic  Provide basic U-SSP 2018-24, page 60 affordable among the the public, and infrastructure government infrastructure infrastructure housing units. public, and the the private sector in government supported in government in government private sector about the details supported affordable supported supported about the details of government affordable housing projects affordable affordable of government support schemes housing  Undertake Sites housing housing support schemes  Provide basic projects and services projects projects  Provide basic infrastructure in  Undertake schemes to  Undertake  Undertake infrastructure in government Sites and encourage Sites and Sites and government supported services cooperative services services supported affordable housing schemes to housing schemes to schemes to affordable projects encourage construction encourage encourage housing projects  Undertake Sites cooperative  Acquire land to cooperative cooperative  Undertake Sites and services housing facilitate housing housing and services schemes to construction affordable construction construction schemes to encourage Acquire land to housing  Acquire land to Acquire land to encourage cooperative facilitate neighbourhoods facilitate facilitate cooperative housing affordable with affordable affordable housing construction housing infrastructure housing housing construction projects. neighbourhood  Creation of Real neighbourhood neighbourhood projects.  Operationalization s with Estate s with s with  Finalise legal of affordable infrastructure Investment infrastructure infrastructure framework to housing fund  Maintain the Trusts (REITs/  creation of  Creation of operationalize commenced. online platform Social REITs) Real Estate Real Estate the affordable  Acquire land to linking initiated Investment Investment housing fund facilitate developers,  Maintain the Trusts (REITs/ Trusts (REITs/  Finalise and affordable housing demanding HH‟s online platform Social REITs) Social REITs) adopt the neighbourhoods and bank for linking continued completed project with market developers,  Maintain the  Maintain the agreement infrastructure responsive demanding HH‟s online platform online platform document  Operationalization housing and bank for linking linking (PAD) for of online platform developmen market developers, developers, affordable linking developers,  Regular responsive demanding demanding housing fund demanding HH‟s awareness to housing HH‟s and bank HH‟s and bank acquisition . and bank for private development for market for market  Acquire land to market responsive investors to  Regular responsive responsive facilitate housing engage in local awareness to housing housing affordable development production of private investors development development housing  Regular awareness construction to engage in  Regular  Update off- neighbourhoods to private materials local production awareness to takers database with investors to  Update off- of construction private for affordable infrastructure engage in local takers database materials investors to housing  Establish an production of for affordable  Update off- engage in local  Conduct online platform construction housing takers database production of affordable linking materials  Develop PPP for affordable construction housing market developers,  Review the scenarios as housing materials demand U-SSP 2018-24, page 61 demanding HH‟s Ministerial implementation  analysis study and bank for instructions on options for  Update off- market affordable housing local takers database responsive development in line governments for affordable housing with new emerging  Research housing development constraints or findings on   Regular opportunities. local building awareness to  Establish a One materials private investors Stop Point for to engage in affordable housing local production framework of construction information and materials tech. support in RHA  Outcome 5: Upgraded informal settlements Percentage decrease 200ha of informal  30ha of informal  80ha of informal  110ha of  140ha of  170ha of  200ha of  of urban population settlement sites settlement sites settlement sites informal informal informal informal living informal upgraded. upgraded upgraded. settlement settlement sites settlement sites settlement sites settlement  Elaboration of  Elaborate sites upgraded upgraded upgraded upgraded ) Specific Land National urban  Elaborate  Elaborate  Elaborate  Elaborate Development upgrading National urban National urban National urban National urban Plans & Land programme upgrading upgrading upgrading upgrading Subdivision Plans  Elaboration of programme programme programme programme for resettlement Specific Land  Elaboration of  Elaboration of  Elaboration of  Elaboration of sites. Development Specific Land Specific Land Specific Land Specific Land  Facilitate private Plans & Land Development Development Development Development sector Subdivision Plans Plans & Land Plans & Land Plans & Land Plans & Land participation in for resettlement Subdivision Subdivision Plans Subdivision Subdivision informal sites. Plans for for resettlement Plans for Plans for settlement  Facilitate private resettlement sites. resettlement resettlement upgrading and sector sites.  Facilitate private sites. sites. redevelopment participation in  Facilitate sector  Facilitate  Facilitate  Identify informal informal private sector participation in private sector private sector settlement areas settlement participation in informal participation in participation in for upgrading upgrading and informal settlement informal informal and conduct redevelopment settlement upgrading and settlement settlement Feasibility  Identify informal upgrading and redevelopment upgrading and upgrading and studies settlement areas redevelopment  Conduct redevelopment redevelopment  Elaborate legal for upgrading and  Conduct Feasibility  Conduct  Conduct instruments to conduct Feasibility Feasibility studies for the Feasibility Feasibility support urban studies studies for the identified sites studies for the studies for the upgrading.  Elaborate legal identified sites  Develop 5 identified sites identified sites  Develop instruments to  Develop 5 manuals for  Develop 5  Develop 5 U-SSP 2018-24, page 62 guideline support urban manuals for cooperatives, manuals for manuals for documents to upgrading. cooperatives, private investors cooperatives, cooperatives, cooperatives,  Develop 5 private and individuals private private private sector manuals for investors and about upgrading investors and investors and and individuals cooperatives, individuals implementation individuals individuals informing about private investors about procedures about about project and individuals upgrading upgrading upgrading procedures. about upgrading implementation  Educate and implementation implementation  Disseminate implementation procedures create procedures procedures National urban procedures  Educate and awareness on  Educate and informal  Educate and create the need for  Educate and create settlement create awareness awareness on informal create awareness on upgrading on the need for the need for settlement awareness on the need for strategy informal informal upgrading the need for informal settlement settlement  informal settlement upgrading upgrading settlement upgrading  upgrading  Outcome 6: Construction industry efficient and competitive Level of professional Provide  Review and  Review and  Review and  Review and  Review and  Review and competence in appropriate update existing update existing update existing update existing update existing Review and construction industry interventions to regulatory regulatory regulatory regulatory regulatory update existing improve on framework to framework to framework to framework to framework to regulatory construction facilitate the facilitate the facilitate the facilitate the facilitate the framework to industry construction construction construction construction construction facilitate the competiveness industry industry industry industry industry construction  Promote  Promote  Promote  Promote  Promote industry Research and Research and Research and Research and Research and  Promote Development in Development in Development in Development in Development Research and the the construction the construction the construction in the Development construction industry industry industry construction in the industry  Review ,asses and  Review ,asses  Review ,asses industry construction  Review ,asses standardize new and standardize and standardize  Review ,asses industry and standardize technologies in new new and standardize  Review ,asses new the construction technologies in technologies in new and standardize technologies in industry the construction the construction technologies in new the  Promote industry industry the technologies in construction awareness and  Promote  Promote construction the industry sector awareness and awareness and industry construction  Promote stakeholders sector sector  Promote industry awareness and capacity stakeholders stakeholders awareness and  Promote sector enhancement capacity capacity sector awareness and stakeholders  Enhance individual enhancement enhancement stakeholders sector U-SSP 2018-24, page 63 capacity and institutional  Enhance  Enhance capacity stakeholders enhancement capacity building individual and individual and enhancement capacity  Enhance (central and local institutional institutional  Enhance enhancement individual and Government ) capacity building capacity building individual and  Enhance institutional (central and (central and institutional individual and capacity local local capacity institutional building (central Government ) Government ) building capacity and local (central and building Government ) local (central and Government ) local Government ) Outcome 7: Effective and efficient management of government assets and public buildings Number of square Construct and  Ensure regular  Ensure Regular  Ensure Regular  Ensure Regular  Ensure Regular  Ensure Regular meters of rehabilitate O&M of O&M of O&M of O&M of O&M of O&M of Government government government government government government government government buildings buildings assets. assets assets assets assets assets acquired/rehabilitated  Initiate  Operationalize  Operationalize  Operationalize  Operationalize  Operationalize establishment of government government government government government government assets assets assets assets assets assets Management Management Management Management Management Management information information information information information information system system system system system system  Complete the  Scale-up the  Complete the  cale-up the  Complete the  Elaborate construction of progress of construction of progress of construction Government National archive. construction of Ministerial Office construction of, Gahanga asset  Scale-up the Ministerial Complex of, Gahanga sports complex Maintenance progress of Office project. sports complex and plan construction of Complex  Scale-up the and parliamentary  Complete on- Ministerial Office project , progress of parliamentary building going Complex project Gahanga sports construction of, building  Provide regular government  Conduct FS of complex, and Gahanga sports  Provide regular technical Construction new parliamentary parliamentary complex and technical oversight of projects building and building parliamentary oversight of other (Administrative Gahanga sports  Provide regular building other government Office Complex, complex technical  Provide regular government construction Rwempasha and  Provide regular oversight of technical construction projects. Bweyeye border technical other oversight of projects.  Eradication of posts ,High oversight of government other  Eradication of asbestos Commercial other government construction government asbestos Court and construction projects construction 3District projects Eradication of projects. stadium(Nyagata  Eradication of asbestos  Eradication of re, Bugesera asbestos asbestos and Ngoma )) U-SSP 2018-24, page 64  Scale-up the progress of on- going Government construction projects (National archive, Ministerial Office Complex)  Complete the rehabilitation of Amahoro indoor and main stadiums and Huye district stadium  Eradication of asbestos Outcome 8: Adherence and compliance to urban and rural development regulatory framework Degree of Conduct regular Conduct regular  Conduct regular  Conduct regular  Conduct regular  Conduct regular  Conduct regular  compliance with master plan Rural and urban Rural and urban Rural and urban Rural and urban Rural and urban Rural and urban existing regulatory implementation planning tools planning tools planning tools planning tools planning tools planning tools framework to ensure audits and implementation implementation implementation implementation implementation implementation public safety inspections and audits and audits and audits and audits and audits and audits and enforce inspections inspections inspections inspections inspections inspections implementation  Enforce of implementation  Enforce  Enforce  Enforce  Enforce  Enforce recommendations of audit and implementation of implementation implementation implementation implementation r of the inspection audit and of audit and of audit and of audit and of audit and recommendations inspection inspection inspection inspection inspection recommendations recommendatio recommendati recommendati recommendati ns ons ons ons U-SSP 2018-24, page 65 U-SSP 2018-24, page 66 4. IMPLEMENTATION

