Five-year Strategic Plan for the Environment and Natural Resources Sector (2009-2013)

1.1 GENERAL BACKGROUND ............................................................................................................................... 1 1.2 IMPORTANT DIFFERENCES WITH PAST POLICY AND PLANNING FRAMEWORKS................................................ 1

1.4 THE STRATEGIC PLANNING PROCESS............................................................................................................. 5

1.5 DOCUMENT STRUCTURE................................................................................................................................ 5 2. ENVIRONMENT AND NATURAL RESOURCES GOVERNANCE FRAMEWORK ............................ 7

2.1 POLICY FRAMEWORK..................................................................................................................................... 7

2.1.1 Overall Policy Context.............................................................................................. 7

2.1.2 Regional and International Commitments ............................................................ 10

2.1.3 Sector and cross sectoral policies .......................................................................... 13

2.1.3.1 Key Sector Policies .............................................................................................. 13

2.1.3.2 Key Cross-Sector Policies .................................................................................... 16

2.2 THE EDPRS STRATEGIC FRAMEWORK AND THE POSITION OF ENR ............................................................. 20

2.2.1 General.................................................................................................................... 20

2.2.2 Legislative Frameworks ......................................................................................... 24

2.3.3 INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK................................................................................................................... 24

3.0 SECTOR AND SUB-SECTOR PERFORMANCE REVIEW .................................................................. 26

3.1 STATUS AND TRENDS .................................................................................................................................. 26

3.1.1 Backward looking analysis .................................................................................... 26

3.1.2 Forward Looking Analysis ..................................................................................... 27

3.2 SECTOR SWOT ANALYSIS .......................................................................................................................... 31

3.2.1 Summary of the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats for the sector . 1

3.2.2 Major Strengths and opportunities .......................................................................... 1

3.2.2 Major Challenges ..................................................................................................... 4

4.0 THE ENR SECTOR STRATEGY 2008 - 2012 ......................................................................................... 6

4.1 MISSION AND OBJECTIVES .................................................................................................................... 6

4.2 SECTOR STRATEGIES, ACTIONS AND EXPECTED OUTCOMES .......................................................................... 7

4.3 SECTOR PROGRAMMES AND SUB-PROGRAMMES ................................................................................... 8

4.3.1 Integrated Land Management Programme ............................................................. 8

4.3.3. Forest Management and Afforestation Programme .............................................. 9

4.3.4. Sustainable mining and mineral development ..................................................... 10

4.3.5 Cross-cutting Interventions/ activities ................................................................... 10 5. THE SSP IMPLEMENTATION FRAMEWORK ................................................................................. 12

5.1 INSTITUTIONAL ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES ........................................................................................... 12

5.1.1 Central Government Ministries and Agencies ...................................................... 12

5.1.2 Local Governments and other Decentralised Entities .......................................... 15

5.1.3 Civil Society organisations (NGOs, CBOs,..) ........................................................ 16

5.1.5 Donors and other Development Partners .............................................................. 16

5.2 MONITORING AND EVALUATION FRAMEWORK ........................................................................................... 17

5.2.1 Overview of the M&E Framework ........................................................................ 17

5.2.3 ENR Data Management Framework..................................................................... 20

5.3 IMPLEMENTATION STRATEGY ..................................................................................................................... 23

5.3.1 Action Planning ..................................................................................................... 23 ix

5.3.2 Sector-wide Approaches and Sector Coordination ............................................... 23

5.3.3 Information Management Strategy ....................................................................... 24

5.3.4 Institutional Capacity Building Support ............................................................... 24

5.3.5 Resources Mobilisation and Management Strategy.............................................. 25 6. COSTS, FINANCING AND FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT .................................................................... 26

6.1 COSTS AND COSTING OF PLANNED ACTIVITIES ................................................................................... 26

6.2 FINANCING MECHANISMS ................................................................................................................... 26 6.3 RESOURCES ALLOCATION AND FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT ARRANGEMENTS ............................................. 28

6.3.1 Medium Term Expenditure Framework (MTEF) ................................................ 28

6.3.2 Annual Performance Assessment .......................................................................... 30

6.3.3. Public Expenditure Review (PER)........................................................................ 30 7. RESULTS MATRIX/ LOGICAL FRAMEWORK ..................................................................................... 31 REFERENCES .................................................................................................................................................... 32 8. ANNEXES ....................................................................................................................................................... 33 ANNEX 1. RESULTS MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK FOR THE ENR SECTOR STRATEGIC PLAN............................. 34 ANNEX 2: LINKING SECTOR PRIORITIES AND TARGETS TO MTEF (THROUGH BUDGET PROGRAMMES) ............ 41 ANNEX 3. LINKING PROGRAMME BUDGET ESTIMATES TO MTEF ..................................................................... 44 x 1. INTRODUCTION AND GENERAL CONTEXT

1.1 General Background Socioeconomic and Political context Fourteen years after the horror of genocide and in the face of enormous socioeconomic and geopolitical challenges, Rwanda has recorded major achievements in restoring peace and security, reviving the basic tenets of the state; rehabilitating the social and economic infrastructure, resettling returnees and displaced persons, and reconciling the population deeply torn by the legacy of misrule. Indeed, by 2000, the emergency period had ended and the Government of Rwanda (GoR) embarked on a long term development process. The first poverty reduction strategy paper (PRSP 1) was elaborated in 2001 and implemented during 2002-2005; formal policy and strategy papers were formulated to guide sector activities and public expenditure allocation. Rwanda’s natural resource endowment has been and continues to be the mainstay of its economy and the livelihoods of most Rwandans. Nonetheless, significant challenges are evident – the environment and natural resource base had been severely degraded; yet poverty and vulnerability still define the lives of most Rwandans. In addressing these challenges, the GoR, however, faces significant bottlenecks, viz: x land degradation exacerbated by high population pressure on agricultural land, lack of alternative livelihood sources, and deforestation; x scattered informal settlement both in urban and rural areas, which make it difficult to extend services such as water and sanitation, exacerbate the problems of soil erosion and increase vulnerability to disasters such as landslides, floods, epidemic outbreaks; x declining quantity and quality of water resources amidst increasing needs for domestic, commercial, industrial use as well as ecosystem maintenance; x inadequate application of scientific and technological innovations.

1.2 Important differences with past policy and planning frameworks 1. Addressing post-genocide ENR challenges including rehabilitation of degraded ecosystems and facilitating reorganisation of rural and urban settlements. One of the most outstanding post-genocide challenges that Rwanda continues to grapple with is the impact of the conflict on the environment and natural resources, and to ensure that Rwanda’ natural resources are managed in a manner that addresses the overwhelming and ever increasing needs for food, fibre and fuel, while maintaining the regulating and protective functions of the country’s diverse ecological systems1. Forest, wetlands and wildlife resources were destroyed; the few water and sanitation systems broke down, terraces were abandoned or destroyed. Closely connected to this is a challenge of having to reconcile and manage the multiple often conflicting needs of different sectors, as the country embarks on the long road to development. 2. Changing resource management paradigm to support sustainable economic productivity and social wellbeing through enhanced ecosystem functioning: Despite its favourable agro-climatic conditions, Rwanda’s topography (steep hills with often shallow soils) and socio-demographic pressure have conspired to constrain future agricultural development. Yet agriculture still contributes a substantial 39% of GDP (as of 2005), employs the majority (about 88%) of the economically active population and is the main source of foreign exchange2. To resolve such dilemma, interventions for rural poverty reduction and economic transformation will focus on addressing such barriers and investing in non- agricultural livelihood and economic options, and innovative approaches to managing land and other natural resources as key focus areas of this strategic plan. Tourism, the fastest growing sector of the economy, and the arts and crafts (including the famous baskets – Uduseke) are also largely based on biodiversity, while mineral exports have increased as a result of more mineral exploration. Environmental changes such as climate variations have continued as potential threats to people’s livelihoods (floods, drought, erratic rains,..), undermining the poverty reduction and economic transformation efforts. The only realistic interventions in this regard lie in clear, comprehensive home-grounded policy and strategic investments in the sector. This is what makes this ENR strategic plan a key pillar of the EDPRS. 3. Reinforcing national priorities through recognition of ENR as important to development One of the main lessons learnt in the PRSP 1 implementation is the detrimental effects of ignoring or under-prioritising environmental and natural resources (ENR) sustainability issues in the development process, particularly for countries like Rwanda which are heavily dependent on natural resources. During and subsequent to the PRSP 1, it became clear, through a series of studies3 and other policy relevant forms of evidence, that socioeconomic transformation in Rwanda cannot be realised without primarily addressing environmental challenges. Subsequently, ENR issues were accorded a high priority in the next national medium term development plan, the EDPRS (Economic Development and Poverty Reduction Strategy). Thus, the need for this Strategic Plan has arisen out of the GoR commitments to address environmental and natural resources sustainability concerns, both from the national and 1 Regulating functions of ecosystems most pertinent to Rwanda include erosion and flood control; pollution management; preservation of genetic resources, and mitigation of drought and climate mitigation. 2 Coffee and tea exports are still the main exports, earning up to 80% of Rwanda’s total annual export revenues. 3 Recent studies linking poverty to environmental degradation include the Poverty-Environment Mapping (2005), the Bugesera Integrated Ecosystem Assessment (2006/7), the Economic Analysis of Rugezi Wetlands (2007) and a series of other studies undertaken under the GoR/UNDP-UNEP Poverty and Environment Initiative. 2 international perspectives. From the national perspective, the EDPRS is growth-oriented compared to the previous PRSP I, and therefore more focussed on productive sectors (agriculture, tourism, industry, trade, energy, mining, infrastructure,..) which present a potential for increased exploitation of natural resources and hence the need to step up socially acceptable and environmentally sustainable resource use plan. Internationally, the GoR aims to fulfil its commitments to the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) and Agenda 21 developed at the Earth’s Summit in Rio De Jenairo and reviewed in Johannesburg, South Africa in 2002. Hence, this strategic plan is designed to facilitate rational and equitable use of natural resources and ensure that development targets are met through balanced and sustainable approaches to the use of national resources. It aims to facilitate and enable optimal, productive and sustainable ENR use and management, rather than control. 4. The ENR Strategy builds on existing initiatives but many things will be done differently…. The basic tenets of ENR management – organic legislations and institutional structures - are in place, and the foundation for most of the planned strategic interventions is already developed. Nonetheless, because of the changing context, this strategic plan particularly departs from the previous strategy in the following respects: i). Holistic approach - greater recognition and inclusion of non state actors by delineating the sector to cover all ENR issues and actors rather than a narrow focus on public sector institutions responsible for ENR functions. This will facilitate progressive shift towards the Sector-wide Approach (SWAP); ii). Pays more attention to cross-sectoral issues and linkages, because it recognises that environmental degradation and natural resource scarcity are a result of actions by other sectors and are felt more by other sectors, hence it takes on the twin roles of facilitating / supporting natural-resource based production and regulating behaviour and practices. It is in this respect that the greater task of REMA and other institutions will be to mainstream environmental sustainability issues into other sectors’ strategies, action plans and budgets, and effectively monitor to ensure translated into real results; iii) Prioritising sectoral coordination and coherence – the sector recognises the inextricable links between ENR, poverty and economic transformation, and has included programmes to build capacity in this respect, to ensure sectoral coherence and synergy among its sub-sectors, as well as cross-sectoral collaboration. The ENR strategic plan is also made comprehensive enough to be used as an instrument to mobilise and allocate resources from national and external sources. iv) Sensitivity to and compliance with decentralisation – this SSP is grounded in the decentralised service delivery framework as laid out in the Decentralisation Policy of May 2000. It envisages and allocates policy implementation responsibilities to local governments and community-based actors. The central level actors (ministries, agencies,..) will concentrate on policy analysis and strategic planning issues, including monitoring and capacity building support, as envisaged in the decentralisation policy. 3 In a way, this plan will further consolidate initiatives in decentralised ENR management. All projects designed to implement the plan will address decentralisation challenges. v) Results based framework - this SSP establishes clear mechanisms to link resources to results (at the outputs and outcomes level). For this reason, the ENR sector will prioritise monitoring, evaluation and feed-back to ensure allocated resources are translated into tangible, sustainable results. vi)Finally, alignment with the EDPRS – in the previous strategy and plan, there was hardly any alignment with the PRSP 1 and the medium term expenditure framework (MTEF). This plan is anchored on the EDPRS pillars and has, to the extent possible, been aligned with other strategic planning initiatives and the MDGs.

1.3 Purpose of the ENR Sector Strategic Plan The overall objectives of the ENR Sector Strategic Plan (SSP) is to ensure that the economic growth and poverty reduction targets of the EDPRS are realised in a manner that is environmentally and economically sustainable. This SSP broadly states the targets and indicative costs, the means for achieving targets (financial and technical resources), implementation modalities, key performance indicators (KPIs) and actions for monitoring and evaluation. The SSP includes a results management framework for tracking resource inputs to activities and outputs, which is linked to the Medium Term Expenditure Framework (MTEF). It is noteworthy that the MTEF provides inputs and facilitates tracking of outputs for the results framework. The process to prepare and implement this strategy is as important as the resulting document itself. The participatory process is an important foundation for mobilizing stakeholders and building synergies for successful implementation. This SSP is being elaborated at the most opportune moment when sustainable ENR management has been recognised as critical to the realization of the EDPRS targets and Vision 2020 aspirations (see table 1). Recognising this fact, the GoR made environment an integral part or a cross-cutting theme in all sector strategies and plans, in addition to being recognised as a fully fledged sector. This plan is inspired by the recognition in the EDPRS that sustainable environmental and natural resource management is integral to economic development, poverty reduction and Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). The EDPRS recognises environment as a cross-cutting issue and as part of a fully fledged ENR sector. This reflects increased appreciation of the environment-poverty-economic development links, although these links are yet to be clearly and widely understood. It also provides opportunity to integrate sustainability principles in sector plans and budgets. Table 1: Environment and Natural Resources underlying causes of Poverty in Rwanda Perceived cause of Poverty % of respondents Links with ENR 1 Lack of land 49.5 Access to land; pressure on other natural resources e.g. 4 encroachment on PAs; 2 Poor , unproductive soils 10.9 Land degradation 3 Drought/weather 8.7 Climate change 4 Lack of livestock 6.5 Organic manure to improve productivity 5 Ignorance (Ubujiji) 4.3 Inappropriate ENR exploitation/ management Inadequate infrastructure 3.0 Improved land productivity, value addition to NRs, 6 alternatives to agriculture; pressure on NRs Inadequate technology 1.7 Improved land productivity, value addition to NRs; 7 alternative econ options 8 Sickness 1.7 Water and nutrition related disease 9 Polygamy 1.2 Pressure on natural resources 10 Lack of access to water 1.1 Water resources 11 Population pressure 0.7 Pressure on land & other natural resources 12 Others 10.6 Total 100.0 Source: MINECOFIN (2007a) in MINECOFIN (June 2007), The EDPRS p14.

1.4 The Thematic Scope of the ENR Sector The environment and natural resources (ENR) sector in Rwanda comprises of water resources, forest resources, land resources including wetlands and rangelands, minerals; wildlife and biodiversity resources, and the environment sub-sector which cuts across various sectors. The ENR sector is politically overseen by the Ministry of Natural Resources (MINIRENA). Other key natural resources (fisheries and wildlife protected areas) are, however, managed under different institutional arrangements4. Rwanda’s ENR governance framework has evolved rapidly since 1994 and is discussed in detail in section 2.3.3

1.5 The Strategic Planning process The preparation of this strategic plan has followed a participatory iterative process. The planning process started with consultations and drafting at sub-sector level, followed by a series of internal technical workshops and meetings to formulate the first draft. This draft was discussed at a retreat organised by MINIRENA in Rubavu, and subjected to expert analysis, review and reformulation of some parts resulting into a final draft. This draft was further subjected to internal review and wider stakeholder validation. Throughout the process, the technical teams have consulted and briefed top policy makers in MINIRENA, whose inputs have been paramount in providing policy and strategic guidance to the overall plan. Hence the approach used emphasised stakeholder inclusion, partnership building and fostering ownership rather than just producing the strategic plan document.

1.6 Document Structure 4 Fisheries is under the Ministry of Agriculture and Animal Resources (MINAGRI; while and Rwanda Office of Tourism and National Parks (ORTPN) which is institutionally overseen by the Ministry of Trade and Industry (MINICOM) under which the tourism sector is. 5 This document is organised in 7 chapters. Chapter 1 outlines the overall context and purpose of the plan; chapter 2 defines the ENR sector and its governance framework in considerable detail, highlighting cross-sectoral linkages; while chapter 3 reviews the sector performance to- date in a way that sets the basis for future strategic direction. In chapter 4, the strategy’s mission, objectives, detailed programmes and sub-programmes are discussed, while chapter 5 presents the implementation framework, including institutional roles and monitoring and evaluation. Chapter 6 presents the cost estimates and financial management mechanisms, and in chapter 7, the results management framework is stated. The detailed logical framework and references are annexed to provide pertinent details to the 5-year strategic plan for the ENR sector. 6 2. ENVIRONMENT AND NATURAL RESOURCES GOVERNANCE FRAMEWORK

2.1 Policy framework

2.1.1 Overall Policy Context The overall development context has been set by the Vision 2020 which was elaborated in 2000 by the GoR as a roadmap for socioeconomic transformation of the country from a poor to a medium income country. This Vision is being realised through a series of medium-term plans. In 2006, the Government of Rwanda (GoR) elaborated the EDPRS (Economic Development and Poverty Reduction Strategy), a five-year national medium term development strategy for the period 2008-2012. The EDPRS builds on the first Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (PRSP 1) that was implemented during 2002-2005. The EDPRS builds on the foundation set by the PRSP 1 especially achievements made and lessons drawn from PRSP I implementation and the relevant annual reviews, to strive towards realising the MDGs and Vision 2020. The strategic framework will guide the implementation of this Strategic Plan and embraces the following:

2.1.1.1. Vision 2020 The Vision 2020 is a policy statement that maps out the long-term development aspirations of the Government and the implications for country’s occupants. It is expresses the economic and social parameters that should characterize the well-being of people of Rwanda by 2020, and the strategies to get there. Formulated in 2000, the Vision 2020 projects, among others, a middle income country with per capita GDP averaging USD 9005, from USD 220 in 2000; and an economy that is knowledge-based as opposed to the present agrarian one. For these aspirations to be realized, the Vision 2020 envisages a well educated and skilled population living in a free and democratic society and a green environment. These aspirations and the strategies to get the country there, have important bearing on how the natural resource base is managed and utilized. Rational utilization of the resources must be a priority across various sectors in order to ensure continued provision of such ecosystem services as water, energy, food, minerals, recreational and intangible ones like regulation of climate modification and protection from natural disasters. Environment, natural resources and the Vision 2020 5 In constant 2000 prices. 7 Environmental conservation and sustainable natural resources management are one of the key pillars of the Vision 2020. Environmental interventions will help realize Vision 2020 objectives, inter alia, by: ƒ reducing the pressure on the natural resource base by creating alternative livelihoods (especially to agriculture where more than 80% of the rural population are employed and on wood resources on which more than 94% of the population depends for energy); ƒ promoting approaches and techniques that encourage sustainable use or exploitation of natural resources through scientific and technological applications, balancing resource supply and demand and raising public awareness on environment; ƒ establishing a governance framework that ensures more equitable, regulated use of natural resources in order to preserve and bequeath to future generations the basic wealth necessary for sustainable development.

2.1.1.2 Seven–Year Government Strategy This programme was designed to implement the Presidential manifesto of 2003-2010. As a political agenda, this plan provides a framework in which the presidential pledges are translated into action through national policies, strategies and action plans. As political programmes guide key national priorities, this strategy is an important tool for sectoral planning and resource allocation.

2.1.1.3 Decentralization Policy and Implementation Strategy Rwanda’s decentralization policy was adopted in May 2001. Important elements of this policy that impact or facilitate natural resources governance include: a) the creation of administrative structures at all levels from district, sector, cell and Umudugudu levels, which would (potentially) facilitate bottom-up planning and effective implementation of ENR policies and laws, as well as facilitate the community –driven interventions in ENR; b) the decentralization policy implementation has empowered communities or at least put in place a framework to empower communities to think and work creatively in solving their own problems including responsibilities for protecting environment, access to and management of natural resources. In any case, natural resources issues are local-specific and are better identified and addressed at the community level and by those most affected. Most of the legislations have been reviewed to conform to decentralization. For instance the National Forest Policy 2004 created RAFNET (Rwanda Agro-forestry Network) as a forum to promote dialogue among national and local level stakeholders, in civil society and private sector involved in forestry activities. The land and environment laws and subsidiary legislations thereto (e.g. the Presidential Order No. 53/01 on the Registrar of Land Titles), create resource governance structures at decentralized levels – from district, sector and cell 8 levels. These structures are also harmonized with existing local administration structures. For instance, Article 27 of this Order requires the Sector Land Committee to report to the Sector Council (Njyanama y’Ümurenge) which is the overall decision making body in the Sector, and in article 30, the Cell Executive Secretary doubles as Secretary to the Land Committee, ensuring that these committees are fully linked with local government structures. In the case of mining, local governance has focused on enhancing cooperatives of artisanal miners to enhance efficiency and profitability of localized small scale operations. However, natural resources governance faces challenges of implementation due to capacity constraints at all levels. Under this plan, a capacity building programme will be implemented for national and local institutions levels to strengthen natural resources governance.

