Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) for the Republic of Rwanda

1.2 Utilising The steep nature of Rwanda’s Reduction of resource recovery topography coupled with very high methane and reuse through population density (415 inhabitants / emissions from organic waste km2)11 leads to several pressures on landfills composting and natural resources, including land, and wastewater this remains the main reason for land irrigation; degradation. Arable lands also show little tolerance when it comes to climate change effects like heavy rains and draughts. In fact, heavy rains lead to soil 10 Green Growth and climate resilience Strategy, 2011 11 Fourth Population and Housing Census, 2012 Rwanda INDCs - November 2015 - Page 3 of 24 erosion resulting in fertility decline and low productivity. Rwanda intends to promote recovery and reuse of both organic waste and wastewater in order to restore and maintain soil fertility. Organic waste use through composting, currently used at a small scale, will be implemented to reach 100% of the households involved in agriculture production countrywide by 2030. Waste water irrigation, mainly practiced in correction centers under national prisons services will be implemented countrywide by 2030.

1.3 Using fertiliser Rwanda relies on imported inorganic Reduce GHG enriched compost fertilisers for its agriculture emissions from intensification activities. For instance, fertilizer 36000 Mt of these were imported in manufacturing 2014 and these importations are likelly processes to increase in the near future. Although good at increasing yields, intensive use of inorganic fertilisers has adverse impacts to the environment in general and climate change in particular. In contrast, the use of organic fertilisers by composting has many environmental benefits whereby it provides an excellent way to manage the huge volume of organic waste and utilise it in a productive manner. The effectiveness of composted organic waste can be further improved by enriching and blending it with nutrients (Nitrogen phosphorus). This technique ensures a more efficient use of inorganic fertilizers, and adds valuable organic matter to soils, which also maximizes terrestrial carbon in farm soils. Rwanda intends to ensure the use of fertilizer enriched compost and shift from using pure inorganic fertilizers by Rwanda INDCs - November 2015 - Page 4 of 24 2030.

1.4 Mainstreaming Increasing average temperatures, Reduced GHG sustainable pest changes in precipitation and water emissions from management shortage are seen as climate change enteric techniques to aspects that result in pests and diseases fermentation control plant proliferation. parasites and In order to adapt to this, Rwanda pathogens intends to promote sustainable pest management techniques that incorporates a cropping system based on producing multiple crop and fodder yields but which is also designed to control plant parasites and pathogens such as stemborers and striga weed. Rwanda also intends to implement push-pull system using Napier grass and desmodium legume to manage pests under maize, sorghum, millets and rain- fed rice plantations. The main adaptation benefits of the push-pull system are the increase of yields, soil fertility improvement through nitrogen fixation and provision of a continuous supply of fodder to cattle from the harvest of Napier grass and desmodium. Thisimproves milk yields of cattle while reducing methane emissions as a result of improved fodder regimes.

1.5 Soil 90% of Rwanda’s crop land is on slopes Reduced GHG conservation and ranging from 5 to 50% which makes it emissions from land husbandry vulnerable to climate change impacts farm land and like soil erosion leading to permanent increased fertility loss. Rwanda intends to expand carbon sink its soil conservation and land husbandry through agro programmes trough: forestry Installation of land protection structures practices like radical and progressive terraces where these structures will be installed on 100% of the relevant area by 2030; Development and implementation of an intensive agroforestry programme with Rwanda INDCs - November 2015 - Page 5 of 24 a target of covering 100% of arable land by 2030.