4.1 Urbanisation and Rural Settlement Depending on Cross-Sectoral Intervention as a Preamble All, public and private sector, and civil society share the responsibility for an adequate and good urban development and urbanisation and rural settlement development can only progress in cross- sectoral action under the coordination of the sector. Coordination to achieve good collaboration and complementarity between a variety of actors and stakeholders is key to achieving integrated planning and implementation following an agreed goal, which is also referenced by spatial plans (showing the locations of interventions). This agreed goal must be supported by strategic and effective planning and budgeting procedures at all various governance and subject levels. Urban and rural settlement planning documents must integrate economic, environmental and physical planning tasks with each other and shall be aligned to the budget through a strategic investment plan and action plan. Any development project must be aligned to such integrated planning document for it to be approved. The following principles are essential for coordinated action in the sector:  Every development project must demonstrate its anchor in the National land use and development Masterplan, sectoral plans and local urban and rural settlement development plans; in case the plans do not match, cross-sectoral consultations must take place and decide about the valid land use  The NLUMP needs to be revised and agreed as soon as possible, before any sectoral or local plan can be prepared or reviewed.  Urbanisation and Rural Settlement Sector shall be involved in the annual planning and budgeting prioritisation.  An increase of off-farm jobs needs an increase of skilled and educated human resources.  Education programs need to coordinate with the projected demand for skilled labourers in off-farm employment coming with urbanisation, and also need to be business oriented.  Awareness, information sharing and training programs need a regular and larger budget.

4.1.1 Roles and responsibilities outside of MININFRA and its agencies that contribute to the Sector implementation goals and impact The sector due to its cross-cutting nature depends on the contributions and programmatic sharing and alignment of goals with other Ministries, that are, however, not part of the direct mandate of MININFRA and its agencies. The subjects with high relevance to the sector, while its leading institutions don‟t have a direct mandate, are listed below. Collaboration in those areas will be crucial to ensure policy and strategy alignment. U-SSP 2018-24, page 67 Table 9: Essential contribution requirements from other government sectors, private sector and CS Area relevant to sector success Lead institution Participation in, and contribution to revision of NLUMP MINIRENA Participation in, and contribution to revision of Kigali City Master Plan, SC CoK, Districts Master Plans and any other urban and rural planning document Collection and uploading of local sectoral data Districts, Infrastructure agencies Land valuation, land and property tax, updating land use registration MINIRENA, MINECOFIN Raising district own-source revenues MINALOC, MINECOFIN Rural connectivity to urban areas and urban services (feeder roads, MINALOC, LODA footbridges, bridges, rural buses, etc Promoting LED in urban areas LODA Professional training of construction workers, architects, engineers, planners, MINEDUC, Professional bodies etc Mitigation of urban crime and violence National Police Approaches to informal urban businesses RRA Basic and tertiary education to get prepared for projected demand MINEDUC Planning, implementation and monitoring of health and education services MoH, MINEDUC Construction supervision of health and education buildings RHA Productivity MINECOM Infrastructure- specific indicators, such as cost of urban transport, waiting Infrastructure agencies time, etc Mitigation of land disputes related to development MINEJUST Anchor in statutes demonstrated skills and capacity requirement for the Professional bodies licensing professionals in the construction industry

4.2 Sequencing of Interventions While urban and rural settlement development processes directly depend on simultaneous concerted efforts of all development sectors, some sequences have to be respected: Sequencing in planning: The establishment of good spatial plans (land use, urban and rural settlement planning documents, sectoral Master Plans) must start from the cross-sectorally, jointly reviewed National Land Use and Development Master Plan (NLUMP) and subsequent National sectoral Masterplans for all development sectors which are fully aligned. The revised, jointly updated NLUMP must be considered as the main guiding document for any sectoral intervention that will be planned under any institution in the country. Of course, it must fulfil the respective qualitative requirements, for it to fulfil such role, foremost of all coming from an integrated planning approach. The plan will have to include a clear spatial human settlement framework, and clarify the respective servicing requirements. Any urban and rural settlement planning document to be implementable must be elaborated in line with the national plan and address the full extent of urban and rural settlement planning areas. Local plans, particularly Land Subdivision Plans, independent on the initiator of plan elaboration, must always be elaborated based on hierarchically higher planning documents and together with the concerned land holders. Budget prioritisation: public investments will be prioritized in a strategic manner referring to the above revised plans, in response to the largest challenges, which are local infrastructure servicing in mixed use residential areas, including upgrading Sequencing in implementation: Implementation of a project, independent of the initiator, can only begin after design and authorisation of the project. Building authorisation may only be given by the responsible planning authority. The sequencing of infrastructure works will be part of a good planning coordination at local authority level, as well as project management of the project. U-SSP 2018-24, page 68 Capacity building and awareness: Capacity building, especially on policies, frameworks and regulations, must be provided after the elaboration of any of such. If it is known that a policy issue will change, or a document will be revised, the addressee of capacity building shall only be addressed after the elaboration and adoption of such policy or other document. Compliance enforcement of new or not commonly known subjects, frameworks and regulations: Compliance enforcement must only be undertaken after wide information and awareness programs have addressed the addresses, including civil society, civil servants and private sector. Professionalism in the construction industry supply chain: The success of several outcomes and outputs directly depends on knowledge and quality in the construction industry supply chain, including success of housing development, urban and rural settlement upgrading, liveability of human settlement, and compliance. The subject should therefore be sequenced with a prioritisation, in collaboration with various levels of educational institutions, private sector associations, with MINEDUC and its agencies, regulatory agencies and institutions responsible for commercial and industrial growth.