2.1.1.4 The Economic Development and Poverty Reduction Strategy Contributing to the realisation of the EDPRS targets is the underlying objective of this ENR Sector Strategic Plan, as rational management and utilization of natural resources are some of the main thrusts of the EDPRS6. Successful implementation of the three EDPRS flagship programmes is hinged on sustainable ENR management: a) Sustainable Growth for Jobs and Exports will be driven by an investment agenda that targets increased infrastructure, including roads and hydro power developments, increased irrigation to scale up agricultural production in water-scarce areas, value addition to crops and increasing off-farm jobs. b) Vision 2020 Umurenge – is essentially a mechanism to deepen decentralised service delivery and poverty reduction through integrated interventions. Planned integrated activities include labour intensive public works, cooperatives development, and enhancing access to productive skills, etc are largely based on value-addition to natural resources and environmental sustainability; c) Participatory and democratic Governance will provide an anchor for pro-poor growth in many respects, including land tenure reform which aims to guarantee land ownership rights through land registration and titling; and framework for regulation, conflict management and decision making on ENR created at decentralised levels closer to the population (land tribunals, local environment committees, etc). The EDPRS’ strategic focus on productive sectors has important bearing on optimal utilization and sustainable management of natural resources as these sectors largely depend on exploitation of natural resources. Transforming (or adding value to) natural resources, generates waste that can pollute the environment. Some of the resources targeted are summarised thus: 6 See MINECOFIN, June 2007. The EDPRS, 9 9 more water7 is likely to be used for hydropower production and for irrigation of thousands of hectares, as well as for use in coffee washing stations and other industries; 9 more Mega Watts of electric energy will be required to power industries, service facilities like hotels and recreation centres and ICT instalments; 9 mineral exploration and industrial processing, including sand mining and stone quarrying for construction. Rehabilitation of abandoned mines will be of major concern; 9 industry (coffee processing, textiles, grain milling, construction,..), mining and services (hotels) and increased trade, that are expected to increase under the EDPRS, will inevitably result in increased waste generation, which presses a huge burden to municipal and local authorities. Other environmental issues of concern are: ¾ management of chemical fertilisers and pesticides which it is anticipated, will be applied on a larger expanse of farmland including marshlands; ¾ more industrial activity is likely to emit toxic gases and liquid wastes which must be treated, contained or prevented through clean production technologies; ¾ expanding urbanisation and clustered human settlements will require more efficient services particularly retrofit utilities for improved sanitation and solid waste management services, etc. ¾ regulating the increasing exploitation of beaches through clustered settlements and recreational activities along lake shores (especially Muhazi, Kivu,.), by enhancing EIA applications, educating and sensitising stakeholders.

2.1.2 Regional and International Commitments

2.1.2.1 The Millennium Development Goals Rwanda was one of the 198 countries that signed the commitments to achieve the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), which are global targets to halve the numbers of people living in absolute poverty by 2015, using 1990 as the baseline. Poverty in Rwanda has been linked to environment and natural resources related issues (see table 1). Thus, MDGs and their targets have important bearing on the country’s ability to realise the targets set in the EDPRS and those of the natural resources sector. For example, this strategic plan directly contributes to realising MDG 1 (Eradicating extreme poverty and hunger) and MDG 7 (Ensuring environmental sustainability). It also contributes immensely to attainment of MDG 2 (achieving universal primary education), MDG 3 (promoting gender equality and empowering women) and MDGs 4 and 6 (reducing child mortality; combating HIV/AIDS, Malaria and other diseases). These MDG targets demonstrate perhaps more than any other framework, the centrality of the ENR sector to poverty eradication and socioeconomic transformation, as table 1 shows. 7 According to the Energy policy, some 176 small and micro hydropower sites have been identified; while MINAGRI’s PSTA targets to put some more 20,000 Ha of land under irrigation; 10 Table 2. Links between the MDGs and Environment Millennium Development Examples of Links to the Environment Goals Eradicate extreme poverty and Livelihood strategies and food security of the poor often depend directly on healthy hunger ecosystems and the diversity of goods and ecological services they provide. Achieve universal primary Time spent collecting water and fuel-wood by children, especially girls, can reduce education time at school. Promote gender equality and Poor women are especially exposed to indoor air pollution and burdened by water empower women and fuel-wood collection. They also have unequal access to land and other natural resources compared to men. Reduce child mortality Water-related diseases – malaria, dysentery, diarrhoea and cholera- are the most common ailments reported in health centres in Rwanda; and the main cause of mortality among infants and children. Improve maternal health Indoor air pollution and carrying heavy loads of water and fuel-wood adversely affect women’s health and can make women less fit for childbirth and at greater risk of complications during pregnancy. Combat major diseases Up to one-fifth of the total burden of diseases in developing may be associated with environmental risk factors – and preventive environmental health measures are as important and at times more cost-effective that health treatments. Ensure environmental Current trends in environmental degradation must be reversed in order to sustain the sustainability health and productivity of the world’s ecosystem Source: UNEP/UNDP/REMA, 2006: Economic Analysis of Natural Resources Management in Rwanda, 2007.

2.1.2.2 Multilateral Environmental Agreements and other Conventions Rwanda has ratified and signed more than 10 International Conventions and Protocols on or related to environment (see Annex 4 for a full list of Conventions and Treaties and Protocols ratified by Rwanda). Rwanda is an active participant in major international multilateral conventions relating to environmental governance, most notably the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and the Convention to Combat Desertification and Drought (UNCDD). As part of the implementation of the 3 Rio Conventions, commonly referred to as Multilateral Environmental Agreements (MEAs), the GoR developed National Strategies and Action plans for each convention viz: the National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan (NBSAP) 2003, National Plan of Action (NAPA) for climate change adaptation 2006, and National Action Plan (NAP) for combating desertification. These strategies and action plans reflect national priorities for ENR that are inline with the EDPRS priorities.

2.1.2.3 New Partnership for Africa’s Development Rwanda is an active participant in the African Union’s New Partnership for Africa’s Development (NEPAD), as evidenced by existence of a fully fledged NEPAD Secretariat in the Office of the President and the fact that together with Ghana, Rwanda was the first country to subject its governance process to the APRM (African Peer Review Mechanism) in 11 June 20058. Investing in environmental and natural resources and sustainability is one of the priority programmes of NEPAD (Rwanda NEPAD, 2005). Another area where NEPAD is expected to influence this SSP is the Agricultural Transformation Strategy (PSTA II) which has also been driven by the GoR’s commitment to the NEPAD’s 2003 Maputo Declaration that committed African Governments to increase public funding for agriculture to at least 10% of public expenditure budget. The implication on sustainable ENR management, particularly land, water and energy resources use will be unprecedented. Hence, this plan has to respond to such emerging issues.

2.1.2.4 The Nile Basin Initiative Rwanda is an upstream member of the 10-country Nile Basin Initiative (NBI)9. With more than 80% of its population being located in the basin, and being an upstream member of the basin, the NBI’s programmes and policies are invaluable to the country’s development. One of the 8 Subsidiary programmes of the NBI, the NELSAP (Nile Equatorial Lakes Subsidiary Action Programme), is hosted in Rwanda. These programmes significantly affect Rwanda’s natural resources management framework, including management of transboundary environmental resources management are an integral part of the strategy.

2.1.2.5 East African Community Protocols and Strategies Rwanda has been a member of the East African Community (EAC) since November 2006 when it was admitted along with Burundi. Consequently, it is signatory to its protocols including the Lake Victoria Basin Commission (LVBC), an organ of the EAC that is primarily charged with coordinating integrated development within the Lake Victoria Basin (LVB). It should be recalled that the LVB was declared an Economic Development Zone by the EAC Summit, and this includes about 80% of Rwanda’s territory.

2.1.2.6 Other Regional Partnership Frameworks Rwanda is strategically located within the Albertine Rift part of the great western rift valley that is characterised by high biodiversity including the endangered Mountain Gorillas. It has recently signed and is hosting the Secretariat for a Trans-boundary Partnership Programme with the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) and Uganda. This partnership has been formed in the context of protecting and conserving the endangered mountain gorillas, whose habitat transcend the borders of the 3 countries, and is the most important source of tourism revenue 8 Rwanda NEPAD, 2005. NEPAD Magazine, Issue No. 004, December 2005 9 NBI was formed in 1999 with the principal objective of promoting sustainable socioeconomic development of the Nile Basin populations through equitable and wise use of the Nile basin’s aquatic and terrestrial resources. 12 for the country. In the same zone, Rwanda is a member of the Great Lakes Economic Community (French acronym CPEGL) that includes Burundi and the DRC.

2.1.3 Sector and cross sectoral policies This section outlines salient issues in the ENR specific sectors as well as cross-cutting sectors.

2.1.3.1 Key Sector Policies 1. The National Environment Policy and strategy: The present national policy for the conservation and protection of environment was enacted in 2003 with the following objectives: ¾ to improve the health of the Rwandan people and promote their socioeconomic development through the sustainable management and utilization of natural resources and the environment; ¾ to integrate environmental aspects into all policies, planning and implementation activities carried out at the national, provincial and local levels, with total participation of the population; ¾ conserve and restore ecosystems and maintain dynamic ecology and systems health especially national biodiversity; ¾ optimize sustainable use of natural resources ¾ sensitize the population on environmental values and the relationship between environment and development; ¾ ensure participation of individuals and communities in activities aimed at improving the environment, with particular attention to women and young people; and to ¾ ensure that the basic needs of Rwandans today and those of future generations are met; The epitome of environmental governance is laid in chapter 7 of the Environment Policy, which provided for the creation of various institutional and judicial arrangements, including: a) the National Environment Council – which is a top policy decision making organ created by law; b) the Environmental authority, the Rwanda Environment Management Authority (REMA) which was created in 2006 and is currently involved in implementing national environmental priorities including building institutional capacity for enhanced execution of national environmental priorities; c) The National Environment Fund (FONERWA) which is expected to be operationalized; d) The Environmental Tribunal as an instrument of conflict resolution; and e) Local Environmental Committees created from District down to Cell levels. It is important to note, however, that these structures are still evolving and not yet sufficiently strong. Building sufficient capacities to enable these institutional organs contribute effectively to sustainable ENR management is a key sub-component of this strategic plan. 13 2. The Land Policy 2003: Despite the fact that land has been the most important economic, social and cultural asset of Rwandans, and has been the thrust of governance challenges for decades, the first comprehensive land policy was only elaborated in 2004. This has formed the basis of on-going land tenure reforms. The overall objective of the national land policy is to establish a land administration and land use management system that guarantees secure tenure for all users, promotes productive and sustainable use of rural and urban land resources and ensures protection of the environment. Very specifically, the land policy seeks to: x Put in place mechanisms which procure security of land tenure for the promotion of investments in land. x Promote proper allocation of land and proper use of land resources, according to their potential. x discourage land fragmentation and promote consolidated use in order to optimize production, by establishing appropriate mechanisms and incentive systems; x Orient land management towards a more profitable and sustainable production, by making good choices among methods of land development. x Promote techniques that protect land resources from all forms of land degradation. x Establish institutional frameworks and regulatory instruments which enable land to become more valuable as an economic asset; x Promote research and public education on all aspects concerning land tenure, management, and transactions. x Streamline and put in place orderly and equitable allocation of land, as well as in land transactions in order to control the pressure on land, inappropriate development and speculation in land markets. x Sensitize the public and promote their active participation at all levels in decision making in order to ensure environmental protection and good practices in land management. x Ensure the sustainable use of wetlands. The policy objectives have been pursued through two broad areas: - land tenure reforms which include registration and titling, and improving land use through comprehensive land resources mapping and suitability assessment. The land policy is important for the sustainable management of environment and natural resources, and indeed the realization of the EDPRS and Vision 2020 aspirations because, it’s the resource base on which all economic, social and environmental development activities are anchored. 3. Water Policy: Rwanda’s water policy emphasizes equitable access to clean water by all; efficient and balanced use on economic production and ecosystem functioning. The GoR’s water resources management vision and strategy envisage a decentralized and participatory management regime in line with the overall governance structure. Under the EDPRS, water resources utilization for growth is expected to increase, as more land will be put under irrigation; more hydro-power generation potential will be exploited; and more industrial activities is anticipated (especially the water-intensive washed coffee processing). Strategic natural water bodies will be exploited for recreation including hotels and other recreation 14 facilities. All these potentially imply more water abstraction that requires a rational management regime. The Water sub-sector policy places emphasis on sustainable and integrated water resources management and development for multipurpose use including increased access to safe water and sanitation services by all and economic and recreational use. Specific areas of intervention over the period of the SSP will be: o Improve water quality management; o Improve natural water resource management; o Reduce cost for delivering water services; o Increase access to safe water supply for the rural and urban population; o Increase water for production; o Protect water sources; o Improve water facility maintenance; 4. Forest Policy: The overall mission of the forest policy is to: a) develop forest resources so as to meet the timber and non-timber forest products needs of the population at domestic and industrial/ commercial levels; b) manage forests to optimize their ecological functions notably soil erosion control, climate regulation and biodiversity conservation; c) promote a forest product based industry to better contribute to the national economy through inter alia promotion of wood processing and non-timber products extraction technologies; and d) establish a strong institutional framework for technical support and supervision of forestry activities in order to improve and sustain the quality of products and services offered. Specifically, the forest policy seeks to achieve the following 10 objectives, all of which are consistent with the overall national medium and long-term development aspirations: o to increase area and diversity of national forestry resources o to improve the sustainable management of forest resources o to scale-up forestry extension and education o to promote value addition to wood and non wood forest products o to promote forestry and agro-forestry research o to reduce consumption of wood by promoting efficient production and consumption technologies as well as step up adoption and use of wood alternatives; o to strengthen the capacity of forestry management institutions responsible for functions; o to quantify, document and disseminate the contribution of the forestry sub-sector to the national economy, and enhance the sub-sector’s position within national priorities. o to strengthen regional and international cooperation in forestry through active participation in international conventions. o to promote gender and other cross-cutting socioeconomic issues into forest management. 15 The forest policy identifies high population growth rates as a threat to the sector’s development as population density is a key driver of deforestation and declining land units available for forestry extension. It also highlights the importance of forestry and agro-forestry in agricultural transformation as forestry activities will be important in controlling soil erosion, increasing land productivity, and improving rural off-farm livelihoods through multiple benefits from agro-forestry and biodiversity conservation. 5. Mining Policy: Before the 1990s civil war, about 10 percent of the country’s export earnings came from mineral commodities. The most important minerals are Colombo tantalite, Cassiterite, and Wolfram (National TDA 2006). After a slump in the mid nineties the sector has continued to grow and it accounted for more than 30% of the country’s exports in 2008. In the context of the EDPRS, the National policy on mining puts emphasis on exploration for minerals, industrial processing of minerals and value addition to minerals as part of exports and national revenue diversification and job creation. Nonetheless, relying on old technologies, inadequate expertise and low investment in research, innovation and value addition, remain serious challenges undermining the expansion of the mining sub-sector. A new mining code which is more investor-oriented has been developed, in addition to the recent establishment of the Rwanda Geology and Mines Authority (OGMR) are part of the GoR’s recent efforts to reform the mining sub-sector, through human resources and institutional capacity building; research and innovation. It is anticipated that investing in research and value addition through industrial processing; mineral mapping and exploration will transform Rwanda’s mineral potential into a real economic sector. The mining policy recognizes the need to work with other closely interfacing sectors namely lands, forests, water and energy and environment, thereby strengthening institutional synergies in natural resources management. Thus, the operationalization of the policy will clearly contribute to sustainable national development.

2.1.3.2 Key Cross-Sector Policies Environment and natural resources (ENR) in Rwanda form a backbone of most social and economic sectors viz: agriculture; trade, industry; health; education; population; good governance; gender and social protection, among others. A review of key sectoral policies and legislation related to environment and natural resources is summarized in the following texts: 1. The National Population Policy 2003: According to the EDPRS, overall population growth and the resulting pressure on land has inevitably placed land tenure and land use management at the center stage of land reform process. While the land resources have attracted particular attention in redistribution of resources to an ever growing population, other resources such as water and forest resources have posed challenges of resource use and distribution. The overarching challenge of the ENR sector, therefore; is how to meet the needs of an ever growing population, who depend on natural resources for virtually every provision – energy, 16 water, housing, and employment. Integrating environment and sustainable natural resources management principles, is one of the underlying strategies of the Population Policy which was reviewed in 2008. As population pressure one of the key drivers of environmental degradation and poverty (REMA et al 2007; MINITERE, 2004)10, the implementation of the population policy especially aspects that address high fertility rates, gender and reproductive health, migration and human settlements, constitute important triggers for sustainable natural resources management. 2. National Agricultural Policy 2004 and Agricultural Transformation Strategy 2005/2008 revised 2008: The National Agricultural Policy 2005 focuses on transforming the agricultural sector from a predominantly smallholder subsistence based to commercial-oriented sector that emphasizes high value non traditional crops and technology-intensive land use. This transformation is being pursued through crop intensification and diversification, land consolidation, and optimal utilization of all arable land through irrigation and fertilizer application. The value-addition objective will be realized through agro-processing and improving the agro-marketing systems. PSTA has been developed in 2005 and reviewed in 2008. Its 4 strategic objectives will be realized through 4 programmes, all of which have implications for ENR management, viz: The PSTA II revolves around programme outcomes: x intensification and development of sustainable production systems (physical resources and food production); x professionalization of producers and other economic agents (producer organizations and extension); x commodity chains and agribusiness development (entrepreneurship- market linkage); x strengthening the public sector and regulatory framework for agriculture (institutional development). The National Agricultural Policy and medium-term transformation strategy has the potential to impact significantly on the use of natural resources, notably land, water, energy and biodiversity, resource degradation and pollution if appropriate mechanisms are not put in place. On the other hand, PSTA will address issues including increasing rural household incomes, scaling-up agricultural and non-agricultural employment and reducing poverty, thereby improving capacity for sustainable natural resources management. There are ample opportunities, through the rural cluster; to coordinate the agriculture and the ENR sector activities to the benefit of sustainable agricultural productivity. The March 2009 Joint Sector Review (JSR) for the agriculture sector field visit reports gave clear evidence efforts towards 10 REMA, UNEP, UNDP, 2007. Bugesera Pilot Integrated Ecosystem Assessment. Final Report; MINITERE 2004) National Land Policy for Rwanda 17 improvements in ENR management as a significant component of agriculture intensification programme supported by PAPSTA11 project. More pertinently, it will be important for the agriculture policy to recognize the role of ENR management to promoting agricultural productivity and deliberately allocate sufficient resources towards ensuring sustainable ENR use. This ENR sector strategy seeks to support implementation of the PSTA with a significant focus on rational utilization and management of ENR to the overall benefit of sustainable agricultural productivity. 3. National Health Policy 2005: According to the National Health Policy (MoH 2005), malaria and AIDS are the two major health problems in Rwanda with significant socioeconomic impacts. Malaria, whose prevalence has increased from 3.5% in 1982 to 48% in 2003, is the leading cause of outpatient attendance (about 50% of all health centre visits are due to malaria) and is the principal cause of morbidity in all provinces of Rwanda (PNLP 2005). Malaria epidemiology and the high incidences of diarrhoea and other water-related diseases, and therefore the health policy have significant implications for ENR management, because of the strong and complex links12. The MoH has elaborated an Environmental Health Policy which is an important recognition of the environment-health links, creating an opportunity for close cooperation between the ENR and health sectors. MINIRENA and REMA will provide technical support in the further refinement and implementation of the environmental health policy. 4. Urbanization and Human Settlements Policy: In the wake of increased land scarcity, and driven by the need to optimize productive land use, Rwanda’s urbanization and human settlement policy 2002 envisaged 40% of the population to live in urban areas by 2020, and the entire population to live in organized clustered settlements (Imidugudu). This policy is expected to free up more land for production, promote rational land use and facilitate cost- effective service delivery to the population. The implementation of the National Settlement Policy (particularly the aspect of Umudugudu) has been revitalized under the Integrated Development Programme (IDP)/ Vision 2020-Umurenge, an important pillar of the EDPRS, and the sector level is the centre of focus. The IDP is an important pillar of the EDPRS. The reorganization of settlements into clustered villages (Imidugudu) encourages rational use of land and natural resources; and will facilitate cost-effective provision of services such as infrastructure, education, security and agricultural extension, and waste management. On the other hand, however, increased urbanization raises challenges of utility supplies (water, energy, 11 PAPSTA is a six year pilot project that supports the implementation of PSTA. 12 The increasing malaria incidences have been attributed largely to climatic factors (rainfall, temperature) resulting from greater population density, population movements and intensive production such as rice farming, brick making and mining, which increase breeding areas for mosquitoes. Malaria is now evident in high altitude areas and other areas where the disease was not previously common, highlighting the link between ecosystem destruction and health. 18 and housing) as well as waste disposal, in as much as it will provide opportunities for alleviating pressure on rural land and biodiversity resources. 5. Energy policy: The National Energy Policy adopted in November 2004 is currently being updated and will set the long-term vision for development and subsequent management of energy resources at the national and local levels. MININFRA acknowledges that increasing access to energy, energy production, diversification of energy sources and improving energy efficiency will require close institutional coordination and partnerships. The energy sector closely coordinates with REMA to ensure environmental impacts (EIAs) are conducted for Energy Projects, although it is widely acknowledged that there is need to promote understanding of the role of EIA in sustainability of energy projects which goes beyond merely fulfilling the regulatory requirement. Moreover the Designated National Authority (DNA) for registering Carbon Credits (Certified Emission Reductions) derived from renewable energy projects under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change is managed by REMA and therefore requires close coordination with MININFRA to ensure successful oversight over the qualifying projects. MINIRENA’s collaboration with MININFRA in ensuring sustainable use of biomass by regulating the exploitation of forest resources and the partnership of the two Ministries in the development of the biomass energy sector is a clear demonstration of growing awareness of ENR in fostering sustainable development. 6. Industrial policy and Investment code: The overall aim of Rwanda’s industrialization policy is to increase value addition to primary production in order to boost exports and create more jobs for the growing population. The main strategy is to develop the private sector (by attracting industrialists, and strengthening SMEs) and improving the operational environment for the business sector. The SSP recognises that in order for Rwanda’s natural resources and environment to be sustainably managed, there is a need to adopt economic and business approaches that provide incentives for sustainability, raise revenue, increase employment as well as increase financial resources for the sector. This approach is based on the idea that the quality of ecosystems underpins sustainability of goods and services on which livelihoods and a big proportion of the country’s foreign exchange earnings13 depend. The pivotal importance of natural resources to the economy should be reflected in policies, strategies and budgets of productive sectors notably agriculture, tourism and industry. These sectors (that depend on organic coffee, tea, horticulture, crafts and arts), and secondary sectors like hotel and hospitality services, should invest in maintaining the quality of biodiversity and ecosystems that support them. How? The first step is to formulate and implement incentive systems and instruments and ensure that they are adequately incorporated into the policies, plans and budgets. The Rwanda Investment and Export Promotion Agency (RIEPA), recently 13 Tourism earnings, mostly from national park visits, amounted to US$..... in 2008, while export of arts and crafts including Uduseke baskets brought in US $ …… during 2007). 19 placed under the Rwanda Development Board (RDB)14, is empowered by law (No. 14/98) as the lead agency for promotion of investment and exports in the country – including encouraging industrial development. It is noteworthy that environmental compliance advisory (especially relating to Environmental Impact Assessment), has been included among the services provided by the RDB, which is an opportunity to promote sustainable ENR management. In order for this to be effective, the environmental compliance component will have to be perceived in terms of value addition, which indeed becomes clearly evident when long term cost- benefit- analysis is factored into business investment planning. 7. Gender Policy: Women constitute 53% of the Rwandan population, and in the post- genocide Rwanda, women are playing a critical role as household heads and economic managers. Women constitute the majority of agricultural workers. They are also most affected by shortage of natural resources such as water and fuel wood, highlighting the strong link between gender and natural resources.