1.6 Irrigation and The Rwandan agriculture mainly rain fed Efficient use of water management which makes it vulnerable to weather irrigation water shocks. Rwanda intends to increase reduce investment in irrigated agriculture to nitrogen losses increase production, harness fresh including water resources while ensuring food nitrous oxide security to its population. Under this emissions. action, district irrigation master plans will be designed and small-scale schemes will be developed where possible based on water catchments, and farmer organisations trained in their development. Agricultural land fitted with operational irrigation infrastructure was estimated at 4% of the total land with irrigation potential in 2012. The overall target of the new irrigation programme is to reach 11% by 2030. 2. Agricultural 2.1 Add value to Food stuff distribution faces challenges Reduced GHG diversity in local agricultural when it comes to rural community emissions as a and export products through market places where traded result of using markets processing to meet commodities can be damaged under low carbon its own market extreme weather conditions. Rwanda energy sources demand for food intends to expand local markets by and reduced stuffs; constructing market infrastructure, transport including roofed market facilities, distance. serviceable road and transport networks, developing decentralized village-based agricultural processing centers that incorporate low-carbon sources of energy, such as biogas- digesters and solar driers, and decentralized compost plants. This forms a conduit for agricultural- based trade based on less food miles for regionally and internationally imported food products. Strengthening local markets will also Rwanda INDCs - November 2015 - Page 6 of 24 build economic resilience in rural areas that is less dependent on linear commodity flows of raw goods leaving rural areas unprocessed and without added value. Group based organizations involved in agriculture production and running agro processing facilities were estimated at 10% of the total operating group based organizations in 2014. The target is for this percentage to increase by up to 90% by 2030. Also the installed capacity of agro processing installations is to reach 1,200,000 MT by 2030 from 400,000 MT12 in 2014. In addition, Rwanda targets to have 100% of farmers with access to services for post harvest treatment and storage of food crops and reduce post harvest losses to at least 1% by 2030 from 10.4%, 27.4% and 8.3% in 2014 for maize, beans and rice respectively. The use of solar energy in warehouses will be actively promoted. Forestry Programme of Actions Description and goals/targets Mitigation action benefits 3.Sustainable 3.1Promote The Rwandan forestry sector provides Reduced GHG Forestry, afforestation/refore the main part of the primary energy emissions Agroforestry station of needs (97% of cooking energy) to the through and Biomass designated areas population. Since 2002, there have been sequestration Energy through enhanced consistent gap in wood products supply germplasm and and demand with deficits reaching 12 technical practices million cubic meters in 2009. This deficit in planting and shows how the forest sector is and likely post-planting to remain under pressure.In order to processes; deal with this main issue, Rwanda intends to improve the management of its forest resources by increasing efforts in using quality germplasm, planting 12 Metric Tons Rwanda INDCs - November 2015 - Page 7 of 24 trees at the right time (rain season) and improving post-planting care,. Furthermore, the country intends to use mixed-species approaches which contribute greatly to the achievement of both mitigation objectives and adaptation benefits of ecosystem resilience and biodiversity. Through this strategic action, the country’s target is to achieve an overall 30% sustained forest cover of the total national land surface by 2030 from 28.8% in 2013.

3.2 Employ Land scarcity is a primary constraint to Reduced GHG Improved Forest the expansion of Rwanda’s forest emissions Management for resources. Rwanda should maximize the through degraded forest productivity of its many degraded forest sequestration resources; plantations which present an opportunity to increase biomass supply without converting additional land. By 2030, Rwanda will implement public private partnerships to sustainably managing all forestry plantations through multiyear contracts with forests operators (in cooperatives) who will plant and maintain young plantations until they reach their commercial size. Tourism Programme of Actions Description and goals/targets Mitigation action benefits 4.Ecotourism, 4.1 Maximise Rwanda will promote business Conservation and business tourism conferences in efforts to maximize the Payment for (the largest source distribution and volume of business Ecosystem of export revenues) travelers throughout the year. These Services through strategic efforts will result in increased bed Promotion in conference occupancy at available hotels and Protected Areas management in lodges within Kigali, and subsequent order maximise the visitation to its surroundings including distribution and Volcanoes National Park (VNP), volume of business Nyungwe forest and Akagera National travellers Park Rwanda INDCs - November 2015 - Page 8 of 24 throughout the year Through this strategic action, Rwanda expects business and leisure tourists to increase from 545,000 people in 2012 to 1,262,000 people in 2030. Water Programme of Actions Description and goals/targets Mitigation action benefits 5.Integrated 5.1Establish a Rwanda will integrate management of IWRM is Water Resource national integrated water resources at the district and expected to Management and water resource community levels, define catchment result in Planning management wide responsibilities, cluster catchment improved framework that partner-districts according to sub- water incorporates district catchment regions, and improve resources in and community- understanding of water users within both quality based catchment districts and catchments. and quantity. management; The national framework for IWRM will This will be cascaded down to district and increase catchment levels. To this end, opportunities catchments committees and water for hydropower users associations (WUAs) will be development established and trained at district level thus reducing to cover all the 30 districts by 2030. emissions from Also, detailed catchment management fossil fuels used plans have will be developed and for electrical implemented for all the nine identified power main catchments areas by 2030. generation.