4.3 Roles and Responsibilities of Partners and Stakeholders and Their Coordination

4.3.1 Roles of central versus local government The central government and its agencies is the facilitator of this Strategy and is responsible for policy making, capacity building, resource mobilization and allocation, monitoring and evaluation, and any facilitation needed to enable urban and rural settlement development. The responsibility to coordinate all action related to urbanisation and rural settlement development is with the Ministry in charge of urban development and human settlement, MININFRA. All other Ministries‟ action plans shall be based on the requirements of land use and of urban and rural settlement planning documents, and shall aim to implement the provisions of such documents. The Ministry in charge of economic planning, MINECOFIN, must ensure and support the harmonisation and prioritisation of budget to implement the urbanisation and rural settlement development agenda. The government agency in charge of urban planning shall help implement and enforce coordination of activities toward well-managed urbanisation and rural settlement development. According to the National Urbanisation Policy (2015), coordination shall be led by MININFRA with the support of MINALOC; urban and rural settlement land use and resource efficiency shall be led by MININFRA with the support of MINIRENA; local implementation for liveable urban and rural settlements are under the responsibility of MINISPOC and MIGEPROF; and economic growth under MINECOFIN and MINEACOM. A National Human Settlement Steering Committee comprised of seven Ministers has been established by the Prime Minister and may take decisions and guide programs and projects of National importance which require cross-sectoral integration. An urbanization secretariat (U-SWAP) has been established in the responsible Ministry to coordinate the sector and prepare technical reports to the National Steering Committee. The U-SSP 2018-24, page 69 secretariat is currently understaffed. A District is responsible for the governance and management of urbanisation and rural settlement development within its administrative boundaries. The tasks include initiation of the elaboration of urban planning documents, guidance and supervision of urban plan elaboration processes, adoption of urban planning documents, authorization for development of buildings and local infrastructure and inspection to ensure public health and safety. Any plan shall aim at responding to the demographic, social, cultural, economic, environmental and physical conditions and to strategically outline sustainability of those areas in view of growth projections. Urban and rural settlement planning documents shall provide a development framework in line with principles for the sustainable management of land, and determine the principles and requirements for development in the particular area. It is the local government responsibility to ensure basic infrastructure servicing in all urban neighbourhoods, particularly ensuring potable water, waste water treatment and sanitation, waste management, energy, adequate accessibility, access to health, education and other public and social facilities. A District and further decentralized entities must be familiar with the current policies and planning and development management framework, and create awareness and knowledge around all policies and implementation strategies among its communities. A District and its further decentralized entities shall also promote the opportunities for the improvement of living conditions for all, and for sustainable urban renewal processes through upgrading. A District may mobilize communities to initiate improvement to their living conditions, and shall proactively guide the population to collaborate in such processes. A District must also monitor and guide implementation processes in partnership with an investor. Communication, information and awareness programs must include all landowners, their tenants and any other stakeholders to be involved in an urban and rural settlement development projects. The mode of coordinating between the different sectors and actors is through the District Technical Coordination Committees established 2016 under MINALOC, which shall conduct Planning Coordination Meetings at District level or across District levels, in case more than one District is concerned. The Joint Action Development Forum (JADF) shall be a key member of planning coordination and represent cross-cutting interests. Clearly separate responsibilities: Use public resources more efficiently and effectively by clearly separating between public and private responsibilities. This shall include a practice of less rigid city- wide planning, which intends to facilitate servicing based on projections but does largely not intervene in Land Subdivision Planning (and is instead, just guiding and monitoring for approval). Table 10: Decentralised responsibilities SSP Priority Outcome Priority action description Annual Priority Action Responsible decentral indicator implementing institution Outcome 1: Integrated human settlement planning and coordination Number of existing urban and To ensure complete and aligned Review Kigali City Master CoK and its 3 Districts rural planning documents planning documents following Plan following the audit reviewed and completed to planning hierarchy and plan recommendations comply with the National Land elaboration and content Review Master Plans following SC Districts Use and Development Master requirements the audit recommendations Plan and existing legal Collect local sectoral data and CoK, Districts, framework improve data management decentralised entities Number of new urban planning To ensure complete, aligned Coordinate elaboration of Districts, with documents planning documents following implementable Land decentralised entities planning hierarchy and plan Subdivision Plans with the land elaboration requirements holders of developable land U-SSP 2018-24, page 70 Number of Districts with To ensure complete and aligned Complete rural settlement Districts with decentralised complete rural planning planning documents following planning documents (review entities documents that are integrated planning hierarchy and plan and elaboration) with the human settlement elaboration requirements framework Number of Districts using To extend BP-MIS countrywide Collaborate in the extension Districts other than SC digital information systems in for coordinated local of the BP-MIS Districts and CoK Districts construction permitting & development management mgmt. Number of Districts that To mainstream coordinated Circulate internally and Districts, CoK conduct Urban Planning and local development management familiarize with Human Settlement Implementation Aide for Coordination Meetings at least District Technical every 2 months Coordination Committees for conducting Urban Planning and Human Settlement Coordination Meetings Conduct Urban Planning and Districts, CoK Human Settlement Coordination Meetings Share the minutes of Urban Districts, CoK Planning and Human Settlement Coordination Meetings with MININFRA/RHA Outcome 2: Secondary cities developed as poles of economic growth Number of urban Prepare and implement Manage implementation and SC Districts, CoK, infrastructure projects infrastructure projects in the completion 12 ongoing Nyarugenge District implemented to make SC's SC‟s following the FS‟s projects under the attractive for investment RUDP/Phase 2 Initiate and support SC Districts preparation of 3 new infrastructure projects in each SC, including DED‟s SC's branding strategies Coordinate and facilitate Elaborate city branding SC Districts elaborated and implemented elaboration of city branding strategies to exploit SC strategies for SC‟s and their potentialities implementation The establishment of off-farm Coordinate and facilitate Support operationalization of SC Districts jobs in the SC‟s as a result of establishment and business establishment economic development is operationalization of business tracking system under RUDP monitored. establishment tracking system Monitor business SC Districts with for SC‟s under RUDP establishment decentralised entities Outcome 3: Liveable, well-serviced, connected, compact, green and productive urban and rural settlements with a cultural identity Percentage of rural households Implement integrated rural implement 30 rural Districts, decentralised settled in integrated, planned, settlements (IDP model) and settlements (IDP model) entities green rural settlements assist rural households to be Assist relocation of 34,248 Districts, decentralised able to live in liveable, safe and rural households from entities well-serviced rural settlements scattered settlements and high-risk zones to planned rural settlements Number of Km of urban Coordinate and monitor urban Service residential zones with Districts, CoK infrastructure services infrastructure planning and urban infrastructure provided in new residential implementation Well-plan for infrastructure Districts, CoK zones and social amenities for the purpose of strategic increase of urban servicing levels Implement public space Districts, CoK signing and street addressing Number of local government Institutionalise up-to-date Initiate and co-organise tailor Districts, CoK institutions capacitated training modules and trainings made training to staff in all on all subjects of development areas of local development management for local management government staff Daily collaborate with the SC Districts Mobile Team under RUDP U-SSP 2018-24, page 71 Percent of Districts which Capacitate Districts and Manage urban and rural plan Districts, CoK regulate their urban and rural decentralised entities to elaboration processes and settlement areas through elaborate and implement ensure new urban and rural zoning regulations that address urban and rural planning planning documents to liveability, compactness, green documents that address contain zoning regulations building and cultural identity liveability, compactness, greenthat address liveability, building and cultural identity compactness, green building and cultural identity Outcome 4: Access to housing is affordable to an increased number of households No. of affordable housing Provide support to affordable Acquire land needed to Districts, CoK projects (and no. of units) housing through infrastructure facilitate affordable housing facilitated by government and improved access to finance neighbourhoods with support schemes infrastructure (infrastructure/ finance) Identify housing beneficiaries Districts, CoK following the legal framework and guidelines Disseminate guideline Districts, CoK documents to cooperatives, private sector and individuals informing about housing and upgrading project procedures Outcome 5: Upgraded informal settlements Number of informal settlement Financially and technically Propose and prepare urban SC Districts upgrading projects financially support implementation of the upgrading projects as part of supported National Informal Urban RUDP / Phase 2 (and area in ha; no. of Settlement Upgrading Strategy Provide TA during Districts households whose habitat elaboration of local urban conditions have improved) planning documents by communities Support the elaboration of Districts Specific Land Development Plans & Land Subdivision Plans for informal settlement sites which will be upgraded Guide urban upgrading Districts initiatives and the different principle initiation scenarios Nurture partnerships with Districts LandNet Rwanda Chapter to guide people-driven upgrading processes and manage arising disputes Disseminate 5 manuals for Districts cooperatives, private investors and individuals about upgrading implementation procedures Identify areas which require Districts elaboration of a Specific Land Development Plan and DED‟s Facilitate, provide TA and Districts monitor community-driven urban upgrading projects Provide infrastructure for Districts informal urban settlement upgrading projects No. of rural settlements Upgrade rural settlements for Provide infrastructure to Districts upgraded households to be able to live in under-serviced rural liveable, safe and well-serviced settlements rural settlements Outcome 6: Construction industry efficient and competitive Number of Rwandan Initiate and support measures Assess and report projected Districts establishments in the that will help the construction local demand of SME‟s and construction industry which industry to become competitive education of vocational are ISO certified workers and address in DDP‟s U-SSP 2018-24, page 72 Outcome 7: Effective and efficient management of government assets and public buildings Percentage of immovable Operate life – cycle facility Budget for O&M of District Districts government assets efficiently management for all government assets and regularly maintained assets Establish government asset Districts information including floor plans of District assets Manage District-owned and - Districts rented office space efficiently Outcome 8: Awareness, adherence and compliance to urban and rural development regulatory framework, and ownership of community members in urbanization and human settlement Percentage of category 3&4 Mainstream green building Undergo trainings on green Districts, CoK new buildings and real estates building minimum that comply with minimum requirements as part of BP- green building requirements MIS Percentage of buildings of Cat. Ensure inspection of Cat. 3/ 4 Facilitate and participate in Districts, CoK 3/4 that have received building buildings mandatory inspection with permit, are inspected before RHA of every permitted and during construction and building Cat. 3/4 before occupancy Number of Districts monitored Carry out District urban Facilitate and participate in Districts, CoK in urban planning and building planning and building audits for District urban planning and audits identification of constraints, building audits bottlenecks and for capacity increase Implement audit Districts, CoK recommendations Number of public information Organise public and semi-public Support Urban month Districts, CoK, and awareness initiatives events raising knowledge and decentralised entities related to urban and rural awareness on urban and rural Facilitate and organise Districts, CoK, settlement policies and settlement policies and information and awareness decentralised entities development development campaigns regarding urban upgrading etc Campaign for the proper Districts, CoK, removal of asbestos from decentralised entities privately owned buildings Co-develop and implement Districts, CoK communication strategies for awareness of private sector and the public Promote opportunities for Districts, CoK investment on land available for affordable housing Percent of directly/indirectly Ensure compliance with the plan Always inform concerned Districts, CoK, concerned residents who have elaboration procedures which residents and encourage decentralised entities participated in consultations are fixed by implementing participation in plan and elaboration of urban orders elaboration processes from planning or rural documents initiation of such process

4.3.2 Role of private sector The role between private sector and government support has been clarified through framework and implementation strategy elaboration processes during the previous SSP. The private sector is the one developing most urban and human settlement land uses, including housing, commercial, and industrial uses while it requires government facilitation, and relies on long term predictability provided land use and urban and rural settlement planning documents, and reliability of land administration as well as permitting procedures. During the second SSP, public investment shall be distributed without diversion from the developed framework principles and the facilitation role of the government will be enhanced. The secure land rights as basis of economic development provide an opportunity for all to invest in land for higher productivity. Such investment may be individual or collective in a cooperative or as shareholders in investment. An increasing income for households may even begin and sustain a cycle of steady investment and improvement of the socio-economic status of the land holder. U-SSP 2018-24, page 73 Private investors are welcome to involve in urban and rural settlement development and renewal schemes, however, respecting the interest of the public and the original land holders by entering into collaborative schemes with a shared goal. While respecting cultural heritage and settlement densification principles, economically feasible projects will benefit the investor, original land holders and financially participating tenants. Promoted scenarios result in the founding of housing cooperatives, including rental cooperatives. Private investors shall be monitored by the District and civil society to ensure that the public interest is respected during project planning and implementation. The role of the construction industry will receive higher emphasize as a contributor to economic growth, with a high percentage of GDP. While the industry was only able to start striving after the implementation of the NLTRP program, it requires a large boost to its professionalism. Higher efficiency and quality for competitiveness in the local construction industry supply chain will be addressed as an essential factor to achieve affordability in construction including housing construction. This can only be undertaken jointly with the professional bodies, which are already established or which may still need to be established. While the private sector receives a government commitment to receive supporting frameworks, it is expected in return to engage in development through investment provide qualitative products.