2.2 The EDPRS strategic framework and the position of ENR

2.2.1 General The EDPRS recognises that in order for Rwanda’s natural resources and environment to be sustainably managed, there is a need to adopt economic and business approaches that provide incentives for sustainability, where the sector is managed to raise public revenues, increase livelihood opportunities for communities, and generate incentives for public and private investment in sustainable management of ecosystems. This approach is based on the fact that the quality of biodiversity and ecosystems underpin the continued provision of goods and services on which livelihoods and about 80% of the country’s foreign exchange earnings15 are anchored. This pivotal importance of natural resources in the economy should be reflected in policies, strategies and budgets of the economic sectors that depend on them. This means that policies, plans and budgets of productive sectors such as Agriculture and industry (that depends on organic coffee, tea, horticulture, crafts and arts), and service sectors like tourism and hospitality services including recreation and hotels, should contribute towards maintaining the quality of biodiversity and ecosystems that support them. How? Incentive structures/ systems and instruments will be formulated to undertake natural resources valuation and use the information to inform the planning and budgeting processes. The figure 1 shows the position of ENR sector in the overall national development framework. 14 The Rwanda Development Board (RDB) was established by Law No. 53/2008 of 2nd September 2008, by amalgamating 6 Agencies or functions i.e.: RIEPA, RITA, ORTPN, CAPMER, Rwanda Commercial Registration of Service Agencies, HIDA and the EIA and Compliance Unit of REMA and the Privatisation Secretariat. 15 Tourism earnings, mostly from national park visits, amounted to US$..... in 2008, while export of Uduseke baskets brought in US $ …… during 2007). 20 Figure 1: Visual illustration of the dependency of Key EDPRS sectors natural resources Overall development framework Vision 2020 – medium income, productive & green country; Macroeconomic MDGs 2015 - Management: EDPRS 2012 - - Fiscal policy; GDP; - Environment accounting Human & Social development Other ENR-based - Education & skills; Sustainable industrialisation Services sector - Health (hygiene, x agro-processing - Tourism health insurance) x mineral processing/ value addition - Mining - Non-farm skilled x packaging industries,.. jobs x SMEs /industrial/ domestic goods - Security x Skills development Energy Agricultural x Hydro & geothermal transformation (PSTA) Infrastructures - Highways & feeder roads power x crop intensification - ICTs x Methane gas x hillside & flood plain - Storage & marketing facilities x Petroleum pipeline irrigation - Imidugudu in Rural x solar, geothermal & x smallholder food settlement and Urban Master plans other renewable production - Access to energy, water x wood/ biomass x commercial horticulture and sanitation facilities x peat x livestock production IDP DDPs, Imihigo Access to and environmentally sustainable exploitation of natural resources - Forests and woodlands; wildlife & biodiversity (plants and animals); - Fresh water resources; - Arable land and soils; - minerals & other earth resources; - Clean air 21 Secondly, the SSP also recognises that sustainable environmental and natural resources management hinges on adopting pro-poor approaches – that the poor must be part of and benefit from sustainable natural resources utilisation/management, and that they are shielded from the negative impacts of environmental and/or natural resources degradation. This is based on the well-known and increasingly recognised fact that most of Rwanda’s poor people (both rural and urban) rely heavily on natural resources for their livelihoods, health and security, and have limited alternative options16. What this strategic direction entails is the focusing on the poor through interventions that protect their asset base; continued investment in activities that increase or diversify livelihood opportunities for the poor (e.g. HIMO, SMEs,..); promoting collaborative natural resource management and co-investing with the poor (e.g. collaborative/ joint management of protected areas, community-based tourism, extending urban water and sanitation services to poor areas, etc.); expanding rural infrastructure and opportunities for appropriate technology adoption, and compensating the poor and non poor who invest in sustainable environmental and natural resource management (especially upstream farmers who invest in soil conservation activities such as afforestation, supporting upstream districts and communities who settle in clustered settlements or Imidugudu, land consolidation and watershed protection programmes, among others). The REMA/PEI demonstration project in Rubaya sector, Gicumbi district is a key example of such programmes that will be rolled out. Finally, the SSP recognises that sustainable ENR management is dependent on coordination, partnerships and alliances with other government sectors, development partners, the private sector and the civil society so that the links, goals and objectives are aligned, coherent and focused. The adoption of a Sector-Wide Approach (SWAP), which provides a framework for coordinating all institutions and resources supporting the ENR sector, is considered paramount. Considering the multiple interests and actors within the ENR sector, strengthening collaboration, partnerships, alliances and other innovative efforts of Government and non- government actors including donors, research institutions, cooperatives, civil society groups, and the private sector, will be a top priority. Another important priority of this Plan, will be to strengthen sectoral coordination (intra and inter), develop adequate human institutional capacity to analyse policy issues, elaborate appropriate strategies and plans; mobilise sufficient funding; deploy resources appropriately and use and account for them efficiently; follow-up and guide the implementation of ENR activities. An important aspect of capacity building will be to empower local authorities to translate policies into tangible actions, and sustainable funding; and strengthening institutions 16 For example, services like water supply, regulation and purification provided by ecosystems contribute directly to the health of the poor (80% of the disease burden according to Epidemiological Surveillance records are water- related) while fuel-wood continues to provide energy and contributes to the poor income. 22 to empower local communities to participate in decision-making and sustainable ENR initiatives. Such activities will be vital for planning, policy formulation and implementation. 23

2.2.2 Legislative Frameworks In the last 5 years, the GoR has undertaken fundamental legal reforms in environment and natural resources, which have major implications on their utilisation and management. The main legislations that have important bearing on the ENR include: 1. The Organic Law determining the modalities for protection and/ or conservation of environment in Rwanda (Law No. 4/2005) created the Rwanda Environmental Management Authority (REMA) and provided for an environment trust fund (FONERWA), among others. 2. The Organic Law determining the use and management of land (N° 08/2005 of 14/07/2005) categorized rural and urban land ownership between public and private, and makes provisions for registration, use and clearly defines land rights and transfer procedures. As part of the enforcement of ownership rights and rational and equitable development, a subsidiary law on expropriation in public interest (Law N° 18/2007) was enacted. Subsequently, land registration and titling; and land use master planning, are key on-going programmes to implement this law. 3. The Law N° 47/88 Governing forestry in Rwanda has been revised. A major change was the creation of the National Forestry Authority (NAFA) established in 2007. 4. Law on mining which regulates mining and mineral processing activities within Rwanda 5. Law on water resources management

2.3.3 Institutional Framework The institutional framework for the ENR sector embraces several departments, agencies and institutions whose interrelationships and linkages are illustrated in the figure 2. Because of the fundamental importance of the ENR sector to the realisation of the EDPRS and Vision 2020 aspirations, the ENR sector’s performance will depend very much on the degree to which it maintains functional links with other sectors as much as to its internal coordination. This is reflected by the inclusion of environment in the EDPRS as a cross cutting among only four cross cutting issues (gender, HIV and social protection are the others). The cross cutting nature of environment is reflected by the interlinked activities with other sectors where environmental priorities contribute to the achievements of the sectors in question as illustrated in Annex 5 below. 24 Figure 2: Institutional linkages within the ENR Sector Minister’s office State Minister’s office OGMR (Geology & REMA (Environment) (Environment & mines) Mining) - Cross-cutting issues NLC (Land Registration & Permanent Secretary land use master planning) NAFA (Forestry) Directorate of Policy, Planning & Directorate of Finance, Capacity Building Administration & Human x Statistics; Mining & Land policy desk Resources: Public Relations x Water resources policy desk Officer; Accountant x Environment policy desk x Forestry policy desk District local Governments x Office of the Executive Secretary x Directorate of Planning Other sectors: None state actors: x Agriculture x Cooperatives x Infrastructure x Civil society x Industry, organisation x Private Sector x Health Federation x Finance & Econ. Plan x Development partners x Local Government, etc 25

3.0 SECTOR AND SUB-SECTOR PERFORMANCE REVIEW

3.1 Status and Trends

3.1.1 Backward looking analysis Along with MINIRENA, more robust, sub-sector specific institutions have been created – REMA (Rwanda Environment Management Authority) in 2005 for environmental management; NLC (The National Land Centre) in 2006 mandated to undertake land registration, land use planning and management; OGMR (Rwanda Geology and Mines) Authority established in 2007 to carry out geological surveys and regulate mining and mineral development in the country; and NAFA (National Forestry Authority) in 2008 to plan, manage and regulate the forestry sector. In early 2008, the functions of water supply and sanitation were transferred to the Ministry of Infrastructure (MININFRA) and MINIRENA retained the policy and regulatory responsibilities for the water resources. Domestic Water Supply is just one of the demands, others being in industry, agriculture and livestock, energy, recreation, etc. Key sector achievements During the PRSP 1 and in the last 2 years (EDPRS transition period), the ENR sector has made some important achievements, particularly in the areas of: 9 institutional capacity building – restructuring the ministries, creating new agencies, and increasing the human resource capacity across the Ministry as well as the affiliate agencies; 9 putting in place a sound legal framework for ENR governance – in the areas of environmental management; land tenure and land use, forestry, water resources, and mining. These legislations are already being implemented with some impressive results in protection of environment, as well as in enhancing rational exploitation of natural resources in various domains. For instance, the land reform programme has improved security of tenure and facilitated market-based land transactions, thereby assisting to attract private investments in real estate, industry and land-based services, while mining regulatory framework has improved efficiency and value-addition in mining, which has resulted in increasing mineral exports; and the water resources programme has invested efforts in watershed management in collaboration with other major water users such as agriculture where water for irrigation is in high demand; 9 implementing GoR commitments to international multilateral agreements (MEAs) and conventions. The initial communication to the Climate Change Convention Secretariat was made in 2005; reports were also made to the CBD (Biodiversity) and Desertification (UNCCD) Secretariats at different times. This was in addition to active participation in these international meetings/ Conventions’ workshops; 9 mainstreaming environmental issues into national and sectoral development plans. Environment is considered, in the EDPRS, as a cross-cutting and stand alone sector, as 26 a result of intensive awareness, advocacy and networking efforts of the sector, especially through the Environment and Land use well as Water and sanitation sector working groups that have been active since the formulation phase of the EDPRS. With these achievements, the basic tenets of environment and natural resources governance are, thus, firmly in place. However, translating these statements of intent into results is the major challenge that the GoR must now embark on. This Strategic Plan will consolidate and build on the achievements made to realise the EDPRS objectives and targets. Financing and financial performance Public funding for the sector remains low but has increased slightly over the years, especially since the PRSP 1 period. For instance, the 2008 allocations for the Environment sector accounts for about 1.8% of the total budget of Frw 3,475 billion (MINECOFIN 2007a). This is a marked increase from about 0.2% during 2003. Figure 2 shows the trends in public expenditure allocations to environment since 2001 (note missing 2005 figures). Figure 3: Public expenditure on Environment over the period 2001-2008 2008 2007 2006 Year 2005 Actual 2004 Budgeted 2003 2002 2001 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 Frw (Millions) Data source: MINIRENA and Annual Progress Reports on PRSP I (2003-2005)

3.1.2 Forward Looking Analysis

3.1.2.1 Status of the ENR sector based on selected key performance indicators It is envisaged, under the EDPRS, that natural resources utilisation will be enhanced to realise the economic and social transformation targets of various sectors, as summarised in the following table 3: 27 Table 3: Key Vision 2020 Targets relevant to the ENR Sector Strategic Indicator 2000 2010 2012 2015 2020 Objective/ target (EDPRS) (MDGs) (V2020) General conditions Total Population (million) 7.7 10.1 12.71 GDP/capita (constant 2000 220 400 900 US$) Level of Absolute Poverty (%) 64 40 30 Land productivity & Fertiliser application 0.5 8 15 land management (kg/ha/annum) Total land area under cultivation Land titles 0.01% Proportion of urban poor with security of tenure Forestry and Agro- Area under tree/ forest cover 20.8% 30% forestry development Farmland practicing agro- forestry Fuel wood dependency 94% (domestic) Fuel wood dependency 50% (commercial/ industrial) Ecosystem Area of land protected from 20 80 90 rehabilitation/ soil erosion (% of total land) maintenance % of land under forest cover 20.8% % of land under Wildlife Protected Areas Area of Marshlands reclaimed/ cultivated Population pressure Working population deriving on land livelihoods from agriculture Water resources Water quality Water abstraction (m3 pa, million) Agriculture; 372.7 605.6 838.5 Hydropower development ? ? ? Industry. 2.9 4.5 6.1 Housing and % of urban population living in Settlements organised housing Source: MINECOFIN, 2003; MININFRA; MINIRENA (http://www.minirena.gov.rw/IMG/pdf/EDPRS_UEA_aout_2006_DRAFT_1.pdf) In table 4, a selected set of key performance indicator baselines (for 2007) and target figures (for 2012) are documented. 28 Table 4: Selected key EDPRS indicators and targets with implications on the ENR strategy Thematic area Key Indicator Baseline 2007 Progress 2008 Target for 2012 Income/ Economy Real GDP growth 6.3% 8% Livelihoods Poverty 56.9% 46% Extreme poverty 36.9% 24% National investment (% GDP) 17% 27% Exports growth 8% 15% Private sector credit (% GDP) 10% 18% Livelihoods Employment in agriculture 80% 70% Energy Electricity generation 41 MWh 114 MWh Infrastructure Road network in good condition 41% 80% “ ICT (composite network coverage) 4% 20% Water % access to clean water 64% 80% Agriculture Soil conservation (% agric. land 40% 80% terraced) “ Use of mineral fertilizer (kg/ha) 8kg 12kg “ Irrigation (ha of land) 130 ha 1,051 ha Health Infant mortality (percentage of live 8.6% 7.0% births) “ Maternal mortality (per births) 0.75% 0.6% “ Mutual health insurance coverage 43% 100% (% population) “ Children immunized 75% 100% Population Women using modern 10% 70% growth contraception Education & HD Secondary net enrolment 10% 40% Source: Habimana A., June 2007. EDPRS Presentation The potential contribution of the ENR sector in achieving goals under EDPRS flagship programmes The expected contributions of the planned ENR strategic interventions to the realisation of the EDPRS flagship programmes can be illustrated using the following examples. It is important to reflect on the likely implications of other sectors’ targets in the forward looking analysis in order to build a rationale for the programmes, plans and activities to be implemented. 1) Natural resource base and agricultural transformation: The performance of the Rwandan economy depends mainly on the production of the primary sector, which almost entirely depends on the natural resource endowments – agriculture, (agro-based.), tourism (based on protected areas), industry (agro- processing, mineral processing,..). Macroeconomic indicators are, for instance highly sensitive to food production and few cash crops (coffee, tea,..) which are the main exports. Inadequate and unreliable rainfall adversely affected the performance of the agricultural sector in 2003 and 2004. Again during 2006 and 2007, the performance of the sector was affected by weather and agro-input distribution challenges. The Strategic Plan for Agricultural Transformation (SPAT/PSTA) envisages large-scale irrigation to mitigate drought, and intensive use of external agro-inputs (fertilisers, pesticides) to address soil productivity and pests and diseases, respectively. These have direct bearing on the sustainable use of natural resources including prevention of point and non point pollution. 29 2) Expanding and sustaining ENR-based non-agricultural employment: the strategic vision of the GoR to reduce agricultural employment to 50% of the population (Vision 2020) will, in part, be met by expanding opportunities in the services and industrial sectors. In each of these, there will be substantial opportunities resulting from conservation and proper management of natural resources - tourism and recreation, ENR-based SMEs including waste recycling and artisanal mining, agro-based industries, etc. This ENR strategy includes strategic interventions to enhance such opportunities for current and future generations. 3) Access to natural resources and links with reconciliation, peace building and conflict transformation: the GoR’s efforts at restoring justice and reconciliation in the aftermath of the 1994 genocide have registered impressive results, and one area where innovative governance approaches were used is access to land and natural resources, as well as establishing conflict resolution structures like Abunzi. The GoR recognises, nonetheless, that conflict around natural resources scarcity especially land, might undermine such hard earned results if not effectively and sustainably addressed. A comprehensive land governance framework (land registration as an instrument of land administration, land tribunals, land use planning,..) has been designed and will be consolidated under this SSP. 4) Environment and health: the link between environment and health is better reflected in the epidemiological records that show most health problems as caused by or related to environment factors (malaria, diarrhoeal diseases, malnutrition,). Ensuring access to clean water and to adequate and well balanced diets, is therefore as important to the health sector as it is a concern of the natural resources management. Thus, the health sector has a key role in addressing environmental challenges. 5) Disaster prevention and mitigation: In the recent past, the country’s economy and livelihoods of the population in various parts (especially in the northern and western provinces), have been affected by disasters such as floods, earthquakes, landslides and drought, among others. The planned interventions under this SSP, viz: rehabilitating critical ecosystems; promoting optimal and productive land use including re-organising human settlements, afforestation and better water resources management, intensifying value addition to minerals, and integrating environmental sustainability issues in all sectors, are expected to address such challenges. 30

3.2 Sector SWOT Analysis The Drive-Pressure-State-Impact-Response (DPSIR) model is used to establish causal links between economic activities and the environment and the impacts on livelihoods. The DPSIR model can be used as an analytical framework for assessing ENR issues. This allows a comprehensive assessment of the issues through examination of the relevant Driving forces and Pressures on the environment, the consequent State of the environment and its Impacts, and the Responses undertaken, and of the interlinkages between each of these elements as the diagrammatic scheme below illustrates. This model, therefore, is instructive in the SWOT analysis for the ENR sector. The indicators associated elements of the model viz: Driving forces, Pressure, State, impacts and responses are instrumental in the analysis of Strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats. Figure 4: Standard DPSIR model 31 Figure 5: DPSIR Model and implications for ENR in Rwanda Agriculture Energy Drivers Legislation (protection of areas) Land use Planning Responses Rehabilitation /Restoration Poverty Profile Population density Unsustainable use of arable lands Pressure Wood consumption (exploitation) State of Ecosystems Environmental degradation Deforestation x Forests Soil and fertility losses x Marshlands State Impacts Loss of biological diversity x Lakes Enchroachment on marshlands Decrease in Lake and River levels

3.2.2. A Summary of the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats for the sector The SWOT for the ENR sector is summarised in the following table Table 5: Summary of the SWOT for the ENR sector Strengths Weaknesses 9 Strong political will ” weak institutional capacity (lack of appropriate 9 Appropriate institutions with policy & systems & structures); legal backing ” weak coordination- state and non state 9 Growing public awareness of ENR institutions not coordinated issues ” Inadequate human resources (skills) ” Lack of sustainable financing strategy Opportunities Threats/ Barriers ” Unreliable donor funding commitments; 9 Regional integration ” Low level of awareness about environment 9 Donor support ” Regional integration 9 ENR Stakeholder s desire to collaborate & work in coordinated manner; The proceeding subsections (3.2.2 and 3.2.3) expound on the main opportunities for the ENR SSP outlined in table 3 above, and the challenges that must be addressed for the sector plan to realise its objectives.