5.2 Develop water To allow precise planning of water resource models, resources and improved allocation, improved Rwanda will develop water balances at meteorological district and catchment levels, supported services, water by hydrological models, improved quality testing, and rainfall monitoring, and a better improved hydro- understanding of agro-meteorology and related information water quality testing. The important management; national water datasets will be identified to enable monitoring of the water balance, model abstraction and future demand. Furthermore, assessments will be undertaken of water resources under a range of climate change scenarios. In this regard, Rwanda INDCs - November 2015 - Page 9 of 24 surface water quality monitoring will be carried out on selected sites of main rivers. All the existing 53 gauging stations will be upgraded to automated real time data stations by 2030.

5.3 Develop a Rwanda will establish a comprehensive National Water National Water Security Plan to expand Security Plan to water storage and irrigation employ water infrastructure, rainwater harvesting, storage and rain water conservation and water efficiency water harvesting, practices. This strategic action brings water conservation together the national policies and practices, efficient strategies for irrigation, water supply irrigation, and other and sanitation, IWRM and energy. In water efficient this regard, an assessment of the technologies. current water storage capacity will be carried out and the improved water storage will be the main outcome of the assessment with reference to the IWRM subsector strategic plan. Rwanda will also implement the water resources master plan which identified potential sites for multipurpose dam construction countrywide for improved water storage. In addition to the detailed design for one of the identified, others will be initiated and finished by 2030. Rainwater harvesting will also be mandatory and will be made an integral part building codes by 2030. Land use Programme of Actions Description and goals/targets Mitigation action benefits 6.Integrated 6.1 Employ an Given the size of the country and its Combined approach to integrated very high demographic pressure, actions under Sustainable Land approach to competition for land will continue to this Use Planning and planning and grow with increasing pressures from programme will Management sustainable land agriculture and livestock making land result in use management; resources more vulnerable to climate availing more change impacts. Encroachment on land space sensitive areas will persist until land which might be Rwanda INDCs - November 2015 - Page 10 of 24 reforms are completed. Rwanda will converted to implement rigorous planning and zoning others uses regulatory framework to manage the such as new changing demands on land. In addition forest to initiatives like systematic land plantations registration and implementation of land thus serving as tenure regularization reform. Rwanda carbon sink. intends to reduce the plot size for single family houses from current 600 m2 to 300 m2 by 2016 and to 225 m2 by 2030. 6.2Improve Rwanda will develop National Spatial This strategic spatial data by Data Infrastructure (SDI) to manage the action will harnessing ICT nation’s land information resources and result in better and GIS to identify the fundamental datasets estimations of (Geographic required to manage land and water GHG emissions Information resources, monitor land use and from land use, System) environmental change, support land use technology; economic development, and enable change and Rwanda to better plan, monitor, and forestry thus respond to the impacts of climate improving change. It is planned that the planning and establishment of the National Spatial implementatio Data Infrastructure will be operational n of specific by 2030. mitigation actions for the same sector. Cross cutting Programme of Actions Description and goals/targets Mitigation action benefits 7.Disaster 7.1 Conduct risk Specific risk and vulnerability Management assessments and assessments are key for better planning vulnerability and implementation of relevant mapping adaptation actions. In addition to the countrywide vulnerability index that was completed recently, Rwanda will conduct risk assessments and initiate Rwanda INDCs - November 2015 - Page 11 of 24 vulnerability mapping to develop effective disaster management systems. Risk assessments will be conducted and completed countrywide by 2030. Every five years, Rwanda will be updating the recently developed climate change vulnerability index as to reflect the real situation of vulnerability to Climate change at any given time in the country. In addition, other assessments (such as national communication) with a vulnerability assessment will be conducted periodically.