4.3.3 Role of civil society and other organization With the help of the Law governing Urban Planning and Building in Rwanda 2012 and particularly its implementing orders adopted in 2015, local urban and human settlement development is regulated based on clear procedures to support sustainable, integral and inclusive development, institutional strengthening and development, decentralization, local economic development, citizen participation and accountability mechanisms. Likewise, the National Housing Policy and the National Informal Urban Settlement Upgrading Strategy provide for a framework which is promoting collaborative development for the enabled involvement of all in development, for the potential benefit of all. Civil society should not only embrace this opportunity but also consider it a civil obligation to participate in planning and implementation of local development. Urban renewal shall be a mainly people-driven and inclusive process, facilitated by the government. While a District government must engage closely with its communities as the main driver of urban renewal and properly guide planning and implementation in any project implementation option, the involvement of the public and the community is a precondition for successful urban and rural settlement development and should begin with project initiation and be upheld throughout an entire development process. A community shall be the main driver of local development and improvement of its living conditions. Supported by the District, it may initiate improvement by starting to plan collaboratively, apply for plan implementation and implement neighbourhood improvements following the respective framework. A community may act as a group of people, may form a cooperative and act as a developer itself, form a group of shareholders in relationship to a development investor, or may become members of a Social Investment Trust. This way, the degree and nature of engagement may vary and range from self-initiated hands-on neighbourhood improvement over to shareholder-ship in a larger development. Projects may have a long-term socio-economic vision and any contributor may benefit and capitalize on his/her investment e.g. via rental cooperatives or mixed use development. The role and level of participation of community members need to be well-defined at initiation of an urban upgrading project, depending on the chosen implementation option. U-SSP 2018-24, page 74 The support from non-governmental organiastions in an organisaed form will be essential to follow up and coordinate stakeholders and the public. LandNet Rwanda, which is a non- governmental network bringing together more than 35 member organizations is requested to help bring on board the vast experiences from the ground, and coordinate with stakeholders and the public to communicate questions that are being asked by people about the urbanization and rural settlement development processes.

4.3.4 Mechanisms for technical co-ordination and information sharing Good mechanisms are available to the sector to coordinate and exchange at a technical level across sectors. These are the following. The Sector Working Group (SWG): The Urbanisation and Rural Settlement Sector Working Group has become a strong and well-attended platform offering interesting discussions and information exchange. Meetings take place at least quarterly, with additional sessions on demand. U-SWAP: The Urbanisation, Human Settlement and Housing Development Division in MININFRA contains some U-SWAP positions to help with cross-sectoral coordination and communication. Unfortunately, the operations has so far been intermittent depending on the availability of external funding. Stronger partner commitment would be favourable to the coordination responsibility of the sector. Of course, the U-SWAP staffs are closely supported on a daily basis by the staff of the Division itself. National Urban and Human Settlement Planning and Coordination Meetings: This is a platform used about twice a year that brings together all Districts of the country to discuss topics that concern all Districts. They usually concern topics that help strengthening local development management practices. National Urban Forum and Urban Month: These are public relation events targeting the public and local government entities (Urban Month) as well as sector stakeholders, academia and private sector (National Urban Forum) to create information and awareness and moderate discussion about sector related topics. The National Urban Forum should be conducted every 2 years similar to other countries. The Urban Month is sector-home-grown and should be conducted annually in an ideal situation, or at least bi-annually in alteration with the National Urban Forum. So far, this regularity has not been achieved due to funding shortage. Web-based ICT tools: The National Geodatabase for infrastructure and urban and human settlement planning data, as well as other online tools used for development management (online permitting) are accessible to the public, with an expanded accessibility of certain data formats to sector stakeholdres for improved planning, integrated decision-making and implementation at both, National agency level and District level. Annual Urban Planning and Building Audits: Annually, there are now taking place one audit per each of the 30 Districts and CoK. The objective is to identify bottlenecks and improve local development management based on the established frameworks. Discussion platform of Sector specifically for Civil Society: Such platform meeting had been initiated especially in the context of urban upgrading and land related issues. Stakeholders were uniform in their view that such exchange platform needs to be nurtured. The sector must now integrate such exchanges into their planning and give it an increased emphasis. Printed information for hand out: Printed information in form of publications that are easy to understand and uses local language and images to describe opportunities, procedures, rights, U-SSP 2018-24, page 75 obligations to all result in well managed development are a tool that needs from now on be applied. External funding and even support to layout-work are highly welcome.

4.4 Risk Analysis and Discussion of Risk Mitigation Strategies While the sector strategic plan is an important tool to guide focused interventions needed to ensure goals in the sector are achieved, it is also imperative not to ignore the fact that there are assumptions as well as potential risks or threats we ought to bear in mind when driving this strategy. The main assumption is that there is a high degree of commitment by contributing sector ministries, agencies and development partners including private sector in implementing this SSP and that wealth and economic assets are created and people will be attracted to live and work in urban areas, and industries be attract to invest in urban areas, following plans. Below table lists particular risks in the implementation of the SSP in areas summarized to the following four clusters:  National policies, frameworks and support  Local development management and development  Private sector and private interests Table 12: Risks and mitigation strategies to address the identified risks Risk Mitigation strategy National policies, frameworks and support Neglect of National land use planning Ensure information, awareness and knowledge programs to be well furnished document by sectors and in other plan with a budget and well implemented based on a communication strategy elaboration processes Counteracting policies and investment Bring the subject to the attention of the National Human Settlement Steering prioritization of urbanization and human Committee; however, a good NLUMP is needed as a supporting document settlement for the discussion Policy making and policy dissemination Closely work with non-governmental organisations, in particular organised processes insufficiently informed about the through LandNet Rwanda “real” questions from the ground asked by people Over-servicing of rural settlements Adopt the Rural Settlement Code and comply counteracting intended urban migration Closely monitor and guide the number of new rural settlements (IDP‟s) – this requires a good, revised NLUMP which includes human settlements NLUMP revision spending insufficient time and Create awareness about the importance of this plan for the country for the effort on integrating a clear human settlement coming 50 years framework Diversion from concentrated Secondary Strictly follow a good revised NLUMP; the decision about development areas Cities prioritization, for example by support will be taken in the planning process and must then be complied with to corridor development Scattering of public investment to large Adopt the Rural Settlement Code and comply number of small (rural) settlements instead of Closely monitor and guide the number of new rural settlements (IDP‟s) – bundling resources in the main urban areas this requires a good, revised NLUMP which includes human settlements Insufficient budget to fulfill commitments for MINECOFIN to strictly prioritise an annual amount of public finances to financial support in support of affordable furnish the government support to affordable housing and upgrading housing and urban upgrading Speedy elaboration and adoption of legal Any consultation process about elaboration of a legal document must be documents without sufficient harmonization seriously attended and careful consideration be given; this includes follow up and consultation on input made; The Sector Coordinator shall assume the task to follow up on incorporation of input made to draft legal documents Continued problem to institutionalise the Make it a high level priority to follow remedial measures on how data will be collection of necessary data obtained with the principal responsibility assumed by MINECOFIN Local development management and development Inability of the public to comply with urban The new plan elaboration process which requires participation of the public planning documents and concerned land holders must be followed in any new plan elaboration process; zoning regulations must be applied that are market responsive and not restrictive Market eviction of land smallholders and No land use conversion of agricultural land for the construction of real further spread of informal settlement estate shall be allowed by the District or local administrative entities without a proper preceding land use plan elaboration process U-SSP 2018-24, page 76 Local permitting incompliant with national Awareness and Information! programs must receive a significant and regular policies, e.g. regarding local materials budget during this SSP ! Even international donors could be approached for this purpose Fining and other punishment for incompliance No punishment can be justified before wide information and awareness before ensuring wide information and programs have not been implemented. Make information and awareness a awareness large priority! Continued elaboration of plans which are too Ensure through trainings that planning is not done from the desk only and detailed yet elaborated with insufficient follows the required plan elaboration process consideration of the existing conditions context Continued elaboration of plans which are not Stop and subdivision planning (the “detailed layout plans”) without the implementable because they ignored that involvement of land holders! This is a waste of resources. involvement of land holders Facilitate a learning process for non-CoK Districts from the CoK Districts about improved planning with land holders; this could be a topic for a National Planning Coordination Meeting No qualified urban planning staff at District Expand urban planning programs offered at universities level Prioritization of public modernization areas Give significant consideration to the content of implementation plans that for commercial and other prestige projects are part of any new urban planning document instead of servicing residential neighbourhoods where there is demand and under-supply Quantity of plans compromising quality Strictly follow the requirements for a plan elaboration process; Set requirements for the elaboration of Land Subdivision Plans and for a Rural Settlement Plan Urban areas do not offer the services that Strengthen coordination between the Urbanisation and Rural Settlement families need to be able to settle permanently Sector and the Health and Education Sectors Insufficient affordable housing units available in Support the SC Districts to attract housing construction projects SC‟s and District Towns that allow permanent residence for families intending to move there Limited funding or inability to implement the Explore other funding opportunities, such as climate related funds and proposed actions to achieve the required prepare various proposals with the help of staff or interns urban servicing Increasing gap in socio-economic classes Facilitate mixed use neighbourhoods by allowing non-disturbing non- impacts on urban safety and security residential uses, including small scale uses and organised street vending; offer recreational facilities and spaces for free as part of neighbourhoods Insufficient skilled personnel available that Strengthen coordination between the Urbanisation and Rural Settlement would be employable to operate public and Sector and the Education Sector, especially Workforce Development; social facilities that urban areas require Make informed projections for personnel needed and develop and implement strategies to be prepared for the demand Changes in the leadership of the Local Every leader to be exposed to up to date training modules under LGI Governments especially District Executive Committees and Councils Turnover of District Technical OSC staff Every staff to be exposed to up to date training modules under LGI creates gap in institutional capacity and memory Private sector and private interests Construction industry profits from high Make the construction industry more accountable with the help of the demand without providing quality and efficient professional bodies products Hesitation to touch causes of sprawl due to Decide to do the right thing and start taxing development with a non-rural touching personal interest of many involved purpose that was built on tax-free agricultural land Self-regulation of professional bodies Develop and adopt a law regulating the professional bodies, and monitor compromises the enforcement of quality control mechanisms Migrants to urban areas not having skills Develop (or shift focus of existing) social support programs in particular for and/or start-up capital to start businesses for the assistance of migrants to SC‟s through prioritisation, e.g. business a living leads to increased poverty development support programs etc Fig. 13: Key to colour coding of risk assessment U-SSP 2018-24, page 77 5. MONITORING AND EVALUATION