3.2.3 Major Strengths and opportunities The ENR sector’s key strengths can be analysed from the broad national perspective as well as sector-specific issues: a) Strong political will and commitment to environmentally sustainable development: there is strong and proven political commitment at the highest level of Government to address environmental and natural resources management concerns. This rare opportunity will be important for the realisation of the ENR strategic objectives, given that across the developing world, the need to realise economic growth has often resulted in difficult trade offs where long term environmental goals are sacrificed to realise economic returns. b) Solid institutions for ENR have been established: over the last 5 years or so, the GoR has established and has been building capacity of national and decentralised public institutions with responsibilities for policy formulation, planning and implementation and monitoring of ENR sectors. REMA was put in place in 2004; ORTPN has been restructured creating separate agencies for wildlife management and tourism, and in September 2008 merged as part of the RDB; a National Forestry Authority (NAFA) was created in 2008 as was Rwanda Geology and Mines Authority (OGMR). It is expected that a National Water Agency will be established. Other support agencies are the RBS and RURA on the regulatory side. These constitute a solid institutional framework for ENR governance if they are well coordinated. It is hoped that the current process of forming a board that will oversee management of natural resources with REMA remaining independent to exercise the regulatory mandate over the ENR will provide sufficient scope for effective implementation of stated objectives of the strategic plan. c) Existence of decentralised structures for policy implementation: all ENR activities are decentralised, and there are formal and informal structures from district up to the lowest levels with responsibilities for management of natural resources e.g. environment committees; land tribunals; water user committees, mining cooperatives, etc. d) Legal framework for financial resource mobilisation – National Environment Fund is legally established by the Organic Law on Environment, and if operationalised, Rwanda will have opportunity to mobilize sustainable funding. e) The recently established policy and legislative framework has already established a supportive environment and firm ground for the ENR interventions to be implemented without structural barriers like conflicting interests from other sectors. f) There are already a number of on-going programmes and projects in the key ENR sub-sectors, on which future interventions must build. The major programmes/ projects are summarised as follows: i) Land tenure reform and land use planning: MINIRENA through the National Land Centre has rolled out the land tenure reform programme covering land registration and titling of all rural and urban land in the country. Although still at pilot phase, it has already yielded some results. First, it has facilitated land transactions, which is a critical incentive for attracting investments and increasing productivity. Secondly, under the land reform programme, a comprehensive land use master plan is being formulated. It is comprehensive in that it includes detailed mapping through aerial surveys and soil suitability assessment. This will facilitate better planning and rational land allocation, as well as enable more optimal and productive use of land resources, that is pivotal to rural transformation and orderly urban development as envisaged in the Vision 2020. ii) Mainstreaming environment and natural resources sustainability into sectoral and decentralised planning processes: The EDPRS emphatically points out environmental sustainability as an important prerequisite for realising the EDPRS and Vision 2020 objectives. Subsequently, environmental integration into planning, programme/ project design and budgeting frameworks, is now regarded a priority. REMA has, through various projects17, embarked on sensitisation and capacity building of sectoral and district planning units, to integrate environmental sustainability issues into their strategies; district 17 The UNEP/UNDP funded poverty environment initiative (PEI) has developed several guiding tools and is conducting a series of training and demonstration projects for sectoral and district officials in key areas of development. The training also covers some private sector and civil society representatives. DEMP (The Decentralization and Environmental Management Project) has assisted all the 7 districts of the Western province to establish local actions aimed at conserving natural resources including protection of river banks and lake shores around Lake Kivu. 2 development plans (DDPs), Performance Contracts (Imihigo) and their corresponding budgets. The main aim is to ensure sustainability of development programmes as envisaged in the MDGs (especially MDG 7) and Vision 2020. iii) Forest rehabilitation and strengthening the forestry sector: The GoR has restructured the forestry sector and is strengthening its institutional capacity to increase production of timber and other wood products and to enhance forest services for catchment protection and change adaptation. A national forest inventory has been undertaken, and a tree planting programme is being implemented to increase forest and agro-forestry cover to at least 30% of the land area. iv) Water sector reform: at the end of 2007, the water sector was restructured and water supply and sanitation functions transferred to the Ministry of Infrastructure (MININFRA) while MINIRENA retained the resources management and regulation functions. A new National Water Board has also been established and there are ongoing efforts to strengthen the policy and regulatory framework. This is necessary to enable the country manage the increasing multiple interests at local, national and trans-boundary levels. This plan will build on existing initiatives to strengthen water governance. v) Revamping the mining sector: the EDPRS anticipates increased mineral output and more than double the returns from mineral exports under the EDPRS strategy of export diversification. To address these challenges, the GoR established the Rwanda Geology and Mines Authority (OGMR), has put in place a new mineral code and is reviewing the mining policy, to set clear targets for promoting productive and environmentally sustainable mining. Recognition of the mining sector among key foreign exchange earners is a remarkable achievement of the ENR sector. , but on the other hand also constitutes a challenge because of potential degradation and pollution. vi) Increased investment in innovative technologies including renewable energy, energy use efficiency: the Kivu methane gas plant is expected to result in reduced electricity cost (from US Cents 24 to US Cents 14 per KWh); there are also efforts to invest in energy use efficiency, with a specific focus on biomass use (promotion of fuel-efficient cooking stoves,) and promoting biomass alternatives. Major opportunities to be taken advantage of include: x Growing regional integration and transboundary resources management: Having ascended to the East African Community (EAC) and at the same time being a member of the Economic Community of the Great Lakes Countries (CEPGL), Rwanda is strategically located to be a gateway to both the Eastern and Central Africa. This geographical and historical positioning is important for regional trade (that will facilitate creation of non agricultural employment). It is also an opportunity to address trans-boundary ENR issues as most of its important natural resources such as protected areas, water resources, forests, 3 wetlands and fisheries are located in or affected by trans-boundary ecosystems. Rwanda’s EAC membership provides opportunity to tap into regional agricultural and natural resources research networks, as well exchange of knowledge and skills. Following ascension to the EAC, Rwanda has started integrating it systems and processes into the EAC structures, which have triggered, among others, legal, policy and institutional reforms. This strategic plan will contribute to ensuring that the regional integration reform processes relating to ENR issues, are successfully undertaken. x International recognition and good practices - Rwanda’s commitment to implementation of international environmental conventions and agreements, constitute an avenue for mobilizing resources for sustainable ENR management. Rwanda’s location between two internationally known river basins (the Congo and the Nile) puts it in a unique position to participate more actively and powerfully in the resource governance processes. x Renewed international interest in sustainable development, which provides opportunity to mobilise and attract external financing as well as technical support in environment and natural resources management. The clean development mechanism (CDM) a framework for industrialised countries to offset their carbon emissions was designed under the Framework Convention for Climate Change (UNFCCC). This CDM, which is becoming operational in Rwanda, has established carbon markets through which substantial funding for activities such as tree planting, cleaner and efficient industrial production, etc. x Ratification of international environment conventions: Rwanda has ratified most international conventions on environment (Annex 4). Many of these international provisions have informed or been integrated in the environmental legislations. x Project financing opportunity from multilateral agencies. Since 2003, there has been considerable increase in donor support to environment and natural resources sector (UNDP, UNEP, AfDB and GEF through UNDP and World Bank), Land Reform Programme (DFID). This notwithstanding, the resources provided are still too little, over short periods, which exacerbate the challenges of management, coordination and synergy among projects. Opportunities, however, exist for MINIRENA to improve coordination and policy guidance to enhance effectiveness and efficiency in ENR management.

3.2.4. Major Challenges The implementation of the ENR sector strategic plan is, however, likely to be undermined by a number of challenges: 1. Inadequate financing: sector budget allocations may be inadequate, resulting in cut-back of the programme priorities. External project funding, which constitute a sizeable proportion of the anticipated expenditure, may also not come forth as expected and could be so unpredictable that programme based planning for effective management of ENR may be hampered; 4 2. Weak institutional capacities (institutional systems, horizontal and vertical networks, human resources,..) may slow down the implementation of the planned programme activities. It may hinder mobilisation of resources and create a risk of funding backlash if the resources allocated to the sector are not absorbed. 3. Support from other partners and stakeholders – pressure from other natural resources-based sectors to realise their targets may affect the pace at which inter-sectoral collaboration is fostered. 5

4.0 THE ENR SECTOR STRATEGY 2009 - 2013

4.1 Mission and objectives As the custodian of the country’s natural resources, on which development in Rwanda is anchored, the ENR sector will provide policy guidance, strategic direction and technical support to all stakeholders to ensure that the country’s natural resources are utilised and managed in a manner that ensures sound economic development, equitable and socially responsive development and ecological sustainability, cognisant of the aspirations of the present and of future generations. Sector Mission: The mission of the Sector is “to ensure the optimal and sustainable utilization of natural resources for economic development and poverty reduction in Rwanda by providing enabling framework, economic incentives, partnerships and capacities for action.” The overall objective of the ENR Sector Strategic Plan is to ensure that environment and natural resources are utilised and managed productively in support of equitable and sustained national development in line with the EDPRS targets and Vision 2020 aspirations. Specific objectives: 1. To promote equitable, productive and sustainable use and management of land resources by controlling land degradation, enhancing security of tenure and improving productivity and administration through technological and market-based systems; 2. To ensure that the country’s water resources are conserved and sustainably managed in an integrated and equitable manner for the continued and balanced support to economic, social and ecological needs at local, national and transboundary levels; 3. To ensure adequate and sustainable supply of forest and biomass resources to meet the growing multiple demands for food, fibre, fodder, fuel as well as environmental services, by increasing forest and tree cover, improving utilisation efficiency and promoting alternatives to wood and non wood forest and tree products; 4. To promote productive, equitable and environmentally friendly utilisation of the country’s mineral and other earth resources, by promoting efficient and value-adding technologies, raising awareness and skills of key actors about the consequences of unsustainable mining, and options for sustainable minerals exploitation; 5. To restore, conserve and sustainably manage key ecosystems to ensure continued and enhanced integrity and functioning of Rwanda’s diverse ecosystems in terms of productive and regulatory services provided at local, national and international levels; 6. To promote sustainable development by raising awareness of and integrating environment and natural resource management principles and techniques across all key social and productive sectors of the EDPRS; 7. To strengthen policy and legislative frameworks for sustainable management of environment and natural resources, by harmonising policies, legal and regulatory instruments within/ across sectors and with regional and international frameworks; as well as putting in place incentives for effective implementation and oversight; 8. To increase human and institutional capacity, at national and decentralised entities, within civil society and private sector, as well as community levels, for effective planning, coordination, implementation and monitoring of ENR activities; 6

4.2 Sector Strategies, Actions and expected outcomes In order to realise the objectives stated in 4.1, and in line with the EDPRS this SSP has identified a number of strategic interventions in the ENR sector and across other key sectors, outlined below. The detailed programmes and targets are in Annex2 and Annex 3. 1. Promote sustainable land management by consolidating land tenure and land use reform in both urban and rural areas: the ENR sector plan will support the popularisation and implementation of the land sector strategic plan, especially in the areas of land tenure reform; and land use planning to enhance productive and sustainable use of land resources; 2. Promoting integrated water resources management (IWRM): under this strategy, the focus will be on developing institutional capacity to conserve water resources by taking stock of available water resources vis à vis the needs; protecting the watersheds to ensure quality and sustainability; monitoring the quality and rates of abstraction (utilisation) and reconciling the multiple interests of water resource uses. The IWRM strategy will enable holistic and coordinated management of water, and is in line with the new mandate of MINIRENA, i.e. to concentrate on water resources management. 3) Rehabilitating critical degraded ecosystems: the achievement of the EDPRS objectives will depend on how healthy Rwanda’s diverse ecosystems and their unique biodiversity are maintained. Ecosystem degradation threatens to undermine the national targets in tourism, food and ecological services. The ENR sector will undertake to rehabilitate degraded ecosystems to restore their productivity levels and put in place and implement measures for sustainable conservation. The analysis of these strategies, their anticipated outcomes, specific activities and likely risks are discussed in a logical flow in the attached matrix (see Annex 1). 4) Intensifying and sustaining forestry and agro-forestry activities: to increase forest and agro- forestry cover to at least 30% of the land area, a vision 2020 target; a number of activities will be undertaken: a) Afforestation programmes in all districts including protection of critical micro catchments; b) Adaptive research for suitable agro-forestry and farm forestry species, and agro-forestry extension services; c) Fuel wood efficiency improvement and technologies to provide alternatives to wood and tree products; 5) Improving the Mining sector: The EDPRS targets to realize a fourfold increase in mineral exports from US$ 38 million in 2005 to US$ 106 million by 2012, and increase employment from 25,000 to 37,000 of which up to one-third being women. 6) Mainstreaming ENR sustainability principles into sectoral strategies, plans and budgets as well as in District Development Plans (DDPs) and Action plans (Imihigo); 7 7) Promoting environmentally sound and sustainable macroeconomic management practices through appropriate policy and legislative reforms in fiscal policies and others; 8) Strengthening institutional capacity for effective sector coordination at national and decentralised levels: o Review and harmonize legislations (sector and sub-sector laws, regulations,..); o Strengthen institutional performance for effective coordination framework in support to ENR implementation at central and decentralized levels. This is particularly critical in ensuring the integration of ENR priorities in productive sectors such as agriculture and Energy. o Establishing a SWAp (Sector-wide approaches) framework for the ENR sector that ensures participation of non-state actors in contributing to the ENR sector performance; o Strengthening the M&E framework towards successful implementation; The key targets and sub-programmes for the above objectives are summarised in the proceeding sections.

4.3 Sector Programmes and sub-programmes This section presents the actual programmes, plans and activities to translate the strategies proposed in 4.2 above into results. These programmes are outlined in the proceeding sections and detailed in the logical framework matrix in Annex 1. It should be noted, however, that detailed discussions and presentation of activities will be in the respective sub-sector plans.

4.3.1 Integrated Land Management Programme Productive, equitable and rational use of the scarce land resources is a key priority of the GoR for realising the poverty reduction and economic targets of the EDPRS. The priority interventions under this programme are geared towards addressing barriers associated with land to enhance productive use of land use will include the following: 1) Reforming the Land tenure and land administration - registration and titling of public and private land so as to improve security of tenure; strengthening land tribunals; and improving commercial land transactions; 2 Land use planning and sustainable land management– will focus on implementing the land use master plan, including urban development master plan, with the overall objective of optimising productive land use and combating soil erosion.

4.3.2 Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) Programme Under the EDPRS, water will be an important resource in the economic growth agenda (hydropower production, irrigated agriculture, transport, industry, recreation and tourism), as well as social development (e.g. hygiene) and ecological functioning. To realize the EDPRS targets for integrated water resources management, this SSP has included the projects and activities, under the following sub-programmes: 8 1. Institutional & legal framework for integrated water resources management (IWRM). This is of particular priority from three perspectives: a) increasing interests in water for economic growth under the EDPRS (water for irrigation, power generation, recreation, industry); b) trans-boundary interests especially in the Congo, Nile, Lake Victoria and Kagera Basins in which Rwanda is a key upstream country; c) addressing emerging challenges related to ecosystem functioning and sustainability including desertification and other climate change concerns; The water law reform and regulatory setting will include, among others, setting user fees for commercial water abstraction; regulatory water quality standards to promote efficiency by encouraging commercial farmers, industrialists, hotels and other large scale water users to adopt such measures as water recycling and efficient technologies in irrigation, cleaning, etc. 2. Assessment and monitoring of water resources (quality & quantity monitoring): Infrastructure and human resource capacities will be developed to enable regular and continuous monitoring of the country’s ground and surface water resources, and ensure that this information is fed into the decision making process. 3. Assessment of Water balance and regulating water use by different economic and social sectors; 4. Watershed & water catchment protection/ conservation targeting densely populated, intensively cultivated and upstream areas;

4.3.3. Forest Management and Afforestation Programme The forestry sub-sector programme will address the EDPRS priorities for increasing forest cover to 30% of the national land area (for mostly protective and regulating functions) and to provide adequate and sustainable supply of wood and non wood products; and reducing wood dependency (and associated pressure on forest resources). This will be done by implementing the following sub-programmes and activities: a) Afforestation and reforestation programmes in districts, targeting: ¾ bare hills, drought-prone areas and other fragile landscapes; ¾ public land in all districts, sectors and cells, including that held by institutions such as schools, research institutions, disciplined forces (prisons, police, army); ¾ farm forestry (private wood lots), institutional forests/ woodlots; ¾ ornamental forestry – homesteads, along roads, designated urban green spaces; b) Rehabilitation of existing natural and planted forests through enrichment planting; silivicultural operations; and forestry protection mechanisms, as in critical micro-watersheds; 9 c) Promotion of wood use efficient technologies and alternatives to wood products (focusing on adoption of institutional, industrial and domestic users) both in construction, energy and other uses, to reduce pressure on forests and tree resources; e) Agro-forestry programme to integrate multipurpose tree species in farming activities – owing to the land shortage constraint; f) As a support sub-programme, innovations in adaptive research and extension services will be promoted to identify and propagate high yielding, fast growing and environmentally compatible tree and shrub species;

4.3.4. Sustainable mining and increased mineral production development To translate the strategies in 4.2 above for the mining sector, the Rwanda Geology and Mines Authority (OGMR) will undertake the following activities, to realize the EDPRS targets for the mining sub-sector: x Intensify minerals exploration and mapping; x Invest in modernizing facilities that will facilitate applied research on mineral prospects, value addition and environmentally sustainable mining and mineral processing technologies; x Capacity of artisanal miners for value addition , efficient and environmentally friendly mining operations; x Support to private sector in processing (value addition and quality assurance), x Build institutional capacity for ongoing improvements in mineral processing, regulation and monitoring of mining, and export activities.