7.2 Establish an Rwanda is exposed to climate related integrated early- disasters like droughts, floods and warning system, landslides. In addition to existing and disaster disaster management initiatives mainly response plans focusing on preparedness, assessment, mitigation and disaster reduction , Rwanda will establish and early- warning system in order to prevent the impact of natural climate disasters on humans. Rwanda will also improve its capacity in disaster preparedness and mobilization and distribution of relief to populations affected by specific disaster events. 8.Climate data 7.3 Employ Rwanda will implement the following and projections community-based community based DRR activities: disaster risk improved farming techniques that reduction (DRR) mitigate flood and landslide impacts; programmes first aid training; and environmental and designed around public health awareness for disease local prevention, particularly following flood environmental and storm episodes. In order to reduce and economic locally-specific hazards, relocation from conditions, to high risk zones is considered as one of mobilise local the strategic actions. In addition to capacity in households previously relocated from emergency high risk zones, Rwanda will relocate response, and to additional 30 000 households by 2030. Rwanda INDCs - November 2015 - Page 12 of 24 reduce locally- specific hazards

8.1 Improve Rwanda will establish of additional observation observations in order to provide climate facilities to information necessary for future provide all climate monitoring, climate trend detection, information management of climate variability, early necessary for warning and disaster management by future monitoring, upgrading and maintenance of existing climate trend stations and calibration of detection, meteorological instruments including management of weather radar. climate variability, early warning and disaster management MITIGATION CONTRIBUTION Timeframe up to 2030 Type of Emission reductions from projected emissions resulting from the deviation of BAU Contribution emissions for the year 2030 based on policies /actions conditional on availability of international support for finance, technology and capacity building. Estimated Estimated impact of policies/actions is underway and will be informed by the Third GHG National Communication Report which will be completed by 2017. emissions reduction Sectors Energy, Transport , Industry, Waste and Forestry, covered GHG covered CO2, N2O, CH4. Mitigation actions Vision for On the road to a low carbon economy, Rwanda aims to achieve Energy Security and a mitigation Low Carbon Energy Supply that support the development of Green Industry and Services and avoids deforestation. Energy Programme Actions Description and targets Adaptation of action Baseline scenario Mitigation benefits scenario 1.Low 1.1 Establishment of In the current Rwanda will Through these carbon new grid connected national energy increase the share initiatives, energy mix renewable electricity mix , fossil fuel of renewable there will be Rwanda INDCs - November 2015 - Page 13 of 24 generation capacity in electricity energy in country creation of off the form of large-scale generation makes power generation farm jobs thus hydro power plants and 32% of the total through increasing solar PV power generation construction of adaptive capacity, with a hydro, solar power capacities of projection of 46%plants and local in 2020 and much methane to communities. more in 2030 electricity power Availed under business asplantshenceshiftin electricity will usual scenario. sg from using fossil create more fuels for its opportunities electricity needs. for diversified Further to this, commercial Rwanda is activities in the committed to construction create a regional industry and interconnectivity services for through example. construction of new transmission lines and sub- stations and will improve/upgrade existing ones This will allow the import of electricity that would be otherwise generated from fossil fuel power plants (diesel or peat power plant) to meet the futute supply and demand for energy. 2.Sustainabl 2.1 Installation of solar Rural Rwanda will Rural e Small Scale PV mini-grids in rural communities establish up to 100 electrification energy communities. depend mainly on solar PV mini-grids will create installation kerosene for their in rural additional Rwanda INDCs - November 2015 - Page 14 of 24 lighting needs, communities, with income wood fuel and total capacity of generating agriculture up to 9.4 MWp activities for residues for their and will establish communities cooking needs. rural productive and lowers zones using some of the electricty for daily energy- increasing the related income generating burdens of potential of rural community communities. members, It will also contribute to the success of forestry management programmes where wood fuels are replaced by electricity 3.Energy 3.1 Increase energy Currently demand Through the Demand side efficiency efficiency through side management energy utility, management and demand demand-side measures is not well Rwanda will and energy side and grid-loss reduction undertaken in establish efficiency management Rwanda and grid dedicated energy initiatives losses are efficiency and would increase estimated at 23% demand side opportunities management unit of more off to oversee the farm jobs. design and implementation of relevant efficiency programs to clip electrical peak demand. The dedicated unit will also be in charge of planning and implementing measures aiming Rwanda INDCs - November 2015 - Page 15 of 24 at reducing grid losses. These are expected to drop from 23% c to 7.8% by 2030. The unit will also investigate expanding and managing bulk procurement and distribution of 13CFLs for residential customers (based on current consumption and end-user affordability) with targeted subsidies for retrofits.