5.1 Need for National and Local Monitoring Urban and rural settlement development must be effectively monitored for the timely response to challenges and for well-managed urbanization and rural settlement development. Monitoring helps improve the understanding of how livelihoods of different population groups in human settlements are impacted. In addition to the indicators of the SSP and valid policies, a specific District Development Index shall be used for the overall monitoring of the urbanisation process and quality of life, referencing social, environmental, economic, and administrative advancement.

5.2 Monitoring and Evaluation as a Cross-Sectoral Effort Urbanization is a multi-faceted process involving the combined activities of many institutions or actors. The absence or non-performance of existing institutions as well as the failure to coordinate among them account for the under-performance of the urbanisation and rural settlement sector. Thus, it is critical to achieve close collaboration and effective coordination of the activities and programmes of various institutions as they relate to urban development. The Urbanization and Rural Settlement Sector is in charge of all issues related to urban and rural development. An overlap of responsibilities, and gaps in action, however, exist between the sector and various other government institutions. In addition, responsibility for urban management is at District government level, while the human resources are still limited and procedural provisions still insufficient to properly carry out the required tasks. Also, sectoral measures are handled through the respective Ministries and a uniform and coordinated implementation at local level is needed. The monitoring and evaluation of implementation of this strategy will thus require to be done in a cross-sectoral approach with shared responsibilities and subsidiarity principles. Despite the progress made to establish improved information management with the help of a National geodatabase hosted by MININFRA, the collection of important data sets which are needed to monitor the sector is not yet institutionalized. This concerns data such as off-farm jobs, housing data, urban land use data, population per each named human settlement, migration patterns, informal growth, as well as the entire set of urban conditions and urban service delivery indicators. The sector therefore relies on and urgently needs an institutionalised data collection and data maintenance system / and particular survey to generate scientifically endorsed data to observe human settlement conditions and development, and for planning and projection. Sector monitoring is essential to guide adjustment of actions based on methodologically legitimate information, and may also help understand stakeholder satisfaction, determine innovative improvement measures and inform debate. Regular data updating mechanisms through cyclic reporting must be established. U-SSP 2018-24, page 78 Table 13: Monitoring methodology for sector indicators # Indicator Monitoring methodology 1 Number of existing urban and rural planning The information is obtained annually with the help of documents revised and completed to comply with the District audits. The sequencing of Districts audited the National Land Use and Development Master should remain consistent to achieve auditing in annual Plan and existing legal framework cycles. Once the Guidelines for District Planning Coordination Meetings are implemented, the reports from the meetings will support the monitoring of planning activities and progress, if not initiated through earmarked budgets with the participation of RHA. Precondition is however the completed revision and adoption of NLUMP. 2 Number of new urban planning documents Once the Guidelines for District Planning Coordination Meetings are implemented, the reports from the meetings will support the monitoring of planning activities and progress, if not initiated through earmarked budgets with the participation of RHA. Precondition is however the completed revision and adoption of NLUMP. 3 Number of Districts with complete rural planning Once the Guidelines for District Planning Coordination documents that are integrated with the human Meetings are implemented, the reports from the settlement framework meetings will support the monitoring of planning activities and progress, if not initiated through earmarked budgets with the participation of RHA, which is currently dedicating numerous staff to rural settlement tplanning. Precondition is however the completed revision and adoption of NLUMP. 4 Number of Districts using digital information RHA is directly involved in facilitating the systems in construction permitting and management implementation of the BP-MIS and therefore knows the number. 5 Number of Districts that conduct Urban Planning Once the Guidelines for District Planning Coordination and Human Settlement Coordination Meetings at Meetings are implemented through MINALOC, the least every 2 months required reports from the meetings will facilitate the monitoring of the meetings that have taken place. 6 Number of urban infrastructure projects Monitoring will be through RUDP coordinator and implemented to make SC's attractive for investment through LODA, which has an established monitoring system for local infrastructure projects. 7 SC's branding strategies elaborated and Monitoring will be through RUDP coordinator and implemented reports. The assessment about the level of implementation should be structured with the help of some qualitative criteria. 8 The establishment of off-farm jobs in the SC‟s as a Monitoring will be through RUDP coordinator and result of economic development is monitored. reports. Precondition is the successful establishment and operationalization of the business establishment tracking tool planned under Phase 1 of RUDP. The data should be disaggregated by gender of head of establishment and of employees. 9 Percentage of rural households settled in integrated, The information is currently obtained through EICV- planned, green rural settlements surveys. However, the indicator would much benefit from the needed improved sector monitoring mechanism, combining a number of spatial development indicators. Data should be disaggregated by gender of head of HH. 9a Percent of rural settlements with safe year-round The indicator requires a) regular data updates from the access within 45 minutes to 1) primary schools, 2) agencies and b) application of sector monitoring, tarmac roads, 3) produce markets, 4) health facilities combining a number of spatial development indicators and 5) financial institutions with the help of the existing National Geodatabase. U-SSP 2018-24, page 79 This will be reported by the relevant sectors 9b Percent of rural households within 100 m of an This will be reported by the WatSan sector improved water source 10 Km of urban infrastructure services provided in new This is a project output indicator. The information can residential zones be obtained through t implementing agency managing the project. 11 Percent of urban households with access to basic The indicator requires a) regular data updates from the urban services (according to UPC servicing agencies and b) application of sector monitoring, requirements) combining a number of spatial development indicators with the help of the existing National Geodatabase. The data should be disaggregated by gender of head of HH with some level of inaccuracy contained, using the sector disaggregated population information from the Census. 11a Percent of urban households within 100 m of an This will be reported by the WatSan sector improved water source 11b Percent of urban households with improved This will be reported by the WatSan sector sanitation facilities 11c Percent of urban households with access to This will be reported by the Transport sector public transport w/in 500 m and waiting time no more than 15 min 11d Percent of urban households accessing This will be reported by the Energy sector electricity 11e Percent of urban households with access to This will be reported by the Health sector health centre within 30 min 11f Percent of urban households with access to This will be reported by the Education sector primary school within 30 min 12 Average share of the built-up area of cities that is The indicator requires a) regular data updates from the open and green space for public use for all (SDG) Districts and b) application of sector monitoring, combining a number of spatial development indicators with the help of the existing National Geodatabase. 13 Number of local government institutions capacitated The number can be obtained from partnering institutions such as LGI, plus information from capacity initiatives organized directly. 14 Percent of Districts which regulate their urban and The information is obtained annually with the help of rural settlement areas through zoning regulations the District audits. The sequencing of Districts audited that address liveability, affordability, compactness, should remain consistent to achieve auditing in annual mixing of uses, green building and cultural identity cycles. 15 Number of affordable housing projects (and This information is obtained through the minutes of the resulting units) facilitated by government support National Affordable Housing Support Approval schemes (infrastructure/finance) Committee, and the supporting technical team in RHA 16 Number of social housing units This information will be directly obtained from RHA 17 Percent of urban population living in informal The information is currently obtained through EICV- settlements (SDG) surveys. The data should be disaggregated by gender. 18 Number of informal settlement upgrading projects This is project related and monitored through the financially supported project initiator and Districts, with added information (and area in ha; no. of households whose habitat from the minutes of the National Affordable Housing conditions have improved) Support Approval Committee, if applicable. The data should be disaggregated by gender of head of HH and HH composition. 19 Number of rural settlements upgraded This information is obtained from RHA in collaboration with the Districts. 20 Number of Rwandan establishments in the The monitoring will only start after discussing construction industry which are quality-certified the strategies and institutional arrangements. with international recognition The indicator may be monitored through RURA, RDB or the professional bodies of the construction industry. The data should be disaggregated by gender of head of HH. A common certification to be considered is ISO. 21 Percent of registered professionals (architecture, This requires the close collaboration between urban planning and civil engineering professions) MININFRA and the professional bodies of the with proven capacity to develop cost-efficient, construction industry. The RIE has plans for an online U-SSP 2018-24, page 80 location-based and green buildings quality tracking system. 22 Number of registered professionals in urban and The information will be obtained from the professional rural settlement planning services and construction bodies of the construction industry. industry The data should be disaggregated by gender of head of HH 23 Square meters constructed to accommodate This information will be directly provided by RHA. government institutions that are currently renting 24 Number of new government projects constructed This information will be directly provided by RHA. 25 Percent of immovable government assets efficiently This information will be directly provided by RHA. and regularly maintained 26 Percent of category 3&4 new buildings and real This information will be obtained from RHA through estates that comply with minimum green building the BP-MIS. requirements 27 Percent of buildings of Cat. 3/4 that have received This information will be obtained from RHA through building permit, are inspected before and during the BP-MIS. construction and before occupancy 28 Percent of development projects permitted and This information will be obtained from RHA with the constructed in line with urban planning documents support from information from the BP-MIS. 29 Number of Districts monitored in urban planning This information is always available to the Ministry in and building audits charge of the sector. 30 Number of public information and awareness This information is always available from information in initiatives related to urban and rural settlement the Ministry in charge of the sector and RHA. policies and development 31 All public and multi-story apartment buildings This information will be directly provided by RHA. comply with universal accessibility and safety requirements 32 Percent of directly concerned land owners who This information will be available from the Districts, and have participated in the elaboration of Land may be verified through supervision programs in Subdivision Plans (urban or rural) collaboration with CSO‟s.