4.3.5 Cross-cutting Interventions/ activities As environment is also a key issue that cuts across all key development sectors of Rwanda, a key priority for this plan is to mobilize the different sectors to, not only consider environment in their plans and activities but to actively monitor significant benefits to sector performance in terms of resource use efficiency, resource conservation, reduction in inputs and overall revenue enhancements resulting in sustainable productivity. Various tools were developed in the course of the EDPRS formulation to facilitate effective integration of environmental priorities in sector activities18. Interventions to be undertaken in this respect include: 1. Environmental education and awareness across national and local levels: REMA will implement a comprehensive environmental education and awareness strategy, entailing: 18 Mainstreaming guidelines were developed as part of the studies under poverty Environment Initiative with the objective of identifying sector specific interventions to enhance environmental sustainability. Various tools for integrating environment as a cross cutting issues at the sector and local levels were further developed in participatory forums in the course of the EDPRS formulation. One of the tools is here included as appendix 5. 10 o formulation and implementation of environmental education curriculum in formal and non formal education (adult literacy and functional literacy programmes); o multi-media strategy of information, education and communication (IEC) including production of audio and visual documentaries; publications and publicity materials; o organizing shows and exhibitions on environmentally friendly production, distribution and service provision by traders, farmers, cooperatives, industrialists, hoteliers, micro, small and medium enterprises (SMEs) promoting good practices in environmentally sustainable/ compatible business, commercial and industrial development. o public environmental education and training including application of Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) and Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) and green accounting; as well as links with conflict, gender and social vulnerability. 2. Institutional Capacity strengthening: REMA and MINIRENA will conduct capacity building activities for public and private institutions; civil society organizations; private sector agencies and other stakeholders, to enable them integrate environmental issues into their policies, plans, strategies and budgets. This capacity building will include provision of tools, techniques and, where necessary and appropriate, resources to effectively undertake environmental integration: x MINIRENA’s institutional capacity for policy formulation, planning, budgeting and coordination, M&E and follow-up; x Decentralized ENR offices (district environment, forests, agriculture,). Capacity Building will also be conducted across the various ENR sub-sectors 3. Law enforcement and monitoring: REMA will provide technical support to the Justice, Law and Order institutions to establish or strengthen the environmental crime detection, prevention and enforcement in the context of the Organic Law on Environment and relevant subsidiary legislations and standards. 4. Cross cutting issues with mining: All mining projects must be assessed for environmental impacts and environment management plans developed to support sustainable mining operations. Investment and employment with gender and youth sensitivity including putting in place measures to prevent employment of children and a strategy for prevention of communicable diseases (eg AIDS), particularly for large scale mining operations will ensure that nationally recognized cross cutting issues within the context of the EDPRS are duly recognized and will contribute to improved performance of the sector. 11 5. THE SSP IMPLEMENTATION FRAMEWORK

5.1 Institutional Roles and Responsibilities The degree to which this plan gets translated into results will depend on the robustness of and functional coordination between the implementing institutions. Clarifying institutional roles is an essential first step in enhancing coordination. This section outlines the roles and responsibilities of the key ENR institutions in the implementation of the ENR SSP.

5.1.1 Central Government Ministries and Agencies ENR Ministries and Agencies 1. MINIRENA is the central Government Ministry responsible for ENR policy formulation and implementation, coordination and monitoring. MINIRENA has 4 main roles i.e.: 1) Providing leadership through policy formulation and sector coordination to all actors; 2) Ensuring that sustainable natural resources and environmental management principles are mainstreamed in all policies and programmes; 3) Programming, Information and Communication for better utilisation and development of natural resources and environment; 4) Monitoring and Evaluation of Natural Resources and Environmental Programmes. The Directorate of Policy, Planning and capacity building will be responsible for monitoring and follow-up, providing technical and operational support to district offices. It will also, through sub-sector professionals, liaise with specialised agencies including REMA in the follow-up and monitoring of specific programmes or sub-programmes. There are active discussions on the modalities new arrangements in which a board will be formed to oversee natural resources management and only REMA will remain an independent agency to ensure regulation of the environment and natural resources use to ensure sustainable utilization of the ENR. The main institutions/ agencies linked under MINIRENA oversight which have specific responsibilities for the implementation of this strategic plan are summarised as follows: 1. National Land Centre (NLC) is responsible for land administration and land use planning both in the urban and rural areas. Pilot land registration activities have been undertaken in 3 districts, and the exercise will be fully rolled out during the next 2 years. The NLC is also coordinating the land use planning process, which is a comprehensive process expected to develop a framework for optimal, productive and sustainable management of land resources – a key outcome of this strategic plan. 12 2. National Forestry Authority (NAFA) was established in 2007. NAFA is a semi- autonomous institution responsible for policy, planning and promotion of forest activities. However, the law formally establishing NAFA has only recently been elaborated, NAFA is ready to fulfill its mission. Under the present forest sector strategic plan, The National Forestry Policy 2004 established Provincial Forest Commissions to promote and oversee forestry activities in decentralised entities. It also creates the RAFNET (Rwanda Agro- forestry Network) as a forum to promote dialogue among national and decentralised level stakeholders, in civil society, private sector and civil society around forestry activities of common interest. A National Land and Forest Research Centre (LFRC) has been created with responsibility to undertake forest research alongside the Institute for Research in Agronomic Sciences (ISAR). The LFRC will specifically be responsible for inventories and statistics; research on wood technology and utilization; forest economics and forest products marketing, among others. However, this new initiative (both NAFA and LFRC) is expected to face major human resources challenges as the country still faces severe shortage of professionals in specialized fields like forestry. Increasing the human resource capacity in the forestry sub-sector is one of the key priorities for this strategic plan. 3. Rwanda Geology and Mines Authority (OGMR) was established in 2007 as a national agency responsible for implementing policy; research and mapping of mineral resources; developing and monitoring standards for large scale commercial and artisanal miners, and generally ensuring that the mining sector develops and contributes productively to the realisation of the EDPRS and Vision 2020 objectives. The principle goal of the mining agency is to enhance revenue generation through strategic approach to value addition of mineral resources. 4. Rwanda Environment Management Authority (REMA) is the overall national authority responsible for overseeing the implementation of environmental policy and law. Strategies used include education and sensitisation on environmental conservation through formal and informal education as well as through practical demonstration; law enforcement and monitoring, as well as capacity building support to other institutions. Ministries and Agencies outside the ENR sector Whilst MINIRENA has a responsibility to ensure that key ENR issues are integrated into sector strategies and plans which depend on ENR or which have implications on environment and natural resources sustainability, this will be largely at advocacy and technical support levels. Actual integration – from planning, budgeting and monitoring will be a responsibility of respective ministries/ agencies/ sectors, and such issues have to be reflected in their sector priorities, strategies and budgets. The key ministries and agencies in this respect include: 13 1. MININFRA – road infrastructure development, energy infrastructure, urban planning and human settlements are under the policy direction of MININFRA and have significant implications on the natural resources and environment. Issues of alternative energy and efficient energy consumption; sustainable urbanisation and human settlements; environmental impact of infrastructure development, are priorities in the sector that have important bearing on ENR. The ministry will take overall responsibility for integrating ENR issues in these priority areas. 2. MINAGRI and agencies (RADA, RARDA, RHoDA and ISAR) which will be constituted into appropriate boards under emerging institutional arrangements have a statutory mandate to develop agricultural, livestock and fisheries sectors. RADA and RARDA are particularly expected to integrate sustainable ENR management principles into agricultural innovation and extension services including improved seeds, soil conservation, while ISAR is expected to address natural resources sustainability issues through applied and adaptive research activities especially in areas of agro-forestry, new crop varieties that are adaptive or resistant to water stress, pests and diseases, and/ or are high yielding and fast growing, in addition to post harvest management. Implications of biotechnology especially as it relates to environmental, social and socioeconomic safety are important issues to be addressed. 3. MINICOM and agencies –sustainable industrial development, including adoption of cleaner production technologies, tourism development (which is largely nature-based) are key strategies where the trade, tourism and industry sectors link with ENR. Some of these responsibilities have been reconstituted under RDB and this arrangement will hopefully ensure efficient service delivery to the benefit of investors. The cooperative development, which is a major strategy for rural development largely revolves around agro-produce and agri-business, and thus constitutes an important entry point to integrate sustainable ENR management principles. The Rwanda Investment and Export Promotion Agency (RIEPA) and the Rwanda Private Sector Federation (RPSF) are the key facilitating institutions for the private sector programme. 4. Ministry of Health (MoH) – environmental health concerns, nutrition and management of medical wastes, are important ENR issues to be addressed from the health sector. The MoH has formulated an environmental health policy, is implementing an integrated malaria control programme and early childhood illnesses programme – all of which address ailments resulting essentially from poor environment conditions. 5. Ministry of Scientific Research and Technology (in the Office of the President) will be responsible for integrating environment and natural resources issues into the overall national research and technology development strategy. The July 2007 International Conference on Biodiversity organised in Kigali by the Office of the President signifies its interest in 14 environment and natural resources management and the consideration of their relative importance in sustainable development. 6. Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MINAFFET) – to support the monitoring and reporting on international conventions and protocols, as well as providing policy guidance to regional and international cooperation. 7. Ministry of East African Affairs – regional protocols regarding the management of trans- boundary ecosystems within the EAC. The main area of collaboration is in the implementation of the LVBC protocols and programmes. 8. Ministry of Local Government (MINALOC) - overseeing decentralisation of sectoral and fiscal functions; coordinating the Vision 2020 Umurenge, a key flagship programme of the EDPRS; sets criteria and coordinates the Local Governments’ Performance Contracts monitoring; and responsible for community development and social protection. MINALOC will particularly play a key role in ensuring integration of environmental sustainability issues into the social protection and community development programmes. 9. Ministry of Finance and Economic Planning (MINECOFIN) – is responsible for macroeconomic management, resource mobilisation and allocation for public investments, planning and coordinating economic activities across sector Ministries and more recently ensuring population issues are integrated into sector priority setting. In the respect of environment as a cross cutting issue, MINECOFIN plays a crucial role of ensuring other sectors integrate environment into sector planning and budgeting towards effective implementation of EDPRS. 10. Justice Institutions (essentially MINIJUST): MINIJUST has responsibility for technical guidance and coordination of legislation initiated from line ministries. Non traditional justice institutions – particularly the Abunzi (Community mediators) are playing a key role conflict resolution at community level, including resolution of land related conflicts.

5.1.2 Local Governments and other Decentralised Entities This SSP is being implemented in a decentralised governance framework, whereby area-based action planning and implementation of projects and other activities, will be undertaken by local governments, district and community-based organisations. District offices responsible for ENR sub-sectors (water, environment, forestry, lands and mines) will be supported to coordinate implementation and day-to-day follow-up of the planned activities. The District Planning Units will be strengthened to coordinate decentralised planning and budgets for environment and natural resources management, as well as collect, analyse and disseminate information for evidence-based implementation and monitoring. 15

5.1.3 Civil Society organisations (NGOs, CBOs,..) Civil society organisations will be mobilised and supported to design thematic and/or area specific action plans and activities to implement the programmes and sub-programmes within their areas of operation. Where capacity gaps are identified, interventions will be undertaken for key identified CSOs to facilitate them to develop such needed skills, institutional support and logistical resources for the implementation of specific actions of this plan. More importantly, CBOs, informal associations and other grassroots based CSOs are expected to support the implementation of the community driven ENR activities. As part of the ENR sector coordination enhancement, detailed mapping of CSO operations will be undertaken, needs assessed/ identified, and strategies to support them implemented at all levels.

5.1.4 Private Sector Agencies In accordance with the GoR’s policy of private sector-driven economic development19 and indeed as highlighted within the EDPRS, the private sector has critical roles to play in the implementation of the ENR SSP. Private sector agencies will be mobilised and sensitised, through the Private Sector Federation (PSF) and its district offices, to integrated sustainable ENR management principles into their activities and strategies for development. Specific incentives to encourage best practices in environmental sustainability and value adding investments in the ENR sectors, will be developed and made available to the sector actors, subject to budget provisions. An important category of private sector that will be engaged more proactively are the cooperatives which are interacting with the farming, trade and industrial sectors at increasing scales. These will be trained and facilitated to undertake extension and inspection work among its members.

5.1.5 Donors and other Development Partners Beyond providing financial support, development partners (donors, international NGOs,..) are expected to participate very actively in the implementation of the SSP. As a part of the refined focus and support to the implementation of the EDPRS, the implementation of the ENR sector plan will draw from the experience of EDPRS formulation and rely on the participatory partnerships that included development partners with UNDP acting as a co-chair to the ENR sector. Key development partners in the sector (both at the level of funding and technical operations) are outlined in annex 5. MINIRENA will streamline and revamp the ENR related clusters (Land and Environment (included Forestry and Mining); Water and Sanitation) that served productively as dialogue forums and technical working groups during the EDPRS formulation process. In order to ensure that development partners actively participate in these 19 The Vision 2020, the Severn Year Government Strategy and the EDPRS clearly state that the private sector will be an engine of economic growth while Government remains with a facilitating and regulatory role. 16 forums, MINIRENA will undertake an institutional and stakeholder mapping, which will also form part of the platforms for launching the ENR SWAp.

5.2 Monitoring and Evaluation Framework

5.2.1 Overview of the M&E Framework Monitoring and Evaluation (M&E) of implementation progress of this SSP takes into consideration the fact that ENR service delivery is decentralised and that the sector is a facilitator or holding ground20 for other sectors. This implies that strong vertical and horizontal linkages will have to be developed with and across natural resource-dependant ministries and agencies, as well as with sub-national levels (Districts and lower levels). There is also a third tier that links with non state actors – civil society and private sector, who are actively involved or have strong interest in natural resources. The key attributes for this M&E system include: ¾ It builds on and is integral to the overall EDPRS M&E framework and the national integrated M&E system; ¾ It captures and takes consideration of other environmental reporting systems – the integrated reporting system ¾ It is anchored on decentralised M&E initiatives (Imihigo reporting, DDP reporting arrangements), indicating that District and lower level stakeholders will be key actors in the implementation framework. A comprehensive structure of the M&E system for the SSP is presented in Annex 1 but the proceeding sections highlight key aspects.

5.2.2 Key Performance Targets and Indicators The key performance targets and the main indicators to be used in tracking performance are outlined, along with the baseline figures in the table 6 below. Table 6: Key sector targets for the ENR SSP Strategic/ Key Key Performance Indicators & targets Baseline Prog Progr Progr Progr Target Results Area 2007 ress ess ess ess 2013 2009 2010 2011 2012 1.Sustainable Outcomes: land 1.% privately held land registered/ titled; 5% 100 100% management 2.Proportion of issued land titles held by women 0% % 40%? 3.Integrated land use (urban & rural land use based 0 1 on land suitability/ capability; Outputs: Land market transactions (turn around time for land transfer) 20 Most sector targets will rely on the availability and supply of natural resources e.g. hydro-power generation and irrigation will depend on water resources; tourism will depend on the quality of biodiversity in protected areas; agricultural production will depend on soil productivity and availability of water for irrigation; etc. 17 Strategic/ Key Key Performance Indicators & targets Baseline Prog Progr Progr Progr Target Results Area 2007 ress ess ess ess 2013 2009 2010 2011 2012 Agricultural land use based on land suitability 2. Integrated Outcome: 30% 70% Water resources - Percentage of water resources complying with management water quality standard - Annual recharge of underground water (Km3/ha) Ouputs: - Periodic water resources inventory undertaken Proportion of wetlands conserved/ sustainably used Functional hydrologic and limnimetric stations operational Critical water catchments identified & protected (Ha) Water use in industry (million m3) 1.3 2.9 Water use in agriculture: Area/ length of lakeshores and river/ stream banks protected or sustainably managed (Km2 or Ha) Area of watersheds protected 3. Sustainable Forest cover as percentage of total land area 20.0% 21% 21.6% 22,3 23 24,3% management of forest and biomass resources Agro-forestry coverage: Proportion of farmed land ? ? ? 35% 40% 50% under agro-forestry Access to forest and biomass products ? ? ? 85% 90% 95% Alternatives to wood and biomass products(% of ? ? ? 20% 30% 50% HHS using fuel-efficient technologies Income from carbon trade grants 0 0 0 US $ US $ US$ 20 m 5 10 4. Ecosystems Area of degraded ecosystems rehabilitated (%; Ha ) 8% 8.4% 8.8% 9.2% 9.6% 10% conservation & improved functioning Biodiversity hotspots protected/ conserved (Ha) Protected areas as a proportion of total land area to 8% 10% maintain biodiversity : x proportion of protected forest areas; x proportion of ecologically sensitive wetlands protected x proportion of lakeshores & river banks protected 5. Sustainable Outcomes: 72 75 89 106 120 mining and - Total revenue from exports of mineral products increased (in millions USD) mineral production National 10 Outputs: coverage geological 1. Number of large scale(1/50 000) geologic/ of maps of mineral maps produced 1/100000 1/50 000 in geological areas with maps mineral anomalies 2. Number and categories of minerals and quarry 2 tins 2 tins 2 tin 18 Strategic/ Key Key Performance Indicators & targets Baseline Prog Progr Progr Progr Target Results Area 2007 ress ess ess ess 2013 2009 2010 2011 2012 processing industries operational smelters ( smelt smelters, 1 not ers ( wolfram operationa not smelter, 1 l) opera rock tional cutting and ) polishing factory, 1 ceramic artisanal factory and 1 peat carbonizati on plant operational 3. Number of mining projects having an 10 All mining environment management plans medium projects scale projects 4. Number of Mining Cooperatives well equipped 0 2 All mining and using modern technologies cooperative s 5. Number of mining entities obtaining certification 0 0 3 10 for mineral production and trading. Companies 6. Key target sectors which have prioritized and made PER Mainstreaming sufficient budget allocations to ENR issues revie Environment w across sectoral policies, programmes & projects Level of environmental education & awareness Civil society, Cooperatives & private sector agencies which have prioritized environmental issues Public-private partnerships formed in environmental conservation & natural resources development % of sectoral projects that have completed EIA before implementation 7. Policy, legal - All ENR sector policies, laws and regulations Applied 100 & regulatory reviewed to respond to other sectors’ needs, SEA to % of framework for EDPRS, MDGs and Vision 2020 aspirations the Secto ENR - Appropriate policies & legislations put in place to Energy r management operationalise relevant provisions of the policy polici Constitution, organic law on environment and land review es 6 sector revie specific wed EIA guidelines and 1 EIA general guidelines developed ENR legal & regulatory regimes harmonised with 0 100% of other EAC Countries regulations harmonized Legal & regulatory measures to implement ? International Conventions that have been ratified 19 Strategic/ Key Key Performance Indicators & targets Baseline Prog Progr Progr Progr Target Results Area 2007 ress ess ess ess 2013 2009 2010 2011 2012 by Rwanda 8. Institutional Improving sector programming & sectoral Formation SWAp Capacity of coordination (ENR SWAP developed & of sector operati ENR operationalised) working onal Governance group M&E framework from central & decentralised West Karon All 30 level (access to and use of ENR information in ern gi as a Districts decentralised planning & budgeting); Provi pilot have Web-based management information system (MIS) nce Distric environmen Distri t for tal data cts enviro systems in have nment place envir al data onme system ntal profil es Financing for & financial management in the ENR PER sector (% of activities receiving reliable funding; baseli extent of application of green accounting ne to principles) be set Districts supported to operationalise/ implement ENR laws ENR laws and regulations and regulations operational in all 30 Districts The detailed sub-programmes and indicators and targets are in Annex 2.

5.2.3 ENR Data Management Framework The Permanent Secretary, who will be overall chair of the ENR sector, will have responsibility for coordinating information flow in the sector with respect to the SSP implementation. Electronic data storage and sharing systems will be developed. In this regard, the sector will build on existing or ongoing efforts including: 1) Landnet – which is coordinated by the land sub-sector, and is a web-based mechanism for sharing news and information on the progress on the land tenure reform process. Landnet has provided the cheapest and most convenient mechanism to reach different stakeholders, especially in Kigali, with information on land tenure reform process, and to seek feedback 2) Environmental Information System (SISE) - is being developed to capture, store and share data and information on all issues of environment. 3) MINIRENA and REMA websites (www.minirena.gov.rw and www.rema.gov.rw) –These websites will be used to store and access reports on progress in the implementation of the sector strategy. 20 4) EDPRS monitoring system – like all other sectors under the EDPRS, MINIRENA has developed a comprehensive M&E framework that is linked to the integrated national M&E framework. The implementation of this strategy will rely on the effectiveness of sector M&E framework for data collection and indicator tracking.

5.2.4 Analytical and Reporting Arrangements As the SSP will be implemented in a decentralised setting and has multiple stakeholders, data analysis and reporting will be done at district, national (sectoral as well as integrated) level. Data sets will be generated and analysed in a bottom-up arrangement, and horizontally across sectors. The M&E systems should support data aggregation from districts (locally generated data) up to national level, as well as comparison and cross-reference across sectors.