3.2 Promote Biomass is almost Given the fact that Adaptation environmentally wholly relied on poor performing benefits under sustainable use of for cooking and cook stoves are these biomass fuels related uses by still used in most initiatives rely both urban and cases leading to in the fact that rural households. inefficiencies in they will result The single most fuel consumption in reduced important and health effects, deforestation appliance in the Rwanda intends to thus ensuring biomass sector is increase the sustainable the cookstove. diffusion of basic energy This determines improved cook source. Further the efficiency with stoves and reach to this, indoor which biomass is 100% of all airpollution used. Wood fuel households in will be reduced consumption needs 2030. and quality of including charcoal Additional life improved. was estmated at supporting Revenues will

4.2 Mt/year in initiatives are also increase 2010. With mainly the as a result of 13 Compact fluorescent lights Rwanda INDCs - November 2015 - Page 16 of 24 continued installation of 35 energy savings. population growth 000 domestic and urbanisation , biogas digesters this consumption and 15 will exceed institutional biogas 11Mt/year by digesters annually, 2030 under the and increasing business as usual average charcoal scenario. yields up to 50% by 2030. In addition, Rwanda will enhance the use of LPG14 through tax reductions on importations. Transport Programme of Actions Description and targets Adaptation action benefits Baseline scenario Mitigation scenario 4.Efficient 4.1 Bus Promotion The Rwandan A high rate Increase of resilient of public transport, transport sector is increase in climate transport improvement of experiencing a population of resilience by system transport rapid growth of vehicles and light creating infrastructure, vihicles population duty vehicles affordable, setting vehicles’ and an increase in would lead to the reliable and emission standards light duty vehicles high GHG emission accessible and regulations and equipped with scenarios in the transport integrated national (post-1998 era) 3- future as services to the transportation way catalytic explained in the community. planning converters. It is BAU. To avoid expected that these emissions, under the busines By 2030, Rwanda as usual scenario, will implement the the annual following increase in actions:Constructi population on of central Bus vehicles will reach Terminal(s) and 16.5% from 12% Customer Service 14 Liquefied Petroleum Gas Rwanda INDCs - November 2015 - Page 17 of 24 while light duty Centers vehicles will inKigali,Standardiz increase 20% by ed Route 2030. Optimization planning and implementation,Pl anning, rehabilitation and construction of intra-modal passenger terminals, Construction of 17 km BRT main corridor and 6 modern interchanges which will results in GHG emissions reductions estimated 1,260,000 tCO2e.Constructio n of dedicated “rush hour” high speed bus lanes, Improvement of traffic and pedestrian controls and street lighting using solar pannels Enforcing Fleet renewal and scrappage (heavy, medium, mini- bus), Setting emission standards (equivalent to Euro standards) Rwanda INDCs - November 2015 - Page 18 of 24 for new vehicles, Use of higher fuel efficiencies and low carbon technologies for new vehicles, Standardized compliance and inspections for non-Rwandan registered vehicles,Integratio n with International Airport and convention/busine ss center. Industry Programme of Actions Description and targets Adaptation action Baseline scenario Mitigation benefits scenario 5.Green industry 5.1Scale up Industrial Under the These and private resource efficiency emissions are mitigation initiatives will sector to reduce energy mainly resulting scenario, Rwanda lower development demand in agro from non efficient is committed to consumption of processing technologies that achieve energy wood fuels industries are being used by efficiency by thus sustaining plants during the starting with agro- adaptation production processing roles of forests. process. As industries as large Rwanda pursues consumers of industrialization wood fuels. By and 2030, Rwanda development,unde intends to avoid r the BUA total GHG scenario, the emission industrial sector is reductions of expected to be the 146,000 tCO2e fastest growing from Tea and sources of GHG Coffee industries. emissions. This action will Rwanda INDCs - November 2015 - Page 19 of 24 focus on e energy efficiency improvements through the installation of less energy intensive equipments and technologies for drying, roasting packaging, improvements of water efficiency through loss minimization, recycling and reuse.