5.3 Sector Management Information Systems

5.3.1 National Geodatabase MININFRA during SSP 2013-18 has established a Geo-Database available online, with the objective to integrate all spatial data available in the Ministry and its agencies in one database accessible through a data platform, with capacity for further expansion. The data is made available and manageable for further use in planning and decision-making among government technicians, for information among government officials, and for the private sector and the general public. The online database helps avoiding duplication of efforts, inconsistencies and delays in data sharing, and will ensure that the most reliable and accurate data may be accessed. The available data relates to housing, urban land use, rural settlement, water and sanitation, energy and transport among other. It will be expanded by an application for local government asset management and will also help spatially reference any data to be collected on District development and urbanisation indicators. It will be most essential to keep the information updated under the responsibility of all contributing agencies.

5.3.2 District development and urbanization indicators A District Development Index is proposed to MINALOC to be jointly monitored for the purpose of tracking local development progress and living conditions in urban and rural settlements. A set of urban indicators has been elaborated for the monitoring of spatial development across the country, the indicators of which link to relevant policies in the country and especially to the National Urbanisation Policy 2015. Besides the SSP indicators, it is this set of indicators which relies on the establishment of an institutionalised data collection and data maintenance system. U-SSP 2018-24, page 81

5.4 NSTP Mid-Term Review and Final Evaluation

5.4.1 Key performance indicators and policy actions for the period 2018/19 - 2023/24 The key performance indicators for the Urbanisation and Rural Settlement Sector are listed below: Integrated human settlement planning and coordination  Number of existing urban and rural planning documents reviewed and completed to comply with the National Land Use and Development Master Plan and existing legal framework  Number of new urban planning documents  Number of Districts with complete rural planning documents that are integrated with the human settlement framework  Number of Districts using digital information systems in construction permitting and management  Number of Districts that conduct Urban Planning and Human Settlement Coordination Meetings at least every two months Secondary cities developed as poles of socio-economic growth  Number of urban infrastructure projects implemented to make SC's attractive for investment  SC's branding strategies elaborated and implemented  Establishment of off-farm jobs in the SC‟s as a result of local economic development is monitored Liveable, well-serviced, compact and green urban and rural settlements with a cultural identity  Percentage of rural households settled in integrated, planned rural settlements  Number of Km of urban infrastructure services provided in new residential zones  Percentage of urban households with access to basic urban services (according to UPC servicing requirements)  Average share of the built-up area of cities that is open and green space for public use for all  Number of local government institutions capacitated  Percentage of District that regulate their urban and rural settlement areas through zoning regulations that address liveability, compactness, green building and cultural identity Facilitated development of affordable and social housing and access to housing  No. of affordable housing projects (and resulting no. of units) facilitated by government support schemes (infrastructure/ finance)  Number of social housing units  Number of households accessing housing mortgages as a result of government support schemes Upgraded informal settlements  Number of informal settlement sites (and area in ha) upgraded  Percentage of urban population living informal settlements  No. of rural settlements upgraded U-SSP 2018-24, page 82  No. of households whose habitat conditions have improved from an urban upgrading project since 2017 Construction industry efficient and competitive  Number of Rwandan establishments in the construction industry which are ISO certified  Percentage of registered professionals with proven capacity to develop cost-efficient, location-based and green buildings  Number of registered professionals  Number of technicians licensed to carry out classified construction trades Effective and efficient management of government assets and public building  Number of square meters constructed to accommodate government institutions that are currently renting  Number of new government project constructed  Percentage of immovable government assets efficiently and regularly maintained Awareness, adherence and compliance to urban and rural development regulatory framework  Percentage of Categories 3 & 4 new buildings and real estates that comply with minimum green building requirements  Percentage of buildings of Categories 3 & 4 that have received building permit, are inspected before and during construction and before occupancy  Percentage of development projects permitted and constructed in line with urban planning documents  Number of Districts assessed and ranked in urban planning and building audits  Number of public information and awareness initiatives related to urban and rural settlement policies and development

5.4.2 Key performance indicators for mid-term and final reviews  Percentage of rural households settled in integrated, planned rural settlements  Percentage of urban households with access to basic urban services (according to UPC servicing requirements)  No. of affordable housing projects (and resulting no. of units) facilitated by government support schemes (infrastructure/ finance)  Percentage of urban population living in informal settlements

5.4.3 Key programs or projects selected for analysis The key programs and projects in the Urbanisation and Rural Settlement Sector the progress and impact of which shall be continuously analysed are:

5.4.3.1 Rwanda Urban Development Program (RUDP) The objective of the RUDP is to provide access to basic infrastructure and enhance urban management in selected urban centres of the Secondary City Districts and the City of Kigali. It is implemented over a period from 2016-2021, with the largest portion of the 95 Mio USD loan being earmarked for basic infrastructure services in the Secondary Cities (USD 80 Mio).

5.4.3.2 Informal Urban Settlement Upgrading The countrywide implementation of informal urban settlement upgrading is guided by the National Informal Urban Settlement Upgrading Strategy, validated 2017. The strategy identified five options of implementing an upgrading project, and recommended where best each of the five options shall be adopted. It has its monitoring framework particularly monitoring urban upgrading. U-SSP 2018-24, page 83 It shall be an important component to facilitate stakeholders and community-based initiatives within the described framework and to regularly review the progress of strategy implementation.

5.4.3.3 Affordable Housing Government Support Schemes To make housing more affordable, a mixed set of instruments targeting the supply and demand side of housing was introduced by the government and is still being complemented. The government supports construction of infrastructure services and facilities for affordable housing projects since December 2015. On 30.6.2017, the Cabinet approved the establishment of a housing finance entity, the Affordable Housing Financing Fund. The fund will address access to housing mortgages and potentially facilitate housing finance entities to provide better accessible mortgages for developers. The mortgage lending conditions for end user beneficiaries are meant to improve dramatically and target access to housing mortgages for households that were not able to access mortgage until now. The program must be further complemented, closely monitored and mainstreamed.

5.4.3.4 Planned Rural Settlements Rural settlement planning and upgrading for the purpose of ensuring the sustainable development of rural settlement areas with economic, social and environmental integrity, and equilibrium of urban and rural development and food security is a priority in the sector‟s agenda. Planning in rural areas in- and outside of rural settlement sites shall ensure that social and environmental benefits of rural areas are maintained and improved; development which causes any negative effect to rural areas is prohibited or any negative impact is properly mitigated; and development is planned in suitable locations and is carried out sensitively for the purpose of contributing to rural development for the benefit of society and the local rural economy. This will be monitored based on the Rwanda Code for Rural Settlement Planning, Design and Rural Character (tentative title), regulating rural settlement and expected to be adopted by start of this SSP.

5.4.3.5 Professional bodies regulating the construction industry Close collaboration with professional bodies in the construction industry, both, officially acknowledged or yet to be formed, will be an essential component in the strive for quality, professionalism, accountability and liability in the construction industry. With the construction industry being formed very recently but growing steadily and fast, the subject area will be one f the most important to guide and monitor, without which cost-efficiency and sustainability in the built environment cannot be ensured. With construction industry, all contributors in the industry supply chain are meant, involving the process of planning, designing, constructing and maintaining physical infrastructures and facilities, with the SSP sector focusing on buildings. U-SSP 2018-24, page 84 6. COSTS AND FINANCING This Chapter outlines a cost estimate and proposed financing for the SSP 2018-24. Operational costs are not included, and activities that are going to be elaborated “in-house” are not costed as well.