5.2.5 Communication and Follow-up mechanisms/ Arrangements One area where this ENR SSP clearly breaks ranks with the previous strategies is the emphasis on communication and reporting as a pillar of mutual accountability within and without the sector. To ensure that all reports generated on the implementation of this SSP are communicated and used to inform the planning, budgeting and follow-up actions towards realising the EDPRS and Vision 2020 for the ENR sector. The multiple and sometimes conflicting interests in the ENR sector presents dilemmas that could complicate the reporting and communication systems. This strategy recognises these challenges and has accordingly proposed innovative ways to simplify communication at all levels in the implementation process. The communication protocol and follow-up actions will entail the following: ¾ annual sub-sector progress reports disaggregated by district to be published in all official languages and simplified to a level easily used by non-technical decision makers at policy (ministerial) and operational levels (district levels). MINIRENA Directorate of Planning will provide a specific communication guide building on the general EDPRS reporting guidelines; ¾ establishing or re-activating information networks that embrace stakeholders with electronic (internet based) and non electronic media, so that central and local levels; national-based NGOs and field-based CBOs and SMEs can access information on the state of natural resources and environment. Examples of existing ones to build on are the Rwanda Environmental Information Network (REIN supported by UNEP and linked to African Environmental Information Network (AEIN)) being initiated in REMA and the LandNet coordinated by the National Land Centre (NLC); ¾ regular review/ consultative meetings – whereby each sub-sector holds monthly, quarterly, etc. meetings to share challenges and successes, and to learn from each other on progress. The monthly meetings between Forest Officers and the MINIRENA 21 leadership could be streamlined to take on detailed partnerships (to include all agencies under the Ministry) and follow-up actions. ¾ Analysis and synthesis of and generally translating data and information into simple graphical and other user friendly formats (pictures, figures, graphs, photographs,..) for grassroots-based stakeholders like cell leaders and farmers; ¾ Publishing reports on websites and ensuring regular updates. ¾ Networking, training and facilitation of media practitioners to pick interest in and publish and disseminate ENR related information especially around achievements in the ENR sector. REMA has initiated some links with media houses and the experiences so far realised, should inspire or inform the media strategy in each sub-sector. 22

5.3 Implementation Strategy

5.3.1 Action Planning To simplify the planning process, ensure efficient resource allocation and effective implementation of the activities, annual and quarterly work plans will be formulated by the sub-sectors based on this ENR SSP programmes: Coordinated planning and implementation among the sub-sectors and actors will be realised through: o joint planning sessions (ENR sub-sectors as well as key cross-cutting sectors) o decentralised planning structures (CDCs, JAFs);

5.3.2 Sector-wide Approaches and Sector Coordination The ENR sector is diverse, encompassing sub-sectors (mines, forestry, water, lands, environment,..) and linked in complex ways to other sectors (health, agriculture, energy, tourism, housing, macroeconomic management, gender and social development, etc). One of the main challenges that could constrain effective implementation of the sector strategy is poor coordination – of programming, funding and activity implementation. In order to bring about coherence and synergy in the programming, resource mobilization and deployment, and in monitoring the implementation strategy, a sector-wide approach (SWAP) framework will be developed. It is expected that the ENR sector SWAp will assist to bring together all sector actors as well as other stakeholders, and improve cross-sectoral collaboration. This will facilitate the ongoing efforts in mainstreaming environment and sustainable ENR especially among key sectors that depend on natural resources (agriculture, energy and infrastructures, industry and tourism, health..). The SWAp will also significantly reduce the costs of networking and advocacy, as target stakeholders are likely to be brought into one framework than having to pursue each sector separately. In terms of financing, the SWAP process is expected to contribute to the realization of donor harmonization and alignment commitments under the Paris Principles, by facilitating strategic shift from short term, project based funding mechanisms, to more comprehensive programme- based arrangements, and eventually into sector budget support. Recent experiences in the water sub-sector will provide some useful lessons, as will other sectors such as agriculture and health where the SWAP processes are already underway or operational. The SWAP will build on the existing sector working groups in the ENR sector: land and environment (which includes forestry and mining) as well as water and sanitation, and drawing from key cross-sectoral clusters as agriculture and rural development, industry and trade, energy and infrastructures. It is planned that the SWAP preparation process will be initiated in the first year of the SSP and be fully adopted in the fourth quarter of 2009. Discussions are already underway and some 23 activities are slated to commence immediately following the validation of the ENR sector strategic plan. A multi-sector working group will be put in place and facilitated by MINIRENA and UNDP (ENR WG Chair and Co-chair respectively) to follow-up sub-sector and cross- sectoral activities leading up to the SWAp.

5.3.3 Information Management Strategy A key aspect of the ENR strategic plan is to intensify networking and advocacy to mainstream environment and sustainable natural resources management principles both within the ENR sector as well as across other sectors. To do this effectively, innovative approaches to gathering, storage, packaging and dissemination of information, especially on lessons learnt and good practices in sustainable ENR management will be adopted. The strategy, targeting all levels and all stakeholders, will, inter alia, entail the following: ¾ Taking advantage of existing dialogue platforms and communication frameworks – e.g. the quarterly performance contract evaluations/ review (Imihigo), local gatherings (e.g. Umuganda); ¾ Disaggregating the information by districts or ecosystem levels, so as to encourage local actions and local reporting; ¾ Engaging media through sound and long term partnerships to communicate ENR issues to different audiences, and empowering the media personnel with requisite skills and incentives e.g. short term courses, study visits, etc. ; ¾ A clear framework for feedback and regular interactions of central government agencies, and between central and local levels, so as to improve data accuracy policy analysis by ensuring that issues are focussed and practical; ¾ Support the Joint Action Forums (JAFs) in the districts to prioritise and follow-up on ENR sustainability concerns within planning and other forums; ¾ Mobilise and empower sub-district level structures (sector, cell and Umudugudu levels), including cooperatives and associations to analyse and communicate ENR information to farmers and other grassroots based stakeholders. In this regard, the information management capacity of Sector offices will be developed to coordinate information dissemination activities at levels closer to the population.

5.3.4 Institutional Capacity Building Support The ENR sector is among the youngest in terms of public institutional framework, and it faces enormous institutional and human resources capacity constraints. A sub-component of institutional capacity building support is embedded in each of the programmes for the sector. Also, considering the dismal performance of past public sector capacity building interventions, innovative approaches – that include regular performance assessment; avoiding supply oriented and adopting demand driven capacity building support; and performance based incentives, will 24 be pursued – both for central and decentralised entities. Capacity support will also be provided to strategic implementation partners in the civil society and private sector, as well as to organised grassroots based groups who demonstrate interest in designing and implementing community-driven local actions in or with bearing on the ENR sector. A holistic package of capacity building activities will also be designed, subject to resource availability and paying special attention to institutional coordination at policy and operational levels. Some of the detailed capacity building activities are outlined in the sector programme matrix/ log frame (Annex 1), while others will be designed after a comprehensive capacity needs assessment has been undertaken. The publication of the MINIFOTRA skills audit report will guide the comprehensive skills assessment in the sector. Another strategy to be employed in building institutional capacity will be to harmonise ongoing efforts under different projects to facilitate better beneficiary targeting and focus on impact creation.

5.3.5 Resources Mobilisation and Management Strategy Experience in the last 5 years demonstrate that public funding into the ENR sector increased progressively as institutional capacity is developed, although this has been slow and the increase rather modest. Reliable and adequate financing and human resources are important for achieving the sector targets, but remain a major challenge. A three-pronged strategy will be employed to mobilize and ensure availability of sufficient resources for the sector: ¾ Clear demonstration of the links between sustainable ENR management with outcomes in the key EDPRS targets, especially for ENR dependant sectors; ¾ Ensuring effective absorption (utilization and accountability -both technical and financial), and to undertake clear performance assessment that indicates the returns on investments in terms of the results. This will particularly target mobilizing more resources from the public vote (Budget); ¾ Design of large scale, integrated ecosystem-wide programmes with a medium to long- term scope rather than small short-term projects. 25 6. Costs, Financing and Financial Management

6.1 Costs and costing of Planned Activities The total amount of funds required to implement all the planned activities in this ENR strategic plan is Frw191, 937,617,895. This includes some Frw. 85,841617,895 from the budget, and Frw 106, 096 million from project funding. The distribution of the funds by programme is summarised in table 7. It should be noted, however, that this budget is under-estimation as it has largely been based on aligning the planned activities with the MTEF and PIP allocations. Table 7: Sector Budget by programme and annual distribution (Frw) Budget Programme Financial Year of Expenditure Total 2009-2013 2009 (mini) 2009/10 2010/11 2011/12 Programme 1: Sustainable 669,238,933 1,549,659,440 1,674,358,970 2,159,395,994 6,052,653,287 land management Programme 2: Integrated 1,070,719,105 750,260,000 872,992,019 945,769,875 3,639,740,999 Water Resources Management Programme 3: Sustainable 599,572,241 1,603,514,490 1,651,619,924 1,839,522,015 5,694,228,670 management of Forest & Biomass resources Programme 4: Ecosystems 412,775,156 735,296,514 774,724,150 812,595,667 2,735,391,487 conservation & improved functioning (Ecosystem Rehabilitation) Programme 5: Sustainable 180,694,560 366,995,941 391,369,822 357,934,228 1,296,994,551 mining (239,291,730); (553,405,795) (659,941,000) (770,147,999) figures in blue indicate total planned budget including salaries Programme 6: Environmental - - - - - sustainability of development policies & programmes (Environment mainstreaming across sectors programmes, projects, plans & budgets) Programme 7: Policy, legal & 412,775,156 735,296,514 774,724,150 812,594,667 regulatory framework for ENR 2,735,390,487 management Programme 8: Institutional 1,194,002,561 2,572,470,121 2,489,472,165 3,101,604,343 9,357,549,190 Capacity of ENR Governance Total (from General Budget) 4,127,002,556 7,578,196,506 7,854,537,906 9,216,820,266 28,776,557,234 Source: MINIRENA Budget Spreadsheet 2008. Detailed sub-programme costings based on the MTEF are presented in Annex 3.

6.2 Financing Mechanisms 26 Funding for the ENR SSP is expected to come from two main sources viz 1) general budget support; and 2) project support. With continued investor confidence building strategies and overall growth in private sector participation in the sector, the role of private sector in financing the sector will be increasingly expected and will likely position itself as the third main source of financing to the sector. In order to realise reliable and sustainable financing, however, additional funding mechanisms will be explored during the SSP period. 1) The General budget allocation to the sector is the main source for the bulk of the activities. The anticipated risk lie, however, in the inadequate allocations. 2) Project support to specific sub-sectors within the ENR. On-going projects under MINIRENA and other agencies, will provide funding for some of the activities included in the SSP. This implies that the on-going and planned projects within the sector will have to align with the priorities in the SSP, since these are based on the overall national priorities enshrined in the EDPRS. 3) General budget and project support to other sectors in which sustainable ENR management is a key component. The main strategy to ensure this will be to step up awareness raising, advocacy and networking activities, to engage the sectors in question and demonstrate how ENR issues are important in their sector, and support them to mainstream sustainable ENR issues into their SSPs, action plans and budgets. Initiatives in this regard will build on ongoing efforts by MINIRENA (IMCE) and REMA (through project (PEI, DEMP, PAB and AEIN) interventions. The main sectors targeted are infrastructures (Under MININFRA); tourism, trade and industry (under MINICOM), agriculture and animal resources (under MINAGRI), health (under MINISANTE), economic management (MINICOFIN and associated agencies) and decentralised governance (MINALOC). Table 4 below shows the anticipated amounts by source. 4) Sector budget support through a basket fund for the ENR sector. This is expected to be operational once the ENR sector SWAp is adopted. Table 8: Anticipated funding for the SSP by Source and amount estimates Source of funding Commitments Total funding Gaps (Frw) (Frw) estimates (Frw ) 1 General Budget (MINECOFIN 28,776,557,233 85,841,617,895 57,065,060,662 allocation 2 Projects aligned to the sector 106,096,000,000 106,096,000,000 0 3 Cross-cutting sectors (ENR - - - mainstreaming) Total 134,872,557,233 191,937,617,895 57,065,060,662 27 Source: MINIRENA & MINECOFIN records21; and Public Investment Plan 2008. In table 8 above, resources from cross-cutting sectors will be identified during the detailed public expenditure review (PER) for the sector that is planned. Also, project funds are not aligned to the sector and therefore not easily tranferable or earmarked to specific programme activities. This alignment will be undertaken under the SWAp development programme. A comparison of funding estimates for the programme and budget commitments to the sector (both from the budget and projects) indicate that there is a funding gap of approximately Frw 57 billion . Table 9: Funding Gaps (based on budget requests Vs Budget Commitments) Funding request/ commitment by year (Frw) Total cost 2009-2013 2008 2009 (mini) 2009/10 2010/11 2011/12 Programme cost - 10,938,692,412 25,678,904,872 24,283,798,199 24,940,222,412 85,841617,895 (request from budget) Committed 4,127,002,556 7,578,196,506 7,854,537,906 9,216,820,266 28,776,557,234 funding Funding Gap 6,811,689,856 18,100,708,366 16,429,260,293 15,723,402,146 57,065,060,661 Data source: MINIRENA & MINECOFIN records.

6.3 Resources Allocation and Financial Management Arrangements The allocation of funds to the programmes, sub-programmes and activties has been guided by the priorities set for each of the 5 sub-sectors constituting the ENR sector. Expenditure will be incremental, and based on annual action planning and expenditure management. Within the priorities reflected in the sector log frame (see Annex 1), the following tools constitute major instruments for priority expenditure and resource allocation, as well as accountability: It is important to note that all the 8 programmes planned under this strategic plan directly contribute to the realisation of the 3 EDPRS flagship programmes viz: Vision 2020 Umurenge; sustainable growth for job creation; and Good governance.

6.3.1 Medium Term Expenditure Framework (MTEF) The three-year rolling expenditure plan is one of the key instruments guiding the expenditure priorities for the sector. Like all other sectors, although this plan sets clearly how the priorities for each sub-sector will be implemented during the five years, priority re-setting is expected subject to the size of the resource envelope, sector expenditure ceilings set by MINECOFIN 21 MTEF,and MINIRENA Sector Budget. 28 and any unanticipated changes that might affect the priority arrangements. One of the initial exercises in the preparation of this strategic plan, was to align the sub-sector priuorities identified to realise the EDPRS targets, with the MTEF. This strategy is, therefore, fully aligned with the MTEF 2008-2010. Linking the MTEF with the sector programme is still a challenge and will have to be worked on, for a number of reasons, the principal one being the fact that the budgets and MTEF were formulated before the strategic plan. 29

6.3.2 Annual Performance Assessment The ENR SSP will be reviewed quarterly and annually to review progress towards the set targets. Quarterly reports will be prepared and shared with different stakeholders. It is proposed that as part of the monitoring and performance assessment process, the different sub-sectors will take advantage of/ use the events and activities in table 10. below to review their progress and assess performance. The advantage with these events is that: a) they are already institutionalised and embedded in the lead institutions’normal work plans, such that getting political “ buy-ins” will be relatively easy; b) some resources are already earmarked for such events such that there is little likelihood of requiring extra financing; A new idea introduced by this strategy will be to collect and synthesise information reflecting status and progress towards the sector targets22. Table 10: Important events/ activities for sub-sector performance review Subsector M&E event/ activity Frequency Present status Responsible/ lead agency Environment State of environment (SoE) biennually First SoE launched in 2009 REMA reporting World Environment week Annual REMA Forestry Annual tree planting day NRB23 (NAFA)/REMA Water World Water day Annual Geology & Mining day Annual RNRB (OGMR) Mines General ENR Africa Statistics week Annual Observed but NISR/ REMA management environmental statistics not yet considered National Accountability day Held regularly but MINALOC confined to Local Govt Source: Various documentations

6.3.3. Public Expenditure Review (PER) The first ever public expenditure review (PER) for ENR sector will be undertaken at the start of the implementation of this plan, and the terms of reference (ToRs) for this task have already been formulated under the UNEP/UNDP funded PEI project. This will provide a baseline against which to benchmark and measure the fiscal performance and assess value for money. 22 An example is to analyse and publish disaggregated information on the state of forests and tree resources during the annual tree planting day, so that the country can collectively reflect on the actual progress made towards the EDPRS and Vision 2020, in terms of forest coverage, effects on climate change and recommendations on new efforts and strategies needed to keep or get on track. Published information will be discussed in decision making forums – essentially parliament and local councils. 23 NRB: Natural Resource Board is envisaged to be the institutional set up during the implementation of the sector strategic plan. 30 7. Results Matrix/ Logical framework The logical flow of expected outcomes, outputs and required inputs are summarized in the matrix in Annex 1. It should be noted, nonetheless, that the column of baselines is largely unfilled because baseline figures did not exist at the time of preparing this strategic plan, and setting baselines for each of the target outputs is part of the priority actions to be undertaken in the first phase of the strategy implementation. 31 References MINECOFIN 2007a. Budget Framework Paper 2008-2011 MINECOFIN, 2007. The Economic Development and Poverty Reduction Strategy MINECOFIN 2006a. Rwanda Aid Policy. Endorsed by Cabinet, July 2006. MINITERE 2003. National Environment Policy MINITERE 2003a. National Land Policy MINITERE 2004a. National Forestry Policy. MINITERE, 2006. Programme d’Action Nationaux d’Adaptation Aux Changements Climatiques. National Institute of Statistics of Rwanda, World Food Programme and European Union, 2006. Rwanda: Comprehensive Food Security and Vulnerability Analysis. National TDA 2006. Transboundary Diagnostic Analysis (TDA) for Rwanda. The Lake Victoria Environment Management Project (LVEMP) II. Republic of Rwanda. 2006. Official Gazette of the Republic of Rwanda. Presidential Order Determining the Structure, the powers and functioning of the Officer of the Registrar of Land Titles. No. 53/01. Republic of Rwanda. 2006. Official Gazette of the Republic of Rwanda. April 2006. Republic of Rwanda. NEPAD Secretariat, Office of the President, June 2005. Rwanda NEPAD Report. Presidential Order Determining the Structure, the responsibilities, the functioning and the composition of Land Commissions. No. 54/01. www.minirena.gov.rw/IMG/pdf 32 8. Annexes Annex 1: Results Management Framework for the ENR Sector Strategic Plan Annex 2: Linking Sector priorities and Targets to MTEF (through Budget Programmes) Annex 3: Linking Programme Budget estimates to MTEF Annex 4: Status of International Conventions, Treaties and Protocols in Rwanda Annex 5: Integration of environment into EDPRS sector logframes 33