5.2 Establishment Rwanda has Rwanda will of Eco-industrial prioritized the establish Eco- park of Green development of Industrial Parks / Industry complex industrial parks Green Industries and special Complex where economic zones following (SEZs) for export principles will be oriented markets. applied: Development of The production of such industrial goods and services parks will require in the industrial significant energy park must, at a and the concept of minimum comply establishing green with defined industrial parks standards; will focus on Any CO2 emissions reducing the that remains after carbon footprint of consideration of goods produced in heating, cooling, these industrial fixed lighting and zones through a ventilation must greater use of be less that or renewable, energy equal to a pre efficient defined carbon technologies and compliance limit. Rwanda INDCs - November 2015 - Page 20 of 24 shared resources. Any remaining CO2 emissions, from regulated energy sources must be reduced to zero The actual emission reduction potential can vary greatly based on the actual level of low carbon technologies implemented and in implementing “zero-carbon” principle, the emission reduction potential can be as high as 80-100% compared to a baseline based only on carbon intensive energy source. Waste Programme of Actions Description and targets Adaptation action Baseline scenario Mitigation benefits scenario 6.Implementatio 6.1 Utilization of Under the BAU, With respect to Creation of off n of Low carbon urban waste as a the waste sector the urban waste farm jobs urban systems high value resource will undergo management By during the stream substantial growth 2030, Rwanda is implementatio in the future based committed to n and on expected achieve the operation population growth following : phases thus and urbanisation. Development and enhancing The majority of implementation of climate solid waste landfill regulations resilience collected in urban in all urban areas , capacity of areas is centrally Extraction and local Rwanda INDCs - November 2015 - Page 21 of 24 deposited. With utilization of communities this continued Landfill Gas (LFG) trend the expected for power baseline scenario generation; of annual GHG approximately emissions from 586,000 tCO2e will landfills will be be reduced from high. this action. Forestry Programme of Actions Description and targets Adaptation action Baseline scenario Mitigation benefits scenario 7.Sustainable 7.1 Mandate In 2012 Rwanda Rwanda will apply Most notable Forestry, Agro licensing of had a sink (or a Sustainable benefits forestry and sustainable charcoal negative Charcoal Value resulting from emissions) of - Biomass Energy production Chain to reduce this measure 2,540,000 tCO2e. techniques It is difficult to the demand of are mainly; directly predictwood in charcoal improved forest the future use of production and productivity, wood resources or downstream improved BAU, due toactivities, leading access to various streams of to a potential net efficiently use, therefore the reduction in wood produced mitigation (sink) potential use is of domestic fuels, derived for the approximately jobs creation, savings of wood 5,770,000 t and potential resources not between 2016 – lower fuel used under 2030 (equal to (charcoal) cost. alternative 5,770,000 tCO2 emission saved). scenarios. Fairness, equity, ambition and means of implementation (cross-cutting for both mitigation and adaptation) Fairness, equity Rwanda is part of the Least Developed Countries and has a low human and ambition development index according to the Human Development Report 2014. The country is still facing social and economic challenges addressed in the Economic Development and Poverty Reduction Strategy (2013 - 2018). Adaptation is the first priority of the country due to high vulnerability of key economic activities such as agriculture, energy and forestry. In addition, Rwanda has one of the lowest GHG emissions per capita in the world estimated at 0.99 Rwanda INDCs - November 2015 - Page 22 of 24 tCO2eq/person (2013)15. It should also be noted that the net emissions of Rwanda as per second national communication (emissions net of sequestration) were negative in 2005. Despite this, Rwanda has established mitigation targets in different sectors through its Green Growth and Climate Resilience Strategy and mainstreamed Green Economy in its Economic Development and Poverty Reduction Strategy. In this context, Rwanda considers that its Contribution is equitable and ambitious. Planning Rwanda's INDC has been developed taking into consideration various national processes guiding documents, including Green Growth and Climate Resilience Strategy (2011), Vision 