6.1 Costs Below summarized are the cost of the programmes of the sector, considering the Ministry, implementing agency RHA and Districts. Table 14: Cost District 2018/19 2019/20 2020/21 2021/22 2022/23 2023/24 TOTAL National 1,044,066,800,610 452,560,921,866 162,351,600,000 150,071,600,000 147,071,600,000 162,693,100,000 2,118,815,622,475 Pillar 1: Economic Transformation 151,109,500,000 157,915,600,000 154,711,600,000 142,431,600,000 142,431,600,000 158,217,100,000 906,817,000,000 Pillar 2: Social Transformation 8,008,000,000 7,326,000,000 7,316,000,000 7,316,000,000 4,316,000,000 4,313,000,000 38,595,000,000 Pillar 3: Transformational Governance 884,949,300,610 287,319,321,866 324,000,000 324,000,000 324,000,000 163,000,000 1,173,403,622,475 Total 1,044,066,800,610 452,560,921,866 162,351,600,000 150,071,600,000 147,071,600,000 162,693,100,000 2,118,815,622,475 The sector will play a role in all of the three pillars of the NST1, i.e. Economic Transformation, Social Transformation and Transformational Governance. The largest budget is planned under the first pillar, Economic Transformation. As discussed, the projects and budgets from other sectors will widely contribute to the urbanisation and rural settlement development processes and are not budgeted under this sector. The impact deriving from the projects and budgets from the other sectors however largely depends on the alignment and coordination under the U-sector. U-SSP 2018-24, page 85 7. ANNEXES : Urbanisation and Rural settlement key projects S/N Project Name Start date End date Current status Areas to be served Outcome 1: Integrated human settlement planning (and coordination) 1. Review of Kigali City Master Plan 2018-2019 2019-2020 Contract signature city of Kigali 2. Review of 6 SC Master Plans 2018-2019 2019-2020 Contract signature secondary city districts 3. Review and elaboration of 2020-2021 2023-2024 N/A district towns 21District Town Masterplans 4. Elaboration of 24LUDP tools for 2018-2019 2023-2024 Concept note availableIdentified emerging urban centres emerging centers Outcome 2: City of Kigali ,Secondary cities &Other Potential towns developed to spur socio-economic growth 5. RUDP Project (Phase I) 2016-2017 2018-2019  85%work progress All secondary city districts 6. RUDP Project (Phase II) 2019-2020 2023-2024 project selection All secondary city districts A 7. Agatare informal settlement 2016-2017 2020-2021 Contract signature Cok upgrading project(RUDP component) 8. Kangondo Urban Renewal project 2017-2018 2023-2024 Expropriation Cok completed 9. Acquisition of land and 2018-2019 2019-2020 N/A City of Kigali development of special economic zone phase2 10. Provision of basic infrastructure 2019-2020 2023-2024 N/A SC’s and other in industrial parks potential towns 11. Plot servicing in selected new 2018-2019 2023-2024 Continuous Sites to be urban residential areas identified 12. Installation of street addressing in 2021-2022 2023-2024 N/A SC’s districts the remaining secondary cities 13. Relocation of government 2018-2019 2022-2023 institutions to SC. Outcome 3: Liveable, well-serviced, connected, compact, green and productive urban and rural settlements with a cultural identity 14. Construction of 300 new IDP 2018-2019 2023-2024 Design completed in all districts villages 15. Development of Nyandungu 2017-2018 2018-2019 Development ongoing city of Kigali recreation parks 16. Landscaping of Urban and public 2018-2019 2020-2021 Designs available city of Kigali space development works for COK’s 4 roundabouts 17. Implementation of COK’s Car free 2018-2019 2021-2021 Designs available City of kigali zone project component 18.Implementation of urgent works 2018-2019 2019-2020 Design available N/A project of greening and beautification of all National roads Outcome 4: Access to social and affordable housing is increased U-SSP 2018-24, page 86 19. Construction of 15,000 Houses of 2017-2018 2023-2024  City of Kigali affordable housing and SC’s Outcome 7: Effective and efficient management of government assets and public buildings 20. Construction of Administrative 2016-2017 2018-2019  General progress of Ensure the Office Complex construction works finishing works 78% are well completed 21. Construction of High Commercial 2016-2017 2018-2019  73.3% city of kigali Court 22. Construction of Rwempasha 2016-2017 2018-2019  85% Nyagatare border post district 23. Construction of National archive 2016-2017 2019-2020  17,65% city of Kigali 24. Construction of Bweyeye Border 2015-2016 2018-2019  80% Rusizi district Post 25. Removal and replace asbestos on 2012-2013 2023-2024  53.2% City of Kigali public and private building. and districts 26. Construction of New Bugesera 2016-2017 2018-2019 Site clearing and other Bugesera international airport Phase1 preliminary civil district (NBA) works completed 27. Construction of Gahanga Sport 2014-2015 2023-2024  Expropriation COK Complex process completed 28. Construction and/or 2017-2018 2018-2019 Site installation and COK, Huye, Rehabilitation of stadiums for site clearing ongoing Nyagatare, COK, Huye, Nyagatare, Bugesera Bugesera and and Ngoma district Ngoma district U-SSP 2018-24, page 87

7.1 Urbanization and Rural Settlement Sector Priorities 2018/19- 2023/24 What are the key challenges/ constraints in What are the proposed priorities and What are the relevant targets for the sector at What are the Proposed New Areas/Innovations the sector at the national level? (list in strategies at the national level to the national level? for EDPRS 3? bullet points) address sector challenges and EDPRS 3  Plans (and objectives) starting from the Integrated management of land use and  Fully aligned planning documents across  The priorities, roles and responsibilities must National to the local, and across all development in urban and rural sectors and implementation levels to service be predefined in a guiding manner to clarify development sectors are not fully aligned settlements, and human settlement an agreed human settlement framework the shared responsibility for all development with each other, including subsequent development framework planned and  Long term infrastructure planning and sectors to particularly support the overriding sectorial plans, and do not address the followed for an effective coordination consistent implementation aligned to human goals of the urbanisation agenda and servicing of a clearly agreed spatial human and monitoring of the urban and rural settlement framework, servicing simultaneously mitigate negative effects of settlement settlement development agenda prioritisation and demand projection (water, urbanisation  Clear guidance to prioritisation of public sanitation, transport, energy, ICT, health,  Emphasis must be on the effective use of public investments responding the largest sanitation, education etc) resources through consistent and long term challenges and demands  Cross-sectoral planning and implementation strategic public investment prioritization  Shared responsibility of the physical at all governance levels infrastructure sectors based on agreed  District Development Index monitored and harmonised programs Note:  Guiding indicators are yet to be co- developed for every development sector  Pressure on Kigali City and its outskirts To develop secondary cities as poles of  Number of projects which make secondary  Any project prepared and implemented under  Centralised economic growth and rural growth cities attractive to live permanently and any sector shall follow integrated urban poverty invest in, and which follow integrated urban planning documents and investment, so that it  Centralised service levels planning documents and investment will lead toward a shared goal even if  Pressure on arable land prioritisation implemented under varying responsible  Macro-level financing of the urban institutions development still insufficient and insufficiently strategic  Insufficient quality of urban planning Liveable, well-serviced, compact, green  Number of new or revised integrated urban  In addition to a quantity component, quality documents urban areas with a cultural identity planning documents that respect the plan control and professionalism shall be enforced  Designs which are not sensitive to space, elaboration requirements for District as essential parts in the urban planning to human scale and activity Towns, and for additional Towns and / or document elaboration based on the  Informal urban settlements trading centres following an agreed National frameworks elaborated under the previous SSP  Disaster-prone construction Human settlement framework  Still insufficient awareness and  Km of demand driven plot servicing in understanding of urban planning tools, Secondary Cities and District Towns where landowners are ready to develop U-SSP 2018-24, page 88 What are the key challenges/ constraints in What are the proposed priorities and What are the relevant targets for the sector at What are the Proposed New Areas/Innovations the sector at the national level? (list in strategies at the national level to the national level? for EDPRS 3? bullet points) address sector challenges and EDPRS 3 and of capacity to adequately follow up  % of open space, available for public use on the rightful elaboration and (SDGs) implementation of urban planning documents  People‟s participation in urban planning, management and governance still developable  Development is largely happening (informally) outside of urban boundaries and of Masterplan areas  Scattered rural settlement Liveable, well-serviced, compact and At least 80% of rural households will be living In addition to a quantity component, the  Pressure on arable land green rural settlements with a cultural in planned settlements by 2024 location, settlement sizes and its servicing levels  Inefficiency of infrastructure servicing to identity shall follow an agreed National human settlement scattered settlement framework  Insufficiently strategized human settlement planning and development from a regional spatial perspective  Insufficient guidance to the principles of rural settlement planning and development  Based on 2012 Housing Market study Private investment in affordable  Number of affordable and high density The role between private sector and that was conducted in the City of Kigali housing and access to housing for all housing projects (and number of HU‟s) government support has been clarified during which showed that there is a need of facilitated, that is green and resource supported by infrastructure based on the PM previous SSP, and any public investment shall be 340,000 affordable housing is needed by efficient Instructions distributed without diversion from the principles; 2024  Number of affordable and high density the facilitation role of the government twill be  Affordable housing will also be essential housing projects (and number of HU‟s) enhanced; in secondary cities for them to become supported by a new housing finance entity This includes better linkage between demanding poles of growth  % increase of households accessing housing households and their capacities with private mortgages as a result of support schemes suppliers and their products offered ; (e.g. guarantee fund) Efforts will include an institutionalised program  Reduce the 2013 national housing deficit by targeting social housing; at least 10% by 2023 Green and resource efficient planning and building shall be mainstreamed instead of being treated as parallel programs U-SSP 2018-24, page 89  62.6% of urban population live in Strongly facilitated roll out of the  Reduce slums by at least 10% by 2023  The EDPRS2 did not emphasise on the informal settlements National Informal Urban Upgrading (Agenda 2063) importance of informal urban settlement  Insufficient servicing levels and safety in Strategy  Proportion of urban population living in upgrading to maintain and enhance an informal settlements slums, informal settlements, or inadequate affordable housing stock; supported shall be housing (SDG 11.1.1) the role of communities and their potential to  Number and percentage of HH‟s (of total bundle resources to cause collaborative urban) whose living conditions have improvements with the facilitation of the improved from an urban upgrading project government  Constraints to competitiveness of the Efficiency and regional competitiveness  Tons / year locally produced construction  The role of the construction industry shall local industry of the private construction industry materials receive higher emphasise in economic growth  Lack of quality supervision in the enhanced  Number of quality controlled SME‟s and due to the high percentage of GDP; yet, the construction industry with unclassified classified trade workers industry which was only able to start striving services  Number of architects with proven capacity after NLTRP program implementation which  High cost and low variety of locally to develop cost-efficient and site based was recently completed, requires a large boost available construction materials designs to its professionalism ;  Inefficient site and building plans, PM, FM  Higher efficiency and quality for and construction methods competitiveness in the local construction industry supply chain shall be addressed as an essential factor in order to achieve affordability in construction including housing construction.  A large amount of the government  Public assets managed efficiently and  All government assets efficiently managed in  Public asset management, despite its role as budget is consumed for rent paid to effectively a life cycle approach part of government capital did not receive accommodate government institutions  % of government budget used to attention in EDPRS2. Also, large investments  Asset management inefficient accommodate government institutions are done to manage and construct government assets under the sectors‟ responsibility.  Cross-cutting priorities and  In addition to a quantity component, quality mainstreaming control and larger synergies must be reached  Capacity development when financing activities which intend to build  Civil society inclusion and public capacity, ideally through institutionalisation of participation, pre-designed qualification programs.  Data improvement and monitoring,  There is also need to facilitate OSC‟s and to  Green and smart growth make working there more attractive.  Information and awareness U-SSP 2018-24, page 90