Annex 1. Results Management Framework for the ENR Sector Strategic Plan Key Results/ Narrative summary Key Performance Indicators and targets Baselines (2009) Means of verification/ Critical Assumptions and targets (2013) monitoring strategy Overall Sector Goal: Rwanda’s natural resources managed equitably and sustainably for socioeconomic transformation Outcome 1: Equitable, sustainable and productive management of land resources Output 1.1: Land tenure security x % land registered/ titled; increased x % of women-owned land titled/ registered x incidences of land related conflicts Output 1.2: Land Market x “Turn-around” time for land ownership registration/ Coordination with transactions transfer reduced to maximum 30 days to reduce programmes to attract transaction costs on investments ; investors x Extent of use of land titles as collateral to access bank credit Output 1.3: Integrated and x Comprehensive National land cover & land use maps; x National Land Centre sustainable land use x Proportion of rural land use that is based on approved (NLC) Records/ documents master plans (National and/ or district); x Proportion of urban land use that is based on approved master plans (national and/or district) x Urban & rural land use based on scientifically derived land capabilities; x No. of equipped laboratories providing services in soil analysis & agro-chemical testing Output 1.4: Arable land protected x % annual increase in land secured against erosion 40% to 80% Annual reports (JSR – Safeguards in practice from erosion and exhaustion MINAGRI) Buy-in from landholders Land office Records Commitment from Assessments partners Outcome 2: Water resources managed in an integrated, equitable and sustainable way Output 2.1: Strategic framework for x Integrated Master plan for water resources x x Reports/ documents x Political support integrated water resources x Minutes of meetings continues; management in place and x Institutional reforms operational favourable Output 2.2: Inventory of the x Water resources & infrastructure x x Publications, Interviews x High staff turnover country’s surface and groundwater x Spatial databases on surface & ground water resources; environment reports; water resources resource maps 34 Key Results/ Narrative summary Key Performance Indicators and targets Baselines (2009) Means of verification/ Critical Assumptions and targets (2013) monitoring strategy Output 2.3: Water quality standards x No. of functioning water quality stations & laboratories x Physical inspections of & monitoring framework Spatial databases equipped laboratories; x No. of water quality monitoring sites set-up interviews x National water quality standards Output 2.4: Implement protection of x Level of downstream siltation and sedimentation Documents, siltation records Unclear boundaries of riverbanks and lake shores x % farmers sensitized on importance of riverbanks and wetland ecosystems, river degradation lake shores protection banks and lakeshores. Outcome 3: Forest and biomass resources developed and sustainably managed Output 3.1: Degraded forests in x Area of micro-catchments planted with trees Bas.08: ? Targ. 12: Survey reports, physical Inadequate supply of important watersheds and catchment x No. of sectors & cells with well maintained tree nurseries 100% inspections suitable tree species, areas rehabilitated and new ones (not easy to monitor) inadequate follow up of planted x No of hectares of rehabilitated forests Bas 08: 2000 ha planted trees x No of hectares of new planted forests Targ. 2012: 100 000 x Local capacity developed in catchment management ha (water sector) Bas 08: 19 579 ha Targ.2012: 78 316 ha Output 3.2: Forestry and Agro- Annual wood consumption reduced by 30% (8,900,000 m3 in Bas 08: ? Targ. 12: Records on forestry and agro- Continued Government forestry resources used efficiently to 2002 to 6,200,000 m3 30% forestry commitment to provide energy, generate income & % of women and vulnerable groups engaged in forestry and x MININFRA/ RURA and developing alternative support livelihoods agro-forestry District-level records energy x % of tree farmers benefiting from carbon trade Bas 08: ? Targ. 12: x Survey reports 30% Bas 08: 0 Targ 12: 20% Outcome 4: Mineral resources sustainably utilized 35 Key Results/ Narrative summary Key Performance Indicators and targets Baselines (2009) Means of verification/ Critical Assumptions and targets (2013) monitoring strategy Outcome: US$106M x x - Total revenue from exports of minerals products(in millions USD) Output 4.1: Productivity and value Number of large scale(1/50 000) geologic/ mineral maps National coverage of x Mineral exploration x Market prices addition in the mining sector produced 1/100000 geological and exploitation remain stable enhanced and based on maps databases environmentally sustainable x OGMR Reports x Availability of 10 geological maps practices. x Minerals export financing of 1/50 000 in areas records with mineral anomalies Number and categories of minerals and quarry processing 2 tins smelters ( not industries operational operational) 2 tins smelters, 1 wolfram smelter, 1 rock cutting and polishing factory, 1 ceramic artisanal factory and 1 peat carbonization plant operational x Number of Mining Cooperatives well equipped and using modern technologies 0 -All mining cooperatives Output 4.2: Point source pollution Number of mining projects having an environment management 10 medium scale x Licensing documents from mining effectively controlled plans projects - x OGMR reports x Company records All mining projects Output 4.3: Legal, regulatory and Number of mining entities obtaining certification for mineral 0-10 Companies x OGMR and Local x Sufficient financial institutional frameworks production and trading. Government and human resources, strengthened institutions records legal expertise & x Certificate technical support issuing x Companies willing institution to participate in the x Partnering certification process institutions 36 Key Results/ Narrative summary Key Performance Indicators and targets Baselines (2009) Means of verification/ Critical Assumptions and targets (2013) monitoring strategy Outcome 5: Environmental issues mainstreamed into policies, programmes, plans, budgets and activities for public and non public agencies Output 5.1: Comprehensive Strategy x Level of population awareness on/ understanding of - Field visits Negative public opinion Institutional & cross- & Action Plan for public environment & development links - Records of media sectoral collaboration Information, Education and x Extent to which ENR sustainability principles are applied publications & Communication (IEC) formulated & in key ENR-dependant sectors & economic management audio-visual effectively implemented institutions archives; Reports Output 5.2: Measures for industrial, x % of industries and commercial activities located in Field visits; Documentation -Compensation of people, municipal & domestic pollution wetlands of trans-boundary importance industries & commercial control in place & implemented activities in wetlands; x % of industries using cleaner production technologies Study reports, inspection - Industries cooperate to x % of hotels & institutions with waste water treatment reports; EMP documents switch to cleaner facilities Garbage bins, Fact finding production technologies x % of urban population with access to solid waste tours, visit to landfills management facilities Output 5.3: Measures for x Incidences of chemical pollution from farming activities Research reports, agricultural pollution control in field visits; State of place & effectively implemented Environment Reports District annual reports Output 5.4: Measures for controlling x Rate of sedimentation at selected points of major rivers & Water quality Capacity for water pollution from non point sources in streams (Akagera, Akanyaru); monitoring reports quality analysis place & effectively implemented x Amount of couliform in water samples Output 5.5: Equitable & sustainable x Smallholder irrigation schemes in water scarce areas of x Records; commissioned Water resources leading use of water for production Bugesera, Umutara, Muhanga & Huye studies to conflicts enhanced x % of Coffee washing stations with water recycling x Field visits, records of x Proportion of area under flood irrigation downstream siltation x Rain water harvesting/ reservoirs established in erosion- Field visits, records Siltation of wetlands in prone areas the valley bottoms x % of trans-boundary important wetlands protected Field visits, records of siltation levels, maps x Number of ground water aquifers mapped & protected Water resources databases; state of environment reports; x % of farmers cultivating drought-tolerant & low water Annual Crop Assessment consuming crop varieties reports by MINAGRI Output 5.6: Capacity building for x Quarterly update of meteorological/ climatic data for ENR Records Inadequate technical improved use of meteorological & planning Publication/ broadcasting of skills among 37 Key Results/ Narrative summary Key Performance Indicators and targets Baselines (2009) Means of verification/ Critical Assumptions and targets (2013) monitoring strategy climate data & information x Emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2) per inhabitant 0.0295 Gg/inhab. weather information Meteorological staff x Functional disaster management system (2002) Outcome 6: Critical Ecosystems rehabilitated and protected to enhance conservation and sustainable utilisation of biodiversity Output 6.1: Protected Areas x Area of critical habitat protected 8% Reports; field visits; effectively managed and biodiversity x Annual update on number and status of rare or endangered commissioned studies therein conserved for ecological, species Biodiversity inventories Field social, economic and cultural x National revenue from tourism products visits and documents benefits. Output 6.2: Biodiversity outside x Inventory of biodiversity outside protected areas 0 Field visit ; reports protected areas assessed, mapped x Strategy for conservation of biodiversity outside protected and conserved areas; x Vermin & problem animal control mechanisms Output 6.3: All wetlands x Inventory & database of wetlands in place & regularly Records inventoried, mapped & conserved updated; Field visits for optimal ecological & economic x Wetlands management structures at all levels benefits to local, national & x Legal & regulatory instruments transboundary interest groups Output 6.4: Increased number of x Proportion of women and youth enterprises based on ENR Reports Provide fiscal & people deriving their livelihoods activities; monetary incentives for from off-farm NR-based activities x % Contribution of handicrafts to GDP; financial service x No. of labour-intensive schemes set-up; providers Outcome 7: Policy, legal & regulatory framework for ENR management 7.1 ENR policies & legislative x Number of policies reviewed for SEA application in key Reports (JSR) Inadequate skills in regimes are effective & supportive ENR- related sectors (forests, water, energy, Agriculture, undertaking SEA to equitable and environmentally Industry, etc.) sustainable utilization of resources x Joint Sector Reviews (JSR) reporting performance improvements as a result of environmental management x Functioning water use regulatory regime Documents, field visits, law Advocate for the x Degree of enforcement of “Polluter pays” principles enforcers from up and institutionalization of downstream, MoUs water use regulation x Existence & enforcement of provisions for collaborative Records forest management with local communities x % of Districts & sectors with bylaws on specific Documents, Reports environment degrading activities – waste disposal, bush/grass burning, mining pollution, 38 Key Results/ Narrative summary Key Performance Indicators and targets Baselines (2009) Means of verification/ Critical Assumptions and targets (2013) monitoring strategy Output 7.2: All ENR sector policies, x Appropriate policies & subsidiary legislations put in place laws and regulations reviewed to to operationalise relevant provisions of the Constitution, respond to other sectors’ needs, organic law on environment and land EDPRS, MDGs and Vision 2020 aspirations Output 7.3: Rwanda’s environmental x Extent of legal harmony with EAC countries policies, legislative & regulatory x Joint projects implementation; regimes harmonised with other EAC Countries Output 7.4: capacity for Legal & regulatory measures to implement international implementation of international Conventions & treaties that have been ratified by Rwanda environmental conventions & treaties Outcome 8: An effective and sustainable governance framework for Environment and Natural Resources management established Output 8.1: Effective policy x Sector programming & financing based on SWAp - None in 2008; coherence and coordination: (ENR x At least 75% of ENR financing is programme-based and 100% operational SWAp developed & operationalised channeled through ENR basket (SWAp-based); effective 2010; x Regular Joint sector planning & review involving - districts & non state actors; Output 8.2: Robust and effective x Operational M&E framework integrating central & x Reports; Publications, Monitoring, evaluation and learning decentralized levels awareness materials system & culture x Workshops & meetings x Progress Reports produced at district & ministerial/ sector levels; x Operational database Output 8.3: Sustainable financing x % of ENR activities receiving adequate funding; Records / reports mechanisms & financial x Extent to which donor funded projects/ programmes use management arrangements GoR PFM system; x % of donor funds provided through the budget x Operational Environment Fund (FONERWA) Output 8.4: Total Economic x Extent of incorporation of environmental costs into national National account records valuation of selected natural accounts; Economic valuation reports resources undertaken and used to x Operational Environment Fund Sector Annual Budgets facilitate green accounting Output 8.5: Increased `human x Institutional systems Records resources & institutional capacity of x % of personnel with full vacancy occupancy 39 Key Results/ Narrative summary Key Performance Indicators and targets Baselines (2009) Means of verification/ Critical Assumptions and targets (2013) monitoring strategy ENR agencies & ministries x Level of skills in SEA and EIA Output 8.6: Civil society and private x Participation of civil society in ENR cluster & SWAps Attendance lists sector participation in ENR policy x Partnerships between ENR institutions & CSOs formulation & implementation x Public-private partnership in ENR management enhanced x Level of compliance with EIA and related legislation Output 8.7: ENR sustainability x Level of skill in applied scientific & technological research Publications, reports, manuals, High turnover due to low principles integrated into higher x No. of research publications on ENR issues books pay & other work education teaching/ training & x Rate of annual intake of MSC & PhD students in ENR- Reports, Dissertations, conditions research programmes relevant disciplines x No. of collaborative graduate research projects commissioned Output 8.8: Increased application of x Programmes linking research to policy Publications, visits - Strategy for more science & technology information in x Research & technology demonstrations in ENR Records resource mobilisation ENR policy formulation & sustainability - operational decision making x Private-public partnerships in innovative technologies x Regional & international collaborative research networks 40

Annex 2: Linking Sector priorities and Targets to MTEF (through Budget Programmes) Budget Programme 1: Sustainable Land Resources Management Sub-programme(s) Output statement Key Performance Indicator Baseline Target Target 2010 Target 2011 Target 2012 Target 2013 2007 2009 Land administration improved and Land administration simplified to protect land - % of privately owned land registered/ simplified to improve tenure rights and facilitate investments in land titled; security - Operational Land Information management System and land data base management Systems - No. of Districts with fully functional Land Bureaus Land use planning and management Land use master plans developed and Annual percentage of land used in 0% 0% 2% 10% 30% processes in place for improved and operational to guide land use management compliance with land use Master plan sustainable land use decisions at national and decentralized levels Budget Programme: 2: Water Resources Management Budget Sub programme Output statement Key perfomance Indicators Baseline Target Target Target Target Target 2007 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 Integrated and sustainable Water resources are managed sustainably No. of LWA committees formed in the Akagera Basin and its sub basins 0 2 2 2 2 Management of Water and in an integrated manner No of operating pilots in the Nyaborongo and Muvumba basins 0 0 1 1 Resources Length (Km) of river banks protected on Nyabarongo and Muvumba rivers 0 10 % of water spring catchments protected according to national standard. 25 65 80 90 100 Access to water for Water for economic purposes to all user No. and nature of policies, laws and bye-laws in place to regulate water use 1 1 1 1 economic purposes institutions Increased for economic purposes Sector Planning, Management No. of hydrological and limnimetric stations (operational) 5 20 35 50 65 information systems strengthened for No of published report on hydrological data accessible to public M&E and informed decision-making 1 1 1 1 Human resources and institutional No of personnel in water resources management recruited and trained 5 5 10 capacities in water resources management improved 41 Programme 3: Sustainable Management of Forest and Biomass Resources Sub-programme(s) Output statement Key Performance Indicator Baseline Target Target Target 2011 Target 2012 Target 2013 2007 2009 2010 Forest resources managed National forest plan developed by Forest and agro-forest coverage as a - 20.70% 21,40% 22,10% 22,80% 23,50% for economic productivity 2009 and implemented by 2011 percentage of total surface land area and ecosystem services increases (532,260 hectares in 2006 to 640,150 in 2011) Forestry and Agro-forestry In collaboration with MININFRA Annual wood consumption reduced by - 8,3 7,7 7 Million m³ 6,4 Million m³ 6,2 Million resources used efficiently to secure income from carbon trade 30% (8,900,000 cubic meters in 2002 to Million Million m³ m³ provide energy, generate grants through adoption of carbon 6,200,000 cubic metres) m³ income & support livelihoods neutral energy sources by 20% of the population Budget Programme 4 : Environmental Management Programme Sub-programme(s) Output statement Key Performance Indicator Target 2009 Target Target Target Target Data source 2010 2011 2012 2013 1 Ecosystems sustainably Local community involvement Five (Gishwati, Mukura, Rugezi, 8.4% 8.8% 9.2% 9.6% 10% REMA/MINERENA managed for income and incomes of population Kamiranzovu, Nyabarongo – Akagera Reports generation employed in the “new” network) critically degraded ecosystems ecotourism sector/other off-farm mapped, assessed and rehabilitated to activities increased contribute electricity supply and irrigation potential Sub-programme 3 Database of all regulated Environmental inspection checklists Pollution management substances updated annually and distributed to cell level in all districts improve accessible to public Greenhouse Gas Inventoried Quantity of emitted CO2 7493 Gg of NAPA CO2 CDM Projects implemented Reduction of CO2 emission 7517 Gg of CO2 sequestrated by forest 42 Budget Programme 5: Mining Sub-programme Output statement Key performance indicators Target 2009 Target 2010 Target 2011 Target 2012 Target 2013 1. Performance, productivity Total revenue from exports of mineral Export revenues from minerals increased to and value addition in the products increases US $ 120 million 72 75 89 106 120 mining sector enhanced and based on environmentally sustainable practices Number of jobs created by the mining Number of jobs created 37,000 sector increase from 25,000 to 37,000 37000 with at least 30% being women Proportion of minerals sector jobs held by women 30% Programme 8: Policy and Legislative framework for sustainable management of Environment and Natural Resources Sub-programme(s) Output statement Key performance indicators Target 2009 Target 2010 Target 2011 Target 2012 Target 2013 7.1 Land administration policy, Land administration simplified to protect Proportion of area of privately owned 5% 40% 60% 80% 100% legal and regulatory framework land rights and facilitate investments in land held under written title. land Portion of issued land tiles owned by 2% 10% 20% 30% 40% women 7.2 Legal, Policy, Regulatory Legal, Policy, Regulatory and Institutional  National Water resources (IWRM) 0 Draft 1 1 and Institutional Framework for Framework for Water Resources Master Plan established and Water Resources Management Management in place and operational approved  Water resources management sector policy developed and approved 0 1  Water Law approved and operational 1 1 1 1 1 7.3 Legal, policy, regulatory and Forest management plans (to acceptable At least one local-level organization per 6 12 18 24 30 institutional framework for national standard) developed and district is involved in forest management forest management implemented in districts partnerships with Districts by 2009 strengthened 7.4 Legal, regulatory and Exploration and exploitation of mineral At least 75% of local-level mining 15% 30% 45% 60% 75% institutional framework for the resources compliant with national mining operations are meeting environmental mining sector strengthened laws and regulations standards 7.5 Effective legal, regulatory Increase in number of projects compliant All environmental regulations and 8 8 and policy systems and to national environmental standards and guidelines functioning at central and institutional frameworks for reduce approval period for EIA certificate decentralized institutions to benefit management of the environment per project national investment and natural resources implemented 43

Annex 3. Linking Programme Budget estimates to MTEF Programme 1: Sustainable Land Resources Management Sub-programme Output statement Key Activities Estimated budget allocation 2009-13 (RwF millions) Implementing agency Recurrent Capital Total 1. Land Land administration 1. Systematic and Sporadic land registration 24 25 25.038.112.093 NLC, donors 602.210.366 24.435.901.727 administration simplified to protect policy, legal and land rights and 2.Operationalisation of Land Database & Information 26 1 300 334 926 NLC, ICF 1.106.394.466 193.940.460 regulatory facilitate investments in Management System for effective land administration and framework land Management (LIMS/LDBMS) MINIRENA 170 707 255 84.058.755 3. Intensive Policy and law awareness and sensitization 86.648.500 MINIRENA, NLC, ICF 4. Capacity building of Land Management Institutions 1.783.334.698 255.215.158 27 1.528.119.540 5. Set up laws and secondary legislation implementing the MINIRENA, NLC, ICF organic land law 36.180.765 36.180.765 0 8. Development of land registration procedures 36.180.765 National Land Centre 36.180.765 Sub-programme Land use master plans 1. Development of National Land Use Master Plan 28 0 29 MINIRENA, NLC 2.691.495.842 2.691.495.842 2 developed and operational to guide 2. Monitoring Land use Master plan 320.000.000 NLC 224.000.000 224.000.000 Land use land use management planning and decisions at national 3. Development of Detailed land use plan (District level) 1.051.428.571 NLC 2.905.875.000 2.905.875.000 management and decentralized levels 4. Land demarcation and redistribution x Gishwati 177.000.000 NLC 25.000.000 25.000.000 x Eastern Province 320.000.000 NLC 0 84.058.755 x Districts 1.051.428.571 NLC 4. Relocation of the population living in high risky zones 0 NLC 177.000.000 5. Intensive awareness and sensitization on land use MINIRENA 255.215.158 84.058.755 6. Capacity building in land use and management MINIRENA, NLC 255.215.158 24 From MTF 25 From SRM different from BD MTF 26 From ICF 27 From ICF 28 We considered the total cost of main contract with Swedesurvey in place of the BD MTF 29 We considered the total cost of main contract with Swedesurvey in place of the BD MTF 44 Grand total du Programme LAND = 36 098 923 828 frw Programme 2: Water Resources Management Sub-Programme 1 Output Statement Key Activities Estimated budget allocation 2009-2013(RwF millions) Implementing Agency Recurrent Capital Total Legal, Policy, Legal, Policy, Regulatory and - Promulgation of Water Law. 400.000.000 400.000.000 MINIRENA Regulatory and Institutional Framework for Water - Promotion of water law to the public Institutional Resources Management in place 800.000.000 800.000.000 MINIRENA Framework for Water and operational - Water resources management sector Resources policy developed and approved 200.000.000 200.000.000 MINIRENA Management - Water Resources Master Plan 4.554.000.000 4.554.000.000 MINIRENA - Creation of water resources management Agency 2.000.000.000 2.000.000.000 MINIRENA Integrated and Water resources are managed -hydrological limnimetric (operational) 5.880.000.000 5.880.000.000 PGNRE sustainable sustainably and in an integrated - Great rivers basins studies 17.666.000.000 Management of manner 17.666.000.000 MINIRENA/PGNRE Water Resources Water for - Groundwater quality and quantity 7.22.000.000 studies 7.22.000.000 MINIRENA/NUR -Establishment of Akagera Basin 124.215.000 124.215.000 MINIRENA committee 1.071.000.000 MINIRENA - Protection of Water bodies against 1.071.000.000 water Jacinth 489.839.725 MINIRENA - Water quantity and quality Analysis 489.839.725 Access to water for Economic efficiency in water - Rain water harvesting 4.026.000.000 4.026.000.000 CUEP/MIRENA economic purposes increased among all institutional - Groundwater exploration and users exploitation. 7.228.000.000 7.228.000.000 LWI/MINIRENA - Availability of Water resources to 2.692.000.000 increase coverage for safe potable water 2.692.000.000 WP/MINIRENA supply. - HR & Institutional capacities in - Training and study tours 64.000.000 64.000.000 MINIRENA water resources management improved Sector Planning, Management - Monitoring and Evaluation of activities 302.923.113 302.923.113 MINIRENA/PGNRE information systems strengthened related to Water Resources Management for M&E and informed decision- -Water resources Information system making network 3.150.466.594 3.150.466.594 MINIRENA/NUR  Hydrological map 200.000.000 200.000.000 MINIRENA/PGNRE 45 Budget Programme 3 : Forestry Estimated budget allocation 2002-2012 IMPLEMENTATIO N AGENCY Sub-Programme(s) Output statement Key activities Recurrent Capital Total 1. Forest resources managed National forest plan 1. To disseminate the national forestry policy 405 541 882 405 541 882 MINIRENA for economic productivity developed by 2009 and and ecosystem services implemented by 2011 2. To develop and disseminate standards of rational forestry management on national level 43 234 436 43 234 436 MINIRENA .3. Sensitization of the population and decision makers on forest policy, law and instructions 73 727 200 73 727 200 NAFA 4. Support the private sector in wood transformation and value addition industries and establish the bamboo transformation and training unity 154 181 400 154 181 400 NAFA 5.Good management of wooded areas 120 181 600 165 000 000 285 181 600 NAFA 6. Complete forest inventory by adding forests under 0.5 ha; and Elaborate a reliable National Forestry 240 000 000 240 000 000 Netherlands Management Plan Embassy Sub-programme2: In collaboration with 1. Disseminate the national forest plan 49 520 000 49 520,000 MINIRENA MININFRA secure income Forestry and Agro-forestry from carbon trade grants 2. Plant 54 145 ha of forests on the bare hills; 10 000 km 5,878 502 315 821 800 000 6,700,302,315 NAFA resources used efficiently to through adoption of carbon along the roads, on the river or lake banks ( transfer to provide energy, generate neutral energy sources by district for planting forestry trees & agro-forestry trees) income & support livelihoods 20% of the population NAFA 3. Control exploitation and transport of tree products 41 857 992 41 857 992 4. Reduce annual wood consumption on account of energy by encouraging wood saving stoves in the country; PAFOR 100 000 000 100 000 000 5. Develop standards in order to organize the competition on forest harvesting techniques. 138 608 740 138 608 740 MINIRENA 6. Undertake skills training and apprenticeship for wood processors to reduce wastes and improve quality and 50 000 000 100 000 000 150 000 000 productivity; MINIRENA Sub-programme 3: Forest management plans (to 1. Disseminate the updated forestry law 100 186 110 100 186 110 MINIRENA Legal, policy, regulatory acceptable national standard) and institutional framework developed and implemented 2. Elaborate Ministerial decrees for implementation of for forest management in districts the forest law and regulations and law governing the 34 472 640 34 472 640 MINIRENA strengthened small natural forests scattered in the country TOTAL: 3,516,814,315 46 Environment Conservation and Protection Programme Sub-programme Output statement Key Activities Estimated budget allocation 2008-12 (RwF millions) Implementing agency Recurrent Capital Total Sub-programme 1 Increase in number of Developing regulations, improving and implementing policies and laws to 121830000 0 MINIRENA Effective legal, projects compliant to ensure the Organic law is operational and effective regulatory and policy national environmental systems and standards and reduce Institutional strengthening and capacity building of MINIRENA / REMA and 540164000 REMAProjects MINIRENA/R institutional approval period for all sectors in the following areas: EMA frameworks for EIA certificate per management, project ƒ Implementing international environmental conventions 140264000 Conventions projects MINIRENA protection and conservation of the ƒ Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) 0 PEI/DEMP REMA environment and ƒ Environment Impact Assessment (EIA) 93015000 PEI/DEMP REMA natural resources implemented ƒ Integrated Ecosystem Assessment (IEA) 0 PEI/DEMP REMA ƒ Monitoring and Evaluation (M&E) of environment and Natural 14100000 0 REMA Resources ƒ Research and planning to facilitate evidence-based environmental 6200000 0 REMA management ƒ Establish environmental information management systems+ 159685000 0 REMA Geographic Information Systems (GIS) Institutional strengthening and capacity building at sectors and decentralized 188600000 IMCE/PAB/PEI REMA institutions for environmental stewardship Support initiatives of civil society grassroots’ community participation with 89000000 0 REMA special focus on women and the youth in environment protection and management Build knowledge, awareness and sensitization through formal education and 108268250 REMA Projects REMA informal mechanisms. Public awareness and sensitization on environmental protection and conservation Sub-programme 2 Design and carry out rehabilitation activities of key degraded wetlands such as 3302433750 IMCE REMA Ecosystems Local community Gikondo and Rugezi, Nyabarongo and Akagera watersheds and forests sustainably managed involvement and including Mukara, Gishwati and other natural forests for income generation incomes of population employed Protected areas: rehabilitating original surface areas and reducing further 0 PAB REMA in the “new” degradation of Volcanoes, Nyungwe and Akagera National Parks ecotourism sector/other off-farm Mapping, inventorying, classifying and demarcating boundaries of critical 0 IMCE REMA activities increased wetlands as Protected Wetlands for biological diversity, ecosystem research, ecotourism, etc. 47 Establishing public / private partnerships for ecosystem restoration / protection 1500000 PEI REMA / marshland management for income generating uses. Mainstream Integrated Ecosystems Assessments (IEA) approach in the District Development Plans. Sub-programme 3 Database of all Developing and implementing regulations and standards to control and manage 179568250 0 REMA Pollution regulated substances solid and liquid waste and other pollutants from domestic, industrial, management updated annually and agricultural and trade sources improved accessible to public Promote the adoption of cleaner production to control and manage industrial 0 REMA REMA and commercial pollution – Establish Rwanda Cleaner Production Center (RCPC) Developing and efficiently disseminating detailed guidelines on the conduct of 0 REMA/PEI REMA SEAs and EIAs Instituting measures to improve the exploitation of natural resources to 76702500 0 REMA minimize negative environmental pollution and other impacts Promote partnership efforts to adopt efficient pollution (fuel wood, solid 29120000 0 REMA waste, invasive species etc.) management technologies Support the operation of the National Designed Operational Entity (DOE) for 0 REMA/ UNCCC REMA the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) and Promote CDM projects’’. Project: Implement the National Action Plan for Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) MINING Programme Sub-programme Output statement Key Activities Estimated budget allocation 2008-12 (RwF millions) Implementing agency Recurrent Capital Total Sub-programme 1 Increasing production of the 1. Geological mapping and mineral exploration 297 938 000 - 297 938 000 OGMR Performance mineral substances in a productivity and sustainable practice 2. Technical support to and supervision of all mining & quarrying 203 140 000 - 203 140 000 OGMR value addition in the activities mining sector enhanced and based 3.Monitoring of natural hazards 24.000.000 - 24 000 000 OGMR on environmentally sustainable practice 4. Promoting peat as a supplement source of energy for mining 89 800 000 - 89 800 000 OGMR 5.Promoting value addition of mineral and quarry - and Kigali Mineral campus 10 760 143 10 760 143 MINIRENA 6. Promoting investments in the mining sector MINIRENA 7. Monitoring & Evaluation of the mining sector MINIRENA 48 Sub-programme 2 Exploration and exploitation 1.Drafting rules and regulations for the new mineral code and 40 735 339 - 40 735 339 MINIRENA Legal, regulatory and of mineral resources sensitising the stakeholders in the law institutional compliant with national frameworks mining laws and regulations 2.Purchasing equipment to start and to strengthen the laboratories 211 885 133 - 211 885 133 OGMR strengthened 3.Strengthening small scale and artisan miners 21 679 566 - 21 679 566 MINIRENA 4.Technical training of staff and other workers in the sector 181 000 000 - 181 000 000 OGMR 1 275 258 615

Annex 4: Status of International Conventions, Treaties and Protocols in Rwanda Convention Date signed/ ratified Implementation progress UN Convention on Biological Diversity (1995); 29th May 1995 2000. September 2007 The Cartagena protocol on Biosafety to the Convention of Biodiversity signed was authorized to be ratified by Prepared a National Biosafety framework and in Nairobi from May 15, to 26, 2000 and in New York from June 5, 2000 to Law n° 38/2003 of 29 December submitted it t GEF/ UNEP in 2006. June 4, 2001 2003; United Nations Framework Convention on Climatic Change (1998); 18th August 1998 Submitted initial communication in June 2005; prepared a national plan of action with projects worth about US $ 8.11 million. The GoR is also preparing second communication report. The Kyoto Protocol to the Framework Convention on Climate Change adopted It was authorised to be ratified by at Kyoto on March 6, 1998. Law n° 36/ 2003 of 29 December 2003. United Nations Convention on Desertification Control (1998) 22nd October 1998 First reported in 2000, and most recent report submitted in December 2004. The GoR has developed a National Desertification Control Strategy and action plan. Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer and Montreal Have implemented the implementation plan since Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer (2001); 2003. Established a focal point office in REMA. Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants/POPs (2002); Developed a database on POPs. The Ramsar International Convention of February 2, 1971 on Wetlands of Authorized to be ratified by Law International importance, especially as waterfowl habitats was authorised to be n° 37/2003 of 29 December 2003; ratified by Law n° 37/2003 of 29 December 2003; The Bonn Convention On Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals ratified by Rwanda on 29 opened for signature on June 23, 1979 December 2003 under Law n° 49 35/2003 The Montreal International Convention on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Ratified by Rwanda on Layer, signed in London (1990), Copenhagen (1992), Montreal (1997), Beijing 29/12/2003 (1999), especially in its Article 2 of London amendments, and Article 3 of Copenhagen ,Montreal and Beijing amendments Convention on the Prior Informed Consent (PIC) Procedure for certain hazardous chemicals and pesticides in international trade (2003); The Rotterdam International Convention on the establishment of international Approved by Presidential Order procedures agreed by states on commercial transactions of agricultural pesticides n° 28/01 of 24 August 2003 and other poisonous products, signed in Rotterdam on 11 September 1998 and in approving the membership of New York from 12 November 1998 to 10 September 1999 Rwanda; Recalling the Washington Agreement of March 3, 1973 on International Trade Authorized for ratification by in endangered species of Wild Flora and Fauna. Presidential Order n° 211 of 25 June 1980 BASEL Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Approved by Presidential Order wastes and their disposal as adopted at BASEL on 22 March 1989. n° 29/01 of 24 August 2003 Source: Various publications from REMA

Annex 5: INTEGRATION OF ENVIRONMENT INTO THE EDPRS SECTOR LOGFRAMES (Checklist) Objectives/Outputs Objectively verifiable indicators (outcomes or impacts) Activities All sectors Support the preparation of the Biennial State of the Environment Report. - Contribute to the preparation of the biennial State of the Environment biennial State of the Report Environment Report - Conduct a strategic environment Assessment (SEA) for the sector and an environmental impact assessment (EIA) for specific projects 1. INFRASTRUCTURES Security of affordable energy - Number of households and institutions (schools, prisons, - Promoting efficient utilization of wood-fuel and creating alternative supply of the country is Hospitals, Tea factories,…) using improved energy technologies energy sources to address over-reliance on wood fuel. ensured through production for cooking - Investing in rural electrification by extending the current grid to rural enhanced production and - Power (Mwh) produced by new micro-hydro power built in areas, and exploring the potential for mini / micro-hydro and solar rational energy consumption rural areas energy potentials - Number of household using electricity in the rural areas The volume and the quality - Proportion of urban area and the grouped habitat in the rural - Elaborate urban plan for cities and Imidugudu of the infrastructures of the area in the total of the country surface 50 Objectives/Outputs Objectively verifiable indicators (outcomes or impacts) Activities Habitat and Urban planning - % of rural/Urban land that is registered/ titled - Operationalize land registration services at district & Umurenge level in Rwanda is improved over - Proportion of the population with a decent housing - Built houses for homeless people the period 2007 to 2011. - Number of people living in Imidugudu villages. - Promote the Villagisation Policy in rural areas and mainstream environmental issues into Villagisation programmes. - Sensitise the population on the National Housing Policy and National Land Policy. Undertake an EIA for each proposed Imidugudu site. The meteorological data are - Meteorological data available and included in UNFCCC - Built and Rehabilitate hydro meteorological stations to provide regularly available reporting, climate change studies and SoE reporting. information into the early warning systems for the adaptation on the - Number of hydro meteorological stations according to the climate change climatic zones in Rwanda - Regular publication of meteorological data 2. All projects An EIA30 undertaken for each infrastructure development Undertake an EIA for each infrastructure development project project 2. WATER AND SANITATION Water resources are managed - Percentage of the underground water catchments and surface - Research on the quantity and quality of under underground water and sustainably and in an water compared to the quantity of total water surface water integrated manner -Biochemical request oxygenates (DBO) in the water masses - Concentration of faecal bacteria coliformes in fresh water - Number of rain water harvesting systems constructed - Construct water harvesting and rain drainage systems (Households) - Number of Households with harvesting rain drainage systems - Quantity of Water conserved in the water conservation - Develop water storage and conservation infrastructure for multiple facilities in the urban and rural areas. purposes. - National water information system in place and used for - Establish a water information system. planning and decision making. Access to sanitation services - Number of households/institutions with improved - Popularize improved technologies of latrines starting with VIP, meeting hygienic standards latrines ECOSAN and using PHAST and HAMS methods increased - Number of households/institutions with improved sanitation facilities Improve the management of x Number of Households and institutions with management x Construct system of worn water for households and institutions waste systems of worn water; x Formulate legislation and a policy for the management of waste in x Legislation and policy on waste management in place. collaboration with MININFRA and MINISANTE 30 Environnemental Impact Assessment 51 Objectives/Outputs Objectively verifiable indicators (outcomes or impacts) Activities x Certification system for waste management sites established x Undertake EIAs and environmental audits for waste management and being implemented; sites. x EIA’s and environmental audits undertaken for waste x Promote the establishment of a certification system for safe waste management facilities; management facilities. x Number of households with solid waste facilities x % of industries & other commercial entities with waste water treatment facilities; x % of industries which have undergone environmental audit. 3. EDUCATION,SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY and R&D SECTOR Education system responsive Number of graduates in environmental studies Develop environmental courses and studies at Tertiary Level. to individual and national - Standardized environmental training modules developed. - Develop teaching training manuals for teachers working at Primary, needs. - Number of teachers trained. Secondary and Tertiary Levels. - Train teachers on environmental issues. Number of environmental clubs. Develop an education kit for environmental clubs that will help them identifying and implementing club activities. Curriculum revised to be Environment integrated in the curricula and teacher training Integrate Environmental education in the curriculum and teaching responsive to individual and training programmes at all levels incl. adult education. national needs. Improved EMIS system Update information from the CGIS-NUR available in the NISR Provide informations from the CGIS-NUR to the National Institute of developed and functional Statistics of Rwanda. Opportunities and solutions - Report on the Economic Analysis on environment degradation Undertake research on the link between environment and economic to development based on - Reports on the Ecosystem services and Human wellbeing Development scientific research - Reports on the of greenhouse gazes inventory, vulnerability, mitigation measures and adaptation on climate change 4. AGRICULTURE Soil conservation - Ha of soil with best quality for productivity - Elaborate a regional pedological map and improve agricultural productivity in accordance with ecological zone - Map of each ecological zone by district - Ha of existing terraces protected and rehabilitated. - Develop and implement programmes for construction and rehabilitation of terraces (including radical terraces) across the country. - Ha of newly constructed terraces. - Develop program for fighting against desertification - Ha of Trenches constructed and rehabilitated - Ha affected by desertification Irrigation and Marshland % of agricultural development projects in marshlands for which Cultivate marshlands only after adequate planning and approval of development EIA has been undertaken. EIA. Productivity of Animal - % of household practicing zero grazing practices. - Promote improved animal husbandry and zero grazing resources % of HH income from livestock per year - Improve Animal Production and Productivity (milk, meat, honey, 52 Objectives/Outputs Objectively verifiable indicators (outcomes or impacts) Activities fish) Develop and implement Agricultural extension staff at the district level trained on the Training of farmers in techniques of phytosanitary protection. Fertilizer strategy use of pesticides. Public awareness campaign carried out. Build awareness on the use, dangers and handling of pesticides. Number of farmers using alternatives to the pesticides Using of alternatives to pesticides with a particular accent to the natural pesticide (pyrethrenoides) % of organic per hectare per year. Promote the sustainable use of organic and mineral fertiliser, and soil % of mineral fertiliser per ha per year improvement chemicals (e.g. lime) through training of farmers. Amount of fertiliser used per hectare per year. Control the use of easily absorbed mineral fertilisers near springs, water sources, and water harvesting points in order to avoid the danger of pollution. Area and volume of water resources used for irrigation Identify area and volume of water resources available to be used for irrigation Food availability and Land productivity (tones of food / ha/ annum) - Support farmers to have access to use inorganic & organic fertilizers vulnerable management - Support farmers to have access and to use improved seed % of HHs’ income from agriculture per year - Support farmers in practicing soil conservation technologies 5. PRIVATE SECTOR Strengthen capacity to control Import and export standards formulated and applied. - Empower the Rwanda Bureau of Standards in the development and the import and export of enforcement of regulatory standards. protected species - Formulate import and export standards for products that form a potential threat to the environment. • All police officers and officers from the Customs Department Train law enforcement agents such as the Rwanda National Police and trained on the import and export of protected species. the Customs Department, on the protection of protected species. • Number of cases related to legal and illegal trade in protected species registered. Control the application of Biotechnology inventory completed. - Make an inventory of the bio-technology applications that are being bio-technology Monitoring system in place. applied or studied in the country. - Put in place a system to monitor biotechnology development in the country. - Investigate the kind of support research institutions and other parties involved in bio-technology require from the Government. Assess the need for Action plan for the rehabilitation of priorities sites formulated. Ensure that each mine project will have an approved mine closure plan environmental rehabilitation before operate can commence. of old mine sites - Rehabilitation fund operational. - Increase the mine royalties and use the additional revenue for - Number of mine sites (ha) rehabilitated. environmental rehabilitation. Transformation of crops for - Number of SMEs for agro industry - Develop the agro industry for the transformation and conservation of adaptation on climate change. crops for the adaptation on climate change 53 Objectives/Outputs Objectively verifiable indicators (outcomes or impacts) Activities To reduce the pressure on - Number of off-farm SME created around protected areas and - Promote non farm income generating activities around the protected land due to the intensity of degraded areas. areas and degraded areas. the agricultural activities Strengthen the protection of - Number of ha of land around protected areas transformed into - Support the establishment of economically profitable buffer zones protected areas and forests buffer zones. around protected areas. - Surface area of protected areas. - Develop and put in place mechanisms for benefit sharing from - Number of communities involved in the management of National Parks for the local communities. protected areas. - Ensure participation of communities in the management of protected - Number of tourist visiting protected areas. areas. Access to financial services - Amount of credit provided to investors in environmental - Financing projects investing in environmental protection to priority sectors improved projects for all Rwandans - Number of banks involved in financing environmental projects Appropriate - N° of New projects having an EIA approved by REMA. prioritized - Conduct an EIA for each investment project especially for new infrastructure for private industries and mining. sector development 6. HEALTH, NUTRITION AND POPULATION To reduce prevalence and - Rate of morbidity and mortality due to malaria and , water- - Public awareness on the prevention of diseases due to the insufficient incidence of communicable borne diseases. hygiene and malaria vectors, using PHAST and HAMS methodologies, and child diseases, in Number of health facilities that dispose their waste at a certified - Improve the collection and disposal of hospital waste through the improving promotion, waste management site. construction of certified waste management facilities. prevention, care and treatment (Malaria, ARI, TB, Diarrhea, HIV/AIDS/STI, PEV). To strengthen Family - Number of trainers trained. - Develop public awareness materials on family planning. Planning Policy, Strategy - National birth-rate. - Training of trainers in family planning. and related Activities in order - Population density by district. - Sensitization of the population on the impact of the high density of to reduce the population the population in the land degradation. Growth and Birth Rate – NEW Reduce the number of people - Number of people with respiratory diseases. - Create awareness on the sources of indoor pollution, the threat that with respiratory diseases as a they pose to human health, and how it can be avoided. result of indoor pollution Ensure the availability & - Rate of morbidity and mortality due to meningitis -insure treatment for persons affected by meningitis effect of long affordability of quality drugs, dryness due to the climate change vaccines, and consumables Sensitize the general public Number of target sectors sensitized on the use and disposal of Implement a sensitisation programme on the use and management of 54 Objectives/Outputs Objectively verifiable indicators (outcomes or impacts) Activities on the use, distribution, hazardous materials that are used within the different sectors. hazardous materials for target sectors (e.g. agriculture, textile factories, storage and disposal of and tea plantations). pesticides and other hazardous materials 7. DECENTRALISATION AND CITIZEN PARTICIPATION Public and private sector, Number DDPs that address environmental issues. Integrate environmental issues in the DDPs. civil society and DPs at Number of Districts that have formulated and that are Develop awareness programmes for environmental management central and local level implementing Environmental Action Plans. promotion. effectively engaged in Number of local master plans and land use plans formulated and Promote the formulation of local master plans and land use plans process of decentralisation implemented. - Number of water systems with a community organisation for - Promote the participation of communities in water management. management - Sensitize the population on the importance of conservation and management of water. Capacity (institutional, - All district and local governments trained in land Strengthen and improve the capacity of decentralized authorities in organizational, and administration and land-use planning and management. land administration, land-use planning and management. operational) at national and - Awareness on National Land Policy built at all levels in - Sensitize the population on the national land policy and how it local level strengthened to society. will be implemented. manage decentralized public - Awareness on conducting an environmental impact assessment - Train the decentralized entities in the environmental impact service delivery and local and an integrated ecosystem assessment assessment and an integrated ecosystem assessment. development 8. CAPACITY BUILDING AND EMPLOYMENT Supporting and stabilizing Cost of environmental degradation as a % of GDP. Structure accounting and financial management systems to facilitate macroeconomics analyses of benefits /achievements and costs of environment and management in order to natural resources. ensure rapid growth - N° of new jobs created in the area of environment - Create opportunities to attract investments and jobs creation in the - N° of employees by HIMO in the projects of environmental area of environment protection. - Use HIMO approach in the projects of environment protection. Source: Inputs into the EDPRS: publications from REMA 55