2020, Economic Development and Poverty Reduction Strategy 2 (2013 - 2018), Sustainable Energy for All (2015 - 2030), and others. The development of this INDC was achieved through a participatory and transparent process through stakeholder consultations and workshops. Means of The Government of Rwanda already spends a substantial portion of its annual Implementation budget on infrastructure and the provision of social services, which contribute to low carbon and build climate resilience. However, the full implementation of this INDC will require predictable, sustainable and reliable support in the form of finance, capacity building and technology transfer. The initial costing of implementing the green growth and climate resilience strategy indicated that Rwanda will need 24.15 Billion USD in the sector of Water resource management, Agriculture and Energy up to 203016. Costing of the remaining sectors will give the clear indication of financial needs. Rwanda successfully completed its Technology Needs Assessment (TNA). Elements of Rwanda's TNA process included institutional arrangements for TNA, extensive stakeholders' involvement and consultations, prioritization of sectors, barrier/market analysis and Technology Action Plans (TAP). Prioritized sectors in Rwanda's TNA were agriculture and energy. Monitoring and The Republic of Rwanda through the Ministry of Natural Resources hold the reporting responsibility to monitor and evaluate the implementation of INDCs through progress and regular statutory stakeholders' consultative engagement including the MRV Environment and Natural Resources Joint Sector Review (JSR) meetings. This will 15 The Republic of Rwanda Statistical Yearbook 2014 16 Report on Costing of Green Growth and Climate Resilience Strategy Rwanda INDCs - November 2015 - Page 23 of 24 ensure the effective updating and implementation of both mitigation and adaptation plans. Institutional At the institutional level, the Ministry of Natural Resources (MINIRENA) is the arrangements Ministry responsible for formulating and monitoring national policies related to climate change and environment, while the Rwanda Environment Management Authority (REMA) is the official organ responsible for implementing national policies and strategies related to climate change and environment. A successful implementation of this INDC requires a close coordination and collaboration between MINIRENA, REMA and all potential stakeholders incuding the private sector, civil society and public institutions including Ministry of Agriculture and Animal Resources, the Ministry of Trade and Industry, Ministry of Local Government, the Ministry of Infrastructure, Ministry of Education, Ministry of Health, the Ministry of Finance and Economic Planning, Ministry of Disaster Management and Refugee Affairs, Rwanda Meteorology Agency, National Institute of Statistics, Rwanda Development Board, Rwanda Standards Board, Rwanda Agriculture Board; Rwanda Energy Group; Water and Sanitation Corporation; Rwanda Natural Resources Authority; Rwanda Biomedical Centre; Rwanda Transport Development Agency; Rwanda Housing Authority; Rwanda Revenue Authority; National Industrial Research and Development Agency; research centers and Universities. In order to coordinate and monitor the implementation of the adaptation and mitigation actions in the different sectors, Rwanda has set up different bodies and operationalized institutional arrangements, namely the Green Economy Technical Coordinating Committee and the National Fund for Environment and Climate change (FONERWA) as a national green fund to mobilize additional internal and external climate funds. In addition, MINIRENA has been accredited as implementing entity for Adaptation Fund and Green Climate Fund (GCF) while REMA has been nominated as national designated authority for GCF. These institutions are based on a sectorwide approach and work closely with development partners, civil society, academia and the private sector. Participation in The Government of Rwanda intends to sell carbon credits during the period to international contribute towards achieving its Green Growth and Climate Resilience Strategy. market Rwanda will also participate in other international emissions reduction mechanism and mechanisms such as the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM), Nationally other emission Appropriate Mitigation Actions (NAMAs), and the mechanism for Reducing reduction Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD+). Rwanda supports mechanisms the development of effective accounting rules under the UNFCCC to guarantee the environmental integrity of market mechanisms. Rwanda INDCs - November 2015 - Page 24 of 24