7.2 Cross-Sectoral Resolutions Sector Resolutions Adopted on 27 October 2017 for the Urbanization and Human Settlement Sector to Facilitate Implementation of the SSP 2018-24 ITEM ISSUE RESOLUTIONS/ RESPONSIBLE TIMEFRAME RECOMMENDATION PILLAR 1: ECONOMIC TRANSFORMATION Incomplete 1. Apply an innovative approach to MININFRA,(Lead), urban and rural ensure the inclusive elaboration RHA, CoK and Districts planning of urban and rural planning documents documents and their (masterplans, implementation (e.g local land unconventional approach for road development demarcation and construction) plans, land subdivision plans) Non-alignment of 2. Ensure a coordination mechanism MININFRA (Lead), land use and when elaborating land use, and MINILAF, MoH, MoE, REG, urban/rural urban/rural planning documents MINAGRI, MINEDUC, planning and other development strategies RDB, WASAC RHA, City document and 3. Ensure a mechanisms to enforce of Kigali and Districts inadequate master plan compliance implementation 4. Ensure the implementation of the recommendations from urban planning and building audits Scattered 5. Operationalize technical MININFRA (Lead) innovative plans committee on human settlement MINALOC of secondary with TOR‟s that include a City of Kigali cities component on urbanization and Secondary development 6. Include Vice Mayors of CoK and MINALOC Cities Growth SCs in above technical committee (Lead) 7. Establish city management office in the structure of SC Districts to coordinate all plans and activities Peri-urban sprawl 8. Improve citizen participation in Districts (lead), the development of land use and MININFRA, MINALAF, urban planning documents MINALOC, RHA, RLMUA Strategic urban 9. Give attention and support to MINALOC (Lead), areas not having strategic urban areas that are not MINECOFIN,MININFRA, special attention SC‟s, such as Ngoma and Karongi, RHA, MINILAF based on a National Human Settlement Framework 10. Reinforce capacities of SC Districts to fulfill their mandate SCs not yet 11. Ensure alignment of District Districts (Lead), attractive to Development Strategies (DDSs) MININFRA, MINALOC, potential with District potentialities RHA, MoE and CoK investors 12. Support Districts to implement green and smart city concepts 13. Support Districts to identify projects and project funding in multiple-stake partnerships (PPP) 91 ITEM ISSUE RESOLUTIONS/ RESPONSIBLE TIMEFRAME RECOMMENDATION No plans in 14. Establish, operationalize and MINECOFIN (Lead), finance sector to facilitate mechanisms that help DISTRICTS MINALOC, enhance increase District-own revenues generation of District-own revenues OSCs are not 15. Establish institutional and legal MINALOC (Lead), fully performing framework for improved OSC MININFRA, RHA, COK operation and coordination and Districts 16. Regularly increase the capacities in District OSCs (human, equipment and logistic facilitation) and consider it a high national priority PILLAR 2: SOCIAL TRANSFORMATION Scattered 17. Monitor affordable housing MININFRA(Lead), affordable development initiatives to ensure MINECOFIN, RHA, COK housing their alignment with principles and Districts development and frameworks Affordable initiatives Housing Lack of reliable 18. Establish and maintain updated a RHA (Lead), COK and data needed housing off-takers database for districts, MININFRA about affordable affordable housing units in the housing market and link with developers‟ supply data High cost of 19. SC‟s to prioritize over other MININFRA/RHA & expropriation in projects the identification of districts (Lead), the public suitable sites in inner-urban MINECOFIN, ,RHA, COK interest locations for affordable housing DISTRICTS & RTDA projects and guide Districts with (Lead) MINECOFIN, clear procedures for the securing MININFRA, RHA, COK of such sites for private and PPP investment 20. To develop a plan for the expropriation of properties that are located in reserves for roads that are prioritized for development High cost of 21. Prioritize the necessary research, RHA (Lead), MINALOC, construction and facilitate production of low MININFRA, MINICOM, materials cost local building materials, such UR, RSB, COK, Districts, as Rukarakara NGO‟s 22. Conduct information and awareness campaign of the options using local Rukarakara and wattle-and-daub construction 23. Conduct an affordable housing market survey in the SC‟s and DT‟s Sprawl of 24. Prioritize prevention of informal DISTRICTS (Lead), informal settlement sprawl and the MININFRA, RHA, COK, settlement implementation of the National informal urban settlement 92 ITEM ISSUE RESOLUTIONS/ RESPONSIBLE TIMEFRAME RECOMMENDATION upgrading strategy 25. Collect data and carry out feasibility studies in informal urban settlements to be upgraded 26. Include informal urban settlement upgrading activities in the DDS‟s Rural settlement 27. Districts to prioritize the DISTRICTS (Lead), Rural is not fully development of planned rural MINALOC, MININFRA, Settlement reflected as a settlements (IDP‟s) in each sector RHA, COK priority for to accommodate HH‟s that need Districts to relocate from high risk zones PILLAR 3: TRANSFORMATIONAL GOVERNANCE Urbanization is 28. Urbanization and Rural MINECOFIN not reflected in Settlement Sector to be reflected NST1 the 3rd pillar of in the Pillar 3/ Transformational the current NST Governance, as it is cross-cutting despite being and requires a lot of coordination proposed by SSP and procedural consideration Insufficient 29. Update annually the information NISR (Lead), MININFRA, sources of on the state of Urbanization and MINECOFIN, RHA, Data relevant official Rural Settlement for better MINALOC data progress monitoring, planning and projection Sectoral project 30. Enforce a uniform project MININFRA (Lead), approvals are not planning, approval and monitoring MINALOC Coordination coordinated to procedure that may monitor plan ensure plan alignment and ensure compliance alignment with the urbanization agenda 93 8. References 1) BRD (2016): Financial Stability Report 2015-16 2) GoR (2016): Implementation Aide for District Technical Coordination Committees of the CoK and Districts for conducting Urban Planning and Human Settlement Coordination Meetings (Final Draft) 3) GoR (2015): National Housing Policy 4) GoR (2015): National Urbanisation Policy 5) GoR (2017): National Informal Urban Settlement Upgrading Strategy 6) GoR (2016): Draft National Construction Industry Policy 7) RWANDA CODE FOR 8) GoR (2015): Rwanda Report Habitat III 9) IGC (2017): Housing Demand, Results from Updating the 2012 Housing Demand Model; Presentation document 10) Ilberg, A./Niyonsenga, D. (2015): The Impact of Land Reform on Land Market Activity in Rwanda and Suggestions in Support of Sustainable Urban Development 11) Miller, K. (2015): Supporting Local Economic Development for Secondary Cities in Rwanda, Rwanda Urban Development Program (RUDP), LED Technical Note 12) MININFRA (2016): Urban Planning and Building Audit Report for Bugesera District 13) MININFRA (2016): Urban Planning and Building Audit Report for Nyarugenge District 14) MININFRA (2016): Urban Planning and Building Audit Report for Kicukiro District 15) MININFRA (2017): Urban Planning and Building Audit Report for the City of Kigali 16) MININFRA (2017): Rural Settlement Planning, Design and Rural Character (RSC), Draft 17.10.17 17) MININFRA (2017): Urban Design Code for Central and Nodal Business Districts and Urban Core Mixed Use Areas, Draft 15.11.17 18) NISR (2016): Labour Force Survey 2016-Pilot- 19) NISR (2015): EICV 4 (2013/14) Main Indicators Report 20) Own and Associates Ltd. (2017): Skills Audit in Urbanization Sector in Rwanda 2017 21) The World Bank (2015): Stocktaking of the Housing Sector in Sub-Saharan Africa, Challenges and Opportunities 22) The World Bank Group (2017): Reshaping Urbanization in Rwanda: Economic and Spatial Trends and Proposals, Synthesis Note (Unpublished Draft